diff --git a/cchuffmancompression/README.md b/cchuffmancompression/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9f56837a --- /dev/null +++ b/cchuffmancompression/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +# đŸ—œïž Huffman Compression Tool in Node.js + +This project implements a basic **file compressor and decompressor** using the [Huffman coding algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding), built entirely in **Node.js**. + +> 💡 This project was created as part of [John Crickett’s]() _"Coding Challenges"_ challenge series. + +--- + +## 📩 Features + +- 📊 Builds a Huffman tree from character frequencies +- 🔱 Generates binary codes for each character +- đŸ’Ÿ Compresses and decompresses `.txt` files +- 🧠 Minimal implementation without external libraries +- ⚡ Optimized with priority queues and efficient tree traversal + +--- + +## 🚀 Getting Started + +### Prerequisites + +- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/) (v14 or newer recommended) + +### Clone the Repository + +```bash +git clone https://github.com/your-username/huffman-compressor.git +cd huffman-compressor +``` + +### Usage + +#### 1. Compress a file + +```bash +node index..js input.txt --compress +``` + +- Creates a file called `compressed.txt` + +#### 2. Decompress a file + +```bash +node index.js compressed.txt --decompress +``` + +- Creates a file called `decompressed.txt` + +--- + +## 🧠 How It Works + +### Compression + +1. Count character frequencies +2. Build a min-heap (priority queue) +3. Construct a binary Huffman tree +4. Generate binary codes for each character +5. Encode message using generated codes +6. Serialize the tree + encoded string to a file + +### Decompression + +1. Deserialize the Huffman tree +2. Traverse the tree according to each bit +3. Recover original characters and write output + +--- + +## 📁 Project Structure + +``` +huffman-compressor/ +│ +├── index.js # Main script (compress/decompress) +├── input.txt # Sample input file +├── compressed.txt # Output after compression +├── decompressed.txt # Output after decompression +└── README.md # This file +``` + +--- + +## 🔧 Example + +``` +Input: hello huffman +Compressed: (binary string + serialized tree) +Decompressed: hello huffman +``` + +--- diff --git a/cchuffmancompression/compressed.txt b/cchuffmancompression/compressed.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29146d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/cchuffmancompression/compressed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +00001s1i1e001n1h0001p001I0001Ă©011001*1)01(151F1;1v01g1,1o0001a01l000001?1N1M1T0001—1W01B1j01H01O1P1w001d01f1m1t01 000000000000000001$01#1&1Ă«1Æ1"1ç00001À1+01È01ƒ01%1Ü1|1Ăą10181U1D1!1”1k001“01R1x01A01’01z00001ĂŠ191‘0121300001Ă 1Z1701Q00001/1'00001}1
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cchuffmancompression/decompressed.txt b/cchuffmancompression/decompressed.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4cd39f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/cchuffmancompression/decompressed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73589 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Les MisĂ©rables, by Victor Hugo + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Les MisĂ©rables +Complete in Five Volumes + +Author: Victor Hugo + +Translator: Isabel F. Hapgood + +Release Date: May, 1994 [eBook #135] +[Most recently updated: July 20, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Judith Boss and David Widger + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LES MISÉRABLES *** + + + + +LES MISÉRABLES + +By Victor Hugo + + +Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood + + +Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. + No. 13, Astor Place + +New York +Copyright 1887 + + + +[Illustration: Bookshelf spines] + +[Illustration: Bookcover] + +[Illustration: Frontpapers] + +[Illustration: Frontispiece] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume One] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Verso] + + + + +Contents + + LES MISÉRABLES + + PREFACE + + + VOLUME I—FANTINE + + + BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN + + CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL + + CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME + + CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP + + CHAPTER IV—WORKS CORRESPONDING TO WORDS + + CHAPTER V—MONSEIGNEUR BIENVENU MADE HIS CASSOCKS LAST TOO LONG + + CHAPTER VI—WHO GUARDED HIS HOUSE FOR HIM + + CHAPTER VII—CRAVATTE + + CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING + + CHAPTER IX—THE BROTHER AS DEPICTED BY THE SISTER + + CHAPTER X—THE BISHOP IN THE PRESENCE OF AN UNKNOWN LIGHT + + CHAPTER XI—A RESTRICTION + + CHAPTER XII—THE SOLITUDE OF MONSEIGNEUR WELCOME + + CHAPTER XIII—WHAT HE BELIEVED + + CHAPTER XIV—WHAT HE THOUGHT + + + BOOK SECOND—THE FALL + + CHAPTER I—THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING + + CHAPTER II—PRUDENCE COUNSELLED TO WISDOM + + CHAPTER III—THE HEROISM OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE + + CHAPTER IV—DETAILS CONCERNING THE CHEESE-DAIRIES OF PONTARLIER + + CHAPTER V—TRANQUILLITY + + CHAPTER VI—JEAN VALJEAN + + CHAPTER VII—THE INTERIOR OF DESPAIR + + CHAPTER VIII—BILLOWS AND SHADOWS + + CHAPTER IX—NEW TROUBLES + + CHAPTER X—THE MAN AROUSED + + CHAPTER XI—WHAT HE DOES + + CHAPTER XII—THE BISHOP WORKS + + CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GERVAIS + + + BOOK THIRD—IN THE YEAR 1817 + + CHAPTER I—THE YEAR 1817 + + CHAPTER II—A DOUBLE QUARTETTE + + CHAPTER III—FOUR AND FOUR + + CHAPTER IV—THOLOMYÈS IS SO MERRY THAT HE SINGS A SPANISH DITTY + + CHAPTER V—AT BOMBARDA’S + + CHAPTER VI—A CHAPTER IN WHICH THEY ADORE EACH OTHER + + CHAPTER VII—THE WISDOM OF THOLOMYÈS + + CHAPTER VIII—THE DEATH OF A HORSE + + CHAPTER IX—A MERRY END TO MIRTH + + + BOOK FOURTH—TO CONFIDE IS SOMETIMES TO DELIVER INTO A PERSON’S POWER + + CHAPTER I—ONE MOTHER MEETS ANOTHER MOTHER + + CHAPTER II—FIRST SKETCH OF TWO UNPREPOSSESSING FIGURES + + CHAPTER III—THE LARK + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE DESCENT + + CHAPTER I—THE HISTORY OF A PROGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS + + CHAPTER II—MADELEINE + + CHAPTER III—SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE + + CHAPTER IV—M. MADELEINE IN MOURNING + + CHAPTER V—VAGUE FLASHES ON THE HORIZON + + CHAPTER VI—FATHER FAUCHELEVENT + + CHAPTER VII—FAUCHELEVENT BECOMES A GARDENER IN PARIS + + CHAPTER VIII—MADAME VICTURNIEN EXPENDS THIRTY FRANCS ON MORALITY + + CHAPTER IX—MADAME VICTURNIEN’S SUCCESS + + CHAPTER X—RESULT OF THE SUCCESS + + CHAPTER XI—CHRISTUS NOS LIBERAVIT + + CHAPTER XII—M. BAMATABOIS’S INACTIVITY + + CHAPTER XIII—THE SOLUTION OF SOME QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE + MUNICIPAL POLICE + + + BOOK SIXTH—JAVERT + + CHAPTER I—THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE + + CHAPTER II—HOW JEAN MAY BECOME CHAMP + + + BOOK SEVENTH—THE CHAMPMATHIEU AFFAIR + + CHAPTER I—SISTER SIMPLICE + + CHAPTER II—THE PERSPICACITY OF MASTER SCAUFFLAIRE + + CHAPTER III—A TEMPEST IN A SKULL + + CHAPTER IV—FORMS ASSUMED BY SUFFERING DURING SLEEP + + CHAPTER V—HINDRANCES + + CHAPTER VI—SISTER SIMPLICE PUT TO THE PROOF + + CHAPTER VII—THE TRAVELLER ON HIS ARRIVAL TAKES PRECAUTIONS FOR + DEPARTURE + + CHAPTER VIII—AN ENTRANCE BY FAVOR + + CHAPTER IX—A PLACE WHERE CONVICTIONS ARE IN PROCESS OF FORMATION + + CHAPTER X—THE SYSTEM OF DENIALS + + CHAPTER XI—CHAMPMATHIEU MORE AND MORE ASTONISHED + + + BOOK EIGHTH—A COUNTER-BLOW + + CHAPTER I—IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR + + CHAPTER II—FANTINE HAPPY + + CHAPTER III—JAVERT SATISFIED + + CHAPTER IV—AUTHORITY REASSERTS ITS RIGHTS + + CHAPTER V—A SUITABLE TOMB + + + + VOLUME II—COSETTE + + BOOK FIRST—WATERLOO + + CHAPTER I—WHAT IS MET WITH ON THE WAY FROM NIVELLES + + CHAPTER II—HOUGOMONT + + CHAPTER III—THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, 1815 + + CHAPTER IV—A + + CHAPTER V—THE QUID OBSCURUM OF BATTLES + + CHAPTER VI—FOUR O’CLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON + + CHAPTER VII—NAPOLEON IN A GOOD HUMOR + + CHAPTER VIII—THE EMPEROR PUTS A QUESTION TO THE GUIDE LACOSTE + + CHAPTER IX—THE UNEXPECTED + + CHAPTER X—THE PLATEAU OF MONT-SAINT-JEAN + + CHAPTER XI—A BAD GUIDE TO NAPOLEON; A GOOD GUIDE TO BÜLOW + + CHAPTER XII—THE GUARD + + CHAPTER XIII—THE CATASTROPHE + + CHAPTER XIV—THE LAST SQUARE + + CHAPTER XV—CAMBRONNE + + CHAPTER XVI—QUOT LIBRAS IN DUCE? + + CHAPTER XVII—IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD? + + CHAPTER XVIII—A RECRUDESCENCE OF DIVINE RIGHT + + CHAPTER XIX—THE BATTLE-FIELD AT NIGHT + + + BOOK SECOND—THE SHIP ORION + + CHAPTER I—NUMBER 24,601 BECOMES NUMBER 9,430 + + CHAPTER II—IN WHICH THE READER WILL PERUSE TWO VERSES, WHICH ARE OF + THE DEVIL’S COMPOSITION, POSSIBLY + + CHAPTER III—THE ANKLE-CHAIN MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A CERTAIN PREPARATORY + MANIPULATION TO BE THUS BROKEN WITH A BLOW FROM A HAMMER + + + BOOK THIRD—ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE PROMISE MADE TO THE DEAD WOMAN + + CHAPTER I—THE WATER QUESTION AT MONTFERMEIL + + CHAPTER II—TWO COMPLETE PORTRAITS + + CHAPTER III—MEN MUST HAVE WINE, AND HORSES MUST HAVE WATER + + CHAPTER IV—ENTRANCE ON THE SCENE OF A DOLL + + CHAPTER V—THE LITTLE ONE ALL ALONE + + CHAPTER VI—WHICH POSSIBLY PROVES BOULATRUELLE’S INTELLIGENCE + + CHAPTER VII—COSETTE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE STRANGER IN THE DARK + + CHAPTER VIII—THE UNPLEASANTNESS OF RECEIVING INTO ONE’S HOUSE A POOR + MAN WHO MAY BE A RICH MAN + + CHAPTER IX—THÉNARDIER AND HIS MANƒUVRES + + CHAPTER X—HE WHO SEEKS TO BETTER HIMSELF MAY RENDER HIS SITUATION + WORSE + + CHAPTER XI—NUMBER 9,430 REAPPEARS, AND COSETTE WINS IT IN THE LOTTERY + + + BOOK FOURTH—THE GORBEAU HOVEL + + CHAPTER I—MASTER GORBEAU + + CHAPTER II—A NEST FOR OWL AND A WARBLER + + CHAPTER III—TWO MISFORTUNES MAKE ONE PIECE OF GOOD FORTUNE + + CHAPTER IV—THE REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL TENANT + + CHAPTER V—A FIVE-FRANC PIECE FALLS ON THE GROUND AND PRODUCES A TUMULT + + + BOOK FIFTH—FOR A BLACK HUNT, A MUTE PACK + + CHAPTER I—THE ZIGZAGS OF STRATEGY + + CHAPTER II—IT IS LUCKY THAT THE PONT D’AUSTERLITZ BEARS CARRIAGES + + CHAPTER III—TO WIT, THE PLAN OF PARIS IN 1727 + + CHAPTER IV—THE GROPINGS OF FLIGHT + + CHAPTER V—WHICH WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE WITH GAS LANTERNS + + CHAPTER VI—THE BEGINNING OF AN ENIGMA + + CHAPTER VII—CONTINUATION OF THE ENIGMA + + CHAPTER VIII—THE ENIGMA BECOMES DOUBLY MYSTERIOUS + + CHAPTER IX—THE MAN WITH THE BELL + + CHAPTER X—WHICH EXPLAINS HOW JAVERT GOT ON THE SCENT + + + BOOK SIXTH—LE PETIT-PICPUS + + CHAPTER I—NUMBER 62 RUE PETIT-PICPUS + + CHAPTER II—THE OBEDIENCE OF MARTIN VERGA + + CHAPTER III—AUSTERITIES + + CHAPTER IV—GAYETIES + + CHAPTER V—DISTRACTIONS + + CHAPTER VI—THE LITTLE CONVENT + + CHAPTER VII—SOME SILHOUETTES OF THIS DARKNESS + + CHAPTER VIII—POST CORDA LAPIDES + + CHAPTER IX—A CENTURY UNDER A GUIMPE + + CHAPTER X—ORIGIN OF THE PERPETUAL ADORATION + + CHAPTER XI—END OF THE PETIT-PICPUS + + + BOOK SEVENTH—PARENTHESIS + + CHAPTER I—THE CONVENT AS AN ABSTRACT IDEA + + CHAPTER II—THE CONVENT AS AN HISTORICAL FACT + + CHAPTER III—ON WHAT CONDITIONS ONE CAN RESPECT THE PAST + + CHAPTER IV—THE CONVENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PRINCIPLES + + CHAPTER V—PRAYER + + CHAPTER VI—THE ABSOLUTE GOODNESS OF PRAYER + + CHAPTER VII—PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAME + + CHAPTER VIII—FAITH, LAW + + + BOOK EIGHTH—CEMETERIES TAKE THAT WHICH IS COMMITTED THEM + + CHAPTER I—WHICH TREATS OF THE MANNER OF ENTERING A CONVENT + + CHAPTER II—FAUCHELEVENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A DIFFICULTY + + CHAPTER III—MOTHER INNOCENTE + + CHAPTER IV—IN WHICH JEAN VALJEAN HAS QUITE THE AIR OF HAVING READ + AUSTIN CASTILLEJO + + CHAPTER V—IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BE DRUNK IN ORDER TO BE IMMORTAL + + CHAPTER VI—BETWEEN FOUR PLANKS + + CHAPTER VII—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE ORIGIN OF THE SAYING: DON’T + LOSE THE CARD + + CHAPTER VIII—A SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATORY + + CHAPTER IX—CLOISTERED + + + + VOLUME III—MARIUS + + BOOK FIRST—PARIS STUDIED IN ITS ATOM + + CHAPTER I—PARVULUS + + CHAPTER II—SOME OF HIS PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS + + CHAPTER III—HE IS AGREEABLE + + CHAPTER IV—HE MAY BE OF USE + + CHAPTER V—HIS FRONTIERS + + CHAPTER VI—A BIT OF HISTORY + + CHAPTER VII—THE GAMIN SHOULD HAVE HIS PLACE IN THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF + INDIA + + CHAPTER VIII—IN WHICH THE READER WILL FIND A CHARMING SAYING OF THE + LAST KING + + CHAPTER IX—THE OLD SOUL OF GAUL + + CHAPTER X—ECCE PARIS, ECCE HOMO + + CHAPTER XI—TO SCOFF, TO REIGN + + CHAPTER XII—THE FUTURE LATENT IN THE PEOPLE + + CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + BOOK SECOND—THE GREAT BOURGEOIS + + CHAPTER I—NINETY YEARS AND THIRTY-TWO TEETH + + CHAPTER II—LIKE MASTER, LIKE HOUSE + + CHAPTER III—LUC-ESPRIT + + CHAPTER IV—A CENTENARIAN ASPIRANT + + CHAPTER V—BASQUE AND NICOLETTE + + CHAPTER VI—IN WHICH MAGNON AND HER TWO CHILDREN ARE SEEN + + CHAPTER VII—RULE: RECEIVE NO ONE EXCEPT IN THE EVENING + + CHAPTER VIII—TWO DO NOT MAKE A PAIR + + + BOOK THIRD—THE GRANDFATHER AND THE GRANDSON + + CHAPTER I—AN ANCIENT SALON + + CHAPTER II—ONE OF THE RED SPECTRES OF THAT EPOCH + + CHAPTER III—REQUIESCANT + + CHAPTER IV—END OF THE BRIGAND + + CHAPTER V—THE UTILITY OF GOING TO MASS, IN ORDER TO BECOME A + REVOLUTIONIST + + CHAPTER VI—THE CONSEQUENCES OF HAVING MET A WARDEN + + CHAPTER VII—SOME PETTICOAT + + CHAPTER VIII—MARBLE AGAINST GRANITE + + + BOOK FOURTH—THE FRIENDS OF THE A B C + + CHAPTER I—A GROUP WHICH BARELY MISSED BECOMING HISTORIC + + CHAPTER II—BLONDEAU’S FUNERAL ORATION BY BOSSUET + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS’ ASTONISHMENTS + + CHAPTER IV—THE BACK ROOM OF THE CAFÉ MUSAIN + + CHAPTER V—ENLARGEMENT OF HORIZON + + CHAPTER VI—RES ANGUSTA + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE EXCELLENCE OF MISFORTUNE + + CHAPTER I—MARIUS INDIGENT + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS POOR + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS GROWN UP + + CHAPTER IV—M. MABEUF + + CHAPTER V—POVERTY A GOOD NEIGHBOR FOR MISERY + + CHAPTER VI—THE SUBSTITUTE + + + BOOK SIXTH—THE CONJUNCTION OF TWO STARS + + CHAPTER I—THE SOBRIQUET: MODE OF FORMATION OF FAMILY NAMES + + CHAPTER II—LUX FACTA EST + + CHAPTER III—EFFECT OF THE SPRING + + CHAPTER IV—BEGINNING OF A GREAT MALADY + + CHAPTER V—DIVERS CLAPS OF THUNDER FALL ON MA’AM BOUGON + + CHAPTER VI—TAKEN PRISONER + + CHAPTER VII—ADVENTURES OF THE LETTER U DELIVERED OVER TO CONJECTURES + + CHAPTER VIII—THE VETERANS THEMSELVES CAN BE HAPPY + + CHAPTER IX—ECLIPSE + + + BOOK SEVENTH—PATRON MINETTE + + CHAPTER I—MINES AND MINERS + + CHAPTER II—THE LOWEST DEPTHS + + CHAPTER III—BABET, GUEULEMER, CLAQUESOUS, AND MONTPARNASSE + + CHAPTER IV—COMPOSITION OF THE TROUPE + + + BOOK EIGHTH—THE WICKED POOR MAN + + CHAPTER I—MARIUS, WHILE SEEKING A GIRL IN A BONNET, ENCOUNTERS A MAN + IN A CAP + + CHAPTER II—TREASURE TROVE + + CHAPTER III—QUADRIFRONS + + CHAPTER IV—A ROSE IN MISERY + + CHAPTER V—A PROVIDENTIAL PEEP-HOLE + + CHAPTER VI—THE WILD MAN IN HIS LAIR + + CHAPTER VII—STRATEGY AND TACTICS + + CHAPTER VIII—THE RAY OF LIGHT IN THE HOVEL + + CHAPTER IX—JONDRETTE COMES NEAR WEEPING + + CHAPTER X—TARIFF OF LICENSED CABS: TWO FRANCS AN HOUR + + CHAPTER XI—OFFERS OF SERVICE FROM MISERY TO WRETCHEDNESS + + CHAPTER XII—THE USE MADE OF M. LEBLANC’S FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + CHAPTER XIII—SOLUS CUM SOLO, IN LOCO REMOTO, NON COGITABUNTUR ORARE + PATER NOSTER + + CHAPTER XIV—IN WHICH A POLICE AGENT BESTOWS TWO FISTFULS ON A LAWYER + + CHAPTER XV—JONDRETTE MAKES HIS PURCHASES + + CHAPTER XVI—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE WORDS TO AN ENGLISH AIR WHICH + WAS IN FASHION IN 1832 + + CHAPTER XVII—THE USE MADE OF MARIUS’ FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + CHAPTER XVIII—MARIUS’ TWO CHAIRS FORM A VIS-A-VIS + + CHAPTER XIX—OCCUPYING ONE’S SELF WITH OBSCURE DEPTHS + + CHAPTER XX—THE TRAP + + CHAPTER XXI—ONE SHOULD ALWAYS BEGIN BY ARRESTING THE VICTIMS + + CHAPTER XXII—THE LITTLE ONE WHO WAS CRYING IN VOLUME TWO + + + + VOLUME IV—SAINT-DENIS + + BOOK FIRST—A FEW PAGES OF HISTORY + + CHAPTER I—WELL CUT + + CHAPTER II—BADLY SEWED + + CHAPTER III—LOUIS PHILIPPE + + CHAPTER IV—CRACKS BENEATH THE FOUNDATION + + CHAPTER V—FACTS WHENCE HISTORY SPRINGS AND WHICH HISTORY IGNORES + + CHAPTER VI—ENJOLRAS AND HIS LIEUTENANTS + + + BOOK SECOND—ÉPONINE + + CHAPTER I—THE LARK’S MEADOW + + CHAPTER II—EMBRYONIC FORMATION OF CRIMES IN THE INCUBATION OF PRISONS + + CHAPTER III—APPARITION TO FATHER MABEUF + + CHAPTER IV—AN APPARITION TO MARIUS + + + BOOK THIRD—THE HOUSE IN THE RUE PLUMET + + CHAPTER I—THE HOUSE WITH A SECRET + + CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN AS A NATIONAL GUARD + + CHAPTER III—FOLIIS AC FRONDIBUS + + CHAPTER IV—CHANGE OF GATE + + CHAPTER V—THE ROSE PERCEIVES THAT IT IS AN ENGINE OF WAR + + CHAPTER VI—THE BATTLE BEGUN + + CHAPTER VII—TO ONE SADNESS OPPOSE A SADNESS AND A HALF + + CHAPTER VIII—THE CHAIN-GANG + + + BOOK FOURTH—SUCCOR FROM BELOW MAY TURN OUT TO BE SUCCOR FROM ON HIGH + + CHAPTER I—A WOUND WITHOUT, HEALING WITHIN + + CHAPTER II—MOTHER PLUTARQUE FINDS NO DIFFICULTY IN EXPLAINING A + PHENOMENON + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE END OF WHICH DOES NOT RESEMBLE THE BEGINNING + + CHAPTER I—SOLITUDE AND THE BARRACKS COMBINED + + CHAPTER II—COSETTE’S APPREHENSIONS + + CHAPTER III—ENRICHED WITH COMMENTARIES BY TOUSSAINT + + CHAPTER IV—A HEART BENEATH A STONE + + CHAPTER V—COSETTE AFTER THE LETTER + + CHAPTER VI—OLD PEOPLE ARE MADE TO GO OUT OPPORTUNELY + + + BOOK SIXTH—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + CHAPTER I—THE MALICIOUS PLAYFULNESS OF THE WIND + + CHAPTER II—IN WHICH LITTLE GAVROCHE EXTRACTS PROFIT FROM NAPOLEON THE + GREAT + + CHAPTER III—THE VICISSITUDES OF FLIGHT + + + BOOK SEVENTH—SLANG + + CHAPTER I—ORIGIN + + CHAPTER II—ROOTS + + CHAPTER III—SLANG WHICH WEEPS AND SLANG WHICH LAUGHS + + CHAPTER IV—THE TWO DUTIES: TO WATCH AND TO HOPE + + + BOOK EIGHTH—ENCHANTMENTS AND DESOLATIONS + + CHAPTER I—FULL LIGHT + + CHAPTER II—THE BEWILDERMENT OF PERFECT HAPPINESS + + CHAPTER III—THE BEGINNING OF SHADOW + + CHAPTER IV—A CAB RUNS IN ENGLISH AND BARKS IN SLANG + + CHAPTER V—THINGS OF THE NIGHT + + CHAPTER VI—MARIUS BECOMES PRACTICAL ONCE MORE TO THE EXTENT OF GIVING + COSETTE HIS ADDRESS + + CHAPTER VII—THE OLD HEART AND THE YOUNG HEART IN THE PRESENCE OF EACH + OTHER + + + BOOK NINTH—WHITHER ARE THEY GOING? + + CHAPTER I—JEAN VALJEAN + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS + + CHAPTER III—M. MABEUF + + + BOOK TENTH—THE 5TH OF JUNE, 1832 + + CHAPTER I—THE SURFACE OF THE QUESTION + + CHAPTER II—THE ROOT OF THE MATTER + + CHAPTER III—A BURIAL; AN OCCASION TO BE BORN AGAIN + + CHAPTER IV—THE EBULLITIONS OF FORMER DAYS + + CHAPTER V—ORIGINALITY OF PARIS + + + BOOK ELEVENTH—THE ATOM FRATERNIZES WITH THE HURRICANE + + CHAPTER I—SOME EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF GAVROCHE’S + POETRY. + + CHAPTER II—GAVROCHE ON THE MARCH + + CHAPTER III—JUST INDIGNATION OF A HAIR-DRESSER + + CHAPTER IV—THE CHILD IS AMAZED AT THE OLD MAN + + CHAPTER V—THE OLD MAN + + CHAPTER VI—RECRUITS + + + BOOK TWELFTH—CORINTHE + + CHAPTER I—HISTORY OF CORINTHE FROM ITS FOUNDATION + + CHAPTER II—PRELIMINARY GAYETIES + + CHAPTER III—NIGHT BEGINS TO DESCEND UPON GRANTAIRE + + CHAPTER IV—AN ATTEMPT TO CONSOLE THE WIDOW HUCHELOUP + + CHAPTER V—PREPARATIONS + + CHAPTER VI—WAITING + + CHAPTER VII—THE MAN RECRUITED IN THE RUE DES BILLETTES + + CHAPTER VIII—MANY INTERROGATION POINTS WITH REGARD TO A CERTAIN LE + CABUC + + + BOOK THIRTEENTH—MARIUS ENTERS THE SHADOW + + CHAPTER I—FROM THE RUE PLUMET TO THE QUARTIER SAINT-DENIS + + CHAPTER II—AN OWL’S VIEW OF PARIS + + CHAPTER III—THE EXTREME EDGE + + + BOOK FOURTEENTH—THE GRANDEURS OF DESPAIR + + CHAPTER I—THE FLAG: ACT FIRST + + CHAPTER II—THE FLAG: ACT SECOND + + CHAPTER III—GAVROCHE WOULD HAVE DONE BETTER TO ACCEPT ENJOLRAS’ + CARBINE + + CHAPTER IV—THE BARREL OF POWDER + + CHAPTER V—END OF THE VERSES OF JEAN PROUVAIRE + + CHAPTER VI—THE AGONY OF DEATH AFTER THE AGONY OF LIFE + + CHAPTER VII—GAVROCHE AS A PROFOUND CALCULATOR OF DISTANCES + + + BOOK FIFTEENTH—THE RUE DE L’HOMME ARMÉ + + CHAPTER I—A DRINKER IS A BABBLER + + CHAPTER II—THE STREET URCHIN AN ENEMY OF LIGHT + + CHAPTER III—WHILE COSETTE AND TOUSSAINT ARE ASLEEP + + CHAPTER IV—GAVROCHE’S EXCESS OF ZEAL + + + + VOLUME V—JEAN VALJEAN + + BOOK FIRST—THE WAR BETWEEN FOUR WALLS + + CHAPTER I—THE CHARYBDIS OF THE FAUBOURG SAINT ANTOINE AND THE SCYLLA + + CHAPTER II—WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE ABYSS IF ONE DOES NOT CONVERSE + + CHAPTER III—LIGHT AND SHADOW + + CHAPTER IV—MINUS FIVE, PLUS ONE + + CHAPTER V—THE HORIZON WHICH ONE BEHOLDS FROM THE SUMMIT OF A BARRICADE + + CHAPTER VI—MARIUS HAGGARD, JAVERT LACONIC + + CHAPTER VII—THE SITUATION BECOMES AGGRAVATED + + CHAPTER VIII—THE ARTILLERY-MEN COMPEL PEOPLE TO TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY + + CHAPTER IX—EMPLOYMENT OF THE OLD TALENTS OF A POACHER AND THAT + INFALLIBLE MARKSMANSHIP WHICH INFLUENCED THE CONDEMNATION OF 1796 + + CHAPTER X—DAWN + + CHAPTER XI—THE SHOT WHICH MISSES NOTHING AND KILLS NO ONE + + CHAPTER XII—DISORDER A PARTISAN OF ORDER + + CHAPTER XIII—PASSING GLEAMS + + CHAPTER XIV—WHEREIN WILL APPEAR THE NAME OF ENJOLRAS’ MISTRESS + + CHAPTER XV—GAVROCHE OUTSIDE + + CHAPTER XVI—HOW FROM A BROTHER ONE BECOMES A FATHER + + CHAPTER XVII—MORTUUS PATER FILIUM MORITURUM EXPECTAT + + CHAPTER XVIII—THE VULTURE BECOME PREY + + CHAPTER XIX—JEAN VALJEAN TAKES HIS REVENGE + + CHAPTER XX—THE DEAD ARE IN THE RIGHT AND THE LIVING ARE NOT IN THE + WRONG + + CHAPTER XXI—THE HEROES + + CHAPTER XXII—FOOT TO FOOT + + CHAPTER XXIII—ORESTES FASTING AND PYLADES DRUNK + + CHAPTER XXIV—PRISONER + + + BOOK SECOND—THE INTESTINE OF THE LEVIATHAN + + CHAPTER I—THE LAND IMPOVERISHED BY THE SEA + + CHAPTER II—ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE SEWER + + CHAPTER III—BRUNESEAU + + CHAPTER IV + + CHAPTER V—PRESENT PROGRESS + + CHAPTER VI—FUTURE PROGRESS + + + BOOK THIRD—MUD BUT THE SOUL + + CHAPTER I—THE SEWER AND ITS SURPRISES + + CHAPTER II—EXPLANATION + + CHAPTER III—THE “SPUN” MAN + + CHAPTER IV—HE ALSO BEARS HIS CROSS + + CHAPTER V—IN THE CASE OF SAND AS IN THAT OF WOMAN, THERE IS A FINENESS + WHICH IS TREACHEROUS + + CHAPTER VI—THE FONTIS + + CHAPTER VII—ONE SOMETIMES RUNS AGROUND WHEN ONE FANCIES THAT ONE IS + DISEMBARKING + + CHAPTER VIII—THE TORN COAT-TAIL + + CHAPTER IX—MARIUS PRODUCES ON SOME ONE WHO IS A JUDGE OF THE MATTER, + THE EFFECT OF BEING DEAD + + CHAPTER X—RETURN OF THE SON WHO WAS PRODIGAL OF HIS LIFE + + CHAPTER XI—CONCUSSION IN THE ABSOLUTE + + CHAPTER XII—THE GRANDFATHER + + + BOOK FOURTH—JAVERT DERAILED + + CHAPTER I + + + BOOK FIFTH—GRANDSON AND GRANDFATHER + + CHAPTER I—IN WHICH THE TREE WITH THE ZINC PLASTER APPEARS AGAIN + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS, EMERGING FROM CIVIL WAR, MAKES READY FOR DOMESTIC + WAR + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS ATTACKED + + CHAPTER IV—MADEMOISELLE GILLENORMAND ENDS BY NO LONGER THINKING IT A + BAD THING THAT M. FAUCHELEVENT SHOULD HAVE ENTERED WITH SOMETHING + UNDER HIS ARM + + CHAPTER V—DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY IN A FOREST RATHER THAN WITH A NOTARY + + CHAPTER VI—THE TWO OLD MEN DO EVERYTHING, EACH ONE AFTER HIS OWN + FASHION, TO RENDER COSETTE HAPPY + + CHAPTER VII—THE EFFECTS OF DREAMS MINGLED WITH HAPPINESS + + CHAPTER VIII—TWO MEN IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND + + + BOOK SIXTH—THE SLEEPLESS NIGHT + + CHAPTER I—THE 16TH OF FEBRUARY, 1833 + + CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN STILL WEARS HIS ARM IN A SLING + + CHAPTER III—THE INSEPARABLE + + CHAPTER IV—THE IMMORTAL LIVER + + + BOOK SEVENTH—THE LAST DRAUGHT FROM THE CUP + + CHAPTER I—THE SEVENTH CIRCLE AND THE EIGHTH HEAVEN + + CHAPTER II—THE OBSCURITIES WHICH A REVELATION CAN CONTAIN + + + BOOK EIGHTH—FADING AWAY OF THE TWILIGHT + + CHAPTER I—THE LOWER CHAMBER + + CHAPTER II—ANOTHER STEP BACKWARDS + + CHAPTER III—THEY RECALL THE GARDEN OF THE RUE PLUMET + + CHAPTER IV—ATTRACTION AND EXTINCTION + + + BOOK NINTH—SUPREME SHADOW, SUPREME DAWN + + CHAPTER I—PITY FOR THE UNHAPPY, BUT INDULGENCE FOR THE HAPPY + + CHAPTER II—LAST FLICKERINGS OF A LAMP WITHOUT OIL + + CHAPTER III—A PEN IS HEAVY TO THE MAN WHO LIFTED THE FAUCHELEVENT’S + CART + + CHAPTER IV—A BOTTLE OF INK WHICH ONLY SUCCEEDED IN WHITENING + + CHAPTER V—A NIGHT BEHIND WHICH THERE IS DAY + + CHAPTER VI—THE GRASS COVERS AND THE RAIN EFFACES + + + LETTER TO M. DAELLI + + FOOTNOTES: + + + + +List of Illustrations + + + Bookshelf + + Bookcover + + Frontpapers + + Frontispiece Volume One + + Titlepage Volume One + + Titlepage Verso + + The Comforter + + The Fall + + Awakened + + Cossette Sweeping + + Candlesticks Into the Fire + + Father Champmathieu on Trial + + Frontispiece Volume Two + + Titlepage Volume Two + + The Ship Orion, an Accident + + The Gorbeau Hovel + + The Black Hunt + + Javert on the Hunt + + The Resurrection + + Royalist Bank-note + + Frontispiece Volume Three + + Titlepage Volume Three + + Little Gavroche + + Friends of the A B C + + Excellence of Misfortune + + Rose in Misery + + Red Hot Chisel + + Snatched up a Paving Stone + + Frontispiece Volume Four + + Titlepage Volume Four + + A Street Orator + + Code Table + + Succor from Below + + Cosette With Letter + + Slang + + The Grandeurs of Despair + + Frontispiece Volume Five + + Titlepage Volume Five + + Last Drop from the Cup + + The Twilight Decline + + Darkness + + + +LES MISÉRABLES + + + + +PREFACE + + +So long as there shall exist, by virtue of law and custom, decrees of +damnation pronounced by society, artificially creating hells amid the +civilization of earth, and adding the element of human fate to divine +destiny; so long as the three great problems of the century—the +degradation of man through pauperism, the corruption of woman through +hunger, the crippling of children through lack of light—are unsolved; +so long as social asphyxia is possible in any part of the world;—in +other words, and with a still wider significance, so long as ignorance +and poverty exist on earth, books of the nature of Les MisĂ©rables +cannot fail to be of use. + +HAUTEVILLE HOUSE, 1862. + + + + +VOLUME I +FANTINE + + + + +BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN + + + +CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL + + +In 1815, M. Charles-François-Bienvenu Myriel was Bishop of D—— He was +an old man of about seventy-five years of age; he had occupied the see +of D—— since 1806. + +Although this detail has no connection whatever with the real substance +of what we are about to relate, it will not be superfluous, if merely +for the sake of exactness in all points, to mention here the various +rumors and remarks which had been in circulation about him from the +very moment when he arrived in the diocese. True or false, that which +is said of men often occupies as important a place in their lives, and +above all in their destinies, as that which they do. M. Myriel was the +son of a councillor of the Parliament of Aix; hence he belonged to the +nobility of the bar. It was said that his father, destining him to be +the heir of his own post, had married him at a very early age, eighteen +or twenty, in accordance with a custom which is rather widely prevalent +in parliamentary families. In spite of this marriage, however, it was +said that Charles Myriel created a great deal of talk. He was well +formed, though rather short in stature, elegant, graceful, intelligent; +the whole of the first portion of his life had been devoted to the +world and to gallantry. + +The Revolution came; events succeeded each other with precipitation; +the parliamentary families, decimated, pursued, hunted down, were +dispersed. M. Charles Myriel emigrated to Italy at the very beginning +of the Revolution. There his wife died of a malady of the chest, from +which she had long suffered. He had no children. What took place next +in the fate of M. Myriel? The ruin of the French society of the olden +days, the fall of his own family, the tragic spectacles of ’93, which +were, perhaps, even more alarming to the emigrants who viewed them from +a distance, with the magnifying powers of terror,—did these cause the +ideas of renunciation and solitude to germinate in him? Was he, in the +midst of these distractions, these affections which absorbed his life, +suddenly smitten with one of those mysterious and terrible blows which +sometimes overwhelm, by striking to his heart, a man whom public +catastrophes would not shake, by striking at his existence and his +fortune? No one could have told: all that was known was, that when he +returned from Italy he was a priest. + +In 1804, M. Myriel was the CurĂ© of B—— [Brignolles]. He was already +advanced in years, and lived in a very retired manner. + +About the epoch of the coronation, some petty affair connected with his +curacy—just what, is not precisely known—took him to Paris. Among other +powerful persons to whom he went to solicit aid for his parishioners +was M. le Cardinal Fesch. One day, when the Emperor had come to visit +his uncle, the worthy CurĂ©, who was waiting in the anteroom, found +himself present when His Majesty passed. Napoleon, on finding himself +observed with a certain curiosity by this old man, turned round and +said abruptly:— + +“Who is this good man who is staring at me?” + + +“Sire,” said M. Myriel, “you are looking at a good man, and I at a +great man. Each of us can profit by it.” + + +That very evening, the Emperor asked the Cardinal the name of the CurĂ©, +and some time afterwards M. Myriel was utterly astonished to learn that +he had been appointed Bishop of D—— + +What truth was there, after all, in the stories which were invented as +to the early portion of M. Myriel’s life? No one knew. Very few +families had been acquainted with the Myriel family before the +Revolution. + +M. Myriel had to undergo the fate of every newcomer in a little town, +where there are many mouths which talk, and very few heads which think. +He was obliged to undergo it although he was a bishop, and because he +was a bishop. But after all, the rumors with which his name was +connected were rumors only,—noise, sayings, words; less than +words—_palabres_, as the energetic language of the South expresses it. + +However that may be, after nine years of episcopal power and of +residence in D——, all the stories and subjects of conversation which +engross petty towns and petty people at the outset had fallen into +profound oblivion. No one would have dared to mention them; no one +would have dared to recall them. + +M. Myriel had arrived at D—— accompanied by an elderly spinster, +Mademoiselle Baptistine, who was his sister, and ten years his junior. + +Their only domestic was a female servant of the same age as +Mademoiselle Baptistine, and named Madame Magloire, who, after having +been _the servant of M. le CurĂ©_, now assumed the double title of maid +to Mademoiselle and housekeeper to Monseigneur. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine was a long, pale, thin, gentle creature; she +realized the ideal expressed by the word “respectable”; for it seems +that a woman must needs be a mother in order to be venerable. She had +never been pretty; her whole life, which had been nothing but a +succession of holy deeds, had finally conferred upon her a sort of +pallor and transparency; and as she advanced in years she had acquired +what may be called the beauty of goodness. What had been leanness in +her youth had become transparency in her maturity; and this diaphaneity +allowed the angel to be seen. She was a soul rather than a virgin. Her +person seemed made of a shadow; there was hardly sufficient body to +provide for sex; a little matter enclosing a light; large eyes forever +drooping;—a mere pretext for a soul’s remaining on the earth. + +Madame Magloire was a little, fat, white old woman, corpulent and +bustling; always out of breath,—in the first place, because of her +activity, and in the next, because of her asthma. + +On his arrival, M. Myriel was installed in the episcopal palace with +the honors required by the Imperial decrees, which class a bishop +immediately after a major-general. The mayor and the president paid the +first call on him, and he, in turn, paid the first call on the general +and the prefect. + +The installation over, the town waited to see its bishop at work. + + + +CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME + + +The episcopal palace of D—— adjoins the hospital. + +The episcopal palace was a huge and beautiful house, built of stone at +the beginning of the last century by M. Henri Puget, Doctor of Theology +of the Faculty of Paris, AbbĂ© of Simore, who had been Bishop of D—— in +1712. This palace was a genuine seignorial residence. Everything about +it had a grand air,—the apartments of the Bishop, the drawing-rooms, +the chambers, the principal courtyard, which was very large, with walks +encircling it under arcades in the old Florentine fashion, and gardens +planted with magnificent trees. In the dining-room, a long and superb +gallery which was situated on the ground floor and opened on the +gardens, M. Henri Puget had entertained in state, on July 29, 1714, My +Lords Charles BrĂ»lart de Genlis, archbishop; Prince d’Embrun; Antoine +de Mesgrigny, the capuchin, Bishop of Grasse; Philippe de VendĂŽme, +Grand Prior of France, AbbĂ© of Saint HonorĂ© de LĂ©rins; François de +Berton de Crillon, bishop, Baron de Vence; CĂ©sar de Sabran de +Forcalquier, bishop, Seignor of GlandĂšve; and Jean Soanen, Priest of +the Oratory, preacher in ordinary to the king, bishop, Seignor of +Senez. The portraits of these seven reverend personages decorated this +apartment; and this memorable date, the 29th of July, 1714, was there +engraved in letters of gold on a table of white marble. + +The hospital was a low and narrow building of a single story, with a +small garden. + +Three days after his arrival, the Bishop visited the hospital. The +visit ended, he had the director requested to be so good as to come to +his house. + +“Monsieur the director of the hospital,” said he to him, “how many sick +people have you at the present moment?” + + +“Twenty-six, Monseigneur.” + + +“That was the number which I counted,” said the Bishop. + +“The beds,” pursued the director, “are very much crowded against each +other.” + + +“That is what I observed.” + + +“The halls are nothing but rooms, and it is with difficulty that the +air can be changed in them.” + + +“So it seems to me.” + + +“And then, when there is a ray of sun, the garden is very small for the +convalescents.” + + +“That was what I said to myself.” + + +“In case of epidemics,—we have had the typhus fever this year; we had +the sweating sickness two years ago, and a hundred patients at +times,—we know not what to do.” + + +“That is the thought which occurred to me.” + + +“What would you have, Monseigneur?” said the director. “One must resign +one’s self.” + + +This conversation took place in the gallery dining-room on the ground +floor. + +The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he turned abruptly to the +director of the hospital. + +“Monsieur,” said he, “how many beds do you think this hall alone would +hold?” + + +“Monseigneur’s dining-room?” exclaimed the stupefied director. + +The Bishop cast a glance round the apartment, and seemed to be taking +measures and calculations with his eyes. + +“It would hold full twenty beds,” said he, as though speaking to +himself. Then, raising his voice:— + +“Hold, Monsieur the director of the hospital, I will tell you +something. There is evidently a mistake here. There are thirty-six of +you, in five or six small rooms. There are three of us here, and we +have room for sixty. There is some mistake, I tell you; you have my +house, and I have yours. Give me back my house; you are at home here.” + + +On the following day the thirty-six patients were installed in the +Bishop’s palace, and the Bishop was settled in the hospital. + +M. Myriel had no property, his family having been ruined by the +Revolution. His sister was in receipt of a yearly income of five +hundred francs, which sufficed for her personal wants at the vicarage. +M. Myriel received from the State, in his quality of bishop, a salary +of fifteen thousand francs. On the very day when he took up his abode +in the hospital, M. Myriel settled on the disposition of this sum once +for all, in the following manner. We transcribe here a note made by his +own hand:— + +NOTE ON THE REGULATION OF MY HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES. + +For the little seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 livres +Society of the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ” + For the Lazarists of Montdidier . . . . . . . . . . 100 ” + Seminary for foreign missions in Paris . . . . . . 200 ” + Congregation of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . 150 ” + Religious establishments of the Holy Land . . . . . 100 ” + Charitable maternity societies . . . . . . . . . . 300 ” + Extra, for that of Arles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ” + Work for the amelioration of prisons . . . . . . . 400 ” + Work for the relief and delivery of prisoners . . . 500 ” + To liberate fathers of families incarcerated for debt 1,000 ” + Addition to the salary of the poor teachers of the +diocese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 ” + Public granary of the Hautes-Alpes . . . . . . . . 100 ” + Congregation of the ladies of D——, of Manosque, and of +Sisteron, for the gratuitous instruction of poor +girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 ” + For the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 ” + My personal expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 ” + ——— +Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 ” + + +M. Myriel made no change in this arrangement during the entire period +that he occupied the see of D—— As has been seen, he called it +_regulating his household expenses_. + +This arrangement was accepted with absolute submission by Mademoiselle +Baptistine. This holy woman regarded Monseigneur of D—— as at one and +the same time her brother and her bishop, her friend according to the +flesh and her superior according to the Church. She simply loved and +venerated him. When he spoke, she bowed; when he acted, she yielded her +adherence. Their only servant, Madame Magloire, grumbled a little. It +will be observed that Monsieur the Bishop had reserved for himself only +one thousand livres, which, added to the pension of Mademoiselle +Baptistine, made fifteen hundred francs a year. On these fifteen +hundred francs these two old women and the old man subsisted. + +And when a village curate came to D——, the Bishop still found means to +entertain him, thanks to the severe economy of Madame Magloire, and to +the intelligent administration of Mademoiselle Baptistine. + +One day, after he had been in D—— about three months, the Bishop said:— + +“And still I am quite cramped with it all!” + + +“I should think so!” exclaimed Madame Magloire. “Monseigneur has not +even claimed the allowance which the department owes him for the +expense of his carriage in town, and for his journeys about the +diocese. It was customary for bishops in former days.” + + +“Hold!” cried the Bishop, “you are quite right, Madame Magloire.” + + +And he made his demand. + +Some time afterwards the General Council took this demand under +consideration, and voted him an annual sum of three thousand francs, +under this heading: _Allowance to M. the Bishop for expenses of +carriage, expenses of posting, and expenses of pastoral visits._ + +This provoked a great outcry among the local burgesses; and a senator +of the Empire, a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred which +favored the 18 Brumaire, and who was provided with a magnificent +senatorial office in the vicinity of the town of D——, wrote to M. Bigot +de PrĂ©ameneu, the minister of public worship, a very angry and +confidential note on the subject, from which we extract these authentic +lines:— + +“Expenses of carriage? What can be done with it in a town of less than +four thousand inhabitants? Expenses of journeys? What is the use of +these trips, in the first place? Next, how can the posting be +accomplished in these mountainous parts? There are no roads. No one +travels otherwise than on horseback. Even the bridge between Durance +and ChĂąteau-Arnoux can barely support ox-teams. These priests are all +thus, greedy and avaricious. This man played the good priest when he +first came. Now he does like the rest; he must have a carriage and a +posting-chaise, he must have luxuries, like the bishops of the olden +days. Oh, all this priesthood! Things will not go well, M. le Comte, +until the Emperor has freed us from these black-capped rascals. Down +with the Pope! [Matters were getting embroiled with Rome.] For my part, +I am for CĂŠsar alone.” Etc., etc. + +On the other hand, this affair afforded great delight to Madame +Magloire. “Good,” said she to Mademoiselle Baptistine; “Monseigneur +began with other people, but he has had to wind up with himself, after +all. He has regulated all his charities. Now here are three thousand +francs for us! At last!” + + +That same evening the Bishop wrote out and handed to his sister a +memorandum conceived in the following terms:— + +EXPENSES OF CARRIAGE AND CIRCUIT. + +For furnishing meat soup to the patients in the hospital. 1,500 livres +For the maternity charitable society of Aix . . . . . . . 250 ” + For the maternity charitable society of Draguignan . . . 250 ” + For foundlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 ” + For orphans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 ” + ——- +Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 ” + + +Such was M. Myriel’s budget. + +As for the chance episcopal perquisites, the fees for marriage bans, +dispensations, private baptisms, sermons, benedictions, of churches or +chapels, marriages, etc., the Bishop levied them on the wealthy with +all the more asperity, since he bestowed them on the needy. + +After a time, offerings of money flowed in. Those who had and those who +lacked knocked at M. Myriel’s door,—the latter in search of the alms +which the former came to deposit. In less than a year the Bishop had +become the treasurer of all benevolence and the cashier of all those in +distress. Considerable sums of money passed through his hands, but +nothing could induce him to make any change whatever in his mode of +life, or add anything superfluous to his bare necessities. + +Far from it. As there is always more wretchedness below than there is +brotherhood above, all was given away, so to speak, before it was +received. It was like water on dry soil; no matter how much money he +received, he never had any. Then he stripped himself. + +The usage being that bishops shall announce their baptismal names at +the head of their charges and their pastoral letters, the poor people +of the country-side had selected, with a sort of affectionate instinct, +among the names and prenomens of their bishop, that which had a meaning +for them; and they never called him anything except Monseigneur +Bienvenu [Welcome]. We will follow their example, and will also call +him thus when we have occasion to name him. Moreover, this appellation +pleased him. + +“I like that name,” said he. “Bienvenu makes up for the Monseigneur.” + + +We do not claim that the portrait herewith presented is probable; we +confine ourselves to stating that it resembles the original. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP + + +The Bishop did not omit his pastoral visits because he had converted +his carriage into alms. The diocese of D—— is a fatiguing one. There +are very few plains and a great many mountains; hardly any roads, as we +have just seen; thirty-two curacies, forty-one vicarships, and two +hundred and eighty-five auxiliary chapels. To visit all these is quite +a task. + +The Bishop managed to do it. He went on foot when it was in the +neighborhood, in a tilted spring-cart when it was on the plain, and on +a donkey in the mountains. The two old women accompanied him. When the +trip was too hard for them, he went alone. + +One day he arrived at Senez, which is an ancient episcopal city. He was +mounted on an ass. His purse, which was very dry at that moment, did +not permit him any other equipage. The mayor of the town came to +receive him at the gate of the town, and watched him dismount from his +ass, with scandalized eyes. Some of the citizens were laughing around +him. “Monsieur the Mayor,” said the Bishop, “and Messieurs Citizens, I +perceive that I shock you. You think it very arrogant in a poor priest +to ride an animal which was used by Jesus Christ. I have done so from +necessity, I assure you, and not from vanity.” + + +In the course of these trips he was kind and indulgent, and talked +rather than preached. He never went far in search of his arguments and +his examples. He quoted to the inhabitants of one district the example +of a neighboring district. In the cantons where they were harsh to the +poor, he said: “Look at the people of Briançon! They have conferred on +the poor, on widows and orphans, the right to have their meadows mown +three days in advance of every one else. They rebuild their houses for +them gratuitously when they are ruined. Therefore it is a country which +is blessed by God. For a whole century, there has not been a single +murderer among them.” + + +In villages which were greedy for profit and harvest, he said: “Look at +the people of Embrun! If, at the harvest season, the father of a family +has his son away on service in the army, and his daughters at service +in the town, and if he is ill and incapacitated, the curĂ© recommends +him to the prayers of the congregation; and on Sunday, after the mass, +all the inhabitants of the village—men, women, and children—go to the +poor man’s field and do his harvesting for him, and carry his straw and +his grain to his granary.” To families divided by questions of money +and inheritance he said: “Look at the mountaineers of Devolny, a +country so wild that the nightingale is not heard there once in fifty +years. Well, when the father of a family dies, the boys go off to seek +their fortunes, leaving the property to the girls, so that they may +find husbands.” To the cantons which had a taste for lawsuits, and +where the farmers ruined themselves in stamped paper, he said: “Look at +those good peasants in the valley of Queyras! There are three thousand +souls of them. Mon Dieu! it is like a little republic. Neither judge +nor bailiff is known there. The mayor does everything. He allots the +imposts, taxes each person conscientiously, judges quarrels for +nothing, divides inheritances without charge, pronounces sentences +gratuitously; and he is obeyed, because he is a just man among simple +men.” To villages where he found no schoolmaster, he quoted once more +the people of Queyras: “Do you know how they manage?” he said. “Since a +little country of a dozen or fifteen hearths cannot always support a +teacher, they have schoolmasters who are paid by the whole valley, who +make the round of the villages, spending a week in this one, ten days +in that, and instruct them. These teachers go to the fairs. I have seen +them there. They are to be recognized by the quill pens which they wear +in the cord of their hat. Those who teach reading only have one pen; +those who teach reading and reckoning have two pens; those who teach +reading, reckoning, and Latin have three pens. But what a disgrace to +be ignorant! Do like the people of Queyras!” + + +Thus he discoursed gravely and paternally; in default of examples, he +invented parables, going directly to the point, with few phrases and +many images, which characteristic formed the real eloquence of Jesus +Christ. And being convinced himself, he was persuasive. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—WORKS CORRESPONDING TO WORDS + + +His conversation was gay and affable. He put himself on a level with +the two old women who had passed their lives beside him. When he +laughed, it was the laugh of a schoolboy. Madame Magloire liked to call +him Your Grace [_Votre Grandeur_]. One day he rose from his armchair, +and went to his library in search of a book. This book was on one of +the upper shelves. As the bishop was rather short of stature, he could +not reach it. “Madame Magloire,” said he, “fetch me a chair. My +greatness [_grandeur_] does not reach as far as that shelf.” + + +One of his distant relatives, Madame la Comtesse de LĂŽ, rarely allowed +an opportunity to escape of enumerating, in his presence, what she +designated as “the expectations” of her three sons. She had numerous +relatives, who were very old and near to death, and of whom her sons +were the natural heirs. The youngest of the three was to receive from a +grandaunt a good hundred thousand livres of income; the second was the +heir by entail to the title of the Duke, his uncle; the eldest was to +succeed to the peerage of his grandfather. The Bishop was accustomed to +listen in silence to these innocent and pardonable maternal boasts. On +one occasion, however, he appeared to be more thoughtful than usual, +while Madame de LĂŽ was relating once again the details of all these +inheritances and all these “expectations.” She interrupted herself +impatiently: “Mon Dieu, cousin! What are you thinking about?” “I am +thinking,” replied the Bishop, “of a singular remark, which is to be +found, I believe, in St. Augustine,—‘Place your hopes in the man from +whom you do not inherit.’” + + +At another time, on receiving a notification of the decease of a +gentleman of the country-side, wherein not only the dignities of the +dead man, but also the feudal and noble qualifications of all his +relatives, spread over an entire page: “What a stout back Death has!” +he exclaimed. “What a strange burden of titles is cheerfully imposed on +him, and how much wit must men have, in order thus to press the tomb +into the service of vanity!” + + +He was gifted, on occasion, with a gentle raillery, which almost always +concealed a serious meaning. In the course of one Lent, a youthful +vicar came to D——, and preached in the cathedral. He was tolerably +eloquent. The subject of his sermon was charity. He urged the rich to +give to the poor, in order to avoid hell, which he depicted in the most +frightful manner of which he was capable, and to win paradise, which he +represented as charming and desirable. Among the audience there was a +wealthy retired merchant, who was somewhat of a usurer, named M. +GĂ©borand, who had amassed two millions in the manufacture of coarse +cloth, serges, and woollen galloons. Never in his whole life had M. +GĂ©borand bestowed alms on any poor wretch. After the delivery of that +sermon, it was observed that he gave a sou every Sunday to the poor old +beggar-women at the door of the cathedral. There were six of them to +share it. One day the Bishop caught sight of him in the act of +bestowing this charity, and said to his sister, with a smile, “There is +M. GĂ©borand purchasing paradise for a sou.” + + +When it was a question of charity, he was not to be rebuffed even by a +refusal, and on such occasions he gave utterance to remarks which +induced reflection. Once he was begging for the poor in a drawing-room +of the town; there was present the Marquis de Champtercier, a wealthy +and avaricious old man, who contrived to be, at one and the same time, +an ultra-royalist and an ultra-Voltairian. This variety of man has +actually existed. When the Bishop came to him, he touched his arm, +_“You must give me something, M. le Marquis.”_ The Marquis turned round +and answered dryly, _“I have poor people of my own, Monseigneur.” “Give +them to me,”_ replied the Bishop. + +One day he preached the following sermon in the cathedral:— + +“My very dear brethren, my good friends, there are thirteen hundred and +twenty thousand peasants’ dwellings in France which have but three +openings; eighteen hundred and seventeen thousand hovels which have but +two openings, the door and one window; and three hundred and forty-six +thousand cabins besides which have but one opening, the door. And this +arises from a thing which is called the tax on doors and windows. Just +put poor families, old women and little children, in those buildings, +and behold the fevers and maladies which result! Alas! God gives air to +men; the law sells it to them. I do not blame the law, but I bless God. +In the department of the IsĂšre, in the Var, in the two departments of +the Alpes, the Hautes, and the Basses, the peasants have not even +wheelbarrows; they transport their manure on the backs of men; they +have no candles, and they burn resinous sticks, and bits of rope dipped +in pitch. That is the state of affairs throughout the whole of the +hilly country of DauphinĂ©. They make bread for six months at one time; +they bake it with dried cow-dung. In the winter they break this bread +up with an axe, and they soak it for twenty-four hours, in order to +render it eatable. My brethren, have pity! behold the suffering on all +sides of you!” + + +Born a Provençal, he easily familiarized himself with the dialect of +the south. He said, _“En bĂ©! moussu, sĂ©s sagĂ©?”_ as in lower Languedoc; +_“OntĂ© anaras passa?”_ as in the Basses-Alpes; _“Puerte un bouen moutu +embe un bouen fromage grase,”_ as in upper DauphinĂ©. This pleased the +people extremely, and contributed not a little to win him access to all +spirits. He was perfectly at home in the thatched cottage and in the +mountains. He understood how to say the grandest things in the most +vulgar of idioms. As he spoke all tongues, he entered into all hearts. + +Moreover, he was the same towards people of the world and towards the +lower classes. He condemned nothing in haste and without taking +circumstances into account. He said, “Examine the road over which the +fault has passed.” + + +Being, as he described himself with a smile, an _ex-sinner_, he had +none of the asperities of austerity, and he professed, with a good deal +of distinctness, and without the frown of the ferociously virtuous, a +doctrine which may be summed up as follows:— + +“Man has upon him his flesh, which is at once his burden and his +temptation. He drags it with him and yields to it. He must watch it, +check it, repress it, and obey it only at the last extremity. There may +be some fault even in this obedience; but the fault thus committed is +venial; it is a fall, but a fall on the knees which may terminate in +prayer. + +“To be a saint is the exception; to be an upright man is the rule. Err, +fall, sin if you will, but be upright. + +“The least possible sin is the law of man. No sin at all is the dream +of the angel. All which is terrestrial is subject to sin. Sin is a +gravitation.” + + +When he saw everyone exclaiming very loudly, and growing angry very +quickly, “Oh! oh!” he said, with a smile; “to all appearance, this is a +great crime which all the world commits. These are hypocrisies which +have taken fright, and are in haste to make protest and to put +themselves under shelter.” + + +He was indulgent towards women and poor people, on whom the burden of +human society rest. He said, “The faults of women, of children, of the +feeble, the indigent, and the ignorant, are the fault of the husbands, +the fathers, the masters, the strong, the rich, and the wise.” + + +He said, moreover, “Teach those who are ignorant as many things as +possible; society is culpable, in that it does not afford instruction +gratis; it is responsible for the night which it produces. This soul is +full of shadow; sin is therein committed. The guilty one is not the +person who has committed the sin, but the person who has created the +shadow.” + + +It will be perceived that he had a peculiar manner of his own of +judging things: I suspect that he obtained it from the Gospel. + +One day he heard a criminal case, which was in preparation and on the +point of trial, discussed in a drawing-room. A wretched man, being at +the end of his resources, had coined counterfeit money, out of love for +a woman, and for the child which he had had by her. Counterfeiting was +still punishable with death at that epoch. The woman had been arrested +in the act of passing the first false piece made by the man. She was +held, but there were no proofs except against her. She alone could +accuse her lover, and destroy him by her confession. She denied; they +insisted. She persisted in her denial. Thereupon an idea occurred to +the attorney for the crown. He invented an infidelity on the part of +the lover, and succeeded, by means of fragments of letters cunningly +presented, in persuading the unfortunate woman that she had a rival, +and that the man was deceiving her. Thereupon, exasperated by jealousy, +she denounced her lover, confessed all, proved all. + +The man was ruined. He was shortly to be tried at Aix with his +accomplice. They were relating the matter, and each one was expressing +enthusiasm over the cleverness of the magistrate. By bringing jealousy +into play, he had caused the truth to burst forth in wrath, he had +educed the justice of revenge. The Bishop listened to all this in +silence. When they had finished, he inquired,— + +“Where are this man and woman to be tried?” + + +“At the Court of Assizes.” + + +He went on, “And where will the advocate of the crown be tried?” + + +A tragic event occurred at D—— A man was condemned to death for murder. +He was a wretched fellow, not exactly educated, not exactly ignorant, +who had been a mountebank at fairs, and a writer for the public. The +town took a great interest in the trial. On the eve of the day fixed +for the execution of the condemned man, the chaplain of the prison fell +ill. A priest was needed to attend the criminal in his last moments. +They sent for the curĂ©. It seems that he refused to come, saying, “That +is no affair of mine. I have nothing to do with that unpleasant task, +and with that mountebank: I, too, am ill; and besides, it is not my +place.” This reply was reported to the Bishop, who said, _“Monsieur le +CurĂ© is right: it is not his place; it is mine.”_ + +He went instantly to the prison, descended to the cell of the +“mountebank,” called him by name, took him by the hand, and spoke to +him. He passed the entire day with him, forgetful of food and sleep, +praying to God for the soul of the condemned man, and praying the +condemned man for his own. He told him the best truths, which are also +the most simple. He was father, brother, friend; he was bishop only to +bless. He taught him everything, encouraged and consoled him. The man +was on the point of dying in despair. Death was an abyss to him. As he +stood trembling on its mournful brink, he recoiled with horror. He was +not sufficiently ignorant to be absolutely indifferent. His +condemnation, which had been a profound shock, had, in a manner, broken +through, here and there, that wall which separates us from the mystery +of things, and which we call life. He gazed incessantly beyond this +world through these fatal breaches, and beheld only darkness. The +Bishop made him see light. + +On the following day, when they came to fetch the unhappy wretch, the +Bishop was still there. He followed him, and exhibited himself to the +eyes of the crowd in his purple camail and with his episcopal cross +upon his neck, side by side with the criminal bound with cords. + +He mounted the tumbril with him, he mounted the scaffold with him. The +sufferer, who had been so gloomy and cast down on the preceding day, +was radiant. He felt that his soul was reconciled, and he hoped in God. +The Bishop embraced him, and at the moment when the knife was about to +fall, he said to him: “God raises from the dead him whom man slays; he +whom his brothers have rejected finds his Father once more. Pray, +believe, enter into life: the Father is there.” When he descended from +the scaffold, there was something in his look which made the people +draw aside to let him pass. They did not know which was most worthy of +admiration, his pallor or his serenity. On his return to the humble +dwelling, which he designated, with a smile, as _his palace_, he said +to his sister, _“I have just officiated pontifically.”_ + +Since the most sublime things are often those which are the least +understood, there were people in the town who said, when commenting on +this conduct of the Bishop, _“It is affectation.”_ + +This, however, was a remark which was confined to the drawing-rooms. +The populace, which perceives no jest in holy deeds, was touched, and +admired him. + +As for the Bishop, it was a shock to him to have beheld the guillotine, +and it was a long time before he recovered from it. + +In fact, when the scaffold is there, all erected and prepared, it has +something about it which produces hallucination. One may feel a certain +indifference to the death penalty, one may refrain from pronouncing +upon it, from saying yes or no, so long as one has not seen a +guillotine with one’s own eyes: but if one encounters one of them, the +shock is violent; one is forced to decide, and to take part for or +against. Some admire it, like de Maistre; others execrate it, like +Beccaria. The guillotine is the concretion of the law; it is called +_vindicate_; it is not neutral, and it does not permit you to remain +neutral. He who sees it shivers with the most mysterious of shivers. +All social problems erect their interrogation point around this +chopping-knife. The scaffold is a vision. The scaffold is not a piece +of carpentry; the scaffold is not a machine; the scaffold is not an +inert bit of mechanism constructed of wood, iron and cords. + +It seems as though it were a being, possessed of I know not what sombre +initiative; one would say that this piece of carpenter’s work saw, that +this machine heard, that this mechanism understood, that this wood, +this iron, and these cords were possessed of will. In the frightful +meditation into which its presence casts the soul the scaffold appears +in terrible guise, and as though taking part in what is going on. The +scaffold is the accomplice of the executioner; it devours, it eats +flesh, it drinks blood; the scaffold is a sort of monster fabricated by +the judge and the carpenter, a spectre which seems to live with a +horrible vitality composed of all the death which it has inflicted. + +Therefore, the impression was terrible and profound; on the day +following the execution, and on many succeeding days, the Bishop +appeared to be crushed. The almost violent serenity of the funereal +moment had disappeared; the phantom of social justice tormented him. +He, who generally returned from all his deeds with a radiant +satisfaction, seemed to be reproaching himself. At times he talked to +himself, and stammered lugubrious monologues in a low voice. This is +one which his sister overheard one evening and preserved: “I did not +think that it was so monstrous. It is wrong to become absorbed in the +divine law to such a degree as not to perceive human law. Death belongs +to God alone. By what right do men touch that unknown thing?” + + +In course of time these impressions weakened and probably vanished. +Nevertheless, it was observed that the Bishop thenceforth avoided +passing the place of execution. + +M. Myriel could be summoned at any hour to the bedside of the sick and +dying. He did not ignore the fact that therein lay his greatest duty +and his greatest labor. Widowed and orphaned families had no need to +summon him; he came of his own accord. He understood how to sit down +and hold his peace for long hours beside the man who had lost the wife +of his love, of the mother who had lost her child. As he knew the +moment for silence he knew also the moment for speech. Oh, admirable +consoler! He sought not to efface sorrow by forgetfulness, but to +magnify and dignify it by hope. He said:— + +“Have a care of the manner in which you turn towards the dead. Think +not of that which perishes. Gaze steadily. You will perceive the living +light of your well-beloved dead in the depths of heaven.” He knew that +faith is wholesome. He sought to counsel and calm the despairing man, +by pointing out to him the resigned man, and to transform the grief +which gazes upon a grave by showing him the grief which fixes its gaze +upon a star. + + + + +CHAPTER V—MONSEIGNEUR BIENVENU MADE HIS CASSOCKS LAST TOO LONG + + +The private life of M. Myriel was filled with the same thoughts as his +public life. The voluntary poverty in which the Bishop of D—— lived, +would have been a solemn and charming sight for any one who could have +viewed it close at hand. + +Like all old men, and like the majority of thinkers, he slept little. +This brief slumber was profound. In the morning he meditated for an +hour, then he said his mass, either at the cathedral or in his own +house. His mass said, he broke his fast on rye bread dipped in the milk +of his own cows. Then he set to work. + +A Bishop is a very busy man: he must every day receive the secretary of +the bishopric, who is generally a canon, and nearly every day his +vicars-general. He has congregations to reprove, privileges to grant, a +whole ecclesiastical library to examine,—prayer-books, diocesan +catechisms, books of hours, etc.,—charges to write, sermons to +authorize, curĂ©s and mayors to reconcile, a clerical correspondence, an +administrative correspondence; on one side the State, on the other the +Holy See; and a thousand matters of business. + +What time was left to him, after these thousand details of business, +and his offices and his breviary, he bestowed first on the necessitous, +the sick, and the afflicted; the time which was left to him from the +afflicted, the sick, and the necessitous, he devoted to work. Sometimes +he dug in his garden; again, he read or wrote. He had but one word for +both these kinds of toil; he called them _gardening_. “The mind is a +garden,” said he. + +Towards midday, when the weather was fine, he went forth and took a +stroll in the country or in town, often entering lowly dwellings. He +was seen walking alone, buried in his own thoughts, his eyes cast down, +supporting himself on his long cane, clad in his wadded purple garment +of silk, which was very warm, wearing purple stockings inside his +coarse shoes, and surmounted by a flat hat which allowed three golden +tassels of large bullion to droop from its three points. + +It was a perfect festival wherever he appeared. One would have said +that his presence had something warming and luminous about it. The +children and the old people came out to the doorsteps for the Bishop as +for the sun. He bestowed his blessing, and they blessed him. They +pointed out his house to any one who was in need of anything. + +[Illustration: The Comforter] + +Here and there he halted, accosted the little boys and girls, and +smiled upon the mothers. He visited the poor so long as he had any +money; when he no longer had any, he visited the rich. + +As he made his cassocks last a long while, and did not wish to have it +noticed, he never went out in the town without his wadded purple cloak. +This inconvenienced him somewhat in summer. + +On his return, he dined. The dinner resembled his breakfast. + +At half-past eight in the evening he supped with his sister, Madame +Magloire standing behind them and serving them at table. Nothing could +be more frugal than this repast. If, however, the Bishop had one of his +curĂ©s to supper, Madame Magloire took advantage of the opportunity to +serve Monseigneur with some excellent fish from the lake, or with some +fine game from the mountains. Every curĂ© furnished the pretext for a +good meal: the Bishop did not interfere. With that exception, his +ordinary diet consisted only of vegetables boiled in water, and oil +soup. Thus it was said in the town, _when the Bishop does not indulge +in the cheer of a curĂ©, he indulges in the cheer of a trappist_. + +After supper he conversed for half an hour with Mademoiselle Baptistine +and Madame Magloire; then he retired to his own room and set to +writing, sometimes on loose sheets, and again on the margin of some +folio. He was a man of letters and rather learned. He left behind him +five or six very curious manuscripts; among others, a dissertation on +this verse in Genesis, _In the beginning, the spirit of God floated +upon the waters_. With this verse he compares three texts: the Arabic +verse which says, _The winds of God blew;_ Flavius Josephus who says, +_A wind from above was precipitated upon the earth;_ and finally, the +Chaldaic paraphrase of Onkelos, which renders it, _A wind coming from +God blew upon the face of the waters_. In another dissertation, he +examines the theological works of Hugo, Bishop of PtolemaĂŻs, +great-grand-uncle to the writer of this book, and establishes the fact, +that to this bishop must be attributed the divers little works +published during the last century, under the pseudonym of Barleycourt. + +Sometimes, in the midst of his reading, no matter what the book might +be which he had in his hand, he would suddenly fall into a profound +meditation, whence he only emerged to write a few lines on the pages of +the volume itself. These lines have often no connection whatever with +the book which contains them. We now have under our eyes a note written +by him on the margin of a quarto entitled _Correspondence of Lord +Germain with Generals Clinton, Cornwallis, and the Admirals on the +American station. Versailles, Poinçot, book-seller; and Paris, Pissot, +bookseller, Quai des Augustins._ + +Here is the note:— + +“Oh, you who are! + +“Ecclesiastes calls you the All-powerful; the Maccabees call you the +Creator; the Epistle to the Ephesians calls you liberty; Baruch calls +you Immensity; the Psalms call you Wisdom and Truth; John calls you +Light; the Books of Kings call you Lord; Exodus calls you Providence; +Leviticus, Sanctity; Esdras, Justice; the creation calls you God; man +calls you Father; but Solomon calls you Compassion, and that is the +most beautiful of all your names.” + + +Toward nine o’clock in the evening the two women retired and betook +themselves to their chambers on the first floor, leaving him alone +until morning on the ground floor. + +It is necessary that we should, in this place, give an exact idea of +the dwelling of the Bishop of D—— + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WHO GUARDED HIS HOUSE FOR HIM + + +The house in which he lived consisted, as we have said, of a ground +floor, and one story above; three rooms on the ground floor, three +chambers on the first, and an attic above. Behind the house was a +garden, a quarter of an acre in extent. The two women occupied the +first floor; the Bishop was lodged below. The first room, opening on +the street, served him as dining-room, the second was his bedroom, and +the third his oratory. There was no exit possible from this oratory, +except by passing through the bedroom, nor from the bedroom, without +passing through the dining-room. At the end of the suite, in the +oratory, there was a detached alcove with a bed, for use in cases of +hospitality. The Bishop offered this bed to country curates whom +business or the requirements of their parishes brought to D—— + +The pharmacy of the hospital, a small building which had been added to +the house, and abutted on the garden, had been transformed into a +kitchen and cellar. In addition to this, there was in the garden a +stable, which had formerly been the kitchen of the hospital, and in +which the Bishop kept two cows. No matter what the quantity of milk +they gave, he invariably sent half of it every morning to the sick +people in the hospital. + +_“I am paying my tithes,”_ he said. + +His bedroom was tolerably large, and rather difficult to warm in bad +weather. As wood is extremely dear at D——, he hit upon the idea of +having a compartment of boards constructed in the cow-shed. Here he +passed his evenings during seasons of severe cold: he called it his +_winter salon_. + +In this winter salon, as in the dining-room, there was no other +furniture than a square table in white wood, and four straw-seated +chairs. In addition to this the dining-room was ornamented with an +antique sideboard, painted pink, in water colors. Out of a similar +sideboard, properly draped with white napery and imitation lace, the +Bishop had constructed the altar which decorated his oratory. + +His wealthy penitents and the sainted women of D—— had more than once +assessed themselves to raise the money for a new altar for +Monseigneur’s oratory; on each occasion he had taken the money and had +given it to the poor. “The most beautiful of altars,” he said, “is the +soul of an unhappy creature consoled and thanking God.” + + +In his oratory there were two straw prie-Dieu, and there was an +armchair, also in straw, in his bedroom. When, by chance, he received +seven or eight persons at one time, the prefect, or the general, or the +staff of the regiment in garrison, or several pupils from the little +seminary, the chairs had to be fetched from the winter salon in the +stable, the prie-Dieu from the oratory, and the armchair from the +bedroom: in this way as many as eleven chairs could be collected for +the visitors. A room was dismantled for each new guest. + +It sometimes happened that there were twelve in the party; the Bishop +then relieved the embarrassment of the situation by standing in front +of the chimney if it was winter, or by strolling in the garden if it +was summer. + +There was still another chair in the detached alcove, but the straw was +half gone from it, and it had but three legs, so that it was of service +only when propped against the wall. Mademoiselle Baptistine had also in +her own room a very large easy-chair of wood, which had formerly been +gilded, and which was covered with flowered pekin; but they had been +obliged to hoist this bergĂšre up to the first story through the window, +as the staircase was too narrow; it could not, therefore, be reckoned +among the possibilities in the way of furniture. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine’s ambition had been to be able to purchase a +set of drawing-room furniture in yellow Utrecht velvet, stamped with a +rose pattern, and with mahogany in swan’s neck style, with a sofa. But +this would have cost five hundred francs at least, and in view of the +fact that she had only been able to lay by forty-two francs and ten +sous for this purpose in the course of five years, she had ended by +renouncing the idea. However, who is there who has attained his ideal? + +Nothing is more easy to present to the imagination than the Bishop’s +bedchamber. A glazed door opened on the garden; opposite this was the +bed,—a hospital bed of iron, with a canopy of green serge; in the +shadow of the bed, behind a curtain, were the utensils of the toilet, +which still betrayed the elegant habits of the man of the world: there +were two doors, one near the chimney, opening into the oratory; the +other near the bookcase, opening into the dining-room. The bookcase was +a large cupboard with glass doors filled with books; the chimney was of +wood painted to represent marble, and habitually without fire. In the +chimney stood a pair of firedogs of iron, ornamented above with two +garlanded vases, and flutings which had formerly been silvered with +silver leaf, which was a sort of episcopal luxury; above the +chimney-piece hung a crucifix of copper, with the silver worn off, +fixed on a background of threadbare velvet in a wooden frame from which +the gilding had fallen; near the glass door a large table with an +inkstand, loaded with a confusion of papers and with huge volumes; +before the table an armchair of straw; in front of the bed a prie-Dieu, +borrowed from the oratory. + +Two portraits in oval frames were fastened to the wall on each side of +the bed. Small gilt inscriptions on the plain surface of the cloth at +the side of these figures indicated that the portraits represented, one +the AbbĂ© of Chaliot, bishop of Saint Claude; the other, the AbbĂ© +Tourteau, vicar-general of Agde, abbĂ© of Grand-Champ, order of CĂźteaux, +diocese of Chartres. When the Bishop succeeded to this apartment, after +the hospital patients, he had found these portraits there, and had left +them. They were priests, and probably donors—two reasons for respecting +them. All that he knew about these two persons was, that they had been +appointed by the king, the one to his bishopric, the other to his +benefice, on the same day, the 27th of April, 1785. Madame Magloire +having taken the pictures down to dust, the Bishop had discovered these +particulars written in whitish ink on a little square of paper, +yellowed by time, and attached to the back of the portrait of the AbbĂ© +of Grand-Champ with four wafers. + +At his window he had an antique curtain of a coarse woollen stuff, +which finally became so old, that, in order to avoid the expense of a +new one, Madame Magloire was forced to take a large seam in the very +middle of it. This seam took the form of a cross. The Bishop often +called attention to it: “How delightful that is!” he said. + +All the rooms in the house, without exception, those on the ground +floor as well as those on the first floor, were white-washed, which is +a fashion in barracks and hospitals. + +However, in their latter years, Madame Magloire discovered beneath the +paper which had been washed over, paintings, ornamenting the apartment +of Mademoiselle Baptistine, as we shall see further on. Before becoming +a hospital, this house had been the ancient parliament house of the +Bourgeois. Hence this decoration. The chambers were paved in red +bricks, which were washed every week, with straw mats in front of all +the beds. Altogether, this dwelling, which was attended to by the two +women, was exquisitely clean from top to bottom. This was the sole +luxury which the Bishop permitted. He said, _“That takes nothing from +the poor.”_ + +It must be confessed, however, that he still retained from his former +possessions six silver knives and forks and a soup-ladle, which Madame +Magloire contemplated every day with delight, as they glistened +splendidly upon the coarse linen cloth. And since we are now painting +the Bishop of D—— as he was in reality, we must add that he had said +more than once, “I find it difficult to renounce eating from silver +dishes.” + + +To this silverware must be added two large candlesticks of massive +silver, which he had inherited from a great-aunt. These candlesticks +held two wax candles, and usually figured on the Bishop’s +chimney-piece. When he had any one to dinner, Madame Magloire lighted +the two candles and set the candlesticks on the table. + +In the Bishop’s own chamber, at the head of his bed, there was a small +cupboard, in which Madame Magloire locked up the six silver knives and +forks and the big spoon every night. But it is necessary to add, that +the key was never removed. + +The garden, which had been rather spoiled by the ugly buildings which +we have mentioned, was composed of four alleys in cross-form, radiating +from a tank. Another walk made the circuit of the garden, and skirted +the white wall which enclosed it. These alleys left behind them four +square plots rimmed with box. In three of these, Madame Magloire +cultivated vegetables; in the fourth, the Bishop had planted some +flowers; here and there stood a few fruit-trees. Madame Magloire had +once remarked, with a sort of gentle malice: “Monseigneur, you who turn +everything to account, have, nevertheless, one useless plot. It would +be better to grow salads there than bouquets.” “Madame Magloire,” +retorted the Bishop, “you are mistaken. The beautiful is as useful as +the useful.” He added after a pause, “More so, perhaps.” + + +This plot, consisting of three or four beds, occupied the Bishop almost +as much as did his books. He liked to pass an hour or two there, +trimming, hoeing, and making holes here and there in the earth, into +which he dropped seeds. He was not as hostile to insects as a gardener +could have wished to see him. Moreover, he made no pretensions to +botany; he ignored groups and consistency; he made not the slightest +effort to decide between Tournefort and the natural method; he took +part neither with the buds against the cotyledons, nor with Jussieu +against LinnĂŠus. He did not study plants; he loved flowers. He +respected learned men greatly; he respected the ignorant still more; +and, without ever failing in these two respects, he watered his +flower-beds every summer evening with a tin watering-pot painted green. + +The house had not a single door which could be locked. The door of the +dining-room, which, as we have said, opened directly on the cathedral +square, had formerly been ornamented with locks and bolts like the door +of a prison. The Bishop had had all this ironwork removed, and this +door was never fastened, either by night or by day, with anything +except the latch. All that the first passer-by had to do at any hour, +was to give it a push. At first, the two women had been very much tried +by this door, which was never fastened, but Monsieur de D—— had said to +them, “Have bolts put on your rooms, if that will please you.” They had +ended by sharing his confidence, or by at least acting as though they +shared it. Madame Magloire alone had frights from time to time. As for +the Bishop, his thought can be found explained, or at least indicated, +in the three lines which he wrote on the margin of a Bible, “This is +the shade of difference: the door of the physician should never be +shut, the door of the priest should always be open.” + + +On another book, entitled _Philosophy of the Medical Science_, he had +written this other note: “Am not I a physician like them? I also have +my patients, and then, too, I have some whom I call my unfortunates.” + + +Again he wrote: “Do not inquire the name of him who asks a shelter of +you. The very man who is embarrassed by his name is the one who needs +shelter.” + + +It chanced that a worthy curĂ©, I know not whether it was the curĂ© of +Couloubroux or the curĂ© of Pompierry, took it into his head to ask him +one day, probably at the instigation of Madame Magloire, whether +Monsieur was sure that he was not committing an indiscretion, to a +certain extent, in leaving his door unfastened day and night, at the +mercy of any one who should choose to enter, and whether, in short, he +did not fear lest some misfortune might occur in a house so little +guarded. The Bishop touched his shoulder, with gentle gravity, and said +to him, _“Nisi Dominus custodierit domum, in vanum vigilant qui +custodiunt eam,” Unless the Lord guard the house, in vain do they watch +who guard it._ + +Then he spoke of something else. + +He was fond of saying, “There is a bravery of the priest as well as the +bravery of a colonel of dragoons,—only,” he added, “ours must be +tranquil.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—CRAVATTE + + +It is here that a fact falls naturally into place, which we must not +omit, because it is one of the sort which show us best what sort of a +man the Bishop of D—— was. + +After the destruction of the band of Gaspard BĂšs, who had infested the +gorges of Ollioules, one of his lieutenants, Cravatte, took refuge in +the mountains. He concealed himself for some time with his bandits, the +remnant of Gaspard BĂšs’s troop, in the county of Nice; then he made his +way to PiĂ©dmont, and suddenly reappeared in France, in the vicinity of +Barcelonette. He was first seen at Jauziers, then at Tuiles. He hid +himself in the caverns of the Joug-de-l’Aigle, and thence he descended +towards the hamlets and villages through the ravines of Ubaye and +Ubayette. + +He even pushed as far as Embrun, entered the cathedral one night, and +despoiled the sacristy. His highway robberies laid waste the +country-side. The gendarmes were set on his track, but in vain. He +always escaped; sometimes he resisted by main force. He was a bold +wretch. In the midst of all this terror the Bishop arrived. He was +making his circuit to Chastelar. The mayor came to meet him, and urged +him to retrace his steps. Cravatte was in possession of the mountains +as far as Arche, and beyond; there was danger even with an escort; it +merely exposed three or four unfortunate gendarmes to no purpose. + +“Therefore,” said the Bishop, “I intend to go without escort.” + + +“You do not really mean that, Monseigneur!” exclaimed the mayor. + +“I do mean it so thoroughly that I absolutely refuse any gendarmes, and +shall set out in an hour.” + + +“Set out?” + + +“Set out.” + + +“Alone?” + + +“Alone.” + + +“Monseigneur, you will not do that!” + + +“There exists yonder in the mountains,” said the Bishop, “a tiny +community no bigger than that, which I have not seen for three years. +They are my good friends, those gentle and honest shepherds. They own +one goat out of every thirty that they tend. They make very pretty +woollen cords of various colors, and they play the mountain airs on +little flutes with six holes. They need to be told of the good God now +and then. What would they say to a bishop who was afraid? What would +they say if I did not go?” + + +“But the brigands, Monseigneur?” + + +“Hold,” said the Bishop, “I must think of that. You are right. I may +meet them. They, too, need to be told of the good God.” + + +“But, Monseigneur, there is a band of them! A flock of wolves!” + + +“Monsieur le maire, it may be that it is of this very flock of wolves +that Jesus has constituted me the shepherd. Who knows the ways of +Providence?” + + +“They will rob you, Monseigneur.” + + +“I have nothing.” + + +“They will kill you.” + + +“An old goodman of a priest, who passes along mumbling his prayers? +Bah! To what purpose?” + + +“Oh, mon Dieu! what if you should meet them!” + + +“I should beg alms of them for my poor.” + + +“Do not go, Monseigneur. In the name of Heaven! You are risking your +life!” + + +“Monsieur le maire,” said the Bishop, “is that really all? I am not in +the world to guard my own life, but to guard souls.” + + +They had to allow him to do as he pleased. He set out, accompanied only +by a child who offered to serve as a guide. His obstinacy was bruited +about the country-side, and caused great consternation. + +He would take neither his sister nor Madame Magloire. He traversed the +mountain on mule-back, encountered no one, and arrived safe and sound +at the residence of his “good friends,” the shepherds. He remained +there for a fortnight, preaching, administering the sacrament, +teaching, exhorting. When the time of his departure approached, he +resolved to chant a _Te Deum_ pontifically. He mentioned it to the +curĂ©. But what was to be done? There were no episcopal ornaments. They +could only place at his disposal a wretched village sacristy, with a +few ancient chasubles of threadbare damask adorned with imitation lace. + +“Bah!” said the Bishop. “Let us announce our _Te Deum_ from the pulpit, +nevertheless, Monsieur le CurĂ©. Things will arrange themselves.” + + +They instituted a search in the churches of the neighborhood. All the +magnificence of these humble parishes combined would not have sufficed +to clothe the chorister of a cathedral properly. + +While they were thus embarrassed, a large chest was brought and +deposited in the presbytery for the Bishop, by two unknown horsemen, +who departed on the instant. The chest was opened; it contained a cope +of cloth of gold, a mitre ornamented with diamonds, an archbishop’s +cross, a magnificent crosier,—all the pontifical vestments which had +been stolen a month previously from the treasury of Notre Dame +d’Embrun. In the chest was a paper, on which these words were written, +_“From Cravatte to Monseigneur Bienvenu.”_ + +“Did not I say that things would come right of themselves?” said the +Bishop. Then he added, with a smile, “To him who contents himself with +the surplice of a curate, God sends the cope of an archbishop.” + + +“Monseigneur,” murmured the curĂ©, throwing back his head with a smile. +“God—or the Devil.” + + +The Bishop looked steadily at the curĂ©, and repeated with authority, +“God!” + + +When he returned to Chastelar, the people came out to stare at him as +at a curiosity, all along the road. At the priest’s house in Chastelar +he rejoined Mademoiselle Baptistine and Madame Magloire, who were +waiting for him, and he said to his sister: “Well! was I in the right? +The poor priest went to his poor mountaineers with empty hands, and he +returns from them with his hands full. I set out bearing only my faith +in God; I have brought back the treasure of a cathedral.” + + +That evening, before he went to bed, he said again: “Let us never fear +robbers nor murderers. Those are dangers from without, petty dangers. +Let us fear ourselves. Prejudices are the real robbers; vices are the +real murderers. The great dangers lie within ourselves. What matters it +what threatens our head or our purse! Let us think only of that which +threatens our soul.” + + +Then, turning to his sister: “Sister, never a precaution on the part of +the priest, against his fellow-man. That which his fellow does, God +permits. Let us confine ourselves to prayer, when we think that a +danger is approaching us. Let us pray, not for ourselves, but that our +brother may not fall into sin on our account.” + + +However, such incidents were rare in his life. We relate those of which +we know; but generally he passed his life in doing the same things at +the same moment. One month of his year resembled one hour of his day. + +As to what became of “the treasure” of the cathedral of Embrun, we +should be embarrassed by any inquiry in that direction. It consisted of +very handsome things, very tempting things, and things which were very +well adapted to be stolen for the benefit of the unfortunate. Stolen +they had already been elsewhere. Half of the adventure was completed; +it only remained to impart a new direction to the theft, and to cause +it to take a short trip in the direction of the poor. However, we make +no assertions on this point. Only, a rather obscure note was found +among the Bishop’s papers, which may bear some relation to this matter, +and which is couched in these terms, _“The question is, to decide +whether this should be turned over to the cathedral or to the +hospital.”_ + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING + + +The senator above mentioned was a clever man, who had made his own way, +heedless of those things which present obstacles, and which are called +conscience, sworn faith, justice, duty: he had marched straight to his +goal, without once flinching in the line of his advancement and his +interest. He was an old attorney, softened by success; not a bad man by +any means, who rendered all the small services in his power to his +sons, his sons-in-law, his relations, and even to his friends, having +wisely seized upon, in life, good sides, good opportunities, good +windfalls. Everything else seemed to him very stupid. He was +intelligent, and just sufficiently educated to think himself a disciple +of Epicurus; while he was, in reality, only a product of +Pigault-Lebrun. He laughed willingly and pleasantly over infinite and +eternal things, and at the “crotchets of that good old fellow the +Bishop.” He even sometimes laughed at him with an amiable authority in +the presence of M. Myriel himself, who listened to him. + +On some semi-official occasion or other, I do not recollect what, +Count*** [this senator] and M. Myriel were to dine with the prefect. At +dessert, the senator, who was slightly exhilarated, though still +perfectly dignified, exclaimed:— + +“Egad, Bishop, let’s have a discussion. It is hard for a senator and a +bishop to look at each other without winking. We are two augurs. I am +going to make a confession to you. I have a philosophy of my own.” + + +“And you are right,” replied the Bishop. “As one makes one’s +philosophy, so one lies on it. You are on the bed of purple, senator.” + + +The senator was encouraged, and went on:— + +“Let us be good fellows.” + + +“Good devils even,” said the Bishop. + +“I declare to you,” continued the senator, “that the Marquis d’Argens, +Pyrrhon, Hobbes, and M. Naigeon are no rascals. I have all the +philosophers in my library gilded on the edges.” + + +“Like yourself, Count,” interposed the Bishop. + +The senator resumed:— + +“I hate Diderot; he is an ideologist, a declaimer, and a revolutionist, +a believer in God at bottom, and more bigoted than Voltaire. Voltaire +made sport of Needham, and he was wrong, for Needham’s eels prove that +God is useless. A drop of vinegar in a spoonful of flour paste supplies +the _fiat lux_. Suppose the drop to be larger and the spoonful bigger; +you have the world. Man is the eel. Then what is the good of the +Eternal Father? The Jehovah hypothesis tires me, Bishop. It is good for +nothing but to produce shallow people, whose reasoning is hollow. Down +with that great All, which torments me! Hurrah for Zero which leaves me +in peace! Between you and me, and in order to empty my sack, and make +confession to my pastor, as it behooves me to do, I will admit to you +that I have good sense. I am not enthusiastic over your Jesus, who +preaches renunciation and sacrifice to the last extremity. ’Tis the +counsel of an avaricious man to beggars. Renunciation; why? Sacrifice; +to what end? I do not see one wolf immolating himself for the happiness +of another wolf. Let us stick to nature, then. We are at the top; let +us have a superior philosophy. What is the advantage of being at the +top, if one sees no further than the end of other people’s noses? Let +us live merrily. Life is all. That man has another future elsewhere, on +high, below, anywhere, I don’t believe; not one single word of it. Ah! +sacrifice and renunciation are recommended to me; I must take heed to +everything I do; I must cudgel my brains over good and evil, over the +just and the unjust, over the _fas_ and the _nefas_. Why? Because I +shall have to render an account of my actions. When? After death. What +a fine dream! After my death it will be a very clever person who can +catch me. Have a handful of dust seized by a shadow-hand, if you can. +Let us tell the truth, we who are initiated, and who have raised the +veil of Isis: there is no such thing as either good or evil; there is +vegetation. Let us seek the real. Let us get to the bottom of it. Let +us go into it thoroughly. What the deuce! let us go to the bottom of +it! We must scent out the truth; dig in the earth for it, and seize it. +Then it gives you exquisite joys. Then you grow strong, and you laugh. +I am square on the bottom, I am. Immortality, Bishop, is a chance, a +waiting for dead men’s shoes. Ah! what a charming promise! trust to it, +if you like! What a fine lot Adam has! We are souls, and we shall be +angels, with blue wings on our shoulder-blades. Do come to my +assistance: is it not Tertullian who says that the blessed shall travel +from star to star? Very well. We shall be the grasshoppers of the +stars. And then, besides, we shall see God. Ta, ta, ta! What twaddle +all these paradises are! God is a nonsensical monster. I would not say +that in the _Moniteur_, egad! but I may whisper it among friends. +_Inter pocula_. To sacrifice the world to paradise is to let slip the +prey for the shadow. Be the dupe of the infinite! I’m not such a fool. +I am a nought. I call myself Monsieur le Comte Nought, senator. Did I +exist before my birth? No. Shall I exist after death? No. What am I? A +little dust collected in an organism. What am I to do on this earth? +The choice rests with me: suffer or enjoy. Whither will suffering lead +me? To nothingness; but I shall have suffered. Whither will enjoyment +lead me? To nothingness; but I shall have enjoyed myself. My choice is +made. One must eat or be eaten. I shall eat. It is better to be the +tooth than the grass. Such is my wisdom. After which, go whither I push +thee, the grave-digger is there; the Pantheon for some of us: all falls +into the great hole. End. _Finis_. Total liquidation. This is the +vanishing-point. Death is death, believe me. I laugh at the idea of +there being any one who has anything to tell me on that subject. Fables +of nurses; bugaboo for children; Jehovah for men. No; our to-morrow is +the night. Beyond the tomb there is nothing but equal nothingness. You +have been Sardanapalus, you have been Vincent de Paul—it makes no +difference. That is the truth. Then live your life, above all things. +Make use of your _I_ while you have it. In truth, Bishop, I tell you +that I have a philosophy of my own, and I have my philosophers. I don’t +let myself be taken in with that nonsense. Of course, there must be +something for those who are down,—for the barefooted beggars, +knife-grinders, and miserable wretches. Legends, chimĂŠras, the soul, +immortality, paradise, the stars, are provided for them to swallow. +They gobble it down. They spread it on their dry bread. He who has +nothing else has the good God. That is the least he can have. I oppose +no objection to that; but I reserve Monsieur Naigeon for myself. The +good God is good for the populace.” + + +The Bishop clapped his hands. + +“That’s talking!” he exclaimed. “What an excellent and really +marvellous thing is this materialism! Not every one who wants it can +have it. Ah! when one does have it, one is no longer a dupe, one does +not stupidly allow one’s self to be exiled like Cato, nor stoned like +Stephen, nor burned alive like Jeanne d’Arc. Those who have succeeded +in procuring this admirable materialism have the joy of feeling +themselves irresponsible, and of thinking that they can devour +everything without uneasiness,—places, sinecures, dignities, power, +whether well or ill acquired, lucrative recantations, useful +treacheries, savory capitulations of conscience,—and that they shall +enter the tomb with their digestion accomplished. How agreeable that +is! I do not say that with reference to you, senator. Nevertheless, it +is impossible for me to refrain from congratulating you. You great +lords have, so you say, a philosophy of your own, and for yourselves, +which is exquisite, refined, accessible to the rich alone, good for all +sauces, and which seasons the voluptuousness of life admirably. This +philosophy has been extracted from the depths, and unearthed by special +seekers. But you are good-natured princes, and you do not think it a +bad thing that belief in the good God should constitute the philosophy +of the people, very much as the goose stuffed with chestnuts is the +truffled turkey of the poor.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE BROTHER AS DEPICTED BY THE SISTER + + +In order to furnish an idea of the private establishment of the Bishop +of D——, and of the manner in which those two sainted women subordinated +their actions, their thoughts, their feminine instincts even, which are +easily alarmed, to the habits and purposes of the Bishop, without his +even taking the trouble of speaking in order to explain them, we cannot +do better than transcribe in this place a letter from Mademoiselle +Baptistine to Madame the Vicomtess de Boischevron, the friend of her +childhood. This letter is in our possession. + +D——, Dec. 16, 18—. MY GOOD MADAM: Not a day passes without our speaking +of you. It is our established custom; but there is another reason +besides. Just imagine, while washing and dusting the ceilings and +walls, Madam Magloire has made some discoveries; now our two chambers +hung with antique paper whitewashed over, would not discredit a chĂąteau +in the style of yours. Madam Magloire has pulled off all the paper. +There were things beneath. My drawing-room, which contains no +furniture, and which we use for spreading out the linen after washing, +is fifteen feet in height, eighteen square, with a ceiling which was +formerly painted and gilded, and with beams, as in yours. This was +covered with a cloth while this was the hospital. And the woodwork was +of the era of our grandmothers. But my room is the one you ought to +see. Madam Magloire has discovered, under at least ten thicknesses of +paper pasted on top, some paintings, which without being good are very +tolerable. The subject is Telemachus being knighted by Minerva in some +gardens, the name of which escapes me. In short, where the Roman ladies +repaired on one single night. What shall I say to you? I have Romans, +and Roman ladies [here occurs an illegible word], and the whole train. +Madam Magloire has cleaned it all off; this summer she is going to have +some small injuries repaired, and the whole revarnished, and my chamber +will be a regular museum. She has also found in a corner of the attic +two wooden pier-tables of ancient fashion. They asked us two crowns of +six francs each to regild them, but it is much better to give the money +to the poor; and they are very ugly besides, and I should much prefer a +round table of mahogany. + +I am always very happy. My brother is so good. He gives all he has to +the poor and sick. We are very much cramped. The country is trying in +the winter, and we really must do something for those who are in need. +We are almost comfortably lighted and warmed. You see that these are +great treats. + +My brother has ways of his own. When he talks, he says that a bishop +ought to be so. Just imagine! the door of our house is never fastened. +Whoever chooses to enter finds himself at once in my brother’s room. He +fears nothing, even at night. That is his sort of bravery, he says. + +He does not wish me or Madame Magloire feel any fear for him. He +exposes himself to all sorts of dangers, and he does not like to have +us even seem to notice it. One must know how to understand him. + +He goes out in the rain, he walks in the water, he travels in winter. +He fears neither suspicious roads nor dangerous encounters, nor night. + +Last year he went quite alone into a country of robbers. He would not +take us. He was absent for a fortnight. On his return nothing had +happened to him; he was thought to be dead, but was perfectly well, and +said, “This is the way I have been robbed!” And then he opened a trunk +full of jewels, all the jewels of the cathedral of Embrun, which the +thieves had given him. + +When he returned on that occasion, I could not refrain from scolding +him a little, taking care, however, not to speak except when the +carriage was making a noise, so that no one might hear me. + +At first I used to say to myself, “There are no dangers which will stop +him; he is terrible.” Now I have ended by getting used to it. I make a +sign to Madam Magloire that she is not to oppose him. He risks himself +as he sees fit. I carry off Madam Magloire, I enter my chamber, I pray +for him and fall asleep. I am at ease, because I know that if anything +were to happen to him, it would be the end of me. I should go to the +good God with my brother and my bishop. It has cost Madam Magloire more +trouble than it did me to accustom herself to what she terms his +imprudences. But now the habit has been acquired. We pray together, we +tremble together, and we fall asleep. If the devil were to enter this +house, he would be allowed to do so. After all, what is there for us to +fear in this house? There is always some one with us who is stronger +than we. The devil may pass through it, but the good God dwells here. + +This suffices me. My brother has no longer any need of saying a word to +me. I understand him without his speaking, and we abandon ourselves to +the care of Providence. That is the way one has to do with a man who +possesses grandeur of soul. + +I have interrogated my brother with regard to the information which you +desire on the subject of the Faux family. You are aware that he knows +everything, and that he has memories, because he is still a very good +royalist. They really are a very ancient Norman family of the +generalship of Caen. Five hundred years ago there was a Raoul de Faux, +a Jean de Faux, and a Thomas de Faux, who were gentlemen, and one of +whom was a seigneur de Rochefort. The last was Guy-Étienne-Alexandre, +and was commander of a regiment, and something in the light horse of +Bretagne. His daughter, Marie-Louise, married Adrien-Charles de +Gramont, son of the Duke Louis de Gramont, peer of France, colonel of +the French guards, and lieutenant-general of the army. It is written +Faux, Fauq, and Faoucq. + +Good Madame, recommend us to the prayers of your sainted relative, +Monsieur the Cardinal. As for your dear Sylvanie, she has done well in +not wasting the few moments which she passes with you in writing to me. +She is well, works as you would wish, and loves me. + +That is all that I desire. The souvenir which she sent through you +reached me safely, and it makes me very happy. My health is not so very +bad, and yet I grow thinner every day. Farewell; my paper is at an end, +and this forces me to leave you. A thousand good wishes. + +BAPTISTINE. + +P.S. Your grand nephew is charming. Do you know that he will soon be +five years old? Yesterday he saw some one riding by on horseback who +had on knee-caps, and he said, “What has he got on his knees?” He is a +charming child! His little brother is dragging an old broom about the +room, like a carriage, and saying, “Hu!” + + +As will be perceived from this letter, these two women understood how +to mould themselves to the Bishop’s ways with that special feminine +genius which comprehends the man better than he comprehends himself. +The Bishop of D——, in spite of the gentle and candid air which never +deserted him, sometimes did things that were grand, bold, and +magnificent, without seeming to have even a suspicion of the fact. They +trembled, but they let him alone. Sometimes Madame Magloire essayed a +remonstrance in advance, but never at the time, nor afterwards. They +never interfered with him by so much as a word or sign, in any action +once entered upon. At certain moments, without his having occasion to +mention it, when he was not even conscious of it himself in all +probability, so perfect was his simplicity, they vaguely felt that he +was acting as a bishop; then they were nothing more than two shadows in +the house. They served him passively; and if obedience consisted in +disappearing, they disappeared. They understood, with an admirable +delicacy of instinct, that certain cares may be put under constraint. +Thus, even when believing him to be in peril, they understood, I will +not say his thought, but his nature, to such a degree that they no +longer watched over him. They confided him to God. + +Moreover, Baptistine said, as we have just read, that her brother’s end +would prove her own. Madame Magloire did not say this, but she knew it. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE BISHOP IN THE PRESENCE OF AN UNKNOWN LIGHT + + +At an epoch a little later than the date of the letter cited in the +preceding pages, he did a thing which, if the whole town was to be +believed, was even more hazardous than his trip across the mountains +infested with bandits. + +In the country near D—— a man lived quite alone. This man, we will +state at once, was a former member of the Convention. His name was G—— + +Member of the Convention, G—— was mentioned with a sort of horror in +the little world of D—— A member of the Convention—can you imagine such +a thing? That existed from the time when people called each other +_thou_, and when they said “citizen.” This man was almost a monster. He +had not voted for the death of the king, but almost. He was a +quasi-regicide. He had been a terrible man. How did it happen that such +a man had not been brought before a provost’s court, on the return of +the legitimate princes? They need not have cut off his head, if you +please; clemency must be exercised, agreed; but a good banishment for +life. An example, in short, etc. Besides, he was an atheist, like all +the rest of those people. Gossip of the geese about the vulture. + +Was G—— a vulture after all? Yes; if he were to be judged by the +element of ferocity in this solitude of his. As he had not voted for +the death of the king, he had not been included in the decrees of +exile, and had been able to remain in France. + +He dwelt at a distance of three-quarters of an hour from the city, far +from any hamlet, far from any road, in some hidden turn of a very wild +valley, no one knew exactly where. He had there, it was said, a sort of +field, a hole, a lair. There were no neighbors, not even passers-by. +Since he had dwelt in that valley, the path which led thither had +disappeared under a growth of grass. The locality was spoken of as +though it had been the dwelling of a hangman. + +Nevertheless, the Bishop meditated on the subject, and from time to +time he gazed at the horizon at a point where a clump of trees marked +the valley of the former member of the Convention, and he said, “There +is a soul yonder which is lonely.” + + +And he added, deep in his own mind, “I owe him a visit.” + + +But, let us avow it, this idea, which seemed natural at the first +blush, appeared to him after a moment’s reflection, as strange, +impossible, and almost repulsive. For, at bottom, he shared the general +impression, and the old member of the Convention inspired him, without +his being clearly conscious of the fact himself, with that sentiment +which borders on hate, and which is so well expressed by the word +estrangement. + +Still, should the scab of the sheep cause the shepherd to recoil? No. +But what a sheep! + +The good Bishop was perplexed. Sometimes he set out in that direction; +then he returned. + +Finally, the rumor one day spread through the town that a sort of young +shepherd, who served the member of the Convention in his hovel, had +come in quest of a doctor; that the old wretch was dying, that +paralysis was gaining on him, and that he would not live over +night.—“Thank God!” some added. + +The Bishop took his staff, put on his cloak, on account of his too +threadbare cassock, as we have mentioned, and because of the evening +breeze which was sure to rise soon, and set out. + +The sun was setting, and had almost touched the horizon when the Bishop +arrived at the excommunicated spot. With a certain beating of the +heart, he recognized the fact that he was near the lair. He strode over +a ditch, leaped a hedge, made his way through a fence of dead boughs, +entered a neglected paddock, took a few steps with a good deal of +boldness, and suddenly, at the extremity of the waste land, and behind +lofty brambles, he caught sight of the cavern. + +It was a very low hut, poor, small, and clean, with a vine nailed +against the outside. + +Near the door, in an old wheel-chair, the armchair of the peasants, +there was a white-haired man, smiling at the sun. + +Near the seated man stood a young boy, the shepherd lad. He was +offering the old man a jar of milk. + +While the Bishop was watching him, the old man spoke: “Thank you,” he +said, “I need nothing.” And his smile quitted the sun to rest upon the +child. + +The Bishop stepped forward. At the sound which he made in walking, the +old man turned his head, and his face expressed the sum total of the +surprise which a man can still feel after a long life. + +“This is the first time since I have been here,” said he, “that any one +has entered here. Who are you, sir?” + + +The Bishop answered:— + +“My name is Bienvenu Myriel.” + + +“Bienvenu Myriel? I have heard that name. Are you the man whom the +people call Monseigneur Welcome?” + + +“I am.” + + +The old man resumed with a half-smile + +“In that case, you are my bishop?” + + +“Something of that sort.” + + +“Enter, sir.” + + +The member of the Convention extended his hand to the Bishop, but the +Bishop did not take it. The Bishop confined himself to the remark:— + +“I am pleased to see that I have been misinformed. You certainly do not +seem to me to be ill.” + + +“Monsieur,” replied the old man, “I am going to recover.” + + +He paused, and then said:— + +“I shall die three hours hence.” + + +Then he continued:— + +“I am something of a doctor; I know in what fashion the last hour draws +on. Yesterday, only my feet were cold; to-day, the chill has ascended +to my knees; now I feel it mounting to my waist; when it reaches the +heart, I shall stop. The sun is beautiful, is it not? I had myself +wheeled out here to take a last look at things. You can talk to me; it +does not fatigue me. You have done well to come and look at a man who +is on the point of death. It is well that there should be witnesses at +that moment. One has one’s caprices; I should have liked to last until +the dawn, but I know that I shall hardly live three hours. It will be +night then. What does it matter, after all? Dying is a simple affair. +One has no need of the light for that. So be it. I shall die by +starlight.” + + +The old man turned to the shepherd lad:— + +“Go to thy bed; thou wert awake all last night; thou art tired.” + + +The child entered the hut. + +The old man followed him with his eyes, and added, as though speaking +to himself:— + +“I shall die while he sleeps. The two slumbers may be good neighbors.” + + +The Bishop was not touched as it seems that he should have been. He did +not think he discerned God in this manner of dying; let us say the +whole, for these petty contradictions of great hearts must be indicated +like the rest: he, who on occasion, was so fond of laughing at “His +Grace,” was rather shocked at not being addressed as Monseigneur, and +he was almost tempted to retort “citizen.” He was assailed by a fancy +for peevish familiarity, common enough to doctors and priests, but +which was not habitual with him. This man, after all, this member of +the Convention, this representative of the people, had been one of the +powerful ones of the earth; for the first time in his life, probably, +the Bishop felt in a mood to be severe. + +Meanwhile, the member of the Convention had been surveying him with a +modest cordiality, in which one could have distinguished, possibly, +that humility which is so fitting when one is on the verge of returning +to dust. + +The Bishop, on his side, although he generally restrained his +curiosity, which, in his opinion, bordered on a fault, could not +refrain from examining the member of the Convention with an attention +which, as it did not have its course in sympathy, would have served his +conscience as a matter of reproach, in connection with any other man. A +member of the Convention produced on him somewhat the effect of being +outside the pale of the law, even of the law of charity. G——, calm, his +body almost upright, his voice vibrating, was one of those +octogenarians who form the subject of astonishment to the physiologist. +The Revolution had many of these men, proportioned to the epoch. In +this old man one was conscious of a man put to the proof. Though so +near to his end, he preserved all the gestures of health. In his clear +glance, in his firm tone, in the robust movement of his shoulders, +there was something calculated to disconcert death. Azrael, the +Mohammedan angel of the sepulchre, would have turned back, and thought +that he had mistaken the door. G—— seemed to be dying because he willed +it so. There was freedom in his agony. His legs alone were motionless. +It was there that the shadows held him fast. His feet were cold and +dead, but his head survived with all the power of life, and seemed full +of light. G——, at this solemn moment, resembled the king in that tale +of the Orient who was flesh above and marble below. + +There was a stone there. The Bishop sat down. The exordium was abrupt. + +“I congratulate you,” said he, in the tone which one uses for a +reprimand. “You did not vote for the death of the king, after all.” + + +The old member of the Convention did not appear to notice the bitter +meaning underlying the words “after all.” He replied. The smile had +quite disappeared from his face. + +“Do not congratulate me too much, sir. I did vote for the death of the +tyrant.” + + +It was the tone of austerity answering the tone of severity. + +“What do you mean to say?” resumed the Bishop. + +“I mean to say that man has a tyrant,—ignorance. I voted for the death +of that tyrant. That tyrant engendered royalty, which is authority +falsely understood, while science is authority rightly understood. Man +should be governed only by science.” + + +“And conscience,” added the Bishop. + +“It is the same thing. Conscience is the quantity of innate science +which we have within us.” + + +Monseigneur Bienvenu listened in some astonishment to this language, +which was very new to him. + +The member of the Convention resumed:— + +“So far as Louis XVI. was concerned, I said ‘no.’ I did not think that +I had the right to kill a man; but I felt it my duty to exterminate +evil. I voted the end of the tyrant, that is to say, the end of +prostitution for woman, the end of slavery for man, the end of night +for the child. In voting for the Republic, I voted for that. I voted +for fraternity, concord, the dawn. I have aided in the overthrow of +prejudices and errors. The crumbling away of prejudices and errors +causes light. We have caused the fall of the old world, and the old +world, that vase of miseries, has become, through its upsetting upon +the human race, an urn of joy.” + + +“Mixed joy,” said the Bishop. + +“You may say troubled joy, and to-day, after that fatal return of the +past, which is called 1814, joy which has disappeared! Alas! The work +was incomplete, I admit: we demolished the ancient regime in deeds; we +were not able to suppress it entirely in ideas. To destroy abuses is +not sufficient; customs must be modified. The mill is there no longer; +the wind is still there.” + + +“You have demolished. It may be of use to demolish, but I distrust a +demolition complicated with wrath.” + + +“Right has its wrath, Bishop; and the wrath of right is an element of +progress. In any case, and in spite of whatever may be said, the French +Revolution is the most important step of the human race since the +advent of Christ. Incomplete, it may be, but sublime. It set free all +the unknown social quantities; it softened spirits, it calmed, +appeased, enlightened; it caused the waves of civilization to flow over +the earth. It was a good thing. The French Revolution is the +consecration of humanity.” + + +The Bishop could not refrain from murmuring:— + +“Yes? ’93!” + + +The member of the Convention straightened himself up in his chair with +an almost lugubrious solemnity, and exclaimed, so far as a dying man is +capable of exclamation:— + +“Ah, there you go; ’93! I was expecting that word. A cloud had been +forming for the space of fifteen hundred years; at the end of fifteen +hundred years it burst. You are putting the thunderbolt on its trial.” + + +The Bishop felt, without, perhaps, confessing it, that something within +him had suffered extinction. Nevertheless, he put a good face on the +matter. He replied:— + +“The judge speaks in the name of justice; the priest speaks in the name +of pity, which is nothing but a more lofty justice. A thunderbolt +should commit no error.” And he added, regarding the member of the +Convention steadily the while, “Louis XVII.?” + + +The conventionary stretched forth his hand and grasped the Bishop’s +arm. + +“Louis XVII.! let us see. For whom do you mourn? is it for the innocent +child? very good; in that case I mourn with you. Is it for the royal +child? I demand time for reflection. To me, the brother of Cartouche, +an innocent child who was hung up by the armpits in the Place de GrĂšve, +until death ensued, for the sole crime of having been the brother of +Cartouche, is no less painful than the grandson of Louis XV., an +innocent child, martyred in the tower of the Temple, for the sole crime +of having been grandson of Louis XV.” + + +“Monsieur,” said the Bishop, “I like not this conjunction of names.” + + +“Cartouche? Louis XV.? To which of the two do you object?” + + +A momentary silence ensued. The Bishop almost regretted having come, +and yet he felt vaguely and strangely shaken. + +The conventionary resumed:— + +“Ah, Monsieur Priest, you love not the crudities of the true. Christ +loved them. He seized a rod and cleared out the Temple. His scourge, +full of lightnings, was a harsh speaker of truths. When he cried, +_‘Sinite parvulos,’_ he made no distinction between the little +children. It would not have embarrassed him to bring together the +Dauphin of Barabbas and the Dauphin of Herod. Innocence, Monsieur, is +its own crown. Innocence has no need to be a highness. It is as august +in rags as in fleurs de lys.” + + +“That is true,” said the Bishop in a low voice. + +“I persist,” continued the conventionary G—— “You have mentioned Louis +XVII. to me. Let us come to an understanding. Shall we weep for all the +innocent, all martyrs, all children, the lowly as well as the exalted? +I agree to that. But in that case, as I have told you, we must go back +further than ’93, and our tears must begin before Louis XVII. I will +weep with you over the children of kings, provided that you will weep +with me over the children of the people.” + + +“I weep for all,” said the Bishop. + +“Equally!” exclaimed conventionary G——; “and if the balance must +incline, let it be on the side of the people. They have been suffering +longer.” + + +Another silence ensued. The conventionary was the first to break it. He +raised himself on one elbow, took a bit of his cheek between his thumb +and his forefinger, as one does mechanically when one interrogates and +judges, and appealed to the Bishop with a gaze full of all the forces +of the death agony. It was almost an explosion. + +“Yes, sir, the people have been suffering a long while. And hold! that +is not all, either; why have you just questioned me and talked to me +about Louis XVII.? I know you not. Ever since I have been in these +parts I have dwelt in this enclosure alone, never setting foot outside, +and seeing no one but that child who helps me. Your name has reached me +in a confused manner, it is true, and very badly pronounced, I must +admit; but that signifies nothing: clever men have so many ways of +imposing on that honest goodman, the people. By the way, I did not hear +the sound of your carriage; you have left it yonder, behind the coppice +at the fork of the roads, no doubt. I do not know you, I tell you. You +have told me that you are the Bishop; but that affords me no +information as to your moral personality. In short, I repeat my +question. Who are you? You are a bishop; that is to say, a prince of +the church, one of those gilded men with heraldic bearings and +revenues, who have vast prebends,—the bishopric of D—— fifteen thousand +francs settled income, ten thousand in perquisites; total, twenty-five +thousand francs,—who have kitchens, who have liveries, who make good +cheer, who eat moor-hens on Friday, who strut about, a lackey before, a +lackey behind, in a gala coach, and who have palaces, and who roll in +their carriages in the name of Jesus Christ who went barefoot! You are +a prelate,—revenues, palace, horses, servants, good table, all the +sensualities of life; you have this like the rest, and like the rest, +you enjoy it; it is well; but this says either too much or too little; +this does not enlighten me upon the intrinsic and essential value of +the man who comes with the probable intention of bringing wisdom to me. +To whom do I speak? Who are you?” + + +The Bishop hung his head and replied, _“Vermis sum_—I am a worm.” + + +“A worm of the earth in a carriage?” growled the conventionary. + +It was the conventionary’s turn to be arrogant, and the Bishop’s to be +humble. + +The Bishop resumed mildly:— + +“So be it, sir. But explain to me how my carriage, which is a few paces +off behind the trees yonder, how my good table and the moor-hens which +I eat on Friday, how my twenty-five thousand francs income, how my +palace and my lackeys prove that clemency is not a duty, and that ’93 +was not inexorable.” + + +The conventionary passed his hand across his brow, as though to sweep +away a cloud. + +“Before replying to you,” he said, “I beseech you to pardon me. I have +just committed a wrong, sir. You are at my house, you are my guest, I +owe you courtesy. You discuss my ideas, and it becomes me to confine +myself to combating your arguments. Your riches and your pleasures are +advantages which I hold over you in the debate; but good taste dictates +that I shall not make use of them. I promise you to make no use of them +in the future.” + + +“I thank you,” said the Bishop. + +G—— resumed. + +“Let us return to the explanation which you have asked of me. Where +were we? What were you saying to me? That ’93 was inexorable?” + + +“Inexorable; yes,” said the Bishop. “What think you of Marat clapping +his hands at the guillotine?” + + +“What think you of Bossuet chanting the _Te Deum_ over the +dragonnades?” + + +The retort was a harsh one, but it attained its mark with the +directness of a point of steel. The Bishop quivered under it; no reply +occurred to him; but he was offended by this mode of alluding to +Bossuet. The best of minds will have their fetiches, and they sometimes +feel vaguely wounded by the want of respect of logic. + +The conventionary began to pant; the asthma of the agony which is +mingled with the last breaths interrupted his voice; still, there was a +perfect lucidity of soul in his eyes. He went on:— + +“Let me say a few words more in this and that direction; I am willing. +Apart from the Revolution, which, taken as a whole, is an immense human +affirmation, ’93 is, alas! a rejoinder. You think it inexorable, sir; +but what of the whole monarchy, sir? Carrier is a bandit; but what name +do you give to Montrevel? Fouquier-Tainville is a rascal; but what is +your opinion as to Lamoignon-BĂąville? Maillard is terrible; but +Saulx-Tavannes, if you please? DuchĂȘne senior is ferocious; but what +epithet will you allow me for the elder Letellier? Jourdan-Coupe-TetĂȘ +is a monster; but not so great a one as M. the Marquis de Louvois. Sir, +sir, I am sorry for Marie Antoinette, archduchess and queen; but I am +also sorry for that poor Huguenot woman, who, in 1685, under Louis the +Great, sir, while with a nursing infant, was bound, naked to the waist, +to a stake, and the child kept at a distance; her breast swelled with +milk and her heart with anguish; the little one, hungry and pale, +beheld that breast and cried and agonized; the executioner said to the +woman, a mother and a nurse, ‘Abjure!’ giving her her choice between +the death of her infant and the death of her conscience. What say you +to that torture of Tantalus as applied to a mother? Bear this well in +mind sir: the French Revolution had its reasons for existence; its +wrath will be absolved by the future; its result is the world made +better. From its most terrible blows there comes forth a caress for the +human race. I abridge, I stop, I have too much the advantage; moreover, +I am dying.” + + +And ceasing to gaze at the Bishop, the conventionary concluded his +thoughts in these tranquil words:— + +“Yes, the brutalities of progress are called revolutions. When they are +over, this fact is recognized,—that the human race has been treated +harshly, but that it has progressed.” + + +The conventionary doubted not that he had successively conquered all +the inmost intrenchments of the Bishop. One remained, however, and from +this intrenchment, the last resource of Monseigneur Bienvenu’s +resistance, came forth this reply, wherein appeared nearly all the +harshness of the beginning:— + +“Progress should believe in God. Good cannot have an impious servitor. +He who is an atheist is but a bad leader for the human race.” + + +The former representative of the people made no reply. He was seized +with a fit of trembling. He looked towards heaven, and in his glance a +tear gathered slowly. When the eyelid was full, the tear trickled down +his livid cheek, and he said, almost in a stammer, quite low, and to +himself, while his eyes were plunged in the depths:— + +“O thou! O ideal! Thou alone existest!” + + +The Bishop experienced an indescribable shock. + +After a pause, the old man raised a finger heavenward and said:— + +“The infinite is. He is there. If the infinite had no person, person +would be without limit; it would not be infinite; in other words, it +would not exist. There is, then, an _I_. That _I_ of the infinite is +God.” + + +The dying man had pronounced these last words in a loud voice, and with +the shiver of ecstasy, as though he beheld some one. When he had +spoken, his eyes closed. The effort had exhausted him. It was evident +that he had just lived through in a moment the few hours which had been +left to him. That which he had said brought him nearer to him who is in +death. The supreme moment was approaching. + +The Bishop understood this; time pressed; it was as a priest that he +had come: from extreme coldness he had passed by degrees to extreme +emotion; he gazed at those closed eyes, he took that wrinkled, aged and +ice-cold hand in his, and bent over the dying man. + +“This hour is the hour of God. Do you not think that it would be +regrettable if we had met in vain?” + + +The conventionary opened his eyes again. A gravity mingled with gloom +was imprinted on his countenance. + +“Bishop,” said he, with a slowness which probably arose more from his +dignity of soul than from the failing of his strength, “I have passed +my life in meditation, study, and contemplation. I was sixty years of +age when my country called me and commanded me to concern myself with +its affairs. I obeyed. Abuses existed, I combated them; tyrannies +existed, I destroyed them; rights and principles existed, I proclaimed +and confessed them. Our territory was invaded, I defended it; France +was menaced, I offered my breast. I was not rich; I am poor. I have +been one of the masters of the state; the vaults of the treasury were +encumbered with specie to such a degree that we were forced to shore up +the walls, which were on the point of bursting beneath the weight of +gold and silver; I dined in Dead Tree Street, at twenty-two sous. I +have succored the oppressed, I have comforted the suffering. I tore the +cloth from the altar, it is true; but it was to bind up the wounds of +my country. I have always upheld the march forward of the human race, +forward towards the light, and I have sometimes resisted progress +without pity. I have, when the occasion offered, protected my own +adversaries, men of your profession. And there is at Peteghem, in +Flanders, at the very spot where the Merovingian kings had their summer +palace, a convent of Urbanists, the Abbey of Sainte Claire en Beaulieu, +which I saved in 1793. I have done my duty according to my powers, and +all the good that I was able. After which, I was hunted down, pursued, +persecuted, blackened, jeered at, scorned, cursed, proscribed. For many +years past, I with my white hair have been conscious that many people +think they have the right to despise me; to the poor ignorant masses I +present the visage of one damned. And I accept this isolation of +hatred, without hating any one myself. Now I am eighty-six years old; I +am on the point of death. What is it that you have come to ask of me?” + + +_“Your blessing,”_ said the Bishop. + +And he knelt down. + +When the Bishop raised his head again, the face of the conventionary +had become august. He had just expired. + +The Bishop returned home, deeply absorbed in thoughts which cannot be +known to us. He passed the whole night in prayer. On the following +morning some bold and curious persons attempted to speak to him about +member of the Convention G——; he contented himself with pointing +heavenward. + +From that moment he redoubled his tenderness and brotherly feeling +towards all children and sufferers. + +Any allusion to “that old wretch of a G——” caused him to fall into a +singular preoccupation. No one could say that the passage of that soul +before his, and the reflection of that grand conscience upon his, did +not count for something in his approach to perfection. + +This “pastoral visit” naturally furnished an occasion for a murmur of +comment in all the little local coteries. + +“Was the bedside of such a dying man as that the proper place for a +bishop? There was evidently no conversion to be expected. All those +revolutionists are backsliders. Then why go there? What was there to be +seen there? He must have been very curious indeed to see a soul carried +off by the devil.” + + +One day a dowager of the impertinent variety who thinks herself +spiritual, addressed this sally to him, “Monseigneur, people are +inquiring when Your Greatness will receive the red cap!”—“Oh! oh! +that’s a coarse color,” replied the Bishop. “It is lucky that those who +despise it in a cap revere it in a hat.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—A RESTRICTION + + +We should incur a great risk of deceiving ourselves, were we to +conclude from this that Monseigneur Welcome was “a philosophical +bishop,” or a “patriotic curĂ©.” His meeting, which may almost be +designated as his union, with conventionary G——, left behind it in his +mind a sort of astonishment, which rendered him still more gentle. That +is all. + +Although Monseigneur Bienvenu was far from being a politician, this is, +perhaps, the place to indicate very briefly what his attitude was in +the events of that epoch, supposing that Monseigneur Bienvenu ever +dreamed of having an attitude. + +Let us, then, go back a few years. + +Some time after the elevation of M. Myriel to the episcopate, the +Emperor had made him a baron of the Empire, in company with many other +bishops. The arrest of the Pope took place, as every one knows, on the +night of the 5th to the 6th of July, 1809; on this occasion, M. Myriel +was summoned by Napoleon to the synod of the bishops of France and +Italy convened at Paris. This synod was held at Notre-Dame, and +assembled for the first time on the 15th of June, 1811, under the +presidency of Cardinal Fesch. M. Myriel was one of the ninety-five +bishops who attended it. But he was present only at one sitting and at +three or four private conferences. Bishop of a mountain diocese, living +so very close to nature, in rusticity and deprivation, it appeared that +he imported among these eminent personages, ideas which altered the +temperature of the assembly. He very soon returned to D—— He was +interrogated as to this speedy return, and he replied: _“I embarrassed +them. The outside air penetrated to them through me. I produced on them +the effect of an open door.”_ + +On another occasion he said, _“What would you have? Those gentlemen are +princes. I am only a poor peasant bishop.”_ + +The fact is that he displeased them. Among other strange things, it is +said that he chanced to remark one evening, when he found himself at +the house of one of his most notable colleagues: “What beautiful +clocks! What beautiful carpets! What beautiful liveries! They must be a +great trouble. I would not have all those superfluities, crying +incessantly in my ears: ‘There are people who are hungry! There are +people who are cold! There are poor people! There are poor people!’” + + +Let us remark, by the way, that the hatred of luxury is not an +intelligent hatred. This hatred would involve the hatred of the arts. +Nevertheless, in churchmen, luxury is wrong, except in connection with +representations and ceremonies. It seems to reveal habits which have +very little that is charitable about them. An opulent priest is a +contradiction. The priest must keep close to the poor. Now, can one +come in contact incessantly night and day with all this distress, all +these misfortunes, and this poverty, without having about one’s own +person a little of that misery, like the dust of labor? Is it possible +to imagine a man near a brazier who is not warm? Can one imagine a +workman who is working near a furnace, and who has neither a singed +hair, nor blackened nails, nor a drop of sweat, nor a speck of ashes on +his face? The first proof of charity in the priest, in the bishop +especially, is poverty. + +This is, no doubt, what the Bishop of D—— thought. + +It must not be supposed, however, that he shared what we call the +“ideas of the century” on certain delicate points. He took very little +part in the theological quarrels of the moment, and maintained silence +on questions in which Church and State were implicated; but if he had +been strongly pressed, it seems that he would have been found to be an +ultramontane rather than a gallican. Since we are making a portrait, +and since we do not wish to conceal anything, we are forced to add that +he was glacial towards Napoleon in his decline. Beginning with 1813, he +gave in his adherence to or applauded all hostile manifestations. He +refused to see him, as he passed through on his return from the island +of Elba, and he abstained from ordering public prayers for the Emperor +in his diocese during the Hundred Days. + +Besides his sister, Mademoiselle Baptistine, he had two brothers, one a +general, the other a prefect. He wrote to both with tolerable +frequency. He was harsh for a time towards the former, because, holding +a command in Provence at the epoch of the disembarkation at Cannes, the +general had put himself at the head of twelve hundred men and had +pursued the Emperor as though the latter had been a person whom one is +desirous of allowing to escape. His correspondence with the other +brother, the ex-prefect, a fine, worthy man who lived in retirement at +Paris, Rue Cassette, remained more affectionate. + +Thus Monseigneur Bienvenu also had his hour of party spirit, his hour +of bitterness, his cloud. The shadow of the passions of the moment +traversed this grand and gentle spirit occupied with eternal things. +Certainly, such a man would have done well not to entertain any +political opinions. Let there be no mistake as to our meaning: we are +not confounding what is called “political opinions” with the grand +aspiration for progress, with the sublime faith, patriotic, democratic, +humane, which in our day should be the very foundation of every +generous intellect. Without going deeply into questions which are only +indirectly connected with the subject of this book, we will simply say +this: It would have been well if Monseigneur Bienvenu had not been a +Royalist, and if his glance had never been, for a single instant, +turned away from that serene contemplation in which is distinctly +discernible, above the fictions and the hatreds of this world, above +the stormy vicissitudes of human things, the beaming of those three +pure radiances, truth, justice, and charity. + +While admitting that it was not for a political office that God created +Monseigneur Welcome, we should have understood and admired his protest +in the name of right and liberty, his proud opposition, his just but +perilous resistance to the all-powerful Napoleon. But that which +pleases us in people who are rising pleases us less in the case of +people who are falling. We only love the fray so long as there is +danger, and in any case, the combatants of the first hour have alone +the right to be the exterminators of the last. He who has not been a +stubborn accuser in prosperity should hold his peace in the face of +ruin. The denunciator of success is the only legitimate executioner of +the fall. As for us, when Providence intervenes and strikes, we let it +work. 1812 commenced to disarm us. In 1813 the cowardly breach of +silence of that taciturn legislative body, emboldened by catastrophe, +possessed only traits which aroused indignation. And it was a crime to +applaud, in 1814, in the presence of those marshals who betrayed; in +the presence of that senate which passed from one dunghill to another, +insulting after having deified; in the presence of that idolatry which +was loosing its footing and spitting on its idol,—it was a duty to turn +aside the head. In 1815, when the supreme disasters filled the air, +when France was seized with a shiver at their sinister approach, when +Waterloo could be dimly discerned opening before Napoleon, the mournful +acclamation of the army and the people to the condemned of destiny had +nothing laughable in it, and, after making all allowance for the +despot, a heart like that of the Bishop of D——, ought not perhaps to +have failed to recognize the august and touching features presented by +the embrace of a great nation and a great man on the brink of the +abyss. + +With this exception, he was in all things just, true, equitable, +intelligent, humble and dignified, beneficent and kindly, which is only +another sort of benevolence. He was a priest, a sage, and a man. It +must be admitted, that even in the political views with which we have +just reproached him, and which we are disposed to judge almost with +severity, he was tolerant and easy, more so, perhaps, than we who are +speaking here. The porter of the town-hall had been placed there by the +Emperor. He was an old non-commissioned officer of the old guard, a +member of the Legion of Honor at Austerlitz, as much of a Bonapartist +as the eagle. This poor fellow occasionally let slip inconsiderate +remarks, which the law then stigmatized as _seditious speeches_. After +the imperial profile disappeared from the Legion of Honor, he never +dressed himself in his regimentals, as he said, so that he should not +be obliged to wear his cross. He had himself devoutly removed the +imperial effigy from the cross which Napoleon had given him; this made +a hole, and he would not put anything in its place. _“I will die,”_ he +said, _“rather than wear the three frogs upon my heart!”_ He liked to +scoff aloud at Louis XVIII. “The gouty old creature in English +gaiters!” he said; _“let him take himself off to Prussia with that +queue of his.”_ He was happy to combine in the same imprecation the two +things which he most detested, Prussia and England. He did it so often +that he lost his place. There he was, turned out of the house, with his +wife and children, and without bread. The Bishop sent for him, reproved +him gently, and appointed him beadle in the cathedral. + +In the course of nine years Monseigneur Bienvenu had, by dint of holy +deeds and gentle manners, filled the town of D——with a sort of tender +and filial reverence. Even his conduct towards Napoleon had been +accepted and tacitly pardoned, as it were, by the people, the good and +weakly flock who adored their emperor, but loved their bishop. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE SOLITUDE OF MONSEIGNEUR WELCOME + + +A bishop is almost always surrounded by a full squadron of little +abbĂ©s, just as a general is by a covey of young officers. This is what +that charming Saint François de Sales calls somewhere “les prĂȘtres +blancs-becs,” callow priests. Every career has its aspirants, who form +a train for those who have attained eminence in it. There is no power +which has not its dependents. There is no fortune which has not its +court. The seekers of the future eddy around the splendid present. +Every metropolis has its staff of officials. Every bishop who possesses +the least influence has about him his patrol of cherubim from the +seminary, which goes the round, and maintains good order in the +episcopal palace, and mounts guard over monseigneur’s smile. To please +a bishop is equivalent to getting one’s foot in the stirrup for a +sub-diaconate. It is necessary to walk one’s path discreetly; the +apostleship does not disdain the canonship. + +Just as there are bigwigs elsewhere, there are big mitres in the +Church. These are the bishops who stand well at Court, who are rich, +well endowed, skilful, accepted by the world, who know how to pray, no +doubt, but who know also how to beg, who feel little scruple at making +a whole diocese dance attendance in their person, who are connecting +links between the sacristy and diplomacy, who are abbĂ©s rather than +priests, prelates rather than bishops. Happy those who approach them! +Being persons of influence, they create a shower about them, upon the +assiduous and the favored, and upon all the young men who understand +the art of pleasing, of large parishes, prebends, archidiaconates, +chaplaincies, and cathedral posts, while awaiting episcopal honors. As +they advance themselves, they cause their satellites to progress also; +it is a whole solar system on the march. Their radiance casts a gleam +of purple over their suite. Their prosperity is crumbled up behind the +scenes, into nice little promotions. The larger the diocese of the +patron, the fatter the curacy for the favorite. And then, there is +Rome. A bishop who understands how to become an archbishop, an +archbishop who knows how to become a cardinal, carries you with him as +conclavist; you enter a court of papal jurisdiction, you receive the +pallium, and behold! you are an auditor, then a papal chamberlain, then +monsignor, and from a Grace to an Eminence is only a step, and between +the Eminence and the Holiness there is but the smoke of a ballot. Every +skull-cap may dream of the tiara. The priest is nowadays the only man +who can become a king in a regular manner; and what a king! the supreme +king. Then what a nursery of aspirations is a seminary! How many +blushing choristers, how many youthful abbĂ©s bear on their heads +Perrette’s pot of milk! Who knows how easy it is for ambition to call +itself vocation? in good faith, perchance, and deceiving itself, +devotee that it is. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu, poor, humble, retiring, was not accounted among +the big mitres. This was plain from the complete absence of young +priests about him. We have seen that he “did not take” in Paris. Not a +single future dreamed of engrafting itself on this solitary old man. +Not a single sprouting ambition committed the folly of putting forth +its foliage in his shadow. His canons and grand-vicars were good old +men, rather vulgar like himself, walled up like him in this diocese, +without exit to a cardinalship, and who resembled their bishop, with +this difference, that they were finished and he was completed. The +impossibility of growing great under Monseigneur Bienvenu was so well +understood, that no sooner had the young men whom he ordained left the +seminary than they got themselves recommended to the archbishops of Aix +or of Auch, and went off in a great hurry. For, in short, we repeat it, +men wish to be pushed. A saint who dwells in a paroxysm of abnegation +is a dangerous neighbor; he might communicate to you, by contagion, an +incurable poverty, an anchylosis of the joints, which are useful in +advancement, and in short, more renunciation than you desire; and this +infectious virtue is avoided. Hence the isolation of Monseigneur +Bienvenu. We live in the midst of a gloomy society. Success; that is +the lesson which falls drop by drop from the slope of corruption. + +Be it said in passing, that success is a very hideous thing. Its false +resemblance to merit deceives men. For the masses, success has almost +the same profile as supremacy. Success, that MenĂŠchmus of talent, has +one dupe,—history. Juvenal and Tacitus alone grumble at it. In our day, +a philosophy which is almost official has entered into its service, +wears the livery of success, and performs the service of its +antechamber. Succeed: theory. Prosperity argues capacity. Win in the +lottery, and behold! you are a clever man. He who triumphs is +venerated. Be born with a silver spoon in your mouth! everything lies +in that. Be lucky, and you will have all the rest; be happy, and people +will think you great. Outside of five or six immense exceptions, which +compose the splendor of a century, contemporary admiration is nothing +but short-sightedness. Gilding is gold. It does no harm to be the first +arrival by pure chance, so long as you do arrive. The common herd is an +old Narcissus who adores himself, and who applauds the vulgar herd. +That enormous ability by virtue of which one is Moses, Æschylus, Dante, +Michael Angelo, or Napoleon, the multitude awards on the spot, and by +acclamation, to whomsoever attains his object, in whatsoever it may +consist. Let a notary transfigure himself into a deputy: let a false +Corneille compose _Tiridate;_ let a eunuch come to possess a harem; let +a military Prudhomme accidentally win the decisive battle of an epoch; +let an apothecary invent cardboard shoe-soles for the army of the +Sambre-and-Meuse, and construct for himself, out of this cardboard, +sold as leather, four hundred thousand francs of income; let a +pork-packer espouse usury, and cause it to bring forth seven or eight +millions, of which he is the father and of which it is the mother; let +a preacher become a bishop by force of his nasal drawl; let the steward +of a fine family be so rich on retiring from service that he is made +minister of finances,—and men call that Genius, just as they call the +face of Mousqueton _Beauty_, and the mien of Claude _Majesty_. With the +constellations of space they confound the stars of the abyss which are +made in the soft mire of the puddle by the feet of ducks. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—WHAT HE BELIEVED + + +We are not obliged to sound the Bishop of D—— on the score of +orthodoxy. In the presence of such a soul we feel ourselves in no mood +but respect. The conscience of the just man should be accepted on his +word. Moreover, certain natures being given, we admit the possible +development of all beauties of human virtue in a belief that differs +from our own. + +What did he think of this dogma, or of that mystery? These secrets of +the inner tribunal of the conscience are known only to the tomb, where +souls enter naked. The point on which we are certain is, that the +difficulties of faith never resolved themselves into hypocrisy in his +case. No decay is possible to the diamond. He believed to the extent of +his powers. _“Credo in Patrem,”_ he often exclaimed. Moreover, he drew +from good works that amount of satisfaction which suffices to the +conscience, and which whispers to a man, “Thou art with God!” + + +The point which we consider it our duty to note is, that outside of and +beyond his faith, as it were, the Bishop possessed an excess of love. +It was in that quarter, _quia multum amavit_,—because he loved +much—that he was regarded as vulnerable by “serious men,” “grave +persons” and “reasonable people”; favorite locutions of our sad world +where egotism takes its word of command from pedantry. What was this +excess of love? It was a serene benevolence which overflowed men, as we +have already pointed out, and which, on occasion, extended even to +things. He lived without disdain. He was indulgent towards God’s +creation. Every man, even the best, has within him a thoughtless +harshness which he reserves for animals. The Bishop of D—— had none of +that harshness, which is peculiar to many priests, nevertheless. He did +not go as far as the Brahmin, but he seemed to have weighed this saying +of Ecclesiastes: “Who knoweth whither the soul of the animal goeth?” +Hideousness of aspect, deformity of instinct, troubled him not, and did +not arouse his indignation. He was touched, almost softened by them. It +seemed as though he went thoughtfully away to seek beyond the bounds of +life which is apparent, the cause, the explanation, or the excuse for +them. He seemed at times to be asking God to commute these penalties. +He examined without wrath, and with the eye of a linguist who is +deciphering a palimpsest, that portion of chaos which still exists in +nature. This reverie sometimes caused him to utter odd sayings. One +morning he was in his garden, and thought himself alone, but his sister +was walking behind him, unseen by him: suddenly he paused and gazed at +something on the ground; it was a large, black, hairy, frightful +spider. His sister heard him say:— + +“Poor beast! It is not its fault!” + + +Why not mention these almost divinely childish sayings of kindness? +Puerile they may be; but these sublime puerilities were peculiar to +Saint Francis d’Assisi and of Marcus Aurelius. One day he sprained his +ankle in his effort to avoid stepping on an ant. Thus lived this just +man. Sometimes he fell asleep in his garden, and then there was nothing +more venerable possible. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu had formerly been, if the stories anent his youth, +and even in regard to his manhood, were to be believed, a passionate, +and, possibly, a violent man. His universal suavity was less an +instinct of nature than the result of a grand conviction which had +filtered into his heart through the medium of life, and had trickled +there slowly, thought by thought; for, in a character, as in a rock, +there may exist apertures made by drops of water. These hollows are +uneffaceable; these formations are indestructible. + +In 1815, as we think we have already said, he reached his seventy-fifth +birthday, but he did not appear to be more than sixty. He was not tall; +he was rather plump; and, in order to combat this tendency, he was fond +of taking long strolls on foot; his step was firm, and his form was but +slightly bent, a detail from which we do not pretend to draw any +conclusion. Gregory XVI., at the age of eighty, held himself erect and +smiling, which did not prevent him from being a bad bishop. Monseigneur +Welcome had what the people term a “fine head,” but so amiable was he +that they forgot that it was fine. + +When he conversed with that infantile gayety which was one of his +charms, and of which we have already spoken, people felt at their ease +with him, and joy seemed to radiate from his whole person. His fresh +and ruddy complexion, his very white teeth, all of which he had +preserved, and which were displayed by his smile, gave him that open +and easy air which cause the remark to be made of a man, “He’s a good +fellow”; and of an old man, “He is a fine man.” That, it will be +recalled, was the effect which he produced upon Napoleon. On the first +encounter, and to one who saw him for the first time, he was nothing, +in fact, but a fine man. But if one remained near him for a few hours, +and beheld him in the least degree pensive, the fine man became +gradually transfigured, and took on some imposing quality, I know not +what; his broad and serious brow, rendered august by his white locks, +became august also by virtue of meditation; majesty radiated from his +goodness, though his goodness ceased not to be radiant; one experienced +something of the emotion which one would feel on beholding a smiling +angel slowly unfold his wings, without ceasing to smile. Respect, an +unutterable respect, penetrated you by degrees and mounted to your +heart, and one felt that one had before him one of those strong, +thoroughly tried, and indulgent souls where thought is so grand that it +can no longer be anything but gentle. + +As we have seen, prayer, the celebration of the offices of religion, +alms-giving, the consolation of the afflicted, the cultivation of a bit +of land, fraternity, frugality, hospitality, renunciation, confidence, +study, work, filled every day of his life. _Filled_ is exactly the +word; certainly the Bishop’s day was quite full to the brim, of good +words and good deeds. Nevertheless, it was not complete if cold or +rainy weather prevented his passing an hour or two in his garden before +going to bed, and after the two women had retired. It seemed to be a +sort of rite with him, to prepare himself for slumber by meditation in +the presence of the grand spectacles of the nocturnal heavens. +Sometimes, if the two old women were not asleep, they heard him pacing +slowly along the walks at a very advanced hour of the night. He was +there alone, communing with himself, peaceful, adoring, comparing the +serenity of his heart with the serenity of the ether, moved amid the +darkness by the visible splendor of the constellations and the +invisible splendor of God, opening his heart to the thoughts which fall +from the Unknown. At such moments, while he offered his heart at the +hour when nocturnal flowers offer their perfume, illuminated like a +lamp amid the starry night, as he poured himself out in ecstasy in the +midst of the universal radiance of creation, he could not have told +himself, probably, what was passing in his spirit; he felt something +take its flight from him, and something descend into him. Mysterious +exchange of the abysses of the soul with the abysses of the universe! + +He thought of the grandeur and presence of God; of the future eternity, +that strange mystery; of the eternity past, a mystery still more +strange; of all the infinities, which pierced their way into all his +senses, beneath his eyes; and, without seeking to comprehend the +incomprehensible, he gazed upon it. He did not study God; he was +dazzled by him. He considered those magnificent conjunctions of atoms, +which communicate aspects to matter, reveal forces by verifying them, +create individualities in unity, proportions in extent, the innumerable +in the infinite, and, through light, produce beauty. These conjunctions +are formed and dissolved incessantly; hence life and death. + +He seated himself on a wooden bench, with his back against a decrepit +vine; he gazed at the stars, past the puny and stunted silhouettes of +his fruit-trees. This quarter of an acre, so poorly planted, so +encumbered with mean buildings and sheds, was dear to him, and +satisfied his wants. + +What more was needed by this old man, who divided the leisure of his +life, where there was so little leisure, between gardening in the +daytime and contemplation at night? Was not this narrow enclosure, with +the heavens for a ceiling, sufficient to enable him to adore God in his +most divine works, in turn? Does not this comprehend all, in fact? and +what is there left to desire beyond it? A little garden in which to +walk, and immensity in which to dream. At one’s feet that which can be +cultivated and plucked; over head that which one can study and meditate +upon: some flowers on earth, and all the stars in the sky. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—WHAT HE THOUGHT + + +One last word. + +Since this sort of details might, particularly at the present moment, +and to use an expression now in fashion, give to the Bishop of D—— a +certain “pantheistical” physiognomy, and induce the belief, either to +his credit or discredit, that he entertained one of those personal +philosophies which are peculiar to our century, which sometimes spring +up in solitary spirits, and there take on a form and grow until they +usurp the place of religion, we insist upon it, that not one of those +persons who knew Monseigneur Welcome would have thought himself +authorized to think anything of the sort. That which enlightened this +man was his heart. His wisdom was made of the light which comes from +there. + +No systems; many works. Abstruse speculations contain vertigo; no, +there is nothing to indicate that he risked his mind in apocalypses. +The apostle may be daring, but the bishop must be timid. He would +probably have felt a scruple at sounding too far in advance certain +problems which are, in a manner, reserved for terrible great minds. +There is a sacred horror beneath the porches of the enigma; those +gloomy openings stand yawning there, but something tells you, you, a +passer-by in life, that you must not enter. Woe to him who penetrates +thither! + +Geniuses in the impenetrable depths of abstraction and pure +speculation, situated, so to speak, above all dogmas, propose their +ideas to God. Their prayer audaciously offers discussion. Their +adoration interrogates. This is direct religion, which is full of +anxiety and responsibility for him who attempts its steep cliffs. + +Human meditation has no limits. At his own risk and peril, it analyzes +and digs deep into its own bedazzlement. One might almost say, that by +a sort of splendid reaction, it with it dazzles nature; the mysterious +world which surrounds us renders back what it has received; it is +probable that the contemplators are contemplated. However that may be, +there are on earth men who—are they men?—perceive distinctly at the +verge of the horizons of reverie the heights of the absolute, and who +have the terrible vision of the infinite mountain. Monseigneur Welcome +was one of these men; Monseigneur Welcome was not a genius. He would +have feared those sublimities whence some very great men even, like +Swedenborg and Pascal, have slipped into insanity. Certainly, these +powerful reveries have their moral utility, and by these arduous paths +one approaches to ideal perfection. As for him, he took the path which +shortens,—the Gospel’s. + +He did not attempt to impart to his chasuble the folds of Elijah’s +mantle; he projected no ray of future upon the dark groundswell of +events; he did not see to condense in flame the light of things; he had +nothing of the prophet and nothing of the magician about him. This +humble soul loved, and that was all. + +That he carried prayer to the pitch of a superhuman aspiration is +probable: but one can no more pray too much than one can love too much; +and if it is a heresy to pray beyond the texts, Saint Theresa and Saint +Jerome would be heretics. + +He inclined towards all that groans and all that expiates. The universe +appeared to him like an immense malady; everywhere he felt fever, +everywhere he heard the sound of suffering, and, without seeking to +solve the enigma, he strove to dress the wound. The terrible spectacle +of created things developed tenderness in him; he was occupied only in +finding for himself, and in inspiring others with the best way to +compassionate and relieve. That which exists was for this good and rare +priest a permanent subject of sadness which sought consolation. + +There are men who toil at extracting gold; he toiled at the extraction +of pity. Universal misery was his mine. The sadness which reigned +everywhere was but an excuse for unfailing kindness. _Love each other;_ +he declared this to be complete, desired nothing further, and that was +the whole of his doctrine. One day, that man who believed himself to be +a “philosopher,” the senator who has already been alluded to, said to +the Bishop: “Just survey the spectacle of the world: all war against +all; the strongest has the most wit. Your _love each other_ is +nonsense.”—_“Well,”_ replied Monseigneur Welcome, without contesting +the point, _“if it is nonsense, the soul should shut itself up in it, +as the pearl in the oyster.”_ Thus he shut himself up, he lived there, +he was absolutely satisfied with it, leaving on one side the prodigious +questions which attract and terrify, the fathomless perspectives of +abstraction, the precipices of metaphysics—all those profundities which +converge, for the apostle in God, for the atheist in nothingness; +destiny, good and evil, the way of being against being, the conscience +of man, the thoughtful somnambulism of the animal, the transformation +in death, the recapitulation of existences which the tomb contains, the +incomprehensible grafting of successive loves on the persistent _I_, +the essence, the substance, the Nile, and the Ens, the soul, nature, +liberty, necessity; perpendicular problems, sinister obscurities, where +lean the gigantic archangels of the human mind; formidable abysses, +which Lucretius, Manou, Saint Paul, Dante, contemplate with eyes +flashing lightning, which seems by its steady gaze on the infinite to +cause stars to blaze forth there. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu was simply a man who took note of the exterior of +mysterious questions without scrutinizing them, and without troubling +his own mind with them, and who cherished in his own soul a grave +respect for darkness. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE FALL + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING + + +Early in the month of October, 1815, about an hour before sunset, a man +who was travelling on foot entered the little town of D—— The few +inhabitants who were at their windows or on their thresholds at the +moment stared at this traveller with a sort of uneasiness. It was +difficult to encounter a wayfarer of more wretched appearance. He was a +man of medium stature, thickset and robust, in the prime of life. He +might have been forty-six or forty-eight years old. A cap with a +drooping leather visor partly concealed his face, burned and tanned by +sun and wind, and dripping with perspiration. His shirt of coarse +yellow linen, fastened at the neck by a small silver anchor, permitted +a view of his hairy breast: he had a cravat twisted into a string; +trousers of blue drilling, worn and threadbare, white on one knee and +torn on the other; an old gray, tattered blouse, patched on one of the +elbows with a bit of green cloth sewed on with twine; a tightly packed +soldier knapsack, well buckled and perfectly new, on his back; an +enormous, knotty stick in his hand; iron-shod shoes on his stockingless +feet; a shaved head and a long beard. + +The sweat, the heat, the journey on foot, the dust, added I know not +what sordid quality to this dilapidated whole. His hair was closely +cut, yet bristling, for it had begun to grow a little, and did not seem +to have been cut for some time. + +No one knew him. He was evidently only a chance passer-by. Whence came +he? From the south; from the seashore, perhaps, for he made his +entrance into D—— by the same street which, seven months previously, +had witnessed the passage of the Emperor Napoleon on his way from +Cannes to Paris. This man must have been walking all day. He seemed +very much fatigued. Some women of the ancient market town which is +situated below the city had seen him pause beneath the trees of the +boulevard Gassendi, and drink at the fountain which stands at the end +of the promenade. He must have been very thirsty: for the children who +followed him saw him stop again for a drink, two hundred paces further +on, at the fountain in the market-place. + +On arriving at the corner of the Rue Poichevert, he turned to the left, +and directed his steps toward the town-hall. He entered, then came out +a quarter of an hour later. A gendarme was seated near the door, on the +stone bench which General Drouot had mounted on the 4th of March to +read to the frightened throng of the inhabitants of D—— the +proclamation of the Gulf Juan. The man pulled off his cap and humbly +saluted the gendarme. + +The gendarme, without replying to his salute, stared attentively at +him, followed him for a while with his eyes, and then entered the +town-hall. + +There then existed at D—— a fine inn at the sign of the _Cross of +Colbas_. This inn had for a landlord a certain Jacquin Labarre, a man +of consideration in the town on account of his relationship to another +Labarre, who kept the inn of the _Three Dauphins_ in Grenoble, and had +served in the Guides. At the time of the Emperor’s landing, many rumors +had circulated throughout the country with regard to this inn of the +_Three Dauphins_. It was said that General Bertrand, disguised as a +carter, had made frequent trips thither in the month of January, and +that he had distributed crosses of honor to the soldiers and handfuls +of gold to the citizens. The truth is, that when the Emperor entered +Grenoble he had refused to install himself at the hotel of the +prefecture; he had thanked the mayor, saying, _“I am going to the house +of a brave man of my acquaintance”;_ and he had betaken himself to the +_Three Dauphins_. This glory of the Labarre of the _Three Dauphins_ was +reflected upon the Labarre of the _Cross of Colbas_, at a distance of +five and twenty leagues. It was said of him in the town, _“That is the +cousin of the man of Grenoble.”_ + +The man bent his steps towards this inn, which was the best in the +country-side. He entered the kitchen, which opened on a level with the +street. All the stoves were lighted; a huge fire blazed gayly in the +fireplace. The host, who was also the chief cook, was going from one +stew-pan to another, very busily superintending an excellent dinner +designed for the wagoners, whose loud talking, conversation, and +laughter were audible from an adjoining apartment. Any one who has +travelled knows that there is no one who indulges in better cheer than +wagoners. A fat marmot, flanked by white partridges and heather-cocks, +was turning on a long spit before the fire; on the stove, two huge +carps from Lake Lauzet and a trout from Lake Alloz were cooking. + +The host, hearing the door open and seeing a newcomer enter, said, +without raising his eyes from his stoves:— + +“What do you wish, sir?” + + +“Food and lodging,” said the man. + +“Nothing easier,” replied the host. At that moment he turned his head, +took in the traveller’s appearance with a single glance, and added, “By +paying for it.” + + +The man drew a large leather purse from the pocket of his blouse, and +answered, “I have money.” + + +“In that case, we are at your service,” said the host. + +The man put his purse back in his pocket, removed his knapsack from his +back, put it on the ground near the door, retained his stick in his +hand, and seated himself on a low stool close to the fire. D—— is in +the mountains. The evenings are cold there in October. + +But as the host went back and forth, he scrutinized the traveller. + +“Will dinner be ready soon?” said the man. + +“Immediately,” replied the landlord. + +While the newcomer was warming himself before the fire, with his back +turned, the worthy host, Jacquin Labarre, drew a pencil from his +pocket, then tore off the corner of an old newspaper which was lying on +a small table near the window. On the white margin he wrote a line or +two, folded it without sealing, and then intrusted this scrap of paper +to a child who seemed to serve him in the capacity both of scullion and +lackey. The landlord whispered a word in the scullion’s ear, and the +child set off on a run in the direction of the town-hall. + +The traveller saw nothing of all this. + +Once more he inquired, “Will dinner be ready soon?” + + +“Immediately,” responded the host. + +The child returned. He brought back the paper. The host unfolded it +eagerly, like a person who is expecting a reply. He seemed to read it +attentively, then tossed his head, and remained thoughtful for a +moment. Then he took a step in the direction of the traveller, who +appeared to be immersed in reflections which were not very serene. + +“I cannot receive you, sir,” said he. + +The man half rose. + +“What! Are you afraid that I will not pay you? Do you want me to pay +you in advance? I have money, I tell you.” + + +“It is not that.” + + +“What then?” + + +“You have money—” + + +“Yes,” said the man. + +“And I,” said the host, “have no room.” + + +The man resumed tranquilly, “Put me in the stable.” + + +“I cannot.” + + +“Why?” + + +“The horses take up all the space.” + + +“Very well!” retorted the man; “a corner of the loft then, a truss of +straw. We will see about that after dinner.” + + +“I cannot give you any dinner.” + + +This declaration, made in a measured but firm tone, struck the stranger +as grave. He rose. + +“Ah! bah! But I am dying of hunger. I have been walking since sunrise. +I have travelled twelve leagues. I pay. I wish to eat.” + + +“I have nothing,” said the landlord. + +The man burst out laughing, and turned towards the fireplace and the +stoves: “Nothing! and all that?” + + +“All that is engaged.” + + +“By whom?” + + +“By messieurs the wagoners.” + + +“How many are there of them?” + + +“Twelve.” + + +“There is enough food there for twenty.” + + +“They have engaged the whole of it and paid for it in advance.” + + +The man seated himself again, and said, without raising his voice, “I +am at an inn; I am hungry, and I shall remain.” + + +Then the host bent down to his ear, and said in a tone which made him +start, “Go away!” + + +At that moment the traveller was bending forward and thrusting some +brands into the fire with the iron-shod tip of his staff; he turned +quickly round, and as he opened his mouth to reply, the host gazed +steadily at him and added, still in a low voice: “Stop! there’s enough +of that sort of talk. Do you want me to tell you your name? Your name +is Jean Valjean. Now do you want me to tell you who you are? When I saw +you come in I suspected something; I sent to the town-hall, and this +was the reply that was sent to me. Can you read?” + + +So saying, he held out to the stranger, fully unfolded, the paper which +had just travelled from the inn to the town-hall, and from the +town-hall to the inn. The man cast a glance upon it. The landlord +resumed after a pause. + +“I am in the habit of being polite to every one. Go away!” + + +The man dropped his head, picked up the knapsack which he had deposited +on the ground, and took his departure. + +He chose the principal street. He walked straight on at a venture, +keeping close to the houses like a sad and humiliated man. He did not +turn round a single time. Had he done so, he would have seen the host +of the _Cross of Colbas_ standing on his threshold, surrounded by all +the guests of his inn, and all the passers-by in the street, talking +vivaciously, and pointing him out with his finger; and, from the +glances of terror and distrust cast by the group, he might have divined +that his arrival would speedily become an event for the whole town. + +He saw nothing of all this. People who are crushed do not look behind +them. They know but too well the evil fate which follows them. + +Thus he proceeded for some time, walking on without ceasing, traversing +at random streets of which he knew nothing, forgetful of his fatigue, +as is often the case when a man is sad. All at once he felt the pangs +of hunger sharply. Night was drawing near. He glanced about him, to see +whether he could not discover some shelter. + +The fine hostelry was closed to him; he was seeking some very humble +public house, some hovel, however lowly. + +Just then a light flashed up at the end of the streets; a pine branch +suspended from a cross-beam of iron was outlined against the white sky +of the twilight. He proceeded thither. + +It proved to be, in fact, a public house. The public house which is in +the Rue de Chaffaut. + +The wayfarer halted for a moment, and peeped through the window into +the interior of the low-studded room of the public house, illuminated +by a small lamp on a table and by a large fire on the hearth. Some men +were engaged in drinking there. The landlord was warming himself. An +iron pot, suspended from a crane, bubbled over the flame. + +The entrance to this public house, which is also a sort of an inn, is +by two doors. One opens on the street, the other upon a small yard +filled with manure. The traveller dare not enter by the street door. He +slipped into the yard, halted again, then raised the latch timidly and +opened the door. + +“Who goes there?” said the master. + +“Some one who wants supper and bed.” + + +“Good. We furnish supper and bed here.” + + +He entered. All the men who were drinking turned round. The lamp +illuminated him on one side, the firelight on the other. They examined +him for some time while he was taking off his knapsack. + +The host said to him, “There is the fire. The supper is cooking in the +pot. Come and warm yourself, comrade.” + + +He approached and seated himself near the hearth. He stretched out his +feet, which were exhausted with fatigue, to the fire; a fine odor was +emitted by the pot. All that could be distinguished of his face, +beneath his cap, which was well pulled down, assumed a vague appearance +of comfort, mingled with that other poignant aspect which habitual +suffering bestows. + +It was, moreover, a firm, energetic, and melancholy profile. This +physiognomy was strangely composed; it began by seeming humble, and +ended by seeming severe. The eye shone beneath its lashes like a fire +beneath brushwood. + +One of the men seated at the table, however, was a fishmonger who, +before entering the public house of the Rue de Chaffaut, had been to +stable his horse at Labarre’s. It chanced that he had that very morning +encountered this unprepossessing stranger on the road between Bras +d’Asse and—I have forgotten the name. I think it was Escoublon. Now, +when he met him, the man, who then seemed already extremely weary, had +requested him to take him on his crupper; to which the fishmonger had +made no reply except by redoubling his gait. This fishmonger had been a +member half an hour previously of the group which surrounded Jacquin +Labarre, and had himself related his disagreeable encounter of the +morning to the people at the _Cross of Colbas_. From where he sat he +made an imperceptible sign to the tavern-keeper. The tavern-keeper went +to him. They exchanged a few words in a low tone. The man had again +become absorbed in his reflections. + +The tavern-keeper returned to the fireplace, laid his hand abruptly on +the shoulder of the man, and said to him:— + +“You are going to get out of here.” + + +The stranger turned round and replied gently, “Ah! You know?—” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I was sent away from the other inn.” + + +“And you are to be turned out of this one.” + + +“Where would you have me go?” + + +“Elsewhere.” + + +The man took his stick and his knapsack and departed. + +As he went out, some children who had followed him from the _Cross of +Colbas_, and who seemed to be lying in wait for him, threw stones at +him. He retraced his steps in anger, and threatened them with his +stick: the children dispersed like a flock of birds. + +He passed before the prison. At the door hung an iron chain attached to +a bell. He rang. + +The wicket opened. + +“Turnkey,” said he, removing his cap politely, “will you have the +kindness to admit me, and give me a lodging for the night?” + + +A voice replied:— + +“The prison is not an inn. Get yourself arrested, and you will be +admitted.” + + +The wicket closed again. + +He entered a little street in which there were many gardens. Some of +them are enclosed only by hedges, which lends a cheerful aspect to the +street. In the midst of these gardens and hedges he caught sight of a +small house of a single story, the window of which was lighted up. He +peered through the pane as he had done at the public house. Within was +a large whitewashed room, with a bed draped in printed cotton stuff, +and a cradle in one corner, a few wooden chairs, and a double-barrelled +gun hanging on the wall. A table was spread in the centre of the room. +A copper lamp illuminated the tablecloth of coarse white linen, the +pewter jug shining like silver, and filled with wine, and the brown, +smoking soup-tureen. At this table sat a man of about forty, with a +merry and open countenance, who was dandling a little child on his +knees. Close by a very young woman was nursing another child. The +father was laughing, the child was laughing, the mother was smiling. + +The stranger paused a moment in reverie before this tender and calming +spectacle. What was taking place within him? He alone could have told. +It is probable that he thought that this joyous house would be +hospitable, and that, in a place where he beheld so much happiness, he +would find perhaps a little pity. + +He tapped on the pane with a very small and feeble knock. + +They did not hear him. + +He tapped again. + +He heard the woman say, “It seems to me, husband, that some one is +knocking.” + + +“No,” replied the husband. + +He tapped a third time. + +The husband rose, took the lamp, and went to the door, which he opened. + +He was a man of lofty stature, half peasant, half artisan. He wore a +huge leather apron, which reached to his left shoulder, and which a +hammer, a red handkerchief, a powder-horn, and all sorts of objects +which were upheld by the girdle, as in a pocket, caused to bulge out. +He carried his head thrown backwards; his shirt, widely opened and +turned back, displayed his bull neck, white and bare. He had thick +eyelashes, enormous black whiskers, prominent eyes, the lower part of +his face like a snout; and besides all this, that air of being on his +own ground, which is indescribable. + +“Pardon me, sir,” said the wayfarer, “Could you, in consideration of +payment, give me a plate of soup and a corner of that shed yonder in +the garden, in which to sleep? Tell me; can you? For money?” + + +“Who are you?” demanded the master of the house. + +The man replied: “I have just come from Puy-Moisson. I have walked all +day long. I have travelled twelve leagues. Can you?—if I pay?” + + +“I would not refuse,” said the peasant, “to lodge any respectable man +who would pay me. But why do you not go to the inn?” + + +“There is no room.” + + +“Bah! Impossible. This is neither a fair nor a market day. Have you +been to Labarre?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well?” + + +The traveller replied with embarrassment: “I do not know. He did not +receive me.” + + +“Have you been to What’s-his-name’s, in the Rue Chaffaut?” + + +The stranger’s embarrassment increased; he stammered, “He did not +receive me either.” + + +The peasant’s countenance assumed an expression of distrust; he +surveyed the newcomer from head to feet, and suddenly exclaimed, with a +sort of shudder:— + +“Are you the man?—” + + +He cast a fresh glance upon the stranger, took three steps backwards, +placed the lamp on the table, and took his gun down from the wall. + +Meanwhile, at the words, _Are you the man?_ the woman had risen, had +clasped her two children in her arms, and had taken refuge +precipitately behind her husband, staring in terror at the stranger, +with her bosom uncovered, and with frightened eyes, as she murmured in +a low tone, _“Tso-maraude.”_1 + +All this took place in less time than it requires to picture it to +one’s self. After having scrutinized the man for several moments, as +one scrutinizes a viper, the master of the house returned to the door +and said:— + +“Clear out!” + + +“For pity’s sake, a glass of water,” said the man. + +“A shot from my gun!” said the peasant. + +Then he closed the door violently, and the man heard him shoot two +large bolts. A moment later, the window-shutter was closed, and the +sound of a bar of iron which was placed against it was audible outside. + +Night continued to fall. A cold wind from the Alps was blowing. By the +light of the expiring day the stranger perceived, in one of the gardens +which bordered the street, a sort of hut, which seemed to him to be +built of sods. He climbed over the wooden fence resolutely, and found +himself in the garden. He approached the hut; its door consisted of a +very low and narrow aperture, and it resembled those buildings which +road-laborers construct for themselves along the roads. He thought +without doubt, that it was, in fact, the dwelling of a road-laborer; he +was suffering from cold and hunger, but this was, at least, a shelter +from the cold. This sort of dwelling is not usually occupied at night. +He threw himself flat on his face, and crawled into the hut. It was +warm there, and he found a tolerably good bed of straw. He lay, for a +moment, stretched out on this bed, without the power to make a +movement, so fatigued was he. Then, as the knapsack on his back was in +his way, and as it furnished, moreover, a pillow ready to his hand, he +set about unbuckling one of the straps. At that moment, a ferocious +growl became audible. He raised his eyes. The head of an enormous dog +was outlined in the darkness at the entrance of the hut. + +It was a dog’s kennel. + +He was himself vigorous and formidable; he armed himself with his +staff, made a shield of his knapsack, and made his way out of the +kennel in the best way he could, not without enlarging the rents in his +rags. + +He left the garden in the same manner, but backwards, being obliged, in +order to keep the dog respectful, to have recourse to that manƓuvre +with his stick which masters in that sort of fencing designate as _la +rose couverte_. + +When he had, not without difficulty, repassed the fence, and found +himself once more in the street, alone, without refuge, without +shelter, without a roof over his head, chased even from that bed of +straw and from that miserable kennel, he dropped rather than seated +himself on a stone, and it appears that a passer-by heard him exclaim, +“I am not even a dog!” + + +He soon rose again and resumed his march. He went out of the town, +hoping to find some tree or haystack in the fields which would afford +him shelter. + +He walked thus for some time, with his head still drooping. When he +felt himself far from every human habitation, he raised his eyes and +gazed searchingly about him. He was in a field. Before him was one of +those low hills covered with close-cut stubble, which, after the +harvest, resemble shaved heads. + +The horizon was perfectly black. This was not alone the obscurity of +night; it was caused by very low-hanging clouds which seemed to rest +upon the hill itself, and which were mounting and filling the whole +sky. Meanwhile, as the moon was about to rise, and as there was still +floating in the zenith a remnant of the brightness of twilight, these +clouds formed at the summit of the sky a sort of whitish arch, whence a +gleam of light fell upon the earth. + +The earth was thus better lighted than the sky, which produces a +particularly sinister effect, and the hill, whose contour was poor and +mean, was outlined vague and wan against the gloomy horizon. The whole +effect was hideous, petty, lugubrious, and narrow. + +There was nothing in the field or on the hill except a deformed tree, +which writhed and shivered a few paces distant from the wayfarer. + +This man was evidently very far from having those delicate habits of +intelligence and spirit which render one sensible to the mysterious +aspects of things; nevertheless, there was something in that sky, in +that hill, in that plain, in that tree, which was so profoundly +desolate, that after a moment of immobility and reverie he turned back +abruptly. There are instants when nature seems hostile. + +He retraced his steps; the gates of D—— were closed. D——, which had +sustained sieges during the wars of religion, was still surrounded in +1815 by ancient walls flanked by square towers which have been +demolished since. He passed through a breach and entered the town +again. + +It might have been eight o’clock in the evening. As he was not +acquainted with the streets, he recommenced his walk at random. + +In this way he came to the prefecture, then to the seminary. As he +passed through the Cathedral Square, he shook his fist at the church. + +At the corner of this square there is a printing establishment. It is +there that the proclamations of the Emperor and of the Imperial Guard +to the army, brought from the Island of Elba and dictated by Napoleon +himself, were printed for the first time. + +Worn out with fatigue, and no longer entertaining any hope, he lay down +on a stone bench which stands at the doorway of this printing office. + +At that moment an old woman came out of the church. She saw the man +stretched out in the shadow. “What are you doing there, my friend?” +said she. + +He answered harshly and angrily: “As you see, my good woman, I am +sleeping.” The good woman, who was well worthy the name, in fact, was +the Marquise de R—— + +“On this bench?” she went on. + +“I have had a mattress of wood for nineteen years,” said the man; +“to-day I have a mattress of stone.” + + +“You have been a soldier?” + + +“Yes, my good woman, a soldier.” + + +“Why do you not go to the inn?” + + +“Because I have no money.” + + +“Alas!” said Madame de R——, “I have only four sous in my purse.” + + +“Give it to me all the same.” + + +The man took the four sous. Madame de R—— continued: “You cannot obtain +lodgings in an inn for so small a sum. But have you tried? It is +impossible for you to pass the night thus. You are cold and hungry, no +doubt. Some one might have given you a lodging out of charity.” + + +“I have knocked at all doors.” + + +“Well?” + + +“I have been driven away everywhere.” + + +The “good woman” touched the man’s arm, and pointed out to him on the +other side of the street a small, low house, which stood beside the +Bishop’s palace. + +“You have knocked at all doors?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Have you knocked at that one?” + + +“No.” + + +“Knock there.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—PRUDENCE COUNSELLED TO WISDOM. + + +That evening, the Bishop of D——, after his promenade through the town, +remained shut up rather late in his room. He was busy over a great work +on _Duties_, which was never completed, unfortunately. He was carefully +compiling everything that the Fathers and the doctors have said on this +important subject. His book was divided into two parts: firstly, the +duties of all; secondly, the duties of each individual, according to +the class to which he belongs. The duties of all are the great duties. +There are four of these. Saint Matthew points them out: duties towards +God (_Matt._ vi.); duties towards one’s self (_Matt._ v. 29, 30); +duties towards one’s neighbor (_Matt._ vii. 12); duties towards animals +(_Matt._ vi. 20, 25). As for the other duties the Bishop found them +pointed out and prescribed elsewhere: to sovereigns and subjects, in +the Epistle to the Romans; to magistrates, to wives, to mothers, to +young men, by Saint Peter; to husbands, fathers, children and servants, +in the Epistle to the Ephesians; to the faithful, in the Epistle to the +Hebrews; to virgins, in the Epistle to the Corinthians. Out of these +precepts he was laboriously constructing a harmonious whole, which he +desired to present to souls. + +At eight o’clock he was still at work, writing with a good deal of +inconvenience upon little squares of paper, with a big book open on his +knees, when Madame Magloire entered, according to her wont, to get the +silver-ware from the cupboard near his bed. A moment later, the Bishop, +knowing that the table was set, and that his sister was probably +waiting for him, shut his book, rose from his table, and entered the +dining-room. + +The dining-room was an oblong apartment, with a fireplace, which had a +door opening on the street (as we have said), and a window opening on +the garden. + +Madame Magloire was, in fact, just putting the last touches to the +table. + +As she performed this service, she was conversing with Mademoiselle +Baptistine. + +A lamp stood on the table; the table was near the fireplace. A wood +fire was burning there. + +One can easily picture to one’s self these two women, both of whom were +over sixty years of age. Madame Magloire small, plump, vivacious; +Mademoiselle Baptistine gentle, slender, frail, somewhat taller than +her brother, dressed in a gown of puce-colored silk, of the fashion of +1806, which she had purchased at that date in Paris, and which had +lasted ever since. To borrow vulgar phrases, which possess the merit of +giving utterance in a single word to an idea which a whole page would +hardly suffice to express, Madame Magloire had the air of a _peasant_, +and Mademoiselle Baptistine that of a _lady_. Madame Magloire wore a +white quilted cap, a gold Jeannette cross on a velvet ribbon upon her +neck, the only bit of feminine jewelry that there was in the house, a +very white fichu puffing out from a gown of coarse black woollen stuff, +with large, short sleeves, an apron of cotton cloth in red and green +checks, knotted round the waist with a green ribbon, with a stomacher +of the same attached by two pins at the upper corners, coarse shoes on +her feet, and yellow stockings, like the women of Marseilles. +Mademoiselle Baptistine’s gown was cut on the patterns of 1806, with a +short waist, a narrow, sheath-like skirt, puffed sleeves, with flaps +and buttons. She concealed her gray hair under a frizzed wig known as +the _baby_ wig. Madame Magloire had an intelligent, vivacious, and +kindly air; the two corners of her mouth unequally raised, and her +upper lip, which was larger than the lower, imparted to her a rather +crabbed and imperious look. So long as Monseigneur held his peace, she +talked to him resolutely with a mixture of respect and freedom; but as +soon as Monseigneur began to speak, as we have seen, she obeyed +passively like her mistress. Mademoiselle Baptistine did not even +speak. She confined herself to obeying and pleasing him. She had never +been pretty, even when she was young; she had large, blue, prominent +eyes, and a long arched nose; but her whole visage, her whole person, +breathed forth an ineffable goodness, as we stated in the beginning. +She had always been predestined to gentleness; but faith, charity, +hope, those three virtues which mildly warm the soul, had gradually +elevated that gentleness to sanctity. Nature had made her a lamb, +religion had made her an angel. Poor sainted virgin! Sweet memory which +has vanished! + +Mademoiselle Baptistine has so often narrated what passed at the +episcopal residence that evening, that there are many people now living +who still recall the most minute details. + +At the moment when the Bishop entered, Madame Magloire was talking with +considerable vivacity. She was haranguing Mademoiselle Baptistine on a +subject which was familiar to her and to which the Bishop was also +accustomed. The question concerned the lock upon the entrance door. + +It appears that while procuring some provisions for supper, Madame +Magloire had heard things in divers places. People had spoken of a +prowler of evil appearance; a suspicious vagabond had arrived who must +be somewhere about the town, and those who should take it into their +heads to return home late that night might be subjected to unpleasant +encounters. The police was very badly organized, moreover, because +there was no love lost between the Prefect and the Mayor, who sought to +injure each other by making things happen. It behooved wise people to +play the part of their own police, and to guard themselves well, and +care must be taken to duly close, bar and barricade their houses, and +to _fasten the doors well_. + +Madame Magloire emphasized these last words; but the Bishop had just +come from his room, where it was rather cold. He seated himself in +front of the fire, and warmed himself, and then fell to thinking of +other things. He did not take up the remark dropped with design by +Madame Magloire. She repeated it. Then Mademoiselle Baptistine, +desirous of satisfying Madame Magloire without displeasing her brother, +ventured to say timidly:— + +“Did you hear what Madame Magloire is saying, brother?” + + +“I have heard something of it in a vague way,” replied the Bishop. Then +half-turning in his chair, placing his hands on his knees, and raising +towards the old servant woman his cordial face, which so easily grew +joyous, and which was illuminated from below by the firelight,—“Come, +what is the matter? What is the matter? Are we in any great danger?” + + +Then Madame Magloire began the whole story afresh, exaggerating it a +little without being aware of the fact. It appeared that a Bohemian, a +bare-footed vagabond, a sort of dangerous mendicant, was at that moment +in the town. He had presented himself at Jacquin Labarre’s to obtain +lodgings, but the latter had not been willing to take him in. He had +been seen to arrive by the way of the boulevard Gassendi and roam about +the streets in the gloaming. A gallows-bird with a terrible face. + +“Really!” said the Bishop. + +This willingness to interrogate encouraged Madame Magloire; it seemed +to her to indicate that the Bishop was on the point of becoming +alarmed; she pursued triumphantly:— + +“Yes, Monseigneur. That is how it is. There will be some sort of +catastrophe in this town to-night. Every one says so. And withal, the +police is so badly regulated” (a useful repetition). “The idea of +living in a mountainous country, and not even having lights in the +streets at night! One goes out. Black as ovens, indeed! And I say, +Monseigneur, and Mademoiselle there says with me—” + + +“I,” interrupted his sister, “say nothing. What my brother does is well +done.” + + +Madame Magloire continued as though there had been no protest:— + +“We say that this house is not safe at all; that if Monseigneur will +permit, I will go and tell Paulin Musebois, the locksmith, to come and +replace the ancient locks on the doors; we have them, and it is only +the work of a moment; for I say that nothing is more terrible than a +door which can be opened from the outside with a latch by the first +passer-by; and I say that we need bolts, Monseigneur, if only for this +night; moreover, Monseigneur has the habit of always saying ‘come in’; +and besides, even in the middle of the night, O mon Dieu! there is no +need to ask permission.” + + +At that moment there came a tolerably violent knock on the door. + +“Come in,” said the Bishop. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE HEROISM OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE. + + +The door opened. + +It opened wide with a rapid movement, as though some one had given it +an energetic and resolute push. + +A man entered. + +We already know the man. It was the wayfarer whom we have seen +wandering about in search of shelter. + +He entered, advanced a step, and halted, leaving the door open behind +him. He had his knapsack on his shoulders, his cudgel in his hand, a +rough, audacious, weary, and violent expression in his eyes. The fire +on the hearth lighted him up. He was hideous. It was a sinister +apparition. + +Madame Magloire had not even the strength to utter a cry. She trembled, +and stood with her mouth wide open. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine turned round, beheld the man entering, and half +started up in terror; then, turning her head by degrees towards the +fireplace again, she began to observe her brother, and her face became +once more profoundly calm and serene. + +The Bishop fixed a tranquil eye on the man. + +As he opened his mouth, doubtless to ask the newcomer what he desired, +the man rested both hands on his staff, directed his gaze at the old +man and the two women, and without waiting for the Bishop to speak, he +said, in a loud voice:— + +“See here. My name is Jean Valjean. I am a convict from the galleys. I +have passed nineteen years in the galleys. I was liberated four days +ago, and am on my way to Pontarlier, which is my destination. I have +been walking for four days since I left Toulon. I have travelled a +dozen leagues to-day on foot. This evening, when I arrived in these +parts, I went to an inn, and they turned me out, because of my yellow +passport, which I had shown at the town-hall. I had to do it. I went to +an inn. They said to me, ‘Be off,’ at both places. No one would take +me. I went to the prison; the jailer would not admit me. I went into a +dog’s kennel; the dog bit me and chased me off, as though he had been a +man. One would have said that he knew who I was. I went into the +fields, intending to sleep in the open air, beneath the stars. There +were no stars. I thought it was going to rain, and I re-entered the +town, to seek the recess of a doorway. Yonder, in the square, I meant +to sleep on a stone bench. A good woman pointed out your house to me, +and said to me, ‘Knock there!’ I have knocked. What is this place? Do +you keep an inn? I have money—savings. One hundred and nine francs +fifteen sous, which I earned in the galleys by my labor, in the course +of nineteen years. I will pay. What is that to me? I have money. I am +very weary; twelve leagues on foot; I am very hungry. Are you willing +that I should remain?” + + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “you will set another place.” + + +The man advanced three paces, and approached the lamp which was on the +table. “Stop,” he resumed, as though he had not quite understood; +“that’s not it. Did you hear? I am a galley-slave; a convict. I come +from the galleys.” He drew from his pocket a large sheet of yellow +paper, which he unfolded. “Here’s my passport. Yellow, as you see. This +serves to expel me from every place where I go. Will you read it? I +know how to read. I learned in the galleys. There is a school there for +those who choose to learn. Hold, this is what they put on this +passport: ‘Jean Valjean, discharged convict, native of’—that is nothing +to you—‘has been nineteen years in the galleys: five years for +house-breaking and burglary; fourteen years for having attempted to +escape on four occasions. He is a very dangerous man.’ There! Every one +has cast me out. Are you willing to receive me? Is this an inn? Will +you give me something to eat and a bed? Have you a stable?” + + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “you will put white sheets on the +bed in the alcove.” We have already explained the character of the two +women’s obedience. + +Madame Magloire retired to execute these orders. + +The Bishop turned to the man. + +“Sit down, sir, and warm yourself. We are going to sup in a few +moments, and your bed will be prepared while you are supping.” + + +At this point the man suddenly comprehended. The expression of his +face, up to that time sombre and harsh, bore the imprint of +stupefaction, of doubt, of joy, and became extraordinary. He began +stammering like a crazy man:— + +“Really? What! You will keep me? You do not drive me forth? A convict! +You call me _sir!_ You do not address me as _thou?_ ‘Get out of here, +you dog!’ is what people always say to me. I felt sure that you would +expel me, so I told you at once who I am. Oh, what a good woman that +was who directed me hither! I am going to sup! A bed with a mattress +and sheets, like the rest of the world! a bed! It is nineteen years +since I have slept in a bed! You actually do not want me to go! You are +good people. Besides, I have money. I will pay well. Pardon me, +monsieur the inn-keeper, but what is your name? I will pay anything you +ask. You are a fine man. You are an inn-keeper, are you not?” + + +“I am,” replied the Bishop, “a priest who lives here.” + + +“A priest!” said the man. “Oh, what a fine priest! Then you are not +going to demand any money of me? You are the curĂ©, are you not? the +curĂ© of this big church? Well! I am a fool, truly! I had not perceived +your skull-cap.” + + +As he spoke, he deposited his knapsack and his cudgel in a corner, +replaced his passport in his pocket, and seated himself. Mademoiselle +Baptistine gazed mildly at him. He continued: + +“You are humane, Monsieur le CurĂ©; you have not scorned me. A good +priest is a very good thing. Then you do not require me to pay?” + + +“No,” said the Bishop; “keep your money. How much have you? Did you not +tell me one hundred and nine francs?” + + +“And fifteen sous,” added the man. + +“One hundred and nine francs fifteen sous. And how long did it take you +to earn that?” + + +“Nineteen years.” + + +“Nineteen years!” + + +The Bishop sighed deeply. + +The man continued: “I have still the whole of my money. In four days I +have spent only twenty-five sous, which I earned by helping unload some +wagons at Grasse. Since you are an abbĂ©, I will tell you that we had a +chaplain in the galleys. And one day I saw a bishop there. Monseigneur +is what they call him. He was the Bishop of Majore at Marseilles. He is +the curĂ© who rules over the other curĂ©s, you understand. Pardon me, I +say that very badly; but it is such a far-off thing to me! You +understand what we are! He said mass in the middle of the galleys, on +an altar. He had a pointed thing, made of gold, on his head; it +glittered in the bright light of midday. We were all ranged in lines on +the three sides, with cannons with lighted matches facing us. We could +not see very well. He spoke; but he was too far off, and we did not +hear. That is what a bishop is like.” + + +While he was speaking, the Bishop had gone and shut the door, which had +remained wide open. + +Madame Magloire returned. She brought a silver fork and spoon, which +she placed on the table. + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “place those things as near the +fire as possible.” And turning to his guest: “The night wind is harsh +on the Alps. You must be cold, sir.” + + +Each time that he uttered the word _sir_, in his voice which was so +gently grave and polished, the man’s face lighted up. _Monsieur_ to a +convict is like a glass of water to one of the shipwrecked of the +_Medusa_. Ignominy thirsts for consideration. + +“This lamp gives a very bad light,” said the Bishop. + +Madame Magloire understood him, and went to get the two silver +candlesticks from the chimney-piece in Monseigneur’s bed-chamber, and +placed them, lighted, on the table. + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©,” said the man, “you are good; you do not despise me. +You receive me into your house. You light your candles for me. Yet I +have not concealed from you whence I come and that I am an unfortunate +man.” + + +The Bishop, who was sitting close to him, gently touched his hand. “You +could not help telling me who you were. This is not my house; it is the +house of Jesus Christ. This door does not demand of him who enters +whether he has a name, but whether he has a grief. You suffer, you are +hungry and thirsty; you are welcome. And do not thank me; do not say +that I receive you in my house. No one is at home here, except the man +who needs a refuge. I say to you, who are passing by, that you are much +more at home here than I am myself. Everything here is yours. What need +have I to know your name? Besides, before you told me you had one which +I knew.” + + +The man opened his eyes in astonishment. + +“Really? You knew what I was called?” + + +“Yes,” replied the Bishop, “you are called my brother.” + + +“Stop, Monsieur le CurĂ©,” exclaimed the man. “I was very hungry when I +entered here; but you are so good, that I no longer know what has +happened to me.” + + +The Bishop looked at him, and said,— + +“You have suffered much?” + + +“Oh, the red coat, the ball on the ankle, a plank to sleep on, heat, +cold, toil, the convicts, the thrashings, the double chain for nothing, +the cell for one word; even sick and in bed, still the chain! Dogs, +dogs are happier! Nineteen years! I am forty-six. Now there is the +yellow passport. That is what it is like.” + + +“Yes,” resumed the Bishop, “you have come from a very sad place. +Listen. There will be more joy in heaven over the tear-bathed face of a +repentant sinner than over the white robes of a hundred just men. If +you emerge from that sad place with thoughts of hatred and of wrath +against mankind, you are deserving of pity; if you emerge with thoughts +of good-will and of peace, you are more worthy than any one of us.” + + +In the meantime, Madame Magloire had served supper: soup, made with +water, oil, bread, and salt; a little bacon, a bit of mutton, figs, a +fresh cheese, and a large loaf of rye bread. She had, of her own +accord, added to the Bishop’s ordinary fare a bottle of his old Mauves +wine. + +The Bishop’s face at once assumed that expression of gayety which is +peculiar to hospitable natures. “To table!” he cried vivaciously. As +was his custom when a stranger supped with him, he made the man sit on +his right. Mademoiselle Baptistine, perfectly peaceable and natural, +took her seat at his left. + +The Bishop asked a blessing; then helped the soup himself, according to +his custom. The man began to eat with avidity. + +All at once the Bishop said: “It strikes me there is something missing +on this table.” + + +Madame Magloire had, in fact, only placed the three sets of forks and +spoons which were absolutely necessary. Now, it was the usage of the +house, when the Bishop had any one to supper, to lay out the whole six +sets of silver on the table-cloth—an innocent ostentation. This +graceful semblance of luxury was a kind of child’s play, which was full +of charm in that gentle and severe household, which raised poverty into +dignity. + +Madame Magloire understood the remark, went out without saying a word, +and a moment later the three sets of silver forks and spoons demanded +by the Bishop were glittering upon the cloth, symmetrically arranged +before the three persons seated at the table. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—DETAILS CONCERNING THE CHEESE-DAIRIES OF PONTARLIER. + + +Now, in order to convey an idea of what passed at that table, we cannot +do better than to transcribe here a passage from one of Mademoiselle +Baptistine’s letters to Madame Boischevron, wherein the conversation +between the convict and the Bishop is described with ingenious +minuteness. + +“. . . This man paid no attention to any one. He ate with the voracity +of a starving man. However, after supper he said: + +“‘Monsieur le CurĂ© of the good God, all this is far too good for me; +but I must say that the carters who would not allow me to eat with them +keep a better table than you do.’ + +“Between ourselves, the remark rather shocked me. My brother replied:— + +“‘They are more fatigued than I.’ + +“‘No,’ returned the man, ‘they have more money. You are poor; I see +that plainly. You cannot be even a curate. Are you really a curĂ©? Ah, +if the good God were but just, you certainly ought to be a curĂ©!’ + +“‘The good God is more than just,’ said my brother. + +“A moment later he added:— + +“‘Monsieur Jean Valjean, is it to Pontarlier that you are going?’ + +“‘With my road marked out for me.’ + +“I think that is what the man said. Then he went on:— + +“‘I must be on my way by daybreak to-morrow. Travelling is hard. If the +nights are cold, the days are hot.’ + +“‘You are going to a good country,’ said my brother. ‘During the +Revolution my family was ruined. I took refuge in Franche-ComtĂ© at +first, and there I lived for some time by the toil of my hands. My will +was good. I found plenty to occupy me. One has only to choose. There +are paper mills, tanneries, distilleries, oil factories, watch +factories on a large scale, steel mills, copper works, twenty iron +foundries at least, four of which, situated at Lods, at ChĂątillon, at +Audincourt, and at Beure, are tolerably large.’ + +“I think I am not mistaken in saying that those are the names which my +brother mentioned. Then he interrupted himself and addressed me:— + +“‘Have we not some relatives in those parts, my dear sister?’ + +“I replied,— + +“‘We did have some; among others, M. de Lucenet, who was captain of the +gates at Pontarlier under the old rĂ©gime.’ + +“‘Yes,’ resumed my brother; ‘but in ’93, one had no longer any +relatives, one had only one’s arms. I worked. They have, in the country +of Pontarlier, whither you are going, Monsieur Valjean, a truly +patriarchal and truly charming industry, my sister. It is their +cheese-dairies, which they call _fruitiĂšres_.’ + +“Then my brother, while urging the man to eat, explained to him, with +great minuteness, what these _fruitiĂšres_ of Pontarlier were; that they +were divided into two classes: the _big barns_ which belong to the +rich, and where there are forty or fifty cows which produce from seven +to eight thousand cheeses each summer, and the _associated fruitiĂšres_, +which belong to the poor; these are the peasants of mid-mountain, who +hold their cows in common, and share the proceeds. ‘They engage the +services of a cheese-maker, whom they call the _grurin_; the _grurin_ +receives the milk of the associates three times a day, and marks the +quantity on a double tally. It is towards the end of April that the +work of the cheese-dairies begins; it is towards the middle of June +that the cheese-makers drive their cows to the mountains.’ + +“The man recovered his animation as he ate. My brother made him drink +that good Mauves wine, which he does not drink himself, because he says +that wine is expensive. My brother imparted all these details with that +easy gayety of his with which you are acquainted, interspersing his +words with graceful attentions to me. He recurred frequently to that +comfortable trade of _grurin_, as though he wished the man to +understand, without advising him directly and harshly, that this would +afford him a refuge. One thing struck me. This man was what I have told +you. Well, neither during supper, nor during the entire evening, did my +brother utter a single word, with the exception of a few words about +Jesus when he entered, which could remind the man of what he was, nor +of what my brother was. To all appearances, it was an occasion for +preaching him a little sermon, and of impressing the Bishop on the +convict, so that a mark of the passage might remain behind. This might +have appeared to any one else who had this, unfortunate man in his +hands to afford a chance to nourish his soul as well as his body, and +to bestow upon him some reproach, seasoned with moralizing and advice, +or a little commiseration, with an exhortation to conduct himself +better in the future. My brother did not even ask him from what country +he came, nor what was his history. For in his history there is a fault, +and my brother seemed to avoid everything which could remind him of it. +To such a point did he carry it, that at one time, when my brother was +speaking of the mountaineers of Pontarlier, _who exercise a gentle +labor near heaven, and who_, he added, _are happy because they are +innocent_, he stopped short, fearing lest in this remark there might +have escaped him something which might wound the man. By dint of +reflection, I think I have comprehended what was passing in my +brother’s heart. He was thinking, no doubt, that this man, whose name +is Jean Valjean, had his misfortune only too vividly present in his +mind; that the best thing was to divert him from it, and to make him +believe, if only momentarily, that he was a person like any other, by +treating him just in his ordinary way. Is not this indeed, to +understand charity well? Is there not, dear Madame, something truly +evangelical in this delicacy which abstains from sermon, from +moralizing, from allusions? and is not the truest pity, when a man has +a sore point, not to touch it at all? It has seemed to me that this +might have been my brother’s private thought. In any case, what I can +say is that, if he entertained all these ideas, he gave no sign of +them; from beginning to end, even to me he was the same as he is every +evening, and he supped with this Jean Valjean with the same air and in +the same manner in which he would have supped with M. GĂ©dĂ©on le +PrĂ©vost, or with the curate of the parish. + +“Towards the end, when he had reached the figs, there came a knock at +the door. It was Mother Gerbaud, with her little one in her arms. My +brother kissed the child on the brow, and borrowed fifteen sous which I +had about me to give to Mother Gerbaud. The man was not paying much +heed to anything then. He was no longer talking, and he seemed very +much fatigued. After poor old Gerbaud had taken her departure, my +brother said grace; then he turned to the man and said to him, ‘You +must be in great need of your bed.’ Madame Magloire cleared the table +very promptly. I understood that we must retire, in order to allow this +traveller to go to sleep, and we both went upstairs. Nevertheless, I +sent Madame Magloire down a moment later, to carry to the man’s bed a +goat skin from the Black Forest, which was in my room. The nights are +frigid, and that keeps one warm. It is a pity that this skin is old; +all the hair is falling out. My brother bought it while he was in +Germany, at Tottlingen, near the sources of the Danube, as well as the +little ivory-handled knife which I use at table. + +“Madame Magloire returned immediately. We said our prayers in the +drawing-room, where we hang up the linen, and then we each retired to +our own chambers, without saying a word to each other.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—TRANQUILLITY + + +After bidding his sister good night, Monseigneur Bienvenu took one of +the two silver candlesticks from the table, handed the other to his +guest, and said to him,— + +“Monsieur, I will conduct you to your room.” + + +The man followed him. + +As might have been observed from what has been said above, the house +was so arranged that in order to pass into the oratory where the alcove +was situated, or to get out of it, it was necessary to traverse the +Bishop’s bedroom. + +At the moment when he was crossing this apartment, Madame Magloire was +putting away the silverware in the cupboard near the head of the bed. +This was her last care every evening before she went to bed. + +The Bishop installed his guest in the alcove. A fresh white bed had +been prepared there. The man set the candle down on a small table. + +“Well,” said the Bishop, “may you pass a good night. To-morrow morning, +before you set out, you shall drink a cup of warm milk from our cows.” + + +“Thanks, Monsieur l’AbbĂ©,” said the man. + +Hardly had he pronounced these words full of peace, when all of a +sudden, and without transition, he made a strange movement, which would +have frozen the two sainted women with horror, had they witnessed it. +Even at this day it is difficult for us to explain what inspired him at +that moment. Did he intend to convey a warning or to throw out a +menace? Was he simply obeying a sort of instinctive impulse which was +obscure even to himself? He turned abruptly to the old man, folded his +arms, and bending upon his host a savage gaze, he exclaimed in a hoarse +voice:— + +“Ah! really! You lodge me in your house, close to yourself like this?” + + +He broke off, and added with a laugh in which there lurked something +monstrous:— + +“Have you really reflected well? How do you know that I have not been +an assassin?” + + +The Bishop replied:— + +“That is the concern of the good God.” + + +Then gravely, and moving his lips like one who is praying or talking to +himself, he raised two fingers of his right hand and bestowed his +benediction on the man, who did not bow, and without turning his head +or looking behind him, he returned to his bedroom. + +When the alcove was in use, a large serge curtain drawn from wall to +wall concealed the altar. The Bishop knelt before this curtain as he +passed and said a brief prayer. A moment later he was in his garden, +walking, meditating, contemplating, his heart and soul wholly absorbed +in those grand and mysterious things which God shows at night to the +eyes which remain open. + +As for the man, he was actually so fatigued that he did not even profit +by the nice white sheets. Snuffing out his candle with his nostrils +after the manner of convicts, he dropped, all dressed as he was, upon +the bed, where he immediately fell into a profound sleep. + +Midnight struck as the Bishop returned from his garden to his +apartment. + +A few minutes later all were asleep in the little house. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—JEAN VALJEAN + + +Towards the middle of the night Jean Valjean woke. + +Jean Valjean came from a poor peasant family of Brie. He had not +learned to read in his childhood. When he reached man’s estate, he +became a tree-pruner at Faverolles. His mother was named Jeanne +Mathieu; his father was called Jean Valjean or Vlajean, probably a +sobriquet, and a contraction of _voilĂ _ Jean, “here’s Jean.” + + +Jean Valjean was of that thoughtful but not gloomy disposition which +constitutes the peculiarity of affectionate natures. On the whole, +however, there was something decidedly sluggish and insignificant about +Jean Valjean in appearance, at least. He had lost his father and mother +at a very early age. His mother had died of a milk fever, which had not +been properly attended to. His father, a tree-pruner, like himself, had +been killed by a fall from a tree. All that remained to Jean Valjean +was a sister older than himself,—a widow with seven children, boys and +girls. This sister had brought up Jean Valjean, and so long as she had +a husband she lodged and fed her young brother. + +The husband died. The eldest of the seven children was eight years old. +The youngest, one. + +Jean Valjean had just attained his twenty-fifth year. He took the +father’s place, and, in his turn, supported the sister who had brought +him up. This was done simply as a duty and even a little churlishly on +the part of Jean Valjean. Thus his youth had been spent in rude and +ill-paid toil. He had never known a “kind woman friend” in his native +parts. He had not had the time to fall in love. + +He returned at night weary, and ate his broth without uttering a word. +His sister, mother Jeanne, often took the best part of his repast from +his bowl while he was eating,—a bit of meat, a slice of bacon, the +heart of the cabbage,—to give to one of her children. As he went on +eating, with his head bent over the table and almost into his soup, his +long hair falling about his bowl and concealing his eyes, he had the +air of perceiving nothing and allowing it. There was at Faverolles, not +far from the Valjean thatched cottage, on the other side of the lane, a +farmer’s wife named Marie-Claude; the Valjean children, habitually +famished, sometimes went to borrow from Marie-Claude a pint of milk, in +their mother’s name, which they drank behind a hedge or in some alley +corner, snatching the jug from each other so hastily that the little +girls spilled it on their aprons and down their necks. If their mother +had known of this marauding, she would have punished the delinquents +severely. Jean Valjean gruffly and grumblingly paid Marie-Claude for +the pint of milk behind their mother’s back, and the children were not +punished. + +In pruning season he earned eighteen sous a day; then he hired out as a +hay-maker, as laborer, as neat-herd on a farm, as a drudge. He did +whatever he could. His sister worked also but what could she do with +seven little children? It was a sad group enveloped in misery, which +was being gradually annihilated. A very hard winter came. Jean had no +work. The family had no bread. No bread literally. Seven children! + +One Sunday evening, Maubert Isabeau, the baker on the Church Square at +Faverolles, was preparing to go to bed, when he heard a violent blow on +the grated front of his shop. He arrived in time to see an arm passed +through a hole made by a blow from a fist, through the grating and the +glass. The arm seized a loaf of bread and carried it off. Isabeau ran +out in haste; the robber fled at the full speed of his legs. Isabeau +ran after him and stopped him. The thief had flung away the loaf, but +his arm was still bleeding. It was Jean Valjean. + +This took place in 1795. Jean Valjean was taken before the tribunals of +the time for theft and breaking and entering an inhabited house at +night. He had a gun which he used better than any one else in the +world, he was a bit of a poacher, and this injured his case. There +exists a legitimate prejudice against poachers. The poacher, like the +smuggler, smacks too strongly of the brigand. Nevertheless, we will +remark cursorily, there is still an abyss between these races of men +and the hideous assassin of the towns. The poacher lives in the forest, +the smuggler lives in the mountains or on the sea. The cities make +ferocious men because they make corrupt men. The mountain, the sea, the +forest, make savage men; they develop the fierce side, but often +without destroying the humane side. + +Jean Valjean was pronounced guilty. The terms of the Code were +explicit. There occur formidable hours in our civilization; there are +moments when the penal laws decree a shipwreck. What an ominous minute +is that in which society draws back and consummates the irreparable +abandonment of a sentient being! Jean Valjean was condemned to five +years in the galleys. + +On the 22d of April, 1796, the victory of Montenotte, won by the +general-in-chief of the army of Italy, whom the message of the +Directory to the Five Hundred, of the 2d of FlorĂ©al, year IV., calls +Buona-Parte, was announced in Paris; on that same day a great gang of +galley-slaves was put in chains at BicĂȘtre. Jean Valjean formed a part +of that gang. An old turnkey of the prison, who is now nearly eighty +years old, still recalls perfectly that unfortunate wretch who was +chained to the end of the fourth line, in the north angle of the +courtyard. He was seated on the ground like the others. He did not seem +to comprehend his position, except that it was horrible. It is probable +that he, also, was disentangling from amid the vague ideas of a poor +man, ignorant of everything, something excessive. While the bolt of his +iron collar was being riveted behind his head with heavy blows from the +hammer, he wept, his tears stifled him, they impeded his speech; he +only managed to say from time to time, “I was a tree-pruner at +Faverolles.” Then still sobbing, he raised his right hand and lowered +it gradually seven times, as though he were touching in succession +seven heads of unequal heights, and from this gesture it was divined +that the thing which he had done, whatever it was, he had done for the +sake of clothing and nourishing seven little children. + +He set out for Toulon. He arrived there, after a journey of +twenty-seven days, on a cart, with a chain on his neck. At Toulon he +was clothed in the red cassock. All that had constituted his life, even +to his name, was effaced; he was no longer even Jean Valjean; he was +number 24,601. What became of his sister? What became of the seven +children? Who troubled himself about that? What becomes of the handful +of leaves from the young tree which is sawed off at the root? + +It is always the same story. These poor living beings, these creatures +of God, henceforth without support, without guide, without refuge, +wandered away at random,—who even knows?—each in his own direction +perhaps, and little by little buried themselves in that cold mist which +engulfs solitary destinies; gloomy shades, into which disappear in +succession so many unlucky heads, in the sombre march of the human +race. They quitted the country. The clock-tower of what had been their +village forgot them; the boundary line of what had been their field +forgot them; after a few years’ residence in the galleys, Jean Valjean +himself forgot them. In that heart, where there had been a wound, there +was a scar. That is all. Only once, during all the time which he spent +at Toulon, did he hear his sister mentioned. This happened, I think, +towards the end of the fourth year of his captivity. I know not through +what channels the news reached him. Some one who had known them in +their own country had seen his sister. She was in Paris. She lived in a +poor street near Saint-Sulpice, in the Rue du Gindre. She had with her +only one child, a little boy, the youngest. Where were the other six? +Perhaps she did not know herself. Every morning she went to a printing +office, No. 3 Rue du Sabot, where she was a folder and stitcher. She +was obliged to be there at six o’clock in the morning—long before +daylight in winter. In the same building with the printing office there +was a school, and to this school she took her little boy, who was seven +years old. But as she entered the printing office at six, and the +school only opened at seven, the child had to wait in the courtyard, +for the school to open, for an hour—one hour of a winter night in the +open air! They would not allow the child to come into the printing +office, because he was in the way, they said. When the workmen passed +in the morning, they beheld this poor little being seated on the +pavement, overcome with drowsiness, and often fast asleep in the +shadow, crouched down and doubled up over his basket. When it rained, +an old woman, the portress, took pity on him; she took him into her +den, where there was a pallet, a spinning-wheel, and two wooden chairs, +and the little one slumbered in a corner, pressing himself close to the +cat that he might suffer less from cold. At seven o’clock the school +opened, and he entered. That is what was told to Jean Valjean. + +They talked to him about it for one day; it was a moment, a flash, as +though a window had suddenly been opened upon the destiny of those +things whom he had loved; then all closed again. He heard nothing more +forever. Nothing from them ever reached him again; he never beheld +them; he never met them again; and in the continuation of this mournful +history they will not be met with any more. + +Towards the end of this fourth year Jean Valjean’s turn to escape +arrived. His comrades assisted him, as is the custom in that sad place. +He escaped. He wandered for two days in the fields at liberty, if being +at liberty is to be hunted, to turn the head every instant, to quake at +the slightest noise, to be afraid of everything,—of a smoking roof, of +a passing man, of a barking dog, of a galloping horse, of a striking +clock, of the day because one can see, of the night because one cannot +see, of the highway, of the path, of a bush, of sleep. On the evening +of the second day he was captured. He had neither eaten nor slept for +thirty-six hours. The maritime tribunal condemned him, for this crime, +to a prolongation of his term for three years, which made eight years. +In the sixth year his turn to escape occurred again; he availed himself +of it, but could not accomplish his flight fully. He was missing at +roll-call. The cannon were fired, and at night the patrol found him +hidden under the keel of a vessel in process of construction; he +resisted the galley guards who seized him. Escape and rebellion. This +case, provided for by a special code, was punished by an addition of +five years, two of them in the double chain. Thirteen years. In the +tenth year his turn came round again; he again profited by it; he +succeeded no better. Three years for this fresh attempt. Sixteen years. +Finally, I think it was during his thirteenth year, he made a last +attempt, and only succeeded in getting retaken at the end of four hours +of absence. Three years for those four hours. Nineteen years. In +October, 1815, he was released; he had entered there in 1796, for +having broken a pane of glass and taken a loaf of bread. + +Room for a brief parenthesis. This is the second time, during his +studies on the penal question and damnation by law, that the author of +this book has come across the theft of a loaf of bread as the point of +departure for the disaster of a destiny. Claude Gaux had stolen a loaf; +Jean Valjean had stolen a loaf. English statistics prove the fact that +four thefts out of five in London have hunger for their immediate +cause. + +Jean Valjean had entered the galleys sobbing and shuddering; he emerged +impassive. He had entered in despair; he emerged gloomy. + +What had taken place in that soul? + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE INTERIOR OF DESPAIR + + +Let us try to say it. + +It is necessary that society should look at these things, because it is +itself which creates them. + +He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not a fool. The +light of nature was ignited in him. Unhappiness, which also possesses a +clearness of vision of its own, augmented the small amount of daylight +which existed in this mind. Beneath the cudgel, beneath the chain, in +the cell, in hardship, beneath the burning sun of the galleys, upon the +plank bed of the convict, he withdrew into his own consciousness and +meditated. + +He constituted himself the tribunal. + +He began by putting himself on trial. + +He recognized the fact that he was not an innocent man unjustly +punished. He admitted that he had committed an extreme and blameworthy +act; that that loaf of bread would probably not have been refused to +him had he asked for it; that, in any case, it would have been better +to wait until he could get it through compassion or through work; that +it is not an unanswerable argument to say, “Can one wait when one is +hungry?” That, in the first place, it is very rare for any one to die +of hunger, literally; and next, that, fortunately or unfortunately, man +is so constituted that he can suffer long and much, both morally and +physically, without dying; that it is therefore necessary to have +patience; that that would even have been better for those poor little +children; that it had been an act of madness for him, a miserable, +unfortunate wretch, to take society at large violently by the collar, +and to imagine that one can escape from misery through theft; that that +is in any case a poor door through which to escape from misery through +which infamy enters; in short, that he was in the wrong. + +Then he asked himself:— + +Whether he had been the only one in fault in his fatal history. Whether +it was not a serious thing, that he, a laborer, out of work, that he, +an industrious man, should have lacked bread. And whether, the fault +once committed and confessed, the chastisement had not been ferocious +and disproportioned. Whether there had not been more abuse on the part +of the law, in respect to the penalty, than there had been on the part +of the culprit in respect to his fault. Whether there had not been an +excess of weights in one balance of the scale, in the one which +contains expiation. Whether the over-weight of the penalty was not +equivalent to the annihilation of the crime, and did not result in +reversing the situation, of replacing the fault of the delinquent by +the fault of the repression, of converting the guilty man into the +victim, and the debtor into the creditor, and of ranging the law +definitely on the side of the man who had violated it. + +Whether this penalty, complicated by successive aggravations for +attempts at escape, had not ended in becoming a sort of outrage +perpetrated by the stronger upon the feebler, a crime of society +against the individual, a crime which was being committed afresh every +day, a crime which had lasted nineteen years. + +He asked himself whether human society could have the right to force +its members to suffer equally in one case for its own unreasonable lack +of foresight, and in the other case for its pitiless foresight; and to +seize a poor man forever between a defect and an excess, a default of +work and an excess of punishment. + +Whether it was not outrageous for society to treat thus precisely those +of its members who were the least well endowed in the division of goods +made by chance, and consequently the most deserving of consideration. + +These questions put and answered, he judged society and condemned it. + +He condemned it to his hatred. + +He made it responsible for the fate which he was suffering, and he said +to himself that it might be that one day he should not hesitate to call +it to account. He declared to himself that there was no equilibrium +between the harm which he had caused and the harm which was being done +to him; he finally arrived at the conclusion that his punishment was +not, in truth, unjust, but that it most assuredly was iniquitous. + +Anger may be both foolish and absurd; one can be irritated wrongfully; +one is exasperated only when there is some show of right on one’s side +at bottom. Jean Valjean felt himself exasperated. + +And besides, human society had done him nothing but harm; he had never +seen anything of it save that angry face which it calls Justice, and +which it shows to those whom it strikes. Men had only touched him to +bruise him. Every contact with them had been a blow. Never, since his +infancy, since the days of his mother, of his sister, had he ever +encountered a friendly word and a kindly glance. From suffering to +suffering, he had gradually arrived at the conviction that life is a +war; and that in this war he was the conquered. He had no other weapon +than his hate. He resolved to whet it in the galleys and to bear it +away with him when he departed. + +There was at Toulon a school for the convicts, kept by the Ignorantin +friars, where the most necessary branches were taught to those of the +unfortunate men who had a mind for them. He was of the number who had a +mind. He went to school at the age of forty, and learned to read, to +write, to cipher. He felt that to fortify his intelligence was to +fortify his hate. In certain cases, education and enlightenment can +serve to eke out evil. + +This is a sad thing to say; after having judged society, which had +caused his unhappiness, he judged Providence, which had made society, +and he condemned it also. + +Thus during nineteen years of torture and slavery, this soul mounted +and at the same time fell. Light entered it on one side, and darkness +on the other. + +Jean Valjean had not, as we have seen, an evil nature. He was still +good when he arrived at the galleys. He there condemned society, and +felt that he was becoming wicked; he there condemned Providence, and +was conscious that he was becoming impious. + +It is difficult not to indulge in meditation at this point. + +Does human nature thus change utterly and from top to bottom? Can the +man created good by God be rendered wicked by man? Can the soul be +completely made over by fate, and become evil, fate being evil? Can the +heart become misshapen and contract incurable deformities and +infirmities under the oppression of a disproportionate unhappiness, as +the vertebral column beneath too low a vault? Is there not in every +human soul, was there not in the soul of Jean Valjean in particular, a +first spark, a divine element, incorruptible in this world, immortal in +the other, which good can develop, fan, ignite, and make to glow with +splendor, and which evil can never wholly extinguish? + +Grave and obscure questions, to the last of which every physiologist +would probably have responded no, and that without hesitation, had he +beheld at Toulon, during the hours of repose, which were for Jean +Valjean hours of reverie, this gloomy galley-slave, seated with folded +arms upon the bar of some capstan, with the end of his chain thrust +into his pocket to prevent its dragging, serious, silent, and +thoughtful, a pariah of the laws which regarded the man with wrath, +condemned by civilization, and regarding heaven with severity. + +Certainly,—and we make no attempt to dissimulate the fact,—the +observing physiologist would have beheld an irremediable misery; he +would, perchance, have pitied this sick man, of the law’s making; but +he would not have even essayed any treatment; he would have turned +aside his gaze from the caverns of which he would have caught a glimpse +within this soul, and, like Dante at the portals of hell, he would have +effaced from this existence the word which the finger of God has, +nevertheless, inscribed upon the brow of every man,—hope. + +Was this state of his soul, which we have attempted to analyze, as +perfectly clear to Jean Valjean as we have tried to render it for those +who read us? Did Jean Valjean distinctly perceive, after their +formation, and had he seen distinctly during the process of their +formation, all the elements of which his moral misery was composed? Had +this rough and unlettered man gathered a perfectly clear perception of +the succession of ideas through which he had, by degrees, mounted and +descended to the lugubrious aspects which had, for so many years, +formed the inner horizon of his spirit? Was he conscious of all that +passed within him, and of all that was working there? That is something +which we do not presume to state; it is something which we do not even +believe. There was too much ignorance in Jean Valjean, even after his +misfortune, to prevent much vagueness from still lingering there. At +times he did not rightly know himself what he felt. Jean Valjean was in +the shadows; he suffered in the shadows; he hated in the shadows; one +might have said that he hated in advance of himself. He dwelt +habitually in this shadow, feeling his way like a blind man and a +dreamer. Only, at intervals, there suddenly came to him, from without +and from within, an access of wrath, a surcharge of suffering, a livid +and rapid flash which illuminated his whole soul, and caused to appear +abruptly all around him, in front, behind, amid the gleams of a +frightful light, the hideous precipices and the sombre perspective of +his destiny. + +The flash passed, the night closed in again; and where was he? He no +longer knew. The peculiarity of pains of this nature, in which that +which is pitiless—that is to say, that which is +brutalizing—predominates, is to transform a man, little by little, by a +sort of stupid transfiguration, into a wild beast; sometimes into a +ferocious beast. + +Jean Valjean’s successive and obstinate attempts at escape would alone +suffice to prove this strange working of the law upon the human soul. +Jean Valjean would have renewed these attempts, utterly useless and +foolish as they were, as often as the opportunity had presented itself, +without reflecting for an instant on the result, nor on the experiences +which he had already gone through. He escaped impetuously, like the +wolf who finds his cage open. Instinct said to him, “Flee!” Reason +would have said, “Remain!” But in the presence of so violent a +temptation, reason vanished; nothing remained but instinct. The beast +alone acted. When he was recaptured, the fresh severities inflicted on +him only served to render him still more wild. + +One detail, which we must not omit, is that he possessed a physical +strength which was not approached by a single one of the denizens of +the galleys. At work, at paying out a cable or winding up a capstan, +Jean Valjean was worth four men. He sometimes lifted and sustained +enormous weights on his back; and when the occasion demanded it, he +replaced that implement which is called a jack-screw, and was formerly +called _orgueil_ [pride], whence, we may remark in passing, is derived +the name of the Rue Montorgueil, near the Halles [Fishmarket] in Paris. +His comrades had nicknamed him Jean the Jack-screw. Once, when they +were repairing the balcony of the town-hall at Toulon, one of those +admirable caryatids of Puget, which support the balcony, became +loosened, and was on the point of falling. Jean Valjean, who was +present, supported the caryatid with his shoulder, and gave the workmen +time to arrive. + +His suppleness even exceeded his strength. Certain convicts who were +forever dreaming of escape, ended by making a veritable science of +force and skill combined. It is the science of muscles. An entire +system of mysterious statics is daily practised by prisoners, men who +are forever envious of the flies and birds. To climb a vertical +surface, and to find points of support where hardly a projection was +visible, was play to Jean Valjean. An angle of the wall being given, +with the tension of his back and legs, with his elbows and his heels +fitted into the unevenness of the stone, he raised himself as if by +magic to the third story. He sometimes mounted thus even to the roof of +the galley prison. + +He spoke but little. He laughed not at all. An excessive emotion was +required to wring from him, once or twice a year, that lugubrious laugh +of the convict, which is like the echo of the laugh of a demon. To all +appearance, he seemed to be occupied in the constant contemplation of +something terrible. + +He was absorbed, in fact. + +Athwart the unhealthy perceptions of an incomplete nature and a crushed +intelligence, he was confusedly conscious that some monstrous thing was +resting on him. In that obscure and wan shadow within which he crawled, +each time that he turned his neck and essayed to raise his glance, he +perceived with terror, mingled with rage, a sort of frightful +accumulation of things, collecting and mounting above him, beyond the +range of his vision,—laws, prejudices, men, and deeds,—whose outlines +escaped him, whose mass terrified him, and which was nothing else than +that prodigious pyramid which we call civilization. He distinguished, +here and there in that swarming and formless mass, now near him, now +afar off and on inaccessible table-lands, some group, some detail, +vividly illuminated; here the galley-sergeant and his cudgel; there the +gendarme and his sword; yonder the mitred archbishop; away at the top, +like a sort of sun, the Emperor, crowned and dazzling. It seemed to him +that these distant splendors, far from dissipating his night, rendered +it more funereal and more black. All this—laws, prejudices, deeds, men, +things—went and came above him, over his head, in accordance with the +complicated and mysterious movement which God imparts to civilization, +walking over him and crushing him with I know not what peacefulness in +its cruelty and inexorability in its indifference. Souls which have +fallen to the bottom of all possible misfortune, unhappy men lost in +the lowest of those limbos at which no one any longer looks, the +reproved of the law, feel the whole weight of this human society, so +formidable for him who is without, so frightful for him who is beneath, +resting upon their heads. + +In this situation Jean Valjean meditated; and what could be the nature +of his meditation? + +If the grain of millet beneath the millstone had thoughts, it would, +doubtless, think that same thing which Jean Valjean thought. + +All these things, realities full of spectres, phantasmagories full of +realities, had eventually created for him a sort of interior state +which is almost indescribable. + +At times, amid his convict toil, he paused. He fell to thinking. His +reason, at one and the same time riper and more troubled than of yore, +rose in revolt. Everything which had happened to him seemed to him +absurd; everything that surrounded him seemed to him impossible. He +said to himself, “It is a dream.” He gazed at the galley-sergeant +standing a few paces from him; the galley-sergeant seemed a phantom to +him. All of a sudden the phantom dealt him a blow with his cudgel. + +Visible nature hardly existed for him. It would almost be true to say +that there existed for Jean Valjean neither sun, nor fine summer days, +nor radiant sky, nor fresh April dawns. I know not what vent-hole +daylight habitually illumined his soul. + +To sum up, in conclusion, that which can be summed up and translated +into positive results in all that we have just pointed out, we will +confine ourselves to the statement that, in the course of nineteen +years, Jean Valjean, the inoffensive tree-pruner of Faverolles, the +formidable convict of Toulon, had become capable, thanks to the manner +in which the galleys had moulded him, of two sorts of evil action: +firstly, of evil action which was rapid, unpremeditated, dashing, +entirely instinctive, in the nature of reprisals for the evil which he +had undergone; secondly, of evil action which was serious, grave, +consciously argued out and premeditated, with the false ideas which +such a misfortune can furnish. His deliberate deeds passed through +three successive phases, which natures of a certain stamp can alone +traverse,—reasoning, will, perseverance. He had for moving causes his +habitual wrath, bitterness of soul, a profound sense of indignities +suffered, the reaction even against the good, the innocent, and the +just, if there are any such. The point of departure, like the point of +arrival, for all his thoughts, was hatred of human law; that hatred +which, if it be not arrested in its development by some providential +incident, becomes, within a given time, the hatred of society, then the +hatred of the human race, then the hatred of creation, and which +manifests itself by a vague, incessant, and brutal desire to do harm to +some living being, no matter whom. It will be perceived that it was not +without reason that Jean Valjean’s passport described him as _a very +dangerous man_. + +From year to year this soul had dried away slowly, but with fatal +sureness. When the heart is dry, the eye is dry. On his departure from +the galleys it had been nineteen years since he had shed a tear. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—BILLOWS AND SHADOWS + + +A man overboard! + +What matters it? The vessel does not halt. The wind blows. That sombre +ship has a path which it is forced to pursue. It passes on. + +The man disappears, then reappears; he plunges, he rises again to the +surface; he calls, he stretches out his arms; he is not heard. The +vessel, trembling under the hurricane, is wholly absorbed in its own +workings; the passengers and sailors do not even see the drowning man; +his miserable head is but a speck amid the immensity of the waves. He +gives vent to desperate cries from out of the depths. What a spectre is +that retreating sail! He gazes and gazes at it frantically. It +retreats, it grows dim, it diminishes in size. He was there but just +now, he was one of the crew, he went and came along the deck with the +rest, he had his part of breath and of sunlight, he was a living man. +Now, what has taken place? He has slipped, he has fallen; all is at an +end. + +He is in the tremendous sea. Under foot he has nothing but what flees +and crumbles. The billows, torn and lashed by the wind, encompass him +hideously; the tossings of the abyss bear him away; all the tongues of +water dash over his head; a populace of waves spits upon him; confused +openings half devour him; every time that he sinks, he catches glimpses +of precipices filled with night; frightful and unknown vegetations +seize him, knot about his feet, draw him to them; he is conscious that +he is becoming an abyss, that he forms part of the foam; the waves toss +him from one to another; he drinks in the bitterness; the cowardly +ocean attacks him furiously, to drown him; the enormity plays with his +agony. It seems as though all that water were hate. + +Nevertheless, he struggles. + +He tries to defend himself; he tries to sustain himself; he makes an +effort; he swims. He, his petty strength all exhausted instantly, +combats the inexhaustible. + +Where, then, is the ship? Yonder. Barely visible in the pale shadows of +the horizon. + +The wind blows in gusts; all the foam overwhelms him. He raises his +eyes and beholds only the lividness of the clouds. He witnesses, amid +his death-pangs, the immense madness of the sea. He is tortured by this +madness; he hears noises strange to man, which seem to come from beyond +the limits of the earth, and from one knows not what frightful region +beyond. + +There are birds in the clouds, just as there are angels above human +distresses; but what can they do for him? They sing and fly and float, +and he, he rattles in the death agony. + +He feels himself buried in those two infinities, the ocean and the sky, +at one and the same time: the one is a tomb; the other is a shroud. + +Night descends; he has been swimming for hours; his strength is +exhausted; that ship, that distant thing in which there were men, has +vanished; he is alone in the formidable twilight gulf; he sinks, he +stiffens himself, he twists himself; he feels under him the monstrous +billows of the invisible; he shouts. + +There are no more men. Where is God? + +He shouts. Help! Help! He still shouts on. + +Nothing on the horizon; nothing in heaven. + +He implores the expanse, the waves, the seaweed, the reef; they are +deaf. He beseeches the tempest; the imperturbable tempest obeys only +the infinite. + +Around him darkness, fog, solitude, the stormy and nonsentient tumult, +the undefined curling of those wild waters. In him horror and fatigue. +Beneath him the depths. Not a point of support. He thinks of the gloomy +adventures of the corpse in the limitless shadow. The bottomless cold +paralyzes him. His hands contract convulsively; they close, and grasp +nothingness. Winds, clouds, whirlwinds, gusts, useless stars! What is +to be done? The desperate man gives up; he is weary, he chooses the +alternative of death; he resists not; he lets himself go; he abandons +his grip; and then he tosses forevermore in the lugubrious dreary +depths of engulfment. + +Oh, implacable march of human societies! Oh, losses of men and of souls +on the way! Ocean into which falls all that the law lets slip! +Disastrous absence of help! Oh, moral death! + +The sea is the inexorable social night into which the penal laws fling +their condemned. The sea is the immensity of wretchedness. + +The soul, going downstream in this gulf, may become a corpse. Who shall +resuscitate it? + + + + +CHAPTER IX—NEW TROUBLES + + +When the hour came for him to take his departure from the galleys, when +Jean Valjean heard in his ear the strange words, _Thou art free!_ the +moment seemed improbable and unprecedented; a ray of vivid light, a ray +of the true light of the living, suddenly penetrated within him. But it +was not long before this ray paled. Jean Valjean had been dazzled by +the idea of liberty. He had believed in a new life. He very speedily +perceived what sort of liberty it is to which a yellow passport is +provided. + +And this was encompassed with much bitterness. He had calculated that +his earnings, during his sojourn in the galleys, ought to amount to a +hundred and seventy-one francs. It is but just to add that he had +forgotten to include in his calculations the forced repose of Sundays +and festival days during nineteen years, which entailed a diminution of +about eighty francs. At all events, his hoard had been reduced by +various local levies to the sum of one hundred and nine francs fifteen +sous, which had been counted out to him on his departure. He had +understood nothing of this, and had thought himself wronged. Let us say +the word—robbed. + +On the day following his liberation, he saw, at Grasse, in front of an +orange-flower distillery, some men engaged in unloading bales. He +offered his services. Business was pressing; they were accepted. He set +to work. He was intelligent, robust, adroit; he did his best; the +master seemed pleased. While he was at work, a gendarme passed, +observed him, and demanded his papers. It was necessary to show him the +yellow passport. That done, Jean Valjean resumed his labor. A little +while before he had questioned one of the workmen as to the amount +which they earned each day at this occupation; he had been told _thirty +sous_. When evening arrived, as he was forced to set out again on the +following day, he presented himself to the owner of the distillery and +requested to be paid. The owner did not utter a word, but handed him +fifteen sous. He objected. He was told, _“That is enough for thee.”_ He +persisted. The master looked him straight between the eyes, and said to +him _“Beware of the prison.”_ + +There, again, he considered that he had been robbed. + +Society, the State, by diminishing his hoard, had robbed him wholesale. +Now it was the individual who was robbing him at retail. + +Liberation is not deliverance. One gets free from the galleys, but not +from the sentence. + +That is what happened to him at Grasse. We have seen in what manner he +was received at D—— + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE MAN AROUSED + + +As the Cathedral clock struck two in the morning, Jean Valjean awoke. + +What woke him was that his bed was too good. It was nearly twenty years +since he had slept in a bed, and, although he had not undressed, the +sensation was too novel not to disturb his slumbers. + +He had slept more than four hours. His fatigue had passed away. He was +accustomed not to devote many hours to repose. + +He opened his eyes and stared into the gloom which surrounded him; then +he closed them again, with the intention of going to sleep once more. + +When many varied sensations have agitated the day, when various matters +preoccupy the mind, one falls asleep once, but not a second time. Sleep +comes more easily than it returns. This is what happened to Jean +Valjean. He could not get to sleep again, and he fell to thinking. + +He was at one of those moments when the thoughts which one has in one’s +mind are troubled. There was a sort of dark confusion in his brain. His +memories of the olden time and of the immediate present floated there +pell-mell and mingled confusedly, losing their proper forms, becoming +disproportionately large, then suddenly disappearing, as in a muddy and +perturbed pool. Many thoughts occurred to him; but there was one which +kept constantly presenting itself afresh, and which drove away all +others. We will mention this thought at once: he had observed the six +sets of silver forks and spoons and the ladle which Madame Magloire had +placed on the table. + +Those six sets of silver haunted him.—They were there.—A few paces +distant.—Just as he was traversing the adjoining room to reach the one +in which he then was, the old servant-woman had been in the act of +placing them in a little cupboard near the head of the bed.—He had +taken careful note of this cupboard.—On the right, as you entered from +the dining-room.—They were solid.—And old silver.—From the ladle one +could get at least two hundred francs.—Double what he had earned in +nineteen years.—It is true that he would have earned more if “the +_administration_ had not _robbed him_.” + + +His mind wavered for a whole hour in fluctuations with which there was +certainly mingled some struggle. Three o’clock struck. He opened his +eyes again, drew himself up abruptly into a sitting posture, stretched +out his arm and felt of his knapsack, which he had thrown down on a +corner of the alcove; then he hung his legs over the edge of the bed, +and placed his feet on the floor, and thus found himself, almost +without knowing it, seated on his bed. + +He remained for a time thoughtfully in this attitude, which would have +been suggestive of something sinister for any one who had seen him thus +in the dark, the only person awake in that house where all were +sleeping. All of a sudden he stooped down, removed his shoes and placed +them softly on the mat beside the bed; then he resumed his thoughtful +attitude, and became motionless once more. + +Throughout this hideous meditation, the thoughts which we have above +indicated moved incessantly through his brain; entered, withdrew, +re-entered, and in a manner oppressed him; and then he thought, also, +without knowing why, and with the mechanical persistence of reverie, of +a convict named Brevet, whom he had known in the galleys, and whose +trousers had been upheld by a single suspender of knitted cotton. The +checkered pattern of that suspender recurred incessantly to his mind. + +He remained in this situation, and would have so remained indefinitely, +even until daybreak, had not the clock struck one—the half or quarter +hour. It seemed to him that that stroke said to him, “Come on!” + + +He rose to his feet, hesitated still another moment, and listened; all +was quiet in the house; then he walked straight ahead, with short +steps, to the window, of which he caught a glimpse. The night was not +very dark; there was a full moon, across which coursed large clouds +driven by the wind. This created, outdoors, alternate shadow and gleams +of light, eclipses, then bright openings of the clouds; and indoors a +sort of twilight. This twilight, sufficient to enable a person to see +his way, intermittent on account of the clouds, resembled the sort of +livid light which falls through an air-hole in a cellar, before which +the passers-by come and go. On arriving at the window, Jean Valjean +examined it. It had no grating; it opened in the garden and was +fastened, according to the fashion of the country, only by a small pin. +He opened it; but as a rush of cold and piercing air penetrated the +room abruptly, he closed it again immediately. He scrutinized the +garden with that attentive gaze which studies rather than looks. The +garden was enclosed by a tolerably low white wall, easy to climb. Far +away, at the extremity, he perceived tops of trees, spaced at regular +intervals, which indicated that the wall separated the garden from an +avenue or lane planted with trees. + +Having taken this survey, he executed a movement like that of a man who +has made up his mind, strode to his alcove, grasped his knapsack, +opened it, fumbled in it, pulled out of it something which he placed on +the bed, put his shoes into one of his pockets, shut the whole thing up +again, threw the knapsack on his shoulders, put on his cap, drew the +visor down over his eyes, felt for his cudgel, went and placed it in +the angle of the window; then returned to the bed, and resolutely +seized the object which he had deposited there. It resembled a short +bar of iron, pointed like a pike at one end. It would have been +difficult to distinguish in that darkness for what employment that bit +of iron could have been designed. Perhaps it was a lever; possibly it +was a club. + +In the daytime it would have been possible to recognize it as nothing +more than a miner’s candlestick. Convicts were, at that period, +sometimes employed in quarrying stone from the lofty hills which +environ Toulon, and it was not rare for them to have miners’ tools at +their command. These miners’ candlesticks are of massive iron, +terminated at the lower extremity by a point, by means of which they +are stuck into the rock. + +He took the candlestick in his right hand; holding his breath and +trying to deaden the sound of his tread, he directed his steps to the +door of the adjoining room, occupied by the Bishop, as we already know. + +On arriving at this door, he found it ajar. The Bishop had not closed +it. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—WHAT HE DOES + + +Jean Valjean listened. Not a sound. + +He gave the door a push. + +He pushed it gently with the tip of his finger, lightly, with the +furtive and uneasy gentleness of a cat which is desirous of entering. + +The door yielded to this pressure, and made an imperceptible and silent +movement, which enlarged the opening a little. + +He waited a moment; then gave the door a second and a bolder push. + +It continued to yield in silence. The opening was now large enough to +allow him to pass. But near the door there stood a little table, which +formed an embarrassing angle with it, and barred the entrance. + +Jean Valjean recognized the difficulty. It was necessary, at any cost, +to enlarge the aperture still further. + +He decided on his course of action, and gave the door a third push, +more energetic than the two preceding. This time a badly oiled hinge +suddenly emitted amid the silence a hoarse and prolonged cry. + +Jean Valjean shuddered. The noise of the hinge rang in his ears with +something of the piercing and formidable sound of the trump of the Day +of Judgment. + +In the fantastic exaggerations of the first moment he almost imagined +that that hinge had just become animated, and had suddenly assumed a +terrible life, and that it was barking like a dog to arouse every one, +and warn and to wake those who were asleep. He halted, shuddering, +bewildered, and fell back from the tips of his toes upon his heels. He +heard the arteries in his temples beating like two forge hammers, and +it seemed to him that his breath issued from his breast with the roar +of the wind issuing from a cavern. It seemed impossible to him that the +horrible clamor of that irritated hinge should not have disturbed the +entire household, like the shock of an earthquake; the door, pushed by +him, had taken the alarm, and had shouted; the old man would rise at +once; the two old women would shriek out; people would come to their +assistance; in less than a quarter of an hour the town would be in an +uproar, and the gendarmerie on hand. For a moment he thought himself +lost. + +He remained where he was, petrified like the statue of salt, not daring +to make a movement. Several minutes elapsed. The door had fallen wide +open. He ventured to peep into the next room. Nothing had stirred +there. He lent an ear. Nothing was moving in the house. The noise made +by the rusty hinge had not awakened any one. + +This first danger was past; but there still reigned a frightful tumult +within him. Nevertheless, he did not retreat. Even when he had thought +himself lost, he had not drawn back. His only thought now was to finish +as soon as possible. He took a step and entered the room. + +This room was in a state of perfect calm. Here and there vague and +confused forms were distinguishable, which in the daylight were papers +scattered on a table, open folios, volumes piled upon a stool, an +armchair heaped with clothing, a prie-Dieu, and which at that hour were +only shadowy corners and whitish spots. Jean Valjean advanced with +precaution, taking care not to knock against the furniture. He could +hear, at the extremity of the room, the even and tranquil breathing of +the sleeping Bishop. + +He suddenly came to a halt. He was near the bed. He had arrived there +sooner than he had thought for. + +Nature sometimes mingles her effects and her spectacles with our +actions with sombre and intelligent appropriateness, as though she +desired to make us reflect. For the last half-hour a large cloud had +covered the heavens. At the moment when Jean Valjean paused in front of +the bed, this cloud parted, as though on purpose, and a ray of light, +traversing the long window, suddenly illuminated the Bishop’s pale +face. He was sleeping peacefully. He lay in his bed almost completely +dressed, on account of the cold of the Basses-Alps, in a garment of +brown wool, which covered his arms to the wrists. His head was thrown +back on the pillow, in the careless attitude of repose; his hand, +adorned with the pastoral ring, and whence had fallen so many good +deeds and so many holy actions, was hanging over the edge of the bed. +His whole face was illumined with a vague expression of satisfaction, +of hope, and of felicity. It was more than a smile, and almost a +radiance. He bore upon his brow the indescribable reflection of a light +which was invisible. The soul of the just contemplates in sleep a +mysterious heaven. + +A reflection of that heaven rested on the Bishop. + +It was, at the same time, a luminous transparency, for that heaven was +within him. That heaven was his conscience. + +[Illustration: The Fall] + +At the moment when the ray of moonlight superposed itself, so to speak, +upon that inward radiance, the sleeping Bishop seemed as in a glory. It +remained, however, gentle and veiled in an ineffable half-light. That +moon in the sky, that slumbering nature, that garden without a quiver, +that house which was so calm, the hour, the moment, the silence, added +some solemn and unspeakable quality to the venerable repose of this +man, and enveloped in a sort of serene and majestic aureole that white +hair, those closed eyes, that face in which all was hope and all was +confidence, that head of an old man, and that slumber of an infant. + +There was something almost divine in this man, who was thus august, +without being himself aware of it. + +Jean Valjean was in the shadow, and stood motionless, with his iron +candlestick in his hand, frightened by this luminous old man. Never had +he beheld anything like this. This confidence terrified him. The moral +world has no grander spectacle than this: a troubled and uneasy +conscience, which has arrived on the brink of an evil action, +contemplating the slumber of the just. + +That slumber in that isolation, and with a neighbor like himself, had +about it something sublime, of which he was vaguely but imperiously +conscious. + +No one could have told what was passing within him, not even himself. +In order to attempt to form an idea of it, it is necessary to think of +the most violent of things in the presence of the most gentle. Even on +his visage it would have been impossible to distinguish anything with +certainty. It was a sort of haggard astonishment. He gazed at it, and +that was all. But what was his thought? It would have been impossible +to divine it. What was evident was, that he was touched and astounded. +But what was the nature of this emotion? + +His eye never quitted the old man. The only thing which was clearly to +be inferred from his attitude and his physiognomy was a strange +indecision. One would have said that he was hesitating between the two +abysses,—the one in which one loses one’s self and that in which one +saves one’s self. He seemed prepared to crush that skull or to kiss +that hand. + +At the expiration of a few minutes his left arm rose slowly towards his +brow, and he took off his cap; then his arm fell back with the same +deliberation, and Jean Valjean fell to meditating once more, his cap in +his left hand, his club in his right hand, his hair bristling all over +his savage head. + +The Bishop continued to sleep in profound peace beneath that terrifying +gaze. + +The gleam of the moon rendered confusedly visible the crucifix over the +chimney-piece, which seemed to be extending its arms to both of them, +with a benediction for one and pardon for the other. + +Suddenly Jean Valjean replaced his cap on his brow; then stepped +rapidly past the bed, without glancing at the Bishop, straight to the +cupboard, which he saw near the head; he raised his iron candlestick as +though to force the lock; the key was there; he opened it; the first +thing which presented itself to him was the basket of silverware; he +seized it, traversed the chamber with long strides, without taking any +precautions and without troubling himself about the noise, gained the +door, re-entered the oratory, opened the window, seized his cudgel, +bestrode the window-sill of the ground floor, put the silver into his +knapsack, threw away the basket, crossed the garden, leaped over the +wall like a tiger, and fled. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE BISHOP WORKS + + +The next morning at sunrise Monseigneur Bienvenu was strolling in his +garden. Madame Magloire ran up to him in utter consternation. + +“Monseigneur, Monseigneur!” she exclaimed, “does your Grace know where +the basket of silver is?” + + +“Yes,” replied the Bishop. + +“Jesus the Lord be blessed!” she resumed; “I did not know what had +become of it.” + + +The Bishop had just picked up the basket in a flower-bed. He presented +it to Madame Magloire. + +“Here it is.” + + +“Well!” said she. “Nothing in it! And the silver?” + + +“Ah,” returned the Bishop, “so it is the silver which troubles you? I +don’t know where it is.” + + +“Great, good God! It is stolen! That man who was here last night has +stolen it.” + + +In a twinkling, with all the vivacity of an alert old woman, Madame +Magloire had rushed to the oratory, entered the alcove, and returned to +the Bishop. The Bishop had just bent down, and was sighing as he +examined a plant of cochlearia des Guillons, which the basket had +broken as it fell across the bed. He rose up at Madame Magloire’s cry. + +“Monseigneur, the man is gone! The silver has been stolen!” + + +As she uttered this exclamation, her eyes fell upon a corner of the +garden, where traces of the wall having been scaled were visible. The +coping of the wall had been torn away. + +“Stay! yonder is the way he went. He jumped over into Cochefilet Lane. +Ah, the abomination! He has stolen our silver!” + + +The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he raised his grave eyes, +and said gently to Madame Magloire:— + +“And, in the first place, was that silver ours?” + + +Madame Magloire was speechless. Another silence ensued; then the Bishop +went on:— + +“Madame Magloire, I have for a long time detained that silver +wrongfully. It belonged to the poor. Who was that man? A poor man, +evidently.” + + +“Alas! Jesus!” returned Madame Magloire. “It is not for my sake, nor +for Mademoiselle’s. It makes no difference to us. But it is for the +sake of Monseigneur. What is Monseigneur to eat with now?” + + +The Bishop gazed at her with an air of amazement. + +“Ah, come! Are there no such things as pewter forks and spoons?” + + +Madame Magloire shrugged her shoulders. + +“Pewter has an odor.” + + +“Iron forks and spoons, then.” + + +Madame Magloire made an expressive grimace. + +“Iron has a taste.” + + +“Very well,” said the Bishop; “wooden ones then.” + + +A few moments later he was breakfasting at the very table at which Jean +Valjean had sat on the previous evening. As he ate his breakfast, +Monseigneur Welcome remarked gayly to his sister, who said nothing, and +to Madame Magloire, who was grumbling under her breath, that one really +does not need either fork or spoon, even of wood, in order to dip a bit +of bread in a cup of milk. + +“A pretty idea, truly,” said Madame Magloire to herself, as she went +and came, “to take in a man like that! and to lodge him close to one’s +self! And how fortunate that he did nothing but steal! Ah, mon Dieu! it +makes one shudder to think of it!” + + +As the brother and sister were about to rise from the table, there came +a knock at the door. + +“Come in,” said the Bishop. + +The door opened. A singular and violent group made its appearance on +the threshold. Three men were holding a fourth man by the collar. The +three men were gendarmes; the other was Jean Valjean. + +A brigadier of gendarmes, who seemed to be in command of the group, was +standing near the door. He entered and advanced to the Bishop, making a +military salute. + +“Monseigneur—” said he. + +At this word, Jean Valjean, who was dejected and seemed overwhelmed, +raised his head with an air of stupefaction. + +“Monseigneur!” he murmured. “So he is not the curĂ©?” + + +“Silence!” said the gendarme. “He is Monseigneur the Bishop.” + + +In the meantime, Monseigneur Bienvenu had advanced as quickly as his +great age permitted. + +“Ah! here you are!” he exclaimed, looking at Jean Valjean. “I am glad +to see you. Well, but how is this? I gave you the candlesticks too, +which are of silver like the rest, and for which you can certainly get +two hundred francs. Why did you not carry them away with your forks and +spoons?” + + +Jean Valjean opened his eyes wide, and stared at the venerable Bishop +with an expression which no human tongue can render any account of. + +“Monseigneur,” said the brigadier of gendarmes, “so what this man said +is true, then? We came across him. He was walking like a man who is +running away. We stopped him to look into the matter. He had this +silver—” + + +“And he told you,” interposed the Bishop with a smile, “that it had +been given to him by a kind old fellow of a priest with whom he had +passed the night? I see how the matter stands. And you have brought him +back here? It is a mistake.” + + +“In that case,” replied the brigadier, “we can let him go?” + + +“Certainly,” replied the Bishop. + +The gendarmes released Jean Valjean, who recoiled. + +“Is it true that I am to be released?” he said, in an almost +inarticulate voice, and as though he were talking in his sleep. + +“Yes, thou art released; dost thou not understand?” said one of the +gendarmes. + +“My friend,” resumed the Bishop, “before you go, here are your +candlesticks. Take them.” + + +He stepped to the chimney-piece, took the two silver candlesticks, and +brought them to Jean Valjean. The two women looked on without uttering +a word, without a gesture, without a look which could disconcert the +Bishop. + +Jean Valjean was trembling in every limb. He took the two candlesticks +mechanically, and with a bewildered air. + +“Now,” said the Bishop, “go in peace. By the way, when you return, my +friend, it is not necessary to pass through the garden. You can always +enter and depart through the street door. It is never fastened with +anything but a latch, either by day or by night.” + + +Then, turning to the gendarmes:— + +“You may retire, gentlemen.” + + +The gendarmes retired. + +Jean Valjean was like a man on the point of fainting. + +The Bishop drew near to him, and said in a low voice:— + +“Do not forget, never forget, that you have promised to use this money +in becoming an honest man.” + + +Jean Valjean, who had no recollection of ever having promised anything, +remained speechless. The Bishop had emphasized the words when he +uttered them. He resumed with solemnity:— + +“Jean Valjean, my brother, you no longer belong to evil, but to good. +It is your soul that I buy from you; I withdraw it from black thoughts +and the spirit of perdition, and I give it to God.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GERVAIS + + +Jean Valjean left the town as though he were fleeing from it. He set +out at a very hasty pace through the fields, taking whatever roads and +paths presented themselves to him, without perceiving that he was +incessantly retracing his steps. He wandered thus the whole morning, +without having eaten anything and without feeling hungry. He was the +prey of a throng of novel sensations. He was conscious of a sort of +rage; he did not know against whom it was directed. He could not have +told whether he was touched or humiliated. There came over him at +moments a strange emotion which he resisted and to which he opposed the +hardness acquired during the last twenty years of his life. This state +of mind fatigued him. He perceived with dismay that the sort of +frightful calm which the injustice of his misfortune had conferred upon +him was giving way within him. He asked himself what would replace +this. At times he would have actually preferred to be in prison with +the gendarmes, and that things should not have happened in this way; it +would have agitated him less. Although the season was tolerably far +advanced, there were still a few late flowers in the hedge-rows here +and there, whose odor as he passed through them in his march recalled +to him memories of his childhood. These memories were almost +intolerable to him, it was so long since they had recurred to him. + +Unutterable thoughts assembled within him in this manner all day long. + +As the sun declined to its setting, casting long shadows athwart the +soil from every pebble, Jean Valjean sat down behind a bush upon a +large ruddy plain, which was absolutely deserted. There was nothing on +the horizon except the Alps. Not even the spire of a distant village. +Jean Valjean might have been three leagues distant from D—— A path +which intersected the plain passed a few paces from the bush. + +In the middle of this meditation, which would have contributed not a +little to render his rags terrifying to any one who might have +encountered him, a joyous sound became audible. + +He turned his head and saw a little Savoyard, about ten years of age, +coming up the path and singing, his hurdy-gurdy on his hip, and his +marmot-box on his back. + +One of those gay and gentle children, who go from land to land +affording a view of their knees through the holes in their trousers. + +Without stopping his song, the lad halted in his march from time to +time, and played at knuckle-bones with some coins which he had in his +hand—his whole fortune, probably. + +Among this money there was one forty-sou piece. + +The child halted beside the bush, without perceiving Jean Valjean, and +tossed up his handful of sous, which, up to that time, he had caught +with a good deal of adroitness on the back of his hand. + +This time the forty-sou piece escaped him, and went rolling towards the +brushwood until it reached Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean set his foot upon it. + +In the meantime, the child had looked after his coin and had caught +sight of him. + +He showed no astonishment, but walked straight up to the man. + +The spot was absolutely solitary. As far as the eye could see there was +not a person on the plain or on the path. The only sound was the tiny, +feeble cries of a flock of birds of passage, which was traversing the +heavens at an immense height. The child was standing with his back to +the sun, which cast threads of gold in his hair and empurpled with its +blood-red gleam the savage face of Jean Valjean. + +“Sir,” said the little Savoyard, with that childish confidence which is +composed of ignorance and innocence, “my money.” + + +“What is your name?” said Jean Valjean. + +“Little Gervais, sir.” + + +“Go away,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Sir,” resumed the child, “give me back my money.” + + +Jean Valjean dropped his head, and made no reply. + +The child began again, “My money, sir.” + + +Jean Valjean’s eyes remained fixed on the earth. + +“My piece of money!” cried the child, “my white piece! my silver!” + + +It seemed as though Jean Valjean did not hear him. The child grasped +him by the collar of his blouse and shook him. At the same time he made +an effort to displace the big iron-shod shoe which rested on his +treasure. + +“I want my piece of money! my piece of forty sous!” + + +The child wept. Jean Valjean raised his head. He still remained seated. +His eyes were troubled. He gazed at the child, in a sort of amazement, +then he stretched out his hand towards his cudgel and cried in a +terrible voice, “Who’s there?” + + +“I, sir,” replied the child. “Little Gervais! I! Give me back my forty +sous, if you please! Take your foot away, sir, if you please!” + + +Then irritated, though he was so small, and becoming almost menacing:— + +“Come now, will you take your foot away? Take your foot away, or we’ll +see!” + + +“Ah! It’s still you!” said Jean Valjean, and rising abruptly to his +feet, his foot still resting on the silver piece, he added:— + +“Will you take yourself off!” + + +The frightened child looked at him, then began to tremble from head to +foot, and after a few moments of stupor he set out, running at the top +of his speed, without daring to turn his neck or to utter a cry. + +Nevertheless, lack of breath forced him to halt after a certain +distance, and Jean Valjean heard him sobbing, in the midst of his own +reverie. + +At the end of a few moments the child had disappeared. + +The sun had set. + +The shadows were descending around Jean Valjean. He had eaten nothing +all day; it is probable that he was feverish. + +He had remained standing and had not changed his attitude after the +child’s flight. The breath heaved his chest at long and irregular +intervals. His gaze, fixed ten or twelve paces in front of him, seemed +to be scrutinizing with profound attention the shape of an ancient +fragment of blue earthenware which had fallen in the grass. All at once +he shivered; he had just begun to feel the chill of evening. + +He settled his cap more firmly on his brow, sought mechanically to +cross and button his blouse, advanced a step and stopped to pick up his +cudgel. + +At that moment he caught sight of the forty-sou piece, which his foot +had half ground into the earth, and which was shining among the +pebbles. It was as though he had received a galvanic shock. “What is +this?” he muttered between his teeth. He recoiled three paces, then +halted, without being able to detach his gaze from the spot which his +foot had trodden but an instant before, as though the thing which lay +glittering there in the gloom had been an open eye riveted upon him. + +At the expiration of a few moments he darted convulsively towards the +silver coin, seized it, and straightened himself up again and began to +gaze afar off over the plain, at the same time casting his eyes towards +all points of the horizon, as he stood there erect and shivering, like +a terrified wild animal which is seeking refuge. + +He saw nothing. Night was falling, the plain was cold and vague, great +banks of violet haze were rising in the gleam of the twilight. + +He said, “Ah!” and set out rapidly in the direction in which the child +had disappeared. After about thirty paces he paused, looked about him +and saw nothing. + +Then he shouted with all his might:— + +“Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” + + +He paused and waited. + +There was no reply. + +The landscape was gloomy and deserted. He was encompassed by space. +There was nothing around him but an obscurity in which his gaze was +lost, and a silence which engulfed his voice. + +An icy north wind was blowing, and imparted to things around him a sort +of lugubrious life. The bushes shook their thin little arms with +incredible fury. One would have said that they were threatening and +pursuing some one. + +He set out on his march again, then he began to run; and from time to +time he halted and shouted into that solitude, with a voice which was +the most formidable and the most disconsolate that it was possible to +hear, “Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” + + +Assuredly, if the child had heard him, he would have been alarmed and +would have taken good care not to show himself. But the child was no +doubt already far away. + +He encountered a priest on horseback. He stepped up to him and said:— + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©, have you seen a child pass?” + + +“No,” said the priest. + +“One named Little Gervais?” + + +“I have seen no one.” + + +He drew two five-franc pieces from his money-bag and handed them to the +priest. + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©, this is for your poor people. Monsieur le CurĂ©, he +was a little lad, about ten years old, with a marmot, I think, and a +hurdy-gurdy. One of those Savoyards, you know?” + + +“I have not seen him.” + + +“Little Gervais? There are no villages here? Can you tell me?” + + +“If he is like what you say, my friend, he is a little stranger. Such +persons pass through these parts. We know nothing of them.” + + +Jean Valjean seized two more coins of five francs each with violence, +and gave them to the priest. + +“For your poor,” he said. + +Then he added, wildly:— + +“Monsieur l’AbbĂ©, have me arrested. I am a thief.” + + +The priest put spurs to his horse and fled in haste, much alarmed. + +Jean Valjean set out on a run, in the direction which he had first +taken. + +In this way he traversed a tolerably long distance, gazing, calling, +shouting, but he met no one. Two or three times he ran across the plain +towards something which conveyed to him the effect of a human being +reclining or crouching down; it turned out to be nothing but brushwood +or rocks nearly on a level with the earth. At length, at a spot where +three paths intersected each other, he stopped. The moon had risen. He +sent his gaze into the distance and shouted for the last time, “Little +Gervais! Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” His shout died away in the +mist, without even awakening an echo. He murmured yet once more, +“Little Gervais!” but in a feeble and almost inarticulate voice. It was +his last effort; his legs gave way abruptly under him, as though an +invisible power had suddenly overwhelmed him with the weight of his +evil conscience; he fell exhausted, on a large stone, his fists +clenched in his hair and his face on his knees, and he cried, “I am a +wretch!” + + +Then his heart burst, and he began to cry. It was the first time that +he had wept in nineteen years. + +When Jean Valjean left the Bishop’s house, he was, as we have seen, +quite thrown out of everything that had been his thought hitherto. He +could not yield to the evidence of what was going on within him. He +hardened himself against the angelic action and the gentle words of the +old man. “You have promised me to become an honest man. I buy your +soul. I take it away from the spirit of perversity; I give it to the +good God.” + + +This recurred to his mind unceasingly. To this celestial kindness he +opposed pride, which is the fortress of evil within us. He was +indistinctly conscious that the pardon of this priest was the greatest +assault and the most formidable attack which had moved him yet; that +his obduracy was finally settled if he resisted this clemency; that if +he yielded, he should be obliged to renounce that hatred with which the +actions of other men had filled his soul through so many years, and +which pleased him; that this time it was necessary to conquer or to be +conquered; and that a struggle, a colossal and final struggle, had been +begun between his viciousness and the goodness of that man. + +In the presence of these lights, he proceeded like a man who is +intoxicated. As he walked thus with haggard eyes, did he have a +distinct perception of what might result to him from his adventure at +D——? Did he understand all those mysterious murmurs which warn or +importune the spirit at certain moments of life? Did a voice whisper in +his ear that he had just passed the solemn hour of his destiny; that +there no longer remained a middle course for him; that if he were not +henceforth the best of men, he would be the worst; that it behooved him +now, so to speak, to mount higher than the Bishop, or fall lower than +the convict; that if he wished to become good he must become an angel; +that if he wished to remain evil, he must become a monster? + +Here, again, some questions must be put, which we have already put to +ourselves elsewhere: did he catch some shadow of all this in his +thought, in a confused way? Misfortune certainly, as we have said, does +form the education of the intelligence; nevertheless, it is doubtful +whether Jean Valjean was in a condition to disentangle all that we have +here indicated. If these ideas occurred to him, he but caught glimpses +of, rather than saw them, and they only succeeded in throwing him into +an unutterable and almost painful state of emotion. On emerging from +that black and deformed thing which is called the galleys, the Bishop +had hurt his soul, as too vivid a light would have hurt his eyes on +emerging from the dark. The future life, the possible life which +offered itself to him henceforth, all pure and radiant, filled him with +tremors and anxiety. He no longer knew where he really was. Like an +owl, who should suddenly see the sun rise, the convict had been dazzled +and blinded, as it were, by virtue. + +That which was certain, that which he did not doubt, was that he was no +longer the same man, that everything about him was changed, that it was +no longer in his power to make it as though the Bishop had not spoken +to him and had not touched him. + +In this state of mind he had encountered little Gervais, and had robbed +him of his forty sous. Why? He certainly could not have explained it; +was this the last effect and the supreme effort, as it were, of the +evil thoughts which he had brought away from the galleys,—a remnant of +impulse, a result of what is called in statics, _acquired force?_ It +was that, and it was also, perhaps, even less than that. Let us say it +simply, it was not he who stole; it was not the man; it was the beast, +who, by habit and instinct, had simply placed his foot upon that money, +while the intelligence was struggling amid so many novel and hitherto +unheard-of thoughts besetting it. + +When intelligence reawakened and beheld that action of the brute, Jean +Valjean recoiled with anguish and uttered a cry of terror. + +[Illustration: Awakened] + +It was because,—strange phenomenon, and one which was possible only in +the situation in which he found himself,—in stealing the money from +that child, he had done a thing of which he was no longer capable. + +However that may be, this last evil action had a decisive effect on +him; it abruptly traversed that chaos which he bore in his mind, and +dispersed it, placed on one side the thick obscurity, and on the other +the light, and acted on his soul, in the state in which it then was, as +certain chemical reagents act upon a troubled mixture by precipitating +one element and clarifying the other. + +First of all, even before examining himself and reflecting, all +bewildered, like one who seeks to save himself, he tried to find the +child in order to return his money to him; then, when he recognized the +fact that this was impossible, he halted in despair. At the moment when +he exclaimed “I am a wretch!” he had just perceived what he was, and he +was already separated from himself to such a degree, that he seemed to +himself to be no longer anything more than a phantom, and as if he had, +there before him, in flesh and blood, the hideous galley-convict, Jean +Valjean, cudgel in hand, his blouse on his hips, his knapsack filled +with stolen objects on his back, with his resolute and gloomy visage, +with his thoughts filled with abominable projects. + +Excess of unhappiness had, as we have remarked, made him in some sort a +visionary. This, then, was in the nature of a vision. He actually saw +that Jean Valjean, that sinister face, before him. He had almost +reached the point of asking himself who that man was, and he was +horrified by him. + +His brain was going through one of those violent and yet perfectly calm +moments in which reverie is so profound that it absorbs reality. One no +longer beholds the object which one has before one, and one sees, as +though apart from one’s self, the figures which one has in one’s own +mind. + +Thus he contemplated himself, so to speak, face to face, and at the +same time, athwart this hallucination, he perceived in a mysterious +depth a sort of light which he at first took for a torch. On +scrutinizing this light which appeared to his conscience with more +attention, he recognized the fact that it possessed a human form and +that this torch was the Bishop. + +His conscience weighed in turn these two men thus placed before it,—the +Bishop and Jean Valjean. Nothing less than the first was required to +soften the second. By one of those singular effects, which are peculiar +to this sort of ecstasies, in proportion as his reverie continued, as +the Bishop grew great and resplendent in his eyes, so did Jean Valjean +grow less and vanish. After a certain time he was no longer anything +more than a shade. All at once he disappeared. The Bishop alone +remained; he filled the whole soul of this wretched man with a +magnificent radiance. + +Jean Valjean wept for a long time. He wept burning tears, he sobbed +with more weakness than a woman, with more fright than a child. + +As he wept, daylight penetrated more and more clearly into his soul; an +extraordinary light; a light at once ravishing and terrible. His past +life, his first fault, his long expiation, his external brutishness, +his internal hardness, his dismissal to liberty, rejoicing in manifold +plans of vengeance, what had happened to him at the Bishop’s, the last +thing that he had done, that theft of forty sous from a child, a crime +all the more cowardly, and all the more monstrous since it had come +after the Bishop’s pardon,—all this recurred to his mind and appeared +clearly to him, but with a clearness which he had never hitherto +witnessed. He examined his life, and it seemed horrible to him; his +soul, and it seemed frightful to him. In the meantime a gentle light +rested over this life and this soul. It seemed to him that he beheld +Satan by the light of Paradise. + +How many hours did he weep thus? What did he do after he had wept? +Whither did he go! No one ever knew. The only thing which seems to be +authenticated is that that same night the carrier who served Grenoble +at that epoch, and who arrived at D—— about three o’clock in the +morning, saw, as he traversed the street in which the Bishop’s +residence was situated, a man in the attitude of prayer, kneeling on +the pavement in the shadow, in front of the door of Monseigneur +Welcome. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—IN THE YEAR 1817 + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE YEAR 1817 + + +1817 is the year which Louis XVIII., with a certain royal assurance +which was not wanting in pride, entitled the twenty-second of his +reign. It is the year in which M. BruguiĂšre de Sorsum was celebrated. +All the hairdressers’ shops, hoping for powder and the return of the +royal bird, were besmeared with azure and decked with fleurs-de-lys. It +was the candid time at which Count Lynch sat every Sunday as +church-warden in the church-warden’s pew of Saint-Germain-des-PrĂ©s, in +his costume of a peer of France, with his red ribbon and his long nose +and the majesty of profile peculiar to a man who has performed a +brilliant action. The brilliant action performed by M. Lynch was this: +being mayor of Bordeaux, on the 12th of March, 1814, he had surrendered +the city a little too promptly to M. the Duke d’AngoulĂȘme. Hence his +peerage. In 1817 fashion swallowed up little boys of from four to six +years of age in vast caps of morocco leather with ear-tabs resembling +Esquimaux mitres. The French army was dressed in white, after the mode +of the Austrian; the regiments were called legions; instead of numbers +they bore the names of departments; Napoleon was at St. Helena; and +since England refused him green cloth, he was having his old coats +turned. In 1817 Pelligrini sang; Mademoiselle Bigottini danced; Potier +reigned; Odry did not yet exist. Madame Saqui had succeeded to Forioso. +There were still Prussians in France. M. Delalot was a personage. +Legitimacy had just asserted itself by cutting off the hand, then the +head, of Pleignier, of Carbonneau, and of Tolleron. The Prince de +Talleyrand, grand chamberlain, and the AbbĂ© Louis, appointed minister +of finance, laughed as they looked at each other, with the laugh of the +two augurs; both of them had celebrated, on the 14th of July, 1790, the +mass of federation in the Champ de Mars; Talleyrand had said it as +bishop, Louis had served it in the capacity of deacon. In 1817, in the +side-alleys of this same Champ de Mars, two great cylinders of wood +might have been seen lying in the rain, rotting amid the grass, painted +blue, with traces of eagles and bees, from which the gilding was +falling. These were the columns which two years before had upheld the +Emperor’s platform in the Champ de Mai. They were blackened here and +there with the scorches of the bivouac of Austrians encamped near +Gros-Caillou. Two or three of these columns had disappeared in these +bivouac fires, and had warmed the large hands of the Imperial troops. +The Field of May had this remarkable point: that it had been held in +the month of June and in the Field of March (Mars). In this year, 1817, +two things were popular: the Voltaire-Touquet and the snuff-box _Ă  la +Charter_. The most recent Parisian sensation was the crime of Dautun, +who had thrown his brother’s head into the fountain of the +Flower-Market. + +They had begun to feel anxious at the Naval Department, on account of +the lack of news from that fatal frigate, _The Medusa_, which was +destined to cover Chaumareix with infamy and GĂ©ricault with glory. +Colonel Selves was going to Egypt to become Soliman-Pasha. The palace +of Thermes, in the Rue de La Harpe, served as a shop for a cooper. On +the platform of the octagonal tower of the Hotel de Cluny, the little +shed of boards, which had served as an observatory to Messier, the +naval astronomer under Louis XVI., was still to be seen. The Duchesse +de Duras read to three or four friends her unpublished _Ourika_, in her +boudoir furnished by X. in sky-blue satin. The N’s were scratched off +the Louvre. The bridge of Austerlitz had abdicated, and was entitled +the bridge of the King’s Garden [du Jardin du Roi], a double enigma, +which disguised the bridge of Austerlitz and the Jardin des Plantes at +one stroke. Louis XVIII., much preoccupied while annotating Horace with +the corner of his finger-nail, heroes who have become emperors, and +makers of wooden shoes who have become dauphins, had two +anxieties,—Napoleon and Mathurin Bruneau. The French Academy had given +for its prize subject, _The Happiness procured through Study_. M. +Bellart was officially eloquent. In his shadow could be seen +germinating that future advocate-general of BroĂ«, dedicated to the +sarcasms of Paul-Louis Courier. There was a false Chateaubriand, named +Marchangy, in the interim, until there should be a false Marchangy, +named d’Arlincourt. _Claire d’Albe_ and _Malek-Adel_ were masterpieces; +Madame Cottin was proclaimed the chief writer of the epoch. The +Institute had the academician, Napoleon Bonaparte, stricken from its +list of members. A royal ordinance erected AngoulĂȘme into a naval +school; for the Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, being lord high admiral, it was +evident that the city of AngoulĂȘme had all the qualities of a seaport; +otherwise the monarchical principle would have received a wound. In the +Council of Ministers the question was agitated whether vignettes +representing slack-rope performances, which adorned Franconi’s +advertising posters, and which attracted throngs of street urchins, +should be tolerated. M. PaĂ«r, the author of _Agnese_, a good sort of +fellow, with a square face and a wart on his cheek, directed the little +private concerts of the Marquise de Sasenaye in the Rue Ville l’ÉvĂȘque. +All the young girls were singing the _Hermit of Saint-Avelle_, with +words by Edmond GĂ©raud. _The Yellow Dwarf_ was transferred into +_Mirror_. The CafĂ© Lemblin stood up for the Emperor, against the CafĂ© +Valois, which upheld the Bourbons. The Duc de Berri, already surveyed +from the shadow by Louvel, had just been married to a princess of +Sicily. Madame de StaĂ«l had died a year previously. The body-guard +hissed Mademoiselle Mars. The grand newspapers were all very small. +Their form was restricted, but their liberty was great. The +_Constitutionnel_ was constitutional. _La Minerve_ called Chateaubriand +_Chateaubriant_. That _t_ made the good middle-class people laugh +heartily at the expense of the great writer. In journals which sold +themselves, prostituted journalists, insulted the exiles of 1815. David +had no longer any talent, Arnault had no longer any wit, Carnot was no +longer honest, Soult had won no battles; it is true that Napoleon had +no longer any genius. No one is ignorant of the fact that letters sent +to an exile by post very rarely reached him, as the police made it +their religious duty to intercept them. This is no new fact; Descartes +complained of it in his exile. Now David, having, in a Belgian +publication, shown some displeasure at not receiving letters which had +been written to him, it struck the royalist journals as amusing; and +they derided the prescribed man well on this occasion. What separated +two men more than an abyss was to say, the _regicides_, or to say the +_voters_; to say the _enemies_, or to say the _allies_; to say +_Napoleon_, or to say _Buonaparte_. All sensible people were agreed +that the era of revolution had been closed forever by King Louis +XVIII., surnamed “The Immortal Author of the Charter.” On the platform +of the Pont-Neuf, the word _Redivivus_ was carved on the pedestal that +awaited the statue of Henry IV. M. Piet, in the Rue ThĂ©rĂšse, No. 4, was +making the rough draft of his privy assembly to consolidate the +monarchy. The leaders of the Right said at grave conjunctures, “We must +write to Bacot.” MM. Canuel, O’Mahoney, and De Chappedelaine were +preparing the sketch, to some extent with Monsieur’s approval, of what +was to become later on “The Conspiracy of the Bord de l’Eau”—of the +waterside. L’Épingle Noire was already plotting in his own quarter. +Delaverderie was conferring with Trogoff. M. Decazes, who was liberal +to a degree, reigned. Chateaubriand stood every morning at his window +at No. 27 Rue Saint-Dominique, clad in footed trousers, and slippers, +with a madras kerchief knotted over his gray hair, with his eyes fixed +on a mirror, a complete set of dentist’s instruments spread out before +him, cleaning his teeth, which were charming, while he dictated _The +Monarchy according to the Charter_ to M. Pilorge, his secretary. +Criticism, assuming an authoritative tone, preferred Lafon to Talma. M. +de FĂ©letez signed himself A.; M. Hoffmann signed himself Z. Charles +Nodier wrote _ThĂ©rĂšse Aubert_. Divorce was abolished. Lyceums called +themselves colleges. The collegians, decorated on the collar with a +golden fleur-de-lys, fought each other _apropos_ of the King of Rome. +The counter-police of the chĂąteau had denounced to her Royal Highness +Madame, the portrait, everywhere exhibited, of M. the Duc d’OrlĂ©ans, +who made a better appearance in his uniform of a colonel-general of +hussars than M. the Duc de Berri, in his uniform of colonel-general of +dragoons—a serious inconvenience. The city of Paris was having the dome +of the Invalides regilded at its own expense. Serious men asked +themselves what M. de Trinquelague would do on such or such an +occasion; M. Clausel de Montals differed on divers points from M. +Clausel de Coussergues; M. de Salaberry was not satisfied. The comedian +Picard, who belonged to the Academy, which the comedian MoliĂšre had not +been able to do, had _The Two Philiberts_ played at the OdĂ©on, upon +whose pediment the removal of the letters still allowed THEATRE OF THE +EMPRESS to be plainly read. People took part for or against Cugnet de +Montarlot. Fabvier was factious; Bavoux was revolutionary. The Liberal, +PĂ©licier, published an edition of Voltaire, with the following title: +_Works of Voltaire_, of the French Academy. “That will attract +purchasers,” said the ingenious editor. The general opinion was that M. +Charles Loyson would be the genius of the century; envy was beginning +to gnaw at him—a sign of glory; and this verse was composed on him:— + +“Even when Loyson steals, one feels that he has paws.” + + +As Cardinal Fesch refused to resign, M. de Pins, Archbishop of Amasie, +administered the diocese of Lyons. The quarrel over the valley of +Dappes was begun between Switzerland and France by a memoir from +Captain, afterwards General Dufour. Saint-Simon, ignored, was erecting +his sublime dream. There was a celebrated Fourier at the Academy of +Science, whom posterity has forgotten; and in some garret an obscure +Fourier, whom the future will recall. Lord Byron was beginning to make +his mark; a note to a poem by Millevoye introduced him to France in +these terms: _a certain Lord Baron_. David d’Angers was trying to work +in marble. The AbbĂ© Caron was speaking, in terms of praise, to a +private gathering of seminarists in the blind alley of Feuillantines, +of an unknown priest, named FĂ©licitĂ©-Robert, who, at a latter date, +became Lamennais. A thing which smoked and clattered on the Seine with +the noise of a swimming dog went and came beneath the windows of the +Tuileries, from the Pont Royal to the Pont Louis XV.; it was a piece of +mechanism which was not good for much; a sort of plaything, the idle +dream of a dream-ridden inventor; an utopia—a steamboat. The Parisians +stared indifferently at this useless thing. M. de Vaublanc, the +reformer of the Institute by a coup d’état, the distinguished author of +numerous academicians, ordinances, and batches of members, after having +created them, could not succeed in becoming one himself. The Faubourg +Saint-Germain and the pavilion de Marsan wished to have M. Delaveau for +prefect of police, on account of his piety. Dupuytren and RĂ©camier +entered into a quarrel in the amphitheatre of the School of Medicine, +and threatened each other with their fists on the subject of the +divinity of Jesus Christ. Cuvier, with one eye on Genesis and the other +on nature, tried to please bigoted reaction by reconciling fossils with +texts and by making mastodons flatter Moses. + +M. François de NeufchĂąteau, the praiseworthy cultivator of the memory +of Parmentier, made a thousand efforts to have _pomme de terre_ +[potato] pronounced _parmentiĂšre_, and succeeded therein not at all. +The AbbĂ© GrĂ©goire, ex-bishop, ex-conventionary, ex-senator, had passed, +in the royalist polemics, to the state of “Infamous GrĂ©goire.” The +locution of which we have made use—_passed to the state of_—has been +condemned as a neologism by M. Royer Collard. Under the third arch of +the Pont de JĂ©na, the new stone with which, the two years previously, +the mining aperture made by BlĂŒcher to blow up the bridge had been +stopped up, was still recognizable on account of its whiteness. Justice +summoned to its bar a man who, on seeing the Comte d’Artois enter Notre +Dame, had said aloud: _“Sapristi! I regret the time when I saw +Bonaparte and Talma enter the Bel Sauvage, arm in arm.”_ A seditious +utterance. Six months in prison. Traitors showed themselves unbuttoned; +men who had gone over to the enemy on the eve of battle made no secret +of their recompense, and strutted immodestly in the light of day, in +the cynicism of riches and dignities; deserters from Ligny and +Quatre-Bras, in the brazenness of their well-paid turpitude, exhibited +their devotion to the monarchy in the most barefaced manner. + +This is what floats up confusedly, pell-mell, for the year 1817, and is +now forgotten. History neglects nearly all these particulars, and +cannot do otherwise; the infinity would overwhelm it. Nevertheless, +these details, which are wrongly called trivial,—there are no trivial +facts in humanity, nor little leaves in vegetation,—are useful. It is +of the physiognomy of the years that the physiognomy of the centuries +is composed. In this year of 1817 four young Parisians arranged “a fine +farce.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—A DOUBLE QUARTETTE + + +These Parisians came, one from Toulouse, another from Limoges, the +third from Cahors, and the fourth from Montauban; but they were +students; and when one says student, one says Parisian: to study in +Paris is to be born in Paris. + +These young men were insignificant; every one has seen such faces; four +specimens of humanity taken at random; neither good nor bad, neither +wise nor ignorant, neither geniuses nor fools; handsome, with that +charming April which is called twenty years. They were four Oscars; +for, at that epoch, Arthurs did not yet exist. _Burn for him the +perfumes of Araby!_ exclaimed romance. _Oscar advances. Oscar, I shall +behold him!_ People had just emerged from Ossian; elegance was +Scandinavian and Caledonian; the pure English style was only to prevail +later, and the first of the Arthurs, Wellington, had but just won the +battle of Waterloo. + +These Oscars bore the names, one of FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs, of Toulouse; the +second, Listolier, of Cahors; the next, Fameuil, of Limoges; the last, +Blachevelle, of Montauban. Naturally, each of them had his mistress. +Blachevelle loved Favourite, so named because she had been in England; +Listolier adored Dahlia, who had taken for her nickname the name of a +flower; Fameuil idolized ZĂ©phine, an abridgment of JosĂ©phine; TholomyĂšs +had Fantine, called the Blonde, because of her beautiful, sunny hair. + +Favourite, Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and Fantine were four ravishing young +women, perfumed and radiant, still a little like working-women, and not +yet entirely divorced from their needles; somewhat disturbed by +intrigues, but still retaining on their faces something of the serenity +of toil, and in their souls that flower of honesty which survives the +first fall in woman. One of the four was called the young, because she +was the youngest of them, and one was called the old; the old one was +twenty-three. Not to conceal anything, the three first were more +experienced, more heedless, and more emancipated into the tumult of +life than Fantine the Blonde, who was still in her first illusions. + +Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and especially Favourite, could not have said as much. +There had already been more than one episode in their romance, though +hardly begun; and the lover who had borne the name of Adolph in the +first chapter had turned out to be Alphonse in the second, and Gustave +in the third. Poverty and coquetry are two fatal counsellors; one +scolds and the other flatters, and the beautiful daughters of the +people have both of them whispering in their ear, each on its own side. +These badly guarded souls listen. Hence the falls which they +accomplish, and the stones which are thrown at them. They are +overwhelmed with splendor of all that is immaculate and inaccessible. +Alas! what if the Jungfrau were hungry? + +Favourite having been in England, was admired by Dahlia and ZĂ©phine. +She had had an establishment of her own very early in life. Her father +was an old unmarried professor of mathematics, a brutal man and a +braggart, who went out to give lessons in spite of his age. This +professor, when he was a young man, had one day seen a chambermaid’s +gown catch on a fender; he had fallen in love in consequence of this +accident. The result had been Favourite. She met her father from time +to time, and he bowed to her. One morning an old woman with the air of +a devotee, had entered her apartments, and had said to her, “You do not +know me, Mamemoiselle?” “No.” “I am your mother.” Then the old woman +opened the sideboard, and ate and drank, had a mattress which she owned +brought in, and installed herself. This cross and pious old mother +never spoke to Favourite, remained hours without uttering a word, +breakfasted, dined, and supped for four, and went down to the porter’s +quarters for company, where she spoke ill of her daughter. + +It was having rosy nails that were too pretty which had drawn Dahlia to +Listolier, to others perhaps, to idleness. How could she make such +nails work? She who wishes to remain virtuous must not have pity on her +hands. As for ZĂ©phine, she had conquered Fameuil by her roguish and +caressing little way of saying “Yes, sir.” + + +The young men were comrades; the young girls were friends. Such loves +are always accompanied by such friendships. + +Goodness and philosophy are two distinct things; the proof of this is +that, after making all due allowances for these little irregular +households, Favourite, ZĂ©phine, and Dahlia were philosophical young +women, while Fantine was a good girl. + +Good! some one will exclaim; and TholomyĂšs? Solomon would reply that +love forms a part of wisdom. We will confine ourselves to saying that +the love of Fantine was a first love, a sole love, a faithful love. + +She alone, of all the four, was not called “thou” by a single one of +them. + +Fantine was one of those beings who blossom, so to speak, from the +dregs of the people. Though she had emerged from the most unfathomable +depths of social shadow, she bore on her brow the sign of the anonymous +and the unknown. She was born at M. sur M. Of what parents? Who can +say? She had never known father or mother. She was called Fantine. Why +Fantine? She had never borne any other name. At the epoch of her birth +the Directory still existed. She had no family name; she had no family; +no baptismal name; the Church no longer existed. She bore the name +which pleased the first random passer-by, who had encountered her, when +a very small child, running bare-legged in the street. She received the +name as she received the water from the clouds upon her brow when it +rained. She was called little Fantine. No one knew more than that. This +human creature had entered life in just this way. At the age of ten, +Fantine quitted the town and went to service with some farmers in the +neighborhood. At fifteen she came to Paris “to seek her fortune.” +Fantine was beautiful, and remained pure as long as she could. She was +a lovely blonde, with fine teeth. She had gold and pearls for her +dowry; but her gold was on her head, and her pearls were in her mouth. + +She worked for her living; then, still for the sake of her living,—for +the heart, also, has its hunger,—she loved. + +She loved TholomyĂšs. + +An amour for him; passion for her. The streets of the Latin quarter, +filled with throngs of students and grisettes, saw the beginning of +their dream. Fantine had long evaded TholomyĂšs in the mazes of the hill +of the Pantheon, where so many adventurers twine and untwine, but in +such a way as constantly to encounter him again. There is a way of +avoiding which resembles seeking. In short, the eclogue took place. + +Blachevelle, Listolier, and Fameuil formed a sort of group of which +TholomyĂšs was the head. It was he who possessed the wit. + +TholomyĂšs was the antique old student; he was rich; he had an income of +four thousand francs; four thousand francs! a splendid scandal on Mount +Sainte-GeneviĂšve. TholomyĂšs was a fast man of thirty, and badly +preserved. He was wrinkled and toothless, and he had the beginning of a +bald spot, of which he himself said with sadness, _the skull at thirty, +the knee at forty_. His digestion was mediocre, and he had been +attacked by a watering in one eye. But in proportion as his youth +disappeared, gayety was kindled; he replaced his teeth with +buffooneries, his hair with mirth, his health with irony, his weeping +eye laughed incessantly. He was dilapidated but still in flower. His +youth, which was packing up for departure long before its time, beat a +retreat in good order, bursting with laughter, and no one saw anything +but fire. He had had a piece rejected at the Vaudeville. He made a few +verses now and then. In addition to this he doubted everything to the +last degree, which is a vast force in the eyes of the weak. Being thus +ironical and bald, he was the leader. _Iron_ is an English word. Is it +possible that irony is derived from it? + +One day TholomyĂšs took the three others aside, with the gesture of an +oracle, and said to them:— + +“Fantine, Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and Favourite have been teasing us for +nearly a year to give them a surprise. We have promised them solemnly +that we would. They are forever talking about it to us, to me in +particular, just as the old women in Naples cry to Saint Januarius, +‘_Faccia gialluta, fa o miracolo_, Yellow face, perform thy miracle,’ +so our beauties say to me incessantly, ‘TholomyĂšs, when will you bring +forth your surprise?’ At the same time our parents keep writing to us. +Pressure on both sides. The moment has arrived, it seems to me; let us +discuss the question.” + + +Thereupon, TholomyĂšs lowered his voice and articulated something so +mirthful, that a vast and enthusiastic grin broke out upon the four +mouths simultaneously, and Blachevelle exclaimed, “That is an idea.” + + +A smoky tap-room presented itself; they entered, and the remainder of +their confidential colloquy was lost in shadow. + +The result of these shades was a dazzling pleasure party which took +place on the following Sunday, the four young men inviting the four +young girls. + + + + +CHAPTER III—FOUR AND FOUR + + +It is hard nowadays to picture to one’s self what a pleasure-trip of +students and grisettes to the country was like, forty-five years ago. +The suburbs of Paris are no longer the same; the physiognomy of what +may be called circumparisian life has changed completely in the last +half-century; where there was the cuckoo, there is the railway car; +where there was a tender-boat, there is now the steamboat; people speak +of FĂ©camp nowadays as they spoke of Saint-Cloud in those days. The +Paris of 1862 is a city which has France for its outskirts. + +The four couples conscientiously went through with all the country +follies possible at that time. The vacation was beginning, and it was a +warm, bright, summer day. On the preceding day, Favourite, the only one +who knew how to write, had written the following to TholomyĂšs in the +name of the four: “It is a good hour to emerge from happiness.” That is +why they rose at five o’clock in the morning. Then they went to +Saint-Cloud by the coach, looked at the dry cascade and exclaimed, +“This must be very beautiful when there is water!” They breakfasted at +the _TĂȘte-Noir_, where Castaing had not yet been; they treated +themselves to a game of ring-throwing under the quincunx of trees of +the grand fountain; they ascended Diogenes’ lantern, they gambled for +macaroons at the roulette establishment of the Pont de SĂšvres, picked +bouquets at Pateaux, bought reed-pipes at Neuilly, ate apple tarts +everywhere, and were perfectly happy. + +The young girls rustled and chatted like warblers escaped from their +cage. It was a perfect delirium. From time to time they bestowed little +taps on the young men. Matutinal intoxication of life! adorable years! +the wings of the dragonfly quiver. Oh, whoever you may be, do you not +remember? Have you rambled through the brushwood, holding aside the +branches, on account of the charming head which is coming on behind +you? Have you slid, laughing, down a slope all wet with rain, with a +beloved woman holding your hand, and crying, “Ah, my new boots! what a +state they are in!” + + +Let us say at once that that merry obstacle, a shower, was lacking in +the case of this good-humored party, although Favourite had said as +they set out, with a magisterial and maternal tone, _“The slugs are +crawling in the paths,—a sign of rain, children.”_ + +All four were madly pretty. A good old classic poet, then famous, a +good fellow who had an ÉlĂ©onore, M. le Chevalier de Labouisse, as he +strolled that day beneath the chestnut-trees of Saint-Cloud, saw them +pass about ten o’clock in the morning, and exclaimed, “There is one too +many of them,” as he thought of the Graces. Favourite, Blachevelle’s +friend, the one aged three and twenty, the old one, ran on in front +under the great green boughs, jumped the ditches, stalked distractedly +over bushes, and presided over this merry-making with the spirit of a +young female faun. ZĂ©phine and Dahlia, whom chance had made beautiful +in such a way that they set each off when they were together, and +completed each other, never left each other, more from an instinct of +coquetry than from friendship, and clinging to each other, they assumed +English poses; the first _keepsakes_ had just made their appearance, +melancholy was dawning for women, as later on, Byronism dawned for men; +and the hair of the tender sex began to droop dolefully. ZĂ©phine and +Dahlia had their hair dressed in rolls. Listolier and Fameuil, who were +engaged in discussing their professors, explained to Fantine the +difference that existed between M. Delvincourt and M. Blondeau. + +Blachevelle seemed to have been created expressly to carry Favourite’s +single-bordered, imitation India shawl of Ternaux’s manufacture, on his +arm on Sundays. + +TholomyĂšs followed, dominating the group. He was very gay, but one felt +the force of government in him; there was dictation in his joviality; +his principal ornament was a pair of trousers of elephant-leg pattern +of nankeen, with straps of braided copper wire; he carried a stout +rattan worth two hundred francs in his hand, and, as he treated himself +to everything, a strange thing called a cigar in his mouth. Nothing was +sacred to him; he smoked. + +“That TholomyĂšs is astounding!” said the others, with veneration. “What +trousers! What energy!” + + +As for Fantine, she was a joy to behold. Her splendid teeth had +evidently received an office from God,—laughter. She preferred to carry +her little hat of sewed straw, with its long white strings, in her hand +rather than on her head. Her thick blond hair, which was inclined to +wave, and which easily uncoiled, and which it was necessary to fasten +up incessantly, seemed made for the flight of Galatea under the +willows. Her rosy lips babbled enchantingly. The corners of her mouth +voluptuously turned up, as in the antique masks of Erigone, had an air +of encouraging the audacious; but her long, shadowy lashes drooped +discreetly over the jollity of the lower part of the face as though to +call a halt. There was something indescribably harmonious and striking +about her entire dress. She wore a gown of mauve barĂšge, little reddish +brown buskins, whose ribbons traced an X on her fine, white, +open-worked stockings, and that sort of muslin spencer, a Marseilles +invention, whose name, _canezou_, a corruption of the words _quinze +aoĂ»t_, pronounced after the fashion of the CanebiĂšre, signifies fine +weather, heat, and midday. The three others, less timid, as we have +already said, wore low-necked dresses without disguise, which in +summer, beneath flower-adorned hats, are very graceful and enticing; +but by the side of these audacious outfits, blond Fantine’s _canezou_, +with its transparencies, its indiscretion, and its reticence, +concealing and displaying at one and the same time, seemed an alluring +godsend of decency, and the famous Court of Love, presided over by the +Vicomtesse de Cette, with the sea-green eyes, would, perhaps, have +awarded the prize for coquetry to this _canezou_, in the contest for +the prize of modesty. The most ingenious is, at times, the wisest. This +does happen. + +Brilliant of face, delicate of profile, with eyes of a deep blue, heavy +lids, feet arched and small, wrists and ankles admirably formed, a +white skin which, here and there allowed the azure branching of the +veins to be seen, joy, a cheek that was young and fresh, the robust +throat of the Juno of Ægina, a strong and supple nape of the neck, +shoulders modelled as though by Coustou, with a voluptuous dimple in +the middle, visible through the muslin; a gayety cooled by dreaminess; +sculptural and exquisite—such was Fantine; and beneath these feminine +adornments and these ribbons one could divine a statue, and in that +statue a soul. + +Fantine was beautiful, without being too conscious of it. Those rare +dreamers, mysterious priests of the beautiful who silently confront +everything with perfection, would have caught a glimpse in this little +working-woman, through the transparency of her Parisian grace, of the +ancient sacred euphony. This daughter of the shadows was thoroughbred. +She was beautiful in the two ways—style and rhythm. Style is the form +of the ideal; rhythm is its movement. + +We have said that Fantine was joy; she was also modesty. + +To an observer who studied her attentively, that which breathed from +her athwart all the intoxication of her age, the season, and her love +affair, was an invincible expression of reserve and modesty. She +remained a little astonished. This chaste astonishment is the shade of +difference which separates Psyche from Venus. Fantine had the long, +white, fine fingers of the vestal virgin who stirs the ashes of the +sacred fire with a golden pin. Although she would have refused nothing +to TholomyĂšs, as we shall have more than ample opportunity to see, her +face in repose was supremely virginal; a sort of serious and almost +austere dignity suddenly overwhelmed her at certain times, and there +was nothing more singular and disturbing than to see gayety become so +suddenly extinct there, and meditation succeed to cheerfulness without +any transition state. This sudden and sometimes severely accentuated +gravity resembled the disdain of a goddess. Her brow, her nose, her +chin, presented that equilibrium of outline which is quite distinct +from equilibrium of proportion, and from which harmony of countenance +results; in the very characteristic interval which separates the base +of the nose from the upper lip, she had that imperceptible and charming +fold, a mysterious sign of chastity, which makes Barberousse fall in +love with a Diana found in the treasures of Iconia. + +Love is a fault; so be it. Fantine was innocence floating high over +fault. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THOLOMYÈS IS SO MERRY THAT HE SINGS A SPANISH DITTY + + +That day was composed of dawn, from one end to the other. All nature +seemed to be having a holiday, and to be laughing. The flower-beds of +Saint-Cloud perfumed the air; the breath of the Seine rustled the +leaves vaguely; the branches gesticulated in the wind, bees pillaged +the jasmines; a whole bohemia of butterflies swooped down upon the +yarrow, the clover, and the sterile oats; in the august park of the +King of France there was a pack of vagabonds, the birds. + +The four merry couples, mingled with the sun, the fields, the flowers, +the trees, were resplendent. + +And in this community of Paradise, talking, singing, running, dancing, +chasing butterflies, plucking convolvulus, wetting their pink, +open-work stockings in the tall grass, fresh, wild, without malice, all +received, to some extent, the kisses of all, with the exception of +Fantine, who was hedged about with that vague resistance of hers +composed of dreaminess and wildness, and who was in love. “You always +have a queer look about you,” said Favourite to her. + +Such things are joys. These passages of happy couples are a profound +appeal to life and nature, and make a caress and light spring forth +from everything. There was once a fairy who created the fields and +forests expressly for those in love,—in that eternal hedge-school of +lovers, which is forever beginning anew, and which will last as long as +there are hedges and scholars. Hence the popularity of spring among +thinkers. The patrician and the knife-grinder, the duke and the peer, +the limb of the law, the courtiers and townspeople, as they used to say +in olden times, all are subjects of this fairy. They laugh and hunt, +and there is in the air the brilliance of an apotheosis—what a +transfiguration effected by love! Notaries’ clerks are gods. And the +little cries, the pursuits through the grass, the waists embraced on +the fly, those jargons which are melodies, those adorations which burst +forth in the manner of pronouncing a syllable, those cherries torn from +one mouth by another,—all this blazes forth and takes its place among +the celestial glories. Beautiful women waste themselves sweetly. They +think that this will never come to an end. Philosophers, poets, +painters, observe these ecstasies and know not what to make of it, so +greatly are they dazzled by it. The departure for Cythera! exclaims +Watteau; Lancret, the painter of plebeians, contemplates his bourgeois, +who have flitted away into the azure sky; Diderot stretches out his +arms to all these love idyls, and d’UrfĂ© mingles druids with them. + +After breakfast the four couples went to what was then called the +King’s Square to see a newly arrived plant from India, whose name +escapes our memory at this moment, and which, at that epoch, was +attracting all Paris to Saint-Cloud. It was an odd and charming shrub +with a long stem, whose numerous branches, bristling and leafless and +as fine as threads, were covered with a million tiny white rosettes; +this gave the shrub the air of a head of hair studded with flowers. +There was always an admiring crowd about it. + +After viewing the shrub, TholomyĂšs exclaimed, “I offer you asses!” and +having agreed upon a price with the owner of the asses, they returned +by way of Vanvres and Issy. At Issy an incident occurred. The truly +national park, at that time owned by Bourguin the contractor, happened +to be wide open. They passed the gates, visited the manikin anchorite +in his grotto, tried the mysterious little effects of the famous +cabinet of mirrors, the wanton trap worthy of a satyr become a +millionaire or of Turcaret metamorphosed into a Priapus. They had +stoutly shaken the swing attached to the two chestnut-trees celebrated +by the AbbĂ© de Bernis. As he swung these beauties, one after the other, +producing folds in the fluttering skirts which Greuze would have found +to his taste, amid peals of laughter, the Toulousan TholomyĂšs, who was +somewhat of a Spaniard, Toulouse being the cousin of Tolosa, sang, to a +melancholy chant, the old ballad _gallega_, probably inspired by some +lovely maid dashing in full flight upon a rope between two trees:— + +“Soy de Badajoz, +Amor me llama, +Toda mi alma, +Es en mi ojos, +Porque enseñas, +A tuas piernas. + +“Badajoz is my home, +And Love is my name; +To my eyes in flame, +All my soul doth come; +For instruction meet +I receive at thy feet” + + +Fantine alone refused to swing. + +“I don’t like to have people put on airs like that,” muttered +Favourite, with a good deal of acrimony. + +After leaving the asses there was a fresh delight; they crossed the +Seine in a boat, and proceeding from Passy on foot they reached the +barrier of l’Étoile. They had been up since five o’clock that morning, +as the reader will remember; but _bah! there is no such thing as +fatigue on Sunday_, said Favourite; _on Sunday fatigue does not work_. + +About three o’clock the four couples, frightened at their happiness, +were sliding down the Russian mountains, a singular edifice which then +occupied the heights of Beaujon, and whose undulating line was visible +above the trees of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. + +From time to time Favourite exclaimed:— + +“And the surprise? I claim the surprise.” + + +“Patience,” replied TholomyĂšs. + + + + +CHAPTER V—AT BOMBARDA’S + + +The Russian mountains having been exhausted, they began to think about +dinner; and the radiant party of eight, somewhat weary at last, became +stranded in Bombarda’s public house, a branch establishment which had +been set up in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es by that famous restaurant-keeper, +Bombarda, whose sign could then be seen in the Rue de Rivoli, near +Delorme Alley. + +A large but ugly room, with an alcove and a bed at the end (they had +been obliged to put up with this accommodation in view of the Sunday +crowd); two windows whence they could survey beyond the elms, the quay +and the river; a magnificent August sunlight lightly touching the +panes; two tables; upon one of them a triumphant mountain of bouquets, +mingled with the hats of men and women; at the other the four couples +seated round a merry confusion of platters, dishes, glasses, and +bottles; jugs of beer mingled with flasks of wine; very little order on +the table, some disorder beneath it; + +“They made beneath the table +A noise, a clatter of the feet that was abominable,” + + +says MoliĂšre. + +This was the state which the shepherd idyl, begun at five o’clock in +the morning, had reached at half-past four in the afternoon. The sun +was setting; their appetites were satisfied. + +The Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, filled with sunshine and with people, were nothing +but light and dust, the two things of which glory is composed. The +horses of Marly, those neighing marbles, were prancing in a cloud of +gold. Carriages were going and coming. A squadron of magnificent +body-guards, with their clarions at their head, were descending the +Avenue de Neuilly; the white flag, showing faintly rosy in the setting +sun, floated over the dome of the Tuileries. The Place de la Concorde, +which had become the Place Louis XV. once more, was choked with happy +promenaders. Many wore the silver fleur-de-lys suspended from the +white-watered ribbon, which had not yet wholly disappeared from +button-holes in the year 1817. Here and there choruses of little girls +threw to the winds, amid the passers-by, who formed into circles and +applauded, the then celebrated Bourbon air, which was destined to +strike the Hundred Days with lightning, and which had for its refrain:— + +“Rendez-nous notre pĂšre de Gand, +Rendez-nous notre pĂšre.” + +“Give us back our father from Ghent, +Give us back our father.” + + +Groups of dwellers in the suburbs, in Sunday array, sometimes even +decorated with the fleur-de-lys, like the bourgeois, scattered over the +large square and the Marigny square, were playing at rings and +revolving on the wooden horses; others were engaged in drinking; some +journeyman printers had on paper caps; their laughter was audible. +Everything was radiant. It was a time of undisputed peace and profound +royalist security; it was the epoch when a special and private report +of Chief of Police AnglĂšs to the King, on the subject of the suburbs of +Paris, terminated with these lines:— + +“Taking all things into consideration, Sire, there is nothing to be +feared from these people. They are as heedless and as indolent as cats. +The populace is restless in the provinces; it is not in Paris. These +are very pretty men, Sire. It would take all of two of them to make one +of your grenadiers. There is nothing to be feared on the part of the +populace of Paris the capital. It is remarkable that the stature of +this population should have diminished in the last fifty years; and the +populace of the suburbs is still more puny than at the time of the +Revolution. It is not dangerous. In short, it is an amiable rabble.” + + +Prefects of the police do not deem it possible that a cat can transform +itself into a lion; that does happen, however, and in that lies the +miracle wrought by the populace of Paris. Moreover, the cat so despised +by Count AnglĂšs possessed the esteem of the republics of old. In their +eyes it was liberty incarnate; and as though to serve as pendant to the +Minerva Aptera of the PirĂŠus, there stood on the public square in +Corinth the colossal bronze figure of a cat. The ingenuous police of +the Restoration beheld the populace of Paris in too “rose-colored” a +light; it is not so much of “an amiable rabble” as it is thought. The +Parisian is to the Frenchman what the Athenian was to the Greek: no one +sleeps more soundly than he, no one is more frankly frivolous and lazy +than he, no one can better assume the air of forgetfulness; let him not +be trusted nevertheless; he is ready for any sort of cool deed; but +when there is glory at the end of it, he is worthy of admiration in +every sort of fury. Give him a pike, he will produce the 10th of +August; give him a gun, you will have Austerlitz. He is Napoleon’s stay +and Danton’s resource. Is it a question of country, he enlists; is it a +question of liberty, he tears up the pavements. Beware! his hair filled +with wrath, is epic; his blouse drapes itself like the folds of a +chlamys. Take care! he will make of the first Rue GrenĂ©tat which comes +to hand Caudine Forks. When the hour strikes, this man of the faubourgs +will grow in stature; this little man will arise, and his gaze will be +terrible, and his breath will become a tempest, and there will issue +forth from that slender chest enough wind to disarrange the folds of +the Alps. It is, thanks to the suburban man of Paris, that the +Revolution, mixed with arms, conquers Europe. He sings; it is his +delight. Proportion his song to his nature, and you will see! As long +as he has for refrain nothing but _la Carmagnole_, he only overthrows +Louis XVI.; make him sing the _Marseillaise_, and he will free the +world. + +This note jotted down on the margin of AnglĂšs’ report, we will return +to our four couples. The dinner, as we have said, was drawing to its +close. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—A CHAPTER IN WHICH THEY ADORE EACH OTHER + + +Chat at table, the chat of love; it is as impossible to reproduce one +as the other; the chat of love is a cloud; the chat at table is smoke. + +Fameuil and Dahlia were humming. TholomyĂšs was drinking. ZĂ©phine was +laughing, Fantine smiling, Listolier blowing a wooden trumpet which he +had purchased at Saint-Cloud. + +Favourite gazed tenderly at Blachevelle and said:— + +“Blachevelle, I adore you.” + + +This called forth a question from Blachevelle:— + +“What would you do, Favourite, if I were to cease to love you?” + + +“I!” cried Favourite. “Ah! Do not say that even in jest! If you were to +cease to love me, I would spring after you, I would scratch you, I +should rend you, I would throw you into the water, I would have you +arrested.” + + +Blachevelle smiled with the voluptuous self-conceit of a man who is +tickled in his self-love. Favourite resumed:— + +“Yes, I would scream to the police! Ah! I should not restrain myself, +not at all! Rabble!” + + +Blachevelle threw himself back in his chair, in an ecstasy, and closed +both eyes proudly. + +Dahlia, as she ate, said in a low voice to Favourite, amid the uproar:— + +“So you really idolize him deeply, that Blachevelle of yours?” + + +“I? I detest him,” replied Favourite in the same tone, seizing her fork +again. “He is avaricious. I love the little fellow opposite me in my +house. He is very nice, that young man; do you know him? One can see +that he is an actor by profession. I love actors. As soon as he comes +in, his mother says to him: ‘Ah! mon Dieu! my peace of mind is gone. +There he goes with his shouting. But, my dear, you are splitting my +head!’ So he goes up to rat-ridden garrets, to black holes, as high as +he can mount, and there he sets to singing, declaiming, how do I know +what? so that he can be heard downstairs! He earns twenty sous a day at +an attorney’s by penning quibbles. He is the son of a former precentor +of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas. Ah! he is very nice. He idolizes me so, +that one day when he saw me making batter for some pancakes, he said to +me: _‘Mamselle, make your gloves into fritters, and I will eat them.’_ +It is only artists who can say such things as that. Ah! he is very +nice. I am in a fair way to go out of my head over that little fellow. +Never mind; I tell Blachevelle that I adore him—how I lie! Hey! How I +do lie!” + + +Favourite paused, and then went on:— + +“I am sad, you see, Dahlia. It has done nothing but rain all summer; +the wind irritates me; the wind does not abate. Blachevelle is very +stingy; there are hardly any green peas in the market; one does not +know what to eat. I have the spleen, as the English say, butter is so +dear! and then you see it is horrible, here we are dining in a room +with a bed in it, and that disgusts me with life.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE WISDOM OF THOLOMYÈS + + +In the meantime, while some sang, the rest talked together tumultuously +all at once; it was no longer anything but noise. TholomyĂšs intervened. + +“Let us not talk at random nor too fast,” he exclaimed. “Let us +reflect, if we wish to be brilliant. Too much improvisation empties the +mind in a stupid way. Running beer gathers no froth. No haste, +gentlemen. Let us mingle majesty with the feast. Let us eat with +meditation; let us make haste slowly. Let us not hurry. Consider the +springtime; if it makes haste, it is done for; that is to say, it gets +frozen. Excess of zeal ruins peach-trees and apricot-trees. Excess of +zeal kills the grace and the mirth of good dinners. No zeal, gentlemen! +Grimod de la ReyniĂšre agrees with Talleyrand.” + + +A hollow sound of rebellion rumbled through the group. + +“Leave us in peace, TholomyĂšs,” said Blachevelle. + +“Down with the tyrant!” said Fameuil. + +“Bombarda, Bombance, and Bambochel!” cried Listolier. + +“Sunday exists,” resumed Fameuil. + +“We are sober,” added Listolier. + +“TholomyĂšs,” remarked Blachevelle, “contemplate my calmness [_mon +calme_].” + + +“You are the Marquis of that,” retorted TholomyĂšs. + +This mediocre play upon words produced the effect of a stone in a pool. +The Marquis de Montcalm was at that time a celebrated royalist. All the +frogs held their peace. + +“Friends,” cried TholomyĂšs, with the accent of a man who had recovered +his empire, “Come to yourselves. This pun which has fallen from the +skies must not be received with too much stupor. Everything which falls +in that way is not necessarily worthy of enthusiasm and respect. The +pun is the dung of the mind which soars. The jest falls, no matter +where; and the mind after producing a piece of stupidity plunges into +the azure depths. A whitish speck flattened against the rock does not +prevent the condor from soaring aloft. Far be it from me to insult the +pun! I honor it in proportion to its merits; nothing more. All the most +august, the most sublime, the most charming of humanity, and perhaps +outside of humanity, have made puns. Jesus Christ made a pun on St. +Peter, Moses on Isaac, Æschylus on Polynices, Cleopatra on Octavius. +And observe that Cleopatra’s pun preceded the battle of Actium, and +that had it not been for it, no one would have remembered the city of +Toryne, a Greek name which signifies a ladle. That once conceded, I +return to my exhortation. I repeat, brothers, I repeat, no zeal, no +hubbub, no excess; even in witticisms, gayety, jollities, or plays on +words. Listen to me. I have the prudence of AmphiaraĂŒs and the baldness +of CĂŠsar. There must be a limit, even to rebuses. _Est modus in rebus_. + +“There must be a limit, even to dinners. You are fond of apple +turnovers, ladies; do not indulge in them to excess. Even in the matter +of turnovers, good sense and art are requisite. Gluttony chastises the +glutton, _Gula punit Gulax_. Indigestion is charged by the good God +with preaching morality to stomachs. And remember this: each one of our +passions, even love, has a stomach which must not be filled too full. +In all things the word _finis_ must be written in good season; +self-control must be exercised when the matter becomes urgent; the bolt +must be drawn on appetite; one must set one’s own fantasy to the +violin, and carry one’s self to the post. The sage is the man who knows +how, at a given moment, to effect his own arrest. Have some confidence +in me, for I have succeeded to some extent in my study of the law, +according to the verdict of my examinations, for I know the difference +between the question put and the question pending, for I have sustained +a thesis in Latin upon the manner in which torture was administered at +Rome at the epoch when Munatius Demens was quĂŠstor of the Parricide; +because I am going to be a doctor, apparently it does not follow that +it is absolutely necessary that I should be an imbecile. I recommend +you to moderation in your desires. It is true that my name is FĂ©lix +TholomyĂšs; I speak well. Happy is he who, when the hour strikes, takes +a heroic resolve, and abdicates like Sylla or Origenes.” + + +Favourite listened with profound attention. + +“FĂ©lix,” said she, “what a pretty word! I love that name. It is Latin; +it means prosper.” + + +TholomyĂšs went on:— + +“Quirites, gentlemen, caballeros, my friends. Do you wish never to feel +the prick, to do without the nuptial bed, and to brave love? Nothing +more simple. Here is the receipt: lemonade, excessive exercise, hard +labor; work yourself to death, drag blocks, sleep not, hold vigil, +gorge yourself with nitrous beverages, and potions of nymphĂŠas; drink +emulsions of poppies and agnus castus; season this with a strict diet, +starve yourself, and add thereto cold baths, girdles of herbs, the +application of a plate of lead, lotions made with the subacetate of +lead, and fomentations of oxycrat.” + + +“I prefer a woman,” said Listolier. + +“Woman,” resumed TholomyĂšs; “distrust her. Woe to him who yields +himself to the unstable heart of woman! Woman is perfidious and +disingenuous. She detests the serpent from professional jealousy. The +serpent is the shop over the way.” + + +“TholomyĂšs!” cried Blachevelle, “you are drunk!” + + +“Pardieu,” said TholomyĂšs. + +“Then be gay,” resumed Blachevelle. + +“I agree to that,” responded TholomyĂšs. + +And, refilling his glass, he rose. + +“Glory to wine! _Nunc te, Bacche, canam!_ Pardon me ladies; that is +Spanish. And the proof of it, señoras, is this: like people, like cask. +The arrobe of Castille contains sixteen litres; the cantaro of +Alicante, twelve; the almude of the Canaries, twenty-five; the cuartin +of the Balearic Isles, twenty-six; the boot of Tzar Peter, thirty. Long +live that Tzar who was great, and long live his boot, which was still +greater! Ladies, take the advice of a friend; make a mistake in your +neighbor if you see fit. The property of love is to err. A love affair +is not made to crouch down and brutalize itself like an English +serving-maid who has callouses on her knees from scrubbing. It is not +made for that; it errs gayly, our gentle love. It has been said, error +is human; I say, error is love. Ladies, I idolize you all. O ZĂ©phine, O +JosĂ©phine, face more than irregular, you would be charming were you not +all askew. You have the air of a pretty face upon which some one has +sat down by mistake. As for Favourite, O nymphs and muses! one day when +Blachevelle was crossing the gutter in the Rue GuĂ©rin-Boisseau, he +espied a beautiful girl with white stockings well drawn up, which +displayed her legs. This prologue pleased him, and Blachevelle fell in +love. The one he loved was Favourite. O Favourite, thou hast Ionian +lips. There was a Greek painter named Euphorion, who was surnamed the +painter of the lips. That Greek alone would have been worthy to paint +thy mouth. Listen! before thee, there was never a creature worthy of +the name. Thou wert made to receive the apple like Venus, or to eat it +like Eve; beauty begins with thee. I have just referred to Eve; it is +thou who hast created her. Thou deservest the letters-patent of the +beautiful woman. O Favourite, I cease to address you as ‘thou,’ because +I pass from poetry to prose. You were speaking of my name a little +while ago. That touched me; but let us, whoever we may be, distrust +names. They may delude us. I am called FĂ©lix, and I am not happy. Words +are liars. Let us not blindly accept the indications which they afford +us. It would be a mistake to write to LiĂšge 2 for corks, and to Pau for +gloves. Miss Dahlia, were I in your place, I would call myself Rosa. A +flower should smell sweet, and woman should have wit. I say nothing of +Fantine; she is a dreamer, a musing, thoughtful, pensive person; she is +a phantom possessed of the form of a nymph and the modesty of a nun, +who has strayed into the life of a grisette, but who takes refuge in +illusions, and who sings and prays and gazes into the azure without +very well knowing what she sees or what she is doing, and who, with her +eyes fixed on heaven, wanders in a garden where there are more birds +than are in existence. O Fantine, know this: I, TholomyĂšs, I am an +illusion; but she does not even hear me, that blond maid of Chimeras! +as for the rest, everything about her is freshness, suavity, youth, +sweet morning light. O Fantine, maid worthy of being called Marguerite +or Pearl, you are a woman from the beauteous Orient. Ladies, a second +piece of advice: do not marry; marriage is a graft; it takes well or +ill; avoid that risk. But bah! what am I saying? I am wasting my words. +Girls are incurable on the subject of marriage, and all that we wise +men can say will not prevent the waistcoat-makers and the +shoe-stitchers from dreaming of husbands studded with diamonds. Well, +so be it; but, my beauties, remember this, you eat too much sugar. You +have but one fault, O woman, and that is nibbling sugar. O nibbling +sex, your pretty little white teeth adore sugar. Now, heed me well, +sugar is a salt. All salts are withering. Sugar is the most desiccating +of all salts; it sucks the liquids of the blood through the veins; +hence the coagulation, and then the solidification of the blood; hence +tubercles in the lungs, hence death. That is why diabetes borders on +consumption. Then, do not crunch sugar, and you will live. I turn to +the men: gentlemen, make conquest, rob each other of your well-beloved +without remorse. Chassez across. In love there are no friends. +Everywhere where there is a pretty woman hostility is open. No quarter, +war to the death! a pretty woman is a _casus belli_; a pretty woman is +flagrant misdemeanor. All the invasions of history have been determined +by petticoats. Woman is man’s right. Romulus carried off the Sabines; +William carried off the Saxon women; CĂŠsar carried off the Roman women. +The man who is not loved soars like a vulture over the mistresses of +other men; and for my own part, to all those unfortunate men who are +widowers, I throw the sublime proclamation of Bonaparte to the army of +Italy: “Soldiers, you are in need of everything; the enemy has it.” + + +TholomyĂšs paused. + +“Take breath, TholomyĂšs,” said Blachevelle. + +At the same moment Blachevelle, supported by Listolier and Fameuil, +struck up to a plaintive air, one of those studio songs composed of the +first words which come to hand, rhymed richly and not at all, as +destitute of sense as the gesture of the tree and the sound of the +wind, which have their birth in the vapor of pipes, and are dissipated +and take their flight with them. This is the couplet by which the group +replied to TholomyĂšs’ harangue:— + +“The father turkey-cocks so grave +Some money to an agent gave, +That master good Clermont-Tonnerre +Might be made pope on Saint Johns’ day fair. +But this good Clermont could not be +Made pope, because no priest was he; +And then their agent, whose wrath burned, +With all their money back returned.” + + +This was not calculated to calm TholomyĂšs’ improvisation; he emptied +his glass, filled, refilled it, and began again:— + +“Down with wisdom! Forget all that I have said. Let us be neither +prudes nor prudent men nor prudhommes. I propose a toast to mirth; be +merry. Let us complete our course of law by folly and eating! +Indigestion and the digest. Let Justinian be the male, and Feasting, +the female! Joy in the depths! Live, O creation! The world is a great +diamond. I am happy. The birds are astonishing. What a festival +everywhere! The nightingale is a gratuitous Elleviou. Summer, I salute +thee! O Luxembourg! O Georgics of the Rue Madame, and of the AllĂ©e de +l’Observatoire! O pensive infantry soldiers! O all those charming +nurses who, while they guard the children, amuse themselves! The pampas +of America would please me if I had not the arcades of the OdĂ©on. My +soul flits away into the virgin forests and to the savannas. All is +beautiful. The flies buzz in the sun. The sun has sneezed out the +humming bird. Embrace me, Fantine!” + + +He made a mistake and embraced Favourite. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE DEATH OF A HORSE + + +“The dinners are better at Édon’s than at Bombarda’s,” exclaimed +ZĂ©phine. + +“I prefer Bombarda to Édon,” declared Blachevelle. “There is more +luxury. It is more Asiatic. Look at the room downstairs; there are +mirrors [_glaces_] on the walls.” + + +“I prefer them [_glaces_, ices] on my plate,” said Favourite. + +Blachevelle persisted:— + +“Look at the knives. The handles are of silver at Bombarda’s and of +bone at Édon’s. Now, silver is more valuable than bone.” + + +“Except for those who have a silver chin,” observed TholomyĂšs. + +He was looking at the dome of the Invalides, which was visible from +Bombarda’s windows. + +A pause ensued. + +“TholomyĂšs,” exclaimed Fameuil, “Listolier and I were having a +discussion just now.” + + +“A discussion is a good thing,” replied TholomyĂšs; “a quarrel is +better.” + + +“We were disputing about philosophy.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Which do you prefer, Descartes or Spinoza?” + + +“DĂ©saugiers,” said TholomyĂšs. + +This decree pronounced, he took a drink, and went on:— + +“I consent to live. All is not at an end on earth since we can still +talk nonsense. For that I return thanks to the immortal gods. We lie. +One lies, but one laughs. One affirms, but one doubts. The unexpected +bursts forth from the syllogism. That is fine. There are still human +beings here below who know how to open and close the surprise box of +the paradox merrily. This, ladies, which you are drinking with so +tranquil an air is Madeira wine, you must know, from the vineyard of +Coural das Freiras, which is three hundred and seventeen fathoms above +the level of the sea. Attention while you drink! three hundred and +seventeen fathoms! and Monsieur Bombarda, the magnificent eating-house +keeper, gives you those three hundred and seventeen fathoms for four +francs and fifty centimes.” + + +Again Fameuil interrupted him:— + +“TholomyĂšs, your opinions fix the law. Who is your favorite author?” + + +“Ber—” + + +“Quin?” + + +“No; Choux.” + + +And TholomyĂšs continued:— + +“Honor to Bombarda! He would equal Munophis of Elephanta if he could +but get me an Indian dancing-girl, and Thygelion of ChĂŠronea if he +could bring me a Greek courtesan; for, oh, ladies! there were Bombardas +in Greece and in Egypt. Apuleius tells us of them. Alas! always the +same, and nothing new; nothing more unpublished by the creator in +creation! _Nil sub sole novum_, says Solomon; _amor omnibus idem_, says +Virgil; and Carabine mounts with Carabin into the bark at Saint-Cloud, +as Aspasia embarked with Pericles upon the fleet at Samos. One last +word. Do you know what Aspasia was, ladies? Although she lived at an +epoch when women had, as yet, no soul, she was a soul; a soul of a rosy +and purple hue, more ardent hued than fire, fresher than the dawn. +Aspasia was a creature in whom two extremes of womanhood met; she was +the goddess prostitute; Socrates plus Manon Lescaut. Aspasia was +created in case a mistress should be needed for Prometheus.” + + +TholomyĂšs, once started, would have found some difficulty in stopping, +had not a horse fallen down upon the quay just at that moment. The +shock caused the cart and the orator to come to a dead halt. It was a +Beauceron mare, old and thin, and one fit for the knacker, which was +dragging a very heavy cart. On arriving in front of Bombarda’s, the +worn-out, exhausted beast had refused to proceed any further. This +incident attracted a crowd. Hardly had the cursing and indignant carter +had time to utter with proper energy the sacramental word, _MĂątin_ (the +jade), backed up with a pitiless cut of the whip, when the jade fell, +never to rise again. On hearing the hubbub made by the passers-by, +TholomyĂšs’ merry auditors turned their heads, and TholomyĂšs took +advantage of the opportunity to bring his allocution to a close with +this melancholy strophe:— + +“Elle Ă©tait de ce monde ou coucous et carrosses +Ont le mĂȘme destin; +Et, rosse, elle a vĂ©cu ce que vivant les rosses, +L’espace d’un mĂątin!” 3 + +“Poor horse!” sighed Fantine. + +And Dahlia exclaimed:— + +“There is Fantine on the point of crying over horses. How can one be +such a pitiful fool as that!” + + +At that moment Favourite, folding her arms and throwing her head back, +looked resolutely at TholomyĂšs and said:— + +“Come, now! the surprise?” + + +“Exactly. The moment has arrived,” replied TholomyĂšs. “Gentlemen, the +hour for giving these ladies a surprise has struck. Wait for us a +moment, ladies.” + + +“It begins with a kiss,” said Blachevelle. + +“On the brow,” added TholomyĂšs. + +Each gravely bestowed a kiss on his mistress’s brow; then all four +filed out through the door, with their fingers on their lips. + +Favourite clapped her hands on their departure. + +“It is beginning to be amusing already,” said she. + +“Don’t be too long,” murmured Fantine; “we are waiting for you.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A MERRY END TO MIRTH + + +When the young girls were left alone, they leaned two by two on the +window-sills, chatting, craning out their heads, and talking from one +window to the other. + +They saw the young men emerge from the CafĂ© Bombarda arm in arm. The +latter turned round, made signs to them, smiled, and disappeared in +that dusty Sunday throng which makes a weekly invasion into the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. + +“Don’t be long!” cried Fantine. + +“What are they going to bring us?” said ZĂ©phine. + +“It will certainly be something pretty,” said Dahlia. + +“For my part,” said Favourite, “I want it to be of gold.” + + +Their attention was soon distracted by the movements on the shore of +the lake, which they could see through the branches of the large trees, +and which diverted them greatly. + +It was the hour for the departure of the mail-coaches and diligences. +Nearly all the stage-coaches for the south and west passed through the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. The majority followed the quay and went through the +Passy Barrier. From moment to moment, some huge vehicle, painted yellow +and black, heavily loaded, noisily harnessed, rendered shapeless by +trunks, tarpaulins, and valises, full of heads which immediately +disappeared, rushed through the crowd with all the sparks of a forge, +with dust for smoke, and an air of fury, grinding the pavements, +changing all the paving-stones into steels. This uproar delighted the +young girls. Favourite exclaimed:— + +“What a row! One would say that it was a pile of chains flying away.” + + +It chanced that one of these vehicles, which they could only see with +difficulty through the thick elms, halted for a moment, then set out +again at a gallop. This surprised Fantine. + +“That’s odd!” said she. “I thought the diligence never stopped.” + + +Favourite shrugged her shoulders. + +“This Fantine is surprising. I am coming to take a look at her out of +curiosity. She is dazzled by the simplest things. Suppose a case: I am +a traveller; I say to the diligence, ‘I will go on in advance; you +shall pick me up on the quay as you pass.’ The diligence passes, sees +me, halts, and takes me. That is done every day. You do not know life, +my dear.” + + +In this manner a certain time elapsed. All at once Favourite made a +movement, like a person who is just waking up. + +“Well,” said she, “and the surprise?” + + +“Yes, by the way,” joined in Dahlia, “the famous surprise?” + + +“They are a very long time about it!” said Fantine. + +As Fantine concluded this sigh, the waiter who had served them at +dinner entered. He held in his hand something which resembled a letter. + +“What is that?” demanded Favourite. + +The waiter replied:— + +“It is a paper that those gentlemen left for these ladies.” + + +“Why did you not bring it at once?” + + +“Because,” said the waiter, “the gentlemen ordered me not to deliver it +to the ladies for an hour.” + + +Favourite snatched the paper from the waiter’s hand. It was, in fact, a +letter. + +“Stop!” said she; “there is no address; but this is what is written on +it—” + + +“THIS IS THE SURPRISE.” + + +She tore the letter open hastily, opened it, and read [she knew how to +read]:— + +“OUR BELOVED:— + +“You must know that we have parents. Parents—you do not know much about +such things. They are called fathers and mothers by the civil code, +which is puerile and honest. Now, these parents groan, these old folks +implore us, these good men and these good women call us prodigal sons; +they desire our return, and offer to kill calves for us. Being +virtuous, we obey them. At the hour when you read this, five fiery +horses will be bearing us to our papas and mammas. We are pulling up +our stakes, as Bossuet says. We are going; we are gone. We flee in the +arms of Laffitte and on the wings of Caillard. The Toulouse diligence +tears us from the abyss, and the abyss is you, O our little beauties! +We return to society, to duty, to respectability, at full trot, at the +rate of three leagues an hour. It is necessary for the good of the +country that we should be, like the rest of the world, prefects, +fathers of families, rural police, and councillors of state. Venerate +us. We are sacrificing ourselves. Mourn for us in haste, and replace us +with speed. If this letter lacerates you, do the same by it. Adieu. + +“For the space of nearly two years we have made you happy. We bear you +no grudge for that. “Signed: +BLACHEVELLE. +FAMUEIL. +LISTOLIER. +FÉLIX THOLOMYÈS. + + +“_Postscriptum_. The dinner is paid for.” + + +The four young women looked at each other. + +Favourite was the first to break the silence. + +“Well!” she exclaimed, “it’s a very pretty farce, all the same.” + + +“It is very droll,” said ZĂ©phine. + +“That must have been Blachevelle’s idea,” resumed Favourite. “It makes +me in love with him. No sooner is he gone than he is loved. This is an +adventure, indeed.” + + +“No,” said Dahlia; “it was one of TholomyĂšs’ ideas. That is evident. + +“In that case,” retorted Favourite, “death to Blachevelle, and long +live TholomyĂšs!” + + +“Long live TholomyĂšs!” exclaimed Dahlia and ZĂ©phine. + +And they burst out laughing. + +Fantine laughed with the rest. + +An hour later, when she had returned to her room, she wept. It was her +first love affair, as we have said; she had given herself to this +TholomyĂšs as to a husband, and the poor girl had a child. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—TO CONFIDE IS SOMETIMES TO DELIVER INTO A PERSON’S POWER + + + + +CHAPTER I—ONE MOTHER MEETS ANOTHER MOTHER + + +There was, at Montfermeil, near Paris, during the first quarter of this +century, a sort of cook-shop which no longer exists. This cook-shop was +kept by some people named ThĂ©nardier, husband and wife. It was situated +in Boulanger Lane. Over the door there was a board nailed flat against +the wall. Upon this board was painted something which resembled a man +carrying another man on his back, the latter wearing the big gilt +epaulettes of a general, with large silver stars; red spots represented +blood; the rest of the picture consisted of smoke, and probably +represented a battle. Below ran this inscription: AT THE SIGN OF +SERGEANT OF WATERLOO (_Au Sargent de Waterloo_). + +Nothing is more common than a cart or a truck at the door of a +hostelry. Nevertheless, the vehicle, or, to speak more accurately, the +fragment of a vehicle, which encumbered the street in front of the +cook-shop of the _Sergeant of Waterloo_, one evening in the spring of +1818, would certainly have attracted, by its mass, the attention of any +painter who had passed that way. + +It was the fore-carriage of one of those trucks which are used in +wooded tracts of country, and which serve to transport thick planks and +the trunks of trees. This fore-carriage was composed of a massive iron +axle-tree with a pivot, into which was fitted a heavy shaft, and which +was supported by two huge wheels. The whole thing was compact, +overwhelming, and misshapen. It seemed like the gun-carriage of an +enormous cannon. The ruts of the road had bestowed on the wheels, the +fellies, the hub, the axle, and the shaft, a layer of mud, a hideous +yellowish daubing hue, tolerably like that with which people are fond +of ornamenting cathedrals. The wood was disappearing under mud, and the +iron beneath rust. Under the axle-tree hung, like drapery, a huge +chain, worthy of some Goliath of a convict. This chain suggested, not +the beams, which it was its office to transport, but the mastodons and +mammoths which it might have served to harness; it had the air of the +galleys, but of cyclopean and superhuman galleys, and it seemed to have +been detached from some monster. Homer would have bound Polyphemus with +it, and Shakespeare, Caliban. + +Why was that fore-carriage of a truck in that place in the street? In +the first place, to encumber the street; next, in order that it might +finish the process of rusting. There is a throng of institutions in the +old social order, which one comes across in this fashion as one walks +about outdoors, and which have no other reasons for existence than the +above. + +The centre of the chain swung very near the ground in the middle, and +in the loop, as in the rope of a swing, there were seated and grouped, +on that particular evening, in exquisite interlacement, two little +girls; one about two years and a half old, the other, eighteen months; +the younger in the arms of the other. A handkerchief, cleverly knotted +about them, prevented their falling out. A mother had caught sight of +that frightful chain, and had said, “Come! there’s a plaything for my +children.” + + +The two children, who were dressed prettily and with some elegance, +were radiant with pleasure; one would have said that they were two +roses amid old iron; their eyes were a triumph; their fresh cheeks were +full of laughter. One had chestnut hair; the other, brown. Their +innocent faces were two delighted surprises; a blossoming shrub which +grew near wafted to the passers-by perfumes which seemed to emanate +from them; the child of eighteen months displayed her pretty little +bare stomach with the chaste indecency of childhood. Above and around +these two delicate heads, all made of happiness and steeped in light, +the gigantic fore-carriage, black with rust, almost terrible, all +entangled in curves and wild angles, rose in a vault, like the entrance +of a cavern. A few paces apart, crouching down upon the threshold of +the hostelry, the mother, not a very prepossessing woman, by the way, +though touching at that moment, was swinging the two children by means +of a long cord, watching them carefully, for fear of accidents, with +that animal and celestial expression which is peculiar to maternity. At +every backward and forward swing the hideous links emitted a strident +sound, which resembled a cry of rage; the little girls were in +ecstasies; the setting sun mingled in this joy, and nothing could be +more charming than this caprice of chance which had made of a chain of +Titans the swing of cherubim. + +As she rocked her little ones, the mother hummed in a discordant voice +a romance then celebrated:— + +“It must be, said a warrior.” + + +Her song, and the contemplation of her daughters, prevented her hearing +and seeing what was going on in the street. + +In the meantime, some one had approached her, as she was beginning the +first couplet of the romance, and suddenly she heard a voice saying +very near her ear:— + +“You have two beautiful children there, Madame.” + + +“To the fair and tender Imogene—” + + +replied the mother, continuing her romance; then she turned her head. + +A woman stood before her, a few paces distant. This woman also had a +child, which she carried in her arms. + +She was carrying, in addition, a large carpet-bag, which seemed very +heavy. + +This woman’s child was one of the most divine creatures that it is +possible to behold. It was a girl, two or three years of age. She could +have entered into competition with the two other little ones, so far as +the coquetry of her dress was concerned; she wore a cap of fine linen, +ribbons on her bodice, and Valenciennes lace on her cap. The folds of +her skirt were raised so as to permit a view of her white, firm, and +dimpled leg. She was admirably rosy and healthy. The little beauty +inspired a desire to take a bite from the apples of her cheeks. Of her +eyes nothing could be known, except that they must be very large, and +that they had magnificent lashes. She was asleep. + +She slept with that slumber of absolute confidence peculiar to her age. +The arms of mothers are made of tenderness; in them children sleep +profoundly. + +As for the mother, her appearance was sad and poverty-stricken. She was +dressed like a working-woman who is inclined to turn into a peasant +again. She was young. Was she handsome? Perhaps; but in that attire it +was not apparent. Her hair, a golden lock of which had escaped, seemed +very thick, but was severely concealed beneath an ugly, tight, close, +nun-like cap, tied under the chin. A smile displays beautiful teeth +when one has them; but she did not smile. Her eyes did not seem to have +been dry for a very long time. She was pale; she had a very weary and +rather sickly appearance. She gazed upon her daughter asleep in her +arms with the air peculiar to a mother who has nursed her own child. A +large blue handkerchief, such as the Invalides use, was folded into a +fichu, and concealed her figure clumsily. Her hands were sunburnt and +all dotted with freckles, her forefinger was hardened and lacerated +with the needle; she wore a cloak of coarse brown woollen stuff, a +linen gown, and coarse shoes. It was Fantine. + +It was Fantine, but difficult to recognize. Nevertheless, on +scrutinizing her attentively, it was evident that she still retained +her beauty. A melancholy fold, which resembled the beginning of irony, +wrinkled her right cheek. As for her toilette, that aerial toilette of +muslin and ribbons, which seemed made of mirth, of folly, and of music, +full of bells, and perfumed with lilacs had vanished like that +beautiful and dazzling hoar-frost which is mistaken for diamonds in the +sunlight; it melts and leaves the branch quite black. + +Ten months had elapsed since the “pretty farce.” + + +What had taken place during those ten months? It can be divined. + +After abandonment, straightened circumstances. Fantine had immediately +lost sight of Favourite, ZĂ©phine and Dahlia; the bond once broken on +the side of the men, it was loosed between the women; they would have +been greatly astonished had any one told them a fortnight later, that +they had been friends; there no longer existed any reason for such a +thing. Fantine had remained alone. The father of her child gone,—alas! +such ruptures are irrevocable,—she found herself absolutely isolated, +minus the habit of work and plus the taste for pleasure. Drawn away by +her _liaison_ with TholomyĂšs to disdain the pretty trade which she +knew, she had neglected to keep her market open; it was now closed to +her. She had no resource. Fantine barely knew how to read, and did not +know how to write; in her childhood she had only been taught to sign +her name; she had a public letter-writer indite an epistle to +TholomyĂšs, then a second, then a third. TholomyĂšs replied to none of +them. Fantine heard the gossips say, as they looked at her child: “Who +takes those children seriously! One only shrugs one’s shoulders over +such children!” Then she thought of TholomyĂšs, who had shrugged his +shoulders over his child, and who did not take that innocent being +seriously; and her heart grew gloomy toward that man. But what was she +to do? She no longer knew to whom to apply. She had committed a fault, +but the foundation of her nature, as will be remembered, was modesty +and virtue. She was vaguely conscious that she was on the verge of +falling into distress, and of gliding into a worse state. Courage was +necessary; she possessed it, and held herself firm. The idea of +returning to her native town of M. sur M. occurred to her. There, some +one might possibly know her and give her work; yes, but it would be +necessary to conceal her fault. In a confused way she perceived the +necessity of a separation which would be more painful than the first +one. Her heart contracted, but she took her resolution. Fantine, as we +shall see, had the fierce bravery of life. She had already valiantly +renounced finery, had dressed herself in linen, and had put all her +silks, all her ornaments, all her ribbons, and all her laces on her +daughter, the only vanity which was left to her, and a holy one it was. +She sold all that she had, which produced for her two hundred francs; +her little debts paid, she had only about eighty francs left. At the +age of twenty-two, on a beautiful spring morning, she quitted Paris, +bearing her child on her back. Any one who had seen these two pass +would have had pity on them. This woman had, in all the world, nothing +but her child, and the child had, in all the world, no one but this +woman. Fantine had nursed her child, and this had tired her chest, and +she coughed a little. + +We shall have no further occasion to speak of M. FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs. Let +us confine ourselves to saying, that, twenty years later, under King +Louis Philippe, he was a great provincial lawyer, wealthy and +influential, a wise elector, and a very severe juryman; he was still a +man of pleasure. + +Towards the middle of the day, after having, from time to time, for the +sake of resting herself, travelled, for three or four sous a league, in +what was then known as the _Petites Voitures des Environs de Paris_, +the “little suburban coach service,” Fantine found herself at +Montfermeil, in the alley Boulanger. + +As she passed the ThĂ©nardier hostelry, the two little girls, blissful +in the monster swing, had dazzled her in a manner, and she had halted +in front of that vision of joy. + +Charms exist. These two little girls were a charm to this mother. + +She gazed at them in much emotion. The presence of angels is an +announcement of Paradise. She thought that, above this inn, she beheld +the mysterious HERE of Providence. These two little creatures were +evidently happy. She gazed at them, she admired them, in such emotion +that at the moment when their mother was recovering her breath between +two couplets of her song, she could not refrain from addressing to her +the remark which we have just read:— + +“You have two pretty children, Madame.” + + +The most ferocious creatures are disarmed by caresses bestowed on their +young. + +The mother raised her head and thanked her, and bade the wayfarer sit +down on the bench at the door, she herself being seated on the +threshold. The two women began to chat. + +“My name is Madame ThĂ©nardier,” said the mother of the two little +girls. “We keep this inn.” + + +Then, her mind still running on her romance, she resumed humming +between her teeth:— + +“It must be so; I am a knight, +And I am off to Palestine.” + + +This Madame ThĂ©nardier was a sandy-complexioned woman, thin and +angular—the type of the soldier’s wife in all its unpleasantness; and +what was odd, with a languishing air, which she owed to her perusal of +romances. She was a simpering, but masculine creature. Old romances +produce that effect when rubbed against the imagination of cook-shop +woman. She was still young; she was barely thirty. If this crouching +woman had stood upright, her lofty stature and her frame of a +perambulating colossus suitable for fairs, might have frightened the +traveller at the outset, troubled her confidence, and disturbed what +caused what we have to relate to vanish. A person who is seated instead +of standing erect—destinies hang upon such a thing as that. + +The traveller told her story, with slight modifications. + +That she was a working-woman; that her husband was dead; that her work +in Paris had failed her, and that she was on her way to seek it +elsewhere, in her own native parts; that she had left Paris that +morning on foot; that, as she was carrying her child, and felt +fatigued, she had got into the Villemomble coach when she met it; that +from Villemomble she had come to Montfermeil on foot; that the little +one had walked a little, but not much, because she was so young, and +that she had been obliged to take her up, and the jewel had fallen +asleep. + +At this word she bestowed on her daughter a passionate kiss, which woke +her. The child opened her eyes, great blue eyes like her mother’s, and +looked at—what? Nothing; with that serious and sometimes severe air of +little children, which is a mystery of their luminous innocence in the +presence of our twilight of virtue. One would say that they feel +themselves to be angels, and that they know us to be men. Then the +child began to laugh; and although the mother held fast to her, she +slipped to the ground with the unconquerable energy of a little being +which wished to run. All at once she caught sight of the two others in +the swing, stopped short, and put out her tongue, in sign of +admiration. + +Mother ThĂ©nardier released her daughters, made them descend from the +swing, and said:— + +“Now amuse yourselves, all three of you.” + + +Children become acquainted quickly at that age, and at the expiration +of a minute the little ThĂ©nardiers were playing with the newcomer at +making holes in the ground, which was an immense pleasure. + +The newcomer was very gay; the goodness of the mother is written in the +gayety of the child; she had seized a scrap of wood which served her +for a shovel, and energetically dug a cavity big enough for a fly. The +grave-digger’s business becomes a subject for laughter when performed +by a child. + +The two women pursued their chat. + +“What is your little one’s name?” + + +“Cosette.” + + +For Cosette, read Euphrasie. The child’s name was Euphrasie. But out of +Euphrasie the mother had made Cosette by that sweet and graceful +instinct of mothers and of the populace which changes Josepha into +Pepita, and Françoise into Sillette. It is a sort of derivative which +disarranges and disconcerts the whole science of etymologists. We have +known a grandmother who succeeded in turning Theodore into Gnon. + +“How old is she?” + + +“She is going on three.” + + +“That is the age of my eldest.” + + +In the meantime, the three little girls were grouped in an attitude of +profound anxiety and blissfulness; an event had happened; a big worm +had emerged from the ground, and they were afraid; and they were in +ecstasies over it. + +Their radiant brows touched each other; one would have said that there +were three heads in one aureole. + +“How easily children get acquainted at once!” exclaimed Mother +ThĂ©nardier; “one would swear that they were three sisters!” + + +This remark was probably the spark which the other mother had been +waiting for. She seized the ThĂ©nardier’s hand, looked at her fixedly, +and said:— + +“Will you keep my child for me?” + + +The ThĂ©nardier made one of those movements of surprise which signify +neither assent nor refusal. + +Cosette’s mother continued:— + +“You see, I cannot take my daughter to the country. My work will not +permit it. With a child one can find no situation. People are +ridiculous in the country. It was the good God who caused me to pass +your inn. When I caught sight of your little ones, so pretty, so clean, +and so happy, it overwhelmed me. I said: ‘Here is a good mother. That +is just the thing; that will make three sisters.’ And then, it will not +be long before I return. Will you keep my child for me?” + + +“I must see about it,” replied the ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will give you six francs a month.” + + +Here a man’s voice called from the depths of the cook-shop:— + +“Not for less than seven francs. And six months paid in advance.” + + +“Six times seven makes forty-two,” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will give it,” said the mother. + +“And fifteen francs in addition for preliminary expenses,” added the +man’s voice. + +“Total, fifty-seven francs,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier. And she hummed +vaguely, with these figures:— + +“It must be, said a warrior.” + + +“I will pay it,” said the mother. “I have eighty francs. I shall have +enough left to reach the country, by travelling on foot. I shall earn +money there, and as soon as I have a little I will return for my +darling.” + + +The man’s voice resumed:— + +“The little one has an outfit?” + + +“That is my husband,” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Of course she has an outfit, the poor treasure.—I understood perfectly +that it was your husband.—And a beautiful outfit, too! a senseless +outfit, everything by the dozen, and silk gowns like a lady. It is +here, in my carpet-bag.” + + +“You must hand it over,” struck in the man’s voice again. + +“Of course I shall give it to you,” said the mother. “It would be very +queer if I were to leave my daughter quite naked!” + + +The master’s face appeared. + +“That’s good,” said he. + +The bargain was concluded. The mother passed the night at the inn, gave +up her money and left her child, fastened her carpet-bag once more, now +reduced in volume by the removal of the outfit, and light henceforth +and set out on the following morning, intending to return soon. People +arrange such departures tranquilly; but they are despairs! + +A neighbor of the ThĂ©nardiers met this mother as she was setting out, +and came back with the remark:— + +“I have just seen a woman crying in the street so that it was enough to +rend your heart.” + + +When Cosette’s mother had taken her departure, the man said to the +woman:— + +“That will serve to pay my note for one hundred and ten francs which +falls due to-morrow; I lacked fifty francs. Do you know that I should +have had a bailiff and a protest after me? You played the mouse-trap +nicely with your young ones.” + + +“Without suspecting it,” said the woman. + + + + +CHAPTER II—FIRST SKETCH OF TWO UNPREPOSSESSING FIGURES + + +The mouse which had been caught was a pitiful specimen; but the cat +rejoices even over a lean mouse. + +Who were these ThĂ©nardiers? + +Let us say a word or two of them now. We will complete the sketch later +on. + +These beings belonged to that bastard class composed of coarse people +who have been successful, and of intelligent people who have descended +in the scale, which is between the class called “middle” and the class +denominated as “inferior,” and which combines some of the defects of +the second with nearly all the vices of the first, without possessing +the generous impulse of the workingman nor the honest order of the +bourgeois. + +They were of those dwarfed natures which, if a dull fire chances to +warm them up, easily become monstrous. There was in the woman a +substratum of the brute, and in the man the material for a blackguard. +Both were susceptible, in the highest degree, of the sort of hideous +progress which is accomplished in the direction of evil. There exist +crab-like souls which are continually retreating towards the darkness, +retrograding in life rather than advancing, employing experience to +augment their deformity, growing incessantly worse, and becoming more +and more impregnated with an ever-augmenting blackness. This man and +woman possessed such souls. + +ThĂ©nardier, in particular, was troublesome for a physiognomist. One can +only look at some men to distrust them; for one feels that they are +dark in both directions. They are uneasy in the rear and threatening in +front. There is something of the unknown about them. One can no more +answer for what they have done than for what they will do. The shadow +which they bear in their glance denounces them. From merely hearing +them utter a word or seeing them make a gesture, one obtains a glimpse +of sombre secrets in their past and of sombre mysteries in their +future. + +This ThĂ©nardier, if he himself was to be believed, had been a soldier—a +sergeant, he said. He had probably been through the campaign of 1815, +and had even conducted himself with tolerable valor, it would seem. We +shall see later on how much truth there was in this. The sign of his +hostelry was in allusion to one of his feats of arms. He had painted it +himself; for he knew how to do a little of everything, and badly. + +It was at the epoch when the ancient classical romance which, after +having been _ClĂ©lie_, was no longer anything but _LodoĂŻska_, still +noble, but ever more and more vulgar, having fallen from Mademoiselle +de ScudĂ©ri to Madame Bournon-Malarme, and from Madame de Lafayette to +Madame BarthĂ©lemy-Hadot, was setting the loving hearts of the +portresses of Paris aflame, and even ravaging the suburbs to some +extent. Madame ThĂ©nardier was just intelligent enough to read this sort +of books. She lived on them. In them she drowned what brains she +possessed. This had given her, when very young, and even a little +later, a sort of pensive attitude towards her husband, a scamp of a +certain depth, a ruffian lettered to the extent of the grammar, coarse +and fine at one and the same time, but, so far as sentimentalism was +concerned, given to the perusal of Pigault-Lebrun, and “in what +concerns the sex,” as he said in his jargon—a downright, unmitigated +lout. His wife was twelve or fifteen years younger than he was. Later +on, when her hair, arranged in a romantically drooping fashion, began +to grow gray, when the MegĂŠra began to be developed from the Pamela, +the female ThĂ©nardier was nothing but a coarse, vicious woman, who had +dabbled in stupid romances. Now, one cannot read nonsense with +impunity. The result was that her eldest daughter was named Éponine; as +for the younger, the poor little thing came near being called Gulnare; +I know not to what diversion, effected by a romance of Ducray-Dumenil, +she owed the fact that she merely bore the name of Azelma. + +However, we will remark by the way, everything was not ridiculous and +superficial in that curious epoch to which we are alluding, and which +may be designated as the anarchy of baptismal names. By the side of +this romantic element which we have just indicated there is the social +symptom. It is not rare for the neatherd’s boy nowadays to bear the +name of Arthur, Alfred, or Alphonse, and for the vicomte—if there are +still any vicomtes—to be called Thomas, Pierre, or Jacques. This +displacement, which places the “elegant” name on the plebeian and the +rustic name on the aristocrat, is nothing else than an eddy of +equality. The irresistible penetration of the new inspiration is there +as everywhere else. Beneath this apparent discord there is a great and +a profound thing,—the French Revolution. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE LARK + + +It is not all in all sufficient to be wicked in order to prosper. The +cook-shop was in a bad way. + +Thanks to the traveller’s fifty-seven francs, ThĂ©nardier had been able +to avoid a protest and to honor his signature. On the following month +they were again in need of money. The woman took Cosette’s outfit to +Paris, and pawned it at the pawnbroker’s for sixty francs. As soon as +that sum was spent, the ThĂ©nardiers grew accustomed to look on the +little girl merely as a child whom they were caring for out of charity; +and they treated her accordingly. As she had no longer any clothes, +they dressed her in the cast-off petticoats and chemises of the +ThĂ©nardier brats; that is to say, in rags. They fed her on what all the +rest had left—a little better than the dog, a little worse than the +cat. Moreover, the cat and the dog were her habitual table-companions; +Cosette ate with them under the table, from a wooden bowl similar to +theirs. + +The mother, who had established herself, as we shall see later on, at +M. sur M., wrote, or, more correctly, caused to be written, a letter +every month, that she might have news of her child. The ThĂ©nardiers +replied invariably, “Cosette is doing wonderfully well.” + + +At the expiration of the first six months the mother sent seven francs +for the seventh month, and continued her remittances with tolerable +regularity from month to month. The year was not completed when +ThĂ©nardier said: “A fine favor she is doing us, in sooth! What does she +expect us to do with her seven francs?” and he wrote to demand twelve +francs. The mother, whom they had persuaded into the belief that her +child was happy, “and was coming on well,” submitted, and forwarded the +twelve francs. + +Certain natures cannot love on the one hand without hating on the +other. Mother ThĂ©nardier loved her two daughters passionately, which +caused her to hate the stranger. + +It is sad to think that the love of a mother can possess villainous +aspects. Little as was the space occupied by Cosette, it seemed to her +as though it were taken from her own, and that that little child +diminished the air which her daughters breathed. This woman, like many +women of her sort, had a load of caresses and a burden of blows and +injuries to dispense each day. If she had not had Cosette, it is +certain that her daughters, idolized as they were, would have received +the whole of it; but the stranger did them the service to divert the +blows to herself. Her daughters received nothing but caresses. Cosette +could not make a motion which did not draw down upon her head a heavy +shower of violent blows and unmerited chastisement. The sweet, feeble +being, who should not have understood anything of this world or of God, +incessantly punished, scolded, ill-used, beaten, and seeing beside her +two little creatures like herself, who lived in a ray of dawn! + +Madame ThĂ©nardier was vicious with Cosette. Éponine and Azelma were +vicious. Children at that age are only copies of their mother. The size +is smaller; that is all. + +A year passed; then another. + +People in the village said:— + +“Those ThĂ©nardiers are good people. They are not rich, and yet they are +bringing up a poor child who was abandoned on their hands!” + + +They thought that Cosette’s mother had forgotten her. + +In the meanwhile, ThĂ©nardier, having learned, it is impossible to say +by what obscure means, that the child was probably a bastard, and that +the mother could not acknowledge it, exacted fifteen francs a month, +saying that “the creature” was growing and “eating,” and threatening to +send her away. “Let her not bother me,” he exclaimed, “or I’ll fire her +brat right into the middle of her secrets. I must have an increase.” +The mother paid the fifteen francs. + +From year to year the child grew, and so did her wretchedness. + +As long as Cosette was little, she was the scape-goat of the two other +children; as soon as she began to develop a little, that is to say, +before she was even five years old, she became the servant of the +household. + +Five years old! the reader will say; that is not probable. Alas! it is +true. Social suffering begins at all ages. Have we not recently seen +the trial of a man named Dumollard, an orphan turned bandit, who, from +the age of five, as the official documents state, being alone in the +world, “worked for his living and stole”? + +Cosette was made to run on errands, to sweep the rooms, the courtyard, +the street, to wash the dishes, to even carry burdens. The ThĂ©nardiers +considered themselves all the more authorized to behave in this manner, +since the mother, who was still at M. sur M., had become irregular in +her payments. Some months she was in arrears. + +If this mother had returned to Montfermeil at the end of these three +years, she would not have recognized her child. Cosette, so pretty and +rosy on her arrival in that house, was now thin and pale. She had an +indescribably uneasy look. “The sly creature,” said the ThĂ©nardiers. + +Injustice had made her peevish, and misery had made her ugly. Nothing +remained to her except her beautiful eyes, which inspired pain, +because, large as they were, it seemed as though one beheld in them a +still larger amount of sadness. + +It was a heart-breaking thing to see this poor child, not yet six years +old, shivering in the winter in her old rags of linen, full of holes, +sweeping the street before daylight, with an enormous broom in her tiny +red hands, and a tear in her great eyes. + +[Illustration: Cossette Sweeping] + +She was called the _Lark_ in the neighborhood. The populace, who are +fond of these figures of speech, had taken a fancy to bestow this name +on this trembling, frightened, and shivering little creature, no bigger +than a bird, who was awake every morning before any one else in the +house or the village, and was always in the street or the fields before +daybreak. + +Only the little lark never sang. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE DESCENT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE HISTORY OF A PROGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS + + +And in the meantime, what had become of that mother who according to +the people at Montfermeil, seemed to have abandoned her child? Where +was she? What was she doing? + +After leaving her little Cosette with the ThĂ©nardiers, she had +continued her journey, and had reached M. sur M. + +This, it will be remembered, was in 1818. + +Fantine had quitted her province ten years before. M. sur M. had +changed its aspect. While Fantine had been slowly descending from +wretchedness to wretchedness, her native town had prospered. + +About two years previously one of those industrial facts which are the +grand events of small districts had taken place. + +This detail is important, and we regard it as useful to develop it at +length; we should almost say, to underline it. + +From time immemorial, M. sur M. had had for its special industry the +imitation of English jet and the black glass trinkets of Germany. This +industry had always vegetated, on account of the high price of the raw +material, which reacted on the manufacture. At the moment when Fantine +returned to M. sur M., an unheard-of transformation had taken place in +the production of “black goods.” Towards the close of 1815 a man, a +stranger, had established himself in the town, and had been inspired +with the idea of substituting, in this manufacture, gum-lac for resin, +and, for bracelets in particular, slides of sheet-iron simply laid +together, for slides of soldered sheet-iron. + +This very small change had effected a revolution. + +This very small change had, in fact, prodigiously reduced the cost of +the raw material, which had rendered it possible in the first place, to +raise the price of manufacture, a benefit to the country; in the second +place, to improve the workmanship, an advantage to the consumer; in the +third place, to sell at a lower price, while trebling the profit, which +was a benefit to the manufacturer. + +Thus three results ensued from one idea. + +In less than three years the inventor of this process had become rich, +which is good, and had made every one about him rich, which is better. +He was a stranger in the Department. Of his origin, nothing was known; +of the beginning of his career, very little. It was rumored that he had +come to town with very little money, a few hundred francs at the most. + +It was from this slender capital, enlisted in the service of an +ingenious idea, developed by method and thought, that he had drawn his +own fortune, and the fortune of the whole countryside. + +On his arrival at M. sur M. he had only the garments, the appearance, +and the language of a workingman. + +It appears that on the very day when he made his obscure entry into the +little town of M. sur M., just at nightfall, on a December evening, +knapsack on back and thorn club in hand, a large fire had broken out in +the town-hall. This man had rushed into the flames and saved, at the +risk of his own life, two children who belonged to the captain of the +gendarmerie; this is why they had forgotten to ask him for his +passport. Afterwards they had learned his name. He was called Father +Madeleine. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MADELEINE + + +He was a man about fifty years of age, who had a preoccupied air, and +who was good. That was all that could be said about him. + +Thanks to the rapid progress of the industry which he had so admirably +reconstructed, M. sur M. had become a rather important centre of trade. +Spain, which consumes a good deal of black jet, made enormous purchases +there each year. M. sur M. almost rivalled London and Berlin in this +branch of commerce. Father Madeleine’s profits were such, that at the +end of the second year he was able to erect a large factory, in which +there were two vast workrooms, one for the men, and the other for +women. Any one who was hungry could present himself there, and was sure +of finding employment and bread. Father Madeleine required of the men +good will, of the women pure morals, and of all, probity. He had +separated the work-rooms in order to separate the sexes, and so that +the women and girls might remain discreet. On this point he was +inflexible. It was the only thing in which he was in a manner +intolerant. He was all the more firmly set on this severity, since M. +sur M., being a garrison town, opportunities for corruption abounded. +However, his coming had been a boon, and his presence was a godsend. +Before Father Madeleine’s arrival, everything had languished in the +country; now everything lived with a healthy life of toil. A strong +circulation warmed everything and penetrated everywhere. Slack seasons +and wretchedness were unknown. There was no pocket so obscure that it +had not a little money in it; no dwelling so lowly that there was not +some little joy within it. + +Father Madeleine gave employment to every one. He exacted but one +thing: Be an honest man. Be an honest woman. + +As we have said, in the midst of this activity of which he was the +cause and the pivot, Father Madeleine made his fortune; but a singular +thing in a simple man of business, it did not seem as though that were +his chief care. He appeared to be thinking much of others, and little +of himself. In 1820 he was known to have a sum of six hundred and +thirty thousand francs lodged in his name with Laffitte; but before +reserving these six hundred and thirty thousand francs, he had spent +more than a million for the town and its poor. + +The hospital was badly endowed; he founded six beds there. M. sur M. is +divided into the upper and the lower town. The lower town, in which he +lived, had but one school, a miserable hovel, which was falling to +ruin: he constructed two, one for girls, the other for boys. He +allotted a salary from his own funds to the two instructors, a salary +twice as large as their meagre official salary, and one day he said to +some one who expressed surprise, “The two prime functionaries of the +state are the nurse and the schoolmaster.” He created at his own +expense an infant school, a thing then almost unknown in France, and a +fund for aiding old and infirm workmen. As his factory was a centre, a +new quarter, in which there were a good many indigent families, rose +rapidly around him; he established there a free dispensary. + +At first, when they watched his beginnings, the good souls said, “He’s +a jolly fellow who means to get rich.” When they saw him enriching the +country before he enriched himself, the good souls said, “He is an +ambitious man.” This seemed all the more probable since the man was +religious, and even practised his religion to a certain degree, a thing +which was very favorably viewed at that epoch. He went regularly to low +mass every Sunday. The local deputy, who nosed out all rivalry +everywhere, soon began to grow uneasy over this religion. This deputy +had been a member of the legislative body of the Empire, and shared the +religious ideas of a father of the Oratoire, known under the name of +FouchĂ©, Duc d’Otrante, whose creature and friend he had been. He +indulged in gentle raillery at God with closed doors. But when he +beheld the wealthy manufacturer Madeleine going to low mass at seven +o’clock, he perceived in him a possible candidate, and resolved to +outdo him; he took a Jesuit confessor, and went to high mass and to +vespers. Ambition was at that time, in the direct acceptation of the +word, a race to the steeple. The poor profited by this terror as well +as the good God, for the honorable deputy also founded two beds in the +hospital, which made twelve. + +Nevertheless, in 1819 a rumor one morning circulated through the town +to the effect that, on the representations of the prefect and in +consideration of the services rendered by him to the country, Father +Madeleine was to be appointed by the King, mayor of M. sur M. Those who +had pronounced this newcomer to be “an ambitious fellow,” seized with +delight on this opportunity which all men desire, to exclaim, “There! +what did we say!” All M. sur M. was in an uproar. The rumor was well +founded. Several days later the appointment appeared in the _Moniteur_. +On the following day Father Madeleine refused. + +In this same year of 1819 the products of the new process invented by +Madeleine figured in the industrial exhibition; when the jury made +their report, the King appointed the inventor a chevalier of the Legion +of Honor. A fresh excitement in the little town. Well, so it was the +cross that he wanted! Father Madeleine refused the cross. + +Decidedly this man was an enigma. The good souls got out of their +predicament by saying, “After all, he is some sort of an adventurer.” + + +We have seen that the country owed much to him; the poor owed him +everything; he was so useful and he was so gentle that people had been +obliged to honor and respect him. His workmen, in particular, adored +him, and he endured this adoration with a sort of melancholy gravity. +When he was known to be rich, “people in society” bowed to him, and he +received invitations in the town; he was called, in town, Monsieur +Madeleine; his workmen and the children continued to call him Father +Madeleine, and that was what was most adapted to make him smile. In +proportion as he mounted, throve, invitations rained down upon him. +“Society” claimed him for its own. The prim little drawing-rooms on M. +sur M., which, of course, had at first been closed to the artisan, +opened both leaves of their folding-doors to the millionnaire. They +made a thousand advances to him. He refused. + +This time the good gossips had no trouble. “He is an ignorant man, of +no education. No one knows where he came from. He would not know how to +behave in society. It has not been absolutely proved that he knows how +to read.” + + +When they saw him making money, they said, “He is a man of business.” +When they saw him scattering his money about, they said, “He is an +ambitious man.” When he was seen to decline honors, they said, “He is +an adventurer.” When they saw him repulse society, they said, “He is a +brute.” + + +In 1820, five years after his arrival in M. sur M., the services which +he had rendered to the district were so dazzling, the opinion of the +whole country round about was so unanimous, that the King again +appointed him mayor of the town. He again declined; but the prefect +resisted his refusal, all the notabilities of the place came to implore +him, the people in the street besought him; the urging was so vigorous +that he ended by accepting. It was noticed that the thing which seemed +chiefly to bring him to a decision was the almost irritated apostrophe +addressed to him by an old woman of the people, who called to him from +her threshold, in an angry way: _“A good mayor is a useful thing. Is he +drawing back before the good which he can do?”_ + +This was the third phase of his ascent. Father Madeleine had become +Monsieur Madeleine. Monsieur Madeleine became Monsieur le Maire. + + + + +CHAPTER III—SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE + + +On the other hand, he remained as simple as on the first day. He had +gray hair, a serious eye, the sunburned complexion of a laborer, the +thoughtful visage of a philosopher. He habitually wore a hat with a +wide brim, and a long coat of coarse cloth, buttoned to the chin. He +fulfilled his duties as mayor; but, with that exception, he lived in +solitude. He spoke to but few people. He avoided polite attentions; he +escaped quickly; he smiled to relieve himself of the necessity of +talking; he gave, in order to get rid of the necessity for smiling. The +women said of him, “What a good-natured bear!” His pleasure consisted +in strolling in the fields. + +He always took his meals alone, with an open book before him, which he +read. He had a well-selected little library. He loved books; books are +cold but safe friends. In proportion as leisure came to him with +fortune, he seemed to take advantage of it to cultivate his mind. It +had been observed that, ever since his arrival at M. sur M., his +language had grown more polished, more choice, and more gentle with +every passing year. He liked to carry a gun with him on his strolls, +but he rarely made use of it. When he did happen to do so, his shooting +was something so infallible as to inspire terror. He never killed an +inoffensive animal. He never shot at a little bird. + +Although he was no longer young, it was thought that he was still +prodigiously strong. He offered his assistance to any one who was in +need of it, lifted a horse, released a wheel clogged in the mud, or +stopped a runaway bull by the horns. He always had his pockets full of +money when he went out; but they were empty on his return. When he +passed through a village, the ragged brats ran joyously after him, and +surrounded him like a swarm of gnats. + +It was thought that he must, in the past, have lived a country life, +since he knew all sorts of useful secrets, which he taught to the +peasants. He taught them how to destroy scurf on wheat, by sprinkling +it and the granary and inundating the cracks in the floor with a +solution of common salt; and how to chase away weevils by hanging up +orviot in bloom everywhere, on the walls and the ceilings, among the +grass and in the houses. + +He had “recipes” for exterminating from a field, blight, tares, +foxtail, and all parasitic growths which destroy the wheat. He defended +a rabbit warren against rats, simply by the odor of a guinea-pig which +he placed in it. + +One day he saw some country people busily engaged in pulling up +nettles; he examined the plants, which were uprooted and already dried, +and said: “They are dead. Nevertheless, it would be a good thing to +know how to make use of them. When the nettle is young, the leaf makes +an excellent vegetable; when it is older, it has filaments and fibres +like hemp and flax. Nettle cloth is as good as linen cloth. Chopped up, +nettles are good for poultry; pounded, they are good for horned cattle. +The seed of the nettle, mixed with fodder, gives gloss to the hair of +animals; the root, mixed with salt, produces a beautiful yellow +coloring-matter. Moreover, it is an excellent hay, which can be cut +twice. And what is required for the nettle? A little soil, no care, no +culture. Only the seed falls as it is ripe, and it is difficult to +collect it. That is all. With the exercise of a little care, the nettle +could be made useful; it is neglected and it becomes hurtful. It is +exterminated. How many men resemble the nettle!” He added, after a +pause: “Remember this, my friends: there are no such things as bad +plants or bad men. There are only bad cultivators.” + + +The children loved him because he knew how to make charming little +trifles of straw and cocoanuts. + +When he saw the door of a church hung in black, he entered: he sought +out funerals as other men seek christenings. Widowhood and the grief of +others attracted him, because of his great gentleness; he mingled with +the friends clad in mourning, with families dressed in black, with the +priests groaning around a coffin. He seemed to like to give to his +thoughts for text these funereal psalmodies filled with the vision of +the other world. With his eyes fixed on heaven, he listened with a sort +of aspiration towards all the mysteries of the infinite, those sad +voices which sing on the verge of the obscure abyss of death. + +He performed a multitude of good actions, concealing his agency in them +as a man conceals himself because of evil actions. He penetrated houses +privately, at night; he ascended staircases furtively. A poor wretch on +returning to his attic would find that his door had been opened, +sometimes even forced, during his absence. The poor man made a clamor +over it: some malefactor had been there! He entered, and the first +thing he beheld was a piece of gold lying forgotten on some piece of +furniture. The “malefactor” who had been there was Father Madeleine. + +He was affable and sad. The people said: “There is a rich man who has +not a haughty air. There is a happy man who has not a contented air.” + + +Some people maintained that he was a mysterious person, and that no one +ever entered his chamber, which was a regular anchorite’s cell, +furnished with winged hour-glasses and enlivened by cross-bones and +skulls of dead men! This was much talked of, so that one of the elegant +and malicious young women of M. sur M. came to him one day, and asked: +“Monsieur le Maire, pray show us your chamber. It is said to be a +grotto.” He smiled, and introduced them instantly into this “grotto.” +They were well punished for their curiosity. The room was very simply +furnished in mahogany, which was rather ugly, like all furniture of +that sort, and hung with paper worth twelve sous. They could see +nothing remarkable about it, except two candlesticks of antique pattern +which stood on the chimney-piece and appeared to be silver, “for they +were hall-marked,” an observation full of the type of wit of petty +towns. + +Nevertheless, people continued to say that no one ever got into the +room, and that it was a hermit’s cave, a mysterious retreat, a hole, a +tomb. + +It was also whispered about that he had “immense” sums deposited with +Laffitte, with this peculiar feature, that they were always at his +immediate disposal, so that, it was added, M. Madeleine could make his +appearance at Laffitte’s any morning, sign a receipt, and carry off his +two or three millions in ten minutes. In reality, “these two or three +millions” were reducible, as we have said, to six hundred and thirty or +forty thousand francs. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—M. MADELEINE IN MOURNING + + +At the beginning of 1820 the newspapers announced the death of M. +Myriel, Bishop of D——, surnamed “Monseigneur Bienvenu,” who had died in +the odor of sanctity at the age of eighty-two. + +The Bishop of D—— to supply here a detail which the papers omitted—had +been blind for many years before his death, and content to be blind, as +his sister was beside him. + +Let us remark by the way, that to be blind and to be loved, is, in +fact, one of the most strangely exquisite forms of happiness upon this +earth, where nothing is complete. To have continually at one’s side a +woman, a daughter, a sister, a charming being, who is there because you +need her and because she cannot do without you; to know that we are +indispensable to a person who is necessary to us; to be able to +incessantly measure one’s affection by the amount of her presence which +she bestows on us, and to say to ourselves, “Since she consecrates the +whole of her time to me, it is because I possess the whole of her +heart”; to behold her thought in lieu of her face; to be able to verify +the fidelity of one being amid the eclipse of the world; to regard the +rustle of a gown as the sound of wings; to hear her come and go, +retire, speak, return, sing, and to think that one is the centre of +these steps, of this speech; to manifest at each instant one’s personal +attraction; to feel one’s self all the more powerful because of one’s +infirmity; to become in one’s obscurity, and through one’s obscurity, +the star around which this angel gravitates,—few felicities equal this. +The supreme happiness of life consists in the conviction that one is +loved; loved for one’s own sake—let us say rather, loved in spite of +one’s self; this conviction the blind man possesses. To be served in +distress is to be caressed. Does he lack anything? No. One does not +lose the sight when one has love. And what love! A love wholly +constituted of virtue! There is no blindness where there is certainty. +Soul seeks soul, gropingly, and finds it. And this soul, found and +tested, is a woman. A hand sustains you; it is hers: a mouth lightly +touches your brow; it is her mouth: you hear a breath very near you; it +is hers. To have everything of her, from her worship to her pity, never +to be left, to have that sweet weakness aiding you, to lean upon that +immovable reed, to touch Providence with one’s hands, and to be able to +take it in one’s arms,—God made tangible,—what bliss! The heart, that +obscure, celestial flower, undergoes a mysterious blossoming. One would +not exchange that shadow for all brightness! The angel soul is there, +uninterruptedly there; if she departs, it is but to return again; she +vanishes like a dream, and reappears like reality. One feels warmth +approaching, and behold! she is there. One overflows with serenity, +with gayety, with ecstasy; one is a radiance amid the night. And there +are a thousand little cares. Nothings, which are enormous in that void. +The most ineffable accents of the feminine voice employed to lull you, +and supplying the vanished universe to you. One is caressed with the +soul. One sees nothing, but one feels that one is adored. It is a +paradise of shadows. + +It was from this paradise that Monseigneur Welcome had passed to the +other. + +The announcement of his death was reprinted by the local journal of M. +sur M. On the following day, M. Madeleine appeared clad wholly in +black, and with crape on his hat. + +This mourning was noticed in the town, and commented on. It seemed to +throw a light on M. Madeleine’s origin. It was concluded that some +relationship existed between him and the venerable Bishop. _“He has +gone into mourning for the Bishop of D——”_ said the drawing-rooms; this +raised M. Madeleine’s credit greatly, and procured for him, instantly +and at one blow, a certain consideration in the noble world of M. sur +M. The microscopic Faubourg Saint-Germain of the place meditated +raising the quarantine against M. Madeleine, the probable relative of a +bishop. M. Madeleine perceived the advancement which he had obtained, +by the more numerous courtesies of the old women and the more plentiful +smiles of the young ones. One evening, a ruler in that petty great +world, who was curious by right of seniority, ventured to ask him, “M. +le Maire is doubtless a cousin of the late Bishop of D——?” + + +He said, “No, Madame.” + + +“But,” resumed the dowager, “you are wearing mourning for him.” + + +He replied, “It is because I was a servant in his family in my youth.” + + +Another thing which was remarked, was, that every time that he +encountered in the town a young Savoyard who was roaming about the +country and seeking chimneys to sweep, the mayor had him summoned, +inquired his name, and gave him money. The little Savoyards told each +other about it: a great many of them passed that way. + + + + +CHAPTER V—VAGUE FLASHES ON THE HORIZON + + +Little by little, and in the course of time, all this opposition +subsided. There had at first been exercised against M. Madeleine, in +virtue of a sort of law which all those who rise must submit to, +blackening and calumnies; then they grew to be nothing more than +ill-nature, then merely malicious remarks, then even this entirely +disappeared; respect became complete, unanimous, cordial, and towards +1821 the moment arrived when the word “Monsieur le Maire” was +pronounced at M. sur M. with almost the same accent as “Monseigneur the +Bishop” had been pronounced in D—— in 1815. People came from a distance +of ten leagues around to consult M. Madeleine. He put an end to +differences, he prevented lawsuits, he reconciled enemies. Every one +took him for the judge, and with good reason. It seemed as though he +had for a soul the book of the natural law. It was like an epidemic of +veneration, which in the course of six or seven years gradually took +possession of the whole district. + +One single man in the town, in the arrondissement, absolutely escaped +this contagion, and, whatever Father Madeleine did, remained his +opponent as though a sort of incorruptible and imperturbable instinct +kept him on the alert and uneasy. It seems, in fact, as though there +existed in certain men a veritable bestial instinct, though pure and +upright, like all instincts, which creates antipathies and sympathies, +which fatally separates one nature from another nature, which does not +hesitate, which feels no disquiet, which does not hold its peace, and +which never belies itself, clear in its obscurity, infallible, +imperious, intractable, stubborn to all counsels of the intelligence +and to all the dissolvents of reason, and which, in whatever manner +destinies are arranged, secretly warns the man-dog of the presence of +the man-cat, and the man-fox of the presence of the man-lion. + +It frequently happened that when M. Madeleine was passing along a +street, calm, affectionate, surrounded by the blessings of all, a man +of lofty stature, clad in an iron-gray frock-coat, armed with a heavy +cane, and wearing a battered hat, turned round abruptly behind him, and +followed him with his eyes until he disappeared, with folded arms and a +slow shake of the head, and his upper lip raised in company with his +lower to his nose, a sort of significant grimace which might be +translated by: “What is that man, after all? I certainly have seen him +somewhere. In any case, I am not his dupe.” + + +This person, grave with a gravity which was almost menacing, was one of +those men who, even when only seen by a rapid glimpse, arrest the +spectator’s attention. + +His name was Javert, and he belonged to the police. + +At M. sur M. he exercised the unpleasant but useful functions of an +inspector. He had not seen Madeleine’s beginnings. Javert owed the post +which he occupied to the protection of M. Chabouillet, the secretary of +the Minister of State, Comte AnglĂšs, then prefect of police at Paris. +When Javert arrived at M. sur M. the fortune of the great manufacturer +was already made, and Father Madeleine had become Monsieur Madeleine. + +Certain police officers have a peculiar physiognomy, which is +complicated with an air of baseness mingled with an air of authority. +Javert possessed this physiognomy minus the baseness. + +It is our conviction that if souls were visible to the eyes, we should +be able to see distinctly that strange thing that each one individual +of the human race corresponds to some one of the species of the animal +creation; and we could easily recognize this truth, hardly perceived by +the thinker, that from the oyster to the eagle, from the pig to the +tiger, all animals exist in man, and that each one of them is in a man. +Sometimes even several of them at a time. + +Animals are nothing else than the figures of our virtues and our vices, +straying before our eyes, the visible phantoms of our souls. God shows +them to us in order to induce us to reflect. Only since animals are +mere shadows, God has not made them capable of education in the full +sense of the word; what is the use? On the contrary, our souls being +realities and having a goal which is appropriate to them, God has +bestowed on them intelligence; that is to say, the possibility of +education. Social education, when well done, can always draw from a +soul, of whatever sort it may be, the utility which it contains. + +This, be it said, is of course from the restricted point of view of the +terrestrial life which is apparent, and without prejudging the profound +question of the anterior or ulterior personality of the beings which +are not man. The visible _I_ in nowise authorizes the thinker to deny +the latent _I_. Having made this reservation, let us pass on. + +Now, if the reader will admit, for a moment, with us, that in every man +there is one of the animal species of creation, it will be easy for us +to say what there was in Police Officer Javert. + +The peasants of Asturias are convinced that in every litter of wolves +there is one dog, which is killed by the mother because, otherwise, as +he grew up, he would devour the other little ones. + +Give to this dog-son of a wolf a human face, and the result will be +Javert. + +Javert had been born in prison, of a fortune-teller, whose husband was +in the galleys. As he grew up, he thought that he was outside the pale +of society, and he despaired of ever re-entering it. He observed that +society unpardoningly excludes two classes of men,—those who attack it +and those who guard it; he had no choice except between these two +classes; at the same time, he was conscious of an indescribable +foundation of rigidity, regularity, and probity, complicated with an +inexpressible hatred for the race of bohemians whence he was sprung. He +entered the police; he succeeded there. At forty years of age he was an +inspector. + +During his youth he had been employed in the convict establishments of +the South. + +Before proceeding further, let us come to an understanding as to the +words, “human face,” which we have just applied to Javert. + +The human face of Javert consisted of a flat nose, with two deep +nostrils, towards which enormous whiskers ascended on his cheeks. One +felt ill at ease when he saw these two forests and these two caverns +for the first time. When Javert laughed,—and his laugh was rare and +terrible,—his thin lips parted and revealed to view not only his teeth, +but his gums, and around his nose there formed a flattened and savage +fold, as on the muzzle of a wild beast. Javert, serious, was a +watchdog; when he laughed, he was a tiger. As for the rest, he had very +little skull and a great deal of jaw; his hair concealed his forehead +and fell over his eyebrows; between his eyes there was a permanent, +central frown, like an imprint of wrath; his gaze was obscure; his +mouth pursed up and terrible; his air that of ferocious command. + +This man was composed of two very simple and two very good sentiments, +comparatively; but he rendered them almost bad, by dint of exaggerating +them,—respect for authority, hatred of rebellion; and in his eyes, +murder, robbery, all crimes, are only forms of rebellion. He enveloped +in a blind and profound faith every one who had a function in the +state, from the prime minister to the rural policeman. He covered with +scorn, aversion, and disgust every one who had once crossed the legal +threshold of evil. He was absolute, and admitted no exceptions. On the +one hand, he said, “The functionary can make no mistake; the magistrate +is never the wrong.” On the other hand, he said, “These men are +irremediably lost. Nothing good can come from them.” He fully shared +the opinion of those extreme minds which attribute to human law I know +not what power of making, or, if the reader will have it so, of +authenticating, demons, and who place a Styx at the base of society. He +was stoical, serious, austere; a melancholy dreamer, humble and +haughty, like fanatics. His glance was like a gimlet, cold and +piercing. His whole life hung on these two words: watchfulness and +supervision. He had introduced a straight line into what is the most +crooked thing in the world; he possessed the conscience of his +usefulness, the religion of his functions, and he was a spy as other +men are priests. Woe to the man who fell into his hands! He would have +arrested his own father, if the latter had escaped from the galleys, +and would have denounced his mother, if she had broken her ban. And he +would have done it with that sort of inward satisfaction which is +conferred by virtue. And, withal, a life of privation, isolation, +abnegation, chastity, with never a diversion. It was implacable duty; +the police understood, as the Spartans understood Sparta, a pitiless +lying in wait, a ferocious honesty, a marble informer, Brutus in +Vidocq. + +Javert’s whole person was expressive of the man who spies and who +withdraws himself from observation. The mystical school of Joseph de +Maistre, which at that epoch seasoned with lofty cosmogony those things +which were called the ultra newspapers, would not have failed to +declare that Javert was a symbol. His brow was not visible; it +disappeared beneath his hat: his eyes were not visible, since they were +lost under his eyebrows: his chin was not visible, for it was plunged +in his cravat: his hands were not visible; they were drawn up in his +sleeves: and his cane was not visible; he carried it under his coat. +But when the occasion presented itself, there was suddenly seen to +emerge from all this shadow, as from an ambuscade, a narrow and angular +forehead, a baleful glance, a threatening chin, enormous hands, and a +monstrous cudgel. + +In his leisure moments, which were far from frequent, he read, although +he hated books; this caused him to be not wholly illiterate. This could +be recognized by some emphasis in his speech. + +As we have said, he had no vices. When he was pleased with himself, he +permitted himself a pinch of snuff. Therein lay his connection with +humanity. + +The reader will have no difficulty in understanding that Javert was the +terror of that whole class which the annual statistics of the Ministry +of Justice designates under the rubric, Vagrants. The name of Javert +routed them by its mere utterance; the face of Javert petrified them at +sight. + +Such was this formidable man. + +Javert was like an eye constantly fixed on M. Madeleine. An eye full of +suspicion and conjecture. M. Madeleine had finally perceived the fact; +but it seemed to be of no importance to him. He did not even put a +question to Javert; he neither sought nor avoided him; he bore that +embarrassing and almost oppressive gaze without appearing to notice it. +He treated Javert with ease and courtesy, as he did all the rest of the +world. + +It was divined, from some words which escaped Javert, that he had +secretly investigated, with that curiosity which belongs to the race, +and into which there enters as much instinct as will, all the anterior +traces which Father Madeleine might have left elsewhere. He seemed to +know, and he sometimes said in covert words, that some one had gleaned +certain information in a certain district about a family which had +disappeared. Once he chanced to say, as he was talking to himself, “I +think I have him!” Then he remained pensive for three days, and uttered +not a word. It seemed that the thread which he thought he held had +broken. + +Moreover, and this furnishes the necessary corrective for the too +absolute sense which certain words might present, there can be nothing +really infallible in a human creature, and the peculiarity of instinct +is that it can become confused, thrown off the track, and defeated. +Otherwise, it would be superior to intelligence, and the beast would be +found to be provided with a better light than man. + +Javert was evidently somewhat disconcerted by the perfect naturalness +and tranquillity of M. Madeleine. + +One day, nevertheless, his strange manner appeared to produce an +impression on M. Madeleine. It was on the following occasion. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FATHER FAUCHELEVENT + + +One morning M. Madeleine was passing through an unpaved alley of M. sur +M.; he heard a noise, and saw a group some distance away. He +approached. An old man named Father Fauchelevent had just fallen +beneath his cart, his horse having tumbled down. + +This Fauchelevent was one of the few enemies whom M. Madeleine had at +that time. When Madeleine arrived in the neighborhood, Fauchelevent, an +ex-notary and a peasant who was almost educated, had a business which +was beginning to be in a bad way. Fauchelevent had seen this simple +workman grow rich, while he, a lawyer, was being ruined. This had +filled him with jealousy, and he had done all he could, on every +occasion, to injure Madeleine. Then bankruptcy had come; and as the old +man had nothing left but a cart and a horse, and neither family nor +children, he had turned carter. + +The horse had two broken legs and could not rise. The old man was +caught in the wheels. The fall had been so unlucky that the whole +weight of the vehicle rested on his breast. The cart was quite heavily +laden. Father Fauchelevent was rattling in the throat in the most +lamentable manner. They had tried, but in vain, to drag him out. An +unmethodical effort, aid awkwardly given, a wrong shake, might kill +him. It was impossible to disengage him otherwise than by lifting the +vehicle off of him. Javert, who had come up at the moment of the +accident, had sent for a jack-screw. + +M. Madeleine arrived. People stood aside respectfully. + +“Help!” cried old Fauchelevent. “Who will be good and save the old +man?” + + +M. Madeleine turned towards those present:— + +“Is there a jack-screw to be had?” + + +“One has been sent for,” answered the peasant. + +“How long will it take to get it?” + + +“They have gone for the nearest, to Flachot’s place, where there is a +farrier; but it makes no difference; it will take a good quarter of an +hour.” + + +“A quarter of an hour!” exclaimed Madeleine. + +It had rained on the preceding night; the soil was soaked. + +The cart was sinking deeper into the earth every moment, and crushing +the old carter’s breast more and more. It was evident that his ribs +would be broken in five minutes more. + +“It is impossible to wait another quarter of an hour,” said Madeleine +to the peasants, who were staring at him. + +“We must!” + + +“But it will be too late then! Don’t you see that the cart is sinking?” + + +“Well!” + + +“Listen,” resumed Madeleine; “there is still room enough under the cart +to allow a man to crawl beneath it and raise it with his back. Only +half a minute, and the poor man can be taken out. Is there any one here +who has stout loins and heart? There are five louis d’or to be earned!” + + +Not a man in the group stirred. + +“Ten louis,” said Madeleine. + +The persons present dropped their eyes. One of them muttered: “A man +would need to be devilish strong. And then he runs the risk of getting +crushed!” + + +“Come,” began Madeleine again, “twenty louis.” + + +The same silence. + +“It is not the will which is lacking,” said a voice. + +M. Madeleine turned round, and recognized Javert. He had not noticed +him on his arrival. + +Javert went on:— + +“It is strength. One would have to be a terrible man to do such a thing +as lift a cart like that on his back.” + + +Then, gazing fixedly at M. Madeleine, he went on, emphasizing every +word that he uttered:— + +“Monsieur Madeleine, I have never known but one man capable of doing +what you ask.” + + +Madeleine shuddered. + +Javert added, with an air of indifference, but without removing his +eyes from Madeleine:— + +“He was a convict.” + + +“Ah!” said Madeleine. + +“In the galleys at Toulon.” + + +Madeleine turned pale. + +Meanwhile, the cart continued to sink slowly. Father Fauchelevent +rattled in the throat, and shrieked:— + +“I am strangling! My ribs are breaking! a screw! something! Ah!” + + +Madeleine glanced about him. + +“Is there, then, no one who wishes to earn twenty louis and save the +life of this poor old man?” + + +No one stirred. Javert resumed:— + +“I have never known but one man who could take the place of a screw, +and he was that convict.” + + +“Ah! It is crushing me!” cried the old man. + +Madeleine raised his head, met Javert’s falcon eye still fixed upon +him, looked at the motionless peasants, and smiled sadly. Then, without +saying a word, he fell on his knees, and before the crowd had even had +time to utter a cry, he was underneath the vehicle. + +A terrible moment of expectation and silence ensued. + +They beheld Madeleine, almost flat on his stomach beneath that terrible +weight, make two vain efforts to bring his knees and his elbows +together. They shouted to him, “Father Madeleine, come out!” Old +Fauchelevent himself said to him, “Monsieur Madeleine, go away! You see +that I am fated to die! Leave me! You will get yourself crushed also!” +Madeleine made no reply. + +All the spectators were panting. The wheels had continued to sink, and +it had become almost impossible for Madeleine to make his way from +under the vehicle. + +Suddenly the enormous mass was seen to quiver, the cart rose slowly, +the wheels half emerged from the ruts. They heard a stifled voice +crying, “Make haste! Help!” It was Madeleine, who had just made a final +effort. + +They rushed forwards. The devotion of a single man had given force and +courage to all. The cart was raised by twenty arms. Old Fauchelevent +was saved. + +Madeleine rose. He was pale, though dripping with perspiration. His +clothes were torn and covered with mud. All wept. The old man kissed +his knees and called him the good God. As for him, he bore upon his +countenance an indescribable expression of happy and celestial +suffering, and he fixed his tranquil eye on Javert, who was still +staring at him. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—FAUCHELEVENT BECOMES A GARDENER IN PARIS + + +Fauchelevent had dislocated his kneepan in his fall. Father Madeleine +had him conveyed to an infirmary which he had established for his +workmen in the factory building itself, and which was served by two +sisters of charity. On the following morning the old man found a +thousand-franc bank-note on his night-stand, with these words in Father +Madeleine’s writing: _“I purchase your horse and cart.”_ The cart was +broken, and the horse was dead. Fauchelevent recovered, but his knee +remained stiff. M. Madeleine, on the recommendation of the sisters of +charity and of his priest, got the good man a place as gardener in a +female convent in the Rue Saint-Antoine in Paris. + +Some time afterwards, M. Madeleine was appointed mayor. The first time +that Javert beheld M. Madeleine clothed in the scarf which gave him +authority over the town, he felt the sort of shudder which a watch-dog +might experience on smelling a wolf in his master’s clothes. From that +time forth he avoided him as much as he possibly could. When the +requirements of the service imperatively demanded it, and he could not +do otherwise than meet the mayor, he addressed him with profound +respect. + +This prosperity created at M. sur M. by Father Madeleine had, besides +the visible signs which we have mentioned, another symptom which was +nonetheless significant for not being visible. This never deceives. +When the population suffers, when work is lacking, when there is no +commerce, the tax-payer resists imposts through penury, he exhausts and +oversteps his respite, and the state expends a great deal of money in +the charges for compelling and collection. When work is abundant, when +the country is rich and happy, the taxes are paid easily and cost the +state nothing. It may be said, that there is one infallible thermometer +of the public misery and riches,—the cost of collecting the taxes. In +the course of seven years the expense of collecting the taxes had +diminished three-fourths in the arrondissement of M. sur M., and this +led to this arrondissement being frequently cited from all the rest by +M. de VillĂšle, then Minister of Finance. + +Such was the condition of the country when Fantine returned thither. No +one remembered her. Fortunately, the door of M. Madeleine’s factory was +like the face of a friend. She presented herself there, and was +admitted to the women’s workroom. The trade was entirely new to +Fantine; she could not be very skilful at it, and she therefore earned +but little by her day’s work; but it was sufficient; the problem was +solved; she was earning her living. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MADAME VICTURNIEN EXPENDS THIRTY FRANCS ON MORALITY + + +When Fantine saw that she was making her living, she felt joyful for a +moment. To live honestly by her own labor, what mercy from heaven! The +taste for work had really returned to her. She bought a looking-glass, +took pleasure in surveying in it her youth, her beautiful hair, her +fine teeth; she forgot many things; she thought only of Cosette and of +the possible future, and was almost happy. She hired a little room and +furnished on credit on the strength of her future work—a lingering +trace of her improvident ways. As she was not able to say that she was +married she took good care, as we have seen, not to mention her little +girl. + +At first, as the reader has seen, she paid the ThĂ©nardiers promptly. As +she only knew how to sign her name, she was obliged to write through a +public letter-writer. + +She wrote often, and this was noticed. It began to be said in an +undertone, in the women’s workroom, that Fantine “wrote letters” and +that “she had ways about her.” + + +There is no one for spying on people’s actions like those who are not +concerned in them. Why does that gentleman never come except at +nightfall? Why does Mr. So-and-So never hang his key on its nail on +Tuesday? Why does he always take the narrow streets? Why does Madame +always descend from her hackney-coach before reaching her house? Why +does she send out to purchase six sheets of note paper, when she has a +“whole stationer’s shop full of it?” etc. There exist beings who, for +the sake of obtaining the key to these enigmas, which are, moreover, of +no consequence whatever to them, spend more money, waste more time, +take more trouble, than would be required for ten good actions, and +that gratuitously, for their own pleasure, without receiving any other +payment for their curiosity than curiosity. They will follow up such +and such a man or woman for whole days; they will do sentry duty for +hours at a time on the corners of the streets, under alley-way doors at +night, in cold and rain; they will bribe errand-porters, they will make +the drivers of hackney-coaches and lackeys tipsy, buy a waiting-maid, +suborn a porter. Why? For no reason. A pure passion for seeing, +knowing, and penetrating into things. A pure itch for talking. And +often these secrets once known, these mysteries made public, these +enigmas illuminated by the light of day, bring on catastrophies, duels, +failures, the ruin of families, and broken lives, to the great joy of +those who have “found out everything,” without any interest in the +matter, and by pure instinct. A sad thing. + +Certain persons are malicious solely through a necessity for talking. +Their conversation, the chat of the drawing-room, gossip of the +anteroom, is like those chimneys which consume wood rapidly; they need +a great amount of combustibles; and their combustibles are furnished by +their neighbors. + +So Fantine was watched. + +In addition, many a one was jealous of her golden hair and of her white +teeth. + +It was remarked that in the workroom she often turned aside, in the +midst of the rest, to wipe away a tear. These were the moments when she +was thinking of her child; perhaps, also, of the man whom she had +loved. + +Breaking the gloomy bonds of the past is a mournful task. + +It was observed that she wrote twice a month at least, and that she +paid the carriage on the letter. They managed to obtain the address: +_Monsieur, Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, inn-keeper at Montfermeil_. The public +writer, a good old man who could not fill his stomach with red wine +without emptying his pocket of secrets, was made to talk in the +wine-shop. In short, it was discovered that Fantine had a child. “She +must be a pretty sort of a woman.” An old gossip was found, who made +the trip to Montfermeil, talked to the ThĂ©nardiers, and said on her +return: “For my five and thirty francs I have freed my mind. I have +seen the child.” + + +The gossip who did this thing was a gorgon named Madame Victurnien, the +guardian and door-keeper of every one’s virtue. Madame Victurnien was +fifty-six, and re-enforced the mask of ugliness with the mask of age. A +quavering voice, a whimsical mind. This old dame had once been +young—astonishing fact! In her youth, in ’93, she had married a monk +who had fled from his cloister in a red cap, and passed from the +Bernardines to the Jacobins. She was dry, rough, peevish, sharp, +captious, almost venomous; all this in memory of her monk, whose widow +she was, and who had ruled over her masterfully and bent her to his +will. She was a nettle in which the rustle of the cassock was visible. +At the Restoration she had turned bigot, and that with so much energy +that the priests had forgiven her her monk. She had a small property, +which she bequeathed with much ostentation to a religious community. +She was in high favor at the episcopal palace of Arras. So this Madame +Victurnien went to Montfermeil, and returned with the remark, “I have +seen the child.” + + +All this took time. Fantine had been at the factory for more than a +year, when, one morning, the superintendent of the workroom handed her +fifty francs from the mayor, told her that she was no longer employed +in the shop, and requested her, in the mayor’s name, to leave the +neighborhood. + +This was the very month when the ThĂ©nardiers, after having demanded +twelve francs instead of six, had just exacted fifteen francs instead +of twelve. + +Fantine was overwhelmed. She could not leave the neighborhood; she was +in debt for her rent and furniture. Fifty francs was not sufficient to +cancel this debt. She stammered a few supplicating words. The +superintendent ordered her to leave the shop on the instant. Besides, +Fantine was only a moderately good workwoman. Overcome with shame, even +more than with despair, she quitted the shop, and returned to her room. +So her fault was now known to every one. + +She no longer felt strong enough to say a word. She was advised to see +the mayor; she did not dare. The mayor had given her fifty francs +because he was good, and had dismissed her because he was just. She +bowed before the decision. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—MADAME VICTURNIEN’S SUCCESS + + +So the monk’s widow was good for something. + +But M. Madeleine had heard nothing of all this. Life is full of just +such combinations of events. M. Madeleine was in the habit of almost +never entering the women’s workroom. + +At the head of this room he had placed an elderly spinster, whom the +priest had provided for him, and he had full confidence in this +superintendent,—a truly respectable person, firm, equitable, upright, +full of the charity which consists in giving, but not having in the +same degree that charity which consists in understanding and in +forgiving. M. Madeleine relied wholly on her. The best men are often +obliged to delegate their authority. It was with this full power, and +the conviction that she was doing right, that the superintendent had +instituted the suit, judged, condemned, and executed Fantine. + +As regards the fifty francs, she had given them from a fund which M. +Madeleine had intrusted to her for charitable purposes, and for giving +assistance to the workwomen, and of which she rendered no account. + +Fantine tried to obtain a situation as a servant in the neighborhood; +she went from house to house. No one would have her. She could not +leave town. The second-hand dealer, to whom she was in debt for her +furniture—and what furniture!—said to her, “If you leave, I will have +you arrested as a thief.” The householder, whom she owed for her rent, +said to her, “You are young and pretty; you can pay.” She divided the +fifty francs between the landlord and the furniture-dealer, returned to +the latter three-quarters of his goods, kept only necessaries, and +found herself without work, without a trade, with nothing but her bed, +and still about fifty francs in debt. + +She began to make coarse shirts for soldiers of the garrison, and +earned twelve sous a day. Her daughter cost her ten. It was at this +point that she began to pay the ThĂ©nardiers irregularly. + +However, the old woman who lighted her candle for her when she returned +at night, taught her the art of living in misery. Back of living on +little, there is the living on nothing. These are the two chambers; the +first is dark, the second is black. + +Fantine learned how to live without fire entirely in the winter; how to +give up a bird which eats a half a farthing’s worth of millet every two +days; how to make a coverlet of one’s petticoat, and a petticoat of +one’s coverlet; how to save one’s candle, by taking one’s meals by the +light of the opposite window. No one knows all that certain feeble +creatures, who have grown old in privation and honesty, can get out of +a sou. It ends by being a talent. Fantine acquired this sublime talent, +and regained a little courage. + +At this epoch she said to a neighbor, “Bah! I say to myself, by only +sleeping five hours, and working all the rest of the time at my sewing, +I shall always manage to nearly earn my bread. And, then, when one is +sad, one eats less. Well, sufferings, uneasiness, a little bread on one +hand, trouble on the other,—all this will support me.” + + +It would have been a great happiness to have her little girl with her +in this distress. She thought of having her come. But what then! Make +her share her own destitution! And then, she was in debt to the +ThĂ©nardiers! How could she pay them? And the journey! How pay for that? + +The old woman who had given her lessons in what may be called the life +of indigence, was a sainted spinster named Marguerite, who was pious +with a true piety, poor and charitable towards the poor, and even +towards the rich, knowing how to write just sufficiently to sign +herself Marguerite, and believing in God, which is science. + +There are many such virtuous people in this lower world; some day they +will be in the world above. This life has a morrow. + +At first, Fantine had been so ashamed that she had not dared to go out. + +When she was in the street, she divined that people turned round behind +her, and pointed at her; every one stared at her and no one greeted +her; the cold and bitter scorn of the passers-by penetrated her very +flesh and soul like a north wind. + +It seems as though an unfortunate woman were utterly bare beneath the +sarcasm and the curiosity of all in small towns. In Paris, at least, no +one knows you, and this obscurity is a garment. Oh! how she would have +liked to betake herself to Paris! Impossible! + +She was obliged to accustom herself to disrepute, as she had accustomed +herself to indigence. Gradually she decided on her course. At the +expiration of two or three months she shook off her shame, and began to +go about as though there were nothing the matter. “It is all the same +to me,” she said. + +She went and came, bearing her head well up, with a bitter smile, and +was conscious that she was becoming brazen-faced. + +Madame Victurnien sometimes saw her passing, from her window, noticed +the distress of “that creature” who, “thanks to her,” had been “put +back in her proper place,” and congratulated herself. The happiness of +the evil-minded is black. + +Excess of toil wore out Fantine, and the little dry cough which +troubled her increased. She sometimes said to her neighbor, Marguerite, +“Just feel how hot my hands are!” + + +Nevertheless, when she combed her beautiful hair in the morning with an +old broken comb, and it flowed about her like floss silk, she +experienced a moment of happy coquetry. + + + + +CHAPTER X—RESULT OF THE SUCCESS + + +She had been dismissed towards the end of the winter; the summer +passed, but winter came again. Short days, less work. Winter: no +warmth, no light, no noonday, the evening joining on to the morning, +fogs, twilight; the window is gray; it is impossible to see clearly at +it. The sky is but a vent-hole. The whole day is a cavern. The sun has +the air of a beggar. A frightful season! Winter changes the water of +heaven and the heart of man into a stone. Her creditors harrassed her. + +Fantine earned too little. Her debts had increased. The ThĂ©nardiers, +who were not promptly paid, wrote to her constantly letters whose +contents drove her to despair, and whose carriage ruined her. One day +they wrote to her that her little Cosette was entirely naked in that +cold weather, that she needed a woollen skirt, and that her mother must +send at least ten francs for this. She received the letter, and crushed +it in her hands all day long. That evening she went into a barber’s +shop at the corner of the street, and pulled out her comb. Her +admirable golden hair fell to her knees. + +“What splendid hair!” exclaimed the barber. + +“How much will you give me for it?” said she. + +“Ten francs.” + + +“Cut it off.” + + +She purchased a knitted petticoat and sent it to the ThĂ©nardiers. This +petticoat made the ThĂ©nardiers furious. It was the money that they +wanted. They gave the petticoat to Éponine. The poor Lark continued to +shiver. + +Fantine thought: “My child is no longer cold. I have clothed her with +my hair.” She put on little round caps which concealed her shorn head, +and in which she was still pretty. + +Dark thoughts held possession of Fantine’s heart. + +When she saw that she could no longer dress her hair, she began to hate +every one about her. She had long shared the universal veneration for +Father Madeleine; yet, by dint of repeating to herself that it was he +who had discharged her, that he was the cause of her unhappiness, she +came to hate him also, and most of all. When she passed the factory in +working hours, when the workpeople were at the door, she affected to +laugh and sing. + +An old workwoman who once saw her laughing and singing in this fashion +said, “There’s a girl who will come to a bad end.” + + +She took a lover, the first who offered, a man whom she did not love, +out of bravado and with rage in her heart. He was a miserable scamp, a +sort of mendicant musician, a lazy beggar, who beat her, and who +abandoned her as she had taken him, in disgust. + +She adored her child. + +The lower she descended, the darker everything grew about her, the more +radiant shone that little angel at the bottom of her heart. She said, +“When I get rich, I will have my Cosette with me;” and she laughed. Her +cough did not leave her, and she had sweats on her back. + +One day she received from the ThĂ©nardiers a letter couched in the +following terms: “Cosette is ill with a malady which is going the +rounds of the neighborhood. A miliary fever, they call it. Expensive +drugs are required. This is ruining us, and we can no longer pay for +them. If you do not send us forty francs before the week is out, the +little one will be dead.” + + +She burst out laughing, and said to her old neighbor: “Ah! they are +good! Forty francs! the idea! That makes two napoleons! Where do they +think I am to get them? These peasants are stupid, truly.” + + +Nevertheless she went to a dormer window in the staircase and read the +letter once more. Then she descended the stairs and emerged, running +and leaping and still laughing. + +Some one met her and said to her, “What makes you so gay?” + + +She replied: “A fine piece of stupidity that some country people have +written to me. They demand forty francs of me. So much for you, you +peasants!” + + +As she crossed the square, she saw a great many people collected around +a carriage of eccentric shape, upon the top of which stood a man +dressed in red, who was holding forth. He was a quack dentist on his +rounds, who was offering to the public full sets of teeth, opiates, +powders and elixirs. + +Fantine mingled in the group, and began to laugh with the rest at the +harangue, which contained slang for the populace and jargon for +respectable people. The tooth-puller espied the lovely, laughing girl, +and suddenly exclaimed: “You have beautiful teeth, you girl there, who +are laughing; if you want to sell me your palettes, I will give you a +gold napoleon apiece for them.” + + +“What are my palettes?” asked Fantine. + +“The palettes,” replied the dental professor, “are the front teeth, the +two upper ones.” + + +“How horrible!” exclaimed Fantine. + +“Two napoleons!” grumbled a toothless old woman who was present. +“Here’s a lucky girl!” + + +Fantine fled and stopped her ears that she might not hear the hoarse +voice of the man shouting to her: “Reflect, my beauty! two napoleons; +they may prove of service. If your heart bids you, come this evening to +the inn of the _Tillac d’Argent_; you will find me there.” + + +Fantine returned home. She was furious, and related the occurrence to +her good neighbor Marguerite: “Can you understand such a thing? Is he +not an abominable man? How can they allow such people to go about the +country! Pull out my two front teeth! Why, I should be horrible! My +hair will grow again, but my teeth! Ah! what a monster of a man! I +should prefer to throw myself head first on the pavement from the fifth +story! He told me that he should be at the _Tillac d’Argent_ this +evening.” + + +“And what did he offer?” asked Marguerite. + +“Two napoleons.” + + +“That makes forty francs.” + + +“Yes,” said Fantine; “that makes forty francs.” + + +She remained thoughtful, and began her work. At the expiration of a +quarter of an hour she left her sewing and went to read the +ThĂ©nardiers’ letter once more on the staircase. + +On her return, she said to Marguerite, who was at work beside her:— + +“What is a miliary fever? Do you know?” + + +“Yes,” answered the old spinster; “it is a disease.” + + +“Does it require many drugs?” + + +“Oh! terrible drugs.” + + +“How does one get it?” + + +“It is a malady that one gets without knowing how.” + + +“Then it attacks children?” + + +“Children in particular.” + + +“Do people die of it?” + + +“They may,” said Marguerite. + +Fantine left the room and went to read her letter once more on the +staircase. + +That evening she went out, and was seen to turn her steps in the +direction of the Rue de Paris, where the inns are situated. + +The next morning, when Marguerite entered Fantine’s room before +daylight,—for they always worked together, and in this manner used only +one candle for the two,—she found Fantine seated on her bed, pale and +frozen. She had not lain down. Her cap had fallen on her knees. Her +candle had burned all night, and was almost entirely consumed. +Marguerite halted on the threshold, petrified at this tremendous +wastefulness, and exclaimed:— + +“Lord! the candle is all burned out! Something has happened.” + + +Then she looked at Fantine, who turned toward her her head bereft of +its hair. + +Fantine had grown ten years older since the preceding night. + +“Jesus!” said Marguerite, “what is the matter with you, Fantine?” + + +“Nothing,” replied Fantine. “Quite the contrary. My child will not die +of that frightful malady, for lack of succor. I am content.” + + +So saying, she pointed out to the spinster two napoleons which were +glittering on the table. + +“Ah! Jesus God!” cried Marguerite. “Why, it is a fortune! Where did you +get those louis d’or?” + + +“I got them,” replied Fantine. + +At the same time she smiled. The candle illuminated her countenance. It +was a bloody smile. A reddish saliva soiled the corners of her lips, +and she had a black hole in her mouth. + +The two teeth had been extracted. + +She sent the forty francs to Montfermeil. + +After all it was a ruse of the ThĂ©nardiers to obtain money. Cosette was +not ill. + +Fantine threw her mirror out of the window. She had long since quitted +her cell on the second floor for an attic with only a latch to fasten +it, next the roof; one of those attics whose extremity forms an angle +with the floor, and knocks you on the head every instant. The poor +occupant can reach the end of his chamber as he can the end of his +destiny, only by bending over more and more. + +She had no longer a bed; a rag which she called her coverlet, a +mattress on the floor, and a seatless chair still remained. A little +rosebush which she had, had dried up, forgotten, in one corner. In the +other corner was a butter-pot to hold water, which froze in winter, and +in which the various levels of the water remained long marked by these +circles of ice. She had lost her shame; she lost her coquetry. A final +sign. She went out, with dirty caps. Whether from lack of time or from +indifference, she no longer mended her linen. As the heels wore out, +she dragged her stockings down into her shoes. This was evident from +the perpendicular wrinkles. She patched her bodice, which was old and +worn out, with scraps of calico which tore at the slightest movement. +The people to whom she was indebted made “scenes” and gave her no +peace. She found them in the street, she found them again on her +staircase. She passed many a night weeping and thinking. Her eyes were +very bright, and she felt a steady pain in her shoulder towards the top +of the left shoulder-blade. She coughed a great deal. She deeply hated +Father Madeleine, but made no complaint. She sewed seventeen hours a +day; but a contractor for the work of prisons, who made the prisoners +work at a discount, suddenly made prices fall, which reduced the daily +earnings of working-women to nine sous. Seventeen hours of toil, and +nine sous a day! Her creditors were more pitiless than ever. The +second-hand dealer, who had taken back nearly all his furniture, said +to her incessantly, “When will you pay me, you hussy?” What did they +want of her, good God! She felt that she was being hunted, and +something of the wild beast developed in her. About the same time, +ThĂ©nardier wrote to her that he had waited with decidedly too much +amiability and that he must have a hundred francs at once; otherwise he +would turn little Cosette out of doors, convalescent as she was from +her heavy illness, into the cold and the streets, and that she might do +what she liked with herself, and die if she chose. “A hundred francs,” +thought Fantine. “But in what trade can one earn a hundred sous a day?” + + +“Come!” said she, “let us sell what is left.” + + +The unfortunate girl became a woman of the town. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CHRISTUS NOS LIBERAVIT + + +What is this history of Fantine? It is society purchasing a slave. + +From whom? From misery. + +From hunger, cold, isolation, destitution. A dolorous bargain. A soul +for a morsel of bread. Misery offers; society accepts. + +The sacred law of Jesus Christ governs our civilization, but it does +not, as yet, permeate it; it is said that slavery has disappeared from +European civilization. This is a mistake. It still exists; but it +weighs only upon the woman, and it is called prostitution. + +It weighs upon the woman, that is to say, upon grace, weakness, beauty, +maternity. This is not one of the least of man’s disgraces. + +At the point in this melancholy drama which we have now reached, +nothing is left to Fantine of that which she had formerly been. + +She has become marble in becoming mire. Whoever touches her feels cold. +She passes; she endures you; she ignores you; she is the severe and +dishonored figure. Life and the social order have said their last word +for her. All has happened to her that will happen to her. She has felt +everything, borne everything, experienced everything, suffered +everything, lost everything, mourned everything. She is resigned, with +that resignation which resembles indifference, as death resembles +sleep. She no longer avoids anything. Let all the clouds fall upon her, +and all the ocean sweep over her! What matters it to her? She is a +sponge that is soaked. + +At least, she believes it to be so; but it is an error to imagine that +fate can be exhausted, and that one has reached the bottom of anything +whatever. + +Alas! What are all these fates, driven on pell-mell? Whither are they +going? Why are they thus? + +He who knows that sees the whole of the shadow. + +He is alone. His name is God. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—M. BAMATABOIS’S INACTIVITY + + +There is in all small towns, and there was at M. sur M. in particular, +a class of young men who nibble away an income of fifteen hundred +francs with the same air with which their prototypes devour two hundred +thousand francs a year in Paris. These are beings of the great neuter +species: impotent men, parasites, cyphers, who have a little land, a +little folly, a little wit; who would be rustics in a drawing-room, and +who think themselves gentlemen in the dram-shop; who say, “My fields, +my peasants, my woods”; who hiss actresses at the theatre to prove that +they are persons of taste; quarrel with the officers of the garrison to +prove that they are men of war; hunt, smoke, yawn, drink, smell of +tobacco, play billiards, stare at travellers as they descend from the +diligence, live at the cafĂ©, dine at the inn, have a dog which eats the +bones under the table, and a mistress who eats the dishes on the table; +who stick at a sou, exaggerate the fashions, admire tragedy, despise +women, wear out their old boots, copy London through Paris, and Paris +through the medium of Pont-Ă -Mousson, grow old as dullards, never work, +serve no use, and do no great harm. + +M. FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs, had he remained in his own province and never +beheld Paris, would have been one of these men. + +If they were richer, one would say, “They are dandies;” if they were +poorer, one would say, “They are idlers.” They are simply men without +employment. Among these unemployed there are bores, the bored, +dreamers, and some knaves. + +At that period a dandy was composed of a tall collar, a big cravat, a +watch with trinkets, three vests of different colors, worn one on top +of the other—the red and blue inside; of a short-waisted olive coat, +with a codfish tail, a double row of silver buttons set close to each +other and running up to the shoulder; and a pair of trousers of a +lighter shade of olive, ornamented on the two seams with an indefinite, +but always uneven, number of lines, varying from one to eleven—a limit +which was never exceeded. Add to this, high shoes with little irons on +the heels, a tall hat with a narrow brim, hair worn in a tuft, an +enormous cane, and conversation set off by puns of Potier. Over all, +spurs and a moustache. At that epoch moustaches indicated the +bourgeois, and spurs the pedestrian. + +The provincial dandy wore the longest of spurs and the fiercest of +moustaches. + +It was the period of the conflict of the republics of South America +with the King of Spain, of Bolivar against Morillo. Narrow-brimmed hats +were royalist, and were called _morillos_; liberals wore hats with wide +brims, which were called _bolivars_. + +Eight or ten months, then, after that which is related in the preceding +pages, towards the first of January, 1823, on a snowy evening, one of +these dandies, one of these unemployed, a “right thinker,” for he wore +a morillo, and was, moreover, warmly enveloped in one of those large +cloaks which completed the fashionable costume in cold weather, was +amusing himself by tormenting a creature who was prowling about in a +ball-dress, with neck uncovered and flowers in her hair, in front of +the officers’ cafĂ©. This dandy was smoking, for he was decidedly +fashionable. + +Each time that the woman passed in front of him, he bestowed on her, +together with a puff from his cigar, some apostrophe which he +considered witty and mirthful, such as, “How ugly you are!—Will you get +out of my sight?—You have no teeth!” etc., etc. This gentleman was +known as M. Bamatabois. The woman, a melancholy, decorated spectre +which went and came through the snow, made him no reply, did not even +glance at him, and nevertheless continued her promenade in silence, and +with a sombre regularity, which brought her every five minutes within +reach of this sarcasm, like the condemned soldier who returns under the +rods. The small effect which he produced no doubt piqued the lounger; +and taking advantage of a moment when her back was turned, he crept up +behind her with the gait of a wolf, and stifling his laugh, bent down, +picked up a handful of snow from the pavement, and thrust it abruptly +into her back, between her bare shoulders. The woman uttered a roar, +whirled round, gave a leap like a panther, and hurled herself upon the +man, burying her nails in his face, with the most frightful words which +could fall from the guard-room into the gutter. These insults, poured +forth in a voice roughened by brandy, did, indeed, proceed in hideous +wise from a mouth which lacked its two front teeth. It was Fantine. + +At the noise thus produced, the officers ran out in throngs from the +cafĂ©, passers-by collected, and a large and merry circle, hooting and +applauding, was formed around this whirlwind composed of two beings, +whom there was some difficulty in recognizing as a man and a woman: the +man struggling, his hat on the ground; the woman striking out with feet +and fists, bareheaded, howling, minus hair and teeth, livid with wrath, +horrible. + +Suddenly a man of lofty stature emerged vivaciously from the crowd, +seized the woman by her satin bodice, which was covered with mud, and +said to her, “Follow me!” + + +The woman raised her head; her furious voice suddenly died away. Her +eyes were glassy; she turned pale instead of livid, and she trembled +with a quiver of terror. She had recognized Javert. + +The dandy took advantage of the incident to make his escape. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—THE SOLUTION OF SOME QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE +MUNICIPAL POLICE + + +Javert thrust aside the spectators, broke the circle, and set out with +long strides towards the police station, which is situated at the +extremity of the square, dragging the wretched woman after him. She +yielded mechanically. Neither he nor she uttered a word. The cloud of +spectators followed, jesting, in a paroxysm of delight. Supreme misery +an occasion for obscenity. + +On arriving at the police station, which was a low room, warmed by a +stove, with a glazed and grated door opening on the street, and guarded +by a detachment, Javert opened the door, entered with Fantine, and shut +the door behind him, to the great disappointment of the curious, who +raised themselves on tiptoe, and craned their necks in front of the +thick glass of the station-house, in their effort to see. Curiosity is +a sort of gluttony. To see is to devour. + +On entering, Fantine fell down in a corner, motionless and mute, +crouching down like a terrified dog. + +The sergeant of the guard brought a lighted candle to the table. Javert +seated himself, drew a sheet of stamped paper from his pocket, and +began to write. + +This class of women is consigned by our laws entirely to the discretion +of the police. The latter do what they please, punish them, as seems +good to them, and confiscate at their will those two sorry things which +they entitle their industry and their liberty. Javert was impassive; +his grave face betrayed no emotion whatever. Nevertheless, he was +seriously and deeply preoccupied. It was one of those moments when he +was exercising without control, but subject to all the scruples of a +severe conscience, his redoubtable discretionary power. At that moment +he was conscious that his police agent’s stool was a tribunal. He was +entering judgment. He judged and condemned. He summoned all the ideas +which could possibly exist in his mind, around the great thing which he +was doing. The more he examined the deed of this woman, the more +shocked he felt. It was evident that he had just witnessed the +commission of a crime. He had just beheld, yonder, in the street, +society, in the person of a freeholder and an elector, insulted and +attacked by a creature who was outside all pales. A prostitute had made +an attempt on the life of a citizen. He had seen that, he, Javert. He +wrote in silence. + +When he had finished he signed the paper, folded it, and said to the +sergeant of the guard, as he handed it to him, “Take three men and +conduct this creature to jail.” + + +Then, turning to Fantine, “You are to have six months of it.” The +unhappy woman shuddered. + +“Six months! six months of prison!” she exclaimed. “Six months in which +to earn seven sous a day! But what will become of Cosette? My daughter! +my daughter! But I still owe the ThĂ©nardiers over a hundred francs; do +you know that, Monsieur Inspector?” + + +She dragged herself across the damp floor, among the muddy boots of all +those men, without rising, with clasped hands, and taking great strides +on her knees. + +“Monsieur Javert,” said she, “I beseech your mercy. I assure you that I +was not in the wrong. If you had seen the beginning, you would have +seen. I swear to you by the good God that I was not to blame! That +gentleman, the bourgeois, whom I do not know, put snow in my back. Has +any one the right to put snow down our backs when we are walking along +peaceably, and doing no harm to any one? I am rather ill, as you see. +And then, he had been saying impertinent things to me for a long time: +‘You are ugly! you have no teeth!’ I know well that I have no longer +those teeth. I did nothing; I said to myself, ‘The gentleman is amusing +himself.’ I was honest with him; I did not speak to him. It was at that +moment that he put the snow down my back. Monsieur Javert, good +Monsieur Inspector! is there not some person here who saw it and can +tell you that this is quite true? Perhaps I did wrong to get angry. You +know that one is not master of one’s self at the first moment. One +gives way to vivacity; and then, when some one puts something cold down +your back just when you are not expecting it! I did wrong to spoil that +gentleman’s hat. Why did he go away? I would ask his pardon. Oh, my +God! It makes no difference to me whether I ask his pardon. Do me the +favor to-day, for this once, Monsieur Javert. Hold! you do not know +that in prison one can earn only seven sous a day; it is not the +government’s fault, but seven sous is one’s earnings; and just fancy, I +must pay one hundred francs, or my little girl will be sent to me. Oh, +my God! I cannot have her with me. What I do is so vile! Oh, my +Cosette! Oh, my little angel of the Holy Virgin! what will become of +her, poor creature? I will tell you: it is the ThĂ©nardiers, +inn-keepers, peasants; and such people are unreasonable. They want +money. Don’t put me in prison! You see, there is a little girl who will +be turned out into the street to get along as best she may, in the very +heart of the winter; and you must have pity on such a being, my good +Monsieur Javert. If she were older, she might earn her living; but it +cannot be done at that age. I am not a bad woman at bottom. It is not +cowardliness and gluttony that have made me what I am. If I have drunk +brandy, it was out of misery. I do not love it; but it benumbs the +senses. When I was happy, it was only necessary to glance into my +closets, and it would have been evident that I was not a coquettish and +untidy woman. I had linen, a great deal of linen. Have pity on me, +Monsieur Javert!” + + +She spoke thus, rent in twain, shaken with sobs, blinded with tears, +her neck bare, wringing her hands, and coughing with a dry, short +cough, stammering softly with a voice of agony. Great sorrow is a +divine and terrible ray, which transfigures the unhappy. At that moment +Fantine had become beautiful once more. From time to time she paused, +and tenderly kissed the police agent’s coat. She would have softened a +heart of granite; but a heart of wood cannot be softened. + +“Come!” said Javert, “I have heard you out. Have you entirely finished? +You will get six months. Now march! The Eternal Father in person could +do nothing more.” + + +At these solemn words, _“the Eternal Father in person could do nothing +more,”_ she understood that her fate was sealed. She sank down, +murmuring, “Mercy!” + + +Javert turned his back. + +The soldiers seized her by the arms. + +A few moments earlier a man had entered, but no one had paid any heed +to him. He shut the door, leaned his back against it, and listened to +Fantine’s despairing supplications. + +At the instant when the soldiers laid their hands upon the unfortunate +woman, who would not rise, he emerged from the shadow, and said:— + +“One moment, if you please.” + + +Javert raised his eyes and recognized M. Madeleine. He removed his hat, +and, saluting him with a sort of aggrieved awkwardness:— + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor—” + + +The words “Mr. Mayor” produced a curious effect upon Fantine. She rose +to her feet with one bound, like a spectre springing from the earth, +thrust aside the soldiers with both arms, walked straight up to M. +Madeleine before any one could prevent her, and gazing intently at him, +with a bewildered air, she cried:— + +“Ah! so it is you who are M. le Maire!” + + +Then she burst into a laugh, and spit in his face. + +M. Madeleine wiped his face, and said:— + +“Inspector Javert, set this woman at liberty.” + + +Javert felt that he was on the verge of going mad. He experienced at +that moment, blow upon blow and almost simultaneously, the most violent +emotions which he had ever undergone in all his life. To see a woman of +the town spit in the mayor’s face was a thing so monstrous that, in his +most daring flights of fancy, he would have regarded it as a sacrilege +to believe it possible. On the other hand, at the very bottom of his +thought, he made a hideous comparison as to what this woman was, and as +to what this mayor might be; and then he, with horror, caught a glimpse +of I know not what simple explanation of this prodigious attack. But +when he beheld that mayor, that magistrate, calmly wipe his face and +say, _“Set this woman at liberty,”_ he underwent a sort of intoxication +of amazement; thought and word failed him equally; the sum total of +possible astonishment had been exceeded in his case. He remained mute. + +The words had produced no less strange an effect on Fantine. She raised +her bare arm, and clung to the damper of the stove, like a person who +is reeling. Nevertheless, she glanced about her, and began to speak in +a low voice, as though talking to herself:— + +“At liberty! I am to be allowed to go! I am not to go to prison for six +months! Who said that? It is not possible that any one could have said +that. I did not hear aright. It cannot have been that monster of a +mayor! Was it you, my good Monsieur Javert, who said that I was to be +set free? Oh, see here! I will tell you about it, and you will let me +go. That monster of a mayor, that old blackguard of a mayor, is the +cause of all. Just imagine, Monsieur Javert, he turned me out! all +because of a pack of rascally women, who gossip in the workroom. If +that is not a horror, what is? To dismiss a poor girl who is doing her +work honestly! Then I could no longer earn enough, and all this misery +followed. In the first place, there is one improvement which these +gentlemen of the police ought to make, and that is, to prevent prison +contractors from wronging poor people. I will explain it to you, you +see: you are earning twelve sous at shirt-making, the price falls to +nine sous; and it is not enough to live on. Then one has to become +whatever one can. As for me, I had my little Cosette, and I was +actually forced to become a bad woman. Now you understand how it is +that that blackguard of a mayor caused all the mischief. After that I +stamped on that gentleman’s hat in front of the officers’ cafĂ©; but he +had spoiled my whole dress with snow. We women have but one silk dress +for evening wear. You see that I did not do wrong deliberately—truly, +Monsieur Javert; and everywhere I behold women who are far more wicked +than I, and who are much happier. O Monsieur Javert! it was you who +gave orders that I am to be set free, was it not? Make inquiries, speak +to my landlord; I am paying my rent now; they will tell you that I am +perfectly honest. Ah! my God! I beg your pardon; I have unintentionally +touched the damper of the stove, and it has made it smoke.” + + +M. Madeleine listened to her with profound attention. While she was +speaking, he fumbled in his waistcoat, drew out his purse and opened +it. It was empty. He put it back in his pocket. He said to Fantine, +“How much did you say that you owed?” + + +Fantine, who was looking at Javert only, turned towards him:— + +“Was I speaking to you?” + + +Then, addressing the soldiers:— + +“Say, you fellows, did you see how I spit in his face? Ah! you old +wretch of a mayor, you came here to frighten me, but I’m not afraid of +you. I am afraid of Monsieur Javert. I am afraid of my good Monsieur +Javert!” + + +So saying, she turned to the inspector again:— + +“And yet, you see, Mr. Inspector, it is necessary to be just. I +understand that you are just, Mr. Inspector; in fact, it is perfectly +simple: a man amuses himself by putting snow down a woman’s back, and +that makes the officers laugh; one must divert themselves in some way; +and we—well, we are here for them to amuse themselves with, of course! +And then, you, you come; you are certainly obliged to preserve order, +you lead off the woman who is in the wrong; but on reflection, since +you are a good man, you say that I am to be set at liberty; it is for +the sake of the little one, for six months in prison would prevent my +supporting my child. ‘Only, don’t do it again, you hussy!’ Oh! I won’t +do it again, Monsieur Javert! They may do whatever they please to me +now; I will not stir. But to-day, you see, I cried because it hurt me. +I was not expecting that snow from the gentleman at all; and then as I +told you, I am not well; I have a cough; I seem to have a burning ball +in my stomach, and the doctor tells me, ‘Take care of yourself.’ Here, +feel, give me your hand; don’t be afraid—it is here.” + + +She no longer wept, her voice was caressing; she placed Javert’s coarse +hand on her delicate, white throat and looked smilingly at him. + +All at once she rapidly adjusted her disordered garments, dropped the +folds of her skirt, which had been pushed up as she dragged herself +along, almost to the height of her knee, and stepped towards the door, +saying to the soldiers in a low voice, and with a friendly nod:— + +“Children, Monsieur l’Inspecteur has said that I am to be released, and +I am going.” + + +She laid her hand on the latch of the door. One step more and she would +be in the street. + +Javert up to that moment had remained erect, motionless, with his eyes +fixed on the ground, cast athwart this scene like some displaced +statue, which is waiting to be put away somewhere. + +The sound of the latch roused him. He raised his head with an +expression of sovereign authority, an expression all the more alarming +in proportion as the authority rests on a low level, ferocious in the +wild beast, atrocious in the man of no estate. + +“Sergeant!” he cried, “don’t you see that that jade is walking off! Who +bade you let her go?” + + +“I,” said Madeleine. + +Fantine trembled at the sound of Javert’s voice, and let go of the +latch as a thief relinquishes the article which he has stolen. At the +sound of Madeleine’s voice she turned around, and from that moment +forth she uttered no word, nor dared so much as to breathe freely, but +her glance strayed from Madeleine to Javert, and from Javert to +Madeleine in turn, according to which was speaking. + +It was evident that Javert must have been exasperated beyond measure +before he would permit himself to apostrophize the sergeant as he had +done, after the mayor’s suggestion that Fantine should be set at +liberty. Had he reached the point of forgetting the mayor’s presence? +Had he finally declared to himself that it was impossible that any +“authority” should have given such an order, and that the mayor must +certainly have said one thing by mistake for another, without intending +it? Or, in view of the enormities of which he had been a witness for +the past two hours, did he say to himself, that it was necessary to +recur to supreme resolutions, that it was indispensable that the small +should be made great, that the police spy should transform himself into +a magistrate, that the policeman should become a dispenser of justice, +and that, in this prodigious extremity, order, law, morality, +government, society in its entirety, was personified in him, Javert? + +However that may be, when M. Madeleine uttered that word, _I_, as we +have just heard, Police Inspector Javert was seen to turn toward the +mayor, pale, cold, with blue lips, and a look of despair, his whole +body agitated by an imperceptible quiver and an unprecedented +occurrence, and say to him, with downcast eyes but a firm voice:— + +“Mr. Mayor, that cannot be.” + + +“Why not?” said M. Madeleine. + +“This miserable woman has insulted a citizen.” + + +“Inspector Javert,” replied the mayor, in a calm and conciliating tone, +“listen. You are an honest man, and I feel no hesitation in explaining +matters to you. Here is the true state of the case: I was passing +through the square just as you were leading this woman away; there were +still groups of people standing about, and I made inquiries and learned +everything; it was the townsman who was in the wrong and who should +have been arrested by properly conducted police.” + + +Javert retorted:— + +“This wretch has just insulted Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“That concerns me,” said M. Madeleine. “My own insult belongs to me, I +think. I can do what I please about it.” + + +“I beg Monsieur le Maire’s pardon. The insult is not to him but to the +law.” + + +“Inspector Javert,” replied M. Madeleine, “the highest law is +conscience. I have heard this woman; I know what I am doing.” + + +“And I, Mr. Mayor, do not know what I see.” + + +“Then content yourself with obeying.” + + +“I am obeying my duty. My duty demands that this woman shall serve six +months in prison.” + + +M. Madeleine replied gently:— + +“Heed this well; she will not serve a single day.” + + +At this decisive word, Javert ventured to fix a searching look on the +mayor and to say, but in a tone of voice that was still profoundly +respectful:— + +“I am sorry to oppose Monsieur le Maire; it is for the first time in my +life, but he will permit me to remark that I am within the bounds of my +authority. I confine myself, since Monsieur le Maire desires it, to the +question of the gentleman. I was present. This woman flung herself on +Monsieur Bamatabois, who is an elector and the proprietor of that +handsome house with a balcony, which forms the corner of the esplanade, +three stories high and entirely of cut stone. Such things as there are +in the world! In any case, Monsieur le Maire, this is a question of +police regulations in the streets, and concerns me, and I shall detain +this woman Fantine.” + + +Then M. Madeleine folded his arms, and said in a severe voice which no +one in the town had heard hitherto:— + +“The matter to which you refer is one connected with the municipal +police. According to the terms of articles nine, eleven, fifteen, and +sixty-six of the code of criminal examination, I am the judge. I order +that this woman shall be set at liberty.” + + +Javert ventured to make a final effort. + +“But, Mr. Mayor—” + + +“I refer you to article eighty-one of the law of the 13th of December, +1799, in regard to arbitrary detention.” + + +“Monsieur le Maire, permit me—” + + +“Not another word.” + + +“But—” + + +“Leave the room,” said M. Madeleine. + +Javert received the blow erect, full in the face, in his breast, like a +Russian soldier. He bowed to the very earth before the mayor and left +the room. + +Fantine stood aside from the door and stared at him in amazement as he +passed. + +Nevertheless, she also was the prey to a strange confusion. She had +just seen herself a subject of dispute between two opposing powers. She +had seen two men who held in their hands her liberty, her life, her +soul, her child, in combat before her very eyes; one of these men was +drawing her towards darkness, the other was leading her back towards +the light. In this conflict, viewed through the exaggerations of +terror, these two men had appeared to her like two giants; the one +spoke like her demon, the other like her good angel. The angel had +conquered the demon, and, strange to say, that which made her shudder +from head to foot was the fact that this angel, this liberator, was the +very man whom she abhorred, that mayor whom she had so long regarded as +the author of all her woes, that Madeleine! And at the very moment when +she had insulted him in so hideous a fashion, he had saved her! Had +she, then, been mistaken? Must she change her whole soul? She did not +know; she trembled. She listened in bewilderment, she looked on in +affright, and at every word uttered by M. Madeleine she felt the +frightful shades of hatred crumble and melt within her, and something +warm and ineffable, indescribable, which was both joy, confidence and +love, dawn in her heart. + +When Javert had taken his departure, M. Madeleine turned to her and +said to her in a deliberate voice, like a serious man who does not wish +to weep and who finds some difficulty in speaking:— + +“I have heard you. I knew nothing about what you have mentioned. I +believe that it is true, and I feel that it is true. I was even +ignorant of the fact that you had left my shop. Why did you not apply +to me? But here; I will pay your debts, I will send for your child, or +you shall go to her. You shall live here, in Paris, or where you +please. I undertake the care of your child and yourself. You shall not +work any longer if you do not like. I will give all the money you +require. You shall be honest and happy once more. And listen! I declare +to you that if all is as you say,—and I do not doubt it,—you have never +ceased to be virtuous and holy in the sight of God. Oh! poor woman.” + + +This was more than Fantine could bear. To have Cosette! To leave this +life of infamy. To live free, rich, happy, respectable with Cosette; to +see all these realities of paradise blossom of a sudden in the midst of +her misery. She stared stupidly at this man who was talking to her, and +could only give vent to two or three sobs, “Oh! Oh! Oh!” + + +Her limbs gave way beneath her, she knelt in front of M. Madeleine, and +before he could prevent her he felt her grasp his hand and press her +lips to it. + +Then she fainted. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—JAVERT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE + + +M. Madeleine had Fantine removed to that infirmary which he had +established in his own house. He confided her to the sisters, who put +her to bed. A burning fever had come on. She passed a part of the night +in delirium and raving. At length, however, she fell asleep. + +On the morrow, towards midday, Fantine awoke. She heard some one +breathing close to her bed; she drew aside the curtain and saw M. +Madeleine standing there and looking at something over her head. His +gaze was full of pity, anguish, and supplication. She followed its +direction, and saw that it was fixed on a crucifix which was nailed to +the wall. + +Thenceforth, M. Madeleine was transfigured in Fantine’s eyes. He seemed +to her to be clothed in light. He was absorbed in a sort of prayer. She +gazed at him for a long time without daring to interrupt him. At last +she said timidly:— + +“What are you doing?” + + +M. Madeleine had been there for an hour. He had been waiting for +Fantine to awake. He took her hand, felt of her pulse, and replied:— + +“How do you feel?” + + +“Well, I have slept,” she replied; “I think that I am better. It is +nothing.” + + +He answered, responding to the first question which she had put to him +as though he had just heard it:— + +“I was praying to the martyr there on high.” + + +And he added in his own mind, “For the martyr here below.” + + +M. Madeleine had passed the night and the morning in making inquiries. +He knew all now. He knew Fantine’s history in all its heart-rending +details. He went on:— + +“You have suffered much, poor mother. Oh! do not complain; you now have +the dowry of the elect. It is thus that men are transformed into +angels. It is not their fault they do not know how to go to work +otherwise. You see this hell from which you have just emerged is the +first form of heaven. It was necessary to begin there.” + + +He sighed deeply. But she smiled on him with that sublime smile in +which two teeth were lacking. + +That same night, Javert wrote a letter. The next morning be posted it +himself at the office of M. sur M. It was addressed to Paris, and the +superscription ran: _To Monsieur Chabouillet, Secretary of Monsieur le +PrĂ©fet of Police_. As the affair in the station-house had been bruited +about, the post-mistress and some other persons who saw the letter +before it was sent off, and who recognized Javert’s handwriting on the +cover, thought that he was sending in his resignation. + +M. Madeleine made haste to write to the ThĂ©nardiers. Fantine owed them +one hundred and twenty francs. He sent them three hundred francs, +telling them to pay themselves from that sum, and to fetch the child +instantly to M. sur M., where her sick mother required her presence. + +This dazzled ThĂ©nardier. “The devil!” said the man to his wife; “don’t +let’s allow the child to go. This lark is going to turn into a milch +cow. I see through it. Some ninny has taken a fancy to the mother.” + + +He replied with a very well drawn-up bill for five hundred and some odd +francs. In this memorandum two indisputable items figured up over three +hundred francs,—one for the doctor, the other for the apothecary who +had attended and physicked Éponine and Azelma through two long +illnesses. Cosette, as we have already said, had not been ill. It was +only a question of a trifling substitution of names. At the foot of the +memorandum ThĂ©nardier wrote, _Received on account, three hundred +francs_. + +M. Madeleine immediately sent three hundred francs more, and wrote, +“Make haste to bring Cosette.” + + +“Christi!” said ThĂ©nardier, “let’s not give up the child.” + + +In the meantime, Fantine did not recover. She still remained in the +infirmary. + +The sisters had at first only received and nursed “that woman” with +repugnance. Those who have seen the bas-reliefs of Rheims will recall +the inflation of the lower lip of the wise virgins as they survey the +foolish virgins. The ancient scorn of the vestals for the ambubajĂŠ is +one of the most profound instincts of feminine dignity; the sisters +felt it with the double force contributed by religion. But in a few +days Fantine disarmed them. She said all kinds of humble and gentle +things, and the mother in her provoked tenderness. One day the sisters +heard her say amid her fever: “I have been a sinner; but when I have my +child beside me, it will be a sign that God has pardoned me. While I +was leading a bad life, I should not have liked to have my Cosette with +me; I could not have borne her sad, astonished eyes. It was for her +sake that I did evil, and that is why God pardons me. I shall feel the +benediction of the good God when Cosette is here. I shall gaze at her; +it will do me good to see that innocent creature. She knows nothing at +all. She is an angel, you see, my sisters. At that age the wings have +not fallen off.” + + +M. Madeleine went to see her twice a day, and each time she asked him:— + +“Shall I see my Cosette soon?” + + +He answered:— + +“To-morrow, perhaps. She may arrive at any moment. I am expecting her.” + + +And the mother’s pale face grew radiant. + +“Oh!” she said, “how happy I am going to be!” + + +We have just said that she did not recover her health. On the contrary, +her condition seemed to become more grave from week to week. That +handful of snow applied to her bare skin between her shoulder-blades +had brought about a sudden suppression of perspiration, as a +consequence of which the malady which had been smouldering within her +for many years was violently developed at last. At that time people +were beginning to follow the fine LaĂ«nnec’s fine suggestions in the +study and treatment of chest maladies. The doctor sounded Fantine’s +chest and shook his head. + +M. Madeleine said to the doctor:— + +“Well?” + + +“Has she not a child which she desires to see?” said the doctor. + +“Yes.” + + +“Well! Make haste and get it here!” + + +M. Madeleine shuddered. + +Fantine inquired:— + +“What did the doctor say?” + + +M. Madeleine forced himself to smile. + +“He said that your child was to be brought speedily. That that would +restore your health.” + + +“Oh!” she rejoined, “he is right! But what do those ThĂ©nardiers mean by +keeping my Cosette from me! Oh! she is coming. At last I behold +happiness close beside me!” + + +In the meantime ThĂ©nardier did not “let go of the child,” and gave a +hundred insufficient reasons for it. Cosette was not quite well enough +to take a journey in the winter. And then, there still remained some +petty but pressing debts in the neighborhood, and they were collecting +the bills for them, etc., etc. + +“I shall send some one to fetch Cosette!” said Father Madeleine. “If +necessary, I will go myself.” + + +He wrote the following letter to Fantine’s dictation, and made her sign +it:— + +“MONSIEUR THÉNARDIER:— +You will deliver Cosette to this person. +You will be paid for all the little things. +I have the honor to salute you with respect. +“FANTINE.” + + +In the meantime a serious incident occurred. Carve as we will the +mysterious block of which our life is made, the black vein of destiny +constantly reappears in it. + + + + +CHAPTER II—HOW JEAN MAY BECOME CHAMP + + +One morning M. Madeleine was in his study, occupied in arranging in +advance some pressing matters connected with the mayor’s office, in +case he should decide to take the trip to Montfermeil, when he was +informed that Police Inspector Javert was desirous of speaking with +him. Madeleine could not refrain from a disagreeable impression on +hearing this name. Javert had avoided him more than ever since the +affair of the police-station, and M. Madeleine had not seen him. + +“Admit him,” he said. + +Javert entered. + +M. Madeleine had retained his seat near the fire, pen in hand, his eyes +fixed on the docket which he was turning over and annotating, and which +contained the trials of the commission on highways for the infraction +of police regulations. He did not disturb himself on Javert’s account. +He could not help thinking of poor Fantine, and it suited him to be +glacial in his manner. + +Javert bestowed a respectful salute on the mayor, whose back was turned +to him. The mayor did not look at him, but went on annotating this +docket. + +Javert advanced two or three paces into the study, and halted, without +breaking the silence. + +If any physiognomist who had been familiar with Javert, and who had +made a lengthy study of this savage in the service of civilization, +this singular composite of the Roman, the Spartan, the monk, and the +corporal, this spy who was incapable of a lie, this unspotted police +agent—if any physiognomist had known his secret and long-cherished +aversion for M. Madeleine, his conflict with the mayor on the subject +of Fantine, and had examined Javert at that moment, he would have said +to himself, “What has taken place?” It was evident to any one +acquainted with that clear, upright, sincere, honest, austere, and +ferocious conscience, that Javert had but just gone through some great +interior struggle. Javert had nothing in his soul which he had not also +in his countenance. Like violent people in general, he was subject to +abrupt changes of opinion. His physiognomy had never been more peculiar +and startling. On entering he bowed to M. Madeleine with a look in +which there was neither rancor, anger, nor distrust; he halted a few +paces in the rear of the mayor’s armchair, and there he stood, +perfectly erect, in an attitude almost of discipline, with the cold, +ingenuous roughness of a man who has never been gentle and who has +always been patient; he waited without uttering a word, without making +a movement, in genuine humility and tranquil resignation, calm, +serious, hat in hand, with eyes cast down, and an expression which was +half-way between that of a soldier in the presence of his officer and a +criminal in the presence of his judge, until it should please the mayor +to turn round. All the sentiments as well as all the memories which one +might have attributed to him had disappeared. That face, as +impenetrable and simple as granite, no longer bore any trace of +anything but a melancholy depression. His whole person breathed +lowliness and firmness and an indescribable courageous despondency. + +At last the mayor laid down his pen and turned half round. + +“Well! What is it? What is the matter, Javert?” + + +Javert remained silent for an instant as though collecting his ideas, +then raised his voice with a sort of sad solemnity, which did not, +however, preclude simplicity. + +“This is the matter, Mr. Mayor; a culpable act has been committed.” + + +“What act?” + + +“An inferior agent of the authorities has failed in respect, and in the +gravest manner, towards a magistrate. I have come to bring the fact to +your knowledge, as it is my duty to do.” + + +“Who is the agent?” asked M. Madeleine. + +“I,” said Javert. + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“And who is the magistrate who has reason to complain of the agent?” + + +“You, Mr. Mayor.” + + +M. Madeleine sat erect in his armchair. Javert went on, with a severe +air and his eyes still cast down. + +“Mr. Mayor, I have come to request you to instigate the authorities to +dismiss me.” + + +M. Madeleine opened his mouth in amazement. Javert interrupted him:— + +“You will say that I might have handed in my resignation, but that does +not suffice. Handing in one’s resignation is honorable. I have failed +in my duty; I ought to be punished; I must be turned out.” + + +And after a pause he added:— + +“Mr. Mayor, you were severe with me the other day, and unjustly. Be so +to-day, with justice.” + + +“Come, now! Why?” exclaimed M. Madeleine. “What nonsense is this? What +is the meaning of this? What culpable act have you been guilty of +towards me? What have you done to me? What are your wrongs with regard +to me? You accuse yourself; you wish to be superseded—” + + +“Turned out,” said Javert. + +“Turned out; so it be, then. That is well. I do not understand.” + + +“You shall understand, Mr. Mayor.” + + +Javert sighed from the very bottom of his chest, and resumed, still +coldly and sadly:— + +“Mr. Mayor, six weeks ago, in consequence of the scene over that woman, +I was furious, and I informed against you.” + + +“Informed against me!” + + +“At the Prefecture of Police in Paris.” + + +M. Madeleine, who was not in the habit of laughing much oftener than +Javert himself, burst out laughing now:— + +“As a mayor who had encroached on the province of the police?” + + +“As an ex-convict.” + + +The mayor turned livid. + +Javert, who had not raised his eyes, went on:— + +“I thought it was so. I had had an idea for a long time; a resemblance; +inquiries which you had caused to be made at Faverolles; the strength +of your loins; the adventure with old Fauchelevant; your skill in +marksmanship; your leg, which you drag a little;—I hardly know what +all,—absurdities! But, at all events, I took you for a certain Jean +Valjean.” + + +“A certain—What did you say the name was?” + + +“Jean Valjean. He was a convict whom I was in the habit of seeing +twenty years ago, when I was adjutant-guard of convicts at Toulon. On +leaving the galleys, this Jean Valjean, as it appears, robbed a bishop; +then he committed another theft, accompanied with violence, on a public +highway on the person of a little Savoyard. He disappeared eight years +ago, no one knows how, and he has been sought, I fancied. In short, I +did this thing! Wrath impelled me; I denounced you at the Prefecture!” + + +M. Madeleine, who had taken up the docket again several moments before +this, resumed with an air of perfect indifference:— + +“And what reply did you receive?” + + +“That I was mad.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Well, they were right.” + + +“It is lucky that you recognize the fact.” + + +“I am forced to do so, since the real Jean Valjean has been found.” + + +The sheet of paper which M. Madeleine was holding dropped from his +hand; he raised his head, gazed fixedly at Javert, and said with his +indescribable accent:— + +“Ah!” + + +Javert continued:— + +“This is the way it is, Mr. Mayor. It seems that there was in the +neighborhood near Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher an old fellow who was called +Father Champmathieu. He was a very wretched creature. No one paid any +attention to him. No one knows what such people subsist on. Lately, +last autumn, Father Champmathieu was arrested for the theft of some +cider apples from—Well, no matter, a theft had been committed, a wall +scaled, branches of trees broken. My Champmathieu was arrested. He +still had the branch of apple-tree in his hand. The scamp is locked up. +Up to this point it was merely an affair of a misdemeanor. But here is +where Providence intervened. + +“The jail being in a bad condition, the examining magistrate finds it +convenient to transfer Champmathieu to Arras, where the departmental +prison is situated. In this prison at Arras there is an ex-convict +named Brevet, who is detained for I know not what, and who has been +appointed turnkey of the house, because of good behavior. Mr. Mayor, no +sooner had Champmathieu arrived than Brevet exclaims: ‘Eh! Why, I know +that man! He is a _fagot!_4 Take a good look at me, my good man! You +are Jean Valjean!’ ‘Jean Valjean! who’s Jean Valjean?’ Champmathieu +feigns astonishment. ‘Don’t play the innocent dodge,’ says Brevet. ‘You +are Jean Valjean! You have been in the galleys of Toulon; it was twenty +years ago; we were there together.’ Champmathieu denies it. Parbleu! +You understand. The case is investigated. The thing was well ventilated +for me. This is what they discovered: This Champmathieu had been, +thirty years ago, a pruner of trees in various localities, notably at +Faverolles. There all trace of him was lost. A long time afterwards he +was seen again in Auvergne; then in Paris, where he is said to have +been a wheelwright, and to have had a daughter, who was a laundress; +but that has not been proved. Now, before going to the galleys for +theft, what was Jean Valjean? A pruner of trees. Where? At Faverolles. +Another fact. This Valjean’s Christian name was Jean, and his mother’s +surname was Mathieu. What more natural to suppose than that, on +emerging from the galleys, he should have taken his mother’s name for +the purpose of concealing himself, and have called himself Jean +Mathieu? He goes to Auvergne. The local pronunciation turns _Jean_ into +_Chan_—he is called Chan Mathieu. Our man offers no opposition, and +behold him transformed into Champmathieu. You follow me, do you not? +Inquiries were made at Faverolles. The family of Jean Valjean is no +longer there. It is not known where they have gone. You know that among +those classes a family often disappears. Search was made, and nothing +was found. When such people are not mud, they are dust. And then, as +the beginning of the story dates thirty years back, there is no longer +any one at Faverolles who knew Jean Valjean. Inquiries were made at +Toulon. Besides Brevet, there are only two convicts in existence who +have seen Jean Valjean; they are Cochepaille and Chenildieu, and are +sentenced for life. They are taken from the galleys and confronted with +the pretended Champmathieu. They do not hesitate; he is Jean Valjean +for them as well as for Brevet. The same age,—he is fifty-four,—the +same height, the same air, the same man; in short, it is he. It was +precisely at this moment that I forwarded my denunciation to the +Prefecture in Paris. I was told that I had lost my reason, and that +Jean Valjean is at Arras, in the power of the authorities. You can +imagine whether this surprised me, when I thought that I had that same +Jean Valjean here. I write to the examining judge; he sends for me; +Champmathieu is conducted to me—” + + +“Well?” interposed M. Madeleine. + +Javert replied, his face incorruptible, and as melancholy as ever:— + +“Mr. Mayor, the truth is the truth. I am sorry; but that man is Jean +Valjean. I recognized him also.” + + +M. Madeleine resumed in, a very low voice:— + +“You are sure?” + + +Javert began to laugh, with that mournful laugh which comes from +profound conviction. + +“O! Sure!” + + +He stood there thoughtfully for a moment, mechanically taking pinches +of powdered wood for blotting ink from the wooden bowl which stood on +the table, and he added:— + +“And even now that I have seen the real Jean Valjean, I do not see how +I could have thought otherwise. I beg your pardon, Mr. Mayor.” + + +Javert, as he addressed these grave and supplicating words to the man, +who six weeks before had humiliated him in the presence of the whole +station-house, and bade him “leave the room,”—Javert, that haughty man, +was unconsciously full of simplicity and dignity,—M. Madeleine made no +other reply to his prayer than the abrupt question:— + +“And what does this man say?” + + +“Ah! Indeed, Mr. Mayor, it’s a bad business. If he is Jean Valjean, he +has his previous conviction against him. To climb a wall, to break a +branch, to purloin apples, is a mischievous trick in a child; for a man +it is a misdemeanor; for a convict it is a crime. Robbing and +housebreaking—it is all there. It is no longer a question of +correctional police; it is a matter for the Court of Assizes. It is no +longer a matter of a few days in prison; it is the galleys for life. +And then, there is the affair with the little Savoyard, who will +return, I hope. The deuce! there is plenty to dispute in the matter, is +there not? Yes, for any one but Jean Valjean. But Jean Valjean is a sly +dog. That is the way I recognized him. Any other man would have felt +that things were getting hot for him; he would struggle, he would cry +out—the kettle sings before the fire; he would not be Jean Valjean, _et +cetera_. But he has not the appearance of understanding; he says, ‘I am +Champmathieu, and I won’t depart from that!’ He has an astonished air, +he pretends to be stupid; it is far better. Oh! the rogue is clever! +But it makes no difference. The proofs are there. He has been +recognized by four persons; the old scamp will be condemned. The case +has been taken to the Assizes at Arras. I shall go there to give my +testimony. I have been summoned.” + + +M. Madeleine had turned to his desk again, and taken up his docket, and +was turning over the leaves tranquilly, reading and writing by turns, +like a busy man. He turned to Javert:— + +“That will do, Javert. In truth, all these details interest me but +little. We are wasting our time, and we have pressing business on hand. +Javert, you will betake yourself at once to the house of the woman +Buseaupied, who sells herbs at the corner of the Rue Saint-Saulve. You +will tell her that she must enter her complaint against carter Pierre +Chesnelong. The man is a brute, who came near crushing this woman and +her child. He must be punished. You will then go to M. Charcellay, Rue +Montre-de-Champigny. He complained that there is a gutter on the +adjoining house which discharges rain-water on his premises, and is +undermining the foundations of his house. After that, you will verify +the infractions of police regulations which have been reported to me in +the Rue Guibourg, at Widow Doris’s, and Rue du Garraud-Blanc, at Madame +RenĂ©e le Bossé’s, and you will prepare documents. But I am giving you a +great deal of work. Are you not to be absent? Did you not tell me that +you were going to Arras on that matter in a week or ten days?” + + +“Sooner than that, Mr. Mayor.” + + +“On what day, then?” + + +“Why, I thought that I had said to Monsieur le Maire that the case was +to be tried to-morrow, and that I am to set out by diligence to-night.” + + +M. Madeleine made an imperceptible movement. + +“And how long will the case last?” + + +“One day, at the most. The judgment will be pronounced to-morrow +evening at latest. But I shall not wait for the sentence, which is +certain; I shall return here as soon as my deposition has been taken.” + + +“That is well,” said M. Madeleine. + +And he dismissed Javert with a wave of the hand. + +Javert did not withdraw. + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor,” said he. + +“What is it now?” demanded M. Madeleine. + +“Mr. Mayor, there is still something of which I must remind you.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I must be dismissed.” + + +M. Madeleine rose. + +“Javert, you are a man of honor, and I esteem you. You exaggerate your +fault. Moreover, this is an offence which concerns me. Javert, you +deserve promotion instead of degradation. I wish you to retain your +post.” + + +Javert gazed at M. Madeleine with his candid eyes, in whose depths his +not very enlightened but pure and rigid conscience seemed visible, and +said in a tranquil voice:— + +“Mr. Mayor, I cannot grant you that.” + + +“I repeat,” replied M. Madeleine, “that the matter concerns me.” + + +But Javert, heeding his own thought only, continued:— + +“So far as exaggeration is concerned, I am not exaggerating. This is +the way I reason: I have suspected you unjustly. That is nothing. It is +our right to cherish suspicion, although suspicion directed above +ourselves is an abuse. But without proofs, in a fit of rage, with the +object of wreaking my vengeance, I have denounced you as a convict, +you, a respectable man, a mayor, a magistrate! That is serious, very +serious. I have insulted authority in your person, I, an agent of the +authorities! If one of my subordinates had done what I have done, I +should have declared him unworthy of the service, and have expelled +him. Well? Stop, Mr. Mayor; one word more. I have often been severe in +the course of my life towards others. That is just. I have done well. +Now, if I were not severe towards myself, all the justice that I have +done would become injustice. Ought I to spare myself more than others? +No! What! I should be good for nothing but to chastise others, and not +myself! Why, I should be a blackguard! Those who say, ‘That blackguard +of a Javert!’ would be in the right. Mr. Mayor, I do not desire that +you should treat me kindly; your kindness roused sufficient bad blood +in me when it was directed to others. I want none of it for myself. The +kindness which consists in upholding a woman of the town against a +citizen, the police agent against the mayor, the man who is down +against the man who is up in the world, is what I call false kindness. +That is the sort of kindness which disorganizes society. Good God! it +is very easy to be kind; the difficulty lies in being just. Come! if +you had been what I thought you, I should not have been kind to you, +not I! You would have seen! Mr. Mayor, I must treat myself as I would +treat any other man. When I have subdued malefactors, when I have +proceeded with vigor against rascals, I have often said to myself, ‘If +you flinch, if I ever catch you in fault, you may rest at your ease!’ I +have flinched, I have caught myself in a fault. So much the worse! +Come, discharged, cashiered, expelled! That is well. I have arms. I +will till the soil; it makes no difference to me. Mr. Mayor, the good +of the service demands an example. I simply require the discharge of +Inspector Javert.” + + +All this was uttered in a proud, humble, despairing, yet convinced +tone, which lent indescribable grandeur to this singular, honest man. + +“We shall see,” said M. Madeleine. + +And he offered him his hand. + +Javert recoiled, and said in a wild voice:— + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor, but this must not be. A mayor does not offer his +hand to a police spy.” + + +He added between his teeth:— + +“A police spy, yes; from the moment when I have misused the police. I +am no more than a police spy.” + + +Then he bowed profoundly, and directed his steps towards the door. + +There he wheeled round, and with eyes still downcast:— + +“Mr. Mayor,” he said, “I shall continue to serve until I am +superseded.” + + +He withdrew. M. Madeleine remained thoughtfully listening to the firm, +sure step, which died away on the pavement of the corridor. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—THE CHAMPMATHIEU AFFAIR + + + + +CHAPTER I—SISTER SIMPLICE + + +The incidents the reader is about to peruse were not all known at M. +sur M. But the small portion of them which became known left such a +memory in that town that a serious gap would exist in this book if we +did not narrate them in their most minute details. Among these details +the reader will encounter two or three improbable circumstances, which +we preserve out of respect for the truth. + +On the afternoon following the visit of Javert, M. Madeleine went to +see Fantine according to his wont. + +Before entering Fantine’s room, he had Sister Simplice summoned. + +The two nuns who performed the services of nurse in the infirmary, +Lazariste ladies, like all sisters of charity, bore the names of Sister +PerpĂ©tue and Sister Simplice. + +Sister PerpĂ©tue was an ordinary villager, a sister of charity in a +coarse style, who had entered the service of God as one enters any +other service. She was a nun as other women are cooks. This type is not +so very rare. The monastic orders gladly accept this heavy peasant +earthenware, which is easily fashioned into a Capuchin or an Ursuline. +These rustics are utilized for the rough work of devotion. The +transition from a drover to a Carmelite is not in the least violent; +the one turns into the other without much effort; the fund of ignorance +common to the village and the cloister is a preparation ready at hand, +and places the boor at once on the same footing as the monk: a little +more amplitude in the smock, and it becomes a frock. Sister PerpĂ©tue +was a robust nun from Marines near Pontoise, who chattered her patois, +droned, grumbled, sugared the potion according to the bigotry or the +hypocrisy of the invalid, treated her patients abruptly, roughly, was +crabbed with the dying, almost flung God in their faces, stoned their +death agony with prayers mumbled in a rage; was bold, honest, and +ruddy. + +Sister Simplice was white, with a waxen pallor. Beside Sister PerpĂ©tue, +she was the taper beside the candle. Vincent de Paul has divinely +traced the features of the Sister of Charity in these admirable words, +in which he mingles as much freedom as servitude: “They shall have for +their convent only the house of the sick; for cell only a hired room; +for chapel only their parish church; for cloister only the streets of +the town and the wards of the hospitals; for enclosure only obedience; +for gratings only the fear of God; for veil only modesty.” This ideal +was realized in the living person of Sister Simplice: she had never +been young, and it seemed as though she would never grow old. No one +could have told Sister Simplice’s age. She was a person—we dare not say +a woman—who was gentle, austere, well-bred, cold, and who had never +lied. She was so gentle that she appeared fragile; but she was more +solid than granite. She touched the unhappy with fingers that were +charmingly pure and fine. There was, so to speak, silence in her +speech; she said just what was necessary, and she possessed a tone of +voice which would have equally edified a confessional or enchanted a +drawing-room. This delicacy accommodated itself to the serge gown, +finding in this harsh contact a continual reminder of heaven and of +God. Let us emphasize one detail. Never to have lied, never to have +said, for any interest whatever, even in indifference, any single thing +which was not the truth, the sacred truth, was Sister Simplice’s +distinctive trait; it was the accent of her virtue. She was almost +renowned in the congregation for this imperturbable veracity. The AbbĂ© +Sicard speaks of Sister Simplice in a letter to the deaf-mute Massieu. +However pure and sincere we may be, we all bear upon our candor the +crack of the little, innocent lie. She did not. Little lie, innocent +lie—does such a thing exist? To lie is the absolute form of evil. To +lie a little is not possible: he who lies, lies the whole lie. To lie +is the very face of the demon. Satan has two names; he is called Satan +and Lying. That is what she thought; and as she thought, so she did. +The result was the whiteness which we have mentioned—a whiteness which +covered even her lips and her eyes with radiance. Her smile was white, +her glance was white. There was not a single spider’s web, not a grain +of dust, on the glass window of that conscience. On entering the order +of Saint Vincent de Paul, she had taken the name of Simplice by special +choice. Simplice of Sicily, as we know, is the saint who preferred to +allow both her breasts to be torn off rather than to say that she had +been born at Segesta when she had been born at Syracuse—a lie which +would have saved her. This patron saint suited this soul. + +Sister Simplice, on her entrance into the order, had had two faults +which she had gradually corrected: she had a taste for dainties, and +she liked to receive letters. She never read anything but a book of +prayers printed in Latin, in coarse type. She did not understand Latin, +but she understood the book. + +This pious woman had conceived an affection for Fantine, probably +feeling a latent virtue there, and she had devoted herself almost +exclusively to her care. + +M. Madeleine took Sister Simplice apart and recommended Fantine to her +in a singular tone, which the sister recalled later on. + +On leaving the sister, he approached Fantine. + +Fantine awaited M. Madeleine’s appearance every day as one awaits a ray +of warmth and joy. She said to the sisters, “I only live when Monsieur +le Maire is here.” + + +She had a great deal of fever that day. As soon as she saw M. Madeleine +she asked him:— + +“And Cosette?” + + +He replied with a smile:— + +“Soon.” + + +M. Madeleine was the same as usual with Fantine. Only he remained an +hour instead of half an hour, to Fantine’s great delight. He urged +every one repeatedly not to allow the invalid to want for anything. It +was noticed that there was a moment when his countenance became very +sombre. But this was explained when it became known that the doctor had +bent down to his ear and said to him, “She is losing ground fast.” + + +Then he returned to the town-hall, and the clerk observed him +attentively examining a road map of France which hung in his study. He +wrote a few figures on a bit of paper with a pencil. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE PERSPICACITY OF MASTER SCAUFFLAIRE + + +From the town-hall he betook himself to the extremity of the town, to a +Fleming named Master Scaufflaer, French Scaufflaire, who let out +“horses and cabriolets as desired.” + + +In order to reach this Scaufflaire, the shortest way was to take the +little-frequented street in which was situated the parsonage of the +parish in which M. Madeleine resided. The curĂ© was, it was said, a +worthy, respectable, and sensible man. At the moment when M. Madeleine +arrived in front of the parsonage there was but one passer-by in the +street, and this person noticed this: After the mayor had passed the +priest’s house he halted, stood motionless, then turned about, and +retraced his steps to the door of the parsonage, which had an iron +knocker. He laid his hand quickly on the knocker and lifted it; then he +paused again and stopped short, as though in thought, and after the +lapse of a few seconds, instead of allowing the knocker to fall +abruptly, he placed it gently, and resumed his way with a sort of haste +which had not been apparent previously. + +M. Madeleine found Master Scaufflaire at home, engaged in stitching a +harness over. + +“Master Scaufflaire,” he inquired, “have you a good horse?” + + +“Mr. Mayor,” said the Fleming, “all my horses are good. What do you +mean by a good horse?” + + +“I mean a horse which can travel twenty leagues in a day.” + + +“The deuce!” said the Fleming. “Twenty leagues!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Hitched to a cabriolet?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And how long can he rest at the end of his journey?” + + +“He must be able to set out again on the next day if necessary.” + + +“To traverse the same road?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“The deuce! the deuce! And it is twenty leagues?” + + +M. Madeleine drew from his pocket the paper on which he had pencilled +some figures. He showed it to the Fleming. The figures were 5, 6, 8Âœ. + +“You see,” he said, “total, nineteen and a half; as well say twenty +leagues.” + + +“Mr. Mayor,” returned the Fleming, “I have just what you want. My +little white horse—you may have seen him pass occasionally; he is a +small beast from Lower Boulonnais. He is full of fire. They wanted to +make a saddle-horse of him at first. Bah! He reared, he kicked, he laid +everybody flat on the ground. He was thought to be vicious, and no one +knew what to do with him. I bought him. I harnessed him to a carriage. +That is what he wanted, sir; he is as gentle as a girl; he goes like +the wind. Ah! indeed he must not be mounted. It does not suit his ideas +to be a saddle-horse. Every one has his ambition. ‘Draw? Yes. Carry? +No.’ We must suppose that is what he said to himself.” + + +“And he will accomplish the trip?” + + +“Your twenty leagues all at a full trot, and in less than eight hours. +But here are the conditions.” + + +“State them.” + + +“In the first place, you will give him half an hour’s breathing spell +midway of the road; he will eat; and some one must be by while he is +eating to prevent the stable boy of the inn from stealing his oats; for +I have noticed that in inns the oats are more often drunk by the stable +men than eaten by the horses.” + + +“Some one will be by.” + + +“In the second place—is the cabriolet for Monsieur le Maire?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Does Monsieur le Maire know how to drive?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, Monsieur le Maire will travel alone and without baggage, in +order not to overload the horse?” + + +“Agreed.” + + +“But as Monsieur le Maire will have no one with him, he will be obliged +to take the trouble himself of seeing that the oats are not stolen.” + + +“That is understood.” + + +“I am to have thirty francs a day. The days of rest to be paid for +also—not a farthing less; and the beast’s food to be at Monsieur le +Maire’s expense.” + + +M. Madeleine drew three napoleons from his purse and laid them on the +table. + +“Here is the pay for two days in advance.” + + +“Fourthly, for such a journey a cabriolet would be too heavy, and would +fatigue the horse. Monsieur le Maire must consent to travel in a little +tilbury that I own.” + + +“I consent to that.” + + +“It is light, but it has no cover.” + + +“That makes no difference to me.” + + +“Has Monsieur le Maire reflected that we are in the middle of winter?” + + +M. Madeleine did not reply. The Fleming resumed:— + +“That it is very cold?” + + +M. Madeleine preserved silence. + +Master Scaufflaire continued:— + +“That it may rain?” + + +M. Madeleine raised his head and said:— + +“The tilbury and the horse will be in front of my door to-morrow +morning at half-past four o’clock.” + + +“Of course, Monsieur le Maire,” replied Scaufflaire; then, scratching a +speck in the wood of the table with his thumb-nail, he resumed with +that careless air which the Flemings understand so well how to mingle +with their shrewdness:— + +“But this is what I am thinking of now: Monsieur le Maire has not told +me where he is going. Where is Monsieur le Maire going?” + + +He had been thinking of nothing else since the beginning of the +conversation, but he did not know why he had not dared to put the +question. + +“Are your horse’s forelegs good?” said M. Madeleine. + +“Yes, Monsieur le Maire. You must hold him in a little when going down +hill. Are there many descends between here and the place whither you +are going?” + + +“Do not forget to be at my door at precisely half-past four o’clock +to-morrow morning,” replied M. Madeleine; and he took his departure. + +The Fleming remained “utterly stupid,” as he himself said some time +afterwards. + +The mayor had been gone two or three minutes when the door opened +again; it was the mayor once more. + +He still wore the same impassive and preoccupied air. + +“Monsieur Scaufflaire,” said he, “at what sum do you estimate the value +of the horse and tilbury which you are to let to me,—the one bearing +the other?” + + +“The one dragging the other, Monsieur le Maire,” said the Fleming, with +a broad smile. + +“So be it. Well?” + + +“Does Monsieur le Maire wish to purchase them or me?” + + +“No; but I wish to guarantee you in any case. You shall give me back +the sum at my return. At what value do you estimate your horse and +cabriolet?” + + +“Five hundred francs, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“Here it is.” + + +M. Madeleine laid a bank-bill on the table, then left the room; and +this time he did not return. + +Master Scaufflaire experienced a frightful regret that he had not said +a thousand francs. Besides the horse and tilbury together were worth +but a hundred crowns. + +The Fleming called his wife, and related the affair to her. “Where the +devil could Monsieur le Maire be going?” They held counsel together. +“He is going to Paris,” said the wife. “I don’t believe it,” said the +husband. + +M. Madeleine had forgotten the paper with the figures on it, and it lay +on the chimney-piece. The Fleming picked it up and studied it. “Five, +six, eight and a half? That must designate the posting relays.” He +turned to his wife:— + +“I have found out.” + + +“What?” + + +“It is five leagues from here to Hesdin, six from Hesdin to Saint-Pol, +eight and a half from Saint-Pol to Arras. He is going to Arras.” + + +Meanwhile, M. Madeleine had returned home. He had taken the longest way +to return from Master Scaufflaire’s, as though the parsonage door had +been a temptation for him, and he had wished to avoid it. He ascended +to his room, and there he shut himself up, which was a very simple act, +since he liked to go to bed early. Nevertheless, the portress of the +factory, who was, at the same time, M. Madeleine’s only servant, +noticed that the latter’s light was extinguished at half-past eight, +and she mentioned it to the cashier when he came home, adding:— + +“Is Monsieur le Maire ill? I thought he had a rather singular air.” + + +This cashier occupied a room situated directly under M. Madeleine’s +chamber. He paid no heed to the portress’s words, but went to bed and +to sleep. Towards midnight he woke up with a start; in his sleep he had +heard a noise above his head. He listened; it was a footstep pacing +back and forth, as though some one were walking in the room above him. +He listened more attentively, and recognized M. Madeleine’s step. This +struck him as strange; usually, there was no noise in M. Madeleine’s +chamber until he rose in the morning. A moment later the cashier heard +a noise which resembled that of a cupboard being opened, and then shut +again; then a piece of furniture was disarranged; then a pause ensued; +then the step began again. The cashier sat up in bed, quite awake now, +and staring; and through his window-panes he saw the reddish gleam of a +lighted window reflected on the opposite wall; from the direction of +the rays, it could only come from the window of M. Madeleine’s chamber. +The reflection wavered, as though it came rather from a fire which had +been lighted than from a candle. The shadow of the window-frame was not +shown, which indicated that the window was wide open. The fact that +this window was open in such cold weather was surprising. The cashier +fell asleep again. An hour or two later he waked again. The same step +was still passing slowly and regularly back and forth overhead. + +The reflection was still visible on the wall, but now it was pale and +peaceful, like the reflection of a lamp or of a candle. The window was +still open. + +This is what had taken place in M. Madeleine’s room. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A TEMPEST IN A SKULL + + +The reader has, no doubt, already divined that M. Madeleine is no other +than Jean Valjean. + +We have already gazed into the depths of this conscience; the moment +has now come when we must take another look into it. We do so not +without emotion and trepidation. There is nothing more terrible in +existence than this sort of contemplation. The eye of the spirit can +nowhere find more dazzling brilliance and more shadow than in man; it +can fix itself on no other thing which is more formidable, more +complicated, more mysterious, and more infinite. There is a spectacle +more grand than the sea; it is heaven: there is a spectacle more grand +than heaven; it is the inmost recesses of the soul. + +To make the poem of the human conscience, were it only with reference +to a single man, were it only in connection with the basest of men, +would be to blend all epics into one superior and definitive epic. +Conscience is the chaos of chimĂŠras, of lusts, and of temptations; the +furnace of dreams; the lair of ideas of which we are ashamed; it is the +pandemonium of sophisms; it is the battlefield of the passions. +Penetrate, at certain hours, past the livid face of a human being who +is engaged in reflection, and look behind, gaze into that soul, gaze +into that obscurity. There, beneath that external silence, battles of +giants, like those recorded in Homer, are in progress; skirmishes of +dragons and hydras and swarms of phantoms, as in Milton; visionary +circles, as in Dante. What a solemn thing is this infinity which every +man bears within him, and which he measures with despair against the +caprices of his brain and the actions of his life! + +Alighieri one day met with a sinister-looking door, before which he +hesitated. Here is one before us, upon whose threshold we hesitate. Let +us enter, nevertheless. + +We have but little to add to what the reader already knows of what had +happened to Jean Valjean after the adventure with Little Gervais. From +that moment forth he was, as we have seen, a totally different man. +What the Bishop had wished to make of him, that he carried out. It was +more than a transformation; it was a transfiguration. + +He succeeded in disappearing, sold the Bishop’s silver, reserving only +the candlesticks as a souvenir, crept from town to town, traversed +France, came to M. sur M., conceived the idea which we have mentioned, +accomplished what we have related, succeeded in rendering himself safe +from seizure and inaccessible, and, thenceforth, established at M. sur +M., happy in feeling his conscience saddened by the past and the first +half of his existence belied by the last, he lived in peace, reassured +and hopeful, having henceforth only two thoughts,—to conceal his name +and to sanctify his life; to escape men and to return to God. + +These two thoughts were so closely intertwined in his mind that they +formed but a single one there; both were equally absorbing and +imperative and ruled his slightest actions. In general, they conspired +to regulate the conduct of his life; they turned him towards the gloom; +they rendered him kindly and simple; they counselled him to the same +things. Sometimes, however, they conflicted. In that case, as the +reader will remember, the man whom all the country of M. sur M. called +M. Madeleine did not hesitate to sacrifice the first to the second—his +security to his virtue. Thus, in spite of all his reserve and all his +prudence, he had preserved the Bishop’s candlesticks, worn mourning for +him, summoned and interrogated all the little Savoyards who passed that +way, collected information regarding the families at Faverolles, and +saved old Fauchelevent’s life, despite the disquieting insinuations of +Javert. It seemed, as we have already remarked, as though he thought, +following the example of all those who have been wise, holy, and just, +that his first duty was not towards himself. + +At the same time, it must be confessed, nothing just like this had yet +presented itself. + +Never had the two ideas which governed the unhappy man whose sufferings +we are narrating, engaged in so serious a struggle. He understood this +confusedly but profoundly at the very first words pronounced by Javert, +when the latter entered his study. At the moment when that name, which +he had buried beneath so many layers, was so strangely articulated, he +was struck with stupor, and as though intoxicated with the sinister +eccentricity of his destiny; and through this stupor he felt that +shudder which precedes great shocks. He bent like an oak at the +approach of a storm, like a soldier at the approach of an assault. He +felt shadows filled with thunders and lightnings descending upon his +head. As he listened to Javert, the first thought which occurred to him +was to go, to run and denounce himself, to take that Champmathieu out +of prison and place himself there; this was as painful and as poignant +as an incision in the living flesh. Then it passed away, and he said to +himself, “We will see! We will see!” He repressed this first, generous +instinct, and recoiled before heroism. + +It would be beautiful, no doubt, after the Bishop’s holy words, after +so many years of repentance and abnegation, in the midst of a penitence +admirably begun, if this man had not flinched for an instant, even in +the presence of so terrible a conjecture, but had continued to walk +with the same step towards this yawning precipice, at the bottom of +which lay heaven; that would have been beautiful; but it was not thus. +We must render an account of the things which went on in this soul, and +we can only tell what there was there. He was carried away, at first, +by the instinct of self-preservation; he rallied all his ideas in +haste, stifled his emotions, took into consideration Javert’s presence, +that great danger, postponed all decision with the firmness of terror, +shook off thought as to what he had to do, and resumed his calmness as +a warrior picks up his buckler. + +He remained in this state during the rest of the day, a whirlwind +within, a profound tranquillity without. He took no “preservative +measures,” as they may be called. Everything was still confused, and +jostling together in his brain. His trouble was so great that he could +not perceive the form of a single idea distinctly, and he could have +told nothing about himself, except that he had received a great blow. + +He repaired to Fantine’s bed of suffering, as usual, and prolonged his +visit, through a kindly instinct, telling himself that he must behave +thus, and recommend her well to the sisters, in case he should be +obliged to be absent himself. He had a vague feeling that he might be +obliged to go to Arras; and without having the least in the world made +up his mind to this trip, he said to himself that being, as he was, +beyond the shadow of any suspicion, there could be nothing out of the +way in being a witness to what was to take place, and he engaged the +tilbury from Scaufflaire in order to be prepared in any event. + +He dined with a good deal of appetite. + +On returning to his room, he communed with himself. + +He examined the situation, and found it unprecedented; so unprecedented +that in the midst of his reverie he rose from his chair, moved by some +inexplicable impulse of anxiety, and bolted his door. He feared lest +something more should enter. He was barricading himself against +possibilities. + +A moment later he extinguished his light; it embarrassed him. + +It seemed to him as though he might be seen. + +By whom? + +Alas! That on which he desired to close the door had already entered; +that which he desired to blind was staring him in the face,—his +conscience. + +His conscience; that is to say, God. + +Nevertheless, he deluded himself at first; he had a feeling of security +and of solitude; the bolt once drawn, he thought himself impregnable; +the candle extinguished, he felt himself invisible. Then he took +possession of himself: he set his elbows on the table, leaned his head +on his hand, and began to meditate in the dark. + +“Where do I stand? Am not I dreaming? What have I heard? Is it really +true that I have seen that Javert, and that he spoke to me in that +manner? Who can that Champmathieu be? So he resembles me! Is it +possible? When I reflect that yesterday I was so tranquil, and so far +from suspecting anything! What was I doing yesterday at this hour? What +is there in this incident? What will the end be? What is to be done?” + + +This was the torment in which he found himself. His brain had lost its +power of retaining ideas; they passed like waves, and he clutched his +brow in both hands to arrest them. + +Nothing but anguish extricated itself from this tumult which +overwhelmed his will and his reason, and from which he sought to draw +proof and resolution. + +His head was burning. He went to the window and threw it wide open. +There were no stars in the sky. He returned and seated himself at the +table. + +The first hour passed in this manner. + +Gradually, however, vague outlines began to take form and to fix +themselves in his meditation, and he was able to catch a glimpse with +precision of the reality,—not the whole situation, but some of the +details. He began by recognizing the fact that, critical and +extraordinary as was this situation, he was completely master of it. + +This only caused an increase of his stupor. + +Independently of the severe and religious aim which he had assigned to +his actions, all that he had made up to that day had been nothing but a +hole in which to bury his name. That which he had always feared most of +all in his hours of self-communion, during his sleepless nights, was to +ever hear that name pronounced; he had said to himself, that that would +be the end of all things for him; that on the day when that name made +its reappearance it would cause his new life to vanish from about him, +and—who knows?—perhaps even his new soul within him, also. He shuddered +at the very thought that this was possible. Assuredly, if any one had +said to him at such moments that the hour would come when that name +would ring in his ears, when the hideous words, Jean Valjean, would +suddenly emerge from the darkness and rise in front of him, when that +formidable light, capable of dissipating the mystery in which he had +enveloped himself, would suddenly blaze forth above his head, and that +that name would not menace him, that that light would but produce an +obscurity more dense, that this rent veil would but increase the +mystery, that this earthquake would solidify his edifice, that this +prodigious incident would have no other result, so far as he was +concerned, if so it seemed good to him, than that of rendering his +existence at once clearer and more impenetrable, and that, out of his +confrontation with the phantom of Jean Valjean, the good and worthy +citizen Monsieur Madeleine would emerge more honored, more peaceful, +and more respected than ever—if any one had told him that, he would +have tossed his head and regarded the words as those of a madman. Well, +all this was precisely what had just come to pass; all that +accumulation of impossibilities was a fact, and God had permitted these +wild fancies to become real things! + +His reverie continued to grow clearer. He came more and more to an +understanding of his position. + +It seemed to him that he had but just waked up from some inexplicable +dream, and that he found himself slipping down a declivity in the +middle of the night, erect, shivering, holding back all in vain, on the +very brink of the abyss. He distinctly perceived in the darkness a +stranger, a man unknown to him, whom destiny had mistaken for him, and +whom she was thrusting into the gulf in his stead; in order that the +gulf might close once more, it was necessary that some one, himself or +that other man, should fall into it: he had only let things take their +course. + +The light became complete, and he acknowledged this to himself: That +his place was empty in the galleys; that do what he would, it was still +awaiting him; that the theft from little Gervais had led him back to +it; that this vacant place would await him, and draw him on until he +filled it; that this was inevitable and fatal; and then he said to +himself, “that, at this moment, he had a substitute; that it appeared +that a certain Champmathieu had that ill luck, and that, as regards +himself, being present in the galleys in the person of that +Champmathieu, present in society under the name of M. Madeleine, he had +nothing more to fear, provided that he did not prevent men from sealing +over the head of that Champmathieu this stone of infamy which, like the +stone of the sepulchre, falls once, never to rise again.” + + +All this was so strange and so violent, that there suddenly took place +in him that indescribable movement, which no man feels more than two or +three times in the course of his life, a sort of convulsion of the +conscience which stirs up all that there is doubtful in the heart, +which is composed of irony, of joy, and of despair, and which may be +called an outburst of inward laughter. + +He hastily relighted his candle. + +“Well, what then?” he said to himself; “what am I afraid of? What is +there in all that for me to think about? I am safe; all is over. I had +but one partly open door through which my past might invade my life, +and behold that door is walled up forever! That Javert, who has been +annoying me so long; that terrible instinct which seemed to have +divined me, which had divined me—good God! and which followed me +everywhere; that frightful hunting-dog, always making a point at me, is +thrown off the scent, engaged elsewhere, absolutely turned from the +trail: henceforth he is satisfied; he will leave me in peace; he has +his Jean Valjean. Who knows? it is even probable that he will wish to +leave town! And all this has been brought about without any aid from +me, and I count for nothing in it! Ah! but where is the misfortune in +this? Upon my honor, people would think, to see me, that some +catastrophe had happened to me! After all, if it does bring harm to +some one, that is not my fault in the least: it is Providence which has +done it all; it is because it wishes it so to be, evidently. Have I the +right to disarrange what it has arranged? What do I ask now? Why should +I meddle? It does not concern me; what! I am not satisfied: but what +more do I want? The goal to which I have aspired for so many years, the +dream of my nights, the object of my prayers to Heaven,—security,—I +have now attained; it is God who wills it; I can do nothing against the +will of God, and why does God will it? In order that I may continue +what I have begun, that I may do good, that I may one day be a grand +and encouraging example, that it may be said at last, that a little +happiness has been attached to the penance which I have undergone, and +to that virtue to which I have returned. Really, I do not understand +why I was afraid, a little while ago, to enter the house of that good +curĂ©, and to ask his advice; this is evidently what he would have said +to me: It is settled; let things take their course; let the good God do +as he likes!” + + +Thus did he address himself in the depths of his own conscience, +bending over what may be called his own abyss; he rose from his chair, +and began to pace the room: “Come,” said he, “let us think no more +about it; my resolve is taken!” but he felt no joy. + +Quite the reverse. + +One can no more prevent thought from recurring to an idea than one can +the sea from returning to the shore: the sailor calls it the tide; the +guilty man calls it remorse; God upheaves the soul as he does the +ocean. + +After the expiration of a few moments, do what he would, he resumed the +gloomy dialogue in which it was he who spoke and he who listened, +saying that which he would have preferred to ignore, and listened to +that which he would have preferred not to hear, yielding to that +mysterious power which said to him: “Think!” as it said to another +condemned man, two thousand years ago, “March on!” + + +Before proceeding further, and in order to make ourselves fully +understood, let us insist upon one necessary observation. + +It is certain that people do talk to themselves; there is no living +being who has not done it. It may even be said that the word is never a +more magnificent mystery than when it goes from thought to conscience +within a man, and when it returns from conscience to thought; it is in +this sense only that the words so often employed in this chapter, _he +said, he exclaimed_, must be understood; one speaks to one’s self, +talks to one’s self, exclaims to one’s self without breaking the +external silence; there is a great tumult; everything about us talks +except the mouth. The realities of the soul are nonetheless realities +because they are not visible and palpable. + +So he asked himself where he stood. He interrogated himself upon that +“settled resolve.” He confessed to himself that all that he had just +arranged in his mind was monstrous, that “to let things take their +course, to let the good God do as he liked,” was simply horrible; to +allow this error of fate and of men to be carried out, not to hinder +it, to lend himself to it through his silence, to do nothing, in short, +was to do everything! that this was hypocritical baseness in the last +degree! that it was a base, cowardly, sneaking, abject, hideous crime! + +For the first time in eight years, the wretched man had just tasted the +bitter savor of an evil thought and of an evil action. + +He spit it out with disgust. + +He continued to question himself. He asked himself severely what he had +meant by this, “My object is attained!” He declared to himself that his +life really had an object; but what object? To conceal his name? To +deceive the police? Was it for so petty a thing that he had done all +that he had done? Had he not another and a grand object, which was the +true one—to save, not his person, but his soul; to become honest and +good once more; to be a just man? Was it not that above all, that +alone, which he had always desired, which the Bishop had enjoined upon +him—to shut the door on his past? But he was not shutting it! great +God! he was re-opening it by committing an infamous action! He was +becoming a thief once more, and the most odious of thieves! He was +robbing another of his existence, his life, his peace, his place in the +sunshine. He was becoming an assassin. He was murdering, morally +murdering, a wretched man. He was inflicting on him that frightful +living death, that death beneath the open sky, which is called the +galleys. On the other hand, to surrender himself to save that man, +struck down with so melancholy an error, to resume his own name, to +become once more, out of duty, the convict Jean Valjean, that was, in +truth, to achieve his resurrection, and to close forever that hell +whence he had just emerged; to fall back there in appearance was to +escape from it in reality. This must be done! He had done nothing if he +did not do all this; his whole life was useless; all his penitence was +wasted. There was no longer any need of saying, “What is the use?” He +felt that the Bishop was there, that the Bishop was present all the +more because he was dead, that the Bishop was gazing fixedly at him, +that henceforth Mayor Madeleine, with all his virtues, would be +abominable to him, and that the convict Jean Valjean would be pure and +admirable in his sight; that men beheld his mask, but that the Bishop +saw his face; that men saw his life, but that the Bishop beheld his +conscience. So he must go to Arras, deliver the false Jean Valjean, and +denounce the real one. Alas! that was the greatest of sacrifices, the +most poignant of victories, the last step to take; but it must be done. +Sad fate! he would enter into sanctity only in the eyes of God when he +returned to infamy in the eyes of men. + +“Well,” said he, “let us decide upon this; let us do our duty; let us +save this man.” He uttered these words aloud, without perceiving that +he was speaking aloud. + +He took his books, verified them, and put them in order. He flung in +the fire a bundle of bills which he had against petty and embarrassed +tradesmen. He wrote and sealed a letter, and on the envelope it might +have been read, had there been any one in his chamber at the moment, +_To Monsieur Laffitte, Banker, Rue d’Artois, Paris_. He drew from his +secretary a pocket-book which contained several bank-notes and the +passport of which he had made use that same year when he went to the +elections. + +Any one who had seen him during the execution of these various acts, +into which there entered such grave thought, would have had no +suspicion of what was going on within him. Only occasionally did his +lips move; at other times he raised his head and fixed his gaze upon +some point of the wall, as though there existed at that point something +which he wished to elucidate or interrogate. + +When he had finished the letter to M. Laffitte, he put it into his +pocket, together with the pocket-book, and began his walk once more. + +His reverie had not swerved from its course. He continued to see his +duty clearly, written in luminous letters, which flamed before his eyes +and changed its place as he altered the direction of his glance:— + +_“Go! Tell your name! Denounce yourself!”_ + +In the same way he beheld, as though they had passed before him in +visible forms, the two ideas which had, up to that time, formed the +double rule of his soul,—the concealment of his name, the +sanctification of his life. For the first time they appeared to him as +absolutely distinct, and he perceived the distance which separated +them. He recognized the fact that one of these ideas was, necessarily, +good, while the other might become bad; that the first was +self-devotion, and that the other was personality; that the one said, +_my neighbour_, and that the other said, _myself_; that one emanated +from the light, and the other from darkness. + +They were antagonistic. He saw them in conflict. In proportion as he +meditated, they grew before the eyes of his spirit. They had now +attained colossal statures, and it seemed to him that he beheld within +himself, in that infinity of which we were recently speaking, in the +midst of the darkness and the lights, a goddess and a giant contending. + +He was filled with terror; but it seemed to him that the good thought +was getting the upper hand. + +He felt that he was on the brink of the second decisive crisis of his +conscience and of his destiny; that the Bishop had marked the first +phase of his new life, and that Champmathieu marked the second. After +the grand crisis, the grand test. + +But the fever, allayed for an instant, gradually resumed possession of +him. A thousand thoughts traversed his mind, but they continued to +fortify him in his resolution. + +One moment he said to himself that he was, perhaps, taking the matter +too keenly; that, after all, this Champmathieu was not interesting, and +that he had actually been guilty of theft. + +He answered himself: “If this man has, indeed, stolen a few apples, +that means a month in prison. It is a long way from that to the +galleys. And who knows? Did he steal? Has it been proved? The name of +Jean Valjean overwhelms him, and seems to dispense with proofs. Do not +the attorneys for the Crown always proceed in this manner? He is +supposed to be a thief because he is known to be a convict.” + + +In another instant the thought had occurred to him that, when he +denounced himself, the heroism of his deed might, perhaps, be taken +into consideration, and his honest life for the last seven years, and +what he had done for the district, and that they would have mercy on +him. + +But this supposition vanished very quickly, and he smiled bitterly as +he remembered that the theft of the forty sous from little Gervais put +him in the position of a man guilty of a second offence after +conviction, that this affair would certainly come up, and, according to +the precise terms of the law, would render him liable to penal +servitude for life. + +He turned aside from all illusions, detached himself more and more from +earth, and sought strength and consolation elsewhere. He told himself +that he must do his duty; that perhaps he should not be more unhappy +after doing his duty than after having avoided it; that if he _allowed +things to take their own course_, if he remained at M. sur M., his +consideration, his good name, his good works, the deference and +veneration paid to him, his charity, his wealth, his popularity, his +virtue, would be seasoned with a crime. And what would be the taste of +all these holy things when bound up with this hideous thing? while, if +he accomplished his sacrifice, a celestial idea would be mingled with +the galleys, the post, the iron necklet, the green cap, unceasing toil, +and pitiless shame. + +At length he told himself that it must be so, that his destiny was thus +allotted, that he had not authority to alter the arrangements made on +high, that, in any case, he must make his choice: virtue without and +abomination within, or holiness within and infamy without. + +The stirring up of these lugubrious ideas did not cause his courage to +fail, but his brain grow weary. He began to think of other things, of +indifferent matters, in spite of himself. + +The veins in his temples throbbed violently; he still paced to and fro; +midnight sounded first from the parish church, then from the town-hall; +he counted the twelve strokes of the two clocks, and compared the +sounds of the two bells; he recalled in this connection the fact that, +a few days previously, he had seen in an ironmonger’s shop an ancient +clock for sale, upon which was written the name, _Antoine-Albin de +Romainville_. + +He was cold; he lighted a small fire; it did not occur to him to close +the window. + +In the meantime he had relapsed into his stupor; he was obliged to make +a tolerably vigorous effort to recall what had been the subject of his +thoughts before midnight had struck; he finally succeeded in doing +this. + +“Ah! yes,” he said to himself, “I had resolved to inform against +myself.” + + +And then, all of a sudden, he thought of Fantine. + +“Hold!” said he, “and what about that poor woman?” + + +Here a fresh crisis declared itself. + +Fantine, by appearing thus abruptly in his reverie, produced the effect +of an unexpected ray of light; it seemed to him as though everything +about him were undergoing a change of aspect: he exclaimed:— + +“Ah! but I have hitherto considered no one but myself; it is proper for +me to hold my tongue or to denounce myself, to conceal my person or to +save my soul, to be a despicable and respected magistrate, or an +infamous and venerable convict; it is I, it is always I and nothing but +I: but, good God! all this is egotism; these are diverse forms of +egotism, but it is egotism all the same. What if I were to think a +little about others? The highest holiness is to think of others; come, +let us examine the matter. The _I_ excepted, the _I_ effaced, the _I_ +forgotten, what would be the result of all this? What if I denounce +myself? I am arrested; this Champmathieu is released; I am put back in +the galleys; that is well—and what then? What is going on here? Ah! +here is a country, a town, here are factories, an industry, workers, +both men and women, aged grandsires, children, poor people! All this I +have created; all these I provide with their living; everywhere where +there is a smoking chimney, it is I who have placed the brand on the +hearth and meat in the pot; I have created ease, circulation, credit; +before me there was nothing; I have elevated, vivified, informed with +life, fecundated, stimulated, enriched the whole country-side; lacking +me, the soul is lacking; I take myself off, everything dies: and this +woman, who has suffered so much, who possesses so many merits in spite +of her fall; the cause of all whose misery I have unwittingly been! And +that child whom I meant to go in search of, whom I have promised to her +mother; do I not also owe something to this woman, in reparation for +the evil which I have done her? If I disappear, what happens? The +mother dies; the child becomes what it can; that is what will take +place, if I denounce myself. If I do not denounce myself? come, let us +see how it will be if I do not denounce myself.” + + +After putting this question to himself, he paused; he seemed to undergo +a momentary hesitation and trepidation; but it did not last long, and +he answered himself calmly:— + +“Well, this man is going to the galleys; it is true, but what the +deuce! he has stolen! There is no use in my saying that he has not been +guilty of theft, for he has! I remain here; I go on: in ten years I +shall have made ten millions; I scatter them over the country; I have +nothing of my own; what is that to me? It is not for myself that I am +doing it; the prosperity of all goes on augmenting; industries are +aroused and animated; factories and shops are multiplied; families, a +hundred families, a thousand families, are happy; the district becomes +populated; villages spring up where there were only farms before; farms +rise where there was nothing; wretchedness disappears, and with +wretchedness debauchery, prostitution, theft, murder; all vices +disappear, all crimes: and this poor mother rears her child; and behold +a whole country rich and honest! Ah! I was a fool! I was absurd! what +was that I was saying about denouncing myself? I really must pay +attention and not be precipitate about anything. What! because it would +have pleased me to play the grand and generous; this is melodrama, +after all; because I should have thought of no one but myself, the +idea! for the sake of saving from a punishment, a trifle exaggerated, +perhaps, but just at bottom, no one knows whom, a thief, a +good-for-nothing, evidently, a whole country-side must perish! a poor +woman must die in the hospital! a poor little girl must die in the +street! like dogs; ah, this is abominable! And without the mother even +having seen her child once more, almost without the child’s having +known her mother; and all that for the sake of an old wretch of an +apple-thief who, most assuredly, has deserved the galleys for something +else, if not for that; fine scruples, indeed, which save a guilty man +and sacrifice the innocent, which save an old vagabond who has only a +few years to live at most, and who will not be more unhappy in the +galleys than in his hovel, and which sacrifice a whole population, +mothers, wives, children. This poor little Cosette who has no one in +the world but me, and who is, no doubt, blue with cold at this moment +in the den of those ThĂ©nardiers; those peoples are rascals; and I was +going to neglect my duty towards all these poor creatures; and I was +going off to denounce myself; and I was about to commit that +unspeakable folly! Let us put it at the worst: suppose that there is a +wrong action on my part in this, and that my conscience will reproach +me for it some day, to accept, for the good of others, these reproaches +which weigh only on myself; this evil action which compromises my soul +alone; in that lies self-sacrifice; in that alone there is virtue.” + + +He rose and resumed his march; this time, he seemed to be content. + +Diamonds are found only in the dark places of the earth; truths are +found only in the depths of thought. It seemed to him, that, after +having descended into these depths, after having long groped among the +darkest of these shadows, he had at last found one of these diamonds, +one of these truths, and that he now held it in his hand, and he was +dazzled as he gazed upon it. + +“Yes,” he thought, “this is right; I am on the right road; I have the +solution; I must end by holding fast to something; my resolve is taken; +let things take their course; let us no longer vacillate; let us no +longer hang back; this is for the interest of all, not for my own; I am +Madeleine, and Madeleine I remain. Woe to the man who is Jean Valjean! +I am no longer he; I do not know that man; I no longer know anything; +it turns out that some one is Jean Valjean at the present moment; let +him look out for himself; that does not concern me; it is a fatal name +which was floating abroad in the night; if it halts and descends on a +head, so much the worse for that head.” + + +He looked into the little mirror which hung above his chimney-piece, +and said:— + +“Hold! it has relieved me to come to a decision; I am quite another man +now.” + + +He proceeded a few paces further, then he stopped short. + +“Come!” he said, “I must not flinch before any of the consequences of +the resolution which I have once adopted; there are still threads which +attach me to that Jean Valjean; they must be broken; in this very room +there are objects which would betray me, dumb things which would bear +witness against me; it is settled; all these things must disappear.” + + +He fumbled in his pocket, drew out his purse, opened it, and took out a +small key; he inserted the key in a lock whose aperture could hardly be +seen, so hidden was it in the most sombre tones of the design which +covered the wall-paper; a secret receptacle opened, a sort of false +cupboard constructed in the angle between the wall and the +chimney-piece; in this hiding-place there were some rags—a blue linen +blouse, an old pair of trousers, an old knapsack, and a huge thorn +cudgel shod with iron at both ends. Those who had seen Jean Valjean at +the epoch when he passed through D—— in October, 1815, could easily +have recognized all the pieces of this miserable outfit. + +He had preserved them as he had preserved the silver candlesticks, in +order to remind himself continually of his starting-point, but he had +concealed all that came from the galleys, and he had allowed the +candlesticks which came from the Bishop to be seen. + +He cast a furtive glance towards the door, as though he feared that it +would open in spite of the bolt which fastened it; then, with a quick +and abrupt movement, he took the whole in his arms at once, without +bestowing so much as a glance on the things which he had so religiously +and so perilously preserved for so many years, and flung them all, +rags, cudgel, knapsack, into the fire. + +[Illustration: Candlesticks Into the Fire] + +He closed the false cupboard again, and with redoubled precautions, +henceforth unnecessary, since it was now empty, he concealed the door +behind a heavy piece of furniture, which he pushed in front of it. + +After the lapse of a few seconds, the room and the opposite wall were +lighted up with a fierce, red, tremulous glow. Everything was on fire; +the thorn cudgel snapped and threw out sparks to the middle of the +chamber. + +As the knapsack was consumed, together with the hideous rags which it +contained, it revealed something which sparkled in the ashes. By +bending over, one could have readily recognized a coin,—no doubt the +forty-sou piece stolen from the little Savoyard. + +He did not look at the fire, but paced back and forth with the same +step. + +All at once his eye fell on the two silver candlesticks, which shone +vaguely on the chimney-piece, through the glow. + +“Hold!” he thought; “the whole of Jean Valjean is still in them. They +must be destroyed also.” + + +He seized the two candlesticks. + +There was still fire enough to allow of their being put out of shape, +and converted into a sort of unrecognizable bar of metal. + +He bent over the hearth and warmed himself for a moment. He felt a +sense of real comfort. “How good warmth is!” said he. + +He stirred the live coals with one of the candlesticks. + +A minute more, and they were both in the fire. + +At that moment it seemed to him that he heard a voice within him +shouting: “Jean Valjean! Jean Valjean!” + + +His hair rose upright: he became like a man who is listening to some +terrible thing. + +“Yes, that’s it! finish!” said the voice. “Complete what you are about! +Destroy these candlesticks! Annihilate this souvenir! Forget the +Bishop! Forget everything! Destroy this Champmathieu, do! That is +right! Applaud yourself! So it is settled, resolved, fixed, agreed: +here is an old man who does not know what is wanted of him, who has, +perhaps, done nothing, an innocent man, whose whole misfortune lies in +your name, upon whom your name weighs like a crime, who is about to be +taken for you, who will be condemned, who will finish his days in +abjectness and horror. That is good! Be an honest man yourself; remain +Monsieur le Maire; remain honorable and honored; enrich the town; +nourish the indigent; rear the orphan; live happy, virtuous, and +admired; and, during this time, while you are here in the midst of joy +and light, there will be a man who will wear your red blouse, who will +bear your name in ignominy, and who will drag your chain in the +galleys. Yes, it is well arranged thus. Ah, wretch!” + + +The perspiration streamed from his brow. He fixed a haggard eye on the +candlesticks. But that within him which had spoken had not finished. +The voice continued:— + +“Jean Valjean, there will be around you many voices, which will make a +great noise, which will talk very loud, and which will bless you, and +only one which no one will hear, and which will curse you in the dark. +Well! listen, infamous man! All those benedictions will fall back +before they reach heaven, and only the malediction will ascend to God.” + + +This voice, feeble at first, and which had proceeded from the most +obscure depths of his conscience, had gradually become startling and +formidable, and he now heard it in his very ear. It seemed to him that +it had detached itself from him, and that it was now speaking outside +of him. He thought that he heard the last words so distinctly, that he +glanced around the room in a sort of terror. + +“Is there any one here?” he demanded aloud, in utter bewilderment. + +Then he resumed, with a laugh which resembled that of an idiot:— + +“How stupid I am! There can be no one!” + + +There was some one; but the person who was there was of those whom the +human eye cannot see. + +He placed the candlesticks on the chimney-piece. + +Then he resumed his monotonous and lugubrious tramp, which troubled the +dreams of the sleeping man beneath him, and awoke him with a start. + +This tramping to and fro soothed and at the same time intoxicated him. +It sometimes seems, on supreme occasions, as though people moved about +for the purpose of asking advice of everything that they may encounter +by change of place. After the lapse of a few minutes he no longer knew +his position. + +He now recoiled in equal terror before both the resolutions at which he +had arrived in turn. The two ideas which counselled him appeared to him +equally fatal. What a fatality! What conjunction that that Champmathieu +should have been taken for him; to be overwhelmed by precisely the +means which Providence seemed to have employed, at first, to strengthen +his position! + +There was a moment when he reflected on the future. Denounce himself, +great God! Deliver himself up! With immense despair he faced all that +he should be obliged to leave, all that he should be obliged to take up +once more. He should have to bid farewell to that existence which was +so good, so pure, so radiant, to the respect of all, to honor, to +liberty. He should never more stroll in the fields; he should never +more hear the birds sing in the month of May; he should never more +bestow alms on the little children; he should never more experience the +sweetness of having glances of gratitude and love fixed upon him; he +should quit that house which he had built, that little chamber! +Everything seemed charming to him at that moment. Never again should he +read those books; never more should he write on that little table of +white wood; his old portress, the only servant whom he kept, would +never more bring him his coffee in the morning. Great God! instead of +that, the convict gang, the iron necklet, the red waistcoat, the chain +on his ankle, fatigue, the cell, the camp bed all those horrors which +he knew so well! At his age, after having been what he was! If he were +only young again! but to be addressed in his old age as “thou” by any +one who pleased; to be searched by the convict-guard; to receive the +galley-sergeant’s cudgellings; to wear iron-bound shoes on his bare +feet; to have to stretch out his leg night and morning to the hammer of +the roundsman who visits the gang; to submit to the curiosity of +strangers, who would be told: “That man yonder is the famous Jean +Valjean, who was mayor of M. sur M.”; and at night, dripping with +perspiration, overwhelmed with lassitude, their green caps drawn over +their eyes, to remount, two by two, the ladder staircase of the galleys +beneath the sergeant’s whip. Oh, what misery! Can destiny, then, be as +malicious as an intelligent being, and become as monstrous as the human +heart? + +And do what he would, he always fell back upon the heartrending dilemma +which lay at the foundation of his reverie: “Should he remain in +paradise and become a demon? Should he return to hell and become an +angel?” + + +What was to be done? Great God! what was to be done? + +The torment from which he had escaped with so much difficulty was +unchained afresh within him. His ideas began to grow confused once +more; they assumed a kind of stupefied and mechanical quality which is +peculiar to despair. The name of Romainville recurred incessantly to +his mind, with the two verses of a song which he had heard in the past. +He thought that Romainville was a little grove near Paris, where young +lovers go to pluck lilacs in the month of April. + +He wavered outwardly as well as inwardly. He walked like a little child +who is permitted to toddle alone. + +At intervals, as he combated his lassitude, he made an effort to +recover the mastery of his mind. He tried to put to himself, for the +last time, and definitely, the problem over which he had, in a manner, +fallen prostrate with fatigue: Ought he to denounce himself? Ought he +to hold his peace? He could not manage to see anything distinctly. The +vague aspects of all the courses of reasoning which had been sketched +out by his meditations quivered and vanished, one after the other, into +smoke. He only felt that, to whatever course of action he made up his +mind, something in him must die, and that of necessity, and without his +being able to escape the fact; that he was entering a sepulchre on the +right hand as much as on the left; that he was passing through a death +agony,—the agony of his happiness, or the agony of his virtue. + +Alas! all his resolution had again taken possession of him. He was no +further advanced than at the beginning. + +Thus did this unhappy soul struggle in its anguish. Eighteen hundred +years before this unfortunate man, the mysterious Being in whom are +summed up all the sanctities and all the sufferings of humanity had +also long thrust aside with his hand, while the olive-trees quivered in +the wild wind of the infinite, the terrible cup which appeared to Him +dripping with darkness and overflowing with shadows in the depths all +studded with stars. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—FORMS ASSUMED BY SUFFERING DURING SLEEP + + +Three o’clock in the morning had just struck, and he had been walking +thus for five hours, almost uninterruptedly, when he at length allowed +himself to drop into his chair. + +There he fell asleep and had a dream. + +This dream, like the majority of dreams, bore no relation to the +situation, except by its painful and heart-rending character, but it +made an impression on him. This nightmare struck him so forcibly that +he wrote it down later on. It is one of the papers in his own +handwriting which he has bequeathed to us. We think that we have here +reproduced the thing in strict accordance with the text. + +Of whatever nature this dream may be, the history of this night would +be incomplete if we were to omit it: it is the gloomy adventure of an +ailing soul. + +Here it is. On the envelope we find this line inscribed, “The Dream I +had that Night.” + + +“I was in a plain; a vast, gloomy plain, where there was no grass. It +did not seem to me to be daylight nor yet night. + +“I was walking with my brother, the brother of my childish years, the +brother of whom, I must say, I never think, and whom I now hardly +remember. + +“We were conversing and we met some passers-by. We were talking of a +neighbor of ours in former days, who had always worked with her window +open from the time when she came to live on the street. As we talked we +felt cold because of that open window. + +“There were no trees in the plain. We saw a man passing close to us. He +was entirely nude, of the hue of ashes, and mounted on a horse which +was earth color. The man had no hair; we could see his skull and the +veins on it. In his hand he held a switch which was as supple as a +vine-shoot and as heavy as iron. This horseman passed and said nothing +to us. + +“My brother said to me, ‘Let us take to the hollow road.’ + +“There existed a hollow way wherein one saw neither a single shrub nor +a spear of moss. Everything was dirt-colored, even the sky. After +proceeding a few paces, I received no reply when I spoke: I perceived +that my brother was no longer with me. + +“I entered a village which I espied. I reflected that it must be +Romainville. (Why Romainville?)5 + +“The first street that I entered was deserted. I entered a second +street. Behind the angle formed by the two streets, a man was standing +erect against the wall. I said to this man:— + +“‘What country is this? Where am I?’ The man made no reply. I saw the +door of a house open, and I entered. + +“The first chamber was deserted. I entered the second. Behind the door +of this chamber a man was standing erect against the wall. I inquired +of this man, ‘Whose house is this? Where am I?’ The man replied not. + +“The house had a garden. I quitted the house and entered the garden. +The garden was deserted. Behind the first tree I found a man standing +upright. I said to this man, ‘What garden is this? Where am I?’ The man +did not answer. + +“I strolled into the village, and perceived that it was a town. All the +streets were deserted, all the doors were open. Not a single living +being was passing in the streets, walking through the chambers or +strolling in the gardens. But behind each angle of the walls, behind +each door, behind each tree, stood a silent man. Only one was to be +seen at a time. These men watched me pass. + +“I left the town and began to ramble about the fields. + +“After the lapse of some time I turned back and saw a great crowd +coming up behind me. I recognized all the men whom I had seen in that +town. They had strange heads. They did not seem to be in a hurry, yet +they walked faster than I did. They made no noise as they walked. In an +instant this crowd had overtaken and surrounded me. The faces of these +men were earthen in hue. + +“Then the first one whom I had seen and questioned on entering the town +said to me:— + +“‘Whither are you going! Do you not know that you have been dead this +long time?’ + +“I opened my mouth to reply, and I perceived that there was no one near +me.” + + +He woke. He was icy cold. A wind which was chill like the breeze of +dawn was rattling the leaves of the window, which had been left open on +their hinges. The fire was out. The candle was nearing its end. It was +still black night. + +He rose, he went to the window. There were no stars in the sky even +yet. + +From his window the yard of the house and the street were visible. A +sharp, harsh noise, which made him drop his eyes, resounded from the +earth. + +Below him he perceived two red stars, whose rays lengthened and +shortened in a singular manner through the darkness. + +As his thoughts were still half immersed in the mists of sleep, “Hold!” +said he, “there are no stars in the sky. They are on earth now.” + + +But this confusion vanished; a second sound similar to the first roused +him thoroughly; he looked and recognized the fact that these two stars +were the lanterns of a carriage. By the light which they cast he was +able to distinguish the form of this vehicle. It was a tilbury +harnessed to a small white horse. The noise which he had heard was the +trampling of the horse’s hoofs on the pavement. + +“What vehicle is this?” he said to himself. “Who is coming here so +early in the morning?” + + +At that moment there came a light tap on the door of his chamber. + +He shuddered from head to foot, and cried in a terrible voice:— + +“Who is there?” + + +Some one said:— + +“I, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +He recognized the voice of the old woman who was his portress. + +“Well!” he replied, “what is it?” + + +“Monsieur le Maire, it is just five o’clock in the morning.” + + +“What is that to me?” + + +“The cabriolet is here, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“What cabriolet?” + + +“The tilbury.” + + +“What tilbury?” + + +“Did not Monsieur le Maire order a tilbury?” + + +“No,” said he. + +“The coachman says that he has come for Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“What coachman?” + + +“M. Scaufflaire’s coachman.” + + +“M. Scaufflaire?” + + +That name sent a shudder over him, as though a flash of lightning had +passed in front of his face. + +“Ah! yes,” he resumed; “M. Scaufflaire!” + + +If the old woman could have seen him at that moment, she would have +been frightened. + +A tolerably long silence ensued. He examined the flame of the candle +with a stupid air, and from around the wick he took some of the burning +wax, which he rolled between his fingers. The old woman waited for him. +She even ventured to uplift her voice once more:— + +“What am I to say, Monsieur le Maire?” + + +“Say that it is well, and that I am coming down.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—HINDRANCES + + +The posting service from Arras to M. sur M. was still operated at this +period by small mail-wagons of the time of the Empire. These +mail-wagons were two-wheeled cabriolets, upholstered inside with +fawn-colored leather, hung on springs, and having but two seats, one +for the postboy, the other for the traveller. The wheels were armed +with those long, offensive axles which keep other vehicles at a +distance, and which may still be seen on the road in Germany. The +despatch box, an immense oblong coffer, was placed behind the vehicle +and formed a part of it. This coffer was painted black, and the +cabriolet yellow. + +These vehicles, which have no counterparts nowadays, had something +distorted and hunchbacked about them; and when one saw them passing in +the distance, and climbing up some road to the horizon, they resembled +the insects which are called, I think, termites, and which, though with +but little corselet, drag a great train behind them. But they travelled +at a very rapid rate. The post-wagon which set out from Arras at one +o’clock every night, after the mail from Paris had passed, arrived at +M. sur M. a little before five o’clock in the morning. + +That night the wagon which was descending to M. sur M. by the Hesdin +road, collided at the corner of a street, just as it was entering the +town, with a little tilbury harnessed to a white horse, which was going +in the opposite direction, and in which there was but one person, a man +enveloped in a mantle. The wheel of the tilbury received quite a +violent shock. The postman shouted to the man to stop, but the +traveller paid no heed and pursued his road at full gallop. + +“That man is in a devilish hurry!” said the postman. + +The man thus hastening on was the one whom we have just seen struggling +in convulsions which are certainly deserving of pity. + +Whither was he going? He could not have told. Why was he hastening? He +did not know. He was driving at random, straight ahead. Whither? To +Arras, no doubt; but he might have been going elsewhere as well. At +times he was conscious of it, and he shuddered. He plunged into the +night as into a gulf. Something urged him forward; something drew him +on. No one could have told what was taking place within him; every one +will understand it. What man is there who has not entered, at least +once in his life, into that obscure cavern of the unknown? + +However, he had resolved on nothing, decided nothing, formed no plan, +done nothing. None of the actions of his conscience had been decisive. +He was, more than ever, as he had been at the first moment. + +Why was he going to Arras? + +He repeated what he had already said to himself when he had hired +Scaufflaire’s cabriolet: that, whatever the result was to be, there was +no reason why he should not see with his own eyes, and judge of matters +for himself; that this was even prudent; that he must know what took +place; that no decision could be arrived at without having observed and +scrutinized; that one made mountains out of everything from a distance; +that, at any rate, when he should have seen that Champmathieu, some +wretch, his conscience would probably be greatly relieved to allow him +to go to the galleys in his stead; that Javert would indeed be there; +and that Brevet, that Chenildieu, that Cochepaille, old convicts who +had known him; but they certainly would not recognize him;—bah! what an +idea! that Javert was a hundred leagues from suspecting the truth; that +all conjectures and all suppositions were fixed on Champmathieu, and +that there is nothing so headstrong as suppositions and conjectures; +that accordingly there was no danger. + +That it was, no doubt, a dark moment, but that he should emerge from +it; that, after all, he held his destiny, however bad it might be, in +his own hand; that he was master of it. He clung to this thought. + +At bottom, to tell the whole truth, he would have preferred not to go +to Arras. + +Nevertheless, he was going thither. + +As he meditated, he whipped up his horse, which was proceeding at that +fine, regular, and even trot which accomplishes two leagues and a half +an hour. + +In proportion as the cabriolet advanced, he felt something within him +draw back. + +At daybreak he was in the open country; the town of M. sur M. lay far +behind him. He watched the horizon grow white; he stared at all the +chilly figures of a winter’s dawn as they passed before his eyes, but +without seeing them. The morning has its spectres as well as the +evening. He did not see them; but without his being aware of it, and by +means of a sort of penetration which was almost physical, these black +silhouettes of trees and of hills added some gloomy and sinister +quality to the violent state of his soul. + +Each time that he passed one of those isolated dwellings which +sometimes border on the highway, he said to himself, “And yet there are +people there within who are sleeping!” + + +The trot of the horse, the bells on the harness, the wheels on the +road, produced a gentle, monotonous noise. These things are charming +when one is joyous, and lugubrious when one is sad. + +It was broad daylight when he arrived at Hesdin. He halted in front of +the inn, to allow the horse a breathing spell, and to have him given +some oats. + +The horse belonged, as Scaufflaire had said, to that small race of the +Boulonnais, which has too much head, too much belly, and not enough +neck and shoulders, but which has a broad chest, a large crupper, thin, +fine legs, and solid hoofs—a homely, but a robust and healthy race. The +excellent beast had travelled five leagues in two hours, and had not a +drop of sweat on his loins. + +He did not get out of the tilbury. The stableman who brought the oats +suddenly bent down and examined the left wheel. + +“Are you going far in this condition?” said the man. + +He replied, with an air of not having roused himself from his reverie:— + +“Why?” + + +“Have you come from a great distance?” went on the man. + +“Five leagues.” + + +“Ah!” + + +“Why do you say, ‘Ah?’” + + +The man bent down once more, was silent for a moment, with his eyes +fixed on the wheel; then he rose erect and said:— + +“Because, though this wheel has travelled five leagues, it certainly +will not travel another quarter of a league.” + + +He sprang out of the tilbury. + +“What is that you say, my friend?” + + +“I say that it is a miracle that you should have travelled five leagues +without you and your horse rolling into some ditch on the highway. Just +see here!” + + +The wheel really had suffered serious damage. The shock administered by +the mail-wagon had split two spokes and strained the hub, so that the +nut no longer held firm. + +“My friend,” he said to the stableman, “is there a wheelwright here?” + + +“Certainly, sir.” + + +“Do me the service to go and fetch him.” + + +“He is only a step from here. Hey! Master Bourgaillard!” + + +Master Bourgaillard, the wheelwright, was standing on his own +threshold. He came, examined the wheel and made a grimace like a +surgeon when the latter thinks a limb is broken. + +“Can you repair this wheel immediately?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“When can I set out again?” + + +“To-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow!” + + +“There is a long day’s work on it. Are you in a hurry, sir?” + + +“In a very great hurry. I must set out again in an hour at the latest.” + + +“Impossible, sir.” + + +“I will pay whatever you ask.” + + +“Impossible.” + + +“Well, in two hours, then.” + + +“Impossible to-day. Two new spokes and a hub must be made. Monsieur +will not be able to start before to-morrow morning.” + + +“The matter cannot wait until to-morrow. What if you were to replace +this wheel instead of repairing it?” + + +“How so?” + + +“You are a wheelwright?” + + +“Certainly, sir.” + + +“Have you not a wheel that you can sell me? Then I could start again at +once.” + + +“A spare wheel?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I have no wheel on hand that would fit your cabriolet. Two wheels make +a pair. Two wheels cannot be put together hap-hazard.” + + +“In that case, sell me a pair of wheels.” + + +“Not all wheels fit all axles, sir.” + + +“Try, nevertheless.” + + +“It is useless, sir. I have nothing to sell but cart-wheels. We are but +a poor country here.” + + +“Have you a cabriolet that you can let me have?” + + +The wheelwright had seen at the first glance that the tilbury was a +hired vehicle. He shrugged his shoulders. + +“You treat the cabriolets that people let you so well! If I had one, I +would not let it to you!” + + +“Well, sell it to me, then.” + + +“I have none.” + + +“What! not even a spring-cart? I am not hard to please, as you see.” + + +“We live in a poor country. There is, in truth,” added the wheelwright, +“an old calash under the shed yonder, which belongs to a bourgeois of +the town, who gave it to me to take care of, and who only uses it on +the thirty-sixth of the month—never, that is to say. I might let that +to you, for what matters it to me? But the bourgeois must not see it +pass—and then, it is a calash; it would require two horses.” + + +“I will take two post-horses.” + + +“Where is Monsieur going?” + + +“To Arras.” + + +“And Monsieur wishes to reach there to-day?” + + +“Yes, of course.” + + +“By taking two post-horses?” + + +“Why not?” + + +“Does it make any difference whether Monsieur arrives at four o’clock +to-morrow morning?” + + +“Certainly not.” + + +“There is one thing to be said about that, you see, by taking +post-horses—Monsieur has his passport?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, by taking post-horses, Monsieur cannot reach Arras before +to-morrow. We are on a crossroad. The relays are badly served, the +horses are in the fields. The season for ploughing is just beginning; +heavy teams are required, and horses are seized upon everywhere, from +the post as well as elsewhere. Monsieur will have to wait three or four +hours at the least at every relay. And, then, they drive at a walk. +There are many hills to ascend.” + + +“Come then, I will go on horseback. Unharness the cabriolet. Some one +can surely sell me a saddle in the neighborhood.” + + +“Without doubt. But will this horse bear the saddle?” + + +“That is true; you remind me of that; he will not bear it.” + + +“Then—” + + +“But I can surely hire a horse in the village?” + + +“A horse to travel to Arras at one stretch?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That would require such a horse as does not exist in these parts. You +would have to buy it to begin with, because no one knows you. But you +will not find one for sale nor to let, for five hundred francs, or for +a thousand.” + + +“What am I to do?” + + +“The best thing is to let me repair the wheel like an honest man, and +set out on your journey to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow will be too late.” + + +“The deuce!” + + +“Is there not a mail-wagon which runs to Arras? When will it pass?” + + +“To-night. Both the posts pass at night; the one going as well as the +one coming.” + + +“What! It will take you a day to mend this wheel?” + + +“A day, and a good long one.” + + +“If you set two men to work?” + + +“If I set ten men to work.” + + +“What if the spokes were to be tied together with ropes?” + + +“That could be done with the spokes, not with the hub; and the felly is +in a bad state, too.” + + +“Is there any one in this village who lets out teams?” + + +“No.” + + +“Is there another wheelwright?” + + +The stableman and the wheelwright replied in concert, with a toss of +the head. + +“No.” + + +He felt an immense joy. + +It was evident that Providence was intervening. That it was it who had +broken the wheel of the tilbury and who was stopping him on the road. +He had not yielded to this sort of first summons; he had just made +every possible effort to continue the journey; he had loyally and +scrupulously exhausted all means; he had been deterred neither by the +season, nor fatigue, nor by the expense; he had nothing with which to +reproach himself. If he went no further, that was no fault of his. It +did not concern him further. It was no longer his fault. It was not the +act of his own conscience, but the act of Providence. + +He breathed again. He breathed freely and to the full extent of his +lungs for the first time since Javert’s visit. It seemed to him that +the hand of iron which had held his heart in its grasp for the last +twenty hours had just released him. + +It seemed to him that God was for him now, and was manifesting Himself. + +He said to himself that he had done all he could, and that now he had +nothing to do but retrace his steps quietly. + +If his conversation with the wheelwright had taken place in a chamber +of the inn, it would have had no witnesses, no one would have heard +him, things would have rested there, and it is probable that we should +not have had to relate any of the occurrences which the reader is about +to peruse; but this conversation had taken place in the street. Any +colloquy in the street inevitably attracts a crowd. There are always +people who ask nothing better than to become spectators. While he was +questioning the wheelwright, some people who were passing back and +forth halted around them. After listening for a few minutes, a young +lad, to whom no one had paid any heed, detached himself from the group +and ran off. + +At the moment when the traveller, after the inward deliberation which +we have just described, resolved to retrace his steps, this child +returned. He was accompanied by an old woman. + +“Monsieur,” said the woman, “my boy tells me that you wish to hire a +cabriolet.” + + +These simple words uttered by an old woman led by a child made the +perspiration trickle down his limbs. He thought that he beheld the hand +which had relaxed its grasp reappear in the darkness behind him, ready +to seize him once more. + +He answered:— + +“Yes, my good woman; I am in search of a cabriolet which I can hire.” + + +And he hastened to add:— + +“But there is none in the place.” + + +“Certainly there is,” said the old woman. + +“Where?” interpolated the wheelwright. + +“At my house,” replied the old woman. + +He shuddered. The fatal hand had grasped him again. + +The old woman really had in her shed a sort of basket spring-cart. The +wheelwright and the stable-man, in despair at the prospect of the +traveller escaping their clutches, interfered. + +“It was a frightful old trap; it rests flat on the axle; it is an +actual fact that the seats were suspended inside it by leather thongs; +the rain came into it; the wheels were rusted and eaten with moisture; +it would not go much further than the tilbury; a regular ramshackle old +stage-wagon; the gentleman would make a great mistake if he trusted +himself to it,” etc., etc. + +All this was true; but this trap, this ramshackle old vehicle, this +thing, whatever it was, ran on its two wheels and could go to Arras. + +He paid what was asked, left the tilbury with the wheelwright to be +repaired, intending to reclaim it on his return, had the white horse +put to the cart, climbed into it, and resumed the road which he had +been travelling since morning. + +At the moment when the cart moved off, he admitted that he had felt, a +moment previously, a certain joy in the thought that he should not go +whither he was now proceeding. He examined this joy with a sort of +wrath, and found it absurd. Why should he feel joy at turning back? +After all, he was taking this trip of his own free will. No one was +forcing him to it. + +And assuredly nothing would happen except what he should choose. + +As he left Hesdin, he heard a voice shouting to him: “Stop! Stop!” He +halted the cart with a vigorous movement which contained a feverish and +convulsive element resembling hope. + +It was the old woman’s little boy. + +“Monsieur,” said the latter, “it was I who got the cart for you.” + + +“Well?” + + +“You have not given me anything.” + + +He who gave to all so readily thought this demand exorbitant and almost +odious. + +“Ah! it’s you, you scamp?” said he; “you shall have nothing.” + + +He whipped up his horse and set off at full speed. + +He had lost a great deal of time at Hesdin. He wanted to make it good. +The little horse was courageous, and pulled for two; but it was the +month of February, there had been rain; the roads were bad. And then, +it was no longer the tilbury. The cart was very heavy, and in addition, +there were many ascents. + +He took nearly four hours to go from Hesdin to Saint-Pol; four hours +for five leagues. + +At Saint-Pol he had the horse unharnessed at the first inn he came to +and led to the stable; as he had promised Scaufflaire, he stood beside +the manger while the horse was eating; he thought of sad and confusing +things. + +The inn-keeper’s wife came to the stable. + +“Does not Monsieur wish to breakfast?” + + +“Come, that is true; I even have a good appetite.” + + +He followed the woman, who had a rosy, cheerful face; she led him to +the public room where there were tables covered with waxed cloth. + +“Make haste!” said he; “I must start again; I am in a hurry.” + + +A big Flemish servant-maid placed his knife and fork in all haste; he +looked at the girl with a sensation of comfort. + +“That is what ailed me,” he thought; “I had not breakfasted.” + + +His breakfast was served; he seized the bread, took a mouthful, and +then slowly replaced it on the table, and did not touch it again. + +A carter was eating at another table; he said to this man:— + +“Why is their bread so bitter here?” + + +The carter was a German and did not understand him. + +He returned to the stable and remained near the horse. + +An hour later he had quitted Saint-Pol and was directing his course +towards Tinques, which is only five leagues from Arras. + +What did he do during this journey? Of what was he thinking? As in the +morning, he watched the trees, the thatched roofs, the tilled fields +pass by, and the way in which the landscape, broken at every turn of +the road, vanished; this is a sort of contemplation which sometimes +suffices to the soul, and almost relieves it from thought. What is more +melancholy and more profound than to see a thousand objects for the +first and the last time? To travel is to be born and to die at every +instant; perhaps, in the vaguest region of his mind, he did make +comparisons between the shifting horizon and our human existence: all +the things of life are perpetually fleeing before us; the dark and +bright intervals are intermingled; after a dazzling moment, an eclipse; +we look, we hasten, we stretch out our hands to grasp what is passing; +each event is a turn in the road, and, all at once, we are old; we feel +a shock; all is black; we distinguish an obscure door; the gloomy horse +of life, which has been drawing us halts, and we see a veiled and +unknown person unharnessing amid the shadows. + +Twilight was falling when the children who were coming out of school +beheld this traveller enter Tinques; it is true that the days were +still short; he did not halt at Tinques; as he emerged from the +village, a laborer, who was mending the road with stones, raised his +head and said to him:— + +“That horse is very much fatigued.” + + +The poor beast was, in fact, going at a walk. + +“Are you going to Arras?” added the road-mender. + +“Yes.” + + +“If you go on at that rate you will not arrive very early.” + + +He stopped his horse, and asked the laborer:— + +“How far is it from here to Arras?” + + +“Nearly seven good leagues.” + + +“How is that? the posting guide only says five leagues and a quarter.” + + +“Ah!” returned the road-mender, “so you don’t know that the road is +under repair? You will find it barred a quarter of an hour further on; +there is no way to proceed further.” + + +“Really?” + + +“You will take the road on the left, leading to Carency; you will cross +the river; when you reach Camblin, you will turn to the right; that is +the road to Mont-Saint-Éloy which leads to Arras.” + + +“But it is night, and I shall lose my way.” + + +“You do not belong in these parts?” + + +“No.” + + +“And, besides, it is all crossroads; stop! sir,” resumed the +road-mender; “shall I give you a piece of advice? your horse is tired; +return to Tinques; there is a good inn there; sleep there; you can +reach Arras to-morrow.” + + +“I must be there this evening.” + + +“That is different; but go to the inn all the same, and get an extra +horse; the stable-boy will guide you through the crossroads.” + + +He followed the road-mender’s advice, retraced his steps, and, half an +hour later, he passed the same spot again, but this time at full speed, +with a good horse to aid; a stable-boy, who called himself a postilion, +was seated on the shaft of the cariole. + +Still, he felt that he had lost time. + +Night had fully come. + +They turned into the crossroad; the way became frightfully bad; the +cart lurched from one rut to the other; he said to the postilion:— + +“Keep at a trot, and you shall have a double fee.” + + +In one of the jolts, the whiffle-tree broke. + +“There’s the whiffle-tree broken, sir,” said the postilion; “I don’t +know how to harness my horse now; this road is very bad at night; if +you wish to return and sleep at Tinques, we could be in Arras early +to-morrow morning.” + + +He replied, “Have you a bit of rope and a knife?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +He cut a branch from a tree and made a whiffle-tree of it. + +This caused another loss of twenty minutes; but they set out again at a +gallop. + +The plain was gloomy; low-hanging, black, crisp fogs crept over the +hills and wrenched themselves away like smoke: there were whitish +gleams in the clouds; a strong breeze which blew in from the sea +produced a sound in all quarters of the horizon, as of some one moving +furniture; everything that could be seen assumed attitudes of terror. +How many things shiver beneath these vast breaths of the night! + +He was stiff with cold; he had eaten nothing since the night before; he +vaguely recalled his other nocturnal trip in the vast plain in the +neighborhood of D——, eight years previously, and it seemed but +yesterday. + +The hour struck from a distant tower; he asked the boy:— + +“What time is it?” + + +“Seven o’clock, sir; we shall reach Arras at eight; we have but three +leagues still to go.” + + +At that moment, he for the first time indulged in this reflection, +thinking it odd the while that it had not occurred to him sooner: that +all this trouble which he was taking was, perhaps, useless; that he did +not know so much as the hour of the trial; that he should, at least, +have informed himself of that; that he was foolish to go thus straight +ahead without knowing whether he would be of any service or not; then +he sketched out some calculations in his mind: that, ordinarily, the +sittings of the Court of Assizes began at nine o’clock in the morning; +that it could not be a long affair; that the theft of the apples would +be very brief; that there would then remain only a question of +identity, four or five depositions, and very little for the lawyers to +say; that he should arrive after all was over. + +The postilion whipped up the horses; they had crossed the river and +left Mont-Saint-Éloy behind them. + +The night grew more profound. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—SISTER SIMPLICE PUT TO THE PROOF + + +But at that moment Fantine was joyous. + +She had passed a very bad night; her cough was frightful; her fever had +doubled in intensity; she had had dreams: in the morning, when the +doctor paid his visit, she was delirious; he assumed an alarmed look, +and ordered that he should be informed as soon as M. Madeleine arrived. + +All the morning she was melancholy, said but little, and laid plaits in +her sheets, murmuring the while, in a low voice, calculations which +seemed to be calculations of distances. Her eyes were hollow and +staring. They seemed almost extinguished at intervals, then lighted up +again and shone like stars. It seems as though, at the approach of a +certain dark hour, the light of heaven fills those who are quitting the +light of earth. + +Each time that Sister Simplice asked her how she felt, she replied +invariably, “Well. I should like to see M. Madeleine.” + + +Some months before this, at the moment when Fantine had just lost her +last modesty, her last shame, and her last joy, she was the shadow of +herself; now she was the spectre of herself. Physical suffering had +completed the work of moral suffering. This creature of five and twenty +had a wrinkled brow, flabby cheeks, pinched nostrils, teeth from which +the gums had receded, a leaden complexion, a bony neck, prominent +shoulder-blades, frail limbs, a clayey skin, and her golden hair was +growing out sprinkled with gray. Alas! how illness improvises old-age! + +At midday the physician returned, gave some directions, inquired +whether the mayor had made his appearance at the infirmary, and shook +his head. + +M. Madeleine usually came to see the invalid at three o’clock. As +exactness is kindness, he was exact. + +About half-past two, Fantine began to be restless. In the course of +twenty minutes, she asked the nun more than ten times, “What time is +it, sister?” + + +Three o’clock struck. At the third stroke, Fantine sat up in bed; she +who could, in general, hardly turn over, joined her yellow, fleshless +hands in a sort of convulsive clasp, and the nun heard her utter one of +those profound sighs which seem to throw off dejection. Then Fantine +turned and looked at the door. + +No one entered; the door did not open. + +She remained thus for a quarter of an hour, her eyes riveted on the +door, motionless and apparently holding her breath. The sister dared +not speak to her. The clock struck a quarter past three. Fantine fell +back on her pillow. + +She said nothing, but began to plait the sheets once more. + +Half an hour passed, then an hour, no one came; every time the clock +struck, Fantine started up and looked towards the door, then fell back +again. + +Her thought was clearly perceptible, but she uttered no name, she made +no complaint, she blamed no one. But she coughed in a melancholy way. +One would have said that something dark was descending upon her. She +was livid and her lips were blue. She smiled now and then. + +Five o’clock struck. Then the sister heard her say, very low and +gently, “He is wrong not to come to-day, since I am going away +to-morrow.” + + +Sister Simplice herself was surprised at M. Madeleine’s delay. + +In the meantime, Fantine was staring at the tester of her bed. She +seemed to be endeavoring to recall something. All at once she began to +sing in a voice as feeble as a breath. The nun listened. This is what +Fantine was singing:— + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through. +Roses are pink, corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, corn-flowers are blue. + + +“Yestere’en the Virgin Mary came near my stove, in a broidered mantle +clad, and said to me, ‘Here, hide ’neath my veil the child whom you one +day begged from me. Haste to the city, buy linen, buy a needle, buy +thread.’ + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through. + + +“Dear Holy Virgin, beside my stove I have set a cradle with ribbons +decked. God may give me his loveliest star; I prefer the child thou +hast granted me. ‘Madame, what shall I do with this linen fine?’—‘Make +of it clothes for thy new-born babe.’ + +“Roses are pink and corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, and corn-flowers are blue. + + +“‘Wash this linen.’—‘Where?’—‘In the stream. Make of it, soiling not, +spoiling not, a petticoat fair with its bodice fine, which I will +embroider and fill with flowers.’—‘Madame, the child is no longer here; +what is to be done?’—‘Then make of it a winding-sheet in which to bury +me.’ + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through, +Roses are pink, corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, corn-flowers are blue.” + + +This song was an old cradle romance with which she had, in former days, +lulled her little Cosette to sleep, and which had never recurred to her +mind in all the five years during which she had been parted from her +child. She sang it in so sad a voice, and to so sweet an air, that it +was enough to make any one, even a nun, weep. The sister, accustomed as +she was to austerities, felt a tear spring to her eyes. + +The clock struck six. Fantine did not seem to hear it. She no longer +seemed to pay attention to anything about her. + +Sister Simplice sent a serving-maid to inquire of the portress of the +factory, whether the mayor had returned, and if he would not come to +the infirmary soon. The girl returned in a few minutes. + +Fantine was still motionless and seemed absorbed in her own thoughts. + +The servant informed Sister Simplice in a very low tone, that the mayor +had set out that morning before six o’clock, in a little tilbury +harnessed to a white horse, cold as the weather was; that he had gone +alone, without even a driver; that no one knew what road he had taken; +that people said he had been seen to turn into the road to Arras; that +others asserted that they had met him on the road to Paris. That when +he went away he had been very gentle, as usual, and that he had merely +told the portress not to expect him that night. + +While the two women were whispering together, with their backs turned +to Fantine’s bed, the sister interrogating, the servant conjecturing, +Fantine, with the feverish vivacity of certain organic maladies, which +unite the free movements of health with the frightful emaciation of +death, had raised herself to her knees in bed, with her shrivelled +hands resting on the bolster, and her head thrust through the opening +of the curtains, and was listening. All at once she cried:— + +“You are speaking of M. Madeleine! Why are you talking so low? What is +he doing? Why does he not come?” + + +Her voice was so abrupt and hoarse that the two women thought they +heard the voice of a man; they wheeled round in affright. + +“Answer me!” cried Fantine. + +The servant stammered:— + +“The portress told me that he could not come to-day.” + + +“Be calm, my child,” said the sister; “lie down again.” + + +Fantine, without changing her attitude, continued in a loud voice, and +with an accent that was both imperious and heart-rending:— + +“He cannot come? Why not? You know the reason. You are whispering it to +each other there. I want to know it.” + + +The servant-maid hastened to say in the nun’s ear, “Say that he is busy +with the city council.” + + +Sister Simplice blushed faintly, for it was a lie that the maid had +proposed to her. + +On the other hand, it seemed to her that the mere communication of the +truth to the invalid would, without doubt, deal her a terrible blow, +and that this was a serious matter in Fantine’s present state. Her +flush did not last long; the sister raised her calm, sad eyes to +Fantine, and said, “Monsieur le Maire has gone away.” + + +Fantine raised herself and crouched on her heels in the bed: her eyes +sparkled; indescribable joy beamed from that melancholy face. + +“Gone!” she cried; “he has gone to get Cosette.” + + +Then she raised her arms to heaven, and her white face became +ineffable; her lips moved; she was praying in a low voice. + +When her prayer was finished, “Sister,” she said, “I am willing to lie +down again; I will do anything you wish; I was naughty just now; I beg +your pardon for having spoken so loud; it is very wrong to talk loudly; +I know that well, my good sister, but, you see, I am very happy: the +good God is good; M. Madeleine is good; just think! he has gone to +Montfermeil to get my little Cosette.” + + +She lay down again, with the nun’s assistance, helped the nun to +arrange her pillow, and kissed the little silver cross which she wore +on her neck, and which Sister Simplice had given her. + +“My child,” said the sister, “try to rest now, and do not talk any +more.” + + +Fantine took the sister’s hand in her moist hands, and the latter was +pained to feel that perspiration. + +“He set out this morning for Paris; in fact, he need not even go +through Paris; Montfermeil is a little to the left as you come thence. +Do you remember how he said to me yesterday, when I spoke to him of +Cosette, _Soon, soon?_ He wants to give me a surprise, you know! he +made me sign a letter so that she could be taken from the ThĂ©nardiers; +they cannot say anything, can they? they will give back Cosette, for +they have been paid; the authorities will not allow them to keep the +child since they have received their pay. Do not make signs to me that +I must not talk, sister! I am extremely happy; I am doing well; I am +not ill at all any more; I am going to see Cosette again; I am even +quite hungry; it is nearly five years since I saw her last; you cannot +imagine how much attached one gets to children, and then, she will be +so pretty; you will see! If you only knew what pretty little rosy +fingers she had! In the first place, she will have very beautiful +hands; she had ridiculous hands when she was only a year old; like +this! she must be a big girl now; she is seven years old; she is quite +a young lady; I call her Cosette, but her name is really Euphrasie. +Stop! this morning I was looking at the dust on the chimney-piece, and +I had a sort of idea come across me, like that, that I should see +Cosette again soon. Mon Dieu! how wrong it is not to see one’s children +for years! One ought to reflect that life is not eternal. Oh, how good +M. le Maire is to go! it is very cold! it is true; he had on his cloak, +at least? he will be here to-morrow, will he not? to-morrow will be a +festival day; to-morrow morning, sister, you must remind me to put on +my little cap that has lace on it. What a place that Montfermeil is! I +took that journey on foot once; it was very long for me, but the +diligences go very quickly! he will be here to-morrow with Cosette: how +far is it from here to Montfermeil?” + + +The sister, who had no idea of distances, replied, “Oh, I think that he +will be here to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow! to-morrow!” said Fantine, “I shall see Cosette to-morrow! +you see, good sister of the good God, that I am no longer ill; I am +mad; I could dance if any one wished it.” + + +A person who had seen her a quarter of an hour previously would not +have understood the change; she was all rosy now; she spoke in a lively +and natural voice; her whole face was one smile; now and then she +talked, she laughed softly; the joy of a mother is almost infantile. + +“Well,” resumed the nun, “now that you are happy, mind me, and do not +talk any more.” + + +Fantine laid her head on her pillow and said in a low voice: “Yes, lie +down again; be good, for you are going to have your child; Sister +Simplice is right; every one here is right.” + + +And then, without stirring, without even moving her head, she began to +stare all about her with wide-open eyes and a joyous air, and she said +nothing more. + +The sister drew the curtains together again, hoping that she would fall +into a doze. Between seven and eight o’clock the doctor came; not +hearing any sound, he thought Fantine was asleep, entered softly, and +approached the bed on tiptoe; he opened the curtains a little, and, by +the light of the taper, he saw Fantine’s big eyes gazing at him. + +She said to him, “She will be allowed to sleep beside me in a little +bed, will she not, sir?” + + +The doctor thought that she was delirious. She added:— + +“See! there is just room.” + + +The doctor took Sister Simplice aside, and she explained matters to +him; that M. Madeleine was absent for a day or two, and that in their +doubt they had not thought it well to undeceive the invalid, who +believed that the mayor had gone to Montfermeil; that it was possible, +after all, that her guess was correct: the doctor approved. + +He returned to Fantine’s bed, and she went on:— + +“You see, when she wakes up in the morning, I shall be able to say good +morning to her, poor kitten, and when I cannot sleep at night, I can +hear her asleep; her little gentle breathing will do me good.” + + +“Give me your hand,” said the doctor. + +She stretched out her arm, and exclaimed with a laugh:— + +“Ah, hold! in truth, you did not know it; I am cured; Cosette will +arrive to-morrow.” + + +The doctor was surprised; she was better; the pressure on her chest had +decreased; her pulse had regained its strength; a sort of life had +suddenly supervened and reanimated this poor, worn-out creature. + +“Doctor,” she went on, “did the sister tell you that M. le Maire has +gone to get that mite of a child?” + + +The doctor recommended silence, and that all painful emotions should be +avoided; he prescribed an infusion of pure chinchona, and, in case the +fever should increase again during the night, a calming potion. As he +took his departure, he said to the sister:— + +“She is doing better; if good luck willed that the mayor should +actually arrive to-morrow with the child, who knows? there are crises +so astounding; great joy has been known to arrest maladies; I know well +that this is an organic disease, and in an advanced state, but all +those things are such mysteries: we may be able to save her.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE TRAVELLER ON HIS ARRIVAL TAKES PRECAUTIONS FOR +DEPARTURE + + +It was nearly eight o’clock in the evening when the cart, which we left +on the road, entered the porte-cochĂšre of the Hotel de la Poste in +Arras; the man whom we have been following up to this moment alighted +from it, responded with an abstracted air to the attentions of the +people of the inn, sent back the extra horse, and with his own hands +led the little white horse to the stable; then he opened the door of a +billiard-room which was situated on the ground floor, sat down there, +and leaned his elbows on a table; he had taken fourteen hours for the +journey which he had counted on making in six; he did himself the +justice to acknowledge that it was not his fault, but at bottom, he was +not sorry. + +The landlady of the hotel entered. + +“Does Monsieur wish a bed? Does Monsieur require supper?” + + +He made a sign of the head in the negative. + +“The stableman says that Monsieur’s horse is extremely fatigued.” + + +Here he broke his silence. + +“Will not the horse be in a condition to set out again to-morrow +morning?” + + +“Oh, Monsieur! he must rest for two days at least.” + + +He inquired:— + +“Is not the posting-station located here?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +The hostess conducted him to the office; he showed his passport, and +inquired whether there was any way of returning that same night to M. +sur M. by the mail-wagon; the seat beside the post-boy chanced to be +vacant; he engaged it and paid for it. “Monsieur,” said the clerk, “do +not fail to be here ready to start at precisely one o’clock in the +morning.” + + +This done, he left the hotel and began to wander about the town. + +He was not acquainted with Arras; the streets were dark, and he walked +on at random; but he seemed bent upon not asking the way of the +passers-by. He crossed the little river Crinchon, and found himself in +a labyrinth of narrow alleys where he lost his way. A citizen was +passing along with a lantern. After some hesitation, he decided to +apply to this man, not without having first glanced behind and in front +of him, as though he feared lest some one should hear the question +which he was about to put. + +“Monsieur,” said he, “where is the court-house, if you please.” + + +“You do not belong in town, sir?” replied the bourgeois, who was an +oldish man; “well, follow me. I happen to be going in the direction of +the court-house, that is to say, in the direction of the hotel of the +prefecture; for the court-house is undergoing repairs just at this +moment, and the courts are holding their sittings provisionally in the +prefecture.” + + +“Is it there that the Assizes are held?” he asked. + +“Certainly, sir; you see, the prefecture of to-day was the bishop’s +palace before the Revolution. M. de ConziĂ©, who was bishop in ’82, +built a grand hall there. It is in this grand hall that the court is +held.” + + +On the way, the bourgeois said to him:— + +“If Monsieur desires to witness a case, it is rather late. The sittings +generally close at six o’clock.” + + +When they arrived on the grand square, however, the man pointed out to +him four long windows all lighted up, in the front of a vast and gloomy +building. + +“Upon my word, sir, you are in luck; you have arrived in season. Do you +see those four windows? That is the Court of Assizes. There is light +there, so they are not through. The matter must have been greatly +protracted, and they are holding an evening session. Do you take an +interest in this affair? Is it a criminal case? Are you a witness?” + + +He replied:— + +“I have not come on any business; I only wish to speak to one of the +lawyers.” + + +“That is different,” said the bourgeois. “Stop, sir; here is the door +where the sentry stands. You have only to ascend the grand staircase.” + + +He conformed to the bourgeois’s directions, and a few minutes later he +was in a hall containing many people, and where groups, intermingled +with lawyers in their gowns, were whispering together here and there. + +It is always a heart-breaking thing to see these congregations of men +robed in black, murmuring together in low voices, on the threshold of +the halls of justice. It is rare that charity and pity are the outcome +of these words. Condemnations pronounced in advance are more likely to +be the result. All these groups seem to the passing and thoughtful +observer so many sombre hives where buzzing spirits construct in +concert all sorts of dark edifices. + +This spacious hall, illuminated by a single lamp, was the old hall of +the episcopal palace, and served as the large hall of the palace of +justice. A double-leaved door, which was closed at that moment, +separated it from the large apartment where the court was sitting. + +The obscurity was such that he did not fear to accost the first lawyer +whom he met. + +“What stage have they reached, sir?” he asked. + +“It is finished,” said the lawyer. + +“Finished!” + + +This word was repeated in such accents that the lawyer turned round. + +“Excuse me sir; perhaps you are a relative?” + + +“No; I know no one here. Has judgment been pronounced?” + + +“Of course. Nothing else was possible.” + + +“To penal servitude?” + + +“For life.” + + +He continued, in a voice so weak that it was barely audible:— + +“Then his identity was established?” + + +“What identity?” replied the lawyer. “There was no identity to be +established. The matter was very simple. The woman had murdered her +child; the infanticide was proved; the jury threw out the question of +premeditation, and she was condemned for life.” + + +“So it was a woman?” said he. + +“Why, certainly. The Limosin woman. Of what are you speaking?” + + +“Nothing. But since it is all over, how comes it that the hall is still +lighted?” + + +“For another case, which was begun about two hours ago.” + + +“What other case?” + + +“Oh! this one is a clear case also. It is about a sort of blackguard; a +man arrested for a second offence; a convict who has been guilty of +theft. I don’t know his name exactly. There’s a bandit’s phiz for you! +I’d send him to the galleys on the strength of his face alone.” + + +“Is there any way of getting into the court-room, sir?” said he. + +“I really think that there is not. There is a great crowd. However, the +hearing has been suspended. Some people have gone out, and when the +hearing is resumed, you might make an effort.” + + +“Where is the entrance?” + + +“Through yonder large door.” + + +The lawyer left him. In the course of a few moments he had experienced, +almost simultaneously, almost intermingled with each other, all +possible emotions. The words of this indifferent spectator had, in +turn, pierced his heart like needles of ice and like blades of fire. +When he saw that nothing was settled, he breathed freely once more; but +he could not have told whether what he felt was pain or pleasure. + +He drew near to many groups and listened to what they were saying. The +docket of the session was very heavy; the president had appointed for +the same day two short and simple cases. They had begun with the +infanticide, and now they had reached the convict, the old offender, +the “return horse.” This man had stolen apples, but that did not appear +to be entirely proved; what had been proved was, that he had already +been in the galleys at Toulon. It was that which lent a bad aspect to +his case. However, the man’s examination and the depositions of the +witnesses had been completed, but the lawyer’s plea, and the speech of +the public prosecutor were still to come; it could not be finished +before midnight. The man would probably be condemned; the +attorney-general was very clever, and never _missed_ his culprits; he +was a brilliant fellow who wrote verses. + +An usher stood at the door communicating with the hall of the Assizes. +He inquired of this usher:— + +“Will the door be opened soon, sir?” + + +“It will not be opened at all,” replied the usher. + +“What! It will not be opened when the hearing is resumed? Is not the +hearing suspended?” + + +“The hearing has just been begun again,” replied the usher, “but the +door will not be opened again.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because the hall is full.” + + +“What! There is not room for one more?” + + +“Not another one. The door is closed. No one can enter now.” + + +The usher added after a pause: “There are, to tell the truth, two or +three extra places behind Monsieur le PrĂ©sident, but Monsieur le +PrĂ©sident only admits public functionaries to them.” + + +So saying, the usher turned his back. + +He retired with bowed head, traversed the antechamber, and slowly +descended the stairs, as though hesitating at every step. It is +probable that he was holding counsel with himself. The violent conflict +which had been going on within him since the preceding evening was not +yet ended; and every moment he encountered some new phase of it. On +reaching the landing-place, he leaned his back against the balusters +and folded his arms. All at once he opened his coat, drew out his +pocket-book, took from it a pencil, tore out a leaf, and upon that leaf +he wrote rapidly, by the light of the street lantern, this line: _M. +Madeleine, Mayor of M. sur M._; then he ascended the stairs once more +with great strides, made his way through the crowd, walked straight up +to the usher, handed him the paper, and said in an authoritative +manner:— + +“Take this to Monsieur le PrĂ©sident.” + + +The usher took the paper, cast a glance upon it, and obeyed. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—AN ENTRANCE BY FAVOR + + +Although he did not suspect the fact, the mayor of M. sur M. enjoyed a +sort of celebrity. For the space of seven years his reputation for +virtue had filled the whole of Bas Boulonnais; it had eventually passed +the confines of a small district and had been spread abroad through two +or three neighboring departments. Besides the service which he had +rendered to the chief town by resuscitating the black jet industry, +there was not one out of the hundred and forty communes of the +arrondissement of M. sur M. which was not indebted to him for some +benefit. He had even at need contrived to aid and multiply the +industries of other arrondissements. It was thus that he had, when +occasion offered, supported with his credit and his funds the linen +factory at Boulogne, the flax-spinning industry at FrĂ©vent, and the +hydraulic manufacture of cloth at Boubers-sur-Canche. Everywhere the +name of M. Madeleine was pronounced with veneration. Arras and Douai +envied the happy little town of M. sur M. its mayor. + +The Councillor of the Royal Court of Douai, who was presiding over this +session of the Assizes at Arras, was acquainted, in common with the +rest of the world, with this name which was so profoundly and +universally honored. When the usher, discreetly opening the door which +connected the council-chamber with the court-room, bent over the back +of the President’s armchair and handed him the paper on which was +inscribed the line which we have just perused, adding: “The gentleman +desires to be present at the trial,” the President, with a quick and +deferential movement, seized a pen and wrote a few words at the bottom +of the paper and returned it to the usher, saying, “Admit him.” + + +The unhappy man whose history we are relating had remained near the +door of the hall, in the same place and the same attitude in which the +usher had left him. In the midst of his reverie he heard some one +saying to him, “Will Monsieur do me the honor to follow me?” It was the +same usher who had turned his back upon him but a moment previously, +and who was now bowing to the earth before him. At the same time, the +usher handed him the paper. He unfolded it, and as he chanced to be +near the light, he could read it. + +“The President of the Court of Assizes presents his respects to M. +Madeleine.” + + +He crushed the paper in his hand as though those words contained for +him a strange and bitter aftertaste. + +He followed the usher. + +A few minutes later he found himself alone in a sort of wainscoted +cabinet of severe aspect, lighted by two wax candles, placed upon a +table with a green cloth. The last words of the usher who had just +quitted him still rang in his ears: “Monsieur, you are now in the +council-chamber; you have only to turn the copper handle of yonder +door, and you will find yourself in the court-room, behind the +President’s chair.” These words were mingled in his thoughts with a +vague memory of narrow corridors and dark staircases which he had +recently traversed. + +The usher had left him alone. The supreme moment had arrived. He sought +to collect his faculties, but could not. It is chiefly at the moment +when there is the greatest need for attaching them to the painful +realities of life, that the threads of thought snap within the brain. +He was in the very place where the judges deliberated and condemned. +With stupid tranquillity he surveyed this peaceful and terrible +apartment, where so many lives had been broken, which was soon to ring +with his name, and which his fate was at that moment traversing. He +stared at the wall, then he looked at himself, wondering that it should +be that chamber and that it should be he. + +He had eaten nothing for four and twenty hours; he was worn out by the +jolts of the cart, but he was not conscious of it. It seemed to him +that he felt nothing. + +He approached a black frame which was suspended on the wall, and which +contained, under glass, an ancient autograph letter of Jean Nicolas +Pache, mayor of Paris and minister, and dated, through an error, no +doubt, the _9th of June_, of the year II., and in which Pache forwarded +to the commune the list of ministers and deputies held in arrest by +them. Any spectator who had chanced to see him at that moment, and who +had watched him, would have imagined, doubtless, that this letter +struck him as very curious, for he did not take his eyes from it, and +he read it two or three times. He read it without paying any attention +to it, and unconsciously. He was thinking of Fantine and Cosette. + +As he dreamed, he turned round, and his eyes fell upon the brass knob +of the door which separated him from the Court of Assizes. He had +almost forgotten that door. His glance, calm at first, paused there, +remained fixed on that brass handle, then grew terrified, and little by +little became impregnated with fear. Beads of perspiration burst forth +among his hair and trickled down upon his temples. + +At a certain moment he made that indescribable gesture of a sort of +authority mingled with rebellion, which is intended to convey, and +which does so well convey, _“Pardieu! who compels me to this?”_ Then he +wheeled briskly round, caught sight of the door through which he had +entered in front of him, went to it, opened it, and passed out. He was +no longer in that chamber; he was outside in a corridor, a long, narrow +corridor, broken by steps and gratings, making all sorts of angles, +lighted here and there by lanterns similar to the night taper of +invalids, the corridor through which he had approached. He breathed, he +listened; not a sound in front, not a sound behind him, and he fled as +though pursued. + +When he had turned many angles in this corridor, he still listened. The +same silence reigned, and there was the same darkness around him. He +was out of breath; he staggered; he leaned against the wall. The stone +was cold; the perspiration lay ice-cold on his brow; he straightened +himself up with a shiver. + +Then, there alone in the darkness, trembling with cold and with +something else, too, perchance, he meditated. + +He had meditated all night long; he had meditated all the day: he heard +within him but one voice, which said, “Alas!” + + +A quarter of an hour passed thus. At length he bowed his head, sighed +with agony, dropped his arms, and retraced his steps. He walked slowly, +and as though crushed. It seemed as though some one had overtaken him +in his flight and was leading him back. + +He re-entered the council-chamber. The first thing he caught sight of +was the knob of the door. This knob, which was round and of polished +brass, shone like a terrible star for him. He gazed at it as a lamb +might gaze into the eye of a tiger. + +He could not take his eyes from it. From time to time he advanced a +step and approached the door. + +Had he listened, he would have heard the sound of the adjoining hall +like a sort of confused murmur; but he did not listen, and he did not +hear. + +Suddenly, without himself knowing how it happened, he found himself +near the door; he grasped the knob convulsively; the door opened. + +He was in the court-room. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A PLACE WHERE CONVICTIONS ARE IN PROCESS OF FORMATION + + +He advanced a pace, closed the door mechanically behind him, and +remained standing, contemplating what he saw. + +It was a vast and badly lighted apartment, now full of uproar, now full +of silence, where all the apparatus of a criminal case, with its petty +and mournful gravity in the midst of the throng, was in process of +development. + +At the one end of the hall, the one where he was, were judges, with +abstracted air, in threadbare robes, who were gnawing their nails or +closing their eyelids; at the other end, a ragged crowd; lawyers in all +sorts of attitudes; soldiers with hard but honest faces; ancient, +spotted woodwork, a dirty ceiling, tables covered with serge that was +yellow rather than green; doors blackened by handmarks; tap-room lamps +which emitted more smoke than light, suspended from nails in the +wainscot; on the tables candles in brass candlesticks; darkness, +ugliness, sadness; and from all this there was disengaged an austere +and august impression, for one there felt that grand human thing which +is called the law, and that grand divine thing which is called justice. + +No one in all that throng paid any attention to him; all glances were +directed towards a single point, a wooden bench placed against a small +door, in the stretch of wall on the President’s left; on this bench, +illuminated by several candles, sat a man between two gendarmes. + +This man was _the_ man. + +He did not seek him; he saw him; his eyes went thither naturally, as +though they had known beforehand where that figure was. + +He thought he was looking at himself, grown old; not absolutely the +same in face, of course, but exactly similar in attitude and aspect, +with his bristling hair, with that wild and uneasy eye, with that +blouse, just as it was on the day when he entered D——, full of hatred, +concealing his soul in that hideous mass of frightful thoughts which he +had spent nineteen years in collecting on the floor of the prison. + +He said to himself with a shudder, “Good God! shall I become like that +again?” + + +This creature seemed to be at least sixty; there was something +indescribably coarse, stupid, and frightened about him. + +At the sound made by the opening door, people had drawn aside to make +way for him; the President had turned his head, and, understanding that +the personage who had just entered was the mayor of M. sur M., he had +bowed to him; the attorney-general, who had seen M. Madeleine at M. sur +M., whither the duties of his office had called him more than once, +recognized him and saluted him also: he had hardly perceived it; he was +the victim of a sort of hallucination; he was watching. + +Judges, clerks, gendarmes, a throng of cruelly curious heads, all these +he had already beheld once, in days gone by, twenty-seven years before; +he had encountered those fatal things once more; there they were; they +moved; they existed; it was no longer an effort of his memory, a mirage +of his thought; they were real gendarmes and real judges, a real crowd, +and real men of flesh and blood: it was all over; he beheld the +monstrous aspects of his past reappear and live once more around him, +with all that there is formidable in reality. + +All this was yawning before him. + +He was horrified by it; he shut his eyes, and exclaimed in the deepest +recesses of his soul, “Never!” + + +And by a tragic play of destiny which made all his ideas tremble, and +rendered him nearly mad, it was another self of his that was there! all +called that man who was being tried Jean Valjean. + +Under his very eyes, unheard-of vision, he had a sort of representation +of the most horrible moment of his life, enacted by his spectre. + +Everything was there; the apparatus was the same, the hour of the +night, the faces of the judges, of soldiers, and of spectators; all +were the same, only above the President’s head there hung a crucifix, +something which the courts had lacked at the time of his condemnation: +God had been absent when he had been judged. + +There was a chair behind him; he dropped into it, terrified at the +thought that he might be seen; when he was seated, he took advantage of +a pile of cardboard boxes, which stood on the judge’s desk, to conceal +his face from the whole room; he could now see without being seen; he +had fully regained consciousness of the reality of things; gradually he +recovered; he attained that phase of composure where it is possible to +listen. + +M. Bamatabois was one of the jurors. + +He looked for Javert, but did not see him; the seat of the witnesses +was hidden from him by the clerk’s table, and then, as we have just +said, the hall was sparely lighted. + +At the moment of this entrance, the defendant’s lawyer had just +finished his plea. + +The attention of all was excited to the highest pitch; the affair had +lasted for three hours: for three hours that crowd had been watching a +strange man, a miserable specimen of humanity, either profoundly stupid +or profoundly subtle, gradually bending beneath the weight of a +terrible likeness. This man, as the reader already knows, was a +vagabond who had been found in a field carrying a branch laden with +ripe apples, broken in the orchard of a neighbor, called the Pierron +orchard. Who was this man? an examination had been made; witnesses had +been heard, and they were unanimous; light had abounded throughout the +entire debate; the accusation said: “We have in our grasp not only a +marauder, a stealer of fruit; we have here, in our hands, a bandit, an +old offender who has broken his ban, an ex-convict, a miscreant of the +most dangerous description, a malefactor named Jean Valjean, whom +justice has long been in search of, and who, eight years ago, on +emerging from the galleys at Toulon, committed a highway robbery, +accompanied by violence, on the person of a child, a Savoyard named +Little Gervais; a crime provided for by article 383 of the Penal Code, +the right to try him for which we reserve hereafter, when his identity +shall have been judicially established. He has just committed a fresh +theft; it is a case of a second offence; condemn him for the fresh +deed; later on he will be judged for the old crime.” In the face of +this accusation, in the face of the unanimity of the witnesses, the +accused appeared to be astonished more than anything else; he made +signs and gestures which were meant to convey No, or else he stared at +the ceiling: he spoke with difficulty, replied with embarrassment, but +his whole person, from head to foot, was a denial; he was an idiot in +the presence of all these minds ranged in order of battle around him, +and like a stranger in the midst of this society which was seizing fast +upon him; nevertheless, it was a question of the most menacing future +for him; the likeness increased every moment, and the entire crowd +surveyed, with more anxiety than he did himself, that sentence +freighted with calamity, which descended ever closer over his head; +there was even a glimpse of a possibility afforded; besides the +galleys, a possible death penalty, in case his identity were +established, and the affair of Little Gervais were to end thereafter in +condemnation. Who was this man? what was the nature of his apathy? was +it imbecility or craft? Did he understand too well, or did he not +understand at all? these were questions which divided the crowd, and +seemed to divide the jury; there was something both terrible and +puzzling in this case: the drama was not only melancholy; it was also +obscure. + +The counsel for the defence had spoken tolerably well, in that +provincial tongue which has long constituted the eloquence of the bar, +and which was formerly employed by all advocates, at Paris as well as +at Romorantin or at Montbrison, and which to-day, having become +classic, is no longer spoken except by the official orators of +magistracy, to whom it is suited on account of its grave sonorousness +and its majestic stride; a tongue in which a husband is called _a +consort_, and a woman _a spouse_; Paris, _the centre of art and +civilization_; the king, _the monarch_; Monseigneur the Bishop, _a +sainted pontiff_; the district-attorney, _the eloquent interpreter of +public prosecution_; the arguments, _the accents which we have just +listened to_; the age of Louis XIV., _the grand age_; a theatre, _the +temple of Melpomene_; the reigning family, _the august blood of our +kings_; a concert, _a musical solemnity_; the General Commandant of the +province, _the illustrious warrior, who, etc._; the pupils in the +seminary, _these tender levities_; errors imputed to newspapers, _the +imposture which distills its venom through the columns of those +organs_; etc. The lawyer had, accordingly, begun with an explanation as +to the theft of the apples,—an awkward matter couched in fine style; +but BĂ©nigne Bossuet himself was obliged to allude to a chicken in the +midst of a funeral oration, and he extricated himself from the +situation in stately fashion. The lawyer established the fact that the +theft of the apples had not been circumstantially proved. His client, +whom he, in his character of counsel, persisted in calling +Champmathieu, had not been seen scaling that wall nor breaking that +branch by any one. He had been taken with that branch (which the lawyer +preferred to call a _bough_) in his possession; but he said that he had +found it broken off and lying on the ground, and had picked it up. +Where was there any proof to the contrary? No doubt that branch had +been broken off and concealed after the scaling of the wall, then +thrown away by the alarmed marauder; there was no doubt that there had +been a thief in the case. But what proof was there that that thief had +been Champmathieu? One thing only. His character as an ex-convict. The +lawyer did not deny that that character appeared to be, unhappily, well +attested; the accused had resided at Faverolles; the accused had +exercised the calling of a tree-pruner there; the name of Champmathieu +might well have had its origin in Jean Mathieu; all that was true,—in +short, four witnesses recognize Champmathieu, positively and without +hesitation, as that convict, Jean Valjean; to these signs, to this +testimony, the counsel could oppose nothing but the denial of his +client, the denial of an interested party; but supposing that he was +the convict Jean Valjean, did that prove that he was the thief of the +apples? that was a presumption at the most, not a proof. The prisoner, +it was true, and his counsel, “in good faith,” was obliged to admit it, +had adopted “a bad system of defence.” He obstinately denied +everything, the theft and his character of convict. An admission upon +this last point would certainly have been better, and would have won +for him the indulgence of his judges; the counsel had advised him to do +this; but the accused had obstinately refused, thinking, no doubt, that +he would save everything by admitting nothing. It was an error; but +ought not the paucity of this intelligence to be taken into +consideration? This man was visibly stupid. Long-continued wretchedness +in the galleys, long misery outside the galleys, had brutalized him, +etc. He defended himself badly; was that a reason for condemning him? +As for the affair with Little Gervais, the counsel need not discuss it; +it did not enter into the case. The lawyer wound up by beseeching the +jury and the court, if the identity of Jean Valjean appeared to them to +be evident, to apply to him the police penalties which are provided for +a criminal who has broken his ban, and not the frightful chastisement +which descends upon the convict guilty of a second offence. + +The district-attorney answered the counsel for the defence. He was +violent and florid, as district-attorneys usually are. + +He congratulated the counsel for the defence on his “loyalty,” and +skilfully took advantage of this loyalty. He reached the accused +through all the concessions made by his lawyer. The advocate had seemed +to admit that the prisoner was Jean Valjean. He took note of this. So +this man was Jean Valjean. This point had been conceded to the +accusation and could no longer be disputed. Here, by means of a clever +autonomasia which went back to the sources and causes of crime, the +district-attorney thundered against the immorality of the romantic +school, then dawning under the name of _the Satanic school_, which had +been bestowed upon it by the critics of the _Quotidienne_ and the +_Oriflamme_; he attributed, not without some probability, to the +influence of this perverse literature the crime of Champmathieu, or +rather, to speak more correctly, of Jean Valjean. Having exhausted +these considerations, he passed on to Jean Valjean himself. Who was +this Jean Valjean? Description of Jean Valjean: a monster spewed forth, +etc. The model for this sort of description is contained in the tale of +ThĂ©ramĂšne, which is not useful to tragedy, but which every day renders +great services to judicial eloquence. The audience and the jury +“shuddered.” The description finished, the district-attorney resumed +with an oratorical turn calculated to raise the enthusiasm of the +journal of the prefecture to the highest pitch on the following day: +And it is such a man, etc., etc., etc., vagabond, beggar, without means +of existence, etc., etc., inured by his past life to culpable deeds, +and but little reformed by his sojourn in the galleys, as was proved by +the crime committed against Little Gervais, etc., etc.; it is such a +man, caught upon the highway in the very act of theft, a few paces from +a wall that had been scaled, still holding in his hand the object +stolen, who denies the crime, the theft, the climbing the wall; denies +everything; denies even his own identity! In addition to a hundred +other proofs, to which we will not recur, four witnesses recognize +him—Javert, the upright inspector of police; Javert, and three of his +former companions in infamy, the convicts Brevet, Chenildieu, and +Cochepaille. What does he offer in opposition to this overwhelming +unanimity? His denial. What obduracy! You will do justice, gentlemen of +the jury, etc., etc. While the district-attorney was speaking, the +accused listened to him open-mouthed, with a sort of amazement in which +some admiration was assuredly blended. He was evidently surprised that +a man could talk like that. From time to time, at those “energetic” +moments of the prosecutor’s speech, when eloquence which cannot contain +itself overflows in a flood of withering epithets and envelops the +accused like a storm, he moved his head slowly from right to left and +from left to right in the sort of mute and melancholy protest with +which he had contented himself since the beginning of the argument. Two +or three times the spectators who were nearest to him heard him say in +a low voice, “That is what comes of not having asked M. Baloup.” The +district-attorney directed the attention of the jury to this stupid +attitude, evidently deliberate, which denoted not imbecility, but +craft, skill, a habit of deceiving justice, and which set forth in all +its nakedness the “profound perversity” of this man. He ended by making +his reserves on the affair of Little Gervais and demanding a severe +sentence. + +At that time, as the reader will remember, it was penal servitude for +life. + +The counsel for the defence rose, began by complimenting Monsieur +l’Avocat-General on his “admirable speech,” then replied as best he +could; but he weakened; the ground was evidently slipping away from +under his feet. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE SYSTEM OF DENIALS + + +The moment for closing the debate had arrived. The President had the +accused stand up, and addressed to him the customary question, “Have +you anything to add to your defence?” + + +The man did not appear to understand, as he stood there, twisting in +his hands a terrible cap which he had. + +The President repeated the question. + +This time the man heard it. He seemed to understand. He made a motion +like a man who is just waking up, cast his eyes about him, stared at +the audience, the gendarmes, his counsel, the jury, the court, laid his +monstrous fist on the rim of woodwork in front of his bench, took +another look, and all at once, fixing his glance upon the +district-attorney, he began to speak. It was like an eruption. It +seemed, from the manner in which the words escaped from his +mouth,—incoherent, impetuous, pell-mell, tumbling over each other,—as +though they were all pressing forward to issue forth at once. He said:— + +“This is what I have to say. That I have been a wheelwright in Paris, +and that it was with Monsieur Baloup. It is a hard trade. In the +wheelwright’s trade one works always in the open air, in courtyards, +under sheds when the masters are good, never in closed workshops, +because space is required, you see. In winter one gets so cold that one +beats one’s arms together to warm one’s self; but the masters don’t +like it; they say it wastes time. Handling iron when there is ice +between the paving-stones is hard work. That wears a man out quickly. +One is old while he is still quite young in that trade. At forty a man +is done for. I was fifty-three. I was in a bad state. And then, workmen +are so mean! When a man is no longer young, they call him nothing but +an old bird, old beast! I was not earning more than thirty sous a day. +They paid me as little as possible. The masters took advantage of my +age—and then I had my daughter, who was a laundress at the river. She +earned a little also. It sufficed for us two. She had trouble, also; +all day long up to her waist in a tub, in rain, in snow. When the wind +cuts your face, when it freezes, it is all the same; you must still +wash. There are people who have not much linen, and wait until late; if +you do not wash, you lose your custom. The planks are badly joined, and +water drops on you from everywhere; you have your petticoats all damp +above and below. That penetrates. She has also worked at the laundry of +the Enfants-Rouges, where the water comes through faucets. You are not +in the tub there; you wash at the faucet in front of you, and rinse in +a basin behind you. As it is enclosed, you are not so cold; but there +is that hot steam, which is terrible, and which ruins your eyes. She +came home at seven o’clock in the evening, and went to bed at once, she +was so tired. Her husband beat her. She is dead. We have not been very +happy. She was a good girl, who did not go to the ball, and who was +very peaceable. I remember one Shrove-Tuesday when she went to bed at +eight o’clock. There, I am telling the truth; you have only to ask. Ah, +yes! how stupid I am! Paris is a gulf. Who knows Father Champmathieu +there? But M. Baloup does, I tell you. Go see at M. Baloup’s; and after +all, I don’t know what is wanted of me.” + + +The man ceased speaking, and remained standing. He had said these +things in a loud, rapid, hoarse voice, with a sort of irritated and +savage ingenuousness. Once he paused to salute some one in the crowd. +The sort of affirmations which he seemed to fling out before him at +random came like hiccoughs, and to each he added the gesture of a +wood-cutter who is splitting wood. When he had finished, the audience +burst into a laugh. He stared at the public, and, perceiving that they +were laughing, and not understanding why, he began to laugh himself. + +It was inauspicious. + +The President, an attentive and benevolent man, raised his voice. + +He reminded “the gentlemen of the jury” that “the sieur Baloup, +formerly a master-wheelwright, with whom the accused stated that he had +served, had been summoned in vain. He had become bankrupt, and was not +to be found.” Then turning to the accused, he enjoined him to listen to +what he was about to say, and added: “You are in a position where +reflection is necessary. The gravest presumptions rest upon you, and +may induce vital results. Prisoner, in your own interests, I summon you +for the last time to explain yourself clearly on two points. In the +first place, did you or did you not climb the wall of the Pierron +orchard, break the branch, and steal the apples; that is to say, commit +the crime of breaking in and theft? In the second place, are you the +discharged convict, Jean Valjean—yes or no?” + + +The prisoner shook his head with a capable air, like a man who has +thoroughly understood, and who knows what answer he is going to make. +He opened his mouth, turned towards the President, and said:— + +“In the first place—” + + +Then he stared at his cap, stared at the ceiling, and held his peace. + +“Prisoner,” said the district-attorney, in a severe voice; “pay +attention. You are not answering anything that has been asked of you. +Your embarrassment condemns you. It is evident that your name is not +Champmathieu; that you are the convict, Jean Valjean, concealed first +under the name of Jean Mathieu, which was the name of his mother; that +you went to Auvergne; that you were born at Faverolles, where you were +a pruner of trees. It is evident that you have been guilty of entering, +and of the theft of ripe apples from the Pierron orchard. The gentlemen +of the jury will form their own opinion.” + +[Illustration: Father Champmathieu on Trial] + +The prisoner had finally resumed his seat; he arose abruptly when the +district-attorney had finished, and exclaimed:— + +“You are very wicked; that you are! This what I wanted to say; I could +not find words for it at first. I have stolen nothing. I am a man who +does not have something to eat every day. I was coming from Ailly; I +was walking through the country after a shower, which had made the +whole country yellow: even the ponds were overflowed, and nothing +sprang from the sand any more but the little blades of grass at the +wayside. I found a broken branch with apples on the ground; I picked up +the branch without knowing that it would get me into trouble. I have +been in prison, and they have been dragging me about for the last three +months; more than that I cannot say; people talk against me, they tell +me, ‘Answer!’ The gendarme, who is a good fellow, nudges my elbow, and +says to me in a low voice, ‘Come, answer!’ I don’t know how to explain; +I have no education; I am a poor man; that is where they wrong me, +because they do not see this. I have not stolen; I picked up from the +ground things that were lying there. You say, Jean Valjean, Jean +Mathieu! I don’t know those persons; they are villagers. I worked for +M. Baloup, Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital; my name is Champmathieu. You are +very clever to tell me where I was born; I don’t know myself: it’s not +everybody who has a house in which to come into the world; that would +be too convenient. I think that my father and mother were people who +strolled along the highways; I know nothing different. When I was a +child, they called me _young fellow_; now they call me _old Fellow_; +those are my baptismal names; take that as you like. I have been in +Auvergne; I have been at Faverolles. Pardi. Well! can’t a man have been +in Auvergne, or at Faverolles, without having been in the galleys? I +tell you that I have not stolen, and that I am Father Champmathieu; I +have been with M. Baloup; I have had a settled residence. You worry me +with your nonsense, there! Why is everybody pursuing me so furiously?” + + +The district-attorney had remained standing; he addressed the +President:— + +“Monsieur le PrĂ©sident, in view of the confused but exceedingly clever +denials of the prisoner, who would like to pass himself off as an +idiot, but who will not succeed in so doing,—we shall attend to +that,—we demand that it shall please you and that it shall please the +court to summon once more into this place the convicts Brevet, +Cochepaille, and Chenildieu, and Police-Inspector Javert, and question +them for the last time as to the identity of the prisoner with the +convict Jean Valjean.” + + +“I would remind the district-attorney,” said the President, “that +Police-Inspector Javert, recalled by his duties to the capital of a +neighboring arrondissement, left the court-room and the town as soon as +he had made his deposition; we have accorded him permission, with the +consent of the district-attorney and of the counsel for the prisoner.” + + +“That is true, Mr. President,” responded the district-attorney. “In the +absence of sieur Javert, I think it my duty to remind the gentlemen of +the jury of what he said here a few hours ago. Javert is an estimable +man, who does honor by his rigorous and strict probity to inferior but +important functions. These are the terms of his deposition: ‘I do not +even stand in need of circumstantial proofs and moral presumptions to +give the lie to the prisoner’s denial. I recognize him perfectly. The +name of this man is not Champmathieu; he is an ex-convict named Jean +Valjean, and is very vicious and much to be feared. It is only with +extreme regret that he was released at the expiration of his term. He +underwent nineteen years of penal servitude for theft. He made five or +six attempts to escape. Besides the theft from Little Gervais, and from +the Pierron orchard, I suspect him of a theft committed in the house of +His Grace the late Bishop of D—— I often saw him at the time when I was +adjutant of the galley-guard at the prison in Toulon. I repeat that I +recognize him perfectly.’” + + +This extremely precise statement appeared to produce a vivid impression +on the public and on the jury. The district-attorney concluded by +insisting, that in default of Javert, the three witnesses Brevet, +Chenildieu, and Cochepaille should be heard once more and solemnly +interrogated. + +The President transmitted the order to an usher, and, a moment later, +the door of the witnesses’ room opened. The usher, accompanied by a +gendarme ready to lend him armed assistance, introduced the convict +Brevet. The audience was in suspense; and all breasts heaved as though +they had contained but one soul. + +The ex-convict Brevet wore the black and gray waistcoat of the central +prisons. Brevet was a person sixty years of age, who had a sort of +business man’s face, and the air of a rascal. The two sometimes go +together. In prison, whither fresh misdeeds had led him, he had become +something in the nature of a turnkey. He was a man of whom his +superiors said, “He tries to make himself of use.” The chaplains bore +good testimony as to his religious habits. It must not be forgotten +that this passed under the Restoration. + +“Brevet,” said the President, “you have undergone an ignominious +sentence, and you cannot take an oath.” + + +Brevet dropped his eyes. + +“Nevertheless,” continued the President, “even in the man whom the law +has degraded, there may remain, when the divine mercy permits it, a +sentiment of honor and of equity. It is to this sentiment that I appeal +at this decisive hour. If it still exists in you,—and I hope it +does,—reflect before replying to me: consider on the one hand, this +man, whom a word from you may ruin; on the other hand, justice, which a +word from you may enlighten. The instant is solemn; there is still time +to retract if you think you have been mistaken. Rise, prisoner. Brevet, +take a good look at the accused, recall your souvenirs, and tell us on +your soul and conscience, if you persist in recognizing this man as +your former companion in the galleys, Jean Valjean?” + + +Brevet looked at the prisoner, then turned towards the court. + +“Yes, Mr. President, I was the first to recognize him, and I stick to +it; that man is Jean Valjean, who entered at Toulon in 1796, and left +in 1815. I left a year later. He has the air of a brute now; but it +must be because age has brutalized him; he was sly at the galleys: I +recognize him positively.” + + +“Take your seat,” said the President. “Prisoner, remain standing.” + + +Chenildieu was brought in, a prisoner for life, as was indicated by his +red cassock and his green cap. He was serving out his sentence at the +galleys of Toulon, whence he had been brought for this case. He was a +small man of about fifty, brisk, wrinkled, frail, yellow, brazen-faced, +feverish, who had a sort of sickly feebleness about all his limbs and +his whole person, and an immense force in his glance. His companions in +the galleys had nicknamed him _I-deny-God_ (_Je-nie Dieu_, Chenildieu). + +The President addressed him in nearly the same words which he had used +to Brevet. At the moment when he reminded him of his infamy which +deprived him of the right to take an oath, Chenildieu raised his head +and looked the crowd in the face. The President invited him to +reflection, and asked him as he had asked Brevet, if he persisted in +recognition of the prisoner. + +Chenildieu burst out laughing. + +“Pardieu, as if I didn’t recognize him! We were attached to the same +chain for five years. So you are sulking, old fellow?” + + +“Go take your seat,” said the President. + +The usher brought in Cochepaille. He was another convict for life, who +had come from the galleys, and was dressed in red, like Chenildieu, was +a peasant from Lourdes, and a half-bear of the Pyrenees. He had guarded +the flocks among the mountains, and from a shepherd he had slipped into +a brigand. Cochepaille was no less savage and seemed even more stupid +than the prisoner. He was one of those wretched men whom nature has +sketched out for wild beasts, and on whom society puts the finishing +touches as convicts in the galleys. + +The President tried to touch him with some grave and pathetic words, +and asked him, as he had asked the other two, if he persisted, without +hesitation or trouble, in recognizing the man who was standing before +him. + +“He is Jean Valjean,” said Cochepaille. “He was even called +Jean-the-Screw, because he was so strong.” + + +Each of these affirmations from these three men, evidently sincere and +in good faith, had raised in the audience a murmur of bad augury for +the prisoner,—a murmur which increased and lasted longer each time that +a fresh declaration was added to the proceeding. + +The prisoner had listened to them, with that astounded face which was, +according to the accusation, his principal means of defence; at the +first, the gendarmes, his neighbors, had heard him mutter between his +teeth: “Ah, well, he’s a nice one!” after the second, he said, a little +louder, with an air that was almost that of satisfaction, “Good!” at +the third, he cried, “Famous!” + + +The President addressed him:— + +“Have you heard, prisoner? What have you to say?” + + +He replied:— + +“I say, ‘Famous!’” + + +An uproar broke out among the audience, and was communicated to the +jury; it was evident that the man was lost. + +“Ushers,” said the President, “enforce silence! I am going to sum up +the arguments.” + + +At that moment there was a movement just beside the President; a voice +was heard crying:— + +“Brevet! Chenildieu! Cochepaille! look here!” + + +All who heard that voice were chilled, so lamentable and terrible was +it; all eyes were turned to the point whence it had proceeded. A man, +placed among the privileged spectators who were seated behind the +court, had just risen, had pushed open the half-door which separated +the tribunal from the audience, and was standing in the middle of the +hall; the President, the district-attorney, M. Bamatabois, twenty +persons, recognized him, and exclaimed in concert:— + +“M. Madeleine!” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CHAMPMATHIEU MORE AND MORE ASTONISHED + + +It was he, in fact. The clerk’s lamp illumined his countenance. He held +his hat in his hand; there was no disorder in his clothing; his coat +was carefully buttoned; he was very pale, and he trembled slightly; his +hair, which had still been gray on his arrival in Arras, was now +entirely white: it had turned white during the hour he had sat there. + +All heads were raised: the sensation was indescribable; there was a +momentary hesitation in the audience, the voice had been so +heart-rending; the man who stood there appeared so calm that they did +not understand at first. They asked themselves whether he had indeed +uttered that cry; they could not believe that that tranquil man had +been the one to give that terrible outcry. + +This indecision only lasted a few seconds. Even before the President +and the district-attorney could utter a word, before the ushers and the +gendarmes could make a gesture, the man whom all still called, at that +moment, M. Madeleine, had advanced towards the witnesses Cochepaille, +Brevet, and Chenildieu. + +“Do you not recognize me?” said he. + +All three remained speechless, and indicated by a sign of the head that +they did not know him. Cochepaille, who was intimidated, made a +military salute. M. Madeleine turned towards the jury and the court, +and said in a gentle voice:— + +“Gentlemen of the jury, order the prisoner to be released! Mr. +President, have me arrested. He is not the man whom you are in search +of; it is I: I am Jean Valjean.” + + +Not a mouth breathed; the first commotion of astonishment had been +followed by a silence like that of the grave; those within the hall +experienced that sort of religious terror which seizes the masses when +something grand has been done. + +In the meantime, the face of the President was stamped with sympathy +and sadness; he had exchanged a rapid sign with the district-attorney +and a few low-toned words with the assistant judges; he addressed the +public, and asked in accents which all understood:— + +“Is there a physician present?” + + +The district-attorney took the word:— + +“Gentlemen of the jury, the very strange and unexpected incident which +disturbs the audience inspires us, like yourselves, only with a +sentiment which it is unnecessary for us to express. You all know, by +reputation at least, the honorable M. Madeleine, mayor of M. sur M.; if +there is a physician in the audience, we join the President in +requesting him to attend to M. Madeleine, and to conduct him to his +home.” + + +M. Madeleine did not allow the district-attorney to finish; he +interrupted him in accents full of suavity and authority. These are the +words which he uttered; here they are literally, as they were written +down, immediately after the trial by one of the witnesses to this +scene, and as they now ring in the ears of those who heard them nearly +forty years ago:— + +“I thank you, Mr. District-Attorney, but I am not mad; you shall see; +you were on the point of committing a great error; release this man! I +am fulfilling a duty; I am that miserable criminal. I am the only one +here who sees the matter clearly, and I am telling you the truth. God, +who is on high, looks down on what I am doing at this moment, and that +suffices. You can take me, for here I am: but I have done my best; I +concealed myself under another name; I have become rich; I have become +a mayor; I have tried to re-enter the ranks of the honest. It seems +that that is not to be done. In short, there are many things which I +cannot tell. I will not narrate the story of my life to you; you will +hear it one of these days. I robbed Monseigneur the Bishop, it is true; +it is true that I robbed Little Gervais; they were right in telling you +that Jean Valjean was a very vicious wretch. Perhaps it was not +altogether his fault. Listen, honorable judges! a man who has been so +greatly humbled as I have has neither any remonstrances to make to +Providence, nor any advice to give to society; but, you see, the infamy +from which I have tried to escape is an injurious thing; the galleys +make the convict what he is; reflect upon that, if you please. Before +going to the galleys, I was a poor peasant, with very little +intelligence, a sort of idiot; the galleys wrought a change in me. I +was stupid; I became vicious: I was a block of wood; I became a +firebrand. Later on, indulgence and kindness saved me, as severity had +ruined me. But, pardon me, you cannot understand what I am saying. You +will find at my house, among the ashes in the fireplace, the forty-sou +piece which I stole, seven years ago, from Little Gervais. I have +nothing farther to add; take me. Good God! the district-attorney shakes +his head; you say, ‘M. Madeleine has gone mad!’ you do not believe me! +that is distressing. Do not, at least, condemn this man! What! these +men do not recognize me! I wish Javert were here; he would recognize +me.” + + +Nothing can reproduce the sombre and kindly melancholy of tone which +accompanied these words. + +He turned to the three convicts, and said:— + +“Well, I recognize you; do you remember, Brevet?” + + +He paused, hesitated for an instant, and said:— + +“Do you remember the knitted suspenders with a checked pattern which +you wore in the galleys?” + + +Brevet gave a start of surprise, and surveyed him from head to foot +with a frightened air. He continued:— + +“Chenildieu, you who conferred on yourself the name of ‘Jenie-Dieu,’ +your whole right shoulder bears a deep burn, because you one day laid +your shoulder against the chafing-dish full of coals, in order to +efface the three letters T. F. P., which are still visible, +nevertheless; answer, is this true?” + + +“It is true,” said Chenildieu. + +He addressed himself to Cochepaille:— + +“Cochepaille, you have, near the bend in your left arm, a date stamped +in blue letters with burnt powder; the date is that of the landing of +the Emperor at Cannes, March 1, 1815; pull up your sleeve!” + + +Cochepaille pushed up his sleeve; all eyes were focused on him and on +his bare arm. + +A gendarme held a light close to it; there was the date. + +The unhappy man turned to the spectators and the judges with a smile +which still rends the hearts of all who saw it whenever they think of +it. It was a smile of triumph; it was also a smile of despair. + +“You see plainly,” he said, “that I am Jean Valjean.” + + +In that chamber there were no longer either judges, accusers, nor +gendarmes; there was nothing but staring eyes and sympathizing hearts. +No one recalled any longer the part that each might be called upon to +play; the district-attorney forgot he was there for the purpose of +prosecuting, the President that he was there to preside, the counsel +for the defence that he was there to defend. It was a striking +circumstance that no question was put, that no authority intervened. +The peculiarity of sublime spectacles is, that they capture all souls +and turn witnesses into spectators. No one, probably, could have +explained what he felt; no one, probably, said to himself that he was +witnessing the splendid outburst of a grand light: all felt themselves +inwardly dazzled. + +It was evident that they had Jean Valjean before their eyes. That was +clear. The appearance of this man had sufficed to suffuse with light +that matter which had been so obscure but a moment previously, without +any further explanation: the whole crowd, as by a sort of electric +revelation, understood instantly and at a single glance the simple and +magnificent history of a man who was delivering himself up so that +another man might not be condemned in his stead. The details, the +hesitations, little possible oppositions, were swallowed up in that +vast and luminous fact. + +It was an impression which vanished speedily, but which was +irresistible at the moment. + +“I do not wish to disturb the court further,” resumed Jean Valjean. “I +shall withdraw, since you do not arrest me. I have many things to do. +The district-attorney knows who I am; he knows whither I am going; he +can have me arrested when he likes.” + + +He directed his steps towards the door. Not a voice was raised, not an +arm extended to hinder him. All stood aside. At that moment there was +about him that divine something which causes multitudes to stand aside +and make way for a man. He traversed the crowd slowly. It was never +known who opened the door, but it is certain that he found the door +open when he reached it. On arriving there he turned round and said:— + +“I am at your command, Mr. District-Attorney.” + + +Then he addressed the audience:— + +“All of you, all who are present—consider me worthy of pity, do you +not? Good God! When I think of what I was on the point of doing, I +consider that I am to be envied. Nevertheless, I should have preferred +not to have had this occur.” + + +He withdrew, and the door closed behind him as it had opened, for those +who do certain sovereign things are always sure of being served by some +one in the crowd. + +Less than an hour after this, the verdict of the jury freed the said +Champmathieu from all accusations; and Champmathieu, being at once +released, went off in a state of stupefaction, thinking that all men +were fools, and comprehending nothing of this vision. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—A COUNTER-BLOW + + + + +CHAPTER I—IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR + + +The day had begun to dawn. Fantine had passed a sleepless and feverish +night, filled with happy visions; at daybreak she fell asleep. Sister +Simplice, who had been watching with her, availed herself of this +slumber to go and prepare a new potion of chinchona. The worthy sister +had been in the laboratory of the infirmary but a few moments, bending +over her drugs and phials, and scrutinizing things very closely, on +account of the dimness which the half-light of dawn spreads over all +objects. Suddenly she raised her head and uttered a faint shriek. M. +Madeleine stood before her; he had just entered silently. + +“Is it you, Mr. Mayor?” she exclaimed. + +He replied in a low voice:— + +“How is that poor woman?” + + +“Not so bad just now; but we have been very uneasy.” + + +She explained to him what had passed: that Fantine had been very ill +the day before, and that she was better now, because she thought that +the mayor had gone to Montfermeil to get her child. The sister dared +not question the mayor; but she perceived plainly from his air that he +had not come from there. + +“All that is good,” said he; “you were right not to undeceive her.” + + +“Yes,” responded the sister; “but now, Mr. Mayor, she will see you and +will not see her child. What shall we say to her?” + + +He reflected for a moment. + +“God will inspire us,” said he. + +“But we cannot tell a lie,” murmured the sister, half aloud. + +It was broad daylight in the room. The light fell full on M. +Madeleine’s face. The sister chanced to raise her eyes to it. + +“Good God, sir!” she exclaimed; “what has happened to you? Your hair is +perfectly white!” + + +“White!” said he. + +Sister Simplice had no mirror. She rummaged in a drawer, and pulled out +the little glass which the doctor of the infirmary used to see whether +a patient was dead and whether he no longer breathed. M. Madeleine took +the mirror, looked at his hair, and said:— + +“Well!” + + +He uttered the word indifferently, and as though his mind were on +something else. + +The sister felt chilled by something strange of which she caught a +glimpse in all this. + +He inquired:— + +“Can I see her?” + + +“Is not Monsieur le Maire going to have her child brought back to her?” +said the sister, hardly venturing to put the question. + +“Of course; but it will take two or three days at least.” + + +“If she were not to see Monsieur le Maire until that time,” went on the +sister, timidly, “she would not know that Monsieur le Maire had +returned, and it would be easy to inspire her with patience; and when +the child arrived, she would naturally think Monsieur le Maire had just +come with the child. We should not have to enact a lie.” + + +M. Madeleine seemed to reflect for a few moments; then he said with his +calm gravity:— + +“No, sister, I must see her. I may, perhaps, be in haste.” + + +The nun did not appear to notice this word “perhaps,” which +communicated an obscure and singular sense to the words of the mayor’s +speech. She replied, lowering her eyes and her voice respectfully:— + +“In that case, she is asleep; but Monsieur le Maire may enter.” + + +He made some remarks about a door which shut badly, and the noise of +which might awaken the sick woman; then he entered Fantine’s chamber, +approached the bed and drew aside the curtains. She was asleep. Her +breath issued from her breast with that tragic sound which is peculiar +to those maladies, and which breaks the hearts of mothers when they are +watching through the night beside their sleeping child who is condemned +to death. But this painful respiration hardly troubled a sort of +ineffable serenity which overspread her countenance, and which +transfigured her in her sleep. Her pallor had become whiteness; her +cheeks were crimson; her long golden lashes, the only beauty of her +youth and her virginity which remained to her, palpitated, though they +remained closed and drooping. Her whole person was trembling with an +indescribable unfolding of wings, all ready to open wide and bear her +away, which could be felt as they rustled, though they could not be +seen. To see her thus, one would never have dreamed that she was an +invalid whose life was almost despaired of. She resembled rather +something on the point of soaring away than something on the point of +dying. + +The branch trembles when a hand approaches it to pluck a flower, and +seems to both withdraw and to offer itself at one and the same time. +The human body has something of this tremor when the instant arrives in +which the mysterious fingers of Death are about to pluck the soul. + +M. Madeleine remained for some time motionless beside that bed, gazing +in turn upon the sick woman and the crucifix, as he had done two months +before, on the day when he had come for the first time to see her in +that asylum. They were both still there in the same attitude—she +sleeping, he praying; only now, after the lapse of two months, her hair +was gray and his was white. + +The sister had not entered with him. He stood beside the bed, with his +finger on his lips, as though there were some one in the chamber whom +he must enjoin to silence. + +She opened her eyes, saw him, and said quietly, with a smile:— + +“And Cosette?” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—FANTINE HAPPY + + +She made no movement of either surprise or of joy; she was joy itself. +That simple question, “And Cosette?” was put with so profound a faith, +with so much certainty, with such a complete absence of disquiet and of +doubt, that he found not a word of reply. She continued:— + +“I knew that you were there. I was asleep, but I saw you. I have seen +you for a long, long time. I have been following you with my eyes all +night long. You were in a glory, and you had around you all sorts of +celestial forms.” + + +He raised his glance to the crucifix. + +“But,” she resumed, “tell me where Cosette is. Why did not you place +her on my bed against the moment of my waking?” + + +He made some mechanical reply which he was never afterwards able to +recall. + +Fortunately, the doctor had been warned, and he now made his +appearance. He came to the aid of M. Madeleine. + +“Calm yourself, my child,” said the doctor; “your child is here.” + + +Fantine’s eyes beamed and filled her whole face with light. She clasped +her hands with an expression which contained all that is possible to +prayer in the way of violence and tenderness. + +“Oh!” she exclaimed, “bring her to me!” + + +Touching illusion of a mother! Cosette was, for her, still the little +child who is carried. + +“Not yet,” said the doctor, “not just now. You still have some fever. +The sight of your child would agitate you and do you harm. You must be +cured first.” + + +She interrupted him impetuously:— + +“But I am cured! Oh, I tell you that I am cured! What an ass that +doctor is! The idea! I want to see my child!” + + +“You see,” said the doctor, “how excited you become. So long as you are +in this state I shall oppose your having your child. It is not enough +to see her; it is necessary that you should live for her. When you are +reasonable, I will bring her to you myself.” + + +The poor mother bowed her head. + +“I beg your pardon, doctor, I really beg your pardon. Formerly I should +never have spoken as I have just done; so many misfortunes have +happened to me, that I sometimes do not know what I am saying. I +understand you; you fear the emotion. I will wait as long as you like, +but I swear to you that it would not have harmed me to see my daughter. +I have been seeing her; I have not taken my eyes from her since +yesterday evening. Do you know? If she were brought to me now, I should +talk to her very gently. That is all. Is it not quite natural that I +should desire to see my daughter, who has been brought to me expressly +from Montfermeil? I am not angry. I know well that I am about to be +happy. All night long I have seen white things, and persons who smiled +at me. When Monsieur le Docteur pleases, he shall bring me Cosette. I +have no longer any fever; I am well. I am perfectly conscious that +there is nothing the matter with me any more; but I am going to behave +as though I were ill, and not stir, to please these ladies here. When +it is seen that I am very calm, they will say, ‘She must have her +child.’” + + +M. Madeleine was sitting on a chair beside the bed. She turned towards +him; she was making a visible effort to be calm and “very good,” as she +expressed it in the feebleness of illness which resembles infancy, in +order that, seeing her so peaceable, they might make no difficulty +about bringing Cosette to her. But while she controlled herself she +could not refrain from questioning M. Madeleine. + +“Did you have a pleasant trip, Monsieur le Maire? Oh! how good you were +to go and get her for me! Only tell me how she is. Did she stand the +journey well? Alas! she will not recognize me. She must have forgotten +me by this time, poor darling! Children have no memories. They are like +birds. A child sees one thing to-day and another thing to-morrow, and +thinks of nothing any longer. And did she have white linen? Did those +ThĂ©nardiers keep her clean? How have they fed her? Oh! if you only knew +how I have suffered, putting such questions as that to myself during +all the time of my wretchedness. Now, it is all past. I am happy. Oh, +how I should like to see her! Do you think her pretty, Monsieur le +Maire? Is not my daughter beautiful? You must have been very cold in +that diligence! Could she not be brought for just one little instant? +She might be taken away directly afterwards. Tell me; you are the +master; it could be so if you chose!” + + +He took her hand. “Cosette is beautiful,” he said, “Cosette is well. +You shall see her soon; but calm yourself; you are talking with too +much vivacity, and you are throwing your arms out from under the +clothes, and that makes you cough.” + + +In fact, fits of coughing interrupted Fantine at nearly every word. + +Fantine did not murmur; she feared that she had injured by her too +passionate lamentations the confidence which she was desirous of +inspiring, and she began to talk of indifferent things. + +“Montfermeil is quite pretty, is it not? People go there on pleasure +parties in summer. Are the ThĂ©nardiers prosperous? There are not many +travellers in their parts. That inn of theirs is a sort of a +cook-shop.” + + +M. Madeleine was still holding her hand, and gazing at her with +anxiety; it was evident that he had come to tell her things before +which his mind now hesitated. The doctor, having finished his visit, +retired. Sister Simplice remained alone with them. + +But in the midst of this pause Fantine exclaimed:— + +“I hear her! mon Dieu, I hear her!” + + +She stretched out her arm to enjoin silence about her, held her breath, +and began to listen with rapture. + +There was a child playing in the yard—the child of the portress or of +some work-woman. It was one of those accidents which are always +occurring, and which seem to form a part of the mysterious +stage-setting of mournful scenes. The child—a little girl—was going and +coming, running to warm herself, laughing, singing at the top of her +voice. Alas! in what are the plays of children not intermingled. It was +this little girl whom Fantine heard singing. + +“Oh!” she resumed, “it is my Cosette! I recognize her voice.” + + +The child retreated as it had come; the voice died away. Fantine +listened for a while longer, then her face clouded over, and M. +Madeleine heard her say, in a low voice: “How wicked that doctor is not +to allow me to see my daughter! That man has an evil countenance, that +he has.” + + +But the smiling background of her thoughts came to the front again. She +continued to talk to herself, with her head resting on the pillow: “How +happy we are going to be! We shall have a little garden the very first +thing; M. Madeleine has promised it to me. My daughter will play in the +garden. She must know her letters by this time. I will make her spell. +She will run over the grass after butterflies. I will watch her. Then +she will take her first communion. Ah! when will she take her first +communion?” + + +She began to reckon on her fingers. + +“One, two, three, four—she is seven years old. In five years she will +have a white veil, and openwork stockings; she will look like a little +woman. O my good sister, you do not know how foolish I become when I +think of my daughter’s first communion!” + + +She began to laugh. + +He had released Fantine’s hand. He listened to her words as one listens +to the sighing of the breeze, with his eyes on the ground, his mind +absorbed in reflection which had no bottom. All at once she ceased +speaking, and this caused him to raise his head mechanically. Fantine +had become terrible. + +She no longer spoke, she no longer breathed; she had raised herself to +a sitting posture, her thin shoulder emerged from her chemise; her +face, which had been radiant but a moment before, was ghastly, and she +seemed to have fixed her eyes, rendered large with terror, on something +alarming at the other extremity of the room. + +“Good God!” he exclaimed; “what ails you, Fantine?” + + +She made no reply; she did not remove her eyes from the object which +she seemed to see. She removed one hand from his arm, and with the +other made him a sign to look behind him. + +He turned, and beheld Javert. + + + + +CHAPTER III—JAVERT SATISFIED + + +This is what had taken place. + +The half-hour after midnight had just struck when M. Madeleine quitted +the Hall of Assizes in Arras. He regained his inn just in time to set +out again by the mail-wagon, in which he had engaged his place. A +little before six o’clock in the morning he had arrived at M. sur M., +and his first care had been to post a letter to M. Laffitte, then to +enter the infirmary and see Fantine. + +However, he had hardly quitted the audience hall of the Court of +Assizes, when the district-attorney, recovering from his first shock, +had taken the word to deplore the mad deed of the honorable mayor of M. +sur M., to declare that his convictions had not been in the least +modified by that curious incident, which would be explained thereafter, +and to demand, in the meantime, the condemnation of that Champmathieu, +who was evidently the real Jean Valjean. The district-attorney’s +persistence was visibly at variance with the sentiments of every one, +of the public, of the court, and of the jury. The counsel for the +defence had some difficulty in refuting this harangue and in +establishing that, in consequence of the revelations of M. Madeleine, +that is to say, of the real Jean Valjean, the aspect of the matter had +been thoroughly altered, and that the jury had before their eyes now +only an innocent man. Thence the lawyer had drawn some epiphonemas, not +very fresh, unfortunately, upon judicial errors, etc., etc.; the +President, in his summing up, had joined the counsel for the defence, +and in a few minutes the jury had thrown Champmathieu out of the case. + +Nevertheless, the district-attorney was bent on having a Jean Valjean; +and as he had no longer Champmathieu, he took Madeleine. + +Immediately after Champmathieu had been set at liberty, the +district-attorney shut himself up with the President. They conferred +“as to the necessity of seizing the person of M. le Maire of M. sur M.” +This phrase, in which there was a great deal of _of_, is the +district-attorney’s, written with his own hand, on the minutes of his +report to the attorney-general. His first emotion having passed off, +the President did not offer many objections. Justice must, after all, +take its course. And then, when all was said, although the President +was a kindly and a tolerably intelligent man, he was, at the same time, +a devoted and almost an ardent royalist, and he had been shocked to +hear the Mayor of M. sur M. say the _Emperor_, and not _Bonaparte_, +when alluding to the landing at Cannes. + +The order for his arrest was accordingly despatched. The +district-attorney forwarded it to M. sur M. by a special messenger, at +full speed, and entrusted its execution to Police Inspector Javert. + +The reader knows that Javert had returned to M. sur M. immediately +after having given his deposition. + +Javert was just getting out of bed when the messenger handed him the +order of arrest and the command to produce the prisoner. + +The messenger himself was a very clever member of the police, who, in +two words, informed Javert of what had taken place at Arras. The order +of arrest, signed by the district-attorney, was couched in these words: +“Inspector Javert will apprehend the body of the Sieur Madeleine, mayor +of M. sur M., who, in this day’s session of the court, was recognized +as the liberated convict, Jean Valjean.” + + +Any one who did not know Javert, and who had chanced to see him at the +moment when he penetrated the antechamber of the infirmary, could have +divined nothing of what had taken place, and would have thought his air +the most ordinary in the world. He was cool, calm, grave, his gray hair +was perfectly smooth upon his temples, and he had just mounted the +stairs with his habitual deliberation. Any one who was thoroughly +acquainted with him, and who had examined him attentively at the +moment, would have shuddered. The buckle of his leather stock was under +his left ear instead of at the nape of his neck. This betrayed unwonted +agitation. + +Javert was a complete character, who never had a wrinkle in his duty or +in his uniform; methodical with malefactors, rigid with the buttons of +his coat. + +That he should have set the buckle of his stock awry, it was +indispensable that there should have taken place in him one of those +emotions which may be designated as internal earthquakes. + +He had come in a simple way, had made a requisition on the neighboring +post for a corporal and four soldiers, had left the soldiers in the +courtyard, had had Fantine’s room pointed out to him by the portress, +who was utterly unsuspicious, accustomed as she was to seeing armed men +inquiring for the mayor. + +On arriving at Fantine’s chamber, Javert turned the handle, pushed the +door open with the gentleness of a sick-nurse or a police spy, and +entered. + +Properly speaking, he did not enter. He stood erect in the half-open +door, his hat on his head and his left hand thrust into his coat, which +was buttoned up to the chin. In the bend of his elbow the leaden head +of his enormous cane, which was hidden behind him, could be seen. + +Thus he remained for nearly a minute, without his presence being +perceived. All at once Fantine raised her eyes, saw him, and made M. +Madeleine turn round. + +The instant that Madeleine’s glance encountered Javert’s glance, +Javert, without stirring, without moving from his post, without +approaching him, became terrible. No human sentiment can be as terrible +as joy. + +It was the visage of a demon who has just found his damned soul. + +The satisfaction of at last getting hold of Jean Valjean caused all +that was in his soul to appear in his countenance. The depths having +been stirred up, mounted to the surface. The humiliation of having, in +some slight degree, lost the scent, and of having indulged, for a few +moments, in an error with regard to Champmathieu, was effaced by pride +at having so well and accurately divined in the first place, and of +having for so long cherished a just instinct. Javert’s content shone +forth in his sovereign attitude. The deformity of triumph overspread +that narrow brow. All the demonstrations of horror which a satisfied +face can afford were there. + +Javert was in heaven at that moment. Without putting the thing clearly +to himself, but with a confused intuition of the necessity of his +presence and of his success, he, Javert, personified justice, light, +and truth in their celestial function of crushing out evil. Behind him +and around him, at an infinite distance, he had authority, reason, the +case judged, the legal conscience, the public prosecution, all the +stars; he was protecting order, he was causing the law to yield up its +thunders, he was avenging society, he was lending a helping hand to the +absolute, he was standing erect in the midst of a glory. There existed +in his victory a remnant of defiance and of combat. Erect, haughty, +brilliant, he flaunted abroad in open day the superhuman bestiality of +a ferocious archangel. The terrible shadow of the action which he was +accomplishing caused the vague flash of the social sword to be visible +in his clenched fist; happy and indignant, he held his heel upon crime, +vice, rebellion, perdition, hell; he was radiant, he exterminated, he +smiled, and there was an incontestable grandeur in this monstrous Saint +Michael. + +Javert, though frightful, had nothing ignoble about him. + +Probity, sincerity, candor, conviction, the sense of duty, are things +which may become hideous when wrongly directed; but which, even when +hideous, remain grand: their majesty, the majesty peculiar to the human +conscience, clings to them in the midst of horror; they are virtues +which have one vice,—error. The honest, pitiless joy of a fanatic in +the full flood of his atrocity preserves a certain lugubriously +venerable radiance. Without himself suspecting the fact, Javert in his +formidable happiness was to be pitied, as is every ignorant man who +triumphs. Nothing could be so poignant and so terrible as this face, +wherein was displayed all that may be designated as the evil of the +good. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AUTHORITY REASSERTS ITS RIGHTS + + +Fantine had not seen Javert since the day on which the mayor had torn +her from the man. Her ailing brain comprehended nothing, but the only +thing which she did not doubt was that he had come to get her. She +could not endure that terrible face; she felt her life quitting her; +she hid her face in both hands, and shrieked in her anguish:— + +“Monsieur Madeleine, save me!” + + +Jean Valjean—we shall henceforth not speak of him otherwise—had risen. +He said to Fantine in the gentlest and calmest of voices:— + +“Be at ease; it is not for you that he is come.” + + +Then he addressed Javert, and said:— + +“I know what you want.” + + +Javert replied:— + +“Be quick about it!” + + +There lay in the inflection of voice which accompanied these words +something indescribably fierce and frenzied. Javert did not say, “Be +quick about it!” he said “Bequiabouit.” + + +No orthography can do justice to the accent with which it was uttered: +it was no longer a human word: it was a roar. + +He did not proceed according to his custom, he did not enter into the +matter, he exhibited no warrant of arrest. In his eyes, Jean Valjean +was a sort of mysterious combatant, who was not to be laid hands upon, +a wrestler in the dark whom he had had in his grasp for the last five +years, without being able to throw him. This arrest was not a +beginning, but an end. He confined himself to saying, “Be quick about +it!” + + +As he spoke thus, he did not advance a single step; he hurled at Jean +Valjean a glance which he threw out like a grappling-hook, and with +which he was accustomed to draw wretches violently to him. + +It was this glance which Fantine had felt penetrating to the very +marrow of her bones two months previously. + +At Javert’s exclamation, Fantine opened her eyes once more. But the +mayor was there; what had she to fear? + +Javert advanced to the middle of the room, and cried:— + +“See here now! Art thou coming?” + + +The unhappy woman glanced about her. No one was present excepting the +nun and the mayor. To whom could that abject use of “thou” be +addressed? To her only. She shuddered. + +Then she beheld a most unprecedented thing, a thing so unprecedented +that nothing equal to it had appeared to her even in the blackest +deliriums of fever. + +She beheld Javert, the police spy, seize the mayor by the collar; she +saw the mayor bow his head. It seemed to her that the world was coming +to an end. + +Javert had, in fact, grasped Jean Valjean by the collar. + +“Monsieur le Maire!” shrieked Fantine. + +Javert burst out laughing with that frightful laugh which displayed all +his gums. + +“There is no longer any Monsieur le Maire here!” + + +Jean Valjean made no attempt to disengage the hand which grasped the +collar of his coat. He said:— + +“Javert—” + + +Javert interrupted him: “Call me Mr. Inspector.” + + +“Monsieur,” said Jean Valjean, “I should like to say a word to you in +private.” + + +“Aloud! Say it aloud!” replied Javert; “people are in the habit of +talking aloud to me.” + + +Jean Valjean went on in a lower tone:— + +“I have a request to make of you—” + + +“I tell you to speak loud.” + + +“But you alone should hear it—” + + +“What difference does that make to me? I shall not listen.” + + +Jean Valjean turned towards him and said very rapidly and in a very low +voice:— + +“Grant me three days’ grace! three days in which to go and fetch the +child of this unhappy woman. I will pay whatever is necessary. You +shall accompany me if you choose.” + + +“You are making sport of me!” cried Javert. “Come now, I did not think +you such a fool! You ask me to give you three days in which to run +away! You say that it is for the purpose of fetching that creature’s +child! Ah! Ah! That’s good! That’s really capital!” + + +Fantine was seized with a fit of trembling. + +“My child!” she cried, “to go and fetch my child! She is not here, +then! Answer me, sister; where is Cosette? I want my child! Monsieur +Madeleine! Monsieur le Maire!” + + +Javert stamped his foot. + +“And now there’s the other one! Will you hold your tongue, you hussy? +It’s a pretty sort of a place where convicts are magistrates, and where +women of the town are cared for like countesses! Ah! But we are going +to change all that; it is high time!” + + +He stared intently at Fantine, and added, once more taking into his +grasp Jean Valjean’s cravat, shirt and collar:— + +“I tell you that there is no Monsieur Madeleine and that there is no +Monsieur le Maire. There is a thief, a brigand, a convict named Jean +Valjean! And I have him in my grasp! That’s what there is!” + + +Fantine raised herself in bed with a bound, supporting herself on her +stiffened arms and on both hands: she gazed at Jean Valjean, she gazed +at Javert, she gazed at the nun, she opened her mouth as though to +speak; a rattle proceeded from the depths of her throat, her teeth +chattered; she stretched out her arms in her agony, opening her hands +convulsively, and fumbling about her like a drowning person; then +suddenly fell back on her pillow. + +Her head struck the head-board of the bed and fell forwards on her +breast, with gaping mouth and staring, sightless eyes. + +She was dead. + +Jean Valjean laid his hand upon the detaining hand of Javert, and +opened it as he would have opened the hand of a baby; then he said to +Javert:— + +“You have murdered that woman.” + + +“Let’s have an end of this!” shouted Javert, in a fury; “I am not here +to listen to argument. Let us economize all that; the guard is below; +march on instantly, or you’ll get the thumb-screws!” + + +In the corner of the room stood an old iron bedstead, which was in a +decidedly decrepit state, and which served the sisters as a camp-bed +when they were watching with the sick. Jean Valjean stepped up to this +bed, in a twinkling wrenched off the head-piece, which was already in a +dilapidated condition, an easy matter to muscles like his, grasped the +principal rod like a bludgeon, and glanced at Javert. Javert retreated +towards the door. Jean Valjean, armed with his bar of iron, walked +slowly up to Fantine’s couch. When he arrived there he turned and said +to Javert, in a voice that was barely audible:— + +“I advise you not to disturb me at this moment.” + + +One thing is certain, and that is, that Javert trembled. + +It did occur to him to summon the guard, but Jean Valjean might avail +himself of that moment to effect his escape; so he remained, grasped +his cane by the small end, and leaned against the door-post, without +removing his eyes from Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean rested his elbow on the knob at the head of the bed, and +his brow on his hand, and began to contemplate the motionless body of +Fantine, which lay extended there. He remained thus, mute, absorbed, +evidently with no further thought of anything connected with this life. +Upon his face and in his attitude there was nothing but inexpressible +pity. After a few moments of this meditation he bent towards Fantine, +and spoke to her in a low voice. + +What did he say to her? What could this man, who was reproved, say to +that woman, who was dead? What words were those? No one on earth heard +them. Did the dead woman hear them? There are some touching illusions +which are, perhaps, sublime realities. The point as to which there +exists no doubt is, that Sister Simplice, the sole witness of the +incident, often said that at the moment that Jean Valjean whispered in +Fantine’s ear, she distinctly beheld an ineffable smile dawn on those +pale lips, and in those dim eyes, filled with the amazement of the +tomb. + +Jean Valjean took Fantine’s head in both his hands, and arranged it on +the pillow as a mother might have done for her child; then he tied the +string of her chemise, and smoothed her hair back under her cap. That +done, he closed her eyes. + +Fantine’s face seemed strangely illuminated at that moment. + +Death, that signifies entrance into the great light. + +Fantine’s hand was hanging over the side of the bed. Jean Valjean knelt +down before that hand, lifted it gently, and kissed it. + +Then he rose, and turned to Javert. + +“Now,” said he, “I am at your disposal.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—A SUITABLE TOMB + + +Javert deposited Jean Valjean in the city prison. + +The arrest of M. Madeleine occasioned a sensation, or rather, an +extraordinary commotion in M. sur M. We are sorry that we cannot +conceal the fact, that at the single word, “He was a convict,” nearly +every one deserted him. In less than two hours all the good that he had +done had been forgotten, and he was nothing but a “convict from the +galleys.” It is just to add that the details of what had taken place at +Arras were not yet known. All day long conversations like the following +were to be heard in all quarters of the town:— + +“You don’t know? He was a liberated convict!” “Who?” “The mayor.” “Bah! +M. Madeleine?” “Yes.” “Really?” “His name was not Madeleine at all; he +had a frightful name, BĂ©jean, Bojean, Boujean.” “Ah! Good God!” “He has +been arrested.” “Arrested!” “In prison, in the city prison, while +waiting to be transferred.” “Until he is transferred!” “He is to be +transferred!” “Where is he to be taken?” “He will be tried at the +Assizes for a highway robbery which he committed long ago.” “Well! I +suspected as much. That man was too good, too perfect, too affected. He +refused the cross; he bestowed sous on all the little scamps he came +across. I always thought there was some evil history back of all that.” + + +The “drawing-rooms” particularly abounded in remarks of this nature. + +One old lady, a subscriber to the _Drapeau Blanc_, made the following +remark, the depth of which it is impossible to fathom:— + +“I am not sorry. It will be a lesson to the Bonapartists!” + + +It was thus that the phantom which had been called M. Madeleine +vanished from M. sur M. Only three or four persons in all the town +remained faithful to his memory. The old portress who had served him +was among the number. + +On the evening of that day the worthy old woman was sitting in her +lodge, still in a thorough fright, and absorbed in sad reflections. The +factory had been closed all day, the carriage gate was bolted, the +street was deserted. There was no one in the house but the two nuns, +Sister PerpĂ©tue and Sister Simplice, who were watching beside the body +of Fantine. + +Towards the hour when M. Madeleine was accustomed to return home, the +good portress rose mechanically, took from a drawer the key of M. +Madeleine’s chamber, and the flat candlestick which he used every +evening to go up to his quarters; then she hung the key on the nail +whence he was accustomed to take it, and set the candlestick on one +side, as though she was expecting him. Then she sat down again on her +chair, and became absorbed in thought once more. The poor, good old +woman had done all this without being conscious of it. + +It was only at the expiration of two hours that she roused herself from +her reverie, and exclaimed, “Hold! My good God Jesus! And I hung his +key on the nail!” + + +At that moment the small window in the lodge opened, a hand passed +through, seized the key and the candlestick, and lighted the taper at +the candle which was burning there. + +The portress raised her eyes, and stood there with gaping mouth, and a +shriek which she confined to her throat. + +She knew that hand, that arm, the sleeve of that coat. + +It was M. Madeleine. + +It was several seconds before she could speak; she had a _seizure_, as +she said herself, when she related the adventure afterwards. + +“Good God, Monsieur le Maire,” she cried at last, “I thought you were—” + + +She stopped; the conclusion of her sentence would have been lacking in +respect towards the beginning. Jean Valjean was still Monsieur le Maire +to her. + +He finished her thought. + +“In prison,” said he. “I was there; I broke a bar of one of the +windows; I let myself drop from the top of a roof, and here I am. I am +going up to my room; go and find Sister Simplice for me. She is with +that poor woman, no doubt.” + + +The old woman obeyed in all haste. + +He gave her no orders; he was quite sure that she would guard him +better than he should guard himself. + +No one ever found out how he had managed to get into the courtyard +without opening the big gates. He had, and always carried about him, a +pass-key which opened a little side-door; but he must have been +searched, and his latch-key must have been taken from him. This point +was never explained. + +He ascended the staircase leading to his chamber. On arriving at the +top, he left his candle on the top step of his stairs, opened his door +with very little noise, went and closed his window and his shutters by +feeling, then returned for his candle and re-entered his room. + +It was a useful precaution; it will be recollected that his window +could be seen from the street. + +He cast a glance about him, at his table, at his chair, at his bed +which had not been disturbed for three days. No trace of the disorder +of the night before last remained. The portress had “done up” his room; +only she had picked out of the ashes and placed neatly on the table the +two iron ends of the cudgel and the forty-sou piece which had been +blackened by the fire. + +He took a sheet of paper, on which he wrote: “These are the two tips of +my iron-shod cudgel and the forty-sou piece stolen from Little Gervais, +which I mentioned at the Court of Assizes,” and he arranged this piece +of paper, the bits of iron, and the coin in such a way that they were +the first things to be seen on entering the room. From a cupboard he +pulled out one of his old shirts, which he tore in pieces. In the +strips of linen thus prepared he wrapped the two silver candlesticks. +He betrayed neither haste nor agitation; and while he was wrapping up +the Bishop’s candlesticks, he nibbled at a piece of black bread. It was +probably the prison-bread which he had carried with him in his flight. + +This was proved by the crumbs which were found on the floor of the room +when the authorities made an examination later on. + +There came two taps at the door. + +“Come in,” said he. + +It was Sister Simplice. + +She was pale; her eyes were red; the candle which she carried trembled +in her hand. The peculiar feature of the violences of destiny is, that +however polished or cool we may be, they wring human nature from our +very bowels, and force it to reappear on the surface. The emotions of +that day had turned the nun into a woman once more. She had wept, and +she was trembling. + +Jean Valjean had just finished writing a few lines on a paper, which he +handed to the nun, saying, “Sister, you will give this to Monsieur le +CurĂ©.” + + +The paper was not folded. She cast a glance upon it. + +“You can read it,” said he. + +She read:— + +“I beg Monsieur le CurĂ© to keep an eye on all that I leave behind me. +He will be so good as to pay out of it the expenses of my trial, and of +the funeral of the woman who died yesterday. The rest is for the poor.” + + +The sister tried to speak, but she only managed to stammer a few +inarticulate sounds. She succeeded in saying, however:— + +“Does not Monsieur le Maire desire to take a last look at that poor, +unhappy woman?” + + +“No,” said he; “I am pursued; it would only end in their arresting me +in that room, and that would disturb her.” + + +He had hardly finished when a loud noise became audible on the +staircase. They heard a tumult of ascending footsteps, and the old +portress saying in her loudest and most piercing tones:— + +“My good sir, I swear to you by the good God, that not a soul has +entered this house all day, nor all the evening, and that I have not +even left the door.” + + +A man responded:— + +“But there is a light in that room, nevertheless.” + + +They recognized Javert’s voice. + +The chamber was so arranged that the door in opening masked the corner +of the wall on the right. Jean Valjean blew out the light and placed +himself in this angle. Sister Simplice fell on her knees near the +table. + +The door opened. + +Javert entered. + +The whispers of many men and the protestations of the portress were +audible in the corridor. + +The nun did not raise her eyes. She was praying. + +The candle was on the chimney-piece, and gave but very little light. + +Javert caught sight of the nun and halted in amazement. + +It will be remembered that the fundamental point in Javert, his +element, the very air he breathed, was veneration for all authority. +This was impregnable, and admitted of neither objection nor +restriction. In his eyes, of course, the ecclesiastical authority was +the chief of all; he was religious, superficial and correct on this +point as on all others. In his eyes, a priest was a mind, who never +makes a mistake; a nun was a creature who never sins; they were souls +walled in from this world, with a single door which never opened except +to allow the truth to pass through. + +On perceiving the sister, his first movement was to retire. + +But there was also another duty which bound him and impelled him +imperiously in the opposite direction. His second movement was to +remain and to venture on at least one question. + +This was Sister Simplice, who had never told a lie in her life. Javert +knew it, and held her in special veneration in consequence. + +“Sister,” said he, “are you alone in this room?” + + +A terrible moment ensued, during which the poor portress felt as though +she should faint. + +The sister raised her eyes and answered:— + +“Yes.” + + +“Then,” resumed Javert, “you will excuse me if I persist; it is my +duty; you have not seen a certain person—a man—this evening? He has +escaped; we are in search of him—that Jean Valjean; you have not seen +him?” + + +The sister replied:— + +“No.” + + +She lied. She had lied twice in succession, one after the other, +without hesitation, promptly, as a person does when sacrificing +herself. + +“Pardon me,” said Javert, and he retired with a deep bow. + +O sainted maid! you left this world many years ago; you have rejoined +your sisters, the virgins, and your brothers, the angels, in the light; +may this lie be counted to your credit in paradise! + +The sister’s affirmation was for Javert so decisive a thing that he did +not even observe the singularity of that candle which had but just been +extinguished, and which was still smoking on the table. + +An hour later, a man, marching amid trees and mists, was rapidly +departing from M. sur M. in the direction of Paris. That man was Jean +Valjean. It has been established by the testimony of two or three +carters who met him, that he was carrying a bundle; that he was dressed +in a blouse. Where had he obtained that blouse? No one ever found out. +But an aged workman had died in the infirmary of the factory a few days +before, leaving behind him nothing but his blouse. Perhaps that was the +one. + +One last word about Fantine. + +We all have a mother,—the earth. Fantine was given back to that mother. + +The curĂ© thought that he was doing right, and perhaps he really was, in +reserving as much money as possible from what Jean Valjean had left for +the poor. Who was concerned, after all? A convict and a woman of the +town. That is why he had a very simple funeral for Fantine, and reduced +it to that strictly necessary form known as the pauper’s grave. + +So Fantine was buried in the free corner of the cemetery which belongs +to anybody and everybody, and where the poor are lost. Fortunately, God +knows where to find the soul again. Fantine was laid in the shade, +among the first bones that came to hand; she was subjected to the +promiscuousness of ashes. She was thrown into the public grave. Her +grave resembled her bed. + +[THE END OF VOLUME I “FANTINE”] + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Two] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Two] + + + + +VOLUME II +COSETTE + + + + +BOOK FIRST—WATERLOO + + + + +CHAPTER I—WHAT IS MET WITH ON THE WAY FROM NIVELLES + + +Last year (1861), on a beautiful May morning, a traveller, the person +who is telling this story, was coming from Nivelles, and directing his +course towards La Hulpe. He was on foot. He was pursuing a broad paved +road, which undulated between two rows of trees, over the hills which +succeed each other, raise the road and let it fall again, and produce +something in the nature of enormous waves. + +He had passed Lillois and Bois-Seigneur-Isaac. In the west he perceived +the slate-roofed tower of Braine-l’Alleud, which has the form of a +reversed vase. He had just left behind a wood upon an eminence; and at +the angle of the crossroad, by the side of a sort of mouldy gibbet +bearing the inscription _Ancient Barrier No. 4_, a public house, +bearing on its front this sign: _At the Four Winds_ (Aux Quatre Vents). +_Échabeau, Private CafĂ©_. + +A quarter of a league further on, he arrived at the bottom of a little +valley, where there is water which passes beneath an arch made through +the embankment of the road. The clump of sparsely planted but very +green trees, which fills the valley on one side of the road, is +dispersed over the meadows on the other, and disappears gracefully and +as in order in the direction of Braine-l’Alleud. + +On the right, close to the road, was an inn, with a four-wheeled cart +at the door, a large bundle of hop-poles, a plough, a heap of dried +brushwood near a flourishing hedge, lime smoking in a square hole, and +a ladder suspended along an old penthouse with straw partitions. A +young girl was weeding in a field, where a huge yellow poster, probably +of some outside spectacle, such as a parish festival, was fluttering in +the wind. At one corner of the inn, beside a pool in which a flotilla +of ducks was navigating, a badly paved path plunged into the bushes. +The wayfarer struck into this. + +After traversing a hundred paces, skirting a wall of the fifteenth +century, surmounted by a pointed gable, with bricks set in contrast, he +found himself before a large door of arched stone, with a rectilinear +impost, in the sombre style of Louis XIV., flanked by two flat +medallions. A severe façade rose above this door; a wall, perpendicular +to the façade, almost touched the door, and flanked it with an abrupt +right angle. In the meadow before the door lay three harrows, through +which, in disorder, grew all the flowers of May. The door was closed. +The two decrepit leaves which barred it were ornamented with an old +rusty knocker. + +The sun was charming; the branches had that soft shivering of May, +which seems to proceed rather from the nests than from the wind. A +brave little bird, probably a lover, was carolling in a distracted +manner in a large tree. + +The wayfarer bent over and examined a rather large circular excavation, +resembling the hollow of a sphere, in the stone on the left, at the +foot of the pier of the door. + +At this moment the leaves of the door parted, and a peasant woman +emerged. + +She saw the wayfarer, and perceived what he was looking at. + +“It was a French cannon-ball which made that,” she said to him. And she +added:— + +“That which you see there, higher up in the door, near a nail, is the +hole of a big iron bullet as large as an egg. The bullet did not pierce +the wood.” + + +“What is the name of this place?” inquired the wayfarer. + +“Hougomont,” said the peasant woman. + +The traveller straightened himself up. He walked on a few paces, and +went off to look over the tops of the hedges. On the horizon through +the trees, he perceived a sort of little elevation, and on this +elevation something which at that distance resembled a lion. + +He was on the battle-field of Waterloo. + + + + +CHAPTER II—HOUGOMONT + + +Hougomont,—this was a funereal spot, the beginning of the obstacle, the +first resistance, which that great wood-cutter of Europe, called +Napoleon, encountered at Waterloo, the first knot under the blows of +his axe. + +It was a chĂąteau; it is no longer anything but a farm. For the +antiquary, Hougomont is _Hugomons_. This manor was built by Hugo, Sire +of Somerel, the same who endowed the sixth chaplaincy of the Abbey of +Villiers. + +The traveller pushed open the door, elbowed an ancient calash under the +porch, and entered the courtyard. + +The first thing which struck him in this paddock was a door of the +sixteenth century, which here simulates an arcade, everything else +having fallen prostrate around it. A monumental aspect often has its +birth in ruin. In a wall near the arcade opens another arched door, of +the time of Henry IV., permitting a glimpse of the trees of an orchard; +beside this door, a manure-hole, some pickaxes, some shovels, some +carts, an old well, with its flagstone and its iron reel, a chicken +jumping, and a turkey spreading its tail, a chapel surmounted by a +small bell-tower, a blossoming pear-tree trained in espalier against +the wall of the chapel—behold the court, the conquest of which was one +of Napoleon’s dreams. This corner of earth, could he but have seized +it, would, perhaps, have given him the world likewise. Chickens are +scattering its dust abroad with their beaks. A growl is audible; it is +a huge dog, who shows his teeth and replaces the English. + +The English behaved admirably there. Cooke’s four companies of guards +there held out for seven hours against the fury of an army. + +Hougomont viewed on the map, as a geometrical plan, comprising +buildings and enclosures, presents a sort of irregular rectangle, one +angle of which is nicked out. It is this angle which contains the +southern door, guarded by this wall, which commands it only a gun’s +length away. Hougomont has two doors,—the southern door, that of the +chĂąteau; and the northern door, belonging to the farm. Napoleon sent +his brother JĂ©rĂŽme against Hougomont; the divisions of Foy, +Guilleminot, and Bachelu hurled themselves against it; nearly the +entire corps of Reille was employed against it, and miscarried; +Kellermann’s balls were exhausted on this heroic section of wall. +Bauduin’s brigade was not strong enough to force Hougomont on the +north, and the brigade of Soye could not do more than effect the +beginning of a breach on the south, but without taking it. + +The farm buildings border the courtyard on the south. A bit of the +north door, broken by the French, hangs suspended to the wall. It +consists of four planks nailed to two cross-beams, on which the scars +of the attack are visible. + +The northern door, which was beaten in by the French, and which has had +a piece applied to it to replace the panel suspended on the wall, +stands half-open at the bottom of the paddock; it is cut squarely in +the wall, built of stone below, of brick above which closes in the +courtyard on the north. It is a simple door for carts, such as exist in +all farms, with the two large leaves made of rustic planks: beyond lie +the meadows. The dispute over this entrance was furious. For a long +time, all sorts of imprints of bloody hands were visible on the +door-posts. It was there that Bauduin was killed. + +The storm of the combat still lingers in this courtyard; its horror is +visible there; the confusion of the fray was petrified there; it lives +and it dies there; it was only yesterday. The walls are in the death +agony, the stones fall; the breaches cry aloud; the holes are wounds; +the drooping, quivering trees seem to be making an effort to flee. + +This courtyard was more built up in 1815 than it is to-day. Buildings +which have since been pulled down then formed redans and angles. + +The English barricaded themselves there; the French made their way in, +but could not stand their ground. Beside the chapel, one wing of the +chĂąteau, the only ruin now remaining of the manor of Hougomont, rises +in a crumbling state,—disembowelled, one might say. The chĂąteau served +for a dungeon, the chapel for a block-house. There men exterminated +each other. The French, fired on from every point,—from behind the +walls, from the summits of the garrets, from the depths of the cellars, +through all the casements, through all the air-holes, through every +crack in the stones,—fetched fagots and set fire to walls and men; the +reply to the grape-shot was a conflagration. + +In the ruined wing, through windows garnished with bars of iron, the +dismantled chambers of the main building of brick are visible; the +English guards were in ambush in these rooms; the spiral of the +staircase, cracked from the ground floor to the very roof, appears like +the inside of a broken shell. The staircase has two stories; the +English, besieged on the staircase, and massed on its upper steps, had +cut off the lower steps. These consisted of large slabs of blue stone, +which form a heap among the nettles. Half a score of steps still cling +to the wall; on the first is cut the figure of a trident. These +inaccessible steps are solid in their niches. All the rest resembles a +jaw which has been denuded of its teeth. There are two old trees there: +one is dead; the other is wounded at its base, and is clothed with +verdure in April. Since 1815 it has taken to growing through the +staircase. + +A massacre took place in the chapel. The interior, which has recovered +its calm, is singular. The mass has not been said there since the +carnage. Nevertheless, the altar has been left there—an altar of +unpolished wood, placed against a background of roughhewn stone. Four +whitewashed walls, a door opposite the altar, two small arched windows; +over the door a large wooden crucifix, below the crucifix a square +air-hole stopped up with a bundle of hay; on the ground, in one corner, +an old window-frame with the glass all broken to pieces—such is the +chapel. Near the altar there is nailed up a wooden statue of Saint +Anne, of the fifteenth century; the head of the infant Jesus has been +carried off by a large ball. The French, who were masters of the chapel +for a moment, and were then dislodged, set fire to it. The flames +filled this building; it was a perfect furnace; the door was burned, +the floor was burned, the wooden Christ was not burned. The fire preyed +upon his feet, of which only the blackened stumps are now to be seen; +then it stopped,—a miracle, according to the assertion of the people of +the neighborhood. The infant Jesus, decapitated, was less fortunate +than the Christ. + +The walls are covered with inscriptions. Near the feet of Christ this +name is to be read: _Henquinez_. Then these others: _Conde de Rio Maior +Marques y Marquesa de Almagro (Habana)_. There are French names with +exclamation points,—a sign of wrath. The wall was freshly whitewashed +in 1849. The nations insulted each other there. + +It was at the door of this chapel that the corpse was picked up which +held an axe in its hand; this corpse was Sub-Lieutenant Legros. + +On emerging from the chapel, a well is visible on the left. There are +two in this courtyard. One inquires, Why is there no bucket and pulley +to this? It is because water is no longer drawn there. Why is water not +drawn there? Because it is full of skeletons. + +The last person who drew water from the well was named Guillaume van +Kylsom. He was a peasant who lived at Hougomont, and was gardener +there. On the 18th of June, 1815, his family fled and concealed +themselves in the woods. + +The forest surrounding the Abbey of Villiers sheltered these +unfortunate people who had been scattered abroad, for many days and +nights. There are at this day certain traces recognizable, such as old +boles of burned trees, which mark the site of these poor bivouacs +trembling in the depths of the thickets. + +Guillaume van Kylsom remained at Hougomont, “to guard the chĂąteau,” and +concealed himself in the cellar. The English discovered him there. They +tore him from his hiding-place, and the combatants forced this +frightened man to serve them, by administering blows with the flats of +their swords. They were thirsty; this Guillaume brought them water. It +was from this well that he drew it. Many drank there their last +draught. This well where drank so many of the dead was destined to die +itself. + +After the engagement, they were in haste to bury the dead bodies. Death +has a fashion of harassing victory, and she causes the pest to follow +glory. The typhus is a concomitant of triumph. This well was deep, and +it was turned into a sepulchre. Three hundred dead bodies were cast +into it. With too much haste perhaps. Were they all dead? Legend says +they were not. It seems that on the night succeeding the interment, +feeble voices were heard calling from the well. + +This well is isolated in the middle of the courtyard. Three walls, part +stone, part brick, and simulating a small, square tower, and folded +like the leaves of a screen, surround it on all sides. The fourth side +is open. It is there that the water was drawn. The wall at the bottom +has a sort of shapeless loophole, possibly the hole made by a shell. +This little tower had a platform, of which only the beams remain. The +iron supports of the well on the right form a cross. On leaning over, +the eye is lost in a deep cylinder of brick which is filled with a +heaped-up mass of shadows. The base of the walls all about the well is +concealed in a growth of nettles. + +This well has not in front of it that large blue slab which forms the +table for all wells in Belgium. The slab has here been replaced by a +cross-beam, against which lean five or six shapeless fragments of +knotty and petrified wood which resemble huge bones. There is no longer +either pail, chain, or pulley; but there is still the stone basin which +served the overflow. The rain-water collects there, and from time to +time a bird of the neighboring forests comes thither to drink, and then +flies away. One house in this ruin, the farmhouse, is still inhabited. +The door of this house opens on the courtyard. Upon this door, beside a +pretty Gothic lock-plate, there is an iron handle with trefoils placed +slanting. At the moment when the Hanoverian lieutenant, Wilda, grasped +this handle in order to take refuge in the farm, a French sapper hewed +off his hand with an axe. + +The family who occupy the house had for their grandfather Guillaume van +Kylsom, the old gardener, dead long since. A woman with gray hair said +to us: “I was there. I was three years old. My sister, who was older, +was terrified and wept. They carried us off to the woods. I went there +in my mother’s arms. We glued our ears to the earth to hear. I imitated +the cannon, and went _boum! boum!_” + + +A door opening from the courtyard on the left led into the orchard, so +we were told. The orchard is terrible. + +It is in three parts; one might almost say, in three acts. The first +part is a garden, the second is an orchard, the third is a wood. These +three parts have a common enclosure: on the side of the entrance, the +buildings of the chĂąteau and the farm; on the left, a hedge; on the +right, a wall; and at the end, a wall. The wall on the right is of +brick, the wall at the bottom is of stone. One enters the garden first. +It slopes downwards, is planted with gooseberry bushes, choked with a +wild growth of vegetation, and terminated by a monumental terrace of +cut stone, with balustrade with a double curve. + +It was a seignorial garden in the first French style which preceded Le +NĂŽtre; to-day it is ruins and briars. The pilasters are surmounted by +globes which resemble cannon-balls of stone. Forty-three balusters can +still be counted on their sockets; the rest lie prostrate in the grass. +Almost all bear scratches of bullets. One broken baluster is placed on +the pediment like a fractured leg. + +It was in this garden, further down than the orchard, that six +light-infantry men of the 1st, having made their way thither, and being +unable to escape, hunted down and caught like bears in their dens, +accepted the combat with two Hanoverian companies, one of which was +armed with carbines. The Hanoverians lined this balustrade and fired +from above. The infantry men, replying from below, six against two +hundred, intrepid and with no shelter save the currant-bushes, took a +quarter of an hour to die. + +One mounts a few steps and passes from the garden into the orchard, +properly speaking. There, within the limits of those few square +fathoms, fifteen hundred men fell in less than an hour. The wall seems +ready to renew the combat. Thirty-eight loopholes, pierced by the +English at irregular heights, are there still. In front of the sixth +are placed two English tombs of granite. There are loopholes only in +the south wall, as the principal attack came from that quarter. The +wall is hidden on the outside by a tall hedge; the French came up, +thinking that they had to deal only with a hedge, crossed it, and found +the wall both an obstacle and an ambuscade, with the English guards +behind it, the thirty-eight loopholes firing at once a shower of +grape-shot and balls, and Soye’s brigade was broken against it. Thus +Waterloo began. + +Nevertheless, the orchard was taken. As they had no ladders, the French +scaled it with their nails. They fought hand to hand amid the trees. +All this grass has been soaked in blood. A battalion of Nassau, seven +hundred strong, was overwhelmed there. The outside of the wall, against +which Kellermann’s two batteries were trained, is gnawed by grape-shot. + +This orchard is sentient, like others, in the month of May. It has its +buttercups and its daisies; the grass is tall there; the cart-horses +browse there; cords of hair, on which linen is drying, traverse the +spaces between the trees and force the passer-by to bend his head; one +walks over this uncultivated land, and one’s foot dives into +mole-holes. In the middle of the grass one observes an uprooted +tree-bole which lies there all verdant. Major Blackmann leaned against +it to die. Beneath a great tree in the neighborhood fell the German +general, Duplat, descended from a French family which fled on the +revocation of the Edict of Nantes. An aged and falling apple-tree leans +far over to one side, its wound dressed with a bandage of straw and of +clayey loam. Nearly all the apple-trees are falling with age. There is +not one which has not had its bullet or its biscayan.6 The skeletons of +dead trees abound in this orchard. Crows fly through their branches, +and at the end of it is a wood full of violets. + +Bauduin killed, Foy wounded, conflagration, massacre, carnage, a +rivulet formed of English blood, French blood, German blood mingled in +fury, a well crammed with corpses, the regiment of Nassau and the +regiment of Brunswick destroyed, Duplat killed, Blackmann killed, the +English Guards mutilated, twenty French battalions, besides the forty +from Reille’s corps, decimated, three thousand men in that hovel of +Hougomont alone cut down, slashed to pieces, shot, burned, with their +throats cut,—and all this so that a peasant can say to-day to the +traveller: _Monsieur, give me three francs, and if you like, I will +explain to you the affair of Waterloo!_ + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, 1815 + + +Let us turn back,—that is one of the story-teller’s rights,—and put +ourselves once more in the year 1815, and even a little earlier than +the epoch when the action narrated in the first part of this book took +place. + +If it had not rained in the night between the 17th and the 18th of +June, 1815, the fate of Europe would have been different. A few drops +of water, more or less, decided the downfall of Napoleon. All that +Providence required in order to make Waterloo the end of Austerlitz was +a little more rain, and a cloud traversing the sky out of season +sufficed to make a world crumble. + +The battle of Waterloo could not be begun until half-past eleven +o’clock, and that gave BlĂŒcher time to come up. Why? Because the ground +was wet. The artillery had to wait until it became a little firmer +before they could manƓuvre. + +Napoleon was an artillery officer, and felt the effects of this. The +foundation of this wonderful captain was the man who, in the report to +the Directory on Aboukir, said: _Such a one of our balls killed six +men_. All his plans of battle were arranged for projectiles. The key to +his victory was to make the artillery converge on one point. He treated +the strategy of the hostile general like a citadel, and made a breach +in it. He overwhelmed the weak point with grape-shot; he joined and +dissolved battles with cannon. There was something of the sharpshooter +in his genius. To beat in squares, to pulverize regiments, to break +lines, to crush and disperse masses,—for him everything lay in this, to +strike, strike, strike incessantly,—and he intrusted this task to the +cannon-ball. A redoubtable method, and one which, united with genius, +rendered this gloomy athlete of the pugilism of war invincible for the +space of fifteen years. + +On the 18th of June, 1815, he relied all the more on his artillery, +because he had numbers on his side. Wellington had only one hundred and +fifty-nine mouths of fire; Napoleon had two hundred and forty. + +Suppose the soil dry, and the artillery capable of moving, the action +would have begun at six o’clock in the morning. The battle would have +been won and ended at two o’clock, three hours before the change of +fortune in favor of the Prussians. What amount of blame attaches to +Napoleon for the loss of this battle? Is the shipwreck due to the +pilot? + +Was it the evident physical decline of Napoleon that complicated this +epoch by an inward diminution of force? Had the twenty years of war +worn out the blade as it had worn the scabbard, the soul as well as the +body? Did the veteran make himself disastrously felt in the leader? In +a word, was this genius, as many historians of note have thought, +suffering from an eclipse? Did he go into a frenzy in order to disguise +his weakened powers from himself? Did he begin to waver under the +delusion of a breath of adventure? Had he become—a grave matter in a +general—unconscious of peril? Is there an age, in this class of +material great men, who may be called the giants of action, when genius +grows short-sighted? Old age has no hold on the geniuses of the ideal; +for the Dantes and Michael Angelos to grow old is to grow in greatness; +is it to grow less for the Hannibals and the Bonapartes? Had Napoleon +lost the direct sense of victory? Had he reached the point where he +could no longer recognize the reef, could no longer divine the snare, +no longer discern the crumbling brink of abysses? Had he lost his power +of scenting out catastrophes? He who had in former days known all the +roads to triumph, and who, from the summit of his chariot of lightning, +pointed them out with a sovereign finger, had he now reached that state +of sinister amazement when he could lead his tumultuous legions +harnessed to it, to the precipice? Was he seized at the age of +forty-six with a supreme madness? Was that titanic charioteer of +destiny no longer anything more than an immense dare-devil? + +We do not think so. + +His plan of battle was, by the confession of all, a masterpiece. To go +straight to the centre of the Allies’ line, to make a breach in the +enemy, to cut them in two, to drive the British half back on Hal, and +the Prussian half on Tongres, to make two shattered fragments of +Wellington and BlĂŒcher, to carry Mont-Saint-Jean, to seize Brussels, to +hurl the German into the Rhine, and the Englishman into the sea. All +this was contained in that battle, according to Napoleon. Afterwards +people would see. + +Of course, we do not here pretend to furnish a history of the battle of +Waterloo; one of the scenes of the foundation of the story which we are +relating is connected with this battle, but this history is not our +subject; this history, moreover, has been finished, and finished in a +masterly manner, from one point of view by Napoleon, and from another +point of view by a whole pleiad of historians.7 + +As for us, we leave the historians at loggerheads; we are but a distant +witness, a passer-by on the plain, a seeker bending over that soil all +made of human flesh, taking appearances for realities, perchance; we +have no right to oppose, in the name of science, a collection of facts +which contain illusions, no doubt; we possess neither military practice +nor strategic ability which authorize a system; in our opinion, a chain +of accidents dominated the two leaders at Waterloo; and when it becomes +a question of destiny, that mysterious culprit, we judge like that +ingenious judge, the populace. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A + + +Those persons who wish to gain a clear idea of the battle of Waterloo +have only to place, mentally, on the ground, a capital A. The left limb +of the A is the road to Nivelles, the right limb is the road to +Genappe, the tie of the A is the hollow road to Ohain from +Braine-l’Alleud. The top of the A is Mont-Saint-Jean, where Wellington +is; the lower left tip is Hougomont, where Reille is stationed with +JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte; the right tip is the Belle-Alliance, where Napoleon +was. At the centre of this chord is the precise point where the final +word of the battle was pronounced. It was there that the lion has been +placed, the involuntary symbol of the supreme heroism of the Imperial +Guard. + +The triangle included in the top of the A, between the two limbs and +the tie, is the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean. The dispute over this +plateau constituted the whole battle. The wings of the two armies +extended to the right and left of the two roads to Genappe and +Nivelles; d’Erlon facing Picton, Reille facing Hill. + +Behind the tip of the A, behind the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean, is the +forest of Soignes. + +As for the plain itself, let the reader picture to himself a vast +undulating sweep of ground; each rise commands the next rise, and all +the undulations mount towards Mont-Saint-Jean, and there end in the +forest. + +Two hostile troops on a field of battle are two wrestlers. It is a +question of seizing the opponent round the waist. The one seeks to trip +up the other. They clutch at everything: a bush is a point of support; +an angle of the wall offers them a rest to the shoulder; for the lack +of a hovel under whose cover they can draw up, a regiment yields its +ground; an unevenness in the ground, a chance turn in the landscape, a +cross-path encountered at the right moment, a grove, a ravine, can stay +the heel of that colossus which is called an army, and prevent its +retreat. He who quits the field is beaten; hence the necessity +devolving on the responsible leader, of examining the most +insignificant clump of trees, and of studying deeply the slightest +relief in the ground. + +The two generals had attentively studied the plain of Mont-Saint-Jean, +now called the plain of Waterloo. In the preceding year, Wellington, +with the sagacity of foresight, had examined it as the possible seat of +a great battle. Upon this spot, and for this duel, on the 18th of June, +Wellington had the good post, Napoleon the bad post. The English army +was stationed above, the French army below. + +It is almost superfluous here to sketch the appearance of Napoleon on +horseback, glass in hand, upon the heights of Rossomme, at daybreak, on +June 18, 1815. All the world has seen him before we can show him. That +calm profile under the little three-cornered hat of the school of +Brienne, that green uniform, the white revers concealing the star of +the Legion of Honor, his great coat hiding his epaulets, the corner of +red ribbon peeping from beneath his vest, his leather trousers, the +white horse with the saddle-cloth of purple velvet bearing on the +corners crowned N’s and eagles, Hessian boots over silk stockings, +silver spurs, the sword of Marengo,—that whole figure of the last of +the CĂŠsars is present to all imaginations, saluted with acclamations by +some, severely regarded by others. + +That figure stood for a long time wholly in the light; this arose from +a certain legendary dimness evolved by the majority of heroes, and +which always veils the truth for a longer or shorter time; but to-day +history and daylight have arrived. + +That light called history is pitiless; it possesses this peculiar and +divine quality, that, pure light as it is, and precisely because it is +wholly light, it often casts a shadow in places where people had +hitherto beheld rays; from the same man it constructs two different +phantoms, and the one attacks the other and executes justice on it, and +the shadows of the despot contend with the brilliancy of the leader. +Hence arises a truer measure in the definitive judgments of nations. +Babylon violated lessens Alexander, Rome enchained lessens CĂŠsar, +Jerusalem murdered lessens Titus, tyranny follows the tyrant. It is a +misfortune for a man to leave behind him the night which bears his +form. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE QUID OBSCURUM OF BATTLES + + +Every one is acquainted with the first phase of this battle; a +beginning which was troubled, uncertain, hesitating, menacing to both +armies, but still more so for the English than for the French. + +It had rained all night, the earth had been cut up by the downpour, the +water had accumulated here and there in the hollows of the plain as if +in casks; at some points the gear of the artillery carriages was buried +up to the axles, the circingles of the horses were dripping with liquid +mud. If the wheat and rye trampled down by this cohort of transports on +the march had not filled in the ruts and strewn a litter beneath the +wheels, all movement, particularly in the valleys, in the direction of +Papelotte would have been impossible. + +The affair began late. Napoleon, as we have already explained, was in +the habit of keeping all his artillery well in hand, like a pistol, +aiming it now at one point, now at another, of the battle; and it had +been his wish to wait until the horse batteries could move and gallop +freely. In order to do that it was necessary that the sun should come +out and dry the soil. But the sun did not make its appearance. It was +no longer the rendezvous of Austerlitz. When the first cannon was +fired, the English general, Colville, looked at his watch, and noted +that it was thirty-five minutes past eleven. + +The action was begun furiously, with more fury, perhaps, than the +Emperor would have wished, by the left wing of the French resting on +Hougomont. At the same time Napoleon attacked the centre by hurling +Quiot’s brigade on La Haie-Sainte, and Ney pushed forward the right +wing of the French against the left wing of the English, which rested +on Papelotte. + +The attack on Hougomont was something of a feint; the plan was to draw +Wellington thither, and to make him swerve to the left. This plan would +have succeeded if the four companies of the English guards and the +brave Belgians of Perponcher’s division had not held the position +solidly, and Wellington, instead of massing his troops there, could +confine himself to despatching thither, as reinforcements, only four +more companies of guards and one battalion from Brunswick. + +The attack of the right wing of the French on Papelotte was calculated, +in fact, to overthrow the English left, to cut off the road to +Brussels, to bar the passage against possible Prussians, to force +Mont-Saint-Jean, to turn Wellington back on Hougomont, thence on +Braine-l’Alleud, thence on Hal; nothing easier. With the exception of a +few incidents this attack succeeded. Papelotte was taken; La +Haie-Sainte was carried. + +A detail to be noted. There was in the English infantry, particularly +in Kempt’s brigade, a great many raw recruits. These young soldiers +were valiant in the presence of our redoubtable infantry; their +inexperience extricated them intrepidly from the dilemma; they +performed particularly excellent service as skirmishers: the soldier +skirmisher, left somewhat to himself, becomes, so to speak, his own +general. These recruits displayed some of the French ingenuity and +fury. This novice of an infantry had dash. This displeased Wellington. + +After the taking of La Haie-Sainte the battle wavered. + +There is in this day an obscure interval, from midday to four o’clock; +the middle portion of this battle is almost indistinct, and +participates in the sombreness of the hand-to-hand conflict. Twilight +reigns over it. We perceive vast fluctuations in that fog, a dizzy +mirage, paraphernalia of war almost unknown to-day, pendant colbacks, +floating sabre-taches, cross-belts, cartridge-boxes for grenades, +hussar dolmans, red boots with a thousand wrinkles, heavy shakos +garlanded with torsades, the almost black infantry of Brunswick mingled +with the scarlet infantry of England, the English soldiers with great, +white circular pads on the slopes of their shoulders for epaulets, the +Hanoverian light-horse with their oblong casques of leather, with brass +hands and red horse-tails, the Scotch with their bare knees and plaids, +the great white gaiters of our grenadiers; pictures, not strategic +lines—what Salvator Rosa requires, not what is suited to the needs of +Gribeauval. + +A certain amount of tempest is always mingled with a battle. _Quid +obscurum, quid divinum_. Each historian traces, to some extent, the +particular feature which pleases him amid this pell-mell. Whatever may +be the combinations of the generals, the shock of armed masses has an +incalculable ebb. During the action the plans of the two leaders enter +into each other and become mutually thrown out of shape. Such a point +of the field of battle devours more combatants than such another, just +as more or less spongy soils soak up more or less quickly the water +which is poured on them. It becomes necessary to pour out more soldiers +than one would like; a series of expenditures which are the unforeseen. +The line of battle waves and undulates like a thread, the trails of +blood gush illogically, the fronts of the armies waver, the regiments +form capes and gulfs as they enter and withdraw; all these reefs are +continually moving in front of each other. Where the infantry stood the +artillery arrives, the cavalry rushes in where the artillery was, the +battalions are like smoke. There was something there; seek it. It has +disappeared; the open spots change place, the sombre folds advance and +retreat, a sort of wind from the sepulchre pushes forward, hurls back, +distends, and disperses these tragic multitudes. What is a fray? an +oscillation? The immobility of a mathematical plan expresses a minute, +not a day. In order to depict a battle, there is required one of those +powerful painters who have chaos in their brushes. Rembrandt is better +than Vandermeulen; Vandermeulen, exact at noon, lies at three o’clock. +Geometry is deceptive; the hurricane alone is trustworthy. That is what +confers on Folard the right to contradict Polybius. Let us add, that +there is a certain instant when the battle degenerates into a combat, +becomes specialized, and disperses into innumerable detailed feats, +which, to borrow the expression of Napoleon himself, “belong rather to +the biography of the regiments than to the history of the army.” The +historian has, in this case, the evident right to sum up the whole. He +cannot do more than seize the principal outlines of the struggle, and +it is not given to any one narrator, however conscientious he may be, +to fix, absolutely, the form of that horrible cloud which is called a +battle. + +This, which is true of all great armed encounters, is particularly +applicable to Waterloo. + +Nevertheless, at a certain moment in the afternoon the battle came to a +point. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FOUR O’CLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON + + +Towards four o’clock the condition of the English army was serious. The +Prince of Orange was in command of the centre, Hill of the right wing, +Picton of the left wing. The Prince of Orange, desperate and intrepid, +shouted to the Hollando-Belgians: “Nassau! Brunswick! Never retreat!” +Hill, having been weakened, had come up to the support of Wellington; +Picton was dead. At the very moment when the English had captured from +the French the flag of the 105th of the line, the French had killed the +English general, Picton, with a bullet through the head. The battle +had, for Wellington, two bases of action, Hougomont and La Haie-Sainte; +Hougomont still held out, but was on fire; La Haie-Sainte was taken. Of +the German battalion which defended it, only forty-two men survived; +all the officers, except five, were either dead or captured. Three +thousand combatants had been massacred in that barn. A sergeant of the +English Guards, the foremost boxer in England, reputed invulnerable by +his companions, had been killed there by a little French drummer-boy. +Baring had been dislodged, Alten put to the sword. Many flags had been +lost, one from Alten’s division, and one from the battalion of +Lunenburg, carried by a prince of the house of Deux-Ponts. The Scotch +Grays no longer existed; Ponsonby’s great dragoons had been hacked to +pieces. That valiant cavalry had bent beneath the lancers of Bro and +beneath the cuirassiers of Travers; out of twelve hundred horses, six +hundred remained; out of three lieutenant-colonels, two lay on the +earth,—Hamilton wounded, Mater slain. Ponsonby had fallen, riddled by +seven lance-thrusts. Gordon was dead. Marsh was dead. Two divisions, +the fifth and the sixth, had been annihilated. + +Hougomont injured, La Haie-Sainte taken, there now existed but one +rallying-point, the centre. That point still held firm. Wellington +reinforced it. He summoned thither Hill, who was at Merle-Braine; he +summoned ChassĂ©, who was at Braine-l’Alleud. + +The centre of the English army, rather concave, very dense, and very +compact, was strongly posted. It occupied the plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean, having behind it the village, and in front of it the +slope, which was tolerably steep then. It rested on that stout stone +dwelling which at that time belonged to the domain of Nivelles, and +which marks the intersection of the roads—a pile of the sixteenth +century, and so robust that the cannon-balls rebounded from it without +injuring it. All about the plateau the English had cut the hedges here +and there, made embrasures in the hawthorn-trees, thrust the throat of +a cannon between two branches, embattled the shrubs. There artillery +was ambushed in the brushwood. This punic labor, incontestably +authorized by war, which permits traps, was so well done, that Haxo, +who had been despatched by the Emperor at nine o’clock in the morning +to reconnoitre the enemy’s batteries, had discovered nothing of it, and +had returned and reported to Napoleon that there were no obstacles +except the two barricades which barred the road to Nivelles and to +Genappe. It was at the season when the grain is tall; on the edge of +the plateau a battalion of Kempt’s brigade, the 95th, armed with +carabines, was concealed in the tall wheat. + +Thus assured and buttressed, the centre of the Anglo-Dutch army was +well posted. The peril of this position lay in the forest of Soignes, +then adjoining the field of battle, and intersected by the ponds of +Groenendael and Boitsfort. An army could not retreat thither without +dissolving; the regiments would have broken up immediately there. The +artillery would have been lost among the morasses. The retreat, +according to many a man versed in the art,—though it is disputed by +others,—would have been a disorganized flight. + +To this centre, Wellington added one of Chassé’s brigades taken from +the right wing, and one of Wincke’s brigades taken from the left wing, +plus Clinton’s division. To his English, to the regiments of Halkett, +to the brigades of Mitchell, to the guards of Maitland, he gave as +reinforcements and aids, the infantry of Brunswick, Nassau’s +contingent, Kielmansegg’s Hanoverians, and Ompteda’s Germans. This +placed twenty-six battalions under his hand. _The right wing_, as +Charras says, _was thrown back on the centre_. An enormous battery was +masked by sacks of earth at the spot where there now stands what is +called the “Museum of Waterloo.” Besides this, Wellington had, behind a +rise in the ground, Somerset’s Dragoon Guards, fourteen hundred horse +strong. It was the remaining half of the justly celebrated English +cavalry. Ponsonby destroyed, Somerset remained. + +The battery, which, if completed, would have been almost a redoubt, was +ranged behind a very low garden wall, backed up with a coating of bags +of sand and a large slope of earth. This work was not finished; there +had been no time to make a palisade for it. + +Wellington, uneasy but impassive, was on horseback, and there remained +the whole day in the same attitude, a little in advance of the old mill +of Mont-Saint-Jean, which is still in existence, beneath an elm, which +an Englishman, an enthusiastic vandal, purchased later on for two +hundred francs, cut down, and carried off. Wellington was coldly +heroic. The bullets rained about him. His aide-de-camp, Gordon, fell at +his side. Lord Hill, pointing to a shell which had burst, said to him: +“My lord, what are your orders in case you are killed?” “To do like +me,” replied Wellington. To Clinton he said laconically, “To hold this +spot to the last man.” The day was evidently turning out ill. +Wellington shouted to his old companions of Talavera, of Vittoria, of +Salamanca: “Boys, can retreat be thought of? Think of old England!” + + +Towards four o’clock, the English line drew back. Suddenly nothing was +visible on the crest of the plateau except the artillery and the +sharpshooters; the rest had disappeared: the regiments, dislodged by +the shells and the French bullets, retreated into the bottom, now +intersected by the back road of the farm of Mont-Saint-Jean; a +retrograde movement took place, the English front hid itself, +Wellington drew back. “The beginning of retreat!” cried Napoleon. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—NAPOLEON IN A GOOD HUMOR + + +The Emperor, though ill and discommoded on horseback by a local +trouble, had never been in a better humor than on that day. His +impenetrability had been smiling ever since the morning. On the 18th of +June, that profound soul masked by marble beamed blindly. The man who +had been gloomy at Austerlitz was gay at Waterloo. The greatest +favorites of destiny make mistakes. Our joys are composed of shadow. +The supreme smile is God’s alone. + +_Ridet CĂŠsar, Pompeius flebit_, said the legionaries of the Fulminatrix +Legion. Pompey was not destined to weep on that occasion, but it is +certain that CĂŠsar laughed. While exploring on horseback at one o’clock +on the preceding night, in storm and rain, in company with Bertrand, +the communes in the neighborhood of Rossomme, satisfied at the sight of +the long line of the English camp-fires illuminating the whole horizon +from Frischemont to Braine-l’Alleud, it had seemed to him that fate, to +whom he had assigned a day on the field of Waterloo, was exact to the +appointment; he stopped his horse, and remained for some time +motionless, gazing at the lightning and listening to the thunder; and +this fatalist was heard to cast into the darkness this mysterious +saying, “We are in accord.” Napoleon was mistaken. They were no longer +in accord. + +He took not a moment for sleep; every instant of that night was marked +by a joy for him. He traversed the line of the principal outposts, +halting here and there to talk to the sentinels. At half-past two, near +the wood of Hougomont, he heard the tread of a column on the march; he +thought at the moment that it was a retreat on the part of Wellington. +He said: “It is the rear-guard of the English getting under way for the +purpose of decamping. I will take prisoners the six thousand English +who have just arrived at Ostend.” He conversed expansively; he regained +the animation which he had shown at his landing on the first of March, +when he pointed out to the Grand-Marshal the enthusiastic peasant of +the Gulf Juan, and cried, “Well, Bertrand, here is a reinforcement +already!” On the night of the 17th to the 18th of June he rallied +Wellington. “That little Englishman needs a lesson,” said Napoleon. The +rain redoubled in violence; the thunder rolled while the Emperor was +speaking. + +At half-past three o’clock in the morning, he lost one illusion; +officers who had been despatched to reconnoitre announced to him that +the enemy was not making any movement. Nothing was stirring; not a +bivouac-fire had been extinguished; the English army was asleep. The +silence on earth was profound; the only noise was in the heavens. At +four o’clock, a peasant was brought in to him by the scouts; this +peasant had served as guide to a brigade of English cavalry, probably +Vivian’s brigade, which was on its way to take up a position in the +village of Ohain, at the extreme left. At five o’clock, two Belgian +deserters reported to him that they had just quitted their regiment, +and that the English army was ready for battle. “So much the better!” +exclaimed Napoleon. “I prefer to overthrow them rather than to drive +them back.” + + +In the morning he dismounted in the mud on the slope which forms an +angle with the Plancenoit road, had a kitchen table and a peasant’s +chair brought to him from the farm of Rossomme, seated himself, with a +truss of straw for a carpet, and spread out on the table the chart of +the battle-field, saying to Soult as he did so, “A pretty +checker-board.” + + +In consequence of the rains during the night, the transports of +provisions, embedded in the soft roads, had not been able to arrive by +morning; the soldiers had had no sleep; they were wet and fasting. This +did not prevent Napoleon from exclaiming cheerfully to Ney, “We have +ninety chances out of a hundred.” At eight o’clock the Emperor’s +breakfast was brought to him. He invited many generals to it. During +breakfast, it was said that Wellington had been to a ball two nights +before, in Brussels, at the Duchess of Richmond’s; and Soult, a rough +man of war, with a face of an archbishop, said, “The ball takes place +to-day.” The Emperor jested with Ney, who said, “Wellington will not be +so simple as to wait for Your Majesty.” That was his way, however. “He +was fond of jesting,” says Fleury de Chaboulon. “A merry humor was at +the foundation of his character,” says Gourgaud. “He abounded in +pleasantries, which were more peculiar than witty,” says Benjamin +Constant. These gayeties of a giant are worthy of insistence. It was he +who called his grenadiers “his grumblers”; he pinched their ears; he +pulled their moustaches. “The Emperor did nothing but play pranks on +us,” is the remark of one of them. During the mysterious trip from the +island of Elba to France, on the 27th of February, on the open sea, the +French brig of war, _Le ZĂ©phyr_, having encountered the brig +_L’Inconstant_, on which Napoleon was concealed, and having asked the +news of Napoleon from _L’Inconstant_, the Emperor, who still wore in +his hat the white and amaranthine cockade sown with bees, which he had +adopted at the isle of Elba, laughingly seized the speaking-trumpet, +and answered for himself, “The Emperor is well.” A man who laughs like +that is on familiar terms with events. Napoleon indulged in many fits +of this laughter during the breakfast at Waterloo. After breakfast he +meditated for a quarter of an hour; then two generals seated themselves +on the truss of straw, pen in hand and their paper on their knees, and +the Emperor dictated to them the order of battle. + +At nine o’clock, at the instant when the French army, ranged in +echelons and set in motion in five columns, had deployed—the divisions +in two lines, the artillery between the brigades, the music at their +head; as they beat the march, with rolls on the drums and the blasts of +trumpets, mighty, vast, joyous, a sea of casques, of sabres, and of +bayonets on the horizon, the Emperor was touched, and twice exclaimed, +“Magnificent! Magnificent!” + + +Between nine o’clock and half-past ten the whole army, incredible as it +may appear, had taken up its position and ranged itself in six lines, +forming, to repeat the Emperor’s expression, “the figure of six V’s.” A +few moments after the formation of the battle-array, in the midst of +that profound silence, like that which heralds the beginning of a +storm, which precedes engagements, the Emperor tapped Haxo on the +shoulder, as he beheld the three batteries of twelve-pounders, detached +by his orders from the corps of Erlon, Reille, and Lobau, and destined +to begin the action by taking Mont-Saint-Jean, which was situated at +the intersection of the Nivelles and the Genappe roads, and said to +him, “There are four and twenty handsome maids, General.” + + +Sure of the issue, he encouraged with a smile, as they passed before +him, the company of sappers of the first corps, which he had appointed +to barricade Mont-Saint-Jean as soon as the village should be carried. +All this serenity had been traversed by but a single word of haughty +pity; perceiving on his left, at a spot where there now stands a large +tomb, those admirable Scotch Grays, with their superb horses, massing +themselves, he said, “It is a pity.” + + +Then he mounted his horse, advanced beyond Rossomme, and selected for +his post of observation a contracted elevation of turf to the right of +the road from Genappe to Brussels, which was his second station during +the battle. The third station, the one adopted at seven o’clock in the +evening, between La Belle-Alliance and La Haie-Sainte, is formidable; +it is a rather elevated knoll, which still exists, and behind which the +guard was massed on a slope of the plain. Around this knoll the balls +rebounded from the pavements of the road, up to Napoleon himself. As at +Brienne, he had over his head the shriek of the bullets and of the +heavy artillery. Mouldy cannon-balls, old sword-blades, and shapeless +projectiles, eaten up with rust, were picked up at the spot where his +horse’s feet stood. _Scabra rubigine_. A few years ago, a shell of +sixty pounds, still charged, and with its fuse broken off level with +the bomb, was unearthed. It was at this last post that the Emperor said +to his guide, Lacoste, a hostile and terrified peasant, who was +attached to the saddle of a hussar, and who turned round at every +discharge of canister and tried to hide behind Napoleon: “Fool, it is +shameful! You’ll get yourself killed with a ball in the back.” He who +writes these lines has himself found, in the friable soil of this +knoll, on turning over the sand, the remains of the neck of a bomb, +disintegrated, by the oxidization of six and forty years, and old +fragments of iron which parted like elder-twigs between the fingers. + +Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the +plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took +place, are no longer what they were on June 18, 1815. By taking from +this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real +relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds +her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying +it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, +exclaimed, “They have altered my field of battle!” Where the great +pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a +hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but +which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. +The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of +the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from +Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, +the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of +that plain is a sepulchre for France. Thanks to the thousands upon +thousands of cartloads of earth employed in the hillock one hundred and +fifty feet in height and half a mile in circumference, the plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean is now accessible by an easy slope. On the day of +battle, particularly on the side of La Haie-Sainte, it was abrupt and +difficult of approach. The slope there is so steep that the English +cannon could not see the farm, situated in the bottom of the valley, +which was the centre of the combat. On the 18th of June, 1815, the +rains had still farther increased this acclivity, the mud complicated +the problem of the ascent, and the men not only slipped back, but stuck +fast in the mire. Along the crest of the plateau ran a sort of trench +whose presence it was impossible for the distant observer to divine. + +What was this trench? Let us explain. Braine-l’Alleud is a Belgian +village; Ohain is another. These villages, both of them concealed in +curves of the landscape, are connected by a road about a league and a +half in length, which traverses the plain along its undulating level, +and often enters and buries itself in the hills like a furrow, which +makes a ravine of this road in some places. In 1815, as at the present +day, this road cut the crest of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean between +the two highways from Genappe and Nivelles; only, it is now on a level +with the plain; it was then a hollow way. Its two slopes have been +appropriated for the monumental hillock. This road was, and still is, a +trench throughout the greater portion of its course; a hollow trench, +sometimes a dozen feet in depth, and whose banks, being too steep, +crumbled away here and there, particularly in winter, under driving +rains. Accidents happened here. The road was so narrow at the +Braine-l’Alleud entrance that a passer-by was crushed by a cart, as is +proved by a stone cross which stands near the cemetery, and which gives +the name of the dead, _Monsieur Bernard Debrye, Merchant of Brussels_, +and the date of the accident, _February, 1637_.8 It was so deep on the +table-land of Mont-Saint-Jean that a peasant, Mathieu Nicaise, was +crushed there, in 1783, by a slide from the slope, as is stated on +another stone cross, the top of which has disappeared in the process of +clearing the ground, but whose overturned pedestal is still visible on +the grassy slope to the left of the highway between La Haie-Sainte and +the farm of Mont-Saint-Jean. + +On the day of battle, this hollow road whose existence was in no way +indicated, bordering the crest of Mont-Saint-Jean, a trench at the +summit of the escarpment, a rut concealed in the soil, was invisible; +that is to say, terrible. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE EMPEROR PUTS A QUESTION TO THE GUIDE LACOSTE + + +So, on the morning of Waterloo, Napoleon was content. + +He was right; the plan of battle conceived by him was, as we have seen, +really admirable. + +The battle once begun, its very various changes,—the resistance of +Hougomont; the tenacity of La Haie-Sainte; the killing of Bauduin; the +disabling of Foy; the unexpected wall against which Soye’s brigade was +shattered; Guilleminot’s fatal heedlessness when he had neither petard +nor powder sacks; the miring of the batteries; the fifteen unescorted +pieces overwhelmed in a hollow way by Uxbridge; the small effect of the +bombs falling in the English lines, and there embedding themselves in +the rain-soaked soil, and only succeeding in producing volcanoes of +mud, so that the canister was turned into a splash; the uselessness of +Piré’s demonstration on Braine-l’Alleud; all that cavalry, fifteen +squadrons, almost exterminated; the right wing of the English badly +alarmed, the left wing badly cut into; Ney’s strange mistake in +massing, instead of echelonning the four divisions of the first corps; +men delivered over to grape-shot, arranged in ranks twenty-seven deep +and with a frontage of two hundred; the frightful holes made in these +masses by the cannon-balls; attacking columns disorganized; the +side-battery suddenly unmasked on their flank; Bourgeois, Donzelot, and +Durutte compromised; Quiot repulsed; Lieutenant Vieux, that Hercules +graduated at the Polytechnic School, wounded at the moment when he was +beating in with an axe the door of La Haie-Sainte under the downright +fire of the English barricade which barred the angle of the road from +Genappe to Brussels; Marcognet’s division caught between the infantry +and the cavalry, shot down at the very muzzle of the guns amid the +grain by Best and Pack, put to the sword by Ponsonby; his battery of +seven pieces spiked; the Prince of Saxe-Weimar holding and guarding, in +spite of the Comte d’Erlon, both Frischemont and Smohain; the flag of +the 105th taken, the flag of the 45th captured; that black Prussian +hussar stopped by runners of the flying column of three hundred light +cavalry on the scout between Wavre and Plancenoit; the alarming things +that had been said by prisoners; Grouchy’s delay; fifteen hundred men +killed in the orchard of Hougomont in less than an hour; eighteen +hundred men overthrown in a still shorter time about La +Haie-Sainte,—all these stormy incidents passing like the clouds of +battle before Napoleon, had hardly troubled his gaze and had not +overshadowed that face of imperial certainty. Napoleon was accustomed +to gaze steadily at war; he never added up the heart-rending details, +cipher by cipher; ciphers mattered little to him, provided that they +furnished the total—victory; he was not alarmed if the beginnings did +go astray, since he thought himself the master and the possessor at the +end; he knew how to wait, supposing himself to be out of the question, +and he treated destiny as his equal: he seemed to say to fate, Thou +wilt not dare. + +Composed half of light and half of shadow, Napoleon thought himself +protected in good and tolerated in evil. He had, or thought that he +had, a connivance, one might almost say a complicity, of events in his +favor, which was equivalent to the invulnerability of antiquity. + +Nevertheless, when one has BĂ©rĂ©sina, Leipzig, and Fontainebleau behind +one, it seems as though one might distrust Waterloo. A mysterious frown +becomes perceptible in the depths of the heavens. + +At the moment when Wellington retreated, Napoleon shuddered. He +suddenly beheld the table-land of Mont-Saint-Jean cleared, and the van +of the English army disappear. It was rallying, but hiding itself. The +Emperor half rose in his stirrups. The lightning of victory flashed +from his eyes. + +Wellington, driven into a corner at the forest of Soignes and +destroyed—that was the definitive conquest of England by France; it was +CrĂ©cy, Poitiers, Malplaquet, and Ramillies avenged. The man of Marengo +was wiping out Agincourt. + +So the Emperor, meditating on this terrible turn of fortune, swept his +glass for the last time over all the points of the field of battle. His +guard, standing behind him with grounded arms, watched him from below +with a sort of religion. He pondered; he examined the slopes, noted the +declivities, scrutinized the clumps of trees, the square of rye, the +path; he seemed to be counting each bush. He gazed with some intentness +at the English barricades of the two highways,—two large abatis of +trees, that on the road to Genappe above La Haie-Sainte, armed with two +cannon, the only ones out of all the English artillery which commanded +the extremity of the field of battle, and that on the road to Nivelles +where gleamed the Dutch bayonets of Chassé’s brigade. Near this +barricade he observed the old chapel of Saint Nicholas, painted white, +which stands at the angle of the crossroad near Braine-l’Alleud; he +bent down and spoke in a low voice to the guide Lacoste. The guide made +a negative sign with his head, which was probably perfidious. + +The Emperor straightened himself up and fell to thinking. + +Wellington had drawn back. + +All that remained to do was to complete this retreat by crushing him. + +Napoleon turning round abruptly, despatched an express at full speed to +Paris to announce that the battle was won. + +Napoleon was one of those geniuses from whom thunder darts. + +He had just found his clap of thunder. + +He gave orders to Milhaud’s cuirassiers to carry the table-land of +Mont-Saint-Jean. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE UNEXPECTED + + +There were three thousand five hundred of them. They formed a front a +quarter of a league in extent. They were giant men, on colossal horses. +There were six and twenty squadrons of them; and they had behind them +to support them Lefebvre-Desnouettes’s division,—the one hundred and +six picked gendarmes, the light cavalry of the Guard, eleven hundred +and ninety-seven men, and the lancers of the guard of eight hundred and +eighty lances. They wore casques without horse-tails, and cuirasses of +beaten iron, with horse-pistols in their holsters, and long +sabre-swords. That morning the whole army had admired them, when, at +nine o’clock, with braying of trumpets and all the music playing “Let +us watch o’er the Safety of the Empire,” they had come in a solid +column, with one of their batteries on their flank, another in their +centre, and deployed in two ranks between the roads to Genappe and +Frischemont, and taken up their position for battle in that powerful +second line, so cleverly arranged by Napoleon, which, having on its +extreme left Kellermann’s cuirassiers and on its extreme right +Milhaud’s cuirassiers, had, so to speak, two wings of iron. + +Aide-de-camp Bernard carried them the Emperor’s orders. Ney drew his +sword and placed himself at their head. The enormous squadrons were set +in motion. + +Then a formidable spectacle was seen. + +All their cavalry, with upraised swords, standards and trumpets flung +to the breeze, formed in columns by divisions, descended, by a +simultaneous movement and like one man, with the precision of a brazen +battering-ram which is effecting a breach, the hill of La Belle +Alliance, plunged into the terrible depths in which so many men had +already fallen, disappeared there in the smoke, then emerging from that +shadow, reappeared on the other side of the valley, still compact and +in close ranks, mounting at a full trot, through a storm of grape-shot +which burst upon them, the terrible muddy slope of the table-land of +Mont-Saint-Jean. They ascended, grave, threatening, imperturbable; in +the intervals between the musketry and the artillery, their colossal +trampling was audible. Being two divisions, there were two columns of +them; Wathier’s division held the right, Delort’s division was on the +left. It seemed as though two immense adders of steel were to be seen +crawling towards the crest of the table-land. It traversed the battle +like a prodigy. + +Nothing like it had been seen since the taking of the great redoubt of +the Muskowa by the heavy cavalry; Murat was lacking here, but Ney was +again present. It seemed as though that mass had become a monster and +had but one soul. Each column undulated and swelled like the ring of a +polyp. They could be seen through a vast cloud of smoke which was rent +here and there. A confusion of helmets, of cries, of sabres, a stormy +heaving of the cruppers of horses amid the cannons and the flourish of +trumpets, a terrible and disciplined tumult; over all, the cuirasses +like the scales on the hydra. + +These narrations seemed to belong to another age. Something parallel to +this vision appeared, no doubt, in the ancient Orphic epics, which told +of the centaurs, the old hippanthropes, those Titans with human heads +and equestrian chests who scaled Olympus at a gallop, horrible, +invulnerable, sublime—gods and beasts. + +Odd numerical coincidence,—twenty-six battalions rode to meet +twenty-six battalions. Behind the crest of the plateau, in the shadow +of the masked battery, the English infantry, formed into thirteen +squares, two battalions to the square, in two lines, with seven in the +first line, six in the second, the stocks of their guns to their +shoulders, taking aim at that which was on the point of appearing, +waited, calm, mute, motionless. They did not see the cuirassiers, and +the cuirassiers did not see them. They listened to the rise of this +flood of men. They heard the swelling noise of three thousand horse, +the alternate and symmetrical tramp of their hoofs at full trot, the +jingling of the cuirasses, the clang of the sabres and a sort of grand +and savage breathing. There ensued a most terrible silence; then, all +at once, a long file of uplifted arms, brandishing sabres, appeared +above the crest, and casques, trumpets, and standards, and three +thousand heads with gray moustaches, shouting, “Vive l’Empereur!” All +this cavalry debouched on the plateau, and it was like the appearance +of an earthquake. + +All at once, a tragic incident; on the English left, on our right, the +head of the column of cuirassiers reared up with a frightful clamor. On +arriving at the culminating point of the crest, ungovernable, utterly +given over to fury and their course of extermination of the squares and +cannon, the cuirassiers had just caught sight of a trench,—a trench +between them and the English. It was the hollow road of Ohain. + +It was a terrible moment. The ravine was there, unexpected, yawning, +directly under the horses’ feet, two fathoms deep between its double +slopes; the second file pushed the first into it, and the third pushed +on the second; the horses reared and fell backward, landed on their +haunches, slid down, all four feet in the air, crushing and +overwhelming the riders; and there being no means of retreat,—the whole +column being no longer anything more than a projectile,—the force which +had been acquired to crush the English crushed the French; the +inexorable ravine could only yield when filled; horses and riders +rolled there pell-mell, grinding each other, forming but one mass of +flesh in this gulf: when this trench was full of living men, the rest +marched over them and passed on. Almost a third of Dubois’s brigade +fell into that abyss. + +This began the loss of the battle. + +A local tradition, which evidently exaggerates matters, says that two +thousand horses and fifteen hundred men were buried in the hollow road +of Ohain. This figure probably comprises all the other corpses which +were flung into this ravine the day after the combat. + +Let us note in passing that it was Dubois’s sorely tried brigade which, +an hour previously, making a charge to one side, had captured the flag +of the Lunenburg battalion. + +Napoleon, before giving the order for this charge of Milhaud’s +cuirassiers, had scrutinized the ground, but had not been able to see +that hollow road, which did not even form a wrinkle on the surface of +the plateau. Warned, nevertheless, and put on the alert by the little +white chapel which marks its angle of junction with the Nivelles +highway, he had probably put a question as to the possibility of an +obstacle, to the guide Lacoste. The guide had answered No. We might +almost affirm that Napoleon’s catastrophe originated in that sign of a +peasant’s head. + +Other fatalities were destined to arise. + +Was it possible that Napoleon should have won that battle? We answer +No. Why? Because of Wellington? Because of BlĂŒcher? No. Because of God. + +Bonaparte victor at Waterloo; that does not come within the law of the +nineteenth century. Another series of facts was in preparation, in +which there was no longer any room for Napoleon. The ill will of events +had declared itself long before. + +It was time that this vast man should fall. + +The excessive weight of this man in human destiny disturbed the +balance. This individual alone counted for more than a universal group. +These plethoras of all human vitality concentrated in a single head; +the world mounting to the brain of one man,—this would be mortal to +civilization were it to last. The moment had arrived for the +incorruptible and supreme equity to alter its plan. Probably the +principles and the elements, on which the regular gravitations of the +moral, as of the material, world depend, had complained. Smoking blood, +over-filled cemeteries, mothers in tears,—these are formidable +pleaders. When the earth is suffering from too heavy a burden, there +are mysterious groanings of the shades, to which the abyss lends an +ear. + +Napoleon had been denounced in the infinite and his fall had been +decided on. + +He embarrassed God. + +Waterloo is not a battle; it is a change of front on the part of the +Universe. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE PLATEAU OF MONT-SAINT-JEAN + + +The battery was unmasked at the same moment with the ravine. + +Sixty cannons and the thirteen squares darted lightning point-blank on +the cuirassiers. The intrepid General Delort made the military salute +to the English battery. + +The whole of the flying artillery of the English had re-entered the +squares at a gallop. The cuirassiers had not had even the time for a +halt. The disaster of the hollow road had decimated, but not +discouraged them. They belonged to that class of men who, when +diminished in number, increase in courage. + +Wathier’s column alone had suffered in the disaster; Delort’s column, +which Ney had deflected to the left, as though he had a presentiment of +an ambush, had arrived whole. + +The cuirassiers hurled themselves on the English squares. + +At full speed, with bridles loose, swords in their teeth, pistols in +fist,—such was the attack. + +There are moments in battles in which the soul hardens the man until +the soldier is changed into a statue, and when all this flesh turns +into granite. The English battalions, desperately assaulted, did not +stir. + +Then it was terrible. + +All the faces of the English squares were attacked at once. A frenzied +whirl enveloped them. That cold infantry remained impassive. The first +rank knelt and received the cuirassiers on their bayonets, the second +ranks shot them down; behind the second rank the cannoneers charged +their guns, the front of the square parted, permitted the passage of an +eruption of grape-shot, and closed again. The cuirassiers replied by +crushing them. Their great horses reared, strode across the ranks, +leaped over the bayonets and fell, gigantic, in the midst of these four +living wells. The cannon-balls ploughed furrows in these cuirassiers; +the cuirassiers made breaches in the squares. Files of men disappeared, +ground to dust under the horses. The bayonets plunged into the bellies +of these centaurs; hence a hideousness of wounds which has probably +never been seen anywhere else. The squares, wasted by this mad cavalry, +closed up their ranks without flinching. Inexhaustible in the matter of +grape-shot, they created explosions in their assailants’ midst. The +form of this combat was monstrous. These squares were no longer +battalions, they were craters; those cuirassiers were no longer +cavalry, they were a tempest. Each square was a volcano attacked by a +cloud; lava contended with lightning. + +The square on the extreme right, the most exposed of all, being in the +air, was almost annihilated at the very first shock. lt was formed of +the 75th regiment of Highlanders. The bagpipe-player in the centre +dropped his melancholy eyes, filled with the reflections of the forests +and the lakes, in profound inattention, while men were being +exterminated around him, and seated on a drum, with his pibroch under +his arm, played the Highland airs. These Scotchmen died thinking of Ben +Lothian, as did the Greeks recalling Argos. The sword of a cuirassier, +which hewed down the bagpipes and the arm which bore it, put an end to +the song by killing the singer. + +The cuirassiers, relatively few in number, and still further diminished +by the catastrophe of the ravine, had almost the whole English army +against them, but they multiplied themselves so that each man of them +was equal to ten. Nevertheless, some Hanoverian battalions yielded. +Wellington perceived it, and thought of his cavalry. Had Napoleon at +that same moment thought of his infantry, he would have won the battle. +This forgetfulness was his great and fatal mistake. + +All at once, the cuirassiers, who had been the assailants, found +themselves assailed. The English cavalry was at their back. Before them +two squares, behind them Somerset; Somerset meant fourteen hundred +dragoons of the guard. On the right, Somerset had Dornberg with the +German light-horse, and on his left, Trip with the Belgian carabineers; +the cuirassiers attacked on the flank and in front, before and in the +rear, by infantry and cavalry, had to face all sides. What mattered it +to them? They were a whirlwind. Their valor was something +indescribable. + +In addition to this, they had behind them the battery, which was still +thundering. It was necessary that it should be so, or they could never +have been wounded in the back. One of their cuirasses, pierced on the +shoulder by a ball from a biscayan,9 is in the collection of the +Waterloo Museum. + +For such Frenchmen nothing less than such Englishmen was needed. It was +no longer a hand-to-hand conflict; it was a shadow, a fury, a dizzy +transport of souls and courage, a hurricane of lightning swords. In an +instant the fourteen hundred dragoon guards numbered only eight +hundred. Fuller, their lieutenant-colonel, fell dead. Ney rushed up +with the lancers and Lefebvre-Desnouettes’s light-horse. The plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean was captured, recaptured, captured again. The +cuirassiers quitted the cavalry to return to the infantry; or, to put +it more exactly, the whole of that formidable rout collared each other +without releasing the other. The squares still held firm. + +There were a dozen assaults. Ney had four horses killed under him. Half +the cuirassiers remained on the plateau. This conflict lasted two +hours. + +The English army was profoundly shaken. There is no doubt that, had +they not been enfeebled in their first shock by the disaster of the +hollow road the cuirassiers would have overwhelmed the centre and +decided the victory. This extraordinary cavalry petrified Clinton, who +had seen Talavera and Badajoz. Wellington, three-quarters vanquished, +admired heroically. He said in an undertone, “Sublime!” + + +The cuirassiers annihilated seven squares out of thirteen, took or +spiked sixty pieces of ordnance, and captured from the English +regiments six flags, which three cuirassiers and three chasseurs of the +Guard bore to the Emperor, in front of the farm of La Belle Alliance. + +Wellington’s situation had grown worse. This strange battle was like a +duel between two raging, wounded men, each of whom, still fighting and +still resisting, is expending all his blood. + +Which of the two will be the first to fall? + +The conflict on the plateau continued. + +What had become of the cuirassiers? No one could have told. One thing +is certain, that on the day after the battle, a cuirassier and his +horse were found dead among the woodwork of the scales for vehicles at +Mont-Saint-Jean, at the very point where the four roads from Nivelles, +Genappe, La Hulpe, and Brussels meet and intersect each other. This +horseman had pierced the English lines. One of the men who picked up +the body still lives at Mont-Saint-Jean. His name is Dehaze. He was +eighteen years old at that time. + +Wellington felt that he was yielding. The crisis was at hand. + +The cuirassiers had not succeeded, since the centre was not broken +through. As every one was in possession of the plateau, no one held it, +and in fact it remained, to a great extent, with the English. +Wellington held the village and the culminating plain; Ney had only the +crest and the slope. They seemed rooted in that fatal soil on both +sides. + +But the weakening of the English seemed irremediable. The bleeding of +that army was horrible. Kempt, on the left wing, demanded +reinforcements. “There are none,” replied Wellington; “he must let +himself be killed!” Almost at that same moment, a singular coincidence +which paints the exhaustion of the two armies, Ney demanded infantry +from Napoleon, and Napoleon exclaimed, “Infantry! Where does he expect +me to get it? Does he think I can make it?” + + +Nevertheless, the English army was in the worse case of the two. The +furious onsets of those great squadrons with cuirasses of iron and +breasts of steel had ground the infantry to nothing. A few men +clustered round a flag marked the post of a regiment; such and such a +battalion was commanded only by a captain or a lieutenant; Alten’s +division, already so roughly handled at La Haie-Sainte, was almost +destroyed; the intrepid Belgians of Van Kluze’s brigade strewed the +rye-fields all along the Nivelles road; hardly anything was left of +those Dutch grenadiers, who, intermingled with Spaniards in our ranks +in 1811, fought against Wellington; and who, in 1815, rallied to the +English standard, fought against Napoleon. The loss in officers was +considerable. Lord Uxbridge, who had his leg buried on the following +day, had his knee shattered. If, on the French side, in that tussle of +the cuirassiers, Delort, l’HĂ©ritier, Colbert, Dnop, Travers, and +Blancard were disabled, on the side of the English there was Alten +wounded, Barne wounded, Delancey killed, Van Meeren killed, Ompteda +killed, the whole of Wellington’s staff decimated, and England had the +worse of it in that bloody scale. The second regiment of foot-guards +had lost five lieutenant-colonels, four captains, and three ensigns; +the first battalion of the 30th infantry had lost 24 officers and 1,200 +soldiers; the 79th Highlanders had lost 24 officers wounded, 18 +officers killed, 450 soldiers killed. The Hanoverian hussars of +Cumberland, a whole regiment, with Colonel Hacke at its head, who was +destined to be tried later on and cashiered, had turned bridle in the +presence of the fray, and had fled to the forest of Soignes, sowing +defeat all the way to Brussels. The transports, ammunition-wagons, the +baggage-wagons, the wagons filled with wounded, on perceiving that the +French were gaining ground and approaching the forest, rushed headlong +thither. The Dutch, mowed down by the French cavalry, cried, “Alarm!” +From Vert-Coucou to Groenendael, for a distance of nearly two leagues +in the direction of Brussels, according to the testimony of +eye-witnesses who are still alive, the roads were encumbered with +fugitives. This panic was such that it attacked the Prince de CondĂ© at +Mechlin, and Louis XVIII. at Ghent. With the exception of the feeble +reserve echelonned behind the ambulance established at the farm of +Mont-Saint-Jean, and of Vivian’s and Vandeleur’s brigades, which +flanked the left wing, Wellington had no cavalry left. A number of +batteries lay unhorsed. These facts are attested by Siborne; and +Pringle, exaggerating the disaster, goes so far as to say that the +Anglo-Dutch army was reduced to thirty-four thousand men. The Iron Duke +remained calm, but his lips blanched. Vincent, the Austrian +commissioner, Alava, the Spanish commissioner, who were present at the +battle in the English staff, thought the Duke lost. At five o’clock +Wellington drew out his watch, and he was heard to murmur these +sinister words, “BlĂŒcher, or night!” + + +It was at about that moment that a distant line of bayonets gleamed on +the heights in the direction of Frischemont. + +Here comes the change of face in this giant drama. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—A BAD GUIDE TO NAPOLEON; A GOOD GUIDE TO BÜLOW + + +The painful surprise of Napoleon is well known. Grouchy hoped for, +BlĂŒcher arriving. Death instead of life. + +Fate has these turns; the throne of the world was expected; it was +Saint Helena that was seen. + +If the little shepherd who served as guide to BĂŒlow, BlĂŒcher’s +lieutenant, had advised him to debouch from the forest above +Frischemont, instead of below Plancenoit, the form of the nineteenth +century might, perhaps, have been different. Napoleon would have won +the battle of Waterloo. By any other route than that below Plancenoit, +the Prussian army would have come out upon a ravine impassable for +artillery, and BĂŒlow would not have arrived. + +Now the Prussian general, Muffling, declares that one hour’s delay, and +BlĂŒcher would not have found Wellington on his feet. “The battle was +lost.” + + +It was time that BĂŒlow should arrive, as will be seen. He had, +moreover, been very much delayed. He had bivouacked at Dion-le-Mont, +and had set out at daybreak; but the roads were impassable, and his +divisions stuck fast in the mire. The ruts were up to the hubs of the +cannons. Moreover, he had been obliged to pass the Dyle on the narrow +bridge of Wavre; the street leading to the bridge had been fired by the +French, so the caissons and ammunition-wagons could not pass between +two rows of burning houses, and had been obliged to wait until the +conflagration was extinguished. It was midday before BĂŒlow’s vanguard +had been able to reach Chapelle-Saint-Lambert. + +Had the action been begun two hours earlier, it would have been over at +four o’clock, and BlĂŒcher would have fallen on the battle won by +Napoleon. Such are these immense risks proportioned to an infinite +which we cannot comprehend. + +The Emperor had been the first, as early as midday, to descry with his +field-glass, on the extreme horizon, something which had attracted his +attention. He had said, “I see yonder a cloud, which seems to me to be +troops.” Then he asked the Duc de Dalmatie, “Soult, what do you see in +the direction of Chapelle-Saint-Lambert?” The marshal, levelling his +glass, answered, “Four or five thousand men, Sire; evidently Grouchy.” +But it remained motionless in the mist. All the glasses of the staff +had studied “the cloud” pointed out by the Emperor. Some said: “It is +trees.” The truth is, that the cloud did not move. The Emperor detached +Domon’s division of light cavalry to reconnoitre in that quarter. + +BĂŒlow had not moved, in fact. His vanguard was very feeble, and could +accomplish nothing. He was obliged to wait for the body of the army +corps, and he had received orders to concentrate his forces before +entering into line; but at five o’clock, perceiving Wellington’s peril, +BlĂŒcher ordered BĂŒlow to attack, and uttered these remarkable words: +“We must give air to the English army.” + + +A little later, the divisions of Losthin, Hiller, Hacke, and Ryssel +deployed before Lobau’s corps, the cavalry of Prince William of Prussia +debouched from the forest of Paris, Plancenoit was in flames, and the +Prussian cannon-balls began to rain even upon the ranks of the guard in +reserve behind Napoleon. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE GUARD + + +Every one knows the rest,—the irruption of a third army; the battle +broken to pieces; eighty-six mouths of fire thundering simultaneously; +Pirch the first coming up with BĂŒlow; Zieten’s cavalry led by BlĂŒcher +in person, the French driven back; Marcognet swept from the plateau of +Ohain; Durutte dislodged from Papelotte; Donzelot and Quiot retreating; +Lobau caught on the flank; a fresh battle precipitating itself on our +dismantled regiments at nightfall; the whole English line resuming the +offensive and thrust forward; the gigantic breach made in the French +army; the English grape-shot and the Prussian grape-shot aiding each +other; the extermination; disaster in front; disaster on the flank; the +Guard entering the line in the midst of this terrible crumbling of all +things. + +Conscious that they were about to die, they shouted, “Vive l’Empereur!” +History records nothing more touching than that agony bursting forth in +acclamations. + +The sky had been overcast all day long. All of a sudden, at that very +moment,—it was eight o’clock in the evening—the clouds on the horizon +parted, and allowed the grand and sinister glow of the setting sun to +pass through, athwart the elms on the Nivelles road. They had seen it +rise at Austerlitz. + +Each battalion of the Guard was commanded by a general for this final +catastrophe. Friant, Michel, Roguet, Harlet, Mallet, Poret de Morvan, +were there. When the tall caps of the grenadiers of the Guard, with +their large plaques bearing the eagle appeared, symmetrical, in line, +tranquil, in the midst of that combat, the enemy felt a respect for +France; they thought they beheld twenty victories entering the field of +battle, with wings outspread, and those who were the conquerors, +believing themselves to be vanquished, retreated; but Wellington +shouted, “Up, Guards, and aim straight!” The red regiment of English +guards, lying flat behind the hedges, sprang up, a cloud of grape-shot +riddled the tricolored flag and whistled round our eagles; all hurled +themselves forwards, and the final carnage began. In the darkness, the +Imperial Guard felt the army losing ground around it, and in the vast +shock of the rout it heard the desperate flight which had taken the +place of the “Vive l’Empereur!” and, with flight behind it, it +continued to advance, more crushed, losing more men at every step that +it took. There were none who hesitated, no timid men in its ranks. The +soldier in that troop was as much of a hero as the general. Not a man +was missing in that suicide. + +Ney, bewildered, great with all the grandeur of accepted death, offered +himself to all blows in that tempest. He had his fifth horse killed +under him there. Perspiring, his eyes aflame, foaming at the mouth, +with uniform unbuttoned, one of his epaulets half cut off by a +sword-stroke from a horseguard, his plaque with the great eagle dented +by a bullet; bleeding, bemired, magnificent, a broken sword in his +hand, he said, “Come and see how a Marshal of France dies on the field +of battle!” But in vain; he did not die. He was haggard and angry. At +Drouet d’Erlon he hurled this question, “Are you not going to get +yourself killed?” In the midst of all that artillery engaged in +crushing a handful of men, he shouted: “So there is nothing for me! Oh! +I should like to have all these English bullets enter my bowels!” +Unhappy man, thou wert reserved for French bullets! + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—THE CATASTROPHE + + +The rout behind the Guard was melancholy. + +The army yielded suddenly on all sides at once,—Hougomont, La +Haie-Sainte, Papelotte, Plancenoit. The cry “Treachery!” was followed +by a cry of “Save yourselves who can!” An army which is disbanding is +like a thaw. All yields, splits, cracks, floats, rolls, falls, jostles, +hastens, is precipitated. The disintegration is unprecedented. Ney +borrows a horse, leaps upon it, and without hat, cravat, or sword, +places himself across the Brussels road, stopping both English and +French. He strives to detain the army, he recalls it to its duty, he +insults it, he clings to the rout. He is overwhelmed. The soldiers fly +from him, shouting, “Long live Marshal Ney!” Two of Durutte’s regiments +go and come in affright as though tossed back and forth between the +swords of the Uhlans and the fusillade of the brigades of Kempt, Best, +Pack, and Rylandt; the worst of hand-to-hand conflicts is the defeat; +friends kill each other in order to escape; squadrons and battalions +break and disperse against each other, like the tremendous foam of +battle. Lobau at one extremity, and Reille at the other, are drawn into +the tide. In vain does Napoleon erect walls from what is left to him of +his Guard; in vain does he expend in a last effort his last serviceable +squadrons. Quiot retreats before Vivian, Kellermann before Vandeleur, +Lobau before BĂŒlow, Morand before Pirch, Domon and Subervic before +Prince William of Prussia; Guyot, who led the Emperor’s squadrons to +the charge, falls beneath the feet of the English dragoons. Napoleon +gallops past the line of fugitives, harangues, urges, threatens, +entreats them. All the mouths which in the morning had shouted, “Long +live the Emperor!” remain gaping; they hardly recognize him. The +Prussian cavalry, newly arrived, dashes forwards, flies, hews, slashes, +kills, exterminates. Horses lash out, the cannons flee; the soldiers of +the artillery-train unharness the caissons and use the horses to make +their escape; transports overturned, with all four wheels in the air, +clog the road and occasion massacres. Men are crushed, trampled down, +others walk over the dead and the living. Arms are lost. A dizzy +multitude fills the roads, the paths, the bridges, the plains, the +hills, the valleys, the woods, encumbered by this invasion of forty +thousand men. Shouts despair, knapsacks and guns flung among the rye, +passages forced at the point of the sword, no more comrades, no more +officers, no more generals, an inexpressible terror. Zieten putting +France to the sword at its leisure. Lions converted into goats. Such +was the flight. + +At Genappe, an effort was made to wheel about, to present a battle +front, to draw up in line. Lobau rallied three hundred men. The +entrance to the village was barricaded, but at the first volley of +Prussian canister, all took to flight again, and Lobau was taken. That +volley of grape-shot can be seen to-day imprinted on the ancient gable +of a brick building on the right of the road at a few minutes’ distance +before you enter Genappe. The Prussians threw themselves into Genappe, +furious, no doubt, that they were not more entirely the conquerors. The +pursuit was stupendous. BlĂŒcher ordered extermination. Roguet had set +the lugubrious example of threatening with death any French grenadier +who should bring him a Prussian prisoner. BlĂŒcher outdid Roguet. +Duhesme, the general of the Young Guard, hemmed in at the doorway of an +inn at Genappe, surrendered his sword to a huzzar of death, who took +the sword and slew the prisoner. The victory was completed by the +assassination of the vanquished. Let us inflict punishment, since we +are history: old BlĂŒcher disgraced himself. This ferocity put the +finishing touch to the disaster. The desperate route traversed Genappe, +traversed Quatre-Bras, traversed Gosselies, traversed Frasnes, +traversed Charleroi, traversed Thuin, and only halted at the frontier. +Alas! and who, then, was fleeing in that manner? The Grand Army. + +This vertigo, this terror, this downfall into ruin of the loftiest +bravery which ever astounded history,—is that causeless? No. The shadow +of an enormous right is projected athwart Waterloo. It is the day of +destiny. The force which is mightier than man produced that day. Hence +the terrified wrinkle of those brows; hence all those great souls +surrendering their swords. Those who had conquered Europe have fallen +prone on the earth, with nothing left to say nor to do, feeling the +present shadow of a terrible presence. _Hoc erat in fatis_. That day +the perspective of the human race underwent a change. Waterloo is the +hinge of the nineteenth century. The disappearance of the great man was +necessary to the advent of the great century. Some one, a person to +whom one replies not, took the responsibility on himself. The panic of +heroes can be explained. In the battle of Waterloo there is something +more than a cloud, there is something of the meteor. God has passed by. + +At nightfall, in a meadow near Genappe, Bernard and Bertrand seized by +the skirt of his coat and detained a man, haggard, pensive, sinister, +gloomy, who, dragged to that point by the current of the rout, had just +dismounted, had passed the bridle of his horse over his arm, and with +wild eye was returning alone to Waterloo. It was Napoleon, the immense +somnambulist of this dream which had crumbled, essaying once more to +advance. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—THE LAST SQUARE + + +Several squares of the Guard, motionless amid this stream of the +defeat, as rocks in running water, held their own until night. Night +came, death also; they awaited that double shadow, and, invincible, +allowed themselves to be enveloped therein. Each regiment, isolated +from the rest, and having no bond with the army, now shattered in every +part, died alone. They had taken up position for this final action, +some on the heights of Rossomme, others on the plain of +Mont-Saint-Jean. There, abandoned, vanquished, terrible, those gloomy +squares endured their death-throes in formidable fashion. Ulm, Wagram, +Jena, Friedland, died with them. + +At twilight, towards nine o’clock in the evening, one of them was left +at the foot of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean. In that fatal valley, at +the foot of that declivity which the cuirassiers had ascended, now +inundated by the masses of the English, under the converging fires of +the victorious hostile cavalry, under a frightful density of +projectiles, this square fought on. It was commanded by an obscure +officer named Cambronne. At each discharge, the square diminished and +replied. It replied to the grape-shot with a fusillade, continually +contracting its four walls. The fugitives pausing breathless for a +moment in the distance, listened in the darkness to that gloomy and +ever-decreasing thunder. + +When this legion had been reduced to a handful, when nothing was left +of their flag but a rag, when their guns, the bullets all gone, were no +longer anything but clubs, when the heap of corpses was larger than the +group of survivors, there reigned among the conquerors, around those +men dying so sublimely, a sort of sacred terror, and the English +artillery, taking breath, became silent. This furnished a sort of +respite. These combatants had around them something in the nature of a +swarm of spectres, silhouettes of men on horseback, the black profiles +of cannon, the white sky viewed through wheels and gun-carriages, the +colossal death’s-head, which the heroes saw constantly through the +smoke, in the depths of the battle, advanced upon them and gazed at +them. Through the shades of twilight they could hear the pieces being +loaded; the matches all lighted, like the eyes of tigers at night, +formed a circle round their heads; all the lintstocks of the English +batteries approached the cannons, and then, with emotion, holding the +supreme moment suspended above these men, an English general, Colville +according to some, Maitland according to others, shouted to them, +“Surrender, brave Frenchmen!” Cambronne replied, “——.” + + +{EDITOR’S COMMENTARY: Another edition of this book has the word +“Merde!” in lieu of the —— above.} + + + + +CHAPTER XV—CAMBRONNE + + +If any French reader object to having his susceptibilities offended, +one would have to refrain from repeating in his presence what is +perhaps the finest reply that a Frenchman ever made. This would enjoin +us from consigning something sublime to History. + +At our own risk and peril, let us violate this injunction. + +Now, then, among those giants there was one Titan,—Cambronne. + +To make that reply and then perish, what could be grander? For being +willing to die is the same as to die; and it was not this man’s fault +if he survived after he was shot. + +The winner of the battle of Waterloo was not Napoleon, who was put to +flight; nor Wellington, giving way at four o’clock, in despair at five; +nor BlĂŒcher, who took no part in the engagement. The winner of Waterloo +was Cambronne. + +To thunder forth such a reply at the lightning-flash that kills you is +to conquer! + +Thus to answer the Catastrophe, thus to speak to Fate, to give this +pedestal to the future lion, to hurl such a challenge to the midnight +rainstorm, to the treacherous wall of Hougomont, to the sunken road of +Ohain, to Grouchy’s delay, to BlĂŒcher’s arrival, to be Irony itself in +the tomb, to act so as to stand upright though fallen, to drown in two +syllables the European coalition, to offer kings privies which the +CĂŠsars once knew, to make the lowest of words the most lofty by +entwining with it the glory of France, insolently to end Waterloo with +Mardigras, to finish Leonidas with Rabellais, to set the crown on this +victory by a word impossible to speak, to lose the field and preserve +history, to have the laugh on your side after such a carnage,—this is +immense! + +It was an insult such as a thunder-cloud might hurl! It reaches the +grandeur of Æschylus! + +Cambronne’s reply produces the effect of a violent break. ’Tis like the +breaking of a heart under a weight of scorn. ’Tis the overflow of agony +bursting forth. Who conquered? Wellington? No! Had it not been for +BlĂŒcher, he was lost. Was it BlĂŒcher? No! If Wellington had not begun, +BlĂŒcher could not have finished. This Cambronne, this man spending his +last hour, this unknown soldier, this infinitesimal of war, realizes +that here is a falsehood, a falsehood in a catastrophe, and so doubly +agonizing; and at the moment when his rage is bursting forth because of +it, he is offered this mockery,—life! How could he restrain himself? +Yonder are all the kings of Europe, the general’s flushed with victory, +the Jupiter’s darting thunderbolts; they have a hundred thousand +victorious soldiers, and back of the hundred thousand a million; their +cannon stand with yawning mouths, the match is lighted; they grind down +under their heels the Imperial guards, and the grand army; they have +just crushed Napoleon, and only Cambronne remains,—only this earthworm +is left to protest. He will protest. Then he seeks for the appropriate +word as one seeks for a sword. His mouth froths, and the froth is the +word. In face of this mean and mighty victory, in face of this victory +which counts none victorious, this desperate soldier stands erect. He +grants its overwhelming immensity, but he establishes its triviality; +and he does more than spit upon it. Borne down by numbers, by superior +force, by brute matter, he finds in his soul an expression: +_“ExcrĂ©ment!”_ We repeat it,—to use that word, to do thus, to invent +such an expression, is to be the conqueror! + +The spirit of mighty days at that portentous moment made its descent on +that unknown man. Cambronne invents the word for Waterloo as Rouget +invents the “Marseillaise,” under the visitation of a breath from on +high. An emanation from the divine whirlwind leaps forth and comes +sweeping over these men, and they shake, and one of them sings the song +supreme, and the other utters the frightful cry. + +This challenge of titanic scorn Cambronne hurls not only at Europe in +the name of the Empire,—that would be a trifle: he hurls it at the past +in the name of the Revolution. It is heard, and Cambronne is recognized +as possessed by the ancient spirit of the Titans. Danton seems to be +speaking! KlĂ©ber seems to be bellowing! + +At that word from Cambronne, the English voice responded, “Fire!” The +batteries flamed, the hill trembled, from all those brazen mouths +belched a last terrible gush of grape-shot; a vast volume of smoke, +vaguely white in the light of the rising moon, rolled out, and when the +smoke dispersed, there was no longer anything there. That formidable +remnant had been annihilated; the Guard was dead. The four walls of the +living redoubt lay prone, and hardly was there discernible, here and +there, even a quiver in the bodies; it was thus that the French +legions, greater than the Roman legions, expired on Mont-Saint-Jean, on +the soil watered with rain and blood, amid the gloomy grain, on the +spot where nowadays Joseph, who drives the post-wagon from Nivelles, +passes whistling, and cheerfully whipping up his horse at four o’clock +in the morning. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—QUOT LIBRAS IN DUCE? + + +The battle of Waterloo is an enigma. It is as obscure to those who won +it as to those who lost it. For Napoleon it was a panic;10 BlĂŒcher sees +nothing in it but fire; Wellington understands nothing in regard to it. +Look at the reports. The bulletins are confused, the commentaries +involved. Some stammer, others lisp. Jomini divides the battle of +Waterloo into four moments; Muffling cuts it up into three changes; +Charras alone, though we hold another judgment than his on some points, +seized with his haughty glance the characteristic outlines of that +catastrophe of human genius in conflict with divine chance. All the +other historians suffer from being somewhat dazzled, and in this +dazzled state they fumble about. It was a day of lightning brilliancy; +in fact, a crumbling of the military monarchy which, to the vast +stupefaction of kings, drew all the kingdoms after it—the fall of +force, the defeat of war. + +In this event, stamped with superhuman necessity, the part played by +men amounts to nothing. + +If we take Waterloo from Wellington and BlĂŒcher, do we thereby deprive +England and Germany of anything? No. Neither that illustrious England +nor that august Germany enter into the problem of Waterloo. Thank +Heaven, nations are great, independently of the lugubrious feats of the +sword. Neither England, nor Germany, nor France is contained in a +scabbard. At this epoch when Waterloo is only a clashing of swords, +above BlĂŒcher, Germany has Schiller; above Wellington, England has +Byron. A vast dawn of ideas is the peculiarity of our century, and in +that aurora England and Germany have a magnificent radiance. They are +majestic because they think. The elevation of level which they +contribute to civilization is intrinsic with them; it proceeds from +themselves and not from an accident. The aggrandizement which they have +brought to the nineteenth century has not Waterloo as its source. It is +only barbarous peoples who undergo rapid growth after a victory. That +is the temporary vanity of torrents swelled by a storm. Civilized +people, especially in our day, are neither elevated nor abased by the +good or bad fortune of a captain. Their specific gravity in the human +species results from something more than a combat. Their honor, thank +God! their dignity, their intelligence, their genius, are not numbers +which those gamblers, heroes and conquerors, can put in the lottery of +battles. Often a battle is lost and progress is conquered. There is +less glory and more liberty. The drum holds its peace; reason takes the +word. It is a game in which he who loses wins. Let us, therefore, speak +of Waterloo coldly from both sides. Let us render to chance that which +is due to chance, and to God that which is due to God. What is +Waterloo? A victory? No. The winning number in the lottery. + +The quine 11 won by Europe, paid by France. + +It was not worthwhile to place a lion there. + +Waterloo, moreover, is the strangest encounter in history. Napoleon and +Wellington. They are not enemies; they are opposites. Never did God, +who is fond of antitheses, make a more striking contrast, a more +extraordinary comparison. On one side, precision, foresight, geometry, +prudence, an assured retreat, reserves spared, with an obstinate +coolness, an imperturbable method, strategy, which takes advantage of +the ground, tactics, which preserve the equilibrium of battalions, +carnage, executed according to rule, war regulated, watch in hand, +nothing voluntarily left to chance, the ancient classic courage, +absolute regularity; on the other, intuition, divination, military +oddity, superhuman instinct, a flaming glance, an indescribable +something which gazes like an eagle, and which strikes like the +lightning, a prodigious art in disdainful impetuosity, all the +mysteries of a profound soul, associated with destiny; the stream, the +plain, the forest, the hill, summoned, and in a manner, forced to obey, +the despot going even so far as to tyrannize over the field of battle; +faith in a star mingled with strategic science, elevating but +perturbing it. Wellington was the BarĂȘme of war; Napoleon was its +Michael Angelo; and on this occasion, genius was vanquished by +calculation. On both sides some one was awaited. It was the exact +calculator who succeeded. Napoleon was waiting for Grouchy; he did not +come. Wellington expected BlĂŒcher; he came. + +Wellington is classic war taking its revenge. Bonaparte, at his +dawning, had encountered him in Italy, and beaten him superbly. The old +owl had fled before the young vulture. The old tactics had been not +only struck as by lightning, but disgraced. Who was that Corsican of +six and twenty? What signified that splendid ignoramus, who, with +everything against him, nothing in his favor, without provisions, +without ammunition, without cannon, without shoes, almost without an +army, with a mere handful of men against masses, hurled himself on +Europe combined, and absurdly won victories in the impossible? Whence +had issued that fulminating convict, who almost without taking breath, +and with the same set of combatants in hand, pulverized, one after the +other, the five armies of the emperor of Germany, upsetting Beaulieu on +Alvinzi, Wurmser on Beaulieu, MĂ©las on Wurmser, Mack on MĂ©las? Who was +this novice in war with the effrontery of a luminary? The academical +military school excommunicated him, and as it lost its footing; hence, +the implacable rancor of the old CĂŠsarism against the new; of the +regular sword against the flaming sword; and of the exchequer against +genius. On the 18th of June, 1815, that rancor had the last word, and +beneath Lodi, Montebello, Montenotte, Mantua, Arcola, it wrote: +Waterloo. A triumph of the mediocres which is sweet to the majority. +Destiny consented to this irony. In his decline, Napoleon found +Wurmser, the younger, again in front of him. + +In fact, to get Wurmser, it sufficed to blanch the hair of Wellington. + +Waterloo is a battle of the first order, won by a captain of the +second. + +That which must be admired in the battle of Waterloo, is England; the +English firmness, the English resolution, the English blood; the superb +thing about England there, no offence to her, was herself. It was not +her captain; it was her army. + +Wellington, oddly ungrateful, declares in a letter to Lord Bathurst, +that his army, the army which fought on the 18th of June, 1815, was a +“detestable army.” What does that sombre intermingling of bones buried +beneath the furrows of Waterloo think of that? + +England has been too modest in the matter of Wellington. To make +Wellington so great is to belittle England. Wellington is nothing but a +hero like many another. Those Scotch Grays, those Horse Guards, those +regiments of Maitland and of Mitchell, that infantry of Pack and Kempt, +that cavalry of Ponsonby and Somerset, those Highlanders playing the +pibroch under the shower of grape-shot, those battalions of Rylandt, +those utterly raw recruits, who hardly knew how to handle a musket +holding their own against Essling’s and Rivoli’s old troops,—that is +what was grand. Wellington was tenacious; in that lay his merit, and we +are not seeking to lessen it: but the least of his foot-soldiers and of +his cavalry would have been as solid as he. The iron soldier is worth +as much as the Iron Duke. As for us, all our glorification goes to the +English soldier, to the English army, to the English people. If trophy +there be, it is to England that the trophy is due. The column of +Waterloo would be more just, if, instead of the figure of a man, it +bore on high the statue of a people. + +But this great England will be angry at what we are saying here. She +still cherishes, after her own 1688 and our 1789, the feudal illusion. +She believes in heredity and hierarchy. This people, surpassed by none +in power and glory, regards itself as a nation, and not as a people. +And as a people, it willingly subordinates itself and takes a lord for +its head. As a workman, it allows itself to be disdained; as a soldier, +it allows itself to be flogged. + +It will be remembered, that at the battle of Inkermann a sergeant who +had, it appears, saved the army, could not be mentioned by Lord Paglan, +as the English military hierarchy does not permit any hero below the +grade of an officer to be mentioned in the reports. + +That which we admire above all, in an encounter of the nature of +Waterloo, is the marvellous cleverness of chance. A nocturnal rain, the +wall of Hougomont, the hollow road of Ohain, Grouchy deaf to the +cannon, Napoleon’s guide deceiving him, BĂŒlow’s guide enlightening +him,—the whole of this cataclysm is wonderfully conducted. + +On the whole, let us say it plainly, it was more of a massacre than of +a battle at Waterloo. + +Of all pitched battles, Waterloo is the one which has the smallest +front for such a number of combatants. Napoleon three-quarters of a +league; Wellington, half a league; seventy-two thousand combatants on +each side. From this denseness the carnage arose. + +The following calculation has been made, and the following proportion +established: Loss of men: at Austerlitz, French, fourteen per cent; +Russians, thirty per cent; Austrians, forty-four per cent. At Wagram, +French, thirteen per cent; Austrians, fourteen. At the Moskowa, French, +thirty-seven per cent; Russians, forty-four. At Bautzen, French, +thirteen per cent; Russians and Prussians, fourteen. At Waterloo, +French, fifty-six per cent; the Allies, thirty-one. Total for Waterloo, +forty-one per cent; one hundred and forty-four thousand combatants; +sixty thousand dead. + +To-day the field of Waterloo has the calm which belongs to the earth, +the impassive support of man, and it resembles all plains. + +At night, moreover, a sort of visionary mist arises from it; and if a +traveller strolls there, if he listens, if he watches, if he dreams +like Virgil in the fatal plains of Philippi, the hallucination of the +catastrophe takes possession of him. The frightful 18th of June lives +again; the false monumental hillock disappears, the lion vanishes in +air, the battle-field resumes its reality, lines of infantry undulate +over the plain, furious gallops traverse the horizon; the frightened +dreamer beholds the flash of sabres, the gleam of bayonets, the flare +of bombs, the tremendous interchange of thunders; he hears, as it were, +the death rattle in the depths of a tomb, the vague clamor of the +battle phantom; those shadows are grenadiers, those lights are +cuirassiers; that skeleton Napoleon, that other skeleton is Wellington; +all this no longer exists, and yet it clashes together and combats +still; and the ravines are empurpled, and the trees quiver, and there +is fury even in the clouds and in the shadows; all those terrible +heights, Hougomont, Mont-Saint-Jean, Frischemont, Papelotte, +Plancenoit, appear confusedly crowned with whirlwinds of spectres +engaged in exterminating each other. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD? + + +There exists a very respectable liberal school which does not hate +Waterloo. We do not belong to it. To us, Waterloo is but the stupefied +date of liberty. That such an eagle should emerge from such an egg is +certainly unexpected. + +If one places one’s self at the culminating point of view of the +question, Waterloo is intentionally a counter-revolutionary victory. It +is Europe against France; it is Petersburg, Berlin, and Vienna against +Paris; it is the _statu quo_ against the initiative; it is the 14th of +July, 1789, attacked through the 20th of March, 1815; it is the +monarchies clearing the decks in opposition to the indomitable French +rioting. The final extinction of that vast people which had been in +eruption for twenty-six years—such was the dream. The solidarity of the +Brunswicks, the Nassaus, the Romanoffs, the Hohenzollerns, the +Hapsburgs with the Bourbons. Waterloo bears divine right on its +crupper. It is true, that the Empire having been despotic, the kingdom +by the natural reaction of things, was forced to be liberal, and that a +constitutional order was the unwilling result of Waterloo, to the great +regret of the conquerors. It is because revolution cannot be really +conquered, and that being providential and absolutely fatal, it is +always cropping up afresh: before Waterloo, in Bonaparte overthrowing +the old thrones; after Waterloo, in Louis XVIII. granting and +conforming to the charter. Bonaparte places a postilion on the throne +of Naples, and a sergeant on the throne of Sweden, employing inequality +to demonstrate equality; Louis XVIII. at Saint-Ouen countersigns the +declaration of the rights of man. If you wish to gain an idea of what +revolution is, call it Progress; and if you wish to acquire an idea of +the nature of progress, call it To-morrow. To-morrow fulfils its work +irresistibly, and it is already fulfilling it to-day. It always reaches +its goal strangely. It employs Wellington to make of Foy, who was only +a soldier, an orator. Foy falls at Hougomont and rises again in the +tribune. Thus does progress proceed. There is no such thing as a bad +tool for that workman. It does not become disconcerted, but adjusts to +its divine work the man who has bestridden the Alps, and the good old +tottering invalid of Father ÉlysĂ©e. It makes use of the gouty man as +well as of the conqueror; of the conqueror without, of the gouty man +within. Waterloo, by cutting short the demolition of European thrones +by the sword, had no other effect than to cause the revolutionary work +to be continued in another direction. The slashers have finished; it +was the turn of the thinkers. The century that Waterloo was intended to +arrest has pursued its march. That sinister victory was vanquished by +liberty. + +In short, and incontestably, that which triumphed at Waterloo; that +which smiled in Wellington’s rear; that which brought him all the +marshals’ staffs of Europe, including, it is said, the staff of a +marshal of France; that which joyously trundled the barrows full of +bones to erect the knoll of the lion; that which triumphantly inscribed +on that pedestal the date “_June_ 18, 1815”; that which encouraged +BlĂŒcher, as he put the flying army to the sword; that which, from the +heights of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean, hovered over France as over +its prey, was the counter-revolution. It was the counter-revolution +which murmured that infamous word “dismemberment.” On arriving in +Paris, it beheld the crater close at hand; it felt those ashes which +scorched its feet, and it changed its mind; it returned to the stammer +of a charter. + +Let us behold in Waterloo only that which is in Waterloo. Of +intentional liberty there is none. The counter-revolution was +involuntarily liberal, in the same manner as, by a corresponding +phenomenon, Napoleon was involuntarily revolutionary. On the 18th of +June, 1815, the mounted Robespierre was hurled from his saddle. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—A RECRUDESCENCE OF DIVINE RIGHT + + +End of the dictatorship. A whole European system crumbled away. + +The Empire sank into a gloom which resembled that of the Roman world as +it expired. Again we behold the abyss, as in the days of the +barbarians; only the barbarism of 1815, which must be called by its pet +name of the counter-revolution, was not long breathed, soon fell to +panting, and halted short. The Empire was bewept,—let us acknowledge +the fact,—and bewept by heroic eyes. If glory lies in the sword +converted into a sceptre, the Empire had been glory in person. It had +diffused over the earth all the light which tyranny can give—a sombre +light. We will say more; an obscure light. Compared to the true +daylight, it is night. This disappearance of night produces the effect +of an eclipse. + +Louis XVIII. re-entered Paris. The circling dances of the 8th of July +effaced the enthusiasms of the 20th of March. The Corsican became the +antithesis of the Bearnese. The flag on the dome of the Tuileries was +white. The exile reigned. Hartwell’s pine table took its place in front +of the fleur-de-lys-strewn throne of Louis XIV. Bouvines and Fontenoy +were mentioned as though they had taken place on the preceding day, +Austerlitz having become antiquated. The altar and the throne +fraternized majestically. One of the most undisputed forms of the +health of society in the nineteenth century was established over +France, and over the continent. Europe adopted the white cockade. +Trestaillon was celebrated. The device _non pluribus impar_ reappeared +on the stone rays representing a sun upon the front of the barracks on +the Quai d’Orsay. Where there had been an Imperial Guard, there was now +a red house. The Arc du Carrousel, all laden with badly borne +victories, thrown out of its element among these novelties, a little +ashamed, it may be, of Marengo and Arcola, extricated itself from its +predicament with the statue of the Duc d’AngoulĂȘme. The cemetery of the +Madeleine, a terrible pauper’s grave in 1793, was covered with jasper +and marble, since the bones of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette lay in +that dust. + +In the moat of Vincennes a sepulchral shaft sprang from the earth, +recalling the fact that the Duc d’Enghien had perished in the very +month when Napoleon was crowned. Pope Pius VII., who had performed the +coronation very near this death, tranquilly bestowed his blessing on +the fall as he had bestowed it on the elevation. At Schoenbrunn there +was a little shadow, aged four, whom it was seditious to call the King +of Rome. And these things took place, and the kings resumed their +thrones, and the master of Europe was put in a cage, and the old regime +became the new regime, and all the shadows and all the light of the +earth changed place, because, on the afternoon of a certain summer’s +day, a shepherd said to a Prussian in the forest, “Go this way, and not +that!” + + +This 1815 was a sort of lugubrious April. Ancient unhealthy and +poisonous realities were covered with new appearances. A lie wedded +1789; the right divine was masked under a charter; fictions became +constitutional; prejudices, superstitions and mental reservations, with +Article 14 in the heart, were varnished over with liberalism. It was +the serpent’s change of skin. + +Man had been rendered both greater and smaller by Napoleon. Under this +reign of splendid matter, the ideal had received the strange name of +ideology! It is a grave imprudence in a great man to turn the future +into derision. The populace, however, that food for cannon which is so +fond of the cannoneer, sought him with its glance. Where is he? What is +he doing? “Napoleon is dead,” said a passer-by to a veteran of Marengo +and Waterloo. “He dead!” cried the soldier; “you don’t know him.” +Imagination distrusted this man, even when overthrown. The depths of +Europe were full of darkness after Waterloo. Something enormous +remained long empty through Napoleon’s disappearance. + +The kings placed themselves in this void. Ancient Europe profited by it +to undertake reforms. There was a Holy Alliance; _Belle-Alliance_, +Beautiful Alliance, the fatal field of Waterloo had said in advance. + +In presence and in face of that antique Europe reconstructed, the +features of a new France were sketched out. The future, which the +Emperor had rallied, made its entry. On its brow it bore the star, +Liberty. The glowing eyes of all young generations were turned on it. +Singular fact! people were, at one and the same time, in love with the +future, Liberty, and the past, Napoleon. Defeat had rendered the +vanquished greater. Bonaparte fallen seemed more lofty than Napoleon +erect. Those who had triumphed were alarmed. England had him guarded by +Hudson Lowe, and France had him watched by Montchenu. His folded arms +became a source of uneasiness to thrones. Alexander called him “my +sleeplessness.” This terror was the result of the quantity of +revolution which was contained in him. That is what explains and +excuses Bonapartist liberalism. This phantom caused the old world to +tremble. The kings reigned, but ill at their ease, with the rock of +Saint Helena on the horizon. + +While Napoleon was passing through the death struggle at Longwood, the +sixty thousand men who had fallen on the field of Waterloo were quietly +rotting, and something of their peace was shed abroad over the world. +The Congress of Vienna made the treaties in 1815, and Europe called +this the Restoration. + +This is what Waterloo was. + +But what matters it to the Infinite? all that tempest, all that cloud, +that war, then that peace? All that darkness did not trouble for a +moment the light of that immense Eye before which a grub skipping from +one blade of grass to another equals the eagle soaring from belfry to +belfry on the towers of Notre Dame. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—THE BATTLE-FIELD AT NIGHT + + +Let us return—it is a necessity in this book—to that fatal +battle-field. + +On the 18th of June the moon was full. Its light favored BlĂŒcher’s +ferocious pursuit, betrayed the traces of the fugitives, delivered up +that disastrous mass to the eager Prussian cavalry, and aided the +massacre. Such tragic favors of the night do occur sometimes during +catastrophes. + +After the last cannon-shot had been fired, the plain of Mont-Saint-Jean +remained deserted. + +The English occupied the encampment of the French; it is the usual sign +of victory to sleep in the bed of the vanquished. They established +their bivouac beyond Rossomme. The Prussians, let loose on the +retreating rout, pushed forward. Wellington went to the village of +Waterloo to draw up his report to Lord Bathurst. + +If ever the _sic vos non vobis_ was applicable, it certainly is to that +village of Waterloo. Waterloo took no part, and lay half a league from +the scene of action. Mont-Saint-Jean was cannonaded, Hougomont was +burned, La Haie-Sainte was taken by assault, Papelotte was burned, +Plancenoit was burned, La Belle-Alliance beheld the embrace of the two +conquerors; these names are hardly known, and Waterloo, which worked +not in the battle, bears off all the honor. + +We are not of the number of those who flatter war; when the occasion +presents itself, we tell the truth about it. War has frightful beauties +which we have not concealed; it has also, we acknowledge, some hideous +features. One of the most surprising is the prompt stripping of the +bodies of the dead after the victory. The dawn which follows a battle +always rises on naked corpses. + +Who does this? Who thus soils the triumph? What hideous, furtive hand +is that which is slipped into the pocket of victory? What pickpockets +are they who ply their trade in the rear of glory? Some +philosophers—Voltaire among the number—affirm that it is precisely +those persons who have made the glory. It is the same men, they say; +there is no relief corps; those who are erect pillage those who are +prone on the earth. The hero of the day is the vampire of the night. +One has assuredly the right, after all, to strip a corpse a bit when +one is the author of that corpse. For our own part, we do not think so; +it seems to us impossible that the same hand should pluck laurels and +purloin the shoes from a dead man. + +One thing is certain, which is, that generally after conquerors follow +thieves. But let us leave the soldier, especially the contemporary +soldier, out of the question. + +Every army has a rear-guard, and it is that which must be blamed. +Bat-like creatures, half brigands and lackeys; all the sorts of +vespertillos that that twilight called war engenders; wearers of +uniforms, who take no part in the fighting; pretended invalids; +formidable limpers; interloping sutlers, trotting along in little +carts, sometimes accompanied by their wives, and stealing things which +they sell again; beggars offering themselves as guides to officers; +soldiers’ servants; marauders; armies on the march in days gone by,—we +are not speaking of the present,—dragged all this behind them, so that +in the special language they are called “stragglers.” No army, no +nation, was responsible for those beings; they spoke Italian and +followed the Germans, then spoke French and followed the English. It +was by one of these wretches, a Spanish straggler who spoke French, +that the Marquis of Fervacques, deceived by his Picard jargon, and +taking him for one of our own men, was traitorously slain and robbed on +the battle-field itself, in the course of the night which followed the +victory of Cerisoles. The rascal sprang from this marauding. The +detestable maxim, _Live on the enemy!_ produced this leprosy, which a +strict discipline alone could heal. There are reputations which are +deceptive; one does not always know why certain generals, great in +other directions, have been so popular. Turenne was adored by his +soldiers because he tolerated pillage; evil permitted constitutes part +of goodness. Turenne was so good that he allowed the Palatinate to be +delivered over to fire and blood. The marauders in the train of an army +were more or less in number, according as the chief was more or less +severe. Hoche and Marceau had no stragglers; Wellington had few, and we +do him the justice to mention it. + +Nevertheless, on the night from the 18th to the 19th of June, the dead +were robbed. Wellington was rigid; he gave orders that any one caught +in the act should be shot; but rapine is tenacious. The marauders stole +in one corner of the battlefield while others were being shot in +another. + +The moon was sinister over this plain. + +Towards midnight, a man was prowling about, or rather, climbing in the +direction of the hollow road of Ohain. To all appearance he was one of +those whom we have just described,—neither English nor French, neither +peasant nor soldier, less a man than a ghoul attracted by the scent of +the dead bodies having theft for his victory, and come to rifle +Waterloo. He was clad in a blouse that was something like a great coat; +he was uneasy and audacious; he walked forwards and gazed behind him. +Who was this man? The night probably knew more of him than the day. He +had no sack, but evidently he had large pockets under his coat. From +time to time he halted, scrutinized the plain around him as though to +see whether he were observed, bent over abruptly, disturbed something +silent and motionless on the ground, then rose and fled. His sliding +motion, his attitudes, his mysterious and rapid gestures, caused him to +resemble those twilight larvĂŠ which haunt ruins, and which ancient +Norman legends call the Alleurs. + +Certain nocturnal wading birds produce these silhouettes among the +marshes. + +A glance capable of piercing all that mist deeply would have perceived +at some distance a sort of little sutler’s wagon with a fluted wicker +hood, harnessed to a famished nag which was cropping the grass across +its bit as it halted, hidden, as it were, behind the hovel which +adjoins the highway to Nivelles, at the angle of the road from +Mont-Saint-Jean to Braine l’Alleud; and in the wagon, a sort of woman +seated on coffers and packages. Perhaps there was some connection +between that wagon and that prowler. + +The darkness was serene. Not a cloud in the zenith. What matters it if +the earth be red! the moon remains white; these are the indifferences +of the sky. In the fields, branches of trees broken by grape-shot, but +not fallen, upheld by their bark, swayed gently in the breeze of night. +A breath, almost a respiration, moved the shrubbery. Quivers which +resembled the departure of souls ran through the grass. + +In the distance the coming and going of patrols and the general rounds +of the English camp were audible. + +Hougomont and La Haie-Sainte continued to burn, forming, one in the +west, the other in the east, two great flames which were joined by the +cordon of bivouac fires of the English, like a necklace of rubies with +two carbuncles at the extremities, as they extended in an immense +semicircle over the hills along the horizon. + +We have described the catastrophe of the road of Ohain. The heart is +terrified at the thought of what that death must have been to so many +brave men. + +If there is anything terrible, if there exists a reality which +surpasses dreams, it is this: to live, to see the sun; to be in full +possession of virile force; to possess health and joy; to laugh +valiantly; to rush towards a glory which one sees dazzling in front of +one; to feel in one’s breast lungs which breathe, a heart which beats, +a will which reasons; to speak, think, hope, love; to have a mother, to +have a wife, to have children; to have the light—and all at once, in +the space of a shout, in less than a minute, to sink into an abyss; to +fall, to roll, to crush, to be crushed; to see ears of wheat, flowers, +leaves, branches; not to be able to catch hold of anything; to feel +one’s sword useless, men beneath one, horses on top of one; to struggle +in vain, since one’s bones have been broken by some kick in the +darkness; to feel a heel which makes one’s eyes start from their +sockets; to bite horses’ shoes in one’s rage; to stifle, to yell, to +writhe; to be beneath, and to say to one’s self, “But just a little +while ago I was a living man!” + + +There, where that lamentable disaster had uttered its death-rattle, all +was silence now. The edges of the hollow road were encumbered with +horses and riders, inextricably heaped up. Terrible entanglement! There +was no longer any slope, for the corpses had levelled the road with the +plain, and reached the brim like a well-filled bushel of barley. A heap +of dead bodies in the upper part, a river of blood in the lower +part—such was that road on the evening of the 18th of June, 1815. The +blood ran even to the Nivelles highway, and there overflowed in a large +pool in front of the abatis of trees which barred the way, at a spot +which is still pointed out. + +It will be remembered that it was at the opposite point, in the +direction of the Genappe road, that the destruction of the cuirassiers +had taken place. The thickness of the layer of bodies was proportioned +to the depth of the hollow road. Towards the middle, at the point where +it became level, where Delort’s division had passed, the layer of +corpses was thinner. + +The nocturnal prowler whom we have just shown to the reader was going +in that direction. He was searching that vast tomb. He gazed about. He +passed the dead in some sort of hideous review. He walked with his feet +in the blood. + +All at once he paused. + +A few paces in front of him, in the hollow road, at the point where the +pile of dead came to an end, an open hand, illumined by the moon, +projected from beneath that heap of men. That hand had on its finger +something sparkling, which was a ring of gold. + +The man bent over, remained in a crouching attitude for a moment, and +when he rose there was no longer a ring on the hand. + +He did not precisely rise; he remained in a stooping and frightened +attitude, with his back turned to the heap of dead, scanning the +horizon on his knees, with the whole upper portion of his body +supported on his two forefingers, which rested on the earth, and his +head peering above the edge of the hollow road. The jackal’s four paws +suit some actions. + +Then coming to a decision, he rose to his feet. + +At that moment, he gave a terrible start. He felt some one clutch him +from behind. + +He wheeled round; it was the open hand, which had closed, and had +seized the skirt of his coat. + +An honest man would have been terrified; this man burst into a laugh. + +“Come,” said he, “it’s only a dead body. I prefer a spook to a +gendarme.” + + +But the hand weakened and released him. Effort is quickly exhausted in +the grave. + +“Well now,” said the prowler, “is that dead fellow alive? Let’s see.” + + +He bent down again, fumbled among the heap, pushed aside everything +that was in his way, seized the hand, grasped the arm, freed the head, +pulled out the body, and a few moments later he was dragging the +lifeless, or at least the unconscious, man, through the shadows of +hollow road. He was a cuirassier, an officer, and even an officer of +considerable rank; a large gold epaulette peeped from beneath the +cuirass; this officer no longer possessed a helmet. A furious sword-cut +had scarred his face, where nothing was discernible but blood. + +However, he did not appear to have any broken limbs, and, by some happy +chance, if that word is permissible here, the dead had been vaulted +above him in such a manner as to preserve him from being crushed. His +eyes were still closed. + +On his cuirass he wore the silver cross of the Legion of Honor. + +The prowler tore off this cross, which disappeared into one of the +gulfs which he had beneath his great coat. + +Then he felt of the officer’s fob, discovered a watch there, and took +possession of it. Next he searched his waistcoat, found a purse and +pocketed it. + +When he had arrived at this stage of succor which he was administering +to this dying man, the officer opened his eyes. + +“Thanks,” he said feebly. + +The abruptness of the movements of the man who was manipulating him, +the freshness of the night, the air which he could inhale freely, had +roused him from his lethargy. + +The prowler made no reply. He raised his head. A sound of footsteps was +audible in the plain; some patrol was probably approaching. + +The officer murmured, for the death agony was still in his voice:— + +“Who won the battle?” + + +“The English,” answered the prowler. + +The officer went on:— + +“Look in my pockets; you will find a watch and a purse. Take them.” + + +It was already done. + +The prowler executed the required feint, and said:— + +“There is nothing there.” + + +“I have been robbed,” said the officer; “I am sorry for that. You +should have had them.” + + +The steps of the patrol became more and more distinct. + +“Some one is coming,” said the prowler, with the movement of a man who +is taking his departure. + +The officer raised his arm feebly, and detained him. + +“You have saved my life. Who are you?” + + +The prowler answered rapidly, and in a low voice:— + +“Like yourself, I belonged to the French army. I must leave you. If +they were to catch me, they would shoot me. I have saved your life. Now +get out of the scrape yourself.” + + +“What is your rank?” + + +“Sergeant.” + + +“What is your name?” + + +“ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“I shall not forget that name,” said the officer; “and do you remember +mine. My name is Pontmercy.” + + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE SHIP ORION + + + + +CHAPTER I—NUMBER 24,601 BECOMES NUMBER 9,430 + + +Jean Valjean had been recaptured. + +The reader will be grateful to us if we pass rapidly over the sad +details. We will confine ourselves to transcribing two paragraphs +published by the journals of that day, a few months after the +surprising events which had taken place at M. sur M. + +These articles are rather summary. It must be remembered, that at that +epoch the _Gazette des Tribunaux_ was not yet in existence. + +We borrow the first from the _Drapeau Blanc_. It bears the date of July +25, 1823. + +An arrondissement of the Pas de Calais has just been the theatre of an +event quite out of the ordinary course. A man, who was a stranger in +the Department, and who bore the name of M. Madeleine, had, thanks to +the new methods, resuscitated some years ago an ancient local industry, +the manufacture of jet and of black glass trinkets. He had made his +fortune in the business, and that of the arrondissement as well, we +will admit. He had been appointed mayor, in recognition of his +services. The police discovered that M. Madeleine was no other than an +ex-convict who had broken his ban, condemned in 1796 for theft, and +named Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean has been recommitted to prison. It +appears that previous to his arrest he had succeeded in withdrawing +from the hands of M. Laffitte, a sum of over half a million which he +had lodged there, and which he had, moreover, and by perfectly +legitimate means, acquired in his business. No one has been able to +discover where Jean Valjean has concealed this money since his return +to prison at Toulon. + +The second article, which enters a little more into detail, is an +extract from the _Journal de Paris_, of the same date. + +A former convict, who had been liberated, named Jean Valjean, has just +appeared before the Court of Assizes of the Var, under circumstances +calculated to attract attention. This wretch had succeeded in escaping +the vigilance of the police, he had changed his name, and had succeeded +in getting himself appointed mayor of one of our small northern towns; +in this town he had established a considerable commerce. He has at last +been unmasked and arrested, thanks to the indefatigable zeal of the +public prosecutor. He had for his concubine a woman of the town, who +died of a shock at the moment of his arrest. This scoundrel, who is +endowed with Herculean strength, found means to escape; but three or +four days after his flight the police laid their hands on him once +more, in Paris itself, at the very moment when he was entering one of +those little vehicles which run between the capital and the village of +Montfermeil (Seine-et-Oise). He is said to have profited by this +interval of three or four days of liberty, to withdraw a considerable +sum deposited by him with one of our leading bankers. This sum has been +estimated at six or seven hundred thousand francs. If the indictment is +to be trusted, he has hidden it in some place known to himself alone, +and it has not been possible to lay hands on it. However that may be, +the said Jean Valjean has just been brought before the Assizes of the +Department of the Var as accused of highway robbery accompanied with +violence, about eight years ago, on the person of one of those honest +children who, as the patriarch of Ferney has said, in immortal verse, + +“. . . Arrive from Savoy every year, +And who, with gentle hands, do clear +Those long canals choked up with soot.” + + +This bandit refused to defend himself. It was proved by the skilful and +eloquent representative of the public prosecutor, that the theft was +committed in complicity with others, and that Jean Valjean was a member +of a band of robbers in the south. Jean Valjean was pronounced guilty +and was condemned to the death penalty in consequence. This criminal +refused to lodge an appeal. The king, in his inexhaustible clemency, +has deigned to commute his penalty to that of penal servitude for life. +Jean Valjean was immediately taken to the prison at Toulon. + +The reader has not forgotten that Jean Valjean had religious habits at +M. sur M. Some papers, among others the _Constitutional_, presented +this commutation as a triumph of the priestly party. + +Jean Valjean changed his number in the galleys. He was called 9,430. + +However, and we will mention it at once in order that we may not be +obliged to recur to the subject, the prosperity of M. sur M. vanished +with M. Madeleine; all that he had foreseen during his night of fever +and hesitation was realized; lacking him, there actually was _a soul +lacking_. After this fall, there took place at M. sur M. that +egotistical division of great existences which have fallen, that fatal +dismemberment of flourishing things which is accomplished every day, +obscurely, in the human community, and which history has noted only +once, because it occurred after the death of Alexander. Lieutenants are +crowned kings; superintendents improvise manufacturers out of +themselves. Envious rivalries arose. M. Madeleine’s vast workshops were +shut; his buildings fell to ruin, his workmen were scattered. Some of +them quitted the country, others abandoned the trade. Thenceforth, +everything was done on a small scale, instead of on a grand scale; for +lucre instead of the general good. There was no longer a centre; +everywhere there was competition and animosity. M. Madeleine had +reigned over all and directed all. No sooner had he fallen, than each +pulled things to himself; the spirit of combat succeeded to the spirit +of organization, bitterness to cordiality, hatred of one another to the +benevolence of the founder towards all; the threads which M. Madeleine +had set were tangled and broken, the methods were adulterated, the +products were debased, confidence was killed; the market diminished, +for lack of orders; salaries were reduced, the workshops stood still, +bankruptcy arrived. And then there was nothing more for the poor. All +had vanished. + +The state itself perceived that some one had been crushed somewhere. +Less than four years after the judgment of the Court of Assizes +establishing the identity of Jean Valjean and M. Madeleine, for the +benefit of the galleys, the cost of collecting taxes had doubled in the +arrondissement of M. sur M.; and M. de VillĂšle called attention to the +fact in the rostrum, in the month of February, 1827. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IN WHICH THE READER WILL PERUSE TWO VERSES, WHICH ARE OF THE +DEVIL’S COMPOSITION, POSSIBLY + + +Before proceeding further, it will be to the purpose to narrate in some +detail, a singular occurrence which took place at about the same epoch, +in Montfermeil, and which is not lacking in coincidence with certain +conjectures of the indictment. + +There exists in the region of Montfermeil a very ancient superstition, +which is all the more curious and all the more precious, because a +popular superstition in the vicinity of Paris is like an aloe in +Siberia. We are among those who respect everything which is in the +nature of a rare plant. Here, then, is the superstition of Montfermeil: +it is thought that the devil, from time immemorial, has selected the +forest as a hiding-place for his treasures. Goodwives affirm that it is +no rarity to encounter at nightfall, in secluded nooks of the forest, a +black man with the air of a carter or a wood-chopper, wearing wooden +shoes, clad in trousers and a blouse of linen, and recognizable by the +fact, that, instead of a cap or hat, he has two immense horns on his +head. This ought, in fact, to render him recognizable. This man is +habitually engaged in digging a hole. There are three ways of profiting +by such an encounter. The first is to approach the man and speak to +him. Then it is seen that the man is simply a peasant, that he appears +black because it is nightfall; that he is not digging any hole +whatever, but is cutting grass for his cows, and that what had been +taken for horns is nothing but a dung-fork which he is carrying on his +back, and whose teeth, thanks to the perspective of evening, seemed to +spring from his head. The man returns home and dies within the week. +The second way is to watch him, to wait until he has dug his hole, +until he has filled it and has gone away; then to run with great speed +to the trench, to open it once more and to seize the “treasure” which +the black man has necessarily placed there. In this case one dies +within the month. Finally, the last method is not to speak to the black +man, not to look at him, and to flee at the best speed of one’s legs. +One then dies within the year. + +As all three methods are attended with their special inconveniences, +the second, which at all events, presents some advantages, among others +that of possessing a treasure, if only for a month, is the one most +generally adopted. So bold men, who are tempted by every chance, have +quite frequently, as we are assured, opened the holes excavated by the +black man, and tried to rob the devil. The success of the operation +appears to be but moderate. At least, if the tradition is to be +believed, and in particular the two enigmatical lines in barbarous +Latin, which an evil Norman monk, a bit of a sorcerer, named Tryphon +has left on this subject. This Tryphon is buried at the Abbey of +Saint-Georges de Bocherville, near Rouen, and toads spawn on his grave. + +Accordingly, enormous efforts are made. Such trenches are ordinarily +extremely deep; a man sweats, digs, toils all night—for it must be done +at night; he wets his shirt, burns out his candle, breaks his mattock, +and when he arrives at the bottom of the hole, when he lays his hand on +the “treasure,” what does he find? What is the devil’s treasure? A sou, +sometimes a crown-piece, a stone, a skeleton, a bleeding body, +sometimes a spectre folded in four like a sheet of paper in a +portfolio, sometimes nothing. This is what Tryphon’s verses seem to +announce to the indiscreet and curious:— + +“Fodit, et in fossa thesauros condit opaca, +As, nummas, lapides, cadaver, simulacra, nihilque.” + + +It seems that in our day there is sometimes found a powder-horn with +bullets, sometimes an old pack of cards greasy and worn, which has +evidently served the devil. Tryphon does not record these two finds, +since Tryphon lived in the twelfth century, and since the devil does +not appear to have had the wit to invent powder before Roger Bacon’s +time, and cards before the time of Charles VI. + +Moreover, if one plays at cards, one is sure to lose all that one +possesses! and as for the powder in the horn, it possesses the property +of making your gun burst in your face. + +Now, a very short time after the epoch when it seemed to the +prosecuting attorney that the liberated convict Jean Valjean during his +flight of several days had been prowling around Montfermeil, it was +remarked in that village that a certain old road-laborer, named +Boulatruelle, had “peculiar ways” in the forest. People thereabouts +thought they knew that this Boulatruelle had been in the galleys. He +was subjected to certain police supervision, and, as he could find work +nowhere, the administration employed him at reduced rates as a +road-mender on the crossroad from Gagny to Lagny. + +This Boulatruelle was a man who was viewed with disfavor by the +inhabitants of the district as too respectful, too humble, too prompt +in removing his cap to every one, and trembling and smiling in the +presence of the gendarmes,—probably affiliated to robber bands, they +said; suspected of lying in ambush at verge of copses at nightfall. The +only thing in his favor was that he was a drunkard. + +This is what people thought they had noticed:— + +Of late, Boulatruelle had taken to quitting his task of stone-breaking +and care of the road at a very early hour, and to betaking himself to +the forest with his pickaxe. He was encountered towards evening in the +most deserted clearings, in the wildest thickets; and he had the +appearance of being in search of something, and sometimes he was +digging holes. The goodwives who passed took him at first for +Beelzebub; then they recognized Boulatruelle, and were not in the least +reassured thereby. These encounters seemed to cause Boulatruelle a +lively displeasure. It was evident that he sought to hide, and that +there was some mystery in what he was doing. + +It was said in the village: “It is clear that the devil has appeared. +Boulatruelle has seen him, and is on the search. In sooth, he is +cunning enough to pocket Lucifer’s hoard.” + + +The Voltairians added, “Will Boulatruelle catch the devil, or will the +devil catch Boulatruelle?” The old women made a great many signs of the +cross. + +In the meantime, Boulatruelle’s manƓuvres in the forest ceased; and he +resumed his regular occupation of roadmending; and people gossiped of +something else. + +Some persons, however, were still curious, surmising that in all this +there was probably no fabulous treasure of the legends, but some fine +windfall of a more serious and palpable sort than the devil’s +bank-bills, and that the road-mender had half discovered the secret. +The most “puzzled” were the schoolmaster and ThĂ©nardier, the proprietor +of the tavern, who was everybody’s friend, and had not disdained to +ally himself with Boulatruelle. + +“He has been in the galleys,” said ThĂ©nardier. “Eh! Good God! no one +knows who has been there or will be there.” + + +One evening the schoolmaster affirmed that in former times the law +would have instituted an inquiry as to what Boulatruelle did in the +forest, and that the latter would have been forced to speak, and that +he would have been put to the torture in case of need, and that +Boulatruelle would not have resisted the water test, for example. “Let +us put him to the wine test,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +They made an effort, and got the old road-mender to drinking. +Boulatruelle drank an enormous amount, but said very little. He +combined with admirable art, and in masterly proportions, the thirst of +a gormandizer with the discretion of a judge. Nevertheless, by dint of +returning to the charge and of comparing and putting together the few +obscure words which he did allow to escape him, this is what ThĂ©nardier +and the schoolmaster imagined that they had made out:— + +One morning, when Boulatruelle was on his way to his work, at daybreak, +he had been surprised to see, at a nook of the forest in the +underbrush, a shovel and a pickaxe, _concealed, as one might say_. + +However, he might have supposed that they were probably the shovel and +pick of Father Six-Fours, the water-carrier, and would have thought no +more about it. But, on the evening of that day, he saw, without being +seen himself, as he was hidden by a large tree, “a person who did not +belong in those parts, and whom he, Boulatruelle, knew well,” directing +his steps towards the densest part of the wood. Translation by +ThĂ©nardier: _A comrade of the galleys_. Boulatruelle obstinately +refused to reveal his name. This person carried a package—something +square, like a large box or a small trunk. Surprise on the part of +Boulatruelle. However, it was only after the expiration of seven or +eight minutes that the idea of following that “person” had occurred to +him. But it was too late; the person was already in the thicket, night +had descended, and Boulatruelle had not been able to catch up with him. +Then he had adopted the course of watching for him at the edge of the +woods. “It was moonlight.” Two or three hours later, Boulatruelle had +seen this person emerge from the brushwood, carrying no longer the +coffer, but a shovel and pick. Boulatruelle had allowed the person to +pass, and had not dreamed of accosting him, because he said to himself +that the other man was three times as strong as he was, and armed with +a pickaxe, and that he would probably knock him over the head on +recognizing him, and on perceiving that he was recognized. Touching +effusion of two old comrades on meeting again. But the shovel and pick +had served as a ray of light to Boulatruelle; he had hastened to the +thicket in the morning, and had found neither shovel nor pick. From +this he had drawn the inference that this person, once in the forest, +had dug a hole with his pick, buried the coffer, and reclosed the hole +with his shovel. Now, the coffer was too small to contain a body; +therefore it contained money. Hence his researches. Boulatruelle had +explored, sounded, searched the entire forest and the thicket, and had +dug wherever the earth appeared to him to have been recently turned up. +In vain. + +He had “ferreted out” nothing. No one in Montfermeil thought any more +about it. There were only a few brave gossips, who said, “You may be +certain that the mender on the Gagny road did not take all that trouble +for nothing; he was sure that the devil had come.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE ANKLE-CHAIN MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A CERTAIN PREPARATORY +MANIPULATION TO BE THUS BROKEN WITH A BLOW FROM A HAMMER + + +Towards the end of October, in that same year, 1823, the inhabitants of +Toulon beheld the entry into their port, after heavy weather, and for +the purpose of repairing some damages, of the ship _Orion_, which was +employed later at Brest as a school-ship, and which then formed a part +of the Mediterranean squadron. + +This vessel, battered as it was,—for the sea had handled it +roughly,—produced a fine effect as it entered the roads. It flew some +colors which procured for it the regulation salute of eleven guns, +which it returned, shot for shot; total, twenty-two. It has been +calculated that what with salvos, royal and military politenesses, +courteous exchanges of uproar, signals of etiquette, formalities of +roadsteads and citadels, sunrises and sunsets, saluted every day by all +fortresses and all ships of war, openings and closings of ports, etc., +the civilized world, discharged all over the earth, in the course of +four and twenty hours, one hundred and fifty thousand useless shots. At +six francs the shot, that comes to nine hundred thousand francs a day, +three hundred millions a year, which vanish in smoke. This is a mere +detail. All this time the poor were dying of hunger. + +The year 1823 was what the Restoration called “the epoch of the Spanish +war.” + + +This war contained many events in one, and a quantity of peculiarities. +A grand family affair for the house of Bourbon; the branch of France +succoring and protecting the branch of Madrid, that is to say, +performing an act devolving on the elder; an apparent return to our +national traditions, complicated by servitude and by subjection to the +cabinets of the North; M. le Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, surnamed by the liberal +sheets _the hero of Andujar_, compressing in a triumphal attitude that +was somewhat contradicted by his peaceable air, the ancient and very +powerful terrorism of the Holy Office at variance with the chimerical +terrorism of the liberals; the _sansculottes_ resuscitated, to the +great terror of dowagers, under the name of _descamisados_; monarchy +opposing an obstacle to progress described as anarchy; the theories of +’89 roughly interrupted in the sap; a European halt, called to the +French idea, which was making the tour of the world; beside the son of +France as generalissimo, the Prince de Carignan, afterwards Charles +Albert, enrolling himself in that crusade of kings against people as a +volunteer, with grenadier epaulets of red worsted; the soldiers of the +Empire setting out on a fresh campaign, but aged, saddened, after eight +years of repose, and under the white cockade; the tricolored standard +waved abroad by a heroic handful of Frenchmen, as the white standard +had been thirty years earlier at Coblentz; monks mingled with our +troops; the spirit of liberty and of novelty brought to its senses by +bayonets; principles slaughtered by cannonades; France undoing by her +arms that which she had done by her mind; in addition to this, hostile +leaders sold, soldiers hesitating, cities besieged by millions; no +military perils, and yet possible explosions, as in every mine which is +surprised and invaded; but little bloodshed, little honor won, shame +for some, glory for no one. Such was this war, made by the princes +descended from Louis XIV., and conducted by generals who had been under +Napoleon. Its sad fate was to recall neither the grand war nor grand +politics. + +Some feats of arms were serious; the taking of the TrocadĂ©ro, among +others, was a fine military action; but after all, we repeat, the +trumpets of this war give back a cracked sound, the whole effect was +suspicious; history approves of France for making a difficulty about +accepting this false triumph. It seemed evident that certain Spanish +officers charged with resistance yielded too easily; the idea of +corruption was connected with the victory; it appears as though +generals and not battles had been won, and the conquering soldier +returned humiliated. A debasing war, in short, in which the _Bank of +France_ could be read in the folds of the flag. + +Soldiers of the war of 1808, on whom Saragossa had fallen in formidable +ruin, frowned in 1823 at the easy surrender of citadels, and began to +regret Palafox. It is the nature of France to prefer to have +Rostopchine rather than Ballesteros in front of her. + +From a still more serious point of view, and one which it is also +proper to insist upon here, this war, which wounded the military spirit +of France, enraged the democratic spirit. It was an enterprise of +enthralment. In that campaign, the object of the French soldier, the +son of democracy, was the conquest of a yoke for others. A hideous +contradiction. France is made to arouse the soul of nations, not to +stifle it. All the revolutions of Europe since 1792 are the French +Revolution: liberty darts rays from France. That is a solar fact. Blind +is he who will not see! It was Bonaparte who said it. + +The war of 1823, an outrage on the generous Spanish nation, was then, +at the same time, an outrage on the French Revolution. It was France +who committed this monstrous violence; by foul means, for, with the +exception of wars of liberation, everything that armies do is by foul +means. The words _passive obedience_ indicate this. An army is a +strange masterpiece of combination where force results from an enormous +sum of impotence. Thus is war, made by humanity against humanity, +despite humanity, explained. + +As for the Bourbons, the war of 1823 was fatal to them. They took it +for a success. They did not perceive the danger that lies in having an +idea slain to order. They went astray, in their innocence, to such a +degree that they introduced the immense enfeeblement of a crime into +their establishment as an element of strength. The spirit of the ambush +entered into their politics. 1830 had its germ in 1823. The Spanish +campaign became in their counsels an argument for force and for +adventures by right Divine. France, having re-established _el rey +netto_ in Spain, might well have re-established the absolute king at +home. They fell into the alarming error of taking the obedience of the +soldier for the consent of the nation. Such confidence is the ruin of +thrones. It is not permitted to fall asleep, either in the shadow of a +machineel tree, nor in the shadow of an army. + +Let us return to the ship _Orion_. + +During the operations of the army commanded by the prince +generalissimo, a squadron had been cruising in the Mediterranean. We +have just stated that the _Orion_ belonged to this fleet, and that +accidents of the sea had brought it into port at Toulon. + +The presence of a vessel of war in a port has something about it which +attracts and engages a crowd. It is because it is great, and the crowd +loves what is great. + +A ship of the line is one of the most magnificent combinations of the +genius of man with the powers of nature. + +A ship of the line is composed, at the same time, of the heaviest and +the lightest of possible matter, for it deals at one and the same time +with three forms of substance,—solid, liquid, and fluid,—and it must do +battle with all three. It has eleven claws of iron with which to seize +the granite on the bottom of the sea, and more wings and more antennĂŠ +than winged insects, to catch the wind in the clouds. Its breath pours +out through its hundred and twenty cannons as through enormous +trumpets, and replies proudly to the thunder. The ocean seeks to lead +it astray in the alarming sameness of its billows, but the vessel has +its soul, its compass, which counsels it and always shows it the north. +In the blackest nights, its lanterns supply the place of the stars. +Thus, against the wind, it has its cordage and its canvas; against the +water, wood; against the rocks, its iron, brass, and lead; against the +shadows, its light; against immensity, a needle. + +If one wishes to form an idea of all those gigantic proportions which, +taken as a whole, constitute the ship of the line, one has only to +enter one of the six-story covered construction stocks, in the ports of +Brest or Toulon. The vessels in process of construction are under a +bell-glass there, as it were. This colossal beam is a yard; that great +column of wood which stretches out on the earth as far as the eye can +reach is the main-mast. Taking it from its root in the stocks to its +tip in the clouds, it is sixty fathoms long, and its diameter at its +base is three feet. The English main-mast rises to a height of two +hundred and seventeen feet above the water-line. The navy of our +fathers employed cables, ours employs chains. The simple pile of chains +on a ship of a hundred guns is four feet high, twenty feet in breadth, +and eight feet in depth. And how much wood is required to make this +ship? Three thousand cubic metres. It is a floating forest. + +And moreover, let this be borne in mind, it is only a question here of +the military vessel of forty years ago, of the simple sailing-vessel; +steam, then in its infancy, has since added new miracles to that +prodigy which is called a war vessel. At the present time, for example, +the mixed vessel with a screw is a surprising machine, propelled by +three thousand square metres of canvas and by an engine of two thousand +five hundred horse-power. + +Not to mention these new marvels, the ancient vessel of Christopher +Columbus and of De Ruyter is one of the masterpieces of man. It is as +inexhaustible in force as is the Infinite in gales; it stores up the +wind in its sails, it is precise in the immense vagueness of the +billows, it floats, and it reigns. + +There comes an hour, nevertheless, when the gale breaks that sixty-foot +yard like a straw, when the wind bends that mast four hundred feet +tall, when that anchor, which weighs tens of thousands, is twisted in +the jaws of the waves like a fisherman’s hook in the jaws of a pike, +when those monstrous cannons utter plaintive and futile roars, which +the hurricane bears forth into the void and into night, when all that +power and all that majesty are engulfed in a power and majesty which +are superior. + +Every time that immense force is displayed to culminate in an immense +feebleness it affords men food for thought. Hence in the ports curious +people abound around these marvellous machines of war and of +navigation, without being able to explain perfectly to themselves why. +Every day, accordingly, from morning until night, the quays, sluices, +and the jetties of the port of Toulon were covered with a multitude of +idlers and loungers, as they say in Paris, whose business consisted in +staring at the _Orion_. + +The _Orion_ was a ship that had been ailing for a long time; in the +course of its previous cruises thick layers of barnacles had collected +on its keel to such a degree as to deprive it of half its speed; it had +gone into the dry dock the year before this, in order to have the +barnacles scraped off, then it had put to sea again; but this cleaning +had affected the bolts of the keel: in the neighborhood of the Balearic +Isles the sides had been strained and had opened; and, as the plating +in those days was not of sheet iron, the vessel had sprung a leak. A +violent equinoctial gale had come up, which had first staved in a +grating and a porthole on the larboard side, and damaged the +foretop-gallant-shrouds; in consequence of these injuries, the _Orion_ +had run back to Toulon. + +It anchored near the Arsenal; it was fully equipped, and repairs were +begun. The hull had received no damage on the starboard, but some of +the planks had been unnailed here and there, according to custom, to +permit of air entering the hold. + +One morning the crowd which was gazing at it witnessed an accident. + +[Illustration: The Ship Orion, an Accident] + +The crew was busy bending the sails; the topman, who had to take the +upper corner of the main-top-sail on the starboard, lost his balance; +he was seen to waver; the multitude thronging the Arsenal quay uttered +a cry; the man’s head overbalanced his body; the man fell around the +yard, with his hands outstretched towards the abyss; on his way he +seized the footrope, first with one hand, then with the other, and +remained hanging from it: the sea lay below him at a dizzy depth; the +shock of his fall had imparted to the foot-rope a violent swinging +motion; the man swayed back and forth at the end of that rope, like a +stone in a sling. + +It was incurring a frightful risk to go to his assistance; not one of +the sailors, all fishermen of the coast, recently levied for the +service, dared to attempt it. In the meantime, the unfortunate topman +was losing his strength; his anguish could not be discerned on his +face, but his exhaustion was visible in every limb; his arms were +contracted in horrible twitchings; every effort which he made to +re-ascend served but to augment the oscillations of the foot-rope; he +did not shout, for fear of exhausting his strength. All were awaiting +the minute when he should release his hold on the rope, and, from +instant to instant, heads were turned aside that his fall might not be +seen. There are moments when a bit of rope, a pole, the branch of a +tree, is life itself, and it is a terrible thing to see a living being +detach himself from it and fall like a ripe fruit. + +All at once a man was seen climbing into the rigging with the agility +of a tiger-cat; this man was dressed in red; he was a convict; he wore +a green cap; he was a life convict. On arriving on a level with the +top, a gust of wind carried away his cap, and allowed a perfectly white +head to be seen: he was not a young man. + +A convict employed on board with a detachment from the galleys had, in +fact, at the very first instant, hastened to the officer of the watch, +and, in the midst of the consternation and the hesitation of the crew, +while all the sailors were trembling and drawing back, he had asked the +officer’s permission to risk his life to save the topman; at an +affirmative sign from the officer he had broken the chain riveted to +his ankle with one blow of a hammer, then he had caught up a rope, and +had dashed into the rigging: no one noticed, at the instant, with what +ease that chain had been broken; it was only later on that the incident +was recalled. + +In a twinkling he was on the yard; he paused for a few seconds and +appeared to be measuring it with his eye; these seconds, during which +the breeze swayed the topman at the extremity of a thread, seemed +centuries to those who were looking on. At last, the convict raised his +eyes to heaven and advanced a step: the crowd drew a long breath. He +was seen to run out along the yard: on arriving at the point, he +fastened the rope which he had brought to it, and allowed the other end +to hang down, then he began to descend the rope, hand over hand, and +then,—and the anguish was indescribable,—instead of one man suspended +over the gulf, there were two. + +One would have said it was a spider coming to seize a fly, only here +the spider brought life, not death. Ten thousand glances were fastened +on this group; not a cry, not a word; the same tremor contracted every +brow; all mouths held their breath as though they feared to add the +slightest puff to the wind which was swaying the two unfortunate men. + +In the meantime, the convict had succeeded in lowering himself to a +position near the sailor. It was high time; one minute more, and the +exhausted and despairing man would have allowed himself to fall into +the abyss. The convict had moored him securely with the cord to which +he clung with one hand, while he was working with the other. At last, +he was seen to climb back on the yard, and to drag the sailor up after +him; he held him there a moment to allow him to recover his strength, +then he grasped him in his arms and carried him, walking on the yard +himself to the cap, and from there to the main-top, where he left him +in the hands of his comrades. + +At that moment the crowd broke into applause: old convict-sergeants +among them wept, and women embraced each other on the quay, and all +voices were heard to cry with a sort of tender rage, “Pardon for that +man!” + + +He, in the meantime, had immediately begun to make his descent to +rejoin his detachment. In order to reach them the more speedily, he +dropped into the rigging, and ran along one of the lower yards; all +eyes were following him. At a certain moment fear assailed them; +whether it was that he was fatigued, or that his head turned, they +thought they saw him hesitate and stagger. All at once the crowd +uttered a loud shout: the convict had fallen into the sea. + +The fall was perilous. The frigate _AlgĂ©siras_ was anchored alongside +the _Orion_, and the poor convict had fallen between the two vessels: +it was to be feared that he would slip under one or the other of them. +Four men flung themselves hastily into a boat; the crowd cheered them +on; anxiety again took possession of all souls; the man had not risen +to the surface; he had disappeared in the sea without leaving a ripple, +as though he had fallen into a cask of oil: they sounded, they dived. +In vain. The search was continued until the evening: they did not even +find the body. + +On the following day the Toulon newspaper printed these lines:— + +“Nov. 17, 1823. Yesterday, a convict belonging to the detachment on +board of the _Orion_, on his return from rendering assistance to a +sailor, fell into the sea and was drowned. The body has not yet been +found; it is supposed that it is entangled among the piles of the +Arsenal point: this man was committed under the number 9,430, and his +name was Jean Valjean.” + + + + + +BOOK THIRD—ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE PROMISE MADE TO THE DEAD WOMAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE WATER QUESTION AT MONTFERMEIL + + +Montfermeil is situated between Livry and Chelles, on the southern edge +of that lofty table-land which separates the Ourcq from the Marne. At +the present day it is a tolerably large town, ornamented all the year +through with plaster villas, and on Sundays with beaming bourgeois. In +1823 there were at Montfermeil neither so many white houses nor so many +well-satisfied citizens: it was only a village in the forest. Some +pleasure-houses of the last century were to be met with there, to be +sure, which were recognizable by their grand air, their balconies in +twisted iron, and their long windows, whose tiny panes cast all sorts +of varying shades of green on the white of the closed shutters; but +Montfermeil was nonetheless a village. Retired cloth-merchants and +rusticating attorneys had not discovered it as yet; it was a peaceful +and charming place, which was not on the road to anywhere: there people +lived, and cheaply, that peasant rustic life which is so bounteous and +so easy; only, water was rare there, on account of the elevation of the +plateau. + +It was necessary to fetch it from a considerable distance; the end of +the village towards Gagny drew its water from the magnificent ponds +which exist in the woods there. The other end, which surrounds the +church and which lies in the direction of Chelles, found drinking-water +only at a little spring half-way down the slope, near the road to +Chelles, about a quarter of an hour from Montfermeil. + +Thus each household found it hard work to keep supplied with water. The +large houses, the aristocracy, of which the ThĂ©nardier tavern formed a +part, paid half a farthing a bucketful to a man who made a business of +it, and who earned about eight sous a day in his enterprise of +supplying Montfermeil with water; but this good man only worked until +seven o’clock in the evening in summer, and five in winter; and night +once come and the shutters on the ground floor once closed, he who had +no water to drink went to fetch it for himself or did without it. + +This constituted the terror of the poor creature whom the reader has +probably not forgotten,—little Cosette. It will be remembered that +Cosette was useful to the ThĂ©nardiers in two ways: they made the mother +pay them, and they made the child serve them. So when the mother ceased +to pay altogether, the reason for which we have read in preceding +chapters, the ThĂ©nardiers kept Cosette. She took the place of a servant +in their house. In this capacity she it was who ran to fetch water when +it was required. So the child, who was greatly terrified at the idea of +going to the spring at night, took great care that water should never +be lacking in the house. + +Christmas of the year 1823 was particularly brilliant at Montfermeil. +The beginning of the winter had been mild; there had been neither snow +nor frost up to that time. Some mountebanks from Paris had obtained +permission of the mayor to erect their booths in the principal street +of the village, and a band of itinerant merchants, under protection of +the same tolerance, had constructed their stalls on the Church Square, +and even extended them into Boulanger Alley, where, as the reader will +perhaps remember, the ThĂ©nardiers’ hostelry was situated. These people +filled the inns and drinking-shops, and communicated to that tranquil +little district a noisy and joyous life. In order to play the part of a +faithful historian, we ought even to add that, among the curiosities +displayed in the square, there was a menagerie, in which frightful +clowns, clad in rags and coming no one knew whence, exhibited to the +peasants of Montfermeil in 1823 one of those horrible Brazilian +vultures, such as our Royal Museum did not possess until 1845, and +which have a tricolored cockade for an eye. I believe that naturalists +call this bird Caracara Polyborus; it belongs to the order of the +Apicides, and to the family of the vultures. Some good old Bonapartist +soldiers, who had retired to the village, went to see this creature +with great devotion. The mountebanks gave out that the tricolored +cockade was a unique phenomenon made by God expressly for their +menagerie. + +On Christmas eve itself, a number of men, carters, and peddlers, were +seated at table, drinking and smoking around four or five candles in +the public room of ThĂ©nardier’s hostelry. This room resembled all +drinking-shop rooms,—tables, pewter jugs, bottles, drinkers, smokers; +but little light and a great deal of noise. The date of the year 1823 +was indicated, nevertheless, by two objects which were then fashionable +in the bourgeois class: to wit, a kaleidoscope and a lamp of ribbed +tin. The female ThĂ©nardier was attending to the supper, which was +roasting in front of a clear fire; her husband was drinking with his +customers and talking politics. + +Besides political conversations which had for their principal subjects +the Spanish war and M. le Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, strictly local parentheses, +like the following, were audible amid the uproar:— + +“About Nanterre and Suresnes the vines have flourished greatly. When +ten pieces were reckoned on there have been twelve. They have yielded a +great deal of juice under the press.” “But the grapes cannot be ripe?” +“In those parts the grapes should not be ripe; the wine turns oily as +soon as spring comes.” “Then it is very thin wine?” “There are wines +poorer even than these. The grapes must be gathered while green.” Etc. + +Or a miller would call out:— + +“Are we responsible for what is in the sacks? We find in them a +quantity of small seed which we cannot sift out, and which we are +obliged to send through the mill-stones; there are tares, fennel, +vetches, hempseed, fox-tail, and a host of other weeds, not to mention +pebbles, which abound in certain wheat, especially in Breton wheat. I +am not fond of grinding Breton wheat, any more than long-sawyers like +to saw beams with nails in them. You can judge of the bad dust that +makes in grinding. And then people complain of the flour. They are in +the wrong. The flour is no fault of ours.” + + +In a space between two windows a mower, who was seated at table with a +landed proprietor who was fixing on a price for some meadow work to be +performed in the spring, was saying:— + +“It does no harm to have the grass wet. It cuts better. Dew is a good +thing, sir. It makes no difference with that grass. Your grass is young +and very hard to cut still. It’s terribly tender. It yields before the +iron.” Etc. + +Cosette was in her usual place, seated on the cross-bar of the kitchen +table near the chimney. She was in rags; her bare feet were thrust into +wooden shoes, and by the firelight she was engaged in knitting woollen +stockings destined for the young ThĂ©nardiers. A very young kitten was +playing about among the chairs. Laughter and chatter were audible in +the adjoining room, from two fresh children’s voices: it was Éponine +and Azelma. + +In the chimney-corner a cat-o’-nine-tails was hanging on a nail. + +At intervals the cry of a very young child, which was somewhere in the +house, rang through the noise of the dram-shop. It was a little boy who +had been born to the ThĂ©nardiers during one of the preceding +winters,—“she did not know why,” she said, “the result of the +cold,”—and who was a little more than three years old. The mother had +nursed him, but she did not love him. When the persistent clamor of the +brat became too annoying, “Your son is squalling,” ThĂ©nardier would +say; “do go and see what he wants.” “Bah!” the mother would reply, “he +bothers me.” And the neglected child continued to shriek in the dark. + + + + +CHAPTER II—TWO COMPLETE PORTRAITS + + +So far in this book the ThĂ©nardiers have been viewed only in profile; +the moment has arrived for making the circuit of this couple, and +considering it under all its aspects. + +ThĂ©nardier had just passed his fiftieth birthday; Madame ThĂ©nardier was +approaching her forties, which is equivalent to fifty in a woman; so +that there existed a balance of age between husband and wife. + +Our readers have possibly preserved some recollection of this +ThĂ©nardier woman, ever since her first appearance,—tall, blond, red, +fat, angular, square, enormous, and agile; she belonged, as we have +said, to the race of those colossal wild women, who contort themselves +at fairs with paving-stones hanging from their hair. She did everything +about the house,—made the beds, did the washing, the cooking, and +everything else. Cosette was her only servant; a mouse in the service +of an elephant. Everything trembled at the sound of her voice,—window +panes, furniture, and people. Her big face, dotted with red blotches, +presented the appearance of a skimmer. She had a beard. She was an +ideal market-porter dressed in woman’s clothes. She swore splendidly; +she boasted of being able to crack a nut with one blow of her fist. +Except for the romances which she had read, and which made the affected +lady peep through the ogress at times, in a very queer way, the idea +would never have occurred to any one to say of her, “That is a woman.” +This ThĂ©nardier female was like the product of a wench engrafted on a +fishwife. When one heard her speak, one said, “That is a gendarme”; +when one saw her drink, one said, “That is a carter”; when one saw her +handle Cosette, one said, “That is the hangman.” One of her teeth +projected when her face was in repose. + +ThĂ©nardier was a small, thin, pale, angular, bony, feeble man, who had +a sickly air and who was wonderfully healthy. His cunning began here; +he smiled habitually, by way of precaution, and was almost polite to +everybody, even to the beggar to whom he refused half a farthing. He +had the glance of a pole-cat and the bearing of a man of letters. He +greatly resembled the portraits of the AbbĂ© Delille. His coquetry +consisted in drinking with the carters. No one had ever succeeded in +rendering him drunk. He smoked a big pipe. He wore a blouse, and under +his blouse an old black coat. He made pretensions to literature and to +materialism. There were certain names which he often pronounced to +support whatever things he might be saying,—Voltaire, Raynal, Parny, +and, singularly enough, Saint Augustine. He declared that he had “a +system.” In addition, he was a great swindler. A _filousophe_ +[philosophe], a scientific thief. The species does exist. It will be +remembered that he pretended to have served in the army; he was in the +habit of relating with exuberance, how, being a sergeant in the 6th or +the 9th light something or other, at Waterloo, he had alone, and in the +presence of a squadron of death-dealing hussars, covered with his body +and saved from death, in the midst of the grape-shot, “a general, who +had been dangerously wounded.” Thence arose for his wall the flaring +sign, and for his inn the name which it bore in the neighborhood, of +“the cabaret of the Sergeant of Waterloo.” He was a liberal, a classic, +and a Bonapartist. He had subscribed for the Champ d’Asile. It was said +in the village that he had studied for the priesthood. + +We believe that he had simply studied in Holland for an inn-keeper. +This rascal of composite order was, in all probability, some Fleming +from Lille, in Flanders, a Frenchman in Paris, a Belgian at Brussels, +being comfortably astride of both frontiers. As for his prowess at +Waterloo, the reader is already acquainted with that. It will be +perceived that he exaggerated it a trifle. Ebb and flow, wandering, +adventure, was the leven of his existence; a tattered conscience +entails a fragmentary life, and, apparently at the stormy epoch of June +18, 1815, ThĂ©nardier belonged to that variety of marauding sutlers of +which we have spoken, beating about the country, selling to some, +stealing from others, and travelling like a family man, with wife and +children, in a rickety cart, in the rear of troops on the march, with +an instinct for always attaching himself to the victorious army. This +campaign ended, and having, as he said, “some quibus,” he had come to +Montfermeil and set up an inn there. + +This _quibus_, composed of purses and watches, of gold rings and silver +crosses, gathered in harvest-time in furrows sown with corpses, did not +amount to a large total, and did not carry this sutler turned +eating-house-keeper very far. + +ThĂ©nardier had that peculiar rectilinear something about his gestures +which, accompanied by an oath, recalls the barracks, and by a sign of +the cross, the seminary. He was a fine talker. He allowed it to be +thought that he was an educated man. Nevertheless, the schoolmaster had +noticed that he pronounced improperly.12 + +He composed the travellers’ tariff card in a superior manner, but +practised eyes sometimes spied out orthographical errors in it. +ThĂ©nardier was cunning, greedy, slothful, and clever. He did not +disdain his servants, which caused his wife to dispense with them. This +giantess was jealous. It seemed to her that that thin and yellow little +man must be an object coveted by all. + +ThĂ©nardier, who was, above all, an astute and well-balanced man, was a +scamp of a temperate sort. This is the worst species; hypocrisy enters +into it. + +It is not that ThĂ©nardier was not, on occasion, capable of wrath to +quite the same degree as his wife; but this was very rare, and at such +times, since he was enraged with the human race in general, as he bore +within him a deep furnace of hatred. And since he was one of those +people who are continually avenging their wrongs, who accuse everything +that passes before them of everything which has befallen them, and who +are always ready to cast upon the first person who comes to hand, as a +legitimate grievance, the sum total of the deceptions, the +bankruptcies, and the calamities of their lives,—when all this leaven +was stirred up in him and boiled forth from his mouth and eyes, he was +terrible. Woe to the person who came under his wrath at such a time! + +In addition to his other qualities, ThĂ©nardier was attentive and +penetrating, silent or talkative, according to circumstances, and +always highly intelligent. He had something of the look of sailors, who +are accustomed to screw up their eyes to gaze through marine glasses. +ThĂ©nardier was a statesman. + +Every newcomer who entered the tavern said, on catching sight of Madame +ThĂ©nardier, “There is the master of the house.” A mistake. She was not +even the mistress. The husband was both master and mistress. She +worked; he created. He directed everything by a sort of invisible and +constant magnetic action. A word was sufficient for him, sometimes a +sign; the mastodon obeyed. ThĂ©nardier was a sort of special and +sovereign being in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s eyes, though she did not +thoroughly realize it. She was possessed of virtues after her own kind; +if she had ever had a disagreement as to any detail with “Monsieur +ThĂ©nardier,”—which was an inadmissible hypothesis, by the way,—she +would not have blamed her husband in public on any subject whatever. +She would never have committed “before strangers” that mistake so often +committed by women, and which is called in parliamentary language, +“exposing the crown.” Although their concord had only evil as its +result, there was contemplation in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s submission to +her husband. That mountain of noise and of flesh moved under the little +finger of that frail despot. Viewed on its dwarfed and grotesque side, +this was that grand and universal thing, the adoration of mind by +matter; for certain ugly features have a cause in the very depths of +eternal beauty. There was an unknown quantity about ThĂ©nardier; hence +the absolute empire of the man over that woman. At certain moments she +beheld him like a lighted candle; at others she felt him like a claw. + +This woman was a formidable creature who loved no one except her +children, and who did not fear any one except her husband. She was a +mother because she was mammiferous. But her maternity stopped short +with her daughters, and, as we shall see, did not extend to boys. The +man had but one thought,—how to enrich himself. + +He did not succeed in this. A theatre worthy of this great talent was +lacking. ThĂ©nardier was ruining himself at Montfermeil, if ruin is +possible to zero; in Switzerland or in the Pyrenees this penniless +scamp would have become a millionaire; but an inn-keeper must browse +where fate has hitched him. + +It will be understood that the word _inn-keeper_ is here employed in a +restricted sense, and does not extend to an entire class. + +In this same year, 1823, ThĂ©nardier was burdened with about fifteen +hundred francs’ worth of petty debts, and this rendered him anxious. + +Whatever may have been the obstinate injustice of destiny in this case, +ThĂ©nardier was one of those men who understand best, with the most +profundity and in the most modern fashion, that thing which is a virtue +among barbarous peoples and an object of merchandise among civilized +peoples,—hospitality. Besides, he was an admirable poacher, and quoted +for his skill in shooting. He had a certain cold and tranquil laugh, +which was particularly dangerous. + +His theories as a landlord sometimes burst forth in lightning flashes. +He had professional aphorisms, which he inserted into his wife’s mind. +“The duty of the inn-keeper,” he said to her one day, violently, and in +a low voice, “is to sell to the first comer, stews, repose, light, +fire, dirty sheets, a servant, lice, and a smile; to stop passers-by, +to empty small purses, and to honestly lighten heavy ones; to shelter +travelling families respectfully: to shave the man, to pluck the woman, +to pick the child clean; to quote the window open, the window shut, the +chimney-corner, the armchair, the chair, the ottoman, the stool, the +feather-bed, the mattress and the truss of straw; to know how much the +shadow uses up the mirror, and to put a price on it; and, by five +hundred thousand devils, to make the traveller pay for everything, even +for the flies which his dog eats!” + + +This man and this woman were ruse and rage wedded—a hideous and +terrible team. + +While the husband pondered and combined, Madame ThĂ©nardier thought not +of absent creditors, took no heed of yesterday nor of to-morrow, and +lived in a fit of anger, all in a minute. + +Such were these two beings. Cosette was between them, subjected to +their double pressure, like a creature who is at the same time being +ground up in a mill and pulled to pieces with pincers. The man and the +woman each had a different method: Cosette was overwhelmed with +blows—this was the woman’s; she went barefooted in winter—that was the +man’s doing. + +Cosette ran upstairs and down, washed, swept, rubbed, dusted, ran, +fluttered about, panted, moved heavy articles, and weak as she was, did +the coarse work. There was no mercy for her; a fierce mistress and +venomous master. The ThĂ©nardier hostelry was like a spider’s web, in +which Cosette had been caught, and where she lay trembling. The ideal +of oppression was realized by this sinister household. It was something +like the fly serving the spiders. + +The poor child passively held her peace. + +What takes place within these souls when they have but just quitted +God, find themselves thus, at the very dawn of life, very small and in +the midst of men all naked! + + + + +CHAPTER III—MEN MUST HAVE WINE, AND HORSES MUST HAVE WATER + + +Four new travellers had arrived. + +Cosette was meditating sadly; for, although she was only eight years +old, she had already suffered so much that she reflected with the +lugubrious air of an old woman. Her eye was black in consequence of a +blow from Madame ThĂ©nardier’s fist, which caused the latter to remark +from time to time, “How ugly she is with her fist-blow on her eye!” + + +Cosette was thinking that it was dark, very dark, that the pitchers and +caraffes in the chambers of the travellers who had arrived must have +been filled and that there was no more water in the cistern. + +She was somewhat reassured because no one in the ThĂ©nardier +establishment drank much water. Thirsty people were never lacking +there; but their thirst was of the sort which applies to the jug rather +than to the pitcher. Any one who had asked for a glass of water among +all those glasses of wine would have appeared a savage to all these +men. But there came a moment when the child trembled; Madame ThĂ©nardier +raised the cover of a stew-pan which was boiling on the stove, then +seized a glass and briskly approached the cistern. She turned the +faucet; the child had raised her head and was following all the woman’s +movements. A thin stream of water trickled from the faucet, and half +filled the glass. “Well,” said she, “there is no more water!” A +momentary silence ensued. The child did not breathe. + +“Bah!” resumed Madame ThĂ©nardier, examining the half-filled glass, +“this will be enough.” + + +Cosette applied herself to her work once more, but for a quarter of an +hour she felt her heart leaping in her bosom like a big snow-flake. + +She counted the minutes that passed in this manner, and wished it were +the next morning. + +From time to time one of the drinkers looked into the street, and +exclaimed, “It’s as black as an oven!” or, “One must needs be a cat to +go about the streets without a lantern at this hour!” And Cosette +trembled. + +All at once one of the pedlers who lodged in the hostelry entered, and +said in a harsh voice:— + +“My horse has not been watered.” + + +“Yes, it has,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +“I tell you that it has not,” retorted the pedler. + +Cosette had emerged from under the table. + +“Oh, yes, sir!” said she, “the horse has had a drink; he drank out of a +bucket, a whole bucketful, and it was I who took the water to him, and +I spoke to him.” + + +It was not true; Cosette lied. + +“There’s a brat as big as my fist who tells lies as big as the house,” +exclaimed the pedler. “I tell you that he has not been watered, you +little jade! He has a way of blowing when he has had no water, which I +know well.” + + +Cosette persisted, and added in a voice rendered hoarse with anguish, +and which was hardly audible:— + +“And he drank heartily.” + + +“Come,” said the pedler, in a rage, “this won’t do at all, let my horse +be watered, and let that be the end of it!” + + +Cosette crept under the table again. + +“In truth, that is fair!” said Madame ThĂ©nardier, “if the beast has not +been watered, it must be.” + + +Then glancing about her:— + +“Well, now! Where’s that other beast?” + + +She bent down and discovered Cosette cowering at the other end of the +table, almost under the drinkers’ feet. + +“Are you coming?” shrieked Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette crawled out of the sort of hole in which she had hidden +herself. The ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Mademoiselle Dog-lack-name, go and water that horse.” + + +“But, Madame,” said Cosette, feebly, “there is no water.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier threw the street door wide open:— + +“Well, go and get some, then!” + + +Cosette dropped her head, and went for an empty bucket which stood near +the chimney-corner. + +This bucket was bigger than she was, and the child could have set down +in it at her ease. + +The ThĂ©nardier returned to her stove, and tasted what was in the +stewpan, with a wooden spoon, grumbling the while:— + +“There’s plenty in the spring. There never was such a malicious +creature as that. I think I should have done better to strain my +onions.” + + +Then she rummaged in a drawer which contained sous, pepper, and +shallots. + +“See here, Mam’selle Toad,” she added, “on your way back, you will get +a big loaf from the baker. Here’s a fifteen-sou piece.” + + +Cosette had a little pocket on one side of her apron; she took the coin +without saying a word, and put it in that pocket. + +Then she stood motionless, bucket in hand, the open door before her. +She seemed to be waiting for some one to come to her rescue. + +“Get along with you!” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette went out. The door closed behind her. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—ENTRANCE ON THE SCENE OF A DOLL + + +The line of open-air booths starting at the church, extended, as the +reader will remember, as far as the hostelry of the ThĂ©nardiers. These +booths were all illuminated, because the citizens would soon pass on +their way to the midnight mass, with candles burning in paper funnels, +which, as the schoolmaster, then seated at the table at the +ThĂ©nardiers’ observed, produced “a magical effect.” In compensation, +not a star was visible in the sky. + +The last of these stalls, established precisely opposite the +ThĂ©nardiers’ door, was a toy-shop all glittering with tinsel, glass, +and magnificent objects of tin. In the first row, and far forwards, the +merchant had placed on a background of white napkins, an immense doll, +nearly two feet high, who was dressed in a robe of pink crepe, with +gold wheat-ears on her head, which had real hair and enamel eyes. All +that day, this marvel had been displayed to the wonderment of all +passers-by under ten years of age, without a mother being found in +Montfermeil sufficiently rich or sufficiently extravagant to give it to +her child. Éponine and Azelma had passed hours in contemplating it, and +Cosette herself had ventured to cast a glance at it, on the sly, it is +true. + +At the moment when Cosette emerged, bucket in hand, melancholy and +overcome as she was, she could not refrain from lifting her eyes to +that wonderful doll, towards _the lady_, as she called it. The poor +child paused in amazement. She had not yet beheld that doll close to. +The whole shop seemed a palace to her: the doll was not a doll; it was +a vision. It was joy, splendor, riches, happiness, which appeared in a +sort of chimerical halo to that unhappy little being so profoundly +engulfed in gloomy and chilly misery. With the sad and innocent +sagacity of childhood, Cosette measured the abyss which separated her +from that doll. She said to herself that one must be a queen, or at +least a princess, to have a “thing” like that. She gazed at that +beautiful pink dress, that beautiful smooth hair, and she thought, “How +happy that doll must be!” She could not take her eyes from that +fantastic stall. The more she looked, the more dazzled she grew. She +thought she was gazing at paradise. There were other dolls behind the +large one, which seemed to her to be fairies and genii. The merchant, +who was pacing back and forth in front of his shop, produced on her +somewhat the effect of being the Eternal Father. + +In this adoration she forgot everything, even the errand with which she +was charged. + +All at once the ThĂ©nardier’s coarse voice recalled her to reality: +“What, you silly jade! you have not gone? Wait! I’ll give it to you! I +want to know what you are doing there! Get along, you little monster!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier had cast a glance into the street, and had caught sight +of Cosette in her ecstasy. + +Cosette fled, dragging her pail, and taking the longest strides of +which she was capable. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE LITTLE ONE ALL ALONE + + +As the ThĂ©nardier hostelry was in that part of the village which is +near the church, it was to the spring in the forest in the direction of +Chelles that Cosette was obliged to go for her water. + +She did not glance at the display of a single other merchant. So long +as she was in Boulanger Lane and in the neighborhood of the church, the +lighted stalls illuminated the road; but soon the last light from the +last stall vanished. The poor child found herself in the dark. She +plunged into it. Only, as a certain emotion overcame her, she made as +much motion as possible with the handle of the bucket as she walked +along. This made a noise which afforded her company. + +The further she went, the denser the darkness became. There was no one +in the streets. However, she did encounter a woman, who turned around +on seeing her, and stood still, muttering between her teeth: “Where can +that child be going? Is it a werewolf child?” Then the woman recognized +Cosette. “Well,” said she, “it’s the Lark!” + + +In this manner Cosette traversed the labyrinth of tortuous and deserted +streets which terminate in the village of Montfermeil on the side of +Chelles. So long as she had the houses or even the walls only on both +sides of her path, she proceeded with tolerable boldness. From time to +time she caught the flicker of a candle through the crack of a +shutter—this was light and life; there were people there, and it +reassured her. But in proportion as she advanced, her pace slackened +mechanically, as it were. When she had passed the corner of the last +house, Cosette paused. It had been hard to advance further than the +last stall; it became impossible to proceed further than the last +house. She set her bucket on the ground, thrust her hand into her hair, +and began slowly to scratch her head,—a gesture peculiar to children +when terrified and undecided what to do. It was no longer Montfermeil; +it was the open fields. Black and desert space was before her. She +gazed in despair at that darkness, where there was no longer any one, +where there were beasts, where there were spectres, possibly. She took +a good look, and heard the beasts walking on the grass, and she +distinctly saw spectres moving in the trees. Then she seized her bucket +again; fear had lent her audacity. “Bah!” said she; “I will tell him +that there was no more water!” And she resolutely re-entered +Montfermeil. + +Hardly had she gone a hundred paces when she paused and began to +scratch her head again. Now it was the ThĂ©nardier who appeared to her, +with her hideous, hyena mouth, and wrath flashing in her eyes. The +child cast a melancholy glance before her and behind her. What was she +to do? What was to become of her? Where was she to go? In front of her +was the spectre of the ThĂ©nardier; behind her all the phantoms of the +night and of the forest. It was before the ThĂ©nardier that she +recoiled. She resumed her path to the spring, and began to run. She +emerged from the village, she entered the forest at a run, no longer +looking at or listening to anything. She only paused in her course when +her breath failed her; but she did not halt in her advance. She went +straight before her in desperation. + +As she ran she felt like crying. + +The nocturnal quivering of the forest surrounded her completely. + +She no longer thought, she no longer saw. The immensity of night was +facing this tiny creature. On the one hand, all shadow; on the other, +an atom. + +It was only seven or eight minutes’ walk from the edge of the woods to +the spring. Cosette knew the way, through having gone over it many +times in daylight. Strange to say, she did not get lost. A remnant of +instinct guided her vaguely. But she did not turn her eyes either to +right or to left, for fear of seeing things in the branches and in the +brushwood. In this manner she reached the spring. + +It was a narrow, natural basin, hollowed out by the water in a clayey +soil, about two feet deep, surrounded with moss and with those tall, +crimped grasses which are called Henry IV.’s frills, and paved with +several large stones. A brook ran out of it, with a tranquil little +noise. + +Cosette did not take time to breathe. It was very dark, but she was in +the habit of coming to this spring. She felt with her left hand in the +dark for a young oak which leaned over the spring, and which usually +served to support her, found one of its branches, clung to it, bent +down, and plunged the bucket in the water. She was in a state of such +violent excitement that her strength was trebled. While thus bent over, +she did not notice that the pocket of her apron had emptied itself into +the spring. The fifteen-sou piece fell into the water. Cosette neither +saw nor heard it fall. She drew out the bucket nearly full, and set it +on the grass. + +That done, she perceived that she was worn out with fatigue. She would +have liked to set out again at once, but the effort required to fill +the bucket had been such that she found it impossible to take a step. +She was forced to sit down. She dropped on the grass, and remained +crouching there. + +She shut her eyes; then she opened them again, without knowing why, but +because she could not do otherwise. The agitated water in the bucket +beside her was describing circles which resembled tin serpents. + +Overhead the sky was covered with vast black clouds, which were like +masses of smoke. The tragic mask of shadow seemed to bend vaguely over +the child. + +Jupiter was setting in the depths. + +The child stared with bewildered eyes at this great star, with which +she was unfamiliar, and which terrified her. The planet was, in fact, +very near the horizon and was traversing a dense layer of mist which +imparted to it a horrible ruddy hue. The mist, gloomily empurpled, +magnified the star. One would have called it a luminous wound. + +A cold wind was blowing from the plain. The forest was dark, not a leaf +was moving; there were none of the vague, fresh gleams of summertide. +Great boughs uplifted themselves in frightful wise. Slender and +misshapen bushes whistled in the clearings. The tall grasses undulated +like eels under the north wind. The nettles seemed to twist long arms +furnished with claws in search of prey. Some bits of dry heather, +tossed by the breeze, flew rapidly by, and had the air of fleeing in +terror before something which was coming after. On all sides there were +lugubrious stretches. + +The darkness was bewildering. Man requires light. Whoever buries +himself in the opposite of day feels his heart contract. When the eye +sees black, the heart sees trouble. In an eclipse in the night, in the +sooty opacity, there is anxiety even for the stoutest of hearts. No one +walks alone in the forest at night without trembling. Shadows and +trees—two formidable densities. A chimerical reality appears in the +indistinct depths. The inconceivable is outlined a few paces distant +from you with a spectral clearness. One beholds floating, either in +space or in one’s own brain, one knows not what vague and intangible +thing, like the dreams of sleeping flowers. There are fierce attitudes +on the horizon. One inhales the effluvia of the great black void. One +is afraid to glance behind him, yet desirous of doing so. The cavities +of night, things grown haggard, taciturn profiles which vanish when one +advances, obscure dishevelments, irritated tufts, livid pools, the +lugubrious reflected in the funereal, the sepulchral immensity of +silence, unknown but possible beings, bendings of mysterious branches, +alarming torsos of trees, long handfuls of quivering plants,—against +all this one has no protection. There is no hardihood which does not +shudder and which does not feel the vicinity of anguish. One is +conscious of something hideous, as though one’s soul were becoming +amalgamated with the darkness. This penetration of the shadows is +indescribably sinister in the case of a child. + +Forests are apocalypses, and the beating of the wings of a tiny soul +produces a sound of agony beneath their monstrous vault. + +Without understanding her sensations, Cosette was conscious that she +was seized upon by that black enormity of nature; it was no longer +terror alone which was gaining possession of her; it was something more +terrible even than terror; she shivered. There are no words to express +the strangeness of that shiver which chilled her to the very bottom of +her heart; her eye grew wild; she thought she felt that she should not +be able to refrain from returning there at the same hour on the morrow. + +Then, by a sort of instinct, she began to count aloud, one, two, three, +four, and so on up to ten, in order to escape from that singular state +which she did not understand, but which terrified her, and, when she +had finished, she began again; this restored her to a true perception +of the things about her. Her hands, which she had wet in drawing the +water, felt cold; she rose; her terror, a natural and unconquerable +terror, had returned: she had but one thought now,—to flee at full +speed through the forest, across the fields to the houses, to the +windows, to the lighted candles. Her glance fell upon the water which +stood before her; such was the fright which the ThĂ©nardier inspired in +her, that she dared not flee without that bucket of water: she seized +the handle with both hands; she could hardly lift the pail. + +In this manner she advanced a dozen paces, but the bucket was full; it +was heavy; she was forced to set it on the ground once more. She took +breath for an instant, then lifted the handle of the bucket again, and +resumed her march, proceeding a little further this time, but again she +was obliged to pause. After some seconds of repose she set out again. +She walked bent forward, with drooping head, like an old woman; the +weight of the bucket strained and stiffened her thin arms. The iron +handle completed the benumbing and freezing of her wet and tiny hands; +she was forced to halt from time to time, and each time that she did +so, the cold water which splashed from the pail fell on her bare legs. +This took place in the depths of a forest, at night, in winter, far +from all human sight; she was a child of eight: no one but God saw that +sad thing at the moment. + +And her mother, no doubt, alas! + +For there are things that make the dead open their eyes in their +graves. + +She panted with a sort of painful rattle; sobs contracted her throat, +but she dared not weep, so afraid was she of the ThĂ©nardier, even at a +distance: it was her custom to imagine the ThĂ©nardier always present. + +However, she could not make much headway in that manner, and she went +on very slowly. In spite of diminishing the length of her stops, and of +walking as long as possible between them, she reflected with anguish +that it would take her more than an hour to return to Montfermeil in +this manner, and that the ThĂ©nardier would beat her. This anguish was +mingled with her terror at being alone in the woods at night; she was +worn out with fatigue, and had not yet emerged from the forest. On +arriving near an old chestnut-tree with which she was acquainted, made +a last halt, longer than the rest, in order that she might get well +rested; then she summoned up all her strength, picked up her bucket +again, and courageously resumed her march, but the poor little +desperate creature could not refrain from crying, “O my God! my God!” + + +At that moment she suddenly became conscious that her bucket no longer +weighed anything at all: a hand, which seemed to her enormous, had just +seized the handle, and lifted it vigorously. She raised her head. A +large black form, straight and erect, was walking beside her through +the darkness; it was a man who had come up behind her, and whose +approach she had not heard. This man, without uttering a word, had +seized the handle of the bucket which she was carrying. + +There are instincts for all the encounters of life. + +The child was not afraid. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WHICH POSSIBLY PROVES BOULATRUELLE’S INTELLIGENCE + + +On the afternoon of that same Christmas Day, 1823, a man had walked for +rather a long time in the most deserted part of the Boulevard de +l’HĂŽpital in Paris. This man had the air of a person who is seeking +lodgings, and he seemed to halt, by preference, at the most modest +houses on that dilapidated border of the faubourg Saint-Marceau. + +We shall see further on that this man had, in fact, hired a chamber in +that isolated quarter. + +This man, in his attire, as in all his person, realized the type of +what may be called the well-bred mendicant,—extreme wretchedness +combined with extreme cleanliness. This is a very rare mixture which +inspires intelligent hearts with that double respect which one feels +for the man who is very poor, and for the man who is very worthy. He +wore a very old and very well brushed round hat; a coarse coat, worn +perfectly threadbare, of an ochre yellow, a color that was not in the +least eccentric at that epoch; a large waistcoat with pockets of a +venerable cut; black breeches, worn gray at the knee, stockings of +black worsted; and thick shoes with copper buckles. He would have been +pronounced a preceptor in some good family, returned from the +emigration. He would have been taken for more than sixty years of age, +from his perfectly white hair, his wrinkled brow, his livid lips, and +his countenance, where everything breathed depression and weariness of +life. Judging from his firm tread, from the singular vigor which +stamped all his movements, he would have hardly been thought fifty. The +wrinkles on his brow were well placed, and would have disposed in his +favor any one who observed him attentively. His lip contracted with a +strange fold which seemed severe, and which was humble. There was in +the depth of his glance an indescribable melancholy serenity. In his +left hand he carried a little bundle tied up in a handkerchief; in his +right he leaned on a sort of a cudgel, cut from some hedge. This stick +had been carefully trimmed, and had an air that was not too +threatening; the most had been made of its knots, and it had received a +coral-like head, made from red wax: it was a cudgel, and it seemed to +be a cane. + +There are but few passers-by on that boulevard, particularly in the +winter. The man seemed to avoid them rather than to seek them, but this +without any affectation. + +At that epoch, King Louis XVIII. went nearly every day to +Choisy-le-Roi: it was one of his favorite excursions. Towards two +o’clock, almost invariably, the royal carriage and cavalcade was seen +to pass at full speed along the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +This served in lieu of a watch or clock to the poor women of the +quarter who said, “It is two o’clock; there he is returning to the +Tuileries.” + + +And some rushed forward, and others drew up in line, for a passing king +always creates a tumult; besides, the appearance and disappearance of +Louis XVIII. produced a certain effect in the streets of Paris. It was +rapid but majestic. This impotent king had a taste for a fast gallop; +as he was not able to walk, he wished to run: that cripple would gladly +have had himself drawn by the lightning. He passed, pacific and severe, +in the midst of naked swords. His massive couch, all covered with +gilding, with great branches of lilies painted on the panels, thundered +noisily along. There was hardly time to cast a glance upon it. In the +rear angle on the right there was visible on tufted cushions of white +satin a large, firm, and ruddy face, a brow freshly powdered _Ă  +l’oiseau royal_, a proud, hard, crafty eye, the smile of an educated +man, two great epaulets with bullion fringe floating over a bourgeois +coat, the Golden Fleece, the cross of Saint Louis, the cross of the +Legion of Honor, the silver plaque of the Saint-Esprit, a huge belly, +and a wide blue ribbon: it was the king. Outside of Paris, he held his +hat decked with white ostrich plumes on his knees enwrapped in high +English gaiters; when he re-entered the city, he put on his hat and +saluted rarely; he stared coldly at the people, and they returned it in +kind. When he appeared for the first time in the Saint-Marceau quarter, +the whole success which he produced is contained in this remark of an +inhabitant of the faubourg to his comrade, “That big fellow yonder is +the government.” + + +This infallible passage of the king at the same hour was, therefore, +the daily event of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +The promenader in the yellow coat evidently did not belong in the +quarter, and probably did not belong in Paris, for he was ignorant as +to this detail. When, at two o’clock, the royal carriage, surrounded by +a squadron of the body-guard all covered with silver lace, debouched on +the boulevard, after having made the turn of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, he +appeared surprised and almost alarmed. There was no one but himself in +this cross-lane. He drew up hastily behind the corner of the wall of an +enclosure, though this did not prevent M. le Duc de HavrĂ© from spying +him out. + +M. le Duc de HavrĂ©, as captain of the guard on duty that day, was +seated in the carriage, opposite the king. He said to his Majesty, +“Yonder is an evil-looking man.” Members of the police, who were +clearing the king’s route, took equal note of him: one of them received +an order to follow him. But the man plunged into the deserted little +streets of the faubourg, and as twilight was beginning to fall, the +agent lost trace of him, as is stated in a report addressed that same +evening to M. le Comte d’AnglĂšs, Minister of State, Prefect of Police. + +When the man in the yellow coat had thrown the agent off his track, he +redoubled his pace, not without turning round many a time to assure +himself that he was not being followed. At a quarter-past four, that is +to say, when night was fully come, he passed in front of the theatre of +the Porte Saint-Martin, where _The Two Convicts_ was being played that +day. This poster, illuminated by the theatre lanterns, struck him; for, +although he was walking rapidly, he halted to read it. An instant later +he was in the blind alley of La Planchette, and he entered the _Plat +d’Etain_ [the Pewter Platter], where the office of the coach for Lagny +was then situated. This coach set out at half-past four. The horses +were harnessed, and the travellers, summoned by the coachman, were +hastily climbing the lofty iron ladder of the vehicle. + +The man inquired:— + +“Have you a place?” + + +“Only one—beside me on the box,” said the coachman. + +“I will take it.” + + +“Climb up.” + + +Nevertheless, before setting out, the coachman cast a glance at the +traveller’s shabby dress, at the diminutive size of his bundle, and +made him pay his fare. + +“Are you going as far as Lagny?” demanded the coachman. + +“Yes,” said the man. + +The traveller paid to Lagny. + +They started. When they had passed the barrier, the coachman tried to +enter into conversation, but the traveller only replied in +monosyllables. The coachman took to whistling and swearing at his +horses. + +The coachman wrapped himself up in his cloak. It was cold. The man did +not appear to be thinking of that. Thus they passed Gournay and +Neuilly-sur-Marne. + +Towards six o’clock in the evening they reached Chelles. The coachman +drew up in front of the carters’ inn installed in the ancient buildings +of the Royal Abbey, to give his horses a breathing spell. + +“I get down here,” said the man. + +He took his bundle and his cudgel and jumped down from the vehicle. + +An instant later he had disappeared. + +He did not enter the inn. + +When the coach set out for Lagny a few minutes later, it did not +encounter him in the principal street of Chelles. + +The coachman turned to the inside travellers. + +“There,” said he, “is a man who does not belong here, for I do not know +him. He had not the air of owning a sou, but he does not consider +money; he pays to Lagny, and he goes only as far as Chelles. It is +night; all the houses are shut; he does not enter the inn, and he is +not to be found. So he has dived through the earth.” + + +The man had not plunged into the earth, but he had gone with great +strides through the dark, down the principal street of Chelles, then he +had turned to the right before reaching the church, into the crossroad +leading to Montfermeil, like a person who was acquainted with the +country and had been there before. + +He followed this road rapidly. At the spot where it is intersected by +the ancient tree-bordered road which runs from Gagny to Lagny, he heard +people coming. He concealed himself precipitately in a ditch, and there +waited until the passers-by were at a distance. The precaution was +nearly superfluous, however; for, as we have already said, it was a +very dark December night. Not more than two or three stars were visible +in the sky. + +It is at this point that the ascent of the hill begins. The man did not +return to the road to Montfermeil; he struck across the fields to the +right, and entered the forest with long strides. + +Once in the forest he slackened his pace, and began a careful +examination of all the trees, advancing, step by step, as though +seeking and following a mysterious road known to himself alone. There +came a moment when he appeared to lose himself, and he paused in +indecision. At last he arrived, by dint of feeling his way inch by +inch, at a clearing where there was a great heap of whitish stones. He +stepped up briskly to these stones, and examined them attentively +through the mists of night, as though he were passing them in review. A +large tree, covered with those excrescences which are the warts of +vegetation, stood a few paces distant from the pile of stones. He went +up to this tree and passed his hand over the bark of the trunk, as +though seeking to recognize and count all the warts. + +Opposite this tree, which was an ash, there was a chestnut-tree, +suffering from a peeling of the bark, to which a band of zinc had been +nailed by way of dressing. He raised himself on tiptoe and touched this +band of zinc. + +Then he trod about for awhile on the ground comprised in the space +between the tree and the heap of stones, like a person who is trying to +assure himself that the soil has not recently been disturbed. + +That done, he took his bearings, and resumed his march through the +forest. + +It was the man who had just met Cosette. + +As he walked through the thicket in the direction of Montfermeil, he +had espied that tiny shadow moving with a groan, depositing a burden on +the ground, then taking it up and setting out again. He drew near, and +perceived that it was a very young child, laden with an enormous bucket +of water. Then he approached the child, and silently grasped the handle +of the bucket. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—COSETTE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE STRANGER IN THE DARK + + +Cosette, as we have said, was not frightened. + +The man accosted her. He spoke in a voice that was grave and almost +bass. + +“My child, what you are carrying is very heavy for you.” + + +Cosette raised her head and replied:— + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“Give it to me,” said the man; “I will carry it for you.” + + +Cosette let go of the bucket-handle. The man walked along beside her. + +“It really is very heavy,” he muttered between his teeth. Then he +added:— + +“How old are you, little one?” + + +“Eight, sir.” + + +“And have you come from far like this?” + + +“From the spring in the forest.” + + +“Are you going far?” + + +“A good quarter of an hour’s walk from here.” + + +The man said nothing for a moment; then he remarked abruptly:— + +“So you have no mother.” + + +“I don’t know,” answered the child. + +Before the man had time to speak again, she added:— + +“I don’t think so. Other people have mothers. I have none.” + + +And after a silence she went on:— + +“I think that I never had any.” + + +The man halted; he set the bucket on the ground, bent down and placed +both hands on the child’s shoulders, making an effort to look at her +and to see her face in the dark. + +Cosette’s thin and sickly face was vaguely outlined by the livid light +in the sky. + +“What is your name?” said the man. + +“Cosette.” + + +The man seemed to have received an electric shock. He looked at her +once more; then he removed his hands from Cosette’s shoulders, seized +the bucket, and set out again. + +After a moment he inquired:— + +“Where do you live, little one?” + + +“At Montfermeil, if you know where that is.” + + +“That is where we are going?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +He paused; then began again:— + +“Who sent you at such an hour to get water in the forest?” + + +“It was Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +The man resumed, in a voice which he strove to render indifferent, but +in which there was, nevertheless, a singular tremor:— + +“What does your Madame ThĂ©nardier do?” + + +“She is my mistress,” said the child. “She keeps the inn.” + + +“The inn?” said the man. “Well, I am going to lodge there to-night. +Show me the way.” + + +“We are on the way there,” said the child. + +The man walked tolerably fast. Cosette followed him without difficulty. +She no longer felt any fatigue. From time to time she raised her eyes +towards the man, with a sort of tranquillity and an indescribable +confidence. She had never been taught to turn to Providence and to +pray; nevertheless, she felt within her something which resembled hope +and joy, and which mounted towards heaven. + +Several minutes elapsed. The man resumed:— + +“Is there no servant in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s house?” + + +“No, sir.” + + +“Are you alone there?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +Another pause ensued. Cosette lifted up her voice:— + +“That is to say, there are two little girls.” + + +“What little girls?” + + +“Ponine and Zelma.” + + +This was the way the child simplified the romantic names so dear to the +female ThĂ©nardier. + +“Who are Ponine and Zelma?” + + +“They are Madame ThĂ©nardier’s young ladies; her daughters, as you would +say.” + + +“And what do those girls do?” + + +“Oh!” said the child, “they have beautiful dolls; things with gold in +them, all full of affairs. They play; they amuse themselves.” + + +“All day long?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“And you?” + + +“I? I work.” + + +“All day long?” + + +The child raised her great eyes, in which hung a tear, which was not +visible because of the darkness, and replied gently:— + +“Yes, sir.” + + +After an interval of silence she went on:— + +“Sometimes, when I have finished my work and they let me, I amuse +myself, too.” + + +“How do you amuse yourself?” + + +“In the best way I can. They let me alone; but I have not many +playthings. Ponine and Zelma will not let me play with their dolls. I +have only a little lead sword, no longer than that.” + + +The child held up her tiny finger. + +“And it will not cut?” + + +“Yes, sir,” said the child; “it cuts salad and the heads of flies.” + + +They reached the village. Cosette guided the stranger through the +streets. They passed the bakeshop, but Cosette did not think of the +bread which she had been ordered to fetch. The man had ceased to ply +her with questions, and now preserved a gloomy silence. + +When they had left the church behind them, the man, on perceiving all +the open-air booths, asked Cosette:— + +“So there is a fair going on here?” + + +“No, sir; it is Christmas.” + + +As they approached the tavern, Cosette timidly touched his arm:— + +“Monsieur?” + + +“What, my child?” + + +“We are quite near the house.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Will you let me take my bucket now?” + + +“Why?” + + +“If Madame sees that some one has carried it for me, she will beat me.” + + +The man handed her the bucket. An instant later they were at the tavern +door. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE UNPLEASANTNESS OF RECEIVING INTO ONE’S HOUSE A POOR +MAN WHO MAY BE A RICH MAN + + +Cosette could not refrain from casting a sidelong glance at the big +doll, which was still displayed at the toy-merchant’s; then she +knocked. The door opened. The ThĂ©nardier appeared with a candle in her +hand. + +“Ah! so it’s you, you little wretch! good mercy, but you’ve taken your +time! The hussy has been amusing herself!” + + +“Madame,” said Cosette, trembling all over, “here’s a gentleman who +wants a lodging.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier speedily replaced her gruff air by her amiable grimace, +a change of aspect common to tavern-keepers, and eagerly sought the +newcomer with her eyes. + +“This is the gentleman?” said she. + +“Yes, Madame,” replied the man, raising his hand to his hat. + +Wealthy travellers are not so polite. This gesture, and an inspection +of the stranger’s costume and baggage, which the ThĂ©nardier passed in +review with one glance, caused the amiable grimace to vanish, and the +gruff mien to reappear. She resumed dryly:— + +“Enter, my good man.” + + +The “good man” entered. The ThĂ©nardier cast a second glance at him, +paid particular attention to his frock-coat, which was absolutely +threadbare, and to his hat, which was a little battered, and, tossing +her head, wrinkling her nose, and screwing up her eyes, she consulted +her husband, who was still drinking with the carters. The husband +replied by that imperceptible movement of the forefinger, which, backed +up by an inflation of the lips, signifies in such cases: A regular +beggar. Thereupon, the ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“Ah! see here, my good man; I am very sorry, but I have no room left.” + + +“Put me where you like,” said the man; “in the attic, in the stable. I +will pay as though I occupied a room.” + + +“Forty sous.” + + +“Forty sous; agreed.” + + +“Very well, then!” + + +“Forty sous!” said a carter, in a low tone, to the ThĂ©nardier woman; +“why, the charge is only twenty sous!” + + +“It is forty in his case,” retorted the ThĂ©nardier, in the same tone. +“I don’t lodge poor folks for less.” + + +“That’s true,” added her husband, gently; “it ruins a house to have +such people in it.” + + +In the meantime, the man, laying his bundle and his cudgel on a bench, +had seated himself at a table, on which Cosette made haste to place a +bottle of wine and a glass. The merchant who had demanded the bucket of +water took it to his horse himself. Cosette resumed her place under the +kitchen table, and her knitting. + +The man, who had barely moistened his lips in the wine which he had +poured out for himself, observed the child with peculiar attention. + +Cosette was ugly. If she had been happy, she might have been pretty. We +have already given a sketch of that sombre little figure. Cosette was +thin and pale; she was nearly eight years old, but she seemed to be +hardly six. Her large eyes, sunken in a sort of shadow, were almost put +out with weeping. The corners of her mouth had that curve of habitual +anguish which is seen in condemned persons and desperately sick people. +Her hands were, as her mother had divined, “ruined with chilblains.” +The fire which illuminated her at that moment brought into relief all +the angles of her bones, and rendered her thinness frightfully +apparent. As she was always shivering, she had acquired the habit of +pressing her knees one against the other. Her entire clothing was but a +rag which would have inspired pity in summer, and which inspired horror +in winter. All she had on was hole-ridden linen, not a scrap of +woollen. Her skin was visible here and there and everywhere black and +blue spots could be descried, which marked the places where the +ThĂ©nardier woman had touched her. Her naked legs were thin and red. The +hollows in her neck were enough to make one weep. This child’s whole +person, her mien, her attitude, the sound of her voice, the intervals +which she allowed to elapse between one word and the next, her glance, +her silence, her slightest gesture, expressed and betrayed one sole +idea,—fear. + +Fear was diffused all over her; she was covered with it, so to speak; +fear drew her elbows close to her hips, withdrew her heels under her +petticoat, made her occupy as little space as possible, allowed her +only the breath that was absolutely necessary, and had become what +might be called the habit of her body, admitting of no possible +variation except an increase. In the depths of her eyes there was an +astonished nook where terror lurked. + +Her fear was such, that on her arrival, wet as she was, Cosette did not +dare to approach the fire and dry herself, but sat silently down to her +work again. + +The expression in the glance of that child of eight years was +habitually so gloomy, and at times so tragic, that it seemed at certain +moments as though she were on the verge of becoming an idiot or a +demon. + +As we have stated, she had never known what it is to pray; she had +never set foot in a church. “Have I the time?” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +The man in the yellow coat never took his eyes from Cosette. + +All at once, the ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“By the way, where’s that bread?” + + +Cosette, according to her custom whenever the ThĂ©nardier uplifted her +voice, emerged with great haste from beneath the table. + +She had completely forgotten the bread. She had recourse to the +expedient of children who live in a constant state of fear. She lied. + +“Madame, the baker’s shop was shut.” + + +“You should have knocked.” + + +“I did knock, Madame.” + + +“Well?” + + +“He did not open the door.” + + +“I’ll find out to-morrow whether that is true,” said the ThĂ©nardier; +“and if you are telling me a lie, I’ll lead you a pretty dance. In the +meantime, give me back my fifteen-sou piece.” + + +Cosette plunged her hand into the pocket of her apron, and turned +green. The fifteen-sou piece was not there. + +“Ah, come now,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier, “did you hear me?” + + +Cosette turned her pocket inside out; there was nothing in it. What +could have become of that money? The unhappy little creature could not +find a word to say. She was petrified. + +“Have you lost that fifteen-sou piece?” screamed the ThĂ©nardier, +hoarsely, “or do you want to rob me of it?” + + +At the same time, she stretched out her arm towards the +cat-o’-nine-tails which hung on a nail in the chimney-corner. + +This formidable gesture restored to Cosette sufficient strength to +shriek:— + +“Mercy, Madame, Madame! I will not do so any more!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier took down the whip. + +In the meantime, the man in the yellow coat had been fumbling in the +fob of his waistcoat, without any one having noticed his movements. +Besides, the other travellers were drinking or playing cards, and were +not paying attention to anything. + +Cosette contracted herself into a ball, with anguish, within the angle +of the chimney, endeavoring to gather up and conceal her poor half-nude +limbs. The ThĂ©nardier raised her arm. + +“Pardon me, Madame,” said the man, “but just now I caught sight of +something which had fallen from this little one’s apron pocket, and +rolled aside. Perhaps this is it.” + + +At the same time he bent down and seemed to be searching on the floor +for a moment. + +“Exactly; here it is,” he went on, straightening himself up. + +And he held out a silver coin to the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Yes, that’s it,” said she. + +It was not it, for it was a twenty-sou piece; but the ThĂ©nardier found +it to her advantage. She put the coin in her pocket, and confined +herself to casting a fierce glance at the child, accompanied with the +remark, “Don’t let this ever happen again!” + + +Cosette returned to what the ThĂ©nardier called “her kennel,” and her +large eyes, which were riveted on the traveller, began to take on an +expression such as they had never worn before. Thus far it was only an +innocent amazement, but a sort of stupefied confidence was mingled with +it. + +“By the way, would you like some supper?” the ThĂ©nardier inquired of +the traveller. + +He made no reply. He appeared to be absorbed in thought. + +“What sort of a man is that?” she muttered between her teeth. “He’s +some frightfully poor wretch. He hasn’t a sou to pay for a supper. Will +he even pay me for his lodging? It’s very lucky, all the same, that it +did not occur to him to steal the money that was on the floor.” + + +In the meantime, a door had opened, and Éponine and Azelma entered. + +They were two really pretty little girls, more bourgeois than peasant +in looks, and very charming; the one with shining chestnut tresses, the +other with long black braids hanging down her back, both vivacious, +neat, plump, rosy, and healthy, and a delight to the eye. They were +warmly clad, but with so much maternal art that the thickness of the +stuffs did not detract from the coquetry of arrangement. There was a +hint of winter, though the springtime was not wholly effaced. Light +emanated from these two little beings. Besides this, they were on the +throne. In their toilettes, in their gayety, in the noise which they +made, there was sovereignty. When they entered, the ThĂ©nardier said to +them in a grumbling tone which was full of adoration, “Ah! there you +are, you children!” + + +Then drawing them, one after the other to her knees, smoothing their +hair, tying their ribbons afresh, and then releasing them with that +gentle manner of shaking off which is peculiar to mothers, she +exclaimed, “What frights they are!” + + +They went and seated themselves in the chimney-corner. They had a doll, +which they turned over and over on their knees with all sorts of joyous +chatter. From time to time Cosette raised her eyes from her knitting, +and watched their play with a melancholy air. + +Éponine and Azelma did not look at Cosette. She was the same as a dog +to them. These three little girls did not yet reckon up four and twenty +years between them, but they already represented the whole society of +man; envy on the one side, disdain on the other. + +The doll of the ThĂ©nardier sisters was very much faded, very old, and +much broken; but it seemed nonetheless admirable to Cosette, who had +never had a doll in her life, _a real doll_, to make use of the +expression which all children will understand. + +All at once, the ThĂ©nardier, who had been going back and forth in the +room, perceived that Cosette’s mind was distracted, and that, instead +of working, she was paying attention to the little ones at their play. + +“Ah! I’ve caught you at it!” she cried. “So that’s the way you work! +I’ll make you work to the tune of the whip; that I will.” + + +The stranger turned to the ThĂ©nardier, without quitting his chair. + +“Bah, Madame,” he said, with an almost timid air, “let her play!” + + +Such a wish expressed by a traveller who had eaten a slice of mutton +and had drunk a couple of bottles of wine with his supper, and who had +not the air of being frightfully poor, would have been equivalent to an +order. But that a man with such a hat should permit himself such a +desire, and that a man with such a coat should permit himself to have a +will, was something which Madame ThĂ©nardier did not intend to tolerate. +She retorted with acrimony:— + +“She must work, since she eats. I don’t feed her to do nothing.” + + +“What is she making?” went on the stranger, in a gentle voice which +contrasted strangely with his beggarly garments and his porter’s +shoulders. + +The ThĂ©nardier deigned to reply:— + +“Stockings, if you please. Stockings for my little girls, who have +none, so to speak, and who are absolutely barefoot just now.” + + +The man looked at Cosette’s poor little red feet, and continued:— + +“When will she have finished this pair of stockings?” + + +“She has at least three or four good days’ work on them still, the lazy +creature!” + + +“And how much will that pair of stockings be worth when she has +finished them?” + + +The ThĂ©nardier cast a glance of disdain on him. + +“Thirty sous at least.” + + +“Will you sell them for five francs?” went on the man. + +“Good heavens!” exclaimed a carter who was listening, with a loud +laugh; “five francs! the deuce, I should think so! five balls!” + + +ThĂ©nardier thought it time to strike in. + +“Yes, sir; if such is your fancy, you will be allowed to have that pair +of stockings for five francs. We can refuse nothing to travellers.” + + +“You must pay on the spot,” said the ThĂ©nardier, in her curt and +peremptory fashion. + +“I will buy that pair of stockings,” replied the man, “and,” he added, +drawing a five-franc piece from his pocket, and laying it on the table, +“I will pay for them.” + + +Then he turned to Cosette. + +“Now I own your work; play, my child.” + + +The carter was so much touched by the five-franc piece, that he +abandoned his glass and hastened up. + +“But it’s true!” he cried, examining it. “A real hind wheel! and not +counterfeit!” + + +ThĂ©nardier approached and silently put the coin in his pocket. + +The ThĂ©nardier had no reply to make. She bit her lips, and her face +assumed an expression of hatred. + +In the meantime, Cosette was trembling. She ventured to ask:— + +“Is it true, Madame? May I play?” + + +“Play!” said the ThĂ©nardier, in a terrible voice. + +“Thanks, Madame,” said Cosette. + +And while her mouth thanked the ThĂ©nardier, her whole little soul +thanked the traveller. + +ThĂ©nardier had resumed his drinking; his wife whispered in his ear:— + +“Who can this yellow man be?” + + +“I have seen millionaires with coats like that,” replied ThĂ©nardier, in +a sovereign manner. + +Cosette had dropped her knitting, but had not left her seat. Cosette +always moved as little as possible. She picked up some old rags and her +little lead sword from a box behind her. + +Éponine and Azelma paid no attention to what was going on. They had +just executed a very important operation; they had just got hold of the +cat. They had thrown their doll on the ground, and Éponine, who was the +elder, was swathing the little cat, in spite of its mewing and its +contortions, in a quantity of clothes and red and blue scraps. While +performing this serious and difficult work she was saying to her sister +in that sweet and adorable language of children, whose grace, like the +splendor of the butterfly’s wing, vanishes when one essays to fix it +fast. + +“You see, sister, this doll is more amusing than the other. She twists, +she cries, she is warm. See, sister, let us play with her. She shall be +my little girl. I will be a lady. I will come to see you, and you shall +look at her. Gradually, you will perceive her whiskers, and that will +surprise you. And then you will see her ears, and then you will see her +tail and it will amaze you. And you will say to me, ‘Ah! Mon Dieu!’ and +I will say to you: ‘Yes, Madame, it is my little girl. Little girls are +made like that just at present.’” + + +Azelma listened admiringly to Éponine. + +In the meantime, the drinkers had begun to sing an obscene song, and to +laugh at it until the ceiling shook. ThĂ©nardier accompanied and +encouraged them. + +As birds make nests out of everything, so children make a doll out of +anything which comes to hand. While Éponine and Azelma were bundling up +the cat, Cosette, on her side, had dressed up her sword. That done, she +laid it in her arms, and sang to it softly, to lull it to sleep. + +The doll is one of the most imperious needs and, at the same time, one +of the most charming instincts of feminine childhood. To care for, to +clothe, to deck, to dress, to undress, to redress, to teach, scold a +little, to rock, to dandle, to lull to sleep, to imagine that something +is some one,—therein lies the whole woman’s future. While dreaming and +chattering, making tiny outfits, and baby clothes, while sewing little +gowns, and corsages and bodices, the child grows into a young girl, the +young girl into a big girl, the big girl into a woman. The first child +is the continuation of the last doll. + +A little girl without a doll is almost as unhappy, and quite as +impossible, as a woman without children. + +So Cosette had made herself a doll out of the sword. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier approached _the yellow man_; “My husband is right,” +she thought; “perhaps it is M. Laffitte; there are such queer rich +men!” + + +She came and set her elbows on the table. + +“Monsieur,” said she. At this word, _Monsieur_, the man turned; up to +that time, the ThĂ©nardier had addressed him only as _brave homme_ or +_bonhomme_. + +“You see, sir,” she pursued, assuming a sweetish air that was even more +repulsive to behold than her fierce mien, “I am willing that the child +should play; I do not oppose it, but it is good for once, because you +are generous. You see, she has nothing; she must needs work.” + + +“Then this child is not yours?” demanded the man. + +“Oh! mon Dieu! no, sir! she is a little beggar whom we have taken in +through charity; a sort of imbecile child. She must have water on the +brain; she has a large head, as you see. We do what we can for her, for +we are not rich; we have written in vain to her native place, and have +received no reply these six months. It must be that her mother is +dead.” + + +“Ah!” said the man, and fell into his reverie once more. + +“Her mother didn’t amount to much,” added the ThĂ©nardier; “she +abandoned her child.” + + +During the whole of this conversation Cosette, as though warned by some +instinct that she was under discussion, had not taken her eyes from the +ThĂ©nardier’s face; she listened vaguely; she caught a few words here +and there. + +Meanwhile, the drinkers, all three-quarters intoxicated, were repeating +their unclean refrain with redoubled gayety; it was a highly spiced and +wanton song, in which the Virgin and the infant Jesus were introduced. +The ThĂ©nardier went off to take part in the shouts of laughter. +Cosette, from her post under the table, gazed at the fire, which was +reflected from her fixed eyes. She had begun to rock the sort of baby +which she had made, and, as she rocked it, she sang in a low voice, “My +mother is dead! my mother is dead! my mother is dead!” + + +On being urged afresh by the hostess, the yellow man, “the +millionaire,” consented at last to take supper. + +“What does Monsieur wish?” + + +“Bread and cheese,” said the man. + +“Decidedly, he is a beggar” thought Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +The drunken men were still singing their song, and the child under the +table was singing hers. + +All at once, Cosette paused; she had just turned round and caught sight +of the little ThĂ©nardiers’ doll, which they had abandoned for the cat +and had left on the floor a few paces from the kitchen table. + +Then she dropped the swaddled sword, which only half met her needs, and +cast her eyes slowly round the room. Madame ThĂ©nardier was whispering +to her husband and counting over some money; Ponine and Zelma were +playing with the cat; the travellers were eating or drinking or +singing; not a glance was fixed on her. She had not a moment to lose; +she crept out from under the table on her hands and knees, made sure +once more that no one was watching her; then she slipped quickly up to +the doll and seized it. An instant later she was in her place again, +seated motionless, and only turned so as to cast a shadow on the doll +which she held in her arms. The happiness of playing with a doll was so +rare for her that it contained all the violence of voluptuousness. + +No one had seen her, except the traveller, who was slowly devouring his +meagre supper. + +This joy lasted about a quarter of an hour. + +But with all the precautions that Cosette had taken she did not +perceive that one of the doll’s legs stuck out and that the fire on the +hearth lighted it up very vividly. That pink and shining foot, +projecting from the shadow, suddenly struck the eye of Azelma, who said +to Éponine, “Look! sister.” + + +The two little girls paused in stupefaction; Cosette had dared to take +their doll! + +Éponine rose, and, without releasing the cat, she ran to her mother, +and began to tug at her skirt. + +“Let me alone!” said her mother; “what do you want?” + + +“Mother,” said the child, “look there!” + + +And she pointed to Cosette. + +Cosette, absorbed in the ecstasies of possession, no longer saw or +heard anything. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier’s countenance assumed that peculiar expression which +is composed of the terrible mingled with the trifles of life, and which +has caused this style of woman to be named _Megaeras_. + +On this occasion, wounded pride exasperated her wrath still further. +Cosette had overstepped all bounds; Cosette had laid violent hands on +the doll belonging to “these young ladies.” A czarina who should see a +muzhik trying on her imperial son’s blue ribbon would wear no other +face. + +She shrieked in a voice rendered hoarse with indignation:— + +“Cosette!” + + +Cosette started as though the earth had trembled beneath her; she +turned round. + +“Cosette!” repeated the ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette took the doll and laid it gently on the floor with a sort of +veneration, mingled with despair; then, without taking her eyes from +it, she clasped her hands, and, what is terrible to relate of a child +of that age, she wrung them; then—not one of the emotions of the day, +neither the trip to the forest, nor the weight of the bucket of water, +nor the loss of the money, nor the sight of the whip, nor even the sad +words which she had heard Madame ThĂ©nardier utter had been able to +wring this from her—she wept; she burst out sobbing. + +Meanwhile, the traveller had risen to his feet. + +“What is the matter?” he said to the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Don’t you see?” said the ThĂ©nardier, pointing to the _corpus delicti_ +which lay at Cosette’s feet. + +“Well, what of it?” resumed the man. + +“That beggar,” replied the ThĂ©nardier, “has permitted herself to touch +the children’s doll!” + + +“All this noise for that!” said the man; “well, what if she did play +with that doll?” + + +“She touched it with her dirty hands!” pursued the ThĂ©nardier, “with +her frightful hands!” + + +Here Cosette redoubled her sobs. + +“Will you stop your noise?” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +The man went straight to the street door, opened it, and stepped out. + +As soon as he had gone, the ThĂ©nardier profited by his absence to give +Cosette a hearty kick under the table, which made the child utter loud +cries. + +The door opened again, the man reappeared; he carried in both hands the +fabulous doll which we have mentioned, and which all the village brats +had been staring at ever since the morning, and he set it upright in +front of Cosette, saying:— + +“Here; this is for you.” + + +It must be supposed that in the course of the hour and more which he +had spent there he had taken confused notice through his reverie of +that toy shop, lighted up by fire-pots and candles so splendidly that +it was visible like an illumination through the window of the +drinking-shop. + +Cosette raised her eyes; she gazed at the man approaching her with that +doll as she might have gazed at the sun; she heard the unprecedented +words, “It is for you”; she stared at him; she stared at the doll; then +she slowly retreated, and hid herself at the extreme end, under the +table in a corner of the wall. + +She no longer cried; she no longer wept; she had the appearance of no +longer daring to breathe. + +The ThĂ©nardier, Éponine, and Azelma were like statues also; the very +drinkers had paused; a solemn silence reigned through the whole room. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier, petrified and mute, recommenced her conjectures: +“Who is that old fellow? Is he a poor man? Is he a millionaire? Perhaps +he is both; that is to say, a thief.” + + +The face of the male ThĂ©nardier presented that expressive fold which +accentuates the human countenance whenever the dominant instinct +appears there in all its bestial force. The tavern-keeper stared +alternately at the doll and at the traveller; he seemed to be scenting +out the man, as he would have scented out a bag of money. This did not +last longer than the space of a flash of lightning. He stepped up to +his wife and said to her in a low voice:— + +“That machine costs at least thirty francs. No nonsense. Down on your +belly before that man!” + + +Gross natures have this in common with _naĂŻve_ natures, that they +possess no transition state. + +“Well, Cosette,” said the ThĂ©nardier, in a voice that strove to be +sweet, and which was composed of the bitter honey of malicious women, +“aren’t you going to take your doll?” + + +Cosette ventured to emerge from her hole. + +“The gentleman has given you a doll, my little Cosette,” said +ThĂ©nardier, with a caressing air. “Take it; it is yours.” + + +Cosette gazed at the marvellous doll in a sort of terror. Her face was +still flooded with tears, but her eyes began to fill, like the sky at +daybreak, with strange beams of joy. What she felt at that moment was a +little like what she would have felt if she had been abruptly told, +“Little one, you are the Queen of France.” + + +It seemed to her that if she touched that doll, lightning would dart +from it. + +This was true, up to a certain point, for she said to herself that the +ThĂ©nardier would scold and beat her. + +Nevertheless, the attraction carried the day. She ended by drawing near +and murmuring timidly as she turned towards Madame ThĂ©nardier:— + +“May I, Madame?” + + +No words can render that air, at once despairing, terrified, and +ecstatic. + +“Pardi!” cried the ThĂ©nardier, “it is yours. The gentleman has given it +to you.” + + +“Truly, sir?” said Cosette. “Is it true? Is the ‘lady’ mine?” + + +The stranger’s eyes seemed to be full of tears. He appeared to have +reached that point of emotion where a man does not speak for fear lest +he should weep. He nodded to Cosette, and placed the “lady’s” hand in +her tiny hand. + +Cosette hastily withdrew her hand, as though that of the “lady” +scorched her, and began to stare at the floor. We are forced to add +that at that moment she stuck out her tongue immoderately. All at once +she wheeled round and seized the doll in a transport. + +“I shall call her Catherine,” she said. + +It was an odd moment when Cosette’s rags met and clasped the ribbons +and fresh pink muslins of the doll. + +“Madame,” she resumed, “may I put her on a chair?” + + +“Yes, my child,” replied the ThĂ©nardier. + +It was now the turn of Éponine and Azelma to gaze at Cosette with envy. + +Cosette placed Catherine on a chair, then seated herself on the floor +in front of her, and remained motionless, without uttering a word, in +an attitude of contemplation. + +“Play, Cosette,” said the stranger. + +“Oh! I am playing,” returned the child. + +This stranger, this unknown individual, who had the air of a visit +which Providence was making on Cosette, was the person whom the +ThĂ©nardier hated worse than any one in the world at that moment. +However, it was necessary to control herself. Habituated as she was to +dissimulation through endeavoring to copy her husband in all his +actions, these emotions were more than she could endure. She made haste +to send her daughters to bed, then she asked the man’s _permission_ to +send Cosette off also; “for she has worked hard all day,” she added +with a maternal air. Cosette went off to bed, carrying Catherine in her +arms. + +From time to time the ThĂ©nardier went to the other end of the room +where her husband was, to _relieve her soul_, as she said. She +exchanged with her husband words which were all the more furious +because she dared not utter them aloud. + +“Old beast! What has he got in his belly, to come and upset us in this +manner! To want that little monster to play! to give away forty-franc +dolls to a jade that I would sell for forty sous, so I would! A little +more and he will be saying _Your Majesty_ to her, as though to the +Duchesse de Berry! Is there any sense in it? Is he mad, then, that +mysterious old fellow?” + + +“Why! it is perfectly simple,” replied ThĂ©nardier, “if that amuses him! +It amuses you to have the little one work; it amuses him to have her +play. He’s all right. A traveller can do what he pleases when he pays +for it. If the old fellow is a philanthropist, what is that to you? If +he is an imbecile, it does not concern you. What are you worrying for, +so long as he has money?” + + +The language of a master, and the reasoning of an innkeeper, neither of +which admitted of any reply. + +The man had placed his elbows on the table, and resumed his thoughtful +attitude. All the other travellers, both pedlers and carters, had +withdrawn a little, and had ceased singing. They were staring at him +from a distance, with a sort of respectful awe. This poorly dressed +man, who drew “hind-wheels” from his pocket with so much ease, and who +lavished gigantic dolls on dirty little brats in wooden shoes, was +certainly a magnificent fellow, and one to be feared. + +Many hours passed. The midnight mass was over, the chimes had ceased, +the drinkers had taken their departure, the drinking-shop was closed, +the public room was deserted, the fire extinct, the stranger still +remained in the same place and the same attitude. From time to time he +changed the elbow on which he leaned. That was all; but he had not said +a word since Cosette had left the room. + +The ThĂ©nardiers alone, out of politeness and curiosity, had remained in +the room. + +“Is he going to pass the night in that fashion?” grumbled the +ThĂ©nardier. When two o’clock in the morning struck, she declared +herself vanquished, and said to her husband, “I’m going to bed. Do as +you like.” Her husband seated himself at a table in the corner, lighted +a candle, and began to read the _Courrier Français_. + +A good hour passed thus. The worthy inn-keeper had perused the +_Courrier Français_ at least three times, from the date of the number +to the printer’s name. The stranger did not stir. + +ThĂ©nardier fidgeted, coughed, spit, blew his nose, and creaked his +chair. Not a movement on the man’s part. “Is he asleep?” thought +ThĂ©nardier. The man was not asleep, but nothing could arouse him. + +At last ThĂ©nardier took off his cap, stepped gently up to him, and +ventured to say:— + +“Is not Monsieur going to his repose?” + + +_Not going to bed_ would have seemed to him excessive and familiar. _To +repose_ smacked of luxury and respect. These words possess the +mysterious and admirable property of swelling the bill on the following +day. A chamber where one _sleeps_ costs twenty sous; a chamber in which +one _reposes_ costs twenty francs. + +“Well!” said the stranger, “you are right. Where is your stable?” + + +“Sir!” exclaimed ThĂ©nardier, with a smile, “I will conduct you, sir.” + + +He took the candle; the man picked up his bundle and cudgel, and +ThĂ©nardier conducted him to a chamber on the first floor, which was of +rare splendor, all furnished in mahogany, with a low bedstead, +curtained with red calico. + +“What is this?” said the traveller. + +“It is really our bridal chamber,” said the tavern-keeper. “My wife and +I occupy another. This is only entered three or four times a year.” + + +“I should have liked the stable quite as well,” said the man, abruptly. + +ThĂ©nardier pretended not to hear this unamiable remark. + +He lighted two perfectly fresh wax candles which figured on the +chimney-piece. A very good fire was flickering on the hearth. + +On the chimney-piece, under a glass globe, stood a woman’s head-dress +in silver wire and orange flowers. + +“And what is this?” resumed the stranger. + +“That, sir,” said ThĂ©nardier, “is my wife’s wedding bonnet.” + + +The traveller surveyed the object with a glance which seemed to say, +“There really was a time, then, when that monster was a maiden?” + + +ThĂ©nardier lied, however. When he had leased this paltry building for +the purpose of converting it into a tavern, he had found this chamber +decorated in just this manner, and had purchased the furniture and +obtained the orange flowers at second hand, with the idea that this +would cast a graceful shadow on “his spouse,” and would result in what +the English call respectability for his house. + +When the traveller turned round, the host had disappeared. ThĂ©nardier +had withdrawn discreetly, without venturing to wish him a good night, +as he did not wish to treat with disrespectful cordiality a man whom he +proposed to fleece royally the following morning. + +The inn-keeper retired to his room. His wife was in bed, but she was +not asleep. When she heard her husband’s step she turned over and said +to him:— + +“Do you know, I’m going to turn Cosette out of doors to-morrow.” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied coldly:— + +“How you do go on!” + + +They exchanged no further words, and a few moments later their candle +was extinguished. + +As for the traveller, he had deposited his cudgel and his bundle in a +corner. The landlord once gone, he threw himself into an armchair and +remained for some time buried in thought. Then he removed his shoes, +took one of the two candles, blew out the other, opened the door, and +quitted the room, gazing about him like a person who is in search of +something. He traversed a corridor and came upon a staircase. There he +heard a very faint and gentle sound like the breathing of a child. He +followed this sound, and came to a sort of triangular recess built +under the staircase, or rather formed by the staircase itself. This +recess was nothing else than the space under the steps. There, in the +midst of all sorts of old papers and potsherds, among dust and spiders’ +webs, was a bed—if one can call by the name of bed a straw pallet so +full of holes as to display the straw, and a coverlet so tattered as to +show the pallet. No sheets. This was placed on the floor. + +In this bed Cosette was sleeping. + +The man approached and gazed down upon her. + +Cosette was in a profound sleep; she was fully dressed. In the winter +she did not undress, in order that she might not be so cold. + +Against her breast was pressed the doll, whose large eyes, wide open, +glittered in the dark. From time to time she gave vent to a deep sigh +as though she were on the point of waking, and she strained the doll +almost convulsively in her arms. Beside her bed there was only one of +her wooden shoes. + +A door which stood open near Cosette’s pallet permitted a view of a +rather large, dark room. The stranger stepped into it. At the further +extremity, through a glass door, he saw two small, very white beds. +They belonged to Éponine and Azelma. Behind these beds, and half +hidden, stood an uncurtained wicker cradle, in which the little boy who +had cried all the evening lay asleep. + +The stranger conjectured that this chamber connected with that of the +ThĂ©nardier pair. He was on the point of retreating when his eye fell +upon the fireplace—one of those vast tavern chimneys where there is +always so little fire when there is any fire at all, and which are so +cold to look at. There was no fire in this one, there was not even +ashes; but there was something which attracted the stranger’s gaze, +nevertheless. It was two tiny children’s shoes, coquettish in shape and +unequal in size. The traveller recalled the graceful and immemorial +custom in accordance with which children place their shoes in the +chimney on Christmas eve, there to await in the darkness some sparkling +gift from their good fairy. Éponine and Azelma had taken care not to +omit this, and each of them had set one of her shoes on the hearth. + +The traveller bent over them. + +The fairy, that is to say, their mother, had already paid her visit, +and in each he saw a brand-new and shining ten-sou piece. + +The man straightened himself up, and was on the point of withdrawing, +when far in, in the darkest corner of the hearth, he caught sight of +another object. He looked at it, and recognized a wooden shoe, a +frightful shoe of the coarsest description, half dilapidated and all +covered with ashes and dried mud. It was Cosette’s sabot. Cosette, with +that touching trust of childhood, which can always be deceived yet +never discouraged, had placed her shoe on the hearth-stone also. + +Hope in a child who has never known anything but despair is a sweet and +touching thing. + +There was nothing in this wooden shoe. + +The stranger fumbled in his waistcoat, bent over and placed a louis +d’or in Cosette’s shoe. + +Then he regained his own chamber with the stealthy tread of a wolf. + + + + +CHAPTER IX— THÉNARDIER AND HIS MANƒUVRES + + +On the following morning, two hours at least before day-break, +ThĂ©nardier, seated beside a candle in the public room of the tavern, +pen in hand, was making out the bill for the traveller with the yellow +coat. + +His wife, standing beside him, and half bent over him, was following +him with her eyes. They exchanged not a word. On the one hand, there +was profound meditation, on the other, the religious admiration with +which one watches the birth and development of a marvel of the human +mind. A noise was audible in the house; it was the Lark sweeping the +stairs. + +After the lapse of a good quarter of an hour, and some erasures, +ThĂ©nardier produced the following masterpiece:— + +BILL OF THE GENTLEMAN IN No. 1. + +Supper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 francs. +Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ” +Candle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ” +Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ” +Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ” + ——— +Total . . . . . . 23 francs. + + +Service was written _servisse_. + +“Twenty-three francs!” cried the woman, with an enthusiasm which was +mingled with some hesitation. + +Like all great artists, ThĂ©nardier was dissatisfied. + +“Peuh!” he exclaimed. + +It was the accent of Castlereagh auditing France’s bill at the Congress +of Vienna. + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, you are right; he certainly owes that,” murmured +the wife, who was thinking of the doll bestowed on Cosette in the +presence of her daughters. “It is just, but it is too much. He will not +pay it.” + + +ThĂ©nardier laughed coldly, as usual, and said:— + +“He will pay.” + + +This laugh was the supreme assertion of certainty and authority. That +which was asserted in this manner must needs be so. His wife did not +insist. + +She set about arranging the table; her husband paced the room. A moment +later he added:— + +“I owe full fifteen hundred francs!” + + +He went and seated himself in the chimney-corner, meditating, with his +feet among the warm ashes. + +“Ah! by the way,” resumed his wife, “you don’t forget that I’m going to +turn Cosette out of doors to-day? The monster! She breaks my heart with +that doll of hers! I’d rather marry Louis XVIII. than keep her another +day in the house!” + + +ThĂ©nardier lighted his pipe, and replied between two puffs:— + +“You will hand that bill to the man.” + + +Then he went out. + +Hardly had he left the room when the traveller entered. + +ThĂ©nardier instantly reappeared behind him and remained motionless in +the half-open door, visible only to his wife. + +The yellow man carried his bundle and his cudgel in his hand. + +“Up so early?” said Madame ThĂ©nardier; “is Monsieur leaving us +already?” + + +As she spoke thus, she was twisting the bill about in her hands with an +embarrassed air, and making creases in it with her nails. Her hard face +presented a shade which was not habitual with it,—timidity and +scruples. + +To present such a bill to a man who had so completely the air “of a +poor wretch” seemed difficult to her. + +The traveller appeared to be preoccupied and absent-minded. He +replied:— + +“Yes, Madame, I am going.” + + +“So Monsieur has no business in Montfermeil?” + + +“No, I was passing through. That is all. What do I owe you, Madame,” he +added. + +The ThĂ©nardier silently handed him the folded bill. + +The man unfolded the paper and glanced at it; but his thoughts were +evidently elsewhere. + +“Madame,” he resumed, “is business good here in Montfermeil?” + + +“So so, Monsieur,” replied the ThĂ©nardier, stupefied at not witnessing +another sort of explosion. + +She continued, in a dreary and lamentable tone:— + +“Oh! Monsieur, times are so hard! and then, we have so few bourgeois in +the neighborhood! All the people are poor, you see. If we had not, now +and then, some rich and generous travellers like Monsieur, we should +not get along at all. We have so many expenses. Just see, that child is +costing us our very eyes.” + + +“What child?” + + +“Why, the little one, you know! Cosette—the Lark, as she is called +hereabouts!” + + +“Ah!” said the man. + +She went on:— + +“How stupid these peasants are with their nicknames! She has more the +air of a bat than of a lark. You see, sir, we do not ask charity, and +we cannot bestow it. We earn nothing and we have to pay out a great +deal. The license, the imposts, the door and window tax, the +hundredths! Monsieur is aware that the government demands a terrible +deal of money. And then, I have my daughters. I have no need to bring +up other people’s children.” + + +The man resumed, in that voice which he strove to render indifferent, +and in which there lingered a tremor:— + +“What if one were to rid you of her?” + + +“Who? Cosette?” + + +“Yes.” + + +The landlady’s red and violent face brightened up hideously. + +“Ah! sir, my dear sir, take her, keep her, lead her off, carry her +away, sugar her, stuff her with truffles, drink her, eat her, and the +blessings of the good holy Virgin and of all the saints of paradise be +upon you!” + + +“Agreed.” + + +“Really! You will take her away?” + + +“I will take her away.” + + +“Immediately?” + + +“Immediately. Call the child.” + + +“Cosette!” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +“In the meantime,” pursued the man, “I will pay you what I owe you. How +much is it?” + + +He cast a glance on the bill, and could not restrain a start of +surprise:— + +“Twenty-three francs!” + + +He looked at the landlady, and repeated:— + +“Twenty-three francs?” + + +There was in the enunciation of these words, thus repeated, an accent +between an exclamation and an interrogation point. + +The ThĂ©nardier had had time to prepare herself for the shock. She +replied, with assurance:— + +“Good gracious, yes, sir, it is twenty-three francs.” + + +The stranger laid five five-franc pieces on the table. + +“Go and get the child,” said he. + +At that moment ThĂ©nardier advanced to the middle of the room, and +said:— + +“Monsieur owes twenty-six sous.” + + +“Twenty-six sous!” exclaimed his wife. + +“Twenty sous for the chamber,” resumed ThĂ©nardier, coldly, “and six +sous for his supper. As for the child, I must discuss that matter a +little with the gentleman. Leave us, wife.” + + +Madame ThĂ©nardier was dazzled as with the shock caused by unexpected +lightning flashes of talent. She was conscious that a great actor was +making his entrance on the stage, uttered not a word in reply, and left +the room. + +As soon as they were alone, ThĂ©nardier offered the traveller a chair. +The traveller seated himself; ThĂ©nardier remained standing, and his +face assumed a singular expression of good-fellowship and simplicity. + +“Sir,” said he, “what I have to say to you is this, that I adore that +child.” + + +The stranger gazed intently at him. + +“What child?” + + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“How strange it is, one grows attached. What money is that? Take back +your hundred-sou piece. I adore the child.” + + +“Whom do you mean?” demanded the stranger. + +“Eh! our little Cosette! Are you not intending to take her away from +us? Well, I speak frankly; as true as you are an honest man, I will not +consent to it. I shall miss that child. I saw her first when she was a +tiny thing. It is true that she costs us money; it is true that she has +her faults; it is true that we are not rich; it is true that I have +paid out over four hundred francs for drugs for just one of her +illnesses! But one must do something for the good God’s sake. She has +neither father nor mother. I have brought her up. I have bread enough +for her and for myself. In truth, I think a great deal of that child. +You understand, one conceives an affection for a person; I am a good +sort of a beast, I am; I do not reason; I love that little girl; my +wife is quick-tempered, but she loves her also. You see, she is just +the same as our own child. I want to keep her to babble about the +house.” + + +The stranger kept his eye intently fixed on ThĂ©nardier. The latter +continued:— + +“Excuse me, sir, but one does not give away one’s child to a passer-by, +like that. I am right, am I not? Still, I don’t say—you are rich; you +have the air of a very good man,—if it were for her happiness. But one +must find out that. You understand: suppose that I were to let her go +and to sacrifice myself, I should like to know what becomes of her; I +should not wish to lose sight of her; I should like to know with whom +she is living, so that I could go to see her from time to time; so that +she may know that her good foster-father is alive, that he is watching +over her. In short, there are things which are not possible. I do not +even know your name. If you were to take her away, I should say: ‘Well, +and the Lark, what has become of her?’ One must, at least, see some +petty scrap of paper, some trifle in the way of a passport, you know!” + + +The stranger, still surveying him with that gaze which penetrates, as +the saying goes, to the very depths of the conscience, replied in a +grave, firm voice:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, one does not require a passport to travel five +leagues from Paris. If I take Cosette away, I shall take her away, and +that is the end of the matter. You will not know my name, you will not +know my residence, you will not know where she is; and my intention is +that she shall never set eyes on you again so long as she lives. I +break the thread which binds her foot, and she departs. Does that suit +you? Yes or no?” + + +Since geniuses, like demons, recognize the presence of a superior God +by certain signs, ThĂ©nardier comprehended that he had to deal with a +very strong person. It was like an intuition; he comprehended it with +his clear and sagacious promptitude. While drinking with the carters, +smoking, and singing coarse songs on the preceding evening, he had +devoted the whole of the time to observing the stranger, watching him +like a cat, and studying him like a mathematician. He had watched him, +both on his own account, for the pleasure of the thing, and through +instinct, and had spied upon him as though he had been paid for so +doing. Not a movement, not a gesture, on the part of the man in the +yellow great-coat had escaped him. Even before the stranger had so +clearly manifested his interest in Cosette, ThĂ©nardier had divined his +purpose. He had caught the old man’s deep glances returning constantly +to the child. Who was this man? Why this interest? Why this hideous +costume, when he had so much money in his purse? Questions which he put +to himself without being able to solve them, and which irritated him. +He had pondered it all night long. He could not be Cosette’s father. +Was he her grandfather? Then why not make himself known at once? When +one has a right, one asserts it. This man evidently had no right over +Cosette. What was it, then? ThĂ©nardier lost himself in conjectures. He +caught glimpses of everything, but he saw nothing. Be that as it may, +on entering into conversation with the man, sure that there was some +secret in the case, that the latter had some interest in remaining in +the shadow, he felt himself strong; when he perceived from the +stranger’s clear and firm retort, that this mysterious personage was +mysterious in so simple a way, he became conscious that he was weak. He +had expected nothing of the sort. His conjectures were put to the rout. +He rallied his ideas. He weighed everything in the space of a second. +ThĂ©nardier was one of those men who take in a situation at a glance. He +decided that the moment had arrived for proceeding straightforward, and +quickly at that. He did as great leaders do at the decisive moment, +which they know that they alone recognize; he abruptly unmasked his +batteries. + +“Sir,” said he, “I am in need of fifteen hundred francs.” + + +The stranger took from his side pocket an old pocketbook of black +leather, opened it, drew out three bank-bills, which he laid on the +table. Then he placed his large thumb on the notes and said to the +inn-keeper:— + +“Go and fetch Cosette.” + + +While this was taking place, what had Cosette been doing? + +On waking up, Cosette had run to get her shoe. In it she had found the +gold piece. It was not a Napoleon; it was one of those perfectly new +twenty-franc pieces of the Restoration, on whose effigy the little +Prussian queue had replaced the laurel wreath. Cosette was dazzled. Her +destiny began to intoxicate her. She did not know what a gold piece +was; she had never seen one; she hid it quickly in her pocket, as +though she had stolen it. Still, she felt that it really was hers; she +guessed whence her gift had come, but the joy which she experienced was +full of fear. She was happy; above all she was stupefied. Such +magnificent and beautiful things did not appear real. The doll +frightened her, the gold piece frightened her. She trembled vaguely in +the presence of this magnificence. The stranger alone did not frighten +her. On the contrary, he reassured her. Ever since the preceding +evening, amid all her amazement, even in her sleep, she had been +thinking in her little childish mind of that man who seemed to be so +poor and so sad, and who was so rich and so kind. Everything had +changed for her since she had met that good man in the forest. Cosette, +less happy than the most insignificant swallow of heaven, had never +known what it was to take refuge under a mother’s shadow and under a +wing. For the last five years, that is to say, as far back as her +memory ran, the poor child had shivered and trembled. She had always +been exposed completely naked to the sharp wind of adversity; now it +seemed to her she was clothed. Formerly her soul had seemed cold, now +it was warm. Cosette was no longer afraid of the ThĂ©nardier. She was no +longer alone; there was some one there. + +She hastily set about her regular morning duties. That louis, which she +had about her, in the very apron pocket whence the fifteen-sou piece +had fallen on the night before, distracted her thoughts. She dared not +touch it, but she spent five minutes in gazing at it, with her tongue +hanging out, if the truth must be told. As she swept the staircase, she +paused, remained standing there motionless, forgetful of her broom and +of the entire universe, occupied in gazing at that star which was +blazing at the bottom of her pocket. + +It was during one of these periods of contemplation that the ThĂ©nardier +joined her. She had gone in search of Cosette at her husband’s orders. +What was quite unprecedented, she neither struck her nor said an +insulting word to her. + +“Cosette,” she said, almost gently, “come immediately.” + + +An instant later Cosette entered the public room. + +The stranger took up the bundle which he had brought and untied it. +This bundle contained a little woollen gown, an apron, a fustian +bodice, a kerchief, a petticoat, woollen stockings, shoes—a complete +outfit for a girl of seven years. All was black. + +“My child,” said the man, “take these, and go and dress yourself +quickly.” + + +Daylight was appearing when those of the inhabitants of Montfermeil who +had begun to open their doors beheld a poorly clad old man leading a +little girl dressed in mourning, and carrying a pink doll in her arms, +pass along the road to Paris. They were going in the direction of +Livry. + +It was our man and Cosette. + +No one knew the man; as Cosette was no longer in rags, many did not +recognize her. Cosette was going away. With whom? She did not know. +Whither? She knew not. All that she understood was that she was leaving +the ThĂ©nardier tavern behind her. No one had thought of bidding her +farewell, nor had she thought of taking leave of any one. She was +leaving that hated and hating house. + +Poor, gentle creature, whose heart had been repressed up to that hour! + +Cosette walked along gravely, with her large eyes wide open, and gazing +at the sky. She had put her louis in the pocket of her new apron. From +time to time, she bent down and glanced at it; then she looked at the +good man. She felt something as though she were beside the good God. + + + + +CHAPTER X—HE WHO SEEKS TO BETTER HIMSELF MAY RENDER HIS SITUATION WORSE + + +Madame ThĂ©nardier had allowed her husband to have his own way, as was +her wont. She had expected great results. When the man and Cosette had +taken their departure, ThĂ©nardier allowed a full quarter of an hour to +elapse; then he took her aside and showed her the fifteen hundred +francs. + +“Is that all?” said she. + +It was the first time since they had set up housekeeping that she had +dared to criticise one of the master’s acts. + +The blow told. + +“You are right, in sooth,” said he; “I am a fool. Give me my hat.” + + +He folded up the three bank-bills, thrust them into his pocket, and ran +out in all haste; but he made a mistake and turned to the right first. +Some neighbors, of whom he made inquiries, put him on the track again; +the Lark and the man had been seen going in the direction of Livry. He +followed these hints, walking with great strides, and talking to +himself the while:— + +“That man is evidently a million dressed in yellow, and I am an animal. +First he gave twenty sous, then five francs, then fifty francs, then +fifteen hundred francs, all with equal readiness. He would have given +fifteen thousand francs. But I shall overtake him.” + + +And then, that bundle of clothes prepared beforehand for the child; all +that was singular; many mysteries lay concealed under it. One does not +let mysteries out of one’s hand when one has once grasped them. The +secrets of the wealthy are sponges of gold; one must know how to +subject them to pressure. All these thoughts whirled through his brain. +“I am an animal,” said he. + +When one leaves Montfermeil and reaches the turn which the road takes +that runs to Livry, it can be seen stretching out before one to a great +distance across the plateau. On arriving there, he calculated that he +ought to be able to see the old man and the child. He looked as far as +his vision reached, and saw nothing. He made fresh inquiries, but he +had wasted time. Some passers-by informed him that the man and child of +whom he was in search had gone towards the forest in the direction of +Gagny. He hastened in that direction. + +They were far in advance of him; but a child walks slowly, and he +walked fast; and then, he was well acquainted with the country. + +All at once he paused and dealt himself a blow on his forehead like a +man who has forgotten some essential point and who is ready to retrace +his steps. + +“I ought to have taken my gun,” said he to himself. + +ThĂ©nardier was one of those double natures which sometimes pass through +our midst without our being aware of the fact, and who disappear +without our finding them out, because destiny has only exhibited one +side of them. It is the fate of many men to live thus half submerged. +In a calm and even situation, ThĂ©nardier possessed all that is required +to make—we will not say to be—what people have agreed to call an honest +trader, a good bourgeois. At the same time certain circumstances being +given, certain shocks arriving to bring his under-nature to the +surface, he had all the requisites for a blackguard. He was a +shopkeeper in whom there was some taint of the monster. Satan must have +occasionally crouched down in some corner of the hovel in which +ThĂ©nardier dwelt, and have fallen a-dreaming in the presence of this +hideous masterpiece. + +After a momentary hesitation:— + +“Bah!” he thought; “they will have time to make their escape.” + + +And he pursued his road, walking rapidly straight ahead, and with +almost an air of certainty, with the sagacity of a fox scenting a covey +of partridges. + +In truth, when he had passed the ponds and had traversed in an oblique +direction the large clearing which lies on the right of the Avenue de +Bellevue, and reached that turf alley which nearly makes the circuit of +the hill, and covers the arch of the ancient aqueduct of the Abbey of +Chelles, he caught sight, over the top of the brushwood, of the hat on +which he had already erected so many conjectures; it was that man’s +hat. The brushwood was not high. ThĂ©nardier recognized the fact that +the man and Cosette were sitting there. The child could not be seen on +account of her small size, but the head of her doll was visible. + +ThĂ©nardier was not mistaken. The man was sitting there, and letting +Cosette get somewhat rested. The inn-keeper walked round the brushwood +and presented himself abruptly to the eyes of those whom he was in +search of. + +“Pardon, excuse me, sir,” he said, quite breathless, “but here are your +fifteen hundred francs.” + + +So saying, he handed the stranger the three bank-bills. + +The man raised his eyes. + +“What is the meaning of this?” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied respectfully:— + +“It means, sir, that I shall take back Cosette.” + + +Cosette shuddered, and pressed close to the old man. + +He replied, gazing to the very bottom of ThĂ©nardier’s eyes the while, +and enunciating every syllable distinctly:— + +“You are go-ing to take back Co-sette?” + + +“Yes, sir, I am. I will tell you; I have considered the matter. In +fact, I have not the right to give her to you. I am an honest man, you +see; this child does not belong to me; she belongs to her mother. It +was her mother who confided her to me; I can only resign her to her +mother. You will say to me, ‘But her mother is dead.’ Good; in that +case I can only give the child up to the person who shall bring me a +writing, signed by her mother, to the effect that I am to hand the +child over to the person therein mentioned; that is clear.” + + +The man, without making any reply, fumbled in his pocket, and +ThĂ©nardier beheld the pocket-book of bank-bills make its appearance +once more. + +The tavern-keeper shivered with joy. + +“Good!” thought he; “let us hold firm; he is going to bribe me!” + + +Before opening the pocket-book, the traveller cast a glance about him: +the spot was absolutely deserted; there was not a soul either in the +woods or in the valley. The man opened his pocket-book once more and +drew from it, not the handful of bills which ThĂ©nardier expected, but a +simple little paper, which he unfolded and presented fully open to the +inn-keeper, saying:— + +“You are right; read!” + + +ThĂ©nardier took the paper and read:— + +“M. SUR M., March 25, 1823. + +“MONSIEUR THÉNARDIER:— + +You will deliver Cosette to this person. +You will be paid for all the little things. +I have the honor to salute you with respect, +FANTINE.” + + +“You know that signature?” resumed the man. + +It certainly was Fantine’s signature; ThĂ©nardier recognized it. + +There was no reply to make; he experienced two violent vexations, the +vexation of renouncing the bribery which he had hoped for, and the +vexation of being beaten; the man added:— + +“You may keep this paper as your receipt.” + + +ThĂ©nardier retreated in tolerably good order. + +“This signature is fairly well imitated,” he growled between his teeth; +“however, let it go!” + + +Then he essayed a desperate effort. + +“It is well, sir,” he said, “since you are the person, but I must be +paid for all those little things. A great deal is owing to me.” + + +The man rose to his feet, filliping the dust from his threadbare +sleeve:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, in January last, the mother reckoned that she +owed you one hundred and twenty francs. In February, you sent her a +bill of five hundred francs; you received three hundred francs at the +end of February, and three hundred francs at the beginning of March. +Since then nine months have elapsed, at fifteen francs a month, the +price agreed upon, which makes one hundred and thirty-five francs. You +had received one hundred francs too much; that makes thirty-five still +owing you. I have just given you fifteen hundred francs.” + + +ThĂ©nardier’s sensations were those of the wolf at the moment when he +feels himself nipped and seized by the steel jaw of the trap. + +“Who is this devil of a man?” he thought. + +He did what the wolf does: he shook himself. Audacity had succeeded +with him once. + +“Monsieur-I-don’t-know-your-name,” he said resolutely, and this time +casting aside all respectful ceremony, “I shall take back Cosette if +you do not give me a thousand crowns.” + + +The stranger said tranquilly:— + +“Come, Cosette.” + + +He took Cosette by his left hand, and with his right he picked up his +cudgel, which was lying on the ground. + +ThĂ©nardier noted the enormous size of the cudgel and the solitude of +the spot. + +The man plunged into the forest with the child, leaving the inn-keeper +motionless and speechless. + +While they were walking away, ThĂ©nardier scrutinized his huge +shoulders, which were a little rounded, and his great fists. + +Then, bringing his eyes back to his own person, they fell upon his +feeble arms and his thin hands. “I really must have been exceedingly +stupid not to have thought to bring my gun,” he said to himself, “since +I was going hunting!” + + +However, the inn-keeper did not give up. + +“I want to know where he is going,” said he, and he set out to follow +them at a distance. Two things were left on his hands, an irony in the +shape of the paper signed _Fantine_, and a consolation, the fifteen +hundred francs. + +The man led Cosette off in the direction of Livry and Bondy. He walked +slowly, with drooping head, in an attitude of reflection and sadness. +The winter had thinned out the forest, so that ThĂ©nardier did not lose +them from sight, although he kept at a good distance. The man turned +round from time to time, and looked to see if he was being followed. +All at once he caught sight of ThĂ©nardier. He plunged suddenly into the +brushwood with Cosette, where they could both hide themselves. “The +deuce!” said ThĂ©nardier, and he redoubled his pace. + +The thickness of the undergrowth forced him to draw nearer to them. +When the man had reached the densest part of the thicket, he wheeled +round. It was in vain that ThĂ©nardier sought to conceal himself in the +branches; he could not prevent the man seeing him. The man cast upon +him an uneasy glance, then elevated his head and continued his course. +The inn-keeper set out again in pursuit. Thus they continued for two or +three hundred paces. All at once the man turned round once more; he saw +the inn-keeper. This time he gazed at him with so sombre an air that +ThĂ©nardier decided that it was “useless” to proceed further. ThĂ©nardier +retraced his steps. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—NUMBER 9,430 REAPPEARS, AND COSETTE WINS IT IN THE LOTTERY + + +Jean Valjean was not dead. + +When he fell into the sea, or rather, when he threw himself into it, he +was not ironed, as we have seen. He swam under water until he reached a +vessel at anchor, to which a boat was moored. He found means of hiding +himself in this boat until night. At night he swam off again, and +reached the shore a little way from Cape Brun. There, as he did not +lack money, he procured clothing. A small country-house in the +neighborhood of Balaguier was at that time the dressing-room of escaped +convicts,—a lucrative specialty. Then Jean Valjean, like all the sorry +fugitives who are seeking to evade the vigilance of the law and social +fatality, pursued an obscure and undulating itinerary. He found his +first refuge at Pradeaux, near Beausset. Then he directed his course +towards Grand-Villard, near Briançon, in the Hautes-Alpes. It was a +fumbling and uneasy flight,—a mole’s track, whose branchings are +untraceable. Later on, some trace of his passage into Ain, in the +territory of Civrieux, was discovered; in the Pyrenees, at Accons; at +the spot called Grange-de-Doumec, near the market of Chavailles, and in +the environs of Perigueux at Brunies, canton of La Chapelle-Gonaguet. +He reached Paris. We have just seen him at Montfermeil. + +His first care on arriving in Paris had been to buy mourning clothes +for a little girl of from seven to eight years of age; then to procure +a lodging. That done, he had betaken himself to Montfermeil. It will be +remembered that already, during his preceding escape, he had made a +mysterious trip thither, or somewhere in that neighborhood, of which +the law had gathered an inkling. + +However, he was thought to be dead, and this still further increased +the obscurity which had gathered about him. At Paris, one of the +journals which chronicled the fact fell into his hands. He felt +reassured and almost at peace, as though he had really been dead. + +On the evening of the day when Jean Valjean rescued Cosette from the +claws of the ThĂ©nardiers, he returned to Paris. He re-entered it at +nightfall, with the child, by way of the Barrier Monceaux. There he +entered a cabriolet, which took him to the esplanade of the +Observatoire. There he got out, paid the coachman, took Cosette by the +hand, and together they directed their steps through the +darkness,—through the deserted streets which adjoin the Ourcine and the +GlaciĂšre, towards the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +The day had been strange and filled with emotions for Cosette. They had +eaten some bread and cheese purchased in isolated taverns, behind +hedges; they had changed carriages frequently; they had travelled short +distances on foot. She made no complaint, but she was weary, and Jean +Valjean perceived it by the way she dragged more and more on his hand +as she walked. He took her on his back. Cosette, without letting go of +Catherine, laid her head on Jean Valjean’s shoulder, and there fell +asleep. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—THE GORBEAU HOVEL + + + + +[Illustration: The Gorbeau Hovel] + + + + +CHAPTER I—MASTER GORBEAU + + +Forty years ago, a rambler who had ventured into that unknown country +of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, and who had mounted to the BarriĂšre d’Italie by way +of the boulevard, reached a point where it might be said that Paris +disappeared. It was no longer solitude, for there were passers-by; it +was not the country, for there were houses and streets; it was not the +city, for the streets had ruts like highways, and the grass grew in +them; it was not a village, the houses were too lofty. What was it, +then? It was an inhabited spot where there was no one; it was a desert +place where there was some one; it was a boulevard of the great city, a +street of Paris; more wild at night than the forest, more gloomy by day +than a cemetery. + +It was the old quarter of the MarchĂ©-aux-Chevaux. + +The rambler, if he risked himself outside the four decrepit walls of +this MarchĂ©-aux-Chevaux; if he consented even to pass beyond the Rue du +Petit-Banquier, after leaving on his right a garden protected by high +walls; then a field in which tan-bark mills rose like gigantic beaver +huts; then an enclosure encumbered with timber, with a heap of stumps, +sawdust, and shavings, on which stood a large dog, barking; then a +long, low, utterly dilapidated wall, with a little black door in +mourning, laden with mosses, which were covered with flowers in the +spring; then, in the most deserted spot, a frightful and decrepit +building, on which ran the inscription in large letters: POST NO +BILLS,—this daring rambler would have reached little known latitudes at +the corner of the Rue des Vignes-Saint-Marcel. There, near a factory, +and between two garden walls, there could be seen, at that epoch, a +mean building, which, at the first glance, seemed as small as a +thatched hovel, and which was, in reality, as large as a cathedral. It +presented its side and gable to the public road; hence its apparent +diminutiveness. Nearly the whole of the house was hidden. Only the door +and one window could be seen. + +This hovel was only one story high. + +The first detail that struck the observer was, that the door could +never have been anything but the door of a hovel, while the window, if +it had been carved out of dressed stone instead of being in rough +masonry, might have been the lattice of a lordly mansion. + +The door was nothing but a collection of worm-eaten planks roughly +bound together by cross-beams which resembled roughly hewn logs. It +opened directly on a steep staircase of lofty steps, muddy, chalky, +plaster-stained, dusty steps, of the same width as itself, which could +be seen from the street, running straight up like a ladder and +disappearing in the darkness between two walls. The top of the +shapeless bay into which this door shut was masked by a narrow +scantling in the centre of which a triangular hole had been sawed, +which served both as wicket and air-hole when the door was closed. On +the inside of the door the figures 52 had been traced with a couple of +strokes of a brush dipped in ink, and above the scantling the same hand +had daubed the number 50, so that one hesitated. Where was one? Above +the door it said, “Number 50”; the inside replied, “no, Number 52.” No +one knows what dust-colored figures were suspended like draperies from +the triangular opening. + +The window was large, sufficiently elevated, garnished with Venetian +blinds, and with a frame in large square panes; only these large panes +were suffering from various wounds, which were both concealed and +betrayed by an ingenious paper bandage. And the blinds, dislocated and +unpasted, threatened passers-by rather than screened the occupants. The +horizontal slats were missing here and there and had been naĂŻvely +replaced with boards nailed on perpendicularly; so that what began as a +blind ended as a shutter. This door with an unclean, and this window +with an honest though dilapidated air, thus beheld on the same house, +produced the effect of two incomplete beggars walking side by side, +with different miens beneath the same rags, the one having always been +a mendicant, and the other having once been a gentleman. + +The staircase led to a very vast edifice which resembled a shed which +had been converted into a house. This edifice had, for its intestinal +tube, a long corridor, on which opened to right and left sorts of +compartments of varied dimensions which were inhabitable under stress +of circumstances, and rather more like stalls than cells. These +chambers received their light from the vague waste grounds in the +neighborhood. + +All this was dark, disagreeable, wan, melancholy, sepulchral; traversed +according as the crevices lay in the roof or in the door, by cold rays +or by icy winds. An interesting and picturesque peculiarity of this +sort of dwelling is the enormous size of the spiders. + +To the left of the entrance door, on the boulevard side, at about the +height of a man from the ground, a small window which had been walled +up formed a square niche full of stones which the children had thrown +there as they passed by. + +A portion of this building has recently been demolished. From what +still remains of it one can form a judgment as to what it was in former +days. As a whole, it was not over a hundred years old. A hundred years +is youth in a church and age in a house. It seems as though man’s +lodging partook of his ephemeral character, and God’s house of his +eternity. + +The postmen called the house Number 50-52; but it was known in the +neighborhood as the Gorbeau house. + +Let us explain whence this appellation was derived. + +Collectors of petty details, who become herbalists of anecdotes, and +prick slippery dates into their memories with a pin, know that there +was in Paris, during the last century, about 1770, two attorneys at the +ChĂątelet named, one Corbeau (Raven), the other Renard (Fox). The two +names had been forestalled by La Fontaine. The opportunity was too fine +for the lawyers; they made the most of it. A parody was immediately put +in circulation in the galleries of the court-house, in verses that +limped a little:— + +MaĂźtre Corbeau, sur un dossier perchĂ©, +Tenait dans son bec une saisie exĂ©cutoire; +MaĂźtre Renard, par l’odeur allĂ©chĂ©, +Lui fit Ă  peu prĂšs cette histoire: +HĂ©! bonjour. Etc.13 + + + +The two honest practitioners, embarrassed by the jests, and finding the +bearing of their heads interfered with by the shouts of laughter which +followed them, resolved to get rid of their names, and hit upon the +expedient of applying to the king. + +Their petition was presented to Louis XV. on the same day when the +Papal Nuncio, on the one hand, and the Cardinal de la Roche-Aymon on +the other, both devoutly kneeling, were each engaged in putting on, in +his Majesty’s presence, a slipper on the bare feet of Madame du Barry, +who had just got out of bed. The king, who was laughing, continued to +laugh, passed gayly from the two bishops to the two lawyers, and +bestowed on these limbs of the law their former names, or nearly so. By +the kings command, MaĂźtre Corbeau was permitted to add a tail to his +initial letter and to call himself Gorbeau. MaĂźtre Renard was less +lucky; all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to +call himself Prenard; so that the second name bore almost as much +resemblance as the first. + +Now, according to local tradition, this MaĂźtre Gorbeau had been the +proprietor of the building numbered 50-52 on the Boulevard de +l’HĂŽpital. He was even the author of the monumental window. + +Hence the edifice bore the name of the Gorbeau house. + +Opposite this house, among the trees of the boulevard, rose a great elm +which was three-quarters dead; almost directly facing it opens the Rue +de la BarriĂšre des Gobelins, a street then without houses, unpaved, +planted with unhealthy trees, which was green or muddy according to the +season, and which ended squarely in the exterior wall of Paris. An odor +of copperas issued in puffs from the roofs of the neighboring factory. + +The barrier was close at hand. In 1823 the city wall was still in +existence. + +This barrier itself evoked gloomy fancies in the mind. It was the road +to BicĂȘtre. It was through it that, under the Empire and the +Restoration, prisoners condemned to death re-entered Paris on the day +of their execution. It was there, that, about 1829, was committed that +mysterious assassination, called “The assassination of the +Fontainebleau barrier,” whose authors justice was never able to +discover; a melancholy problem which has never been elucidated, a +frightful enigma which has never been unriddled. Take a few steps, and +you come upon that fatal Rue Croulebarbe, where Ulbach stabbed the +goat-girl of Ivry to the sound of thunder, as in the melodramas. A few +paces more, and you arrive at the abominable pollarded elms of the +BarriĂšre Saint-Jacques, that expedient of the philanthropist to conceal +the scaffold, that miserable and shameful Place de GrĂšve of a +shop-keeping and bourgeois society, which recoiled before the death +penalty, neither daring to abolish it with grandeur, nor to uphold it +with authority. + +Leaving aside this Place Saint-Jacques, which was, as it were, +predestined, and which has always been horrible, probably the most +mournful spot on that mournful boulevard, seven and thirty years ago, +was the spot which even to-day is so unattractive, where stood the +building Number 50-52. + +Bourgeois houses only began to spring up there twenty-five years later. +The place was unpleasant. In addition to the gloomy thoughts which +assailed one there, one was conscious of being between the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, +a glimpse of whose dome could be seen, and BicĂȘtre, whose outskirts one +was fairly touching; that is to say, between the madness of women and +the madness of men. As far as the eye could see, one could perceive +nothing but the abattoirs, the city wall, and the fronts of a few +factories, resembling barracks or monasteries; everywhere about stood +hovels, rubbish, ancient walls blackened like cerecloths, new white +walls like winding-sheets; everywhere parallel rows of trees, buildings +erected on a line, flat constructions, long, cold rows, and the +melancholy sadness of right angles. Not an unevenness of the ground, +not a caprice in the architecture, not a fold. The _ensemble_ was +glacial, regular, hideous. Nothing oppresses the heart like symmetry. +It is because symmetry is ennui, and ennui is at the very foundation of +grief. Despair yawns. Something more terrible than a hell where one +suffers may be imagined, and that is a hell where one is bored. If such +a hell existed, that bit of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital might have +formed the entrance to it. + +Nevertheless, at nightfall, at the moment when the daylight is +vanishing, especially in winter, at the hour when the twilight breeze +tears from the elms their last russet leaves, when the darkness is deep +and starless, or when the moon and the wind are making openings in the +clouds and losing themselves in the shadows, this boulevard suddenly +becomes frightful. The black lines sink inwards and are lost in the +shades, like morsels of the infinite. The passer-by cannot refrain from +recalling the innumerable traditions of the place which are connected +with the gibbet. The solitude of this spot, where so many crimes have +been committed, had something terrible about it. One almost had a +presentiment of meeting with traps in that darkness; all the confused +forms of the darkness seemed suspicious, and the long, hollow square, +of which one caught a glimpse between each tree, seemed graves: by day +it was ugly; in the evening melancholy; by night it was sinister. + +In summer, at twilight, one saw, here and there, a few old women seated +at the foot of the elm, on benches mouldy with rain. These good old +women were fond of begging. + +However, this quarter, which had a superannuated rather than an antique +air, was tending even then to transformation. Even at that time any one +who was desirous of seeing it had to make haste. Each day some detail +of the whole effect was disappearing. For the last twenty years the +station of the Orleans railway has stood beside the old faubourg and +distracted it, as it does to-day. Wherever it is placed on the borders +of a capital, a railway station is the death of a suburb and the birth +of a city. It seems as though, around these great centres of the +movements of a people, the earth, full of germs, trembled and yawned, +to engulf the ancient dwellings of men and to allow new ones to spring +forth, at the rattle of these powerful machines, at the breath of these +monstrous horses of civilization which devour coal and vomit fire. The +old houses crumble and new ones rise. + +Since the Orleans railway has invaded the region of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, +the ancient, narrow streets which adjoin the moats Saint-Victor and the +Jardin des Plantes tremble, as they are violently traversed three or +four times each day by those currents of coach fiacres and omnibuses +which, in a given time, crowd back the houses to the right and the +left; for there are things which are odd when said that are rigorously +exact; and just as it is true to say that in large cities the sun makes +the southern fronts of houses to vegetate and grow, it is certain that +the frequent passage of vehicles enlarges streets. The symptoms of a +new life are evident. In this old provincial quarter, in the wildest +nooks, the pavement shows itself, the sidewalks begin to crawl and to +grow longer, even where there are as yet no pedestrians. One morning,—a +memorable morning in July, 1845,—black pots of bitumen were seen +smoking there; on that day it might be said that civilization had +arrived in the Rue de l’Ourcine, and that Paris had entered the suburb +of Saint-Marceau. + + + + +CHAPTER II—A NEST FOR OWL AND A WARBLER + + +It was in front of this Gorbeau house that Jean Valjean halted. Like +wild birds, he had chosen this desert place to construct his nest. + +He fumbled in his waistcoat pocket, drew out a sort of a pass-key, +opened the door, entered, closed it again carefully, and ascended the +staircase, still carrying Cosette. + +At the top of the stairs he drew from his pocket another key, with +which he opened another door. The chamber which he entered, and which +he closed again instantly, was a kind of moderately spacious attic, +furnished with a mattress laid on the floor, a table, and several +chairs; a stove in which a fire was burning, and whose embers were +visible, stood in one corner. A lantern on the boulevard cast a vague +light into this poor room. At the extreme end there was a dressing-room +with a folding bed; Jean Valjean carried the child to this bed and laid +her down there without waking her. + +He struck a match and lighted a candle. All this was prepared +beforehand on the table, and, as he had done on the previous evening, +he began to scrutinize Cosette’s face with a gaze full of ecstasy, in +which the expression of kindness and tenderness almost amounted to +aberration. The little girl, with that tranquil confidence which +belongs only to extreme strength and extreme weakness, had fallen +asleep without knowing with whom she was, and continued to sleep +without knowing where she was. + +Jean Valjean bent down and kissed that child’s hand. + +Nine months before he had kissed the hand of the mother, who had also +just fallen asleep. + +The same sad, piercing, religious sentiment filled his heart. + +He knelt beside Cosette’s bed. + +lt was broad daylight, and the child still slept. A wan ray of the +December sun penetrated the window of the attic and lay upon the +ceiling in long threads of light and shade. All at once a heavily laden +carrier’s cart, which was passing along the boulevard, shook the frail +bed, like a clap of thunder, and made it quiver from top to bottom. + +“Yes, madame!” cried Cosette, waking with a start, “here I am! here I +am!” + + +And she sprang out of bed, her eyes still half shut with the heaviness +of sleep, extending her arms towards the corner of the wall. + +“Ah! mon Dieu, my broom!” said she. + +She opened her eyes wide now, and beheld the smiling countenance of +Jean Valjean. + +“Ah! so it is true!” said the child. “Good morning, Monsieur.” + + +Children accept joy and happiness instantly and familiarly, being +themselves by nature joy and happiness. + +Cosette caught sight of Catherine at the foot of her bed, and took +possession of her, and, as she played, she put a hundred questions to +Jean Valjean. Where was she? Was Paris very large? Was Madame +ThĂ©nardier very far away? Was she to go back? etc., etc. All at once +she exclaimed, “How pretty it is here!” + + +It was a frightful hole, but she felt free. + +“Must I sweep?” she resumed at last. + +“Play!” said Jean Valjean. + +The day passed thus. Cosette, without troubling herself to understand +anything, was inexpressibly happy with that doll and that kind man. + + + + +CHAPTER III—TWO MISFORTUNES MAKE ONE PIECE OF GOOD FORTUNE + + +On the following morning, at daybreak, Jean Valjean was still by +Cosette’s bedside; he watched there motionless, waiting for her to +wake. + +Some new thing had come into his soul. + +Jean Valjean had never loved anything; for twenty-five years he had +been alone in the world. He had never been father, lover, husband, +friend. In the prison he had been vicious, gloomy, chaste, ignorant, +and shy. The heart of that ex-convict was full of virginity. His sister +and his sister’s children had left him only a vague and far-off memory +which had finally almost completely vanished; he had made every effort +to find them, and not having been able to find them, he had forgotten +them. Human nature is made thus; the other tender emotions of his +youth, if he had ever had any, had fallen into an abyss. + +When he saw Cosette, when he had taken possession of her, carried her +off, and delivered her, he felt his heart moved within him. + +All the passion and affection within him awoke, and rushed towards that +child. He approached the bed, where she lay sleeping, and trembled with +joy. He suffered all the pangs of a mother, and he knew not what it +meant; for that great and singular movement of a heart which begins to +love is a very obscure and a very sweet thing. + +Poor old man, with a perfectly new heart! + +Only, as he was five and fifty, and Cosette eight years of age, all +that might have been love in the whole course of his life flowed +together into a sort of ineffable light. + +It was the second white apparition which he had encountered. The Bishop +had caused the dawn of virtue to rise on his horizon; Cosette caused +the dawn of love to rise. + +The early days passed in this dazzled state. + +Cosette, on her side, had also, unknown to herself, become another +being, poor little thing! She was so little when her mother left her, +that she no longer remembered her. Like all children, who resemble +young shoots of the vine, which cling to everything, she had tried to +love; she had not succeeded. All had repulsed her,—the ThĂ©nardiers, +their children, other children. She had loved the dog, and he had died, +after which nothing and nobody would have anything to do with her. It +is a sad thing to say, and we have already intimated it, that, at eight +years of age, her heart was cold. It was not her fault; it was not the +faculty of loving that she lacked; alas! it was the possibility. Thus, +from the very first day, all her sentient and thinking powers loved +this kind man. She felt that which she had never felt before—a +sensation of expansion. + +The man no longer produced on her the effect of being old or poor; she +thought Jean Valjean handsome, just as she thought the hovel pretty. + +These are the effects of the dawn, of childhood, of joy. The novelty of +the earth and of life counts for something here. Nothing is so charming +as the coloring reflection of happiness on a garret. We all have in our +past a delightful garret. + +Nature, a difference of fifty years, had set a profound gulf between +Jean Valjean and Cosette; destiny filled in this gulf. Destiny suddenly +united and wedded with its irresistible power these two uprooted +existences, differing in age, alike in sorrow. One, in fact, completed +the other. Cosette’s instinct sought a father, as Jean Valjean’s +instinct sought a child. To meet was to find each other. At the +mysterious moment when their hands touched, they were welded together. +When these two souls perceived each other, they recognized each other +as necessary to each other, and embraced each other closely. + +Taking the words in their most comprehensive and absolute sense, we may +say that, separated from every one by the walls of the tomb, Jean +Valjean was the widower, and Cosette was the orphan: this situation +caused Jean Valjean to become Cosette’s father after a celestial +fashion. + +And in truth, the mysterious impression produced on Cosette in the +depths of the forest of Chelles by the hand of Jean Valjean grasping +hers in the dark was not an illusion, but a reality. The entrance of +that man into the destiny of that child had been the advent of God. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean had chosen his refuge well. There he seemed +perfectly secure. + +The chamber with a dressing-room, which he occupied with Cosette, was +the one whose window opened on the boulevard. This being the only +window in the house, no neighbors’ glances were to be feared from +across the way or at the side. + +The ground floor of Number 50-52, a sort of dilapidated penthouse, +served as a wagon-house for market-gardeners, and no communication +existed between it and the first story. It was separated by the +flooring, which had neither traps nor stairs, and which formed the +diaphragm of the building, as it were. The first story contained, as we +have said, numerous chambers and several attics, only one of which was +occupied by the old woman who took charge of Jean Valjean’s +housekeeping; all the rest was uninhabited. + +It was this old woman, ornamented with the name of the _principal +lodger_, and in reality intrusted with the functions of portress, who +had let him the lodging on Christmas eve. He had represented himself to +her as a gentleman of means who had been ruined by Spanish bonds, who +was coming there to live with his little daughter. He had paid her six +months in advance, and had commissioned the old woman to furnish the +chamber and dressing-room, as we have seen. It was this good woman who +had lighted the fire in the stove, and prepared everything on the +evening of their arrival. + +Week followed week; these two beings led a happy life in that hovel. + +Cosette laughed, chattered, and sang from daybreak. Children have their +morning song as well as birds. + +It sometimes happened that Jean Valjean clasped her tiny red hand, all +cracked with chilblains, and kissed it. The poor child, who was used to +being beaten, did not know the meaning of this, and ran away in +confusion. + +At times she became serious and stared at her little black gown. +Cosette was no longer in rags; she was in mourning. She had emerged +from misery, and she was entering into life. + +Jean Valjean had undertaken to teach her to read. Sometimes, as he made +the child spell, he remembered that it was with the idea of doing evil +that he had learned to read in prison. This idea had ended in teaching +a child to read. Then the ex-convict smiled with the pensive smile of +the angels. + +He felt in it a premeditation from on high, the will of some one who +was not man, and he became absorbed in reverie. Good thoughts have +their abysses as well as evil ones. + +To teach Cosette to read, and to let her play, this constituted nearly +the whole of Jean Valjean’s existence. And then he talked of her +mother, and he made her pray. + +She called him _father_, and knew no other name for him. + +He passed hours in watching her dressing and undressing her doll, and +in listening to her prattle. Life, henceforth, appeared to him to be +full of interest; men seemed to him good and just; he no longer +reproached any one in thought; he saw no reason why he should not live +to be a very old man, now that this child loved him. He saw a whole +future stretching out before him, illuminated by Cosette as by a +charming light. The best of us are not exempt from egotistical +thoughts. At times, he reflected with a sort of joy that she would be +ugly. + +This is only a personal opinion; but, to utter our whole thought, at +the point where Jean Valjean had arrived when he began to love Cosette, +it is by no means clear to us that he did not need this encouragement +in order that he might persevere in well-doing. He had just viewed the +malice of men and the misery of society under a new aspect—incomplete +aspects, which unfortunately only exhibited one side of the truth, the +fate of woman as summed up in Fantine, and public authority as +personified in Javert. He had returned to prison, this time for having +done right; he had quaffed fresh bitterness; disgust and lassitude were +overpowering him; even the memory of the Bishop probably suffered a +temporary eclipse, though sure to reappear later on luminous and +triumphant; but, after all, that sacred memory was growing dim. Who +knows whether Jean Valjean had not been on the eve of growing +discouraged and of falling once more? He loved and grew strong again. +Alas! he walked with no less indecision than Cosette. He protected her, +and she strengthened him. Thanks to him, she could walk through life; +thanks to her, he could continue in virtue. He was that child’s stay, +and she was his prop. Oh, unfathomable and divine mystery of the +balances of destiny! + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL TENANT + + +Jean Valjean was prudent enough never to go out by day. Every evening, +at twilight, he walked for an hour or two, sometimes alone, often with +Cosette, seeking the most deserted side alleys of the boulevard, and +entering churches at nightfall. He liked to go to Saint-MĂ©dard, which +is the nearest church. When he did not take Cosette with him, she +remained with the old woman; but the child’s delight was to go out with +the good man. She preferred an hour with him to all her rapturous +_tĂȘte-Ă -tĂȘtes_ with Catherine. He held her hand as they walked, and +said sweet things to her. + +It turned out that Cosette was a very gay little person. + +The old woman attended to the housekeeping and cooking and went to +market. + +They lived soberly, always having a little fire, but like people in +very moderate circumstances. Jean Valjean had made no alterations in +the furniture as it was the first day; he had merely had the glass door +leading to Cosette’s dressing-room replaced by a solid door. + +He still wore his yellow coat, his black breeches, and his old hat. In +the street, he was taken for a poor man. It sometimes happened that +kind-hearted women turned back to bestow a sou on him. Jean Valjean +accepted the sou with a deep bow. It also happened occasionally that he +encountered some poor wretch asking alms; then he looked behind him to +make sure that no one was observing him, stealthily approached the +unfortunate man, put a piece of money into his hand, often a silver +coin, and walked rapidly away. This had its disadvantages. He began to +be known in the neighborhood under the name of _the beggar who gives +alms_. + +The old _principal lodger_, a cross-looking creature, who was +thoroughly permeated, so far as her neighbors were concerned, with the +inquisitiveness peculiar to envious persons, scrutinized Jean Valjean a +great deal, without his suspecting the fact. She was a little deaf, +which rendered her talkative. There remained to her from her past, two +teeth,—one above, the other below,—which she was continually knocking +against each other. She had questioned Cosette, who had not been able +to tell her anything, since she knew nothing herself except that she +had come from Montfermeil. One morning, this spy saw Jean Valjean, with +an air which struck the old gossip as peculiar, entering one of the +uninhabited compartments of the hovel. She followed him with the step +of an old cat, and was able to observe him without being seen, through +a crack in the door, which was directly opposite him. Jean Valjean had +his back turned towards this door, by way of greater security, no +doubt. The old woman saw him fumble in his pocket and draw thence a +case, scissors, and thread; then he began to rip the lining of one of +the skirts of his coat, and from the opening he took a bit of yellowish +paper, which he unfolded. The old woman recognized, with terror, the +fact that it was a bank-bill for a thousand francs. It was the second +or third only that she had seen in the course of her existence. She +fled in alarm. + +A moment later, Jean Valjean accosted her, and asked her to go and get +this thousand-franc bill changed for him, adding that it was his +quarterly income, which he had received the day before. “Where?” +thought the old woman. “He did not go out until six o’clock in the +evening, and the government bank certainly is not open at that hour.” +The old woman went to get the bill changed, and mentioned her surmises. +That thousand-franc note, commented on and multiplied, produced a vast +amount of terrified discussion among the gossips of the Rue des Vignes +Saint-Marcel. + +A few days later, it chanced that Jean Valjean was sawing some wood, in +his shirt-sleeves, in the corridor. The old woman was in the chamber, +putting things in order. She was alone. Cosette was occupied in +admiring the wood as it was sawed. The old woman caught sight of the +coat hanging on a nail, and examined it. The lining had been sewed up +again. The good woman felt of it carefully, and thought she observed in +the skirts and revers thicknesses of paper. More thousand-franc +bank-bills, no doubt! + +She also noticed that there were all sorts of things in the pockets. +Not only the needles, thread, and scissors which she had seen, but a +big pocket-book, a very large knife, and—a suspicious +circumstance—several wigs of various colors. Each pocket of this coat +had the air of being in a manner provided against unexpected accidents. + +Thus the inhabitants of the house reached the last days of winter. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A FIVE-FRANC PIECE FALLS ON THE GROUND AND PRODUCES A TUMULT + + +Near Saint-MĂ©dard’s church there was a poor man who was in the habit of +crouching on the brink of a public well which had been condemned, and +on whom Jean Valjean was fond of bestowing charity. He never passed +this man without giving him a few sous. Sometimes he spoke to him. +Those who envied this mendicant said that he belonged to the police. He +was an ex-beadle of seventy-five, who was constantly mumbling his +prayers. + +One evening, as Jean Valjean was passing by, when he had not Cosette +with him, he saw the beggar in his usual place, beneath the lantern +which had just been lighted. The man seemed engaged in prayer, +according to his custom, and was much bent over. Jean Valjean stepped +up to him and placed his customary alms in his hand. The mendicant +raised his eyes suddenly, stared intently at Jean Valjean, then dropped +his head quickly. This movement was like a flash of lightning. Jean +Valjean was seized with a shudder. It seemed to him that he had just +caught sight, by the light of the street lantern, not of the placid and +beaming visage of the old beadle, but of a well-known and startling +face. He experienced the same impression that one would have on finding +one’s self, all of a sudden, face to face, in the dark, with a tiger. +He recoiled, terrified, petrified, daring neither to breathe, to speak, +to remain, nor to flee, staring at the beggar who had dropped his head, +which was enveloped in a rag, and no longer appeared to know that he +was there. At this strange moment, an instinct—possibly the mysterious +instinct of self-preservation,—restrained Jean Valjean from uttering a +word. The beggar had the same figure, the same rags, the same +appearance as he had every day. “Bah!” said Jean Valjean, “I am mad! I +am dreaming! Impossible!” And he returned profoundly troubled. + +He hardly dared to confess, even to himself, that the face which he +thought he had seen was the face of Javert. + +That night, on thinking the matter over, he regretted not having +questioned the man, in order to force him to raise his head a second +time. + +On the following day, at nightfall, he went back. The beggar was at his +post. “Good day, my good man,” said Jean Valjean, resolutely, handing +him a sou. The beggar raised his head, and replied in a whining voice, +“Thanks, my good sir.” It was unmistakably the ex-beadle. + +Jean Valjean felt completely reassured. He began to laugh. “How the +deuce could I have thought that I saw Javert there?” he thought. “Am I +going to lose my eyesight now?” And he thought no more about it. + +A few days afterwards,—it might have been at eight o’clock in the +evening,—he was in his room, and engaged in making Cosette spell aloud, +when he heard the house door open and then shut again. This struck him +as singular. The old woman, who was the only inhabitant of the house +except himself, always went to bed at nightfall, so that she might not +burn out her candles. Jean Valjean made a sign to Cosette to be quiet. +He heard some one ascending the stairs. It might possibly be the old +woman, who might have fallen ill and have been out to the apothecary’s. +Jean Valjean listened. + +The step was heavy, and sounded like that of a man; but the old woman +wore stout shoes, and there is nothing which so strongly resembles the +step of a man as that of an old woman. Nevertheless, Jean Valjean blew +out his candle. + +He had sent Cosette to bed, saying to her in a low voice, “Get into bed +very softly”; and as he kissed her brow, the steps paused. + +Jean Valjean remained silent, motionless, with his back towards the +door, seated on the chair from which he had not stirred, and holding +his breath in the dark. + +After the expiration of a rather long interval, he turned round, as he +heard nothing more, and, as he raised his eyes towards the door of his +chamber, he saw a light through the keyhole. This light formed a sort +of sinister star in the blackness of the door and the wall. There was +evidently some one there, who was holding a candle in his hand and +listening. + +Several minutes elapsed thus, and the light retreated. But he heard no +sound of footsteps, which seemed to indicate that the person who had +been listening at the door had removed his shoes. + +Jean Valjean threw himself, all dressed as he was, on his bed, and +could not close his eyes all night. + +At daybreak, just as he was falling into a doze through fatigue, he was +awakened by the creaking of a door which opened on some attic at the +end of the corridor, then he heard the same masculine footstep which +had ascended the stairs on the preceding evening. The step was +approaching. He sprang off the bed and applied his eye to the keyhole, +which was tolerably large, hoping to see the person who had made his +way by night into the house and had listened at his door, as he passed. +It was a man, in fact, who passed, this time without pausing, in front +of Jean Valjean’s chamber. The corridor was too dark to allow of the +person’s face being distinguished; but when the man reached the +staircase, a ray of light from without made it stand out like a +silhouette, and Jean Valjean had a complete view of his back. The man +was of lofty stature, clad in a long frock-coat, with a cudgel under +his arm. The formidable neck and shoulders belonged to Javert. + +Jean Valjean might have attempted to catch another glimpse of him +through his window opening on the boulevard, but he would have been +obliged to open the window: he dared not. + +It was evident that this man had entered with a key, and like himself. +Who had given him that key? What was the meaning of this? + +When the old woman came to do the work, at seven o’clock in the +morning, Jean Valjean cast a penetrating glance on her, but he did not +question her. The good woman appeared as usual. + +As she swept up she remarked to him:— + +“Possibly Monsieur may have heard some one come in last night?” + + +At that age, and on that boulevard, eight o’clock in the evening was +the dead of the night. + +“That is true, by the way,” he replied, in the most natural tone +possible. “Who was it?” + + +“It was a new lodger who has come into the house,” said the old woman. + +“And what is his name?” + + +“I don’t know exactly; Dumont, or Daumont, or some name of that sort.” + + +“And who is this Monsieur Dumont?” + + +The old woman gazed at him with her little polecat eyes, and answered:— + +“A gentleman of property, like yourself.” + + +Perhaps she had no ulterior meaning. Jean Valjean thought he perceived +one. + +When the old woman had taken her departure, he did up a hundred francs +which he had in a cupboard, into a roll, and put it in his pocket. In +spite of all the precautions which he took in this operation so that he +might not be heard rattling silver, a hundred-sou piece escaped from +his hands and rolled noisily on the floor. + +When darkness came on, he descended and carefully scrutinized both +sides of the boulevard. He saw no one. The boulevard appeared to be +absolutely deserted. It is true that a person can conceal himself +behind trees. + +He went upstairs again. + +“Come.” he said to Cosette. + +He took her by the hand, and they both went out. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—FOR A BLACK HUNT, A MUTE PACK + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE ZIGZAGS OF STRATEGY + + +An observation here becomes necessary, in view of the pages which the +reader is about to peruse, and of others which will be met with further +on. + +The author of this book, who regrets the necessity of mentioning +himself, has been absent from Paris for many years. Paris has been +transformed since he quitted it. A new city has arisen, which is, after +a fashion, unknown to him. There is no need for him to say that he +loves Paris: Paris is his mind’s natal city. In consequence of +demolitions and reconstructions, the Paris of his youth, that Paris +which he bore away religiously in his memory, is now a Paris of days +gone by. He must be permitted to speak of that Paris as though it still +existed. It is possible that when the author conducts his readers to a +spot and says, “In such a street there stands such and such a house,” +neither street nor house will any longer exist in that locality. +Readers may verify the facts if they care to take the trouble. For his +own part, he is unacquainted with the new Paris, and he writes with the +old Paris before his eyes in an illusion which is precious to him. It +is a delight to him to dream that there still lingers behind him +something of that which he beheld when he was in his own country, and +that all has not vanished. So long as you go and come in your native +land, you imagine that those streets are a matter of indifference to +you; that those windows, those roofs, and those doors are nothing to +you; that those walls are strangers to you; that those trees are merely +the first encountered haphazard; that those houses, which you do not +enter, are useless to you; that the pavements which you tread are +merely stones. Later on, when you are no longer there, you perceive +that the streets are dear to you; that you miss those roofs, those +doors; and that those walls are necessary to you, those trees are well +beloved by you; that you entered those houses which you never entered, +every day, and that you have left a part of your heart, of your blood, +of your soul, in those pavements. All those places which you no longer +behold, which you may never behold again, perchance, and whose memory +you have cherished, take on a melancholy charm, recur to your mind with +the melancholy of an apparition, make the holy land visible to you, and +are, so to speak, the very form of France, and you love them; and you +call them up as they are, as they were, and you persist in this, and +you will submit to no change: for you are attached to the figure of +your fatherland as to the face of your mother. + +May we, then, be permitted to speak of the past in the present? That +said, we beg the reader to take note of it, and we continue. + +Jean Valjean instantly quitted the boulevard and plunged into the +streets, taking the most intricate lines which he could devise, +returning on his track at times, to make sure that he was not being +followed. + +[Illustration: The Black Hunt] + +This manƓuvre is peculiar to the hunted stag. On soil where an imprint +of the track may be left, this manƓuvre possesses, among other +advantages, that of deceiving the huntsmen and the dogs, by throwing +them on the wrong scent. In venery this is called _false +re-imbushment_. + +The moon was full that night. Jean Valjean was not sorry for this. The +moon, still very close to the horizon, cast great masses of light and +shadow in the streets. Jean Valjean could glide along close to the +houses on the dark side, and yet keep watch on the light side. He did +not, perhaps, take sufficiently into consideration the fact that the +dark side escaped him. Still, in the deserted lanes which lie near the +Rue Poliveau, he thought he felt certain that no one was following him. + +Cosette walked on without asking any questions. The sufferings of the +first six years of her life had instilled something passive into her +nature. Moreover,—and this is a remark to which we shall frequently +have occasion to recur,—she had grown used, without being herself aware +of it, to the peculiarities of this good man and to the freaks of +destiny. And then she was with him, and she felt safe. + +Jean Valjean knew no more where he was going than did Cosette. He +trusted in God, as she trusted in him. It seemed as though he also were +clinging to the hand of some one greater than himself; he thought he +felt a being leading him, though invisible. However, he had no settled +idea, no plan, no project. He was not even absolutely sure that it was +Javert, and then it might have been Javert, without Javert knowing that +he was Jean Valjean. Was not he disguised? Was not he believed to be +dead? Still, queer things had been going on for several days. He wanted +no more of them. He was determined not to return to the Gorbeau house. +Like the wild animal chased from its lair, he was seeking a hole in +which he might hide until he could find one where he might dwell. + +Jean Valjean described many and varied labyrinths in the Mouffetard +quarter, which was already asleep, as though the discipline of the +Middle Ages and the yoke of the curfew still existed; he combined in +various manners, with cunning strategy, the Rue Censier and the Rue +Copeau, the Rue du Battoir-Saint-Victor and the Rue du Puits l’Ermite. +There are lodging houses in this locality, but he did not even enter +one, finding nothing which suited him. He had no doubt that if any one +had chanced to be upon his track, they would have lost it. + +As eleven o’clock struck from Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, he was traversing +the Rue de Pontoise, in front of the office of the commissary of +police, situated at No. 14. A few moments later, the instinct of which +we have spoken above made him turn round. At that moment he saw +distinctly, thanks to the commissary’s lantern, which betrayed them, +three men who were following him closely, pass, one after the other, +under that lantern, on the dark side of the street. One of the three +entered the alley leading to the commissary’s house. The one who +marched at their head struck him as decidedly suspicious. + +“Come, child,” he said to Cosette; and he made haste to quit the Rue +Pontoise. + +He took a circuit, turned into the Passage des Patriarches, which was +closed on account of the hour, strode along the Rue de l’ÉpĂ©e-de-Bois +and the Rue de l’ArbalĂšte, and plunged into the Rue des Postes. + +At that time there was a square formed by the intersection of streets, +where the College Rollin stands to-day, and where the Rue +Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve turns off. + +It is understood, of course, that the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve is an +old street, and that a posting-chaise does not pass through the Rue des +Postes once in ten years. In the thirteenth century this Rue des Postes +was inhabited by potters, and its real name is Rue des Pots. + +The moon cast a livid light into this open space. Jean Valjean went +into ambush in a doorway, calculating that if the men were still +following him, he could not fail to get a good look at them, as they +traversed this illuminated space. + +In point of fact, three minutes had not elapsed when the men made their +appearance. There were four of them now. All were tall, dressed in +long, brown coats, with round hats, and huge cudgels in their hands. +Their great stature and their vast fists rendered them no less alarming +than did their sinister stride through the darkness. One would have +pronounced them four spectres disguised as bourgeois. + +They halted in the middle of the space and formed a group, like men in +consultation. They had an air of indecision. The one who appeared to be +their leader turned round and pointed hastily with his right hand in +the direction which Jean Valjean had taken; another seemed to indicate +the contrary direction with considerable obstinacy. At the moment when +the first man wheeled round, the moon fell full in his face. Jean +Valjean recognized Javert perfectly. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IT IS LUCKY THAT THE PONT D’AUSTERLITZ BEARS CARRIAGES + + +Uncertainty was at an end for Jean Valjean: fortunately it still lasted +for the men. He took advantage of their hesitation. It was time lost +for them, but gained for him. He slipped from under the gate where he +had concealed himself, and went down the Rue des Postes, towards the +region of the Jardin des Plantes. Cosette was beginning to be tired. He +took her in his arms and carried her. There were no passers-by, and the +street lanterns had not been lighted on account of there being a moon. + +He redoubled his pace. + +In a few strides he had reached the Goblet potteries, on the front of +which the moonlight rendered distinctly legible the ancient +inscription:— + +De Goblet fils c’est ici la fabrique; +Venez choisir des cruches et des brocs, +Des pots Ă  fleurs, des tuyaux, de la brique. +À tout venant le CƓur vend des Carreaux.14 + + +He left behind him the Rue de la Clef, then the Fountain Saint-Victor, +skirted the Jardin des Plantes by the lower streets, and reached the +quay. There he turned round. The quay was deserted. The streets were +deserted. There was no one behind him. He drew a long breath. + +He gained the Pont d’Austerlitz. + +Tolls were still collected there at that epoch. + +He presented himself at the toll office and handed over a sou. + +“It is two sous,” said the old soldier in charge of the bridge. “You +are carrying a child who can walk. Pay for two.” + + +He paid, vexed that his passage should have aroused remark. Every +flight should be an imperceptible slipping away. + +A heavy cart was crossing the Seine at the same time as himself, and on +its way, like him, to the right bank. This was of use to him. He could +traverse the bridge in the shadow of the cart. + +Towards the middle of the Bridge, Cosette, whose feet were benumbed, +wanted to walk. He set her on the ground and took her hand again. + +The bridge once crossed, he perceived some timber-yards on his right. +He directed his course thither. In order to reach them, it was +necessary to risk himself in a tolerably large unsheltered and +illuminated space. He did not hesitate. Those who were on his track had +evidently lost the scent, and Jean Valjean believed himself to be out +of danger. Hunted, yes; followed, no. + +A little street, the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, opened out +between two timber-yards enclosed in walls. This street was dark and +narrow and seemed made expressly for him. Before entering it he cast a +glance behind him. + +From the point where he stood he could see the whole extent of the Pont +d’Austerlitz. + +Four shadows were just entering on the bridge. + +These shadows had their backs turned to the Jardin des Plantes and were +on their way to the right bank. + +These four shadows were the four men. + +Jean Valjean shuddered like the wild beast which is recaptured. + +One hope remained to him; it was, that the men had not, perhaps, +stepped on the bridge, and had not caught sight of him while he was +crossing the large illuminated space, holding Cosette by the hand. + +In that case, by plunging into the little street before him, he might +escape, if he could reach the timber-yards, the marshes, the +market-gardens, the uninhabited ground which was not built upon. + +It seemed to him that he might commit himself to that silent little +street. He entered it. + + + + +CHAPTER III—TO WIT, THE PLAN OF PARIS IN 1727 + + +Three hundred paces further on, he arrived at a point where the street +forked. It separated into two streets, which ran in a slanting line, +one to the right, and the other to the left. + +Jean Valjean had before him what resembled the two branches of a Y. +Which should he choose? He did not hesitate, but took the one on the +right. + +Why? + +Because that to the left ran towards a suburb, that is to say, towards +inhabited regions, and the right branch towards the open country, that +is to say, towards deserted regions. + +However, they no longer walked very fast. Cosette’s pace retarded Jean +Valjean’s. + +He took her up and carried her again. Cosette laid her head on the +shoulder of the good man and said not a word. + +He turned round from time to time and looked behind him. He took care +to keep always on the dark side of the street. The street was straight +in his rear. The first two or three times that he turned round he saw +nothing; the silence was profound, and he continued his march somewhat +reassured. All at once, on turning round, he thought he perceived in +the portion of the street which he had just passed through, far off in +the obscurity, something which was moving. + +He rushed forward precipitately rather than walked, hoping to find some +side-street, to make his escape through it, and thus to break his scent +once more. + +He arrived at a wall. + +This wall, however, did not absolutely prevent further progress; it was +a wall which bordered a transverse street, in which the one he had +taken ended. + +Here again, he was obliged to come to a decision; should he go to the +right or to the left. + +He glanced to the right. The fragmentary lane was prolonged between +buildings which were either sheds or barns, then ended at a blind +alley. The extremity of the cul-de-sac was distinctly visible,—a lofty +white wall. + +He glanced to the left. On that side the lane was open, and about two +hundred paces further on, ran into a street of which it was the +affluent. On that side lay safety. + +At the moment when Jean Valjean was meditating a turn to the left, in +an effort to reach the street which he saw at the end of the lane, he +perceived a sort of motionless, black statue at the corner of the lane +and the street towards which he was on the point of directing his +steps. + +It was some one, a man, who had evidently just been posted there, and +who was barring the passage and waiting. + +Jean Valjean recoiled. + +The point of Paris where Jean Valjean found himself, situated between +the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and la RĂąpĂ©e, is one of those which recent +improvements have transformed from top to bottom,—resulting in +disfigurement according to some, and in a transfiguration according to +others. The market-gardens, the timber-yards, and the old buildings +have been effaced. To-day, there are brand-new, wide streets, arenas, +circuses, hippodromes, railway stations, and a prison, Mazas, there; +progress, as the reader sees, with its antidote. + +Half a century ago, in that ordinary, popular tongue, which is all +compounded of traditions, which persists in calling the Institut _les +Quatre-Nations_, and the Opera-Comique _Feydeau_, the precise spot +whither Jean Valjean had arrived was called _le Petit-Picpus_. The +Porte Saint-Jacques, the Porte Paris, the BarriĂšre des Sergents, the +Porcherons, la Galiote, les CĂ©lestins, les Capucins, le Mail, la +Bourbe, l’Arbre de Cracovie, la Petite-Pologne—these are the names of +old Paris which survive amid the new. The memory of the populace hovers +over these relics of the past. + +Le Petit-Picpus, which, moreover, hardly ever had any existence, and +never was more than the outline of a quarter, had nearly the monkish +aspect of a Spanish town. The roads were not much paved; the streets +were not much built up. With the exception of the two or three streets, +of which we shall presently speak, all was wall and solitude there. Not +a shop, not a vehicle, hardly a candle lighted here and there in the +windows; all lights extinguished after ten o’clock. Gardens, convents, +timber-yards, marshes; occasional lowly dwellings and great walls as +high as the houses. + +Such was this quarter in the last century. The Revolution snubbed it +soundly. The republican government demolished and cut through it. +Rubbish shoots were established there. Thirty years ago, this quarter +was disappearing under the erasing process of new buildings. To-day, it +has been utterly blotted out. The Petit-Picpus, of which no existing +plan has preserved a trace, is indicated with sufficient clearness in +the plan of 1727, published at Paris by Denis Thierry, Rue +Saint-Jacques, opposite the Rue du PlĂątre; and at Lyons, by Jean Girin, +Rue MerciĂšre, at the sign of Prudence. Petit-Picpus had, as we have +just mentioned, a Y of streets, formed by the Rue du +Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, which spread out in two branches, taking on +the left the name of Little Picpus Street, and on the right the name of +the Rue Polonceau. The two limbs of the Y were connected at the apex as +by a bar; this bar was called Rue Droit-Mur. The Rue Polonceau ended +there; Rue Petit-Picpus passed on, and ascended towards the Lenoir +market. A person coming from the Seine reached the extremity of the Rue +Polonceau, and had on his right the Rue Droit-Mur, turning abruptly at +a right angle, in front of him the wall of that street, and on his +right a truncated prolongation of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had no issue +and was called the Cul-de-Sac Genrot. + +It was here that Jean Valjean stood. + +As we have just said, on catching sight of that black silhouette +standing on guard at the angle of the Rue Droit-Mur and the Rue +Petit-Picpus, he recoiled. There could be no doubt of it. That phantom +was lying in wait for him. + +What was he to do? + +The time for retreating was passed. That which he had perceived in +movement an instant before, in the distant darkness, was Javert and his +squad without a doubt. Javert was probably already at the commencement +of the street at whose end Jean Valjean stood. Javert, to all +appearances, was acquainted with this little labyrinth, and had taken +his precautions by sending one of his men to guard the exit. These +surmises, which so closely resembled proofs, whirled suddenly, like a +handful of dust caught up by an unexpected gust of wind, through Jean +Valjean’s mournful brain. He examined the Cul-de-Sac Genrot; there he +was cut off. He examined the Rue Petit-Picpus; there stood a sentinel. +He saw that black form standing out in relief against the white +pavement, illuminated by the moon; to advance was to fall into this +man’s hands; to retreat was to fling himself into Javert’s arms. Jean +Valjean felt himself caught, as in a net, which was slowly contracting; +he gazed heavenward in despair. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE GROPINGS OF FLIGHT + + +In order to understand what follows, it is requisite to form an exact +idea of the Droit-Mur lane, and, in particular, of the angle which one +leaves on the left when one emerges from the Rue Polonceau into this +lane. Droit-Mur lane was almost entirely bordered on the right, as far +as the Rue Petit-Picpus, by houses of mean aspect; on the left by a +solitary building of severe outlines, composed of numerous parts which +grew gradually higher by a story or two as they approached the Rue +Petit-Picpus side; so that this building, which was very lofty on the +Rue Petit-Picpus side, was tolerably low on the side adjoining the Rue +Polonceau. There, at the angle of which we have spoken, it descended to +such a degree that it consisted of merely a wall. This wall did not +abut directly on the street; it formed a deeply retreating niche, +concealed by its two corners from two observers who might have been, +one in the Rue Polonceau, the other in the Rue Droit-Mur. + +Beginning with these angles of the niche, the wall extended along the +Rue Polonceau as far as a house which bore the number 49, and along the +Rue Droit-Mur, where the fragment was much shorter, as far as the +gloomy building which we have mentioned and whose gable it intersected, +thus forming another retreating angle in the street. This gable was +sombre of aspect; only one window was visible, or, to speak more +correctly, two shutters covered with a sheet of zinc and kept +constantly closed. + +The state of the places of which we are here giving a description is +rigorously exact, and will certainly awaken a very precise memory in +the mind of old inhabitants of the quarter. + +The niche was entirely filled by a thing which resembled a colossal and +wretched door; it was a vast, formless assemblage of perpendicular +planks, the upper ones being broader than the lower, bound together by +long transverse strips of iron. At one side there was a carriage gate +of the ordinary dimensions, and which had evidently not been cut more +than fifty years previously. + +A linden-tree showed its crest above the niche, and the wall was +covered with ivy on the side of the Rue Polonceau. + +In the imminent peril in which Jean Valjean found himself, this sombre +building had about it a solitary and uninhabited look which tempted +him. He ran his eyes rapidly over it; he said to himself, that if he +could contrive to get inside it, he might save himself. First he +conceived an idea, then a hope. + +In the central portion of the front of this building, on the Rue +Droit-Mur side, there were at all the windows of the different stories +ancient cistern pipes of lead. The various branches of the pipes which +led from one central pipe to all these little basins sketched out a +sort of tree on the front. These ramifications of pipes with their +hundred elbows imitated those old leafless vine-stocks which writhe +over the fronts of old farm-houses. + +This odd espalier, with its branches of lead and iron, was the first +thing that struck Jean Valjean. He seated Cosette with her back against +a stone post, with an injunction to be silent, and ran to the spot +where the conduit touched the pavement. Perhaps there was some way of +climbing up by it and entering the house. But the pipe was dilapidated +and past service, and hardly hung to its fastenings. Moreover, all the +windows of this silent dwelling were grated with heavy iron bars, even +the attic windows in the roof. And then, the moon fell full upon that +façade, and the man who was watching at the corner of the street would +have seen Jean Valjean in the act of climbing. And finally, what was to +be done with Cosette? How was she to be drawn up to the top of a +three-story house? + +He gave up all idea of climbing by means of the drain-pipe, and crawled +along the wall to get back into the Rue Polonceau. + +When he reached the slant of the wall where he had left Cosette, he +noticed that no one could see him there. As we have just explained, he +was concealed from all eyes, no matter from which direction they were +approaching; besides this, he was in the shadow. Finally, there were +two doors; perhaps they might be forced. The wall above which he saw +the linden-tree and the ivy evidently abutted on a garden where he +could, at least, hide himself, although there were as yet no leaves on +the trees, and spend the remainder of the night. + +Time was passing; he must act quickly. + +He felt over the carriage door, and immediately recognized the fact +that it was impracticable outside and in. + +He approached the other door with more hope; it was frightfully +decrepit; its very immensity rendered it less solid; the planks were +rotten; the iron bands—there were only three of them—were rusted. It +seemed as though it might be possible to pierce this worm-eaten +barrier. + +On examining it he found that the door was not a door; it had neither +hinges, cross-bars, lock, nor fissure in the middle; the iron bands +traversed it from side to side without any break. Through the crevices +in the planks he caught a view of unhewn slabs and blocks of stone +roughly cemented together, which passers-by might still have seen there +ten years ago. He was forced to acknowledge with consternation that +this apparent door was simply the wooden decoration of a building +against which it was placed. It was easy to tear off a plank; but then, +one found one’s self face to face with a wall. + + + + +CHAPTER V—WHICH WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE WITH GAS LANTERNS + + +At that moment a heavy and measured sound began to be audible at some +distance. Jean Valjean risked a glance round the corner of the street. +Seven or eight soldiers, drawn up in a platoon, had just debouched into +the Rue Polonceau. He saw the gleam of their bayonets. They were +advancing towards him; these soldiers, at whose head he distinguished +Javert’s tall figure, advanced slowly and cautiously. They halted +frequently; it was plain that they were searching all the nooks of the +walls and all the embrasures of the doors and alleys. + +This was some patrol that Javert had encountered—there could be no +mistake as to this surmise—and whose aid he had demanded. + +Javert’s two acolytes were marching in their ranks. + +At the rate at which they were marching, and in consideration of the +halts which they were making, it would take them about a quarter of an +hour to reach the spot where Jean Valjean stood. It was a frightful +moment. A few minutes only separated Jean Valjean from that terrible +precipice which yawned before him for the third time. And the galleys +now meant not only the galleys, but Cosette lost to him forever; that +is to say, a life resembling the interior of a tomb. + +There was but one thing which was possible. + +Jean Valjean had this peculiarity, that he carried, as one might say, +two beggar’s pouches: in one he kept his saintly thoughts; in the other +the redoubtable talents of a convict. He rummaged in the one or the +other, according to circumstances. + +Among his other resources, thanks to his numerous escapes from the +prison at Toulon, he was, as it will be remembered, a past master in +the incredible art of crawling up without ladder or climbing-irons, by +sheer muscular force, by leaning on the nape of his neck, his +shoulders, his hips, and his knees, by helping himself on the rare +projections of the stone, in the right angle of a wall, as high as the +sixth story, if need be; an art which has rendered so celebrated and so +alarming that corner of the wall of the Conciergerie of Paris by which +Battemolle, condemned to death, made his escape twenty years ago. + +Jean Valjean measured with his eyes the wall above which he espied the +linden; it was about eighteen feet in height. The angle which it formed +with the gable of the large building was filled, at its lower +extremity, by a mass of masonry of a triangular shape, probably +intended to preserve that too convenient corner from the rubbish of +those dirty creatures called the passers-by. This practice of filling +up corners of the wall is much in use in Paris. + +This mass was about five feet in height; the space above the summit of +this mass which it was necessary to climb was not more than fourteen +feet. + +The wall was surmounted by a flat stone without a coping. + +Cosette was the difficulty, for she did not know how to climb a wall. +Should he abandon her? Jean Valjean did not once think of that. It was +impossible to carry her. A man’s whole strength is required to +successfully carry out these singular ascents. The least burden would +disturb his centre of gravity and pull him downwards. + +A rope would have been required; Jean Valjean had none. Where was he to +get a rope at midnight, in the Rue Polonceau? Certainly, if Jean +Valjean had had a kingdom, he would have given it for a rope at that +moment. + +All extreme situations have their lightning flashes which sometimes +dazzle, sometimes illuminate us. + +Jean Valjean’s despairing glance fell on the street lantern-post of the +blind alley Genrot. + +At that epoch there were no gas-jets in the streets of Paris. At +nightfall lanterns placed at regular distances were lighted; they were +ascended and descended by means of a rope, which traversed the street +from side to side, and was adjusted in a groove of the post. The pulley +over which this rope ran was fastened underneath the lantern in a +little iron box, the key to which was kept by the lamp-lighter, and the +rope itself was protected by a metal case. + +Jean Valjean, with the energy of a supreme struggle, crossed the street +at one bound, entered the blind alley, broke the latch of the little +box with the point of his knife, and an instant later he was beside +Cosette once more. He had a rope. These gloomy inventors of expedients +work rapidly when they are fighting against fatality. + +We have already explained that the lanterns had not been lighted that +night. The lantern in the Cul-de-Sac Genrot was thus naturally extinct, +like the rest; and one could pass directly under it without even +noticing that it was no longer in its place. + +Nevertheless, the hour, the place, the darkness, Jean Valjean’s +absorption, his singular gestures, his goings and comings, all had +begun to render Cosette uneasy. Any other child than she would have +given vent to loud shrieks long before. She contented herself with +plucking Jean Valjean by the skirt of his coat. They could hear the +sound of the patrol’s approach ever more and more distinctly. + +“Father,” said she, in a very low voice, “I am afraid. Who is coming +yonder?” + + +“Hush!” replied the unhappy man; “it is Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Cosette shuddered. He added:— + +“Say nothing. Don’t interfere with me. If you cry out, if you weep, the +ThĂ©nardier is lying in wait for you. She is coming to take you back.” + + +Then, without haste, but without making a useless movement, with firm +and curt precision, the more remarkable at a moment when the patrol and +Javert might come upon him at any moment, he undid his cravat, passed +it round Cosette’s body under the armpits, taking care that it should +not hurt the child, fastened this cravat to one end of the rope, by +means of that knot which seafaring men call a “swallow knot,” took the +other end of the rope in his teeth, pulled off his shoes and stockings, +which he threw over the wall, stepped upon the mass of masonry, and +began to raise himself in the angle of the wall and the gable with as +much solidity and certainty as though he had the rounds of a ladder +under his feet and elbows. Half a minute had not elapsed when he was +resting on his knees on the wall. + +Cosette gazed at him in stupid amazement, without uttering a word. Jean +Valjean’s injunction, and the name of Madame ThĂ©nardier, had chilled +her blood. + +All at once she heard Jean Valjean’s voice crying to her, though in a +very low tone:— + +“Put your back against the wall.” + + +She obeyed. + +“Don’t say a word, and don’t be alarmed,” went on Jean Valjean. + +And she felt herself lifted from the ground. + +Before she had time to recover herself, she was on the top of the wall. + +Jean Valjean grasped her, put her on his back, took her two tiny hands +in his large left hand, lay down flat on his stomach and crawled along +on top of the wall as far as the cant. As he had guessed, there stood a +building whose roof started from the top of the wooden barricade and +descended to within a very short distance of the ground, with a gentle +slope which grazed the linden-tree. A lucky circumstance, for the wall +was much higher on this side than on the street side. Jean Valjean +could only see the ground at a great depth below him. + +He had just reached the slope of the roof, and had not yet left the +crest of the wall, when a violent uproar announced the arrival of the +patrol. The thundering voice of Javert was audible:— + +“Search the blind alley! The Rue Droit-Mur is guarded! so is the Rue +Petit-Picpus. I’ll answer for it that he is in the blind alley.” + + +The soldiers rushed into the Genrot alley. + +Jean Valjean allowed himself to slide down the roof, still holding fast +to Cosette, reached the linden-tree, and leaped to the ground. Whether +from terror or courage, Cosette had not breathed a sound, though her +hands were a little abraded. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE BEGINNING OF AN ENIGMA + + +Jean Valjean found himself in a sort of garden which was very vast and +of singular aspect; one of those melancholy gardens which seem made to +be looked at in winter and at night. This garden was oblong in shape, +with an alley of large poplars at the further end, tolerably tall +forest trees in the corners, and an unshaded space in the centre, where +could be seen a very large, solitary tree, then several fruit-trees, +gnarled and bristling like bushes, beds of vegetables, a melon patch, +whose glass frames sparkled in the moonlight, and an old well. Here and +there stood stone benches which seemed black with moss. The alleys were +bordered with gloomy and very erect little shrubs. The grass had half +taken possession of them, and a green mould covered the rest. + +Jean Valjean had beside him the building whose roof had served him as a +means of descent, a pile of fagots, and, behind the fagots, directly +against the wall, a stone statue, whose mutilated face was no longer +anything more than a shapeless mask which loomed vaguely through the +gloom. + +The building was a sort of ruin, where dismantled chambers were +distinguishable, one of which, much encumbered, seemed to serve as a +shed. + +The large building of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had a wing on the Rue +Petit-Picpus, turned two façades, at right angles, towards this garden. +These interior façades were even more tragic than the exterior. All the +windows were grated. Not a gleam of light was visible at any one of +them. The upper story had scuttles like prisons. One of those façades +cast its shadow on the other, which fell over the garden like an +immense black pall. + +No other house was visible. The bottom of the garden was lost in mist +and darkness. Nevertheless, walls could be confusedly made out, which +intersected as though there were more cultivated land beyond, and the +low roofs of the Rue Polonceau. + +Nothing more wild and solitary than this garden could be imagined. +There was no one in it, which was quite natural in view of the hour; +but it did not seem as though this spot were made for any one to walk +in, even in broad daylight. + +Jean Valjean’s first care had been to get hold of his shoes and put +them on again, then to step under the shed with Cosette. A man who is +fleeing never thinks himself sufficiently hidden. The child, whose +thoughts were still on the ThĂ©nardier, shared his instinct for +withdrawing from sight as much as possible. + +Cosette trembled and pressed close to him. They heard the tumultuous +noise of the patrol searching the blind alley and the streets; the +blows of their gun-stocks against the stones; Javert’s appeals to the +police spies whom he had posted, and his imprecations mingled with +words which could not be distinguished. + +At the expiration of a quarter of an hour it seemed as though that +species of stormy roar were becoming more distant. Jean Valjean held +his breath. + +He had laid his hand lightly on Cosette’s mouth. + +However, the solitude in which he stood was so strangely calm, that +this frightful uproar, close and furious as it was, did not disturb him +by so much as the shadow of a misgiving. It seemed as though those +walls had been built of the deaf stones of which the Scriptures speak. + +All at once, in the midst of this profound calm, a fresh sound arose; a +sound as celestial, divine, ineffable, ravishing, as the other had been +horrible. It was a hymn which issued from the gloom, a dazzling burst +of prayer and harmony in the obscure and alarming silence of the night; +women’s voices, but voices composed at one and the same time of the +pure accents of virgins and the innocent accents of children,—voices +which are not of the earth, and which resemble those that the newborn +infant still hears, and which the dying man hears already. This song +proceeded from the gloomy edifice which towered above the garden. At +the moment when the hubbub of demons retreated, one would have said +that a choir of angels was approaching through the gloom. + +Cosette and Jean Valjean fell on their knees. + +They knew not what it was, they knew not where they were; but both of +them, the man and the child, the penitent and the innocent, felt that +they must kneel. + +These voices had this strange characteristic, that they did not prevent +the building from seeming to be deserted. It was a supernatural chant +in an uninhabited house. + +While these voices were singing, Jean Valjean thought of nothing. He no +longer beheld the night; he beheld a blue sky. It seemed to him that he +felt those wings which we all have within us, unfolding. + +The song died away. It may have lasted a long time. Jean Valjean could +not have told. Hours of ecstasy are never more than a moment. + +All fell silent again. There was no longer anything in the street; +there was nothing in the garden. That which had menaced, that which had +reassured him,—all had vanished. The breeze swayed a few dry weeds on +the crest of the wall, and they gave out a faint, sweet, melancholy +sound. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—CONTINUATION OF THE ENIGMA + + +The night wind had risen, which indicated that it must be between one +and two o’clock in the morning. Poor Cosette said nothing. As she had +seated herself beside him and leaned her head against him, Jean Valjean +had fancied that she was asleep. He bent down and looked at her. +Cosette’s eyes were wide open, and her thoughtful air pained Jean +Valjean. + +She was still trembling. + +“Are you sleepy?” said Jean Valjean. + +“I am very cold,” she replied. + +A moment later she resumed:— + +“Is she still there?” + + +“Who?” said Jean Valjean. + +“Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Jean Valjean had already forgotten the means which he had employed to +make Cosette keep silent. + +“Ah!” said he, “she is gone. You need fear nothing further.” + + +The child sighed as though a load had been lifted from her breast. + +The ground was damp, the shed open on all sides, the breeze grew more +keen every instant. The goodman took off his coat and wrapped it round +Cosette. + +“Are you less cold now?” said he. + +“Oh, yes, father.” + + +“Well, wait for me a moment. I will soon be back.” + + +He quitted the ruin and crept along the large building, seeking a +better shelter. He came across doors, but they were closed. There were +bars at all the windows of the ground floor. + +Just after he had turned the inner angle of the edifice, he observed +that he was coming to some arched windows, where he perceived a light. +He stood on tiptoe and peeped through one of these windows. They all +opened on a tolerably vast hall, paved with large flagstones, cut up by +arcades and pillars, where only a tiny light and great shadows were +visible. The light came from a taper which was burning in one corner. +The apartment was deserted, and nothing was stirring in it. +Nevertheless, by dint of gazing intently he thought he perceived on the +ground something which appeared to be covered with a winding-sheet, and +which resembled a human form. This form was lying face downward, flat +on the pavement, with the arms extended in the form of a cross, in the +immobility of death. One would have said, judging from a sort of +serpent which undulated over the floor, that this sinister form had a +rope round its neck. + +The whole chamber was bathed in that mist of places which are sparely +illuminated, which adds to horror. + +Jean Valjean often said afterwards, that, although many funereal +spectres had crossed his path in life, he had never beheld anything +more blood-curdling and terrible than that enigmatical form +accomplishing some inexplicable mystery in that gloomy place, and +beheld thus at night. It was alarming to suppose that that thing was +perhaps dead; and still more alarming to think that it was perhaps +alive. + +He had the courage to plaster his face to the glass, and to watch +whether the thing would move. In spite of his remaining thus what +seemed to him a very long time, the outstretched form made no movement. +All at once he felt himself overpowered by an inexpressible terror, and +he fled. He began to run towards the shed, not daring to look behind +him. It seemed to him, that if he turned his head, he should see that +form following him with great strides and waving its arms. + +He reached the ruin all out of breath. His knees were giving way +beneath him; the perspiration was pouring from him. + +Where was he? Who could ever have imagined anything like that sort of +sepulchre in the midst of Paris! What was this strange house? An +edifice full of nocturnal mystery, calling to souls through the +darkness with the voice of angels, and when they came, offering them +abruptly that terrible vision; promising to open the radiant portals of +heaven, and then opening the horrible gates of the tomb! And it +actually was an edifice, a house, which bore a number on the street! It +was not a dream! He had to touch the stones to convince himself that +such was the fact. + +Cold, anxiety, uneasiness, the emotions of the night, had given him a +genuine fever, and all these ideas were clashing together in his brain. + +He stepped up to Cosette. She was asleep. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE ENIGMA BECOMES DOUBLY MYSTERIOUS + + +The child had laid her head on a stone and fallen asleep. + +He sat down beside her and began to think. Little by little, as he +gazed at her, he grew calm and regained possession of his freedom of +mind. + +He clearly perceived this truth, the foundation of his life henceforth, +that so long as she was there, so long as he had her near him, he +should need nothing except for her, he should fear nothing except for +her. He was not even conscious that he was very cold, since he had +taken off his coat to cover her. + +Nevertheless, athwart this reverie into which he had fallen he had +heard for some time a peculiar noise. It was like the tinkling of a +bell. This sound proceeded from the garden. It could be heard +distinctly though faintly. It resembled the faint, vague music produced +by the bells of cattle at night in the pastures. + +This noise made Valjean turn round. + +He looked and saw that there was some one in the garden. + +A being resembling a man was walking amid the bell-glasses of the melon +beds, rising, stooping, halting, with regular movements, as though he +were dragging or spreading out something on the ground. This person +appeared to limp. + +Jean Valjean shuddered with the continual tremor of the unhappy. For +them everything is hostile and suspicious. They distrust the day +because it enables people to see them, and the night because it aids in +surprising them. A little while before he had shivered because the +garden was deserted, and now he shivered because there was some one +there. + +He fell back from chimerical terrors to real terrors. He said to +himself that Javert and the spies had, perhaps, not taken their +departure; that they had, no doubt, left people on the watch in the +street; that if this man should discover him in the garden, he would +cry out for help against thieves and deliver him up. He took the +sleeping Cosette gently in his arms and carried her behind a heap of +old furniture, which was out of use, in the most remote corner of the +shed. Cosette did not stir. + +From that point he scrutinized the appearance of the being in the melon +patch. The strange thing about it was, that the sound of the bell +followed each of this man’s movements. When the man approached, the +sound approached; when the man retreated, the sound retreated; if he +made any hasty gesture, a tremolo accompanied the gesture; when he +halted, the sound ceased. It appeared evident that the bell was +attached to that man; but what could that signify? Who was this man who +had a bell suspended about him like a ram or an ox? + +As he put these questions to himself, he touched Cosette’s hands. They +were icy cold. + +“Ah! good God!” he cried. + +He spoke to her in a low voice:— + +“Cosette!” + + +She did not open her eyes. + +He shook her vigorously. + +She did not wake. + +“Is she dead?” he said to himself, and sprang to his feet, quivering +from head to foot. + +The most frightful thoughts rushed pell-mell through his mind. There +are moments when hideous surmises assail us like a cohort of furies, +and violently force the partitions of our brains. When those we love +are in question, our prudence invents every sort of madness. He +remembered that sleep in the open air on a cold night may be fatal. + +Cosette was pale, and had fallen at full length on the ground at his +feet, without a movement. + +He listened to her breathing: she still breathed, but with a +respiration which seemed to him weak and on the point of extinction. + +How was he to warm her back to life? How was he to rouse her? All that +was not connected with this vanished from his thoughts. He rushed +wildly from the ruin. + +It was absolutely necessary that Cosette should be in bed and beside a +fire in less than a quarter of an hour. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE MAN WITH THE BELL + + +He walked straight up to the man whom he saw in the garden. He had +taken in his hand the roll of silver which was in the pocket of his +waistcoat. + +The man’s head was bent down, and he did not see him approaching. In a +few strides Jean Valjean stood beside him. + +Jean Valjean accosted him with the cry:— + +“One hundred francs!” + + +The man gave a start and raised his eyes. + +“You can earn a hundred francs,” went on Jean Valjean, “if you will +grant me shelter for this night.” + + +The moon shone full upon Jean Valjean’s terrified countenance. + +“What! so it is you, Father Madeleine!” said the man. + +That name, thus pronounced, at that obscure hour, in that unknown spot, +by that strange man, made Jean Valjean start back. + +He had expected anything but that. The person who thus addressed him +was a bent and lame old man, dressed almost like a peasant, who wore on +his left knee a leather knee-cap, whence hung a moderately large bell. +His face, which was in the shadow, was not distinguishable. + +However, the goodman had removed his cap, and exclaimed, trembling all +over:— + +“Ah, good God! How come you here, Father Madeleine? Where did you +enter? Dieu-JĂ©sus! Did you fall from heaven? There is no trouble about +that: if ever you do fall, it will be from there. And what a state you +are in! You have no cravat; you have no hat; you have no coat! Do you +know, you would have frightened any one who did not know you? No coat! +Lord God! Are the saints going mad nowadays? But how did you get in +here?” + + +His words tumbled over each other. The goodman talked with a rustic +volubility, in which there was nothing alarming. All this was uttered +with a mixture of stupefaction and _naĂŻve_ kindliness. + +“Who are you? and what house is this?” demanded Jean Valjean. + +“Ah! pardieu, this is too much!” exclaimed the old man. “I am the +person for whom you got the place here, and this house is the one where +you had me placed. What! You don’t recognize me?” + + +“No,” said Jean Valjean; “and how happens it that you know me?” + + +“You saved my life,” said the man. + +He turned. A ray of moonlight outlined his profile, and Jean Valjean +recognized old Fauchelevent. + +“Ah!” said Jean Valjean, “so it is you? Yes, I recollect you.” + + +“That is very lucky,” said the old man, in a reproachful tone. + +“And what are you doing here?” resumed Jean Valjean. + +“Why, I am covering my melons, of course!” + + +In fact, at the moment when Jean Valjean accosted him, old Fauchelevent +held in his hand the end of a straw mat which he was occupied in +spreading over the melon bed. During the hour or thereabouts that he +had been in the garden he had already spread out a number of them. It +was this operation which had caused him to execute the peculiar +movements observed from the shed by Jean Valjean. + +He continued:— + +“I said to myself, ‘The moon is bright: it is going to freeze. What if +I were to put my melons into their greatcoats?’ And,” he added, looking +at Jean Valjean with a broad smile,—“pardieu! you ought to have done +the same! But how do you come here?” + + +Jean Valjean, finding himself known to this man, at least only under +the name of Madeleine, thenceforth advanced only with caution. He +multiplied his questions. Strange to say, their rĂŽles seemed to be +reversed. It was he, the intruder, who interrogated. + +“And what is this bell which you wear on your knee?” + + +“This,” replied Fauchelevent, “is so that I may be avoided.” + + +“What! so that you may be avoided?” + + +Old Fauchelevent winked with an indescribable air. + +“Ah, goodness! there are only women in this house—many young girls. It +appears that I should be a dangerous person to meet. The bell gives +them warning. When I come, they go.” + + +“What house is this?” + + +“Come, you know well enough.” + + +“But I do not.” + + +“Not when you got me the place here as gardener?” + + +“Answer me as though I knew nothing.” + + +“Well, then, this is the Petit-Picpus convent.” + + +Memories recurred to Jean Valjean. Chance, that is to say, Providence, +had cast him into precisely that convent in the Quartier Saint-Antoine +where old Fauchelevent, crippled by the fall from his cart, had been +admitted on his recommendation two years previously. He repeated, as +though talking to himself:— + +“The Petit-Picpus convent.” + + +“Exactly,” returned old Fauchelevent. “But to come to the point, how +the deuce did you manage to get in here, you, Father Madeleine? No +matter if you are a saint; you are a man as well, and no man enters +here.” + + +“You certainly are here.” + + +“There is no one but me.” + + +“Still,” said Jean Valjean, “I must stay here.” + + +“Ah, good God!” cried Fauchelevent. + +Jean Valjean drew near to the old man, and said to him in a grave +voice:— + +“Father Fauchelevent, I saved your life.” + + +“I was the first to recall it,” returned Fauchelevent. + +“Well, you can do to-day for me that which I did for you in the olden +days.” + + +Fauchelevent took in his aged, trembling, and wrinkled hands Jean +Valjean’s two robust hands, and stood for several minutes as though +incapable of speaking. At length he exclaimed:— + +“Oh! that would be a blessing from the good God, if I could make you +some little return for that! Save your life! Monsieur le Maire, dispose +of the old man!” + + +A wonderful joy had transfigured this old man. His countenance seemed +to emit a ray of light. + +“What do you wish me to do?” he resumed. + +“That I will explain to you. You have a chamber?” + + +“I have an isolated hovel yonder, behind the ruins of the old convent, +in a corner which no one ever looks into. There are three rooms in it.” + + +The hut was, in fact, so well hidden behind the ruins, and so cleverly +arranged to prevent it being seen, that Jean Valjean had not perceived +it. + +“Good,” said Jean Valjean. “Now I am going to ask two things of you.” + + +“What are they, Mr. Mayor?” + + +“In the first place, you are not to tell any one what you know about +me. In the second, you are not to try to find out anything more.” + + +“As you please. I know that you can do nothing that is not honest, that +you have always been a man after the good God’s heart. And then, +moreover, you it was who placed me here. That concerns you. I am at +your service.” + + +“That is settled then. Now, come with me. We will go and get the +child.” + + +“Ah!” said Fauchelevent, “so there is a child?” + + +He added not a word further, and followed Jean Valjean as a dog follows +his master. + +Less than half an hour afterwards Cosette, who had grown rosy again +before the flame of a good fire, was lying asleep in the old gardener’s +bed. Jean Valjean had put on his cravat and coat once more; his hat, +which he had flung over the wall, had been found and picked up. While +Jean Valjean was putting on his coat, Fauchelevent had removed the bell +and kneecap, which now hung on a nail beside a vintage basket that +adorned the wall. The two men were warming themselves with their elbows +resting on a table upon which Fauchelevent had placed a bit of cheese, +black bread, a bottle of wine, and two glasses, and the old man was +saying to Jean Valjean, as he laid his hand on the latter’s knee: “Ah! +Father Madeleine! You did not recognize me immediately; you save +people’s lives, and then you forget them! That is bad! But they +remember you! You are an ingrate!” + + + + + +CHAPTER X—WHICH EXPLAINS HOW JAVERT GOT ON THE SCENT + + +The events of which we have just beheld the reverse side, so to speak, +had come about in the simplest possible manner. + +When Jean Valjean, on the evening of the very day when Javert had +arrested him beside Fantine’s death-bed, had escaped from the town jail +of M. sur M., the police had supposed that he had betaken himself to +Paris. Paris is a maelstrom where everything is lost, and everything +disappears in this belly of the world, as in the belly of the sea. No +forest hides a man as does that crowd. Fugitives of every sort know +this. They go to Paris as to an abyss; there are gulfs which save. The +police know it also, and it is in Paris that they seek what they have +lost elsewhere. They sought the ex-mayor of M. sur M. Javert was +summoned to Paris to throw light on their researches. Javert had, in +fact, rendered powerful assistance in the recapture of Jean Valjean. +Javert’s zeal and intelligence on that occasion had been remarked by M. +Chabouillet, secretary of the Prefecture under Comte AnglĂšs. M. +Chabouillet, who had, moreover, already been Javert’s patron, had the +inspector of M. sur M. attached to the police force of Paris. There +Javert rendered himself useful in divers and, though the word may seem +strange for such services, honorable manners. + +He no longer thought of Jean Valjean,—the wolf of to-day causes these +dogs who are always on the chase to forget the wolf of yesterday,—when, +in December, 1823, he read a newspaper, he who never read newspapers; +but Javert, a monarchical man, had a desire to know the particulars of +the triumphal entry of the “Prince Generalissimo” into Bayonne. Just as +he was finishing the article, which interested him; a name, the name of +Jean Valjean, attracted his attention at the bottom of a page. The +paper announced that the convict Jean Valjean was dead, and published +the fact in such formal terms that Javert did not doubt it. He confined +himself to the remark, “That’s a good entry.” Then he threw aside the +paper, and thought no more about it. + +Some time afterwards, it chanced that a police report was transmitted +from the prefecture of the Seine-et-Oise to the prefecture of police in +Paris, concerning the abduction of a child, which had taken place, +under peculiar circumstances, as it was said, in the commune of +Montfermeil. A little girl of seven or eight years of age, the report +said, who had been intrusted by her mother to an inn-keeper of that +neighborhood, had been stolen by a stranger; this child answered to the +name of Cosette, and was the daughter of a girl named Fantine, who had +died in the hospital, it was not known where or when. + +This report came under Javert’s eye and set him to thinking. + +The name of Fantine was well known to him. He remembered that Jean +Valjean had made him, Javert, burst into laughter, by asking him for a +respite of three days, for the purpose of going to fetch that +creature’s child. He recalled the fact that Jean Valjean had been +arrested in Paris at the very moment when he was stepping into the +coach for Montfermeil. Some signs had made him suspect at the time that +this was the second occasion of his entering that coach, and that he +had already, on the previous day, made an excursion to the neighborhood +of that village, for he had not been seen in the village itself. What +had he been intending to do in that region of Montfermeil? It could not +even be surmised. Javert understood it now. Fantine’s daughter was +there. Jean Valjean was going there in search of her. And now this +child had been stolen by a stranger! Who could that stranger be? Could +it be Jean Valjean? But Jean Valjean was dead. Javert, without saying +anything to anybody, took the coach from the _Pewter Platter_, +Cul-de-Sac de la Planchette, and made a trip to Montfermeil. + +He expected to find a great deal of light on the subject there; he +found a great deal of obscurity. + +For the first few days the ThĂ©nardiers had chattered in their rage. The +disappearance of the Lark had created a sensation in the village. He +immediately obtained numerous versions of the story, which ended in the +abduction of a child. Hence the police report. But their first vexation +having passed off, ThĂ©nardier, with his wonderful instinct, had very +quickly comprehended that it is never advisable to stir up the +prosecutor of the Crown, and that his complaints with regard to the +_abduction_ of Cosette would have as their first result to fix upon +himself, and upon many dark affairs which he had on hand, the +glittering eye of justice. The last thing that owls desire is to have a +candle brought to them. And in the first place, how explain the fifteen +hundred francs which he had received? He turned squarely round, put a +gag on his wife’s mouth, and feigned astonishment when the _stolen +child_ was mentioned to him. He understood nothing about it; no doubt +he had grumbled for awhile at having that dear little creature “taken +from him” so hastily; he should have liked to keep her two or three +days longer, out of tenderness; but her “grandfather” had come for her +in the most natural way in the world. He added the “grandfather,” which +produced a good effect. This was the story that Javert hit upon when he +arrived at Montfermeil. The grandfather caused Jean Valjean to vanish. + +Nevertheless, Javert dropped a few questions, like plummets, into +ThĂ©nardier’s history. “Who was that grandfather? and what was his +name?” ThĂ©nardier replied with simplicity: “He is a wealthy farmer. I +saw his passport. I think his name was M. Guillaume Lambert.” + + +Lambert is a respectable and extremely reassuring name. Thereupon +Javert returned to Paris. + +“Jean Valjean is certainly dead,” said he, “and I am a ninny.” + + +He had again begun to forget this history, when, in the course of +March, 1824, he heard of a singular personage who dwelt in the parish +of Saint-MĂ©dard and who had been surnamed “the mendicant who gives +alms.” This person, the story ran, was a man of means, whose name no +one knew exactly, and who lived alone with a little girl of eight +years, who knew nothing about herself, save that she had come from +Montfermeil. Montfermeil! that name was always coming up, and it made +Javert prick up his ears. An old beggar police spy, an ex-beadle, to +whom this person had given alms, added a few more details. This +gentleman of property was very shy,—never coming out except in the +evening, speaking to no one, except, occasionally to the poor, and +never allowing any one to approach him. He wore a horrible old yellow +frock-coat, which was worth many millions, being all wadded with +bank-bills. This piqued Javert’s curiosity in a decided manner. In +order to get a close look at this fantastic gentleman without alarming +him, he borrowed the beadle’s outfit for a day, and the place where the +old spy was in the habit of crouching every evening, whining orisons +through his nose, and playing the spy under cover of prayer. + +“The suspected individual” did indeed approach Javert thus disguised, +and bestow alms on him. At that moment Javert raised his head, and the +shock which Jean Valjean received on recognizing Javert was equal to +the one received by Javert when he thought he recognized Jean Valjean. + +However, the darkness might have misled him; Jean Valjean’s death was +official; Javert cherished very grave doubts; and when in doubt, +Javert, the man of scruples, never laid a finger on any one’s collar. + +He followed his man to the Gorbeau house, and got “the old woman” to +talking, which was no difficult matter. The old woman confirmed the +fact regarding the coat lined with millions, and narrated to him the +episode of the thousand-franc bill. She had seen it! She had handled +it! Javert hired a room; that evening he installed himself in it. He +came and listened at the mysterious lodger’s door, hoping to catch the +sound of his voice, but Jean Valjean saw his candle through the +key-hole, and foiled the spy by keeping silent. + +On the following day Jean Valjean decamped; but the noise made by the +fall of the five-franc piece was noticed by the old woman, who, hearing +the rattling of coin, suspected that he might be intending to leave, +and made haste to warn Javert. At night, when Jean Valjean came out, +Javert was waiting for him behind the trees of the boulevard with two +men. + +Javert had demanded assistance at the Prefecture, but he had not +mentioned the name of the individual whom he hoped to seize; that was +his secret, and he had kept it for three reasons: in the first place, +because the slightest indiscretion might put Jean Valjean on the alert; +next, because, to lay hands on an ex-convict who had made his escape +and was reputed dead, on a criminal whom justice had formerly classed +forever as _among malefactors of the most dangerous sort_, was a +magnificent success which the old members of the Parisian police would +assuredly not leave to a newcomer like Javert, and he was afraid of +being deprived of his convict; and lastly, because Javert, being an +artist, had a taste for the unforeseen. He hated those well-heralded +successes which are talked of long in advance and have had the bloom +brushed off. He preferred to elaborate his masterpieces in the dark and +to unveil them suddenly at the last. + +Javert had followed Jean Valjean from tree to tree, then from corner to +corner of the street, and had not lost sight of him for a single +instant; even at the moments when Jean Valjean believed himself to be +the most secure Javert’s eye had been on him. Why had not Javert +arrested Jean Valjean? Because he was still in doubt. + +It must be remembered that at that epoch the police was not precisely +at its ease; the free press embarrassed it; several arbitrary arrests +denounced by the newspapers, had echoed even as far as the Chambers, +and had rendered the Prefecture timid. Interference with individual +liberty was a grave matter. The police agents were afraid of making a +mistake; the prefect laid the blame on them; a mistake meant dismissal. +The reader can imagine the effect which this brief paragraph, +reproduced by twenty newspapers, would have caused in Paris: +“Yesterday, an aged grandfather, with white hair, a respectable and +well-to-do gentleman, who was walking with his grandchild, aged eight, +was arrested and conducted to the agency of the Prefecture as an +escaped convict!” + + +Let us repeat in addition that Javert had scruples of his own; +injunctions of his conscience were added to the injunctions of the +prefect. He was really in doubt. + +Jean Valjean turned his back on him and walked in the dark. + +Sadness, uneasiness, anxiety, depression, this fresh misfortune of +being forced to flee by night, to seek a chance refuge in Paris for +Cosette and himself, the necessity of regulating his pace to the pace +of the child—all this, without his being aware of it, had altered Jean +Valjean’s walk, and impressed on his bearing such senility, that the +police themselves, incarnate in the person of Javert, might, and did in +fact, make a mistake. The impossibility of approaching too close, his +costume of an _Ă©migrĂ©_ preceptor, the declaration of ThĂ©nardier which +made a grandfather of him, and, finally, the belief in his death in +prison, added still further to the uncertainty which gathered thick in +Javert’s mind. + +For an instant it occurred to him to make an abrupt demand for his +papers; but if the man was not Jean Valjean, and if this man was not a +good, honest old fellow living on his income, he was probably some +merry blade deeply and cunningly implicated in the obscure web of +Parisian misdeeds, some chief of a dangerous band, who gave alms to +conceal his other talents, which was an old dodge. He had trusty +fellows, accomplices’ retreats in case of emergencies, in which he +would, no doubt, take refuge. All these turns which he was making +through the streets seemed to indicate that he was not a simple and +honest man. To arrest him too hastily would be “to kill the hen that +laid the golden eggs.” Where was the inconvenience in waiting? Javert +was very sure that he would not escape. + +Thus he proceeded in a tolerably perplexed state of mind, putting to +himself a hundred questions about this enigmatical personage. + +It was only quite late in the Rue de Pontoise, that, thanks to the +brilliant light thrown from a dram-shop, he decidedly recognized Jean +Valjean. + +There are in this world two beings who give a profound start,—the +mother who recovers her child and the tiger who recovers his prey. +Javert gave that profound start. + +As soon as he had positively recognized Jean Valjean, the formidable +convict, he perceived that there were only three of them, and he asked +for reinforcements at the police station of the Rue de Pontoise. One +puts on gloves before grasping a thorn cudgel. + +This delay and the halt at the Carrefour Rollin to consult with his +agents came near causing him to lose the trail. He speedily divined, +however, that Jean Valjean would want to put the river between his +pursuers and himself. He bent his head and reflected like a blood-hound +who puts his nose to the ground to make sure that he is on the right +scent. Javert, with his powerful rectitude of instinct, went straight +to the bridge of Austerlitz. A word with the toll-keeper furnished him +with the information which he required: “Have you seen a man with a +little girl?” “I made him pay two sous,” replied the toll-keeper. +Javert reached the bridge in season to see Jean Valjean traverse the +small illuminated spot on the other side of the water, leading Cosette +by the hand. He saw him enter the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine; he +remembered the Cul-de-Sac Genrot arranged there like a trap, and of the +sole exit of the Rue Droit-Mur into the Rue Petit-Picpus. _He made sure +of his back burrows_, as huntsmen say; he hastily despatched one of his +agents, by a roundabout way, to guard that issue. A patrol which was +returning to the Arsenal post having passed him, he made a requisition +on it, and caused it to accompany him. In such games soldiers are aces. +Moreover, the principle is, that in order to get the best of a wild +boar, one must employ the science of venery and plenty of dogs. These +combinations having been effected, feeling that Jean Valjean was caught +between the blind alley Genrot on the right, his agent on the left, and +himself, Javert, in the rear, he took a pinch of snuff. + +Then he began the game. He experienced one ecstatic and infernal +moment; he allowed his man to go on ahead, knowing that he had him +safe, but desirous of postponing the moment of arrest as long as +possible, happy at the thought that he was taken and yet at seeing him +free, gloating over him with his gaze, with that voluptuousness of the +spider which allows the fly to flutter, and of the cat which lets the +mouse run. Claws and talons possess a monstrous sensuality,—the obscure +movements of the creature imprisoned in their pincers. What a delight +this strangling is! + +Javert was enjoying himself. The meshes of his net were stoutly +knotted. He was sure of success; all he had to do now was to close his +hand. + +Accompanied as he was, the very idea of resistance was impossible, +however vigorous, energetic, and desperate Jean Valjean might be. + +[Illustration: Javert on the Hunt] + +Javert advanced slowly, sounding, searching on his way all the nooks of +the street like so many pockets of thieves. + +When he reached the centre of the web he found the fly no longer there. + +His exasperation can be imagined. + +He interrogated his sentinel of the Rues Droit-Mur and Petit-Picpus; +that agent, who had remained imperturbably at his post, had not seen +the man pass. + +It sometimes happens that a stag is lost head and horns; that is to +say, he escapes although he has the pack on his very heels, and then +the oldest huntsmen know not what to say. Duvivier, Ligniville, and +Desprez halt short. In a discomfiture of this sort, Artonge exclaims, +“It was not a stag, but a sorcerer.” Javert would have liked to utter +the same cry. + +His disappointment bordered for a moment on despair and rage. + +It is certain that Napoleon made mistakes during the war with Russia, +that Alexander committed blunders in the war in India, that CĂŠsar made +mistakes in the war in Africa, that Cyrus was at fault in the war in +Scythia, and that Javert blundered in this campaign against Jean +Valjean. He was wrong, perhaps, in hesitating in his recognition of the +exconvict. The first glance should have sufficed him. He was wrong in +not arresting him purely and simply in the old building; he was wrong +in not arresting him when he positively recognized him in the Rue de +Pontoise. He was wrong in taking counsel with his auxiliaries in the +full light of the moon in the Carrefour Rollin. Advice is certainly +useful; it is a good thing to know and to interrogate those of the dogs +who deserve confidence; but the hunter cannot be too cautious when he +is chasing uneasy animals like the wolf and the convict. Javert, by +taking too much thought as to how he should set the bloodhounds of the +pack on the trail, alarmed the beast by giving him wind of the dart, +and so made him run. Above all, he was wrong in that after he had +picked up the scent again on the bridge of Austerlitz, he played that +formidable and puerile game of keeping such a man at the end of a +thread. He thought himself stronger than he was, and believed that he +could play at the game of the mouse and the lion. At the same time, he +reckoned himself as too weak, when he judged it necessary to obtain +reinforcement. Fatal precaution, waste of precious time! Javert +committed all these blunders, and nonetheless was one of the cleverest +and most correct spies that ever existed. He was, in the full force of +the term, what is called in venery a _knowing dog_. But what is there +that is perfect? + +Great strategists have their eclipses. + +The greatest follies are often composed, like the largest ropes, of a +multitude of strands. Take the cable thread by thread, take all the +petty determining motives separately, and you can break them one after +the other, and you say, “That is all there is of it!” Braid them, twist +them together; the result is enormous: it is Attila hesitating between +Marcian on the east and Valentinian on the west; it is Hannibal +tarrying at Capua; it is Danton falling asleep at Arcis-sur-Aube. + +However that may be, even at the moment when he saw that Jean Valjean +had escaped him, Javert did not lose his head. Sure that the convict +who had broken his ban could not be far off, he established sentinels, +he organized traps and ambuscades, and beat the quarter all that night. +The first thing he saw was the disorder in the street lantern whose +rope had been cut. A precious sign which, however, led him astray, +since it caused him to turn all his researches in the direction of the +Cul-de-Sac Genrot. In this blind alley there were tolerably low walls +which abutted on gardens whose bounds adjoined the immense stretches of +waste land. Jean Valjean evidently must have fled in that direction. +The fact is, that had he penetrated a little further in the Cul-de-Sac +Genrot, he would probably have done so and have been lost. Javert +explored these gardens and these waste stretches as though he had been +hunting for a needle. + +At daybreak he left two intelligent men on the outlook, and returned to +the Prefecture of Police, as much ashamed as a police spy who had been +captured by a robber might have been. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—LE PETIT-PICPUS + + + + +CHAPTER I—NUMBER 62 RUE PETIT-PICPUS + + +Nothing, half a century ago, more resembled every other carriage gate +than the carriage gate of Number 62 Rue Petit-Picpus. This entrance, +which usually stood ajar in the most inviting fashion, permitted a view +of two things, neither of which have anything very funereal about +them,—a courtyard surrounded by walls hung with vines, and the face of +a lounging porter. Above the wall, at the bottom of the court, tall +trees were visible. When a ray of sunlight enlivened the courtyard, +when a glass of wine cheered up the porter, it was difficult to pass +Number 62 Little Picpus Street without carrying away a smiling +impression of it. Nevertheless, it was a sombre place of which one had +had a glimpse. + +The threshold smiled; the house prayed and wept. + +If one succeeded in passing the porter, which was not easy,—which was +even nearly impossible for every one, for there was an _open sesame!_ +which it was necessary to know,—if, the porter once passed, one entered +a little vestibule on the right, on which opened a staircase shut in +between two walls and so narrow that only one person could ascend it at +a time, if one did not allow one’s self to be alarmed by a daubing of +canary yellow, with a dado of chocolate which clothed this staircase, +if one ventured to ascend it, one crossed a first landing, then a +second, and arrived on the first story at a corridor where the yellow +wash and the chocolate-hued plinth pursued one with a peaceable +persistency. Staircase and corridor were lighted by two beautiful +windows. The corridor took a turn and became dark. If one doubled this +cape, one arrived a few paces further on, in front of a door which was +all the more mysterious because it was not fastened. If one opened it, +one found one’s self in a little chamber about six feet square, tiled, +well-scrubbed, clean, cold, and hung with nankin paper with green +flowers, at fifteen sous the roll. A white, dull light fell from a +large window, with tiny panes, on the left, which usurped the whole +width of the room. One gazed about, but saw no one; one listened, one +heard neither a footstep nor a human murmur. The walls were bare, the +chamber was not furnished; there was not even a chair. + +One looked again, and beheld on the wall facing the door a quadrangular +hole, about a foot square, with a grating of interlacing iron bars, +black, knotted, solid, which formed squares—I had almost said meshes—of +less than an inch and a half in diagonal length. The little green +flowers of the nankin paper ran in a calm and orderly manner to those +iron bars, without being startled or thrown into confusion by their +funereal contact. Supposing that a living being had been so wonderfully +thin as to essay an entrance or an exit through the square hole, this +grating would have prevented it. It did not allow the passage of the +body, but it did allow the passage of the eyes; that is to say, of the +mind. This seems to have occurred to them, for it had been re-enforced +by a sheet of tin inserted in the wall a little in the rear, and +pierced with a thousand holes more microscopic than the holes of a +strainer. At the bottom of this plate, an aperture had been pierced +exactly similar to the orifice of a letter box. A bit of tape attached +to a bell-wire hung at the right of the grated opening. + +If the tape was pulled, a bell rang, and one heard a voice very near at +hand, which made one start. + +“Who is there?” the voice demanded. + +It was a woman’s voice, a gentle voice, so gentle that it was mournful. + +Here, again, there was a magical word which it was necessary to know. +If one did not know it, the voice ceased, the wall became silent once +more, as though the terrified obscurity of the sepulchre had been on +the other side of it. + +If one knew the password, the voice resumed, “Enter on the right.” + + +One then perceived on the right, facing the window, a glass door +surmounted by a frame glazed and painted gray. On raising the latch and +crossing the threshold, one experienced precisely the same impression +as when one enters at the theatre into a grated _baignoire_, before the +grating is lowered and the chandelier is lighted. One was, in fact, in +a sort of theatre-box, narrow, furnished with two old chairs, and a +much-frayed straw matting, sparely illuminated by the vague light from +the glass door; a regular box, with its front just of a height to lean +upon, bearing a tablet of black wood. This box was grated, only the +grating of it was not of gilded wood, as at the opera; it was a +monstrous lattice of iron bars, hideously interlaced and riveted to the +wall by enormous fastenings which resembled clenched fists. + +The first minutes passed; when one’s eyes began to grow used to this +cellar-like half-twilight, one tried to pass the grating, but got no +further than six inches beyond it. There he encountered a barrier of +black shutters, re-enforced and fortified with transverse beams of wood +painted a gingerbread yellow. These shutters were divided into long, +narrow slats, and they masked the entire length of the grating. They +were always closed. At the expiration of a few moments one heard a +voice proceeding from behind these shutters, and saying:— + +“I am here. What do you wish with me?” + + +It was a beloved, sometimes an adored, voice. No one was visible. +Hardly the sound of a breath was audible. It seemed as though it were a +spirit which had been evoked, that was speaking to you across the walls +of the tomb. + +If one chanced to be within certain prescribed and very rare +conditions, the slat of one of the shutters opened opposite you; the +evoked spirit became an apparition. Behind the grating, behind the +shutter, one perceived so far as the grating permitted sight, a head, +of which only the mouth and the chin were visible; the rest was covered +with a black veil. One caught a glimpse of a black guimpe, and a form +that was barely defined, covered with a black shroud. That head spoke +with you, but did not look at you and never smiled at you. + +The light which came from behind you was adjusted in such a manner that +you saw her in the white, and she saw you in the black. This light was +symbolical. + +Nevertheless, your eyes plunged eagerly through that opening which was +made in that place shut off from all glances. A profound vagueness +enveloped that form clad in mourning. Your eyes searched that +vagueness, and sought to make out the surroundings of the apparition. +At the expiration of a very short time you discovered that you could +see nothing. What you beheld was night, emptiness, shadows, a wintry +mist mingled with a vapor from the tomb, a sort of terrible peace, a +silence from which you could gather nothing, not even sighs, a gloom in +which you could distinguish nothing, not even phantoms. + +What you beheld was the interior of a cloister. + +It was the interior of that severe and gloomy edifice which was called +the Convent of the Bernardines of the Perpetual Adoration. The box in +which you stood was the parlor. The first voice which had addressed you +was that of the portress who always sat motionless and silent, on the +other side of the wall, near the square opening, screened by the iron +grating and the plate with its thousand holes, as by a double visor. +The obscurity which bathed the grated box arose from the fact that the +parlor, which had a window on the side of the world, had none on the +side of the convent. Profane eyes must see nothing of that sacred +place. + +Nevertheless, there was something beyond that shadow; there was a +light; there was life in the midst of that death. Although this was the +most strictly walled of all convents, we shall endeavor to make our way +into it, and to take the reader in, and to say, without transgressing +the proper bounds, things which story-tellers have never seen, and +have, therefore, never described. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE OBEDIENCE OF MARTIN VERGA + + +This convent, which in 1824 had already existed for many a long year in +the Rue Petit-Picpus, was a community of Bernardines of the obedience +of Martin Verga. + +These Bernardines were attached, in consequence, not to Clairvaux, like +the Bernardine monks, but to CĂźteaux, like the Benedictine monks. In +other words, they were the subjects, not of Saint Bernard, but of Saint +BenoĂźt. + +Any one who has turned over old folios to any extent knows that Martin +Verga founded in 1425 a congregation of Bernardines-Benedictines, with +Salamanca for the head of the order, and Alcala as the branch +establishment. + +This congregation had sent out branches throughout all the Catholic +countries of Europe. + +There is nothing unusual in the Latin Church in these grafts of one +order on another. To mention only a single order of Saint-BenoĂźt, which +is here in question: there are attached to this order, without counting +the obedience of Martin Verga, four congregations,—two in Italy, +Mont-Cassin and Sainte-Justine of Padua; two in France, Cluny and +Saint-Maur; and nine orders,—Vallombrosa, Granmont, the CĂ©lestins, the +Camaldules, the Carthusians, the HumiliĂ©s, the Olivateurs, the +Silvestrins, and lastly, CĂźteaux; for CĂźteaux itself, a trunk for other +orders, is only an offshoot of Saint-BenoĂźt. CĂźteaux dates from Saint +Robert, AbbĂ© de Molesme, in the diocese of Langres, in 1098. Now it was +in 529 that the devil, having retired to the desert of Subiaco—he was +old—had he turned hermit?—was chased from the ancient temple of Apollo, +where he dwelt, by Saint-BenoĂźt, then aged seventeen. + +After the rule of the Carmelites, who go barefoot, wear a bit of willow +on their throats, and never sit down, the harshest rule is that of the +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga. They are clothed in black, +with a guimpe, which, in accordance with the express command of +Saint-BenoĂźt, mounts to the chin. A robe of serge with large sleeves, a +large woollen veil, the guimpe which mounts to the chin cut square on +the breast, the band which descends over their brow to their eyes,—this +is their dress. All is black except the band, which is white. The +novices wear the same habit, but all in white. The professed nuns also +wear a rosary at their side. + +The Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga practise the Perpetual +Adoration, like the Benedictines called Ladies of the Holy Sacrament, +who, at the beginning of this century, had two houses in Paris,—one at +the Temple, the other in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve. However, the +Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus, of whom we are speaking, +were a totally different order from the Ladies of the Holy Sacrament, +cloistered in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve and at the Temple. There +were numerous differences in their rule; there were some in their +costume. The Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus wore the +black guimpe, and the Benedictines of the Holy Sacrament and of the Rue +Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve wore a white one, and had, besides, on their +breasts, a Holy Sacrament about three inches long, in silver gilt or +gilded copper. The nuns of the Petit-Picpus did not wear this Holy +Sacrament. The Perpetual Adoration, which was common to the house of +the Petit-Picpus and to the house of the Temple, leaves those two +orders perfectly distinct. Their only resemblance lies in this practice +of the Ladies of the Holy Sacrament and the Bernardines of Martin +Verga, just as there existed a similarity in the study and the +glorification of all the mysteries relating to the infancy, the life, +and death of Jesus Christ and the Virgin, between the two orders, which +were, nevertheless, widely separated, and on occasion even hostile. The +Oratory of Italy, established at Florence by Philip de Neri, and the +Oratory of France, established by Pierre de BĂ©rulle. The Oratory of +France claimed the precedence, since Philip de Neri was only a saint, +while BĂ©rulle was a cardinal. + +Let us return to the harsh Spanish rule of Martin Verga. + +The Bernardines-Benedictines of this obedience fast all the year round, +abstain from meat, fast in Lent and on many other days which are +peculiar to them, rise from their first sleep, from one to three +o’clock in the morning, to read their breviary and chant matins, sleep +in all seasons between serge sheets and on straw, make no use of the +bath, never light a fire, scourge themselves every Friday, observe the +rule of silence, speak to each other only during the recreation hours, +which are very brief, and wear drugget chemises for six months in the +year, from September 14th, which is the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, +until Easter. These six months are a modification: the rule says all +the year, but this drugget chemise, intolerable in the heat of summer, +produced fevers and nervous spasms. The use of it had to be restricted. +Even with this palliation, when the nuns put on this chemise on the +14th of September, they suffer from fever for three or four days. +Obedience, poverty, chastity, perseverance in their seclusion,—these +are their vows, which the rule greatly aggravates. + +The prioress is elected for three years by the mothers, who are called +_mĂšres vocales_ because they have a voice in the chapter. A prioress +can only be re-elected twice, which fixes the longest possible reign of +a prioress at nine years. + +They never see the officiating priest, who is always hidden from them +by a serge curtain nine feet in height. During the sermon, when the +preacher is in the chapel, they drop their veils over their faces. They +must always speak low, walk with their eyes on the ground and their +heads bowed. One man only is allowed to enter the convent,—the +archbishop of the diocese. + +There is really one other,—the gardener. But he is always an old man, +and, in order that he may always be alone in the garden, and that the +nuns may be warned to avoid him, a bell is attached to his knee. + +Their submission to the prioress is absolute and passive. It is the +canonical subjection in the full force of its abnegation. As at the +voice of Christ, _ut voci Christi_, at a gesture, at the first sign, +_ad nutum, ad primum signum_, immediately, with cheerfulness, with +perseverance, with a certain blind obedience, _prompte, hilariter, +perseveranter et cĂŠca quadam obedientia_, as the file in the hand of +the workman, _quasi limam in manibus fabri_, without power to read or +to write without express permission, _legere vel scribere non +addiscerit sine expressa superioris licentia_. + +Each one of them in turn makes what they call _reparation_. The +reparation is the prayer for all the sins, for all the faults, for all +the dissensions, for all the violations, for all the iniquities, for +all the crimes committed on earth. For the space of twelve consecutive +hours, from four o’clock in the afternoon till four o’clock in the +morning, or from four o’clock in the morning until four o’clock in the +afternoon, the sister who is making _reparation_ remains on her knees +on the stone before the Holy Sacrament, with hands clasped, a rope +around her neck. When her fatigue becomes unendurable, she prostrates +herself flat on her face against the earth, with her arms outstretched +in the form of a cross; this is her only relief. In this attitude she +prays for all the guilty in the universe. This is great to sublimity. + +As this act is performed in front of a post on which burns a candle, it +is called without distinction, _to make reparation_ or _to be at the +post_. The nuns even prefer, out of humility, this last expression, +which contains an idea of torture and abasement. + +_To make reparation_ is a function in which the whole soul is absorbed. +The sister at the post would not turn round were a thunderbolt to fall +directly behind her. + +Besides this, there is always a sister kneeling before the Holy +Sacrament. This station lasts an hour. They relieve each other like +soldiers on guard. This is the Perpetual Adoration. + +The prioresses and the mothers almost always bear names stamped with +peculiar solemnity, recalling, not the saints and martyrs, but moments +in the life of Jesus Christ: as Mother Nativity, Mother Conception, +Mother Presentation, Mother Passion. But the names of saints are not +interdicted. + +When one sees them, one never sees anything but their mouths. + +All their teeth are yellow. No tooth-brush ever entered that convent. +Brushing one’s teeth is at the top of a ladder at whose bottom is the +loss of one’s soul. + +They never say _my_. They possess nothing of their own, and they must +not attach themselves to anything. They call everything _our_; thus: +our veil, our chaplet; if they were speaking of their chemise, they +would say _our chemise_. Sometimes they grow attached to some petty +object,—to a book of hours, a relic, a medal that has been blessed. As +soon as they become aware that they are growing attached to this +object, they must give it up. They recall the words of Saint ThĂ©rĂšse, +to whom a great lady said, as she was on the point of entering her +order, “Permit me, mother, to send for a Bible to which I am greatly +attached.” “Ah, you are attached to something! In that case, do not +enter our order!” + + +Every person whatever is forbidden to shut herself up, to have _a place +of her own, a chamber_. They live with their cells open. When they +meet, one says, “Blessed and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the +altar!” The other responds, “Forever.” The same ceremony when one taps +at the other’s door. Hardly has she touched the door when a soft voice +on the other side is heard to say hastily, “Forever!” Like all +practices, this becomes mechanical by force of habit; and one sometimes +says _forever_ before the other has had time to say the rather long +sentence, “Praised and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar.” + + +Among the Visitandines the one who enters says: “Ave Maria,” and the +one whose cell is entered says, “Gratia plena.” It is their way of +saying good day, which is in fact full of grace. + +At each hour of the day three supplementary strokes sound from the +church bell of the convent. At this signal prioress, vocal mothers, +professed nuns, lay-sisters, novices, postulants, interrupt what they +are saying, what they are doing, or what they are thinking, and all say +in unison if it is five o’clock, for instance, “At five o’clock and at +all hours praised and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar!” +If it is eight o’clock, “At eight o’clock and at all hours!” and so on, +according to the hour. + +This custom, the object of which is to break the thread of thought and +to lead it back constantly to God, exists in many communities; the +formula alone varies. Thus at The Infant Jesus they say, “At this hour +and at every hour may the love of Jesus kindle my heart!” The +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga, cloistered fifty years ago at +Petit-Picpus, chant the offices to a solemn psalmody, a pure Gregorian +chant, and always with full voice during the whole course of the +office. Everywhere in the missal where an asterisk occurs they pause, +and say in a low voice, “Jesus-Marie-Joseph.” For the office of the +dead they adopt a tone so low that the voices of women can hardly +descend to such a depth. The effect produced is striking and tragic. + +The nuns of the Petit-Picpus had made a vault under their grand altar +for the burial of their community. _The Government_, as they say, does +not permit this vault to receive coffins so they leave the convent when +they die. This is an affliction to them, and causes them consternation +as an infraction of the rules. + +They had obtained a mediocre consolation at best,—permission to be +interred at a special hour and in a special corner in the ancient +Vaugirard cemetery, which was made of land which had formerly belonged +to their community. + +On Fridays the nuns hear high mass, vespers, and all the offices, as on +Sunday. They scrupulously observe in addition all the little festivals +unknown to people of the world, of which the Church of France was so +prodigal in the olden days, and of which it is still prodigal in Spain +and Italy. Their stations in the chapel are interminable. As for the +number and duration of their prayers we can convey no better idea of +them than by quoting the ingenuous remark of one of them: “The prayers +of the postulants are frightful, the prayers of the novices are still +worse, and the prayers of the professed nuns are still worse.” + + +Once a week the chapter assembles: the prioress presides; the vocal +mothers assist. Each sister kneels in turn on the stones, and confesses +aloud, in the presence of all, the faults and sins which she has +committed during the week. The vocal mothers consult after each +confession and inflict the penance aloud. + +Besides this confession in a loud tone, for which all faults in the +least serious are reserved, they have for their venial offences what +they call the _coulpe. To make one’s coulpe_ means to prostrate one’s +self flat on one’s face during the office in front of the prioress +until the latter, who is never called anything but _our mother_, +notifies the culprit by a slight tap of her foot against the wood of +her stall that she can rise. The _coulpe_ or _peccavi_, is made for a +very small matter—a broken glass, a torn veil, an involuntary delay of +a few seconds at an office, a false note in church, etc.; this +suffices, and the _coulpe_ is made. The _coulpe_ is entirely +spontaneous; it is the culpable person herself (the word is +etymologically in its place here) who judges herself and inflicts it on +herself. On festival days and Sundays four mother precentors intone the +offices before a large reading-desk with four places. One day one of +the mother precentors intoned a psalm beginning with _Ecce_, and +instead of _Ecce_ she uttered aloud the three notes _do si sol_; for +this piece of absent-mindedness she underwent a _coulpe_ which lasted +during the whole service: what rendered the fault enormous was the fact +that the chapter had laughed. + +When a nun is summoned to the parlor, even were it the prioress +herself, she drops her veil, as will be remembered, so that only her +mouth is visible. + +The prioress alone can hold communication with strangers. The others +can see only their immediate family, and that very rarely. If, by +chance, an outsider presents herself to see a nun, or one whom she has +known and loved in the outer world, a regular series of negotiations is +required. If it is a woman, the authorization may sometimes be granted; +the nun comes, and they talk to her through the shutters, which are +opened only for a mother or sister. It is unnecessary to say that +permission is always refused to men. + +Such is the rule of Saint-BenoĂźt, aggravated by Martin Verga. + +These nuns are not gay, rosy, and fresh, as the daughters of other +orders often are. They are pale and grave. Between 1825 and 1830 three +of them went mad. + + + + +CHAPTER III—AUSTERITIES + + +One is a postulant for two years at least, often for four; a novice for +four. It is rare that the definitive vows can be pronounced earlier +than the age of twenty-three or twenty-four years. The +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga do not admit widows to their +order. + +In their cells, they deliver themselves up to many unknown macerations, +of which they must never speak. + +On the day when a novice makes her profession, she is dressed in her +handsomest attire, she is crowned with white roses, her hair is brushed +until it shines, and curled. Then she prostrates herself; a great black +veil is thrown over her, and the office for the dead is sung. Then the +nuns separate into two files; one file passes close to her, saying in +plaintive accents, “Our sister is dead”; and the other file responds in +a voice of ecstasy, “Our sister is alive in Jesus Christ!” + + +At the epoch when this story takes place, a boarding-school was +attached to the convent—a boarding-school for young girls of noble and +mostly wealthy families, among whom could be remarked Mademoiselle de +Saint-Aulaire and de BĂ©lissen, and an English girl bearing the +illustrious Catholic name of Talbot. These young girls, reared by these +nuns between four walls, grew up with a horror of the world and of the +age. One of them said to us one day, “The sight of the street pavement +made me shudder from head to foot.” They were dressed in blue, with a +white cap and a Holy Spirit of silver gilt or of copper on their +breast. On certain grand festival days, particularly Saint Martha’s +day, they were permitted, as a high favor and a supreme happiness, to +dress themselves as nuns and to carry out the offices and practice of +Saint-BenoĂźt for a whole day. In the early days the nuns were in the +habit of lending them their black garments. This seemed profane, and +the prioress forbade it. Only the novices were permitted to lend. It is +remarkable that these performances, tolerated and encouraged, no doubt, +in the convent out of a secret spirit of proselytism and in order to +give these children a foretaste of the holy habit, were a genuine +happiness and a real recreation for the scholars. They simply amused +themselves with it. _It was new; it gave them a change_. Candid reasons +of childhood, which do not, however, succeed in making us worldlings +comprehend the felicity of holding a holy water sprinkler in one’s hand +and standing for hours together singing hard enough for four in front +of a reading-desk. + +The pupils conformed, with the exception of the austerities, to all the +practices of the convent. There was a certain young woman who entered +the world, and who after many years of married life had not succeeded +in breaking herself of the habit of saying in great haste whenever any +one knocked at her door, “forever!” Like the nuns, the pupils saw their +relatives only in the parlor. Their very mothers did not obtain +permission to embrace them. The following illustrates to what a degree +severity on that point was carried. One day a young girl received a +visit from her mother, who was accompanied by a little sister three +years of age. The young girl wept, for she wished greatly to embrace +her sister. Impossible. She begged that, at least, the child might be +permitted to pass her little hand through the bars so that she could +kiss it. This was almost indignantly refused. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—GAYETIES + + +Nonetheless, these young girls filled this grave house with charming +souvenirs. + +At certain hours childhood sparkled in that cloister. The recreation +hour struck. A door swung on its hinges. The birds said, “Good; here +come the children!” An irruption of youth inundated that garden +intersected with a cross like a shroud. Radiant faces, white foreheads, +innocent eyes, full of merry light, all sorts of auroras, were +scattered about amid these shadows. After the psalmodies, the bells, +the peals, and knells and offices, the sound of these little girls +burst forth on a sudden more sweetly than the noise of bees. The hive +of joy was opened, and each one brought her honey. They played, they +called to each other, they formed into groups, they ran about; pretty +little white teeth chattered in the corners; the veils superintended +the laughs from a distance, shades kept watch of the sunbeams, but what +mattered it? Still they beamed and laughed. Those four lugubrious walls +had their moment of dazzling brilliancy. They looked on, vaguely +blanched with the reflection of so much joy at this sweet swarming of +the hives. It was like a shower of roses falling athwart this house of +mourning. The young girls frolicked beneath the eyes of the nuns; the +gaze of impeccability does not embarrass innocence. Thanks to these +children, there was, among so many austere hours, one hour of +ingenuousness. The little ones skipped about; the elder ones danced. In +this cloister play was mingled with heaven. Nothing is so delightful +and so august as all these fresh, expanding young souls. Homer would +have come thither to laugh with Perrault; and there was in that black +garden, youth, health, noise, cries, giddiness, pleasure, happiness +enough to smooth out the wrinkles of all their ancestresses, those of +the epic as well as those of the fairy-tale, those of the throne as +well as those of the thatched cottage from Hecuba to la MĂšre-Grand. + +In that house more than anywhere else, perhaps, arise those children’s +sayings which are so graceful and which evoke a smile that is full of +thoughtfulness. It was between those four gloomy walls that a child of +five years exclaimed one day: “Mother! one of the big girls has just +told me that I have only nine years and ten months longer to remain +here. What happiness!” + + +It was here, too, that this memorable dialogue took place:— + +_A Vocal Mother_. Why are you weeping, my child? + +_The child_ (aged six). I told Alix that I knew my French history. She +says that I do not know it, but I do. + +_Alix_, the big girl (aged nine). No; she does not know it. + +_The Mother_. How is that, my child? + +_Alix_. She told me to open the book at random and to ask her any +question in the book, and she would answer it. + +“Well?” + + +“She did not answer it.” + + +“Let us see about it. What did you ask her?” + + +“I opened the book at random, as she proposed, and I put the first +question that I came across.” + + +“And what was the question?” + + +“It was, ‘What happened after that?’” + + +It was there that that profound remark was made anent a rather greedy +paroquet which belonged to a lady boarder:— + +“How well bred! it eats the top of the slice of bread and butter just +like a person!” + + +It was on one of the flagstones of this cloister that there was once +picked up a confession which had been written out in advance, in order +that she might not forget it, by a sinner of seven years:— + +“Father, I accuse myself of having been avaricious. + +“Father, I accuse myself of having been an adulteress. + +“Father, I accuse myself of having raised my eyes to the gentlemen.” + + +It was on one of the turf benches of this garden that a rosy mouth six +years of age improvised the following tale, which was listened to by +blue eyes aged four and five years:— + +“There were three little cocks who owned a country where there were a +great many flowers. They plucked the flowers and put them in their +pockets. After that they plucked the leaves and put them in their +playthings. There was a wolf in that country; there was a great deal of +forest; and the wolf was in the forest; and he ate the little cocks.” + + +And this other poem:— + +“There came a blow with a stick. + +“It was Punchinello who bestowed it on the cat. + +“It was not good for her; it hurt her. + +“Then a lady put Punchinello in prison.” + + +It was there that a little abandoned child, a foundling whom the +convent was bringing up out of charity, uttered this sweet and +heart-breaking saying. She heard the others talking of their mothers, +and she murmured in her corner:— + +“As for me, my mother was not there when I was born!” + + +There was a stout portress who could always be seen hurrying through +the corridors with her bunch of keys, and whose name was Sister Agatha. +The _big big girls_—those over ten years of age—called her +_Agathocles_. + +The refectory, a large apartment of an oblong square form, which +received no light except through a vaulted cloister on a level with the +garden, was dark and damp, and, as the children say, full of beasts. +All the places round about furnished their contingent of insects. + +Each of its four corners had received, in the language of the pupils, a +special and expressive name. There was Spider corner, Caterpillar +corner, Wood-louse corner, and Cricket corner. + +Cricket corner was near the kitchen and was highly esteemed. It was not +so cold there as elsewhere. From the refectory the names had passed to +the boarding-school, and there served as in the old College Mazarin to +distinguish four nations. Every pupil belonged to one of these four +nations according to the corner of the refectory in which she sat at +meals. One day Monseigneur the Archbishop while making his pastoral +visit saw a pretty little rosy girl with beautiful golden hair enter +the class-room through which he was passing. + +He inquired of another pupil, a charming brunette with rosy cheeks, who +stood near him:— + +“Who is that?” + + +“She is a spider, Monseigneur.” + + +“Bah! And that one yonder?” + + +“She is a cricket.” + + +“And that one?” + + +“She is a caterpillar.” + + +“Really! and yourself?” + + +“I am a wood-louse, Monseigneur.” + + +Every house of this sort has its own peculiarities. At the beginning of +this century Écouen was one of those strict and graceful places where +young girls pass their childhood in a shadow that is almost august. At +Écouen, in order to take rank in the procession of the Holy Sacrament, +a distinction was made between virgins and florists. There were also +the “dais” and the “censors,”—the first who held the cords of the dais, +and the others who carried incense before the Holy Sacrament. The +flowers belonged by right to the florists. Four “virgins” walked in +advance. On the morning of that great day it was no rare thing to hear +the question put in the dormitory, “Who is a virgin?” + + +Madame Campan used to quote this saying of a “little one” of seven +years, to a “big girl” of sixteen, who took the head of the procession, +while she, the little one, remained at the rear, “You are a virgin, but +I am not.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—DISTRACTIONS + + +Above the door of the refectory this prayer, which was called the +_white Paternoster_, and which possessed the property of bearing people +straight to paradise, was inscribed in large black letters:— + +“Little white Paternoster, which God made, which God said, which God +placed in paradise. In the evening, when I went to bed, I found three +angels sitting on my bed, one at the foot, two at the head, the good +Virgin Mary in the middle, who told me to lie down without hesitation. +The good God is my father, the good Virgin is my mother, the three +apostles are my brothers, the three virgins are my sisters. The shirt +in which God was born envelopes my body; Saint Margaret’s cross is +written on my breast. Madame the Virgin was walking through the +meadows, weeping for God, when she met M. Saint John. ‘Monsieur Saint +John, whence come you?’ ‘I come from _Ave Salus_.’ ‘You have not seen +the good God; where is he?’ ‘He is on the tree of the Cross, his feet +hanging, his hands nailed, a little cap of white thorns on his head.’ +Whoever shall say this thrice at eventide, thrice in the morning, shall +win paradise at the last.” + + +In 1827 this characteristic orison had disappeared from the wall under +a triple coating of daubing paint. At the present time it is finally +disappearing from the memories of several who were young girls then, +and who are old women now. + +A large crucifix fastened to the wall completed the decoration of this +refectory, whose only door, as we think we have mentioned, opened on +the garden. Two narrow tables, each flanked by two wooden benches, +formed two long parallel lines from one end to the other of the +refectory. The walls were white, the tables were black; these two +mourning colors constitute the only variety in convents. The meals were +plain, and the food of the children themselves severe. A single dish of +meat and vegetables combined, or salt fish—such was their luxury. This +meagre fare, which was reserved for the pupils alone, was, +nevertheless, an exception. The children ate in silence, under the eye +of the mother whose turn it was, who, if a fly took a notion to fly or +to hum against the rule, opened and shut a wooden book from time to +time. This silence was seasoned with the lives of the saints, read +aloud from a little pulpit with a desk, which was situated at the foot +of the crucifix. The reader was one of the big girls, in weekly turn. +At regular distances, on the bare tables, there were large, varnished +bowls in which the pupils washed their own silver cups and knives and +forks, and into which they sometimes threw some scrap of tough meat or +spoiled fish; this was punished. These bowls were called _ronds d’eau_. +The child who broke the silence “made a cross with her tongue.” Where? +On the ground. She licked the pavement. The dust, that end of all joys, +was charged with the chastisement of those poor little rose-leaves +which had been guilty of chirping. + +There was in the convent a book which has never been printed except as +a _unique copy_, and which it is forbidden to read. It is the rule of +Saint-BenoĂźt. An arcanum which no profane eye must penetrate. _Nemo +regulas, seu constitutiones nostras, externis communicabit_. + +The pupils one day succeeded in getting possession of this book, and +set to reading it with avidity, a reading which was often interrupted +by the fear of being caught, which caused them to close the volume +precipitately. + +From the great danger thus incurred they derived but a very moderate +amount of pleasure. The most “interesting thing” they found were some +unintelligible pages about the sins of young boys. + +They played in an alley of the garden bordered with a few shabby +fruit-trees. In spite of the extreme surveillance and the severity of +the punishments administered, when the wind had shaken the trees, they +sometimes succeeded in picking up a green apple or a spoiled apricot or +an inhabited pear on the sly. I will now cede the privilege of speech +to a letter which lies before me, a letter written five and twenty +years ago by an old pupil, now Madame la Duchesse de ——, one of the +most elegant women in Paris. I quote literally: “One hides one’s pear +or one’s apple as best one may. When one goes upstairs to put the veil +on the bed before supper, one stuffs them under one’s pillow and at +night one eats them in bed, and when one cannot do that, one eats them +in the closet.” That was one of their greatest luxuries. + +Once—it was at the epoch of the visit from the archbishop to the +convent—one of the young girls, Mademoiselle Bouchard, who was +connected with the Montmorency family, laid a wager that she would ask +for a day’s leave of absence—an enormity in so austere a community. The +wager was accepted, but not one of those who bet believed that she +would do it. When the moment came, as the archbishop was passing in +front of the pupils, Mademoiselle Bouchard, to the indescribable terror +of her companions, stepped out of the ranks, and said, “Monseigneur, a +day’s leave of absence.” Mademoiselle Bouchard was tall, blooming, with +the prettiest little rosy face in the world. M. de QuĂ©len smiled and +said, “What, my dear child, a day’s leave of absence! Three days if you +like. I grant you three days.” The prioress could do nothing; the +archbishop had spoken. Horror of the convent, but joy of the pupil. The +effect may be imagined. + +This stern cloister was not so well walled off, however, but that the +life of the passions of the outside world, drama, and even romance, did +not make their way in. To prove this, we will confine ourselves to +recording here and to briefly mentioning a real and incontestable fact, +which, however, bears no reference in itself to, and is not connected +by any thread whatever with the story which we are relating. We mention +the fact for the sake of completing the physiognomy of the convent in +the reader’s mind. + +About this time there was in the convent a mysterious person who was +not a nun, who was treated with great respect, and who was addressed as +_Madame Albertine_. Nothing was known about her, save that she was mad, +and that in the world she passed for dead. Beneath this history it was +said there lay the arrangements of fortune necessary for a great +marriage. + +This woman, hardly thirty years of age, of dark complexion and +tolerably pretty, had a vague look in her large black eyes. Could she +see? There was some doubt about this. She glided rather than walked, +she never spoke; it was not quite known whether she breathed. Her +nostrils were livid and pinched as after yielding up their last sigh. +To touch her hand was like touching snow. She possessed a strange +spectral grace. Wherever she entered, people felt cold. One day a +sister, on seeing her pass, said to another sister, “She passes for a +dead woman.” “Perhaps she is one,” replied the other. + +A hundred tales were told of Madame Albertine. This arose from the +eternal curiosity of the pupils. In the chapel there was a gallery +called _L’ƒil de BƓuf_. It was in this gallery, which had only a +circular bay, an _Ɠil de bƓuf_, that Madame Albertine listened to the +offices. She always occupied it alone because this gallery, being on +the level of the first story, the preacher or the officiating priest +could be seen, which was interdicted to the nuns. One day the pulpit +was occupied by a young priest of high rank, M. Le Duc de Rohan, peer +of France, officer of the Red Musketeers in 1815 when he was Prince de +LĂ©on, and who died afterward, in 1830, as cardinal and Archbishop of +Besançon. It was the first time that M. de Rohan had preached at the +Petit-Picpus convent. Madame Albertine usually preserved perfect +calmness and complete immobility during the sermons and services. That +day, as soon as she caught sight of M. de Rohan, she half rose, and +said, in a loud voice, amid the silence of the chapel, “Ah! Auguste!” +The whole community turned their heads in amazement, the preacher +raised his eyes, but Madame Albertine had relapsed into her immobility. +A breath from the outer world, a flash of life, had passed for an +instant across that cold and lifeless face and had then vanished, and +the mad woman had become a corpse again. + +Those two words, however, had set every one in the convent who had the +privilege of speech to chattering. How many things were contained in +that “Ah! Auguste!” what revelations! M. de Rohan’s name really was +Auguste. It was evident that Madame Albertine belonged to the very +highest society, since she knew M. de Rohan, and that her own rank +there was of the highest, since she spoke thus familiarly of so great a +lord, and that there existed between them some connection, of +relationship, perhaps, but a very close one in any case, since she knew +his “pet name.” + + +Two very severe duchesses, Mesdames de Choiseul and de SĂ©rent, often +visited the community, whither they penetrated, no doubt, in virtue of +the privilege _Magnates mulieres_, and caused great consternation in +the boarding-school. When these two old ladies passed by, all the poor +young girls trembled and dropped their eyes. + +Moreover, M. de Rohan, quite unknown to himself, was an object of +attention to the school-girls. At that epoch he had just been made, +while waiting for the episcopate, vicar-general of the Archbishop of +Paris. It was one of his habits to come tolerably often to celebrate +the offices in the chapel of the nuns of the Petit-Picpus. Not one of +the young recluses could see him, because of the serge curtain, but he +had a sweet and rather shrill voice, which they had come to know and to +distinguish. He had been a mousquetaire, and then, he was said to be +very coquettish, that his handsome brown hair was very well dressed in +a roll around his head, and that he had a broad girdle of magnificent +moire, and that his black cassock was of the most elegant cut in the +world. He held a great place in all these imaginations of sixteen +years. + +Not a sound from without made its way into the convent. But there was +one year when the sound of a flute penetrated thither. This was an +event, and the girls who were at school there at the time still recall +it. + +It was a flute which was played in the neighborhood. This flute always +played the same air, an air which is very far away nowadays,—“My +ZĂ©tulbĂ©, come reign o’er my soul,”—and it was heard two or three times +a day. The young girls passed hours in listening to it, the vocal +mothers were upset by it, brains were busy, punishments descended in +showers. This lasted for several months. The girls were all more or +less in love with the unknown musician. Each one dreamed that she was +ZĂ©tulbĂ©. The sound of the flute proceeded from the direction of the Rue +Droit-Mur; and they would have given anything, compromised everything, +attempted anything for the sake of seeing, of catching a glance, if +only for a second, of the “young man” who played that flute so +deliciously, and who, no doubt, played on all these souls at the same +time. There were some who made their escape by a back door, and +ascended to the third story on the Rue Droit-Mur side, in order to +attempt to catch a glimpse through the gaps. Impossible! One even went +so far as to thrust her arm through the grating, and to wave her white +handkerchief. Two were still bolder. They found means to climb on a +roof, and risked their lives there, and succeeded at last in seeing +“the young man.” He was an old _Ă©migrĂ©_ gentleman, blind and penniless, +who was playing his flute in his attic, in order to pass the time. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE LITTLE CONVENT + + +In this enclosure of the Petit-Picpus there were three perfectly +distinct buildings,—the Great Convent, inhabited by the nuns, the +Boarding-school, where the scholars were lodged; and lastly, what was +called the Little Convent. It was a building with a garden, in which +lived all sorts of aged nuns of various orders, the relics of cloisters +destroyed in the Revolution; a reunion of all the black, gray, and +white medleys of all communities and all possible varieties; what might +be called, if such a coupling of words is permissible, a sort of +harlequin convent. + +When the Empire was established, all these poor old dispersed and +exiled women had been accorded permission to come and take shelter +under the wings of the Bernardines-Benedictines. The government paid +them a small pension, the ladies of the Petit-Picpus received them +cordially. It was a singular pell-mell. Each followed her own rule. +Sometimes the pupils of the boarding-school were allowed, as a great +recreation, to pay them a visit; the result is, that all those young +memories have retained among other souvenirs that of Mother +Sainte-Bazile, Mother Sainte-Scolastique, and Mother Jacob. + +One of these refugees found herself almost at home. She was a nun of +Sainte-Aure, the only one of her order who had survived. The ancient +convent of the ladies of Sainte-Aure occupied, at the beginning of the +eighteenth century, this very house of the Petit-Picpus, which belonged +later to the Benedictines of Martin Verga. This holy woman, too poor to +wear the magnificent habit of her order, which was a white robe with a +scarlet scapulary, had piously put it on a little manikin, which she +exhibited with complacency and which she bequeathed to the house at her +death. In 1824, only one nun of this order remained; to-day, there +remains only a doll. + +In addition to these worthy mothers, some old society women had +obtained permission of the prioress, like Madame Albertine, to retire +into the Little Convent. Among the number were Madame Beaufort +d’Hautpoul and Marquise Dufresne. Another was never known in the +convent except by the formidable noise which she made when she blew her +nose. The pupils called her Madame Vacarmini (hubbub). + +About 1820 or 1821, Madame de Genlis, who was at that time editing a +little periodical publication called _l’IntrĂ©pide_, asked to be allowed +to enter the convent of the Petit-Picpus as lady resident. The Duc +d’OrlĂ©ans recommended her. Uproar in the hive; the vocal-mothers were +all in a flutter; Madame de Genlis had made romances. But she declared +that she was the first to detest them, and then, she had reached her +fierce stage of devotion. With the aid of God, and of the Prince, she +entered. She departed at the end of six or eight months, alleging as a +reason, that there was no shade in the garden. The nuns were delighted. +Although very old, she still played the harp, and did it very well. + +When she went away she left her mark in her cell. Madame de Genlis was +superstitious and a Latinist. These two words furnish a tolerably good +profile of her. A few years ago, there were still to be seen, pasted in +the inside of a little cupboard in her cell in which she locked up her +silverware and her jewels, these five lines in Latin, written with her +own hand in red ink on yellow paper, and which, in her opinion, +possessed the property of frightening away robbers:— + +Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis: +Dismas et Gesmas, media est divina potestas; +Alta petit Dismas, infelix, infima, Gesmas; +Nos et res nostras conservet summa potestas. +Hos versus dicas, ne tu furto tua perdas.15 + + +These verses in sixth century Latin raise the question whether the two +thieves of Calvary were named, as is commonly believed, Dismas and +Gestas, or Dismas and Gesmas. This orthography might have confounded +the pretensions put forward in the last century by the Vicomte de +Gestas, of a descent from the wicked thief. However, the useful virtue +attached to these verses forms an article of faith in the order of the +Hospitallers. + +The church of the house, constructed in such a manner as to separate +the Great Convent from the Boarding-school like a veritable +intrenchment, was, of course, common to the Boarding-school, the Great +Convent, and the Little Convent. The public was even admitted by a sort +of lazaretto entrance on the street. But all was so arranged, that none +of the inhabitants of the cloister could see a face from the outside +world. Suppose a church whose choir is grasped in a gigantic hand, and +folded in such a manner as to form, not, as in ordinary churches, a +prolongation behind the altar, but a sort of hall, or obscure cellar, +to the right of the officiating priest; suppose this hall to be shut +off by a curtain seven feet in height, of which we have already spoken; +in the shadow of that curtain, pile up on wooden stalls the nuns in the +choir on the left, the school-girls on the right, the lay-sisters and +the novices at the bottom, and you will have some idea of the nuns of +the Petit-Picpus assisting at divine service. That cavern, which was +called the choir, communicated with the cloister by a lobby. The church +was lighted from the garden. When the nuns were present at services +where their rule enjoined silence, the public was warned of their +presence only by the folding seats of the stalls noisily rising and +falling. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—SOME SILHOUETTES OF THIS DARKNESS + + +During the six years which separate 1819 from 1825, the prioress of the +Petit-Picpus was Mademoiselle de Blemeur, whose name, in religion, was +Mother Innocente. She came of the family of Marguerite de Blemeur, +author of _Lives of the Saints of the Order of Saint-BenoĂźt_. She had +been re-elected. She was a woman about sixty years of age, short, +thick, “singing like a cracked pot,” says the letter which we have +already quoted; an excellent woman, moreover, and the only merry one in +the whole convent, and for that reason adored. She was learned, +erudite, wise, competent, curiously proficient in history, crammed with +Latin, stuffed with Greek, full of Hebrew, and more of a Benedictine +monk than a Benedictine nun. + +The sub-prioress was an old Spanish nun, Mother Cineres, who was almost +blind. + +The most esteemed among the vocal mothers were Mother Sainte-Honorine; +the treasurer, Mother Sainte-Gertrude, the chief mistress of the +novices; Mother-Saint-Ange, the assistant mistress; Mother +Annonciation, the sacristan; Mother Saint-Augustin, the nurse, the only +one in the convent who was malicious; then Mother Sainte-Mechtilde +(Mademoiselle Gauvain), very young and with a beautiful voice; Mother +des Anges (Mademoiselle Drouet), who had been in the convent of the +Filles-Dieu, and in the convent du TrĂ©sor, between Gisors and Magny; +Mother Saint-Joseph (Mademoiselle de Cogolludo), Mother Sainte-AdĂ©laide +(Mademoiselle d’Auverney), Mother MisĂ©ricorde (Mademoiselle de +Cifuentes, who could not resist austerities), Mother Compassion +(Mademoiselle de la MiltiĂšre, received at the age of sixty in defiance +of the rule, and very wealthy); Mother Providence (Mademoiselle de +LaudiniĂšre), Mother PrĂ©sentation (Mademoiselle de Siguenza), who was +prioress in 1847; and finally, Mother Sainte-CĂ©ligne (sister of the +sculptor Ceracchi), who went mad; Mother Sainte-Chantal (Mademoiselle +de Suzon), who went mad. + +There was also, among the prettiest of them, a charming girl of three +and twenty, who was from the Isle de Bourbon, a descendant of the +Chevalier Roze, whose name had been Mademoiselle Roze, and who was +called Mother Assumption. + +Mother Sainte-Mechtilde, intrusted with the singing and the choir, was +fond of making use of the pupils in this quarter. She usually took a +complete scale of them, that is to say, seven, from ten to sixteen +years of age, inclusive, of assorted voices and sizes, whom she made +sing standing, drawn up in a line, side by side, according to age, from +the smallest to the largest. This presented to the eye, something in +the nature of a reed-pipe of young girls, a sort of living Pan-pipe +made of angels. + +Those of the lay-sisters whom the scholars loved most were Sister +Euphrasie, Sister Sainte-MarguĂ©rite, Sister Sainte-Marthe, who was in +her dotage, and Sister Sainte-Michel, whose long nose made them laugh. + +All these women were gentle with the children. The nuns were severe +only towards themselves. No fire was lighted except in the school, and +the food was choice compared to that in the convent. Moreover, they +lavished a thousand cares on their scholars. Only, when a child passed +near a nun and addressed her, the nun never replied. + +This rule of silence had had this effect, that throughout the whole +convent, speech had been withdrawn from human creatures, and bestowed +on inanimate objects. Now it was the church-bell which spoke, now it +was the gardener’s bell. A very sonorous bell, placed beside the +portress, and which was audible throughout the house, indicated by its +varied peals, which formed a sort of acoustic telegraph, all the +actions of material life which were to be performed, and summoned to +the parlor, in case of need, such or such an inhabitant of the house. +Each person and each thing had its own peal. The prioress had one and +one, the sub-prioress one and two. Six-five announced lessons, so that +the pupils never said “to go to lessons,” but “to go to six-five.” +Four-four was Madame de Genlis’s signal. It was very often heard. +“C’est le diable a quatre,”—it’s the very deuce—said the uncharitable. +Tennine strokes announced a great event. It was the opening of _the +door of seclusion_, a frightful sheet of iron bristling with bolts +which only turned on its hinges in the presence of the archbishop. + +With the exception of the archbishop and the gardener, no man entered +the convent, as we have already said. The schoolgirls saw two others: +one, the chaplain, the AbbĂ© BanĂ©s, old and ugly, whom they were +permitted to contemplate in the choir, through a grating; the other the +drawing-master, M. Ansiaux, whom the letter, of which we have perused a +few lines, calls _M. Anciot_, and describes as _a frightful old +hunchback_. + +It will be seen that all these men were carefully chosen. + +Such was this curious house. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—POST CORDA LAPIDES + + +After having sketched its moral face, it will not prove unprofitable to +point out, in a few words, its material configuration. The reader +already has some idea of it. + +The convent of the Petit-Picpus-Sainte-Antoine filled almost the whole +of the vast trapezium which resulted from the intersection of the Rue +Polonceau, the Rue Droit-Mur, the Rue Petit-Picpus, and the unused +lane, called Rue Aumarais on old plans. These four streets surrounded +this trapezium like a moat. The convent was composed of several +buildings and a garden. The principal building, taken in its entirety, +was a juxtaposition of hybrid constructions which, viewed from a +bird’s-eye view, outlined, with considerable exactness, a gibbet laid +flat on the ground. The main arm of the gibbet occupied the whole of +the fragment of the Rue Droit-Mur comprised between the Rue +Petit-Picpus and the Rue Polonceau; the lesser arm was a lofty, gray, +severe grated façade which faced the Rue Petit-Picpus; the carriage +entrance No. 62 marked its extremity. Towards the centre of this façade +was a low, arched door, whitened with dust and ashes, where the spiders +wove their webs, and which was open only for an hour or two on Sundays, +and on rare occasions, when the coffin of a nun left the convent. This +was the public entrance of the church. The elbow of the gibbet was a +square hall which was used as the servants’ hall, and which the nuns +called _the buttery_. In the main arm were the cells of the mothers, +the sisters, and the novices. In the lesser arm lay the kitchens, the +refectory, backed up by the cloisters and the church. Between the door +No. 62 and the corner of the closed Aumarais Lane, was the school, +which was not visible from without. The remainder of the trapezium +formed the garden, which was much lower than the level of the Rue +Polonceau, which caused the walls to be very much higher on the inside +than on the outside. The garden, which was slightly arched, had in its +centre, on the summit of a hillock, a fine pointed and conical +fir-tree, whence ran, as from the peaked boss of a shield, four grand +alleys, and, ranged by twos in between the branchings of these, eight +small ones, so that, if the enclosure had been circular, the +geometrical plan of the alleys would have resembled a cross superposed +on a wheel. As the alleys all ended in the very irregular walls of the +garden, they were of unequal length. They were bordered with currant +bushes. At the bottom, an alley of tall poplars ran from the ruins of +the old convent, which was at the angle of the Rue Droit-Mur to the +house of the Little Convent, which was at the angle of the Aumarais +Lane. In front of the Little Convent was what was called the little +garden. To this whole, let the reader add a courtyard, all sorts of +varied angles formed by the interior buildings, prison walls, the long +black line of roofs which bordered the other side of the Rue Polonceau +for its sole perspective and neighborhood, and he will be able to form +for himself a complete image of what the house of the Bernardines of +the Petit-Picpus was forty years ago. This holy house had been built on +the precise site of a famous tennis-ground of the fourteenth to the +sixteenth century, which was called the “tennis-ground of the eleven +thousand devils.” + + +All these streets, moreover, were more ancient than Paris. These names, +Droit-Mur and Aumarais, are very ancient; the streets which bear them +are very much more ancient still. Aumarais Lane was called Maugout +Lane; the Rue Droit-Mur was called the Rue des Églantiers, for God +opened flowers before man cut stones. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A CENTURY UNDER A GUIMPE + + +Since we are engaged in giving details as to what the convent of the +Petit-Picpus was in former times, and since we have ventured to open a +window on that discreet retreat, the reader will permit us one other +little digression, utterly foreign to this book, but characteristic and +useful, since it shows that the cloister even has its original figures. + +In the Little Convent there was a centenarian who came from the Abbey +of Fontevrault. She had even been in society before the Revolution. She +talked a great deal of M. de Miromesnil, Keeper of the Seals under +Louis XVI. and of a Presidentess Duplat, with whom she had been very +intimate. It was her pleasure and her vanity to drag in these names on +every pretext. She told wonders of the Abbey of Fontevrault,—that it +was like a city, and that there were streets in the monastery. + +She talked with a Picard accent which amused the pupils. Every year, +she solemnly renewed her vows, and at the moment of taking the oath, +she said to the priest, “Monseigneur Saint-François gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Julien, Monseigneur Saint-Julien gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Eusebius, Monseigneur Saint-Eusebius gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Procopius, etc., etc.; and thus I give it to you, +father.” And the school-girls would begin to laugh, not in their +sleeves, but under their veils; charming little stifled laughs which +made the vocal mothers frown. + +On another occasion, the centenarian was telling stories. She said that +_in her youth the Bernardine monks were every whit as good as the +mousquetaires_. It was a century which spoke through her, but it was +the eighteenth century. She told about the custom of the four wines, +which existed before the Revolution in Champagne and Bourgogne. When a +great personage, a marshal of France, a prince, a duke, and a peer, +traversed a town in Burgundy or Champagne, the city fathers came out to +harangue him and presented him with four silver gondolas into which +they had poured four different sorts of wine. On the first goblet this +inscription could be read, _monkey wine_; on the second, _lion wine_; +on the third, _sheep wine_; on the fourth, _hog wine_. These four +legends express the four stages descended by the drunkard; the first, +intoxication, which enlivens; the second, that which irritates; the +third, that which dulls; and the fourth, that which brutalizes. + +In a cupboard, under lock and key, she kept a mysterious object of +which she thought a great deal. The rule of Fontevrault did not forbid +this. She would not show this object to anyone. She shut herself up, +which her rule allowed her to do, and hid herself, every time that she +desired to contemplate it. If she heard a footstep in the corridor, she +closed the cupboard again as hastily as it was possible with her aged +hands. As soon as it was mentioned to her, she became silent, she who +was so fond of talking. The most curious were baffled by her silence +and the most tenacious by her obstinacy. Thus it furnished a subject of +comment for all those who were unoccupied or bored in the convent. What +could that treasure of the centenarian be, which was so precious and so +secret? Some holy book, no doubt? Some unique chaplet? Some authentic +relic? They lost themselves in conjectures. When the poor old woman +died, they rushed to her cupboard more hastily than was fitting, +perhaps, and opened it. They found the object beneath a triple linen +cloth, like some consecrated paten. It was a Faenza platter +representing little Loves flitting away pursued by apothecary lads +armed with enormous syringes. The chase abounds in grimaces and in +comical postures. One of the charming little Loves is already fairly +spitted. He is resisting, fluttering his tiny wings, and still making +an effort to fly, but the dancer is laughing with a satanical air. +Moral: Love conquered by the colic. This platter, which is very +curious, and which had, possibly, the honor of furnishing MoliĂšre with +an idea, was still in existence in September, 1845; it was for sale by +a bric-Ă -brac merchant in the Boulevard Beaumarchais. + +This good old woman would not receive any visits from outside +_because_, said she, the _parlor is too gloomy_. + + + + +CHAPTER X—ORIGIN OF THE PERPETUAL ADORATION + + +However, this almost sepulchral parlor, of which we have sought to +convey an idea, is a purely local trait which is not reproduced with +the same severity in other convents. At the convent of the Rue du +Temple, in particular, which belonged, in truth, to another order, the +black shutters were replaced by brown curtains, and the parlor itself +was a salon with a polished wood floor, whose windows were draped in +white muslin curtains and whose walls admitted all sorts of frames, a +portrait of a Benedictine nun with unveiled face, painted bouquets, and +even the head of a Turk. + +It is in that garden of the Temple convent, that stood that famous +chestnut-tree which was renowned as the finest and the largest in +France, and which bore the reputation among the good people of the +eighteenth century of being _the father of all the chestnut trees of +the realm_. + +As we have said, this convent of the Temple was occupied by +Benedictines of the Perpetual Adoration, Benedictines quite different +from those who depended on CĂźteaux. This order of the Perpetual +Adoration is not very ancient and does not go back more than two +hundred years. In 1649 the holy sacrament was profaned on two occasions +a few days apart, in two churches in Paris, at Saint-Sulpice and at +Saint-Jean en GrĂšve, a rare and frightful sacrilege which set the whole +town in an uproar. M. the Prior and Vicar-General of Saint-Germain des +PrĂ©s ordered a solemn procession of all his clergy, in which the Pope’s +Nuncio officiated. But this expiation did not satisfy two sainted +women, Madame Courtin, Marquise de Boucs, and the Comtesse de +ChĂąteauvieux. This outrage committed on “the most holy sacrament of the +altar,” though but temporary, would not depart from these holy souls, +and it seemed to them that it could only be extenuated by a “Perpetual +Adoration” in some female monastery. Both of them, one in 1652, the +other in 1653, made donations of notable sums to Mother Catherine de +Bar, called of the Holy Sacrament, a Benedictine nun, for the purpose +of founding, to this pious end, a monastery of the order of +Saint-BenoĂźt; the first permission for this foundation was given to +Mother Catherine de Bar by M. de Metz, AbbĂ© of Saint-Germain, “on +condition that no woman could be received unless she contributed three +hundred livres income, which amounts to six thousand livres, to the +principal.” After the AbbĂ© of Saint-Germain, the king accorded +letters-patent; and all the rest, abbatial charter, and royal letters, +was confirmed in 1654 by the Chamber of Accounts and the Parliament. + +Such is the origin of the legal consecration of the establishment of +the Benedictines of the Perpetual Adoration of the Holy Sacrament at +Paris. Their first convent was “a new building” in the Rue Cassette, +out of the contributions of Mesdames de Boucs and de ChĂąteauvieux. + +This order, as it will be seen, was not to be confounded with the +Benedictine nuns of CĂźteaux. It mounted back to the AbbĂ© of +Saint-Germain des PrĂ©s, in the same manner that the ladies of the +Sacred Heart go back to the general of the Jesuits, and the sisters of +charity to the general of the Lazarists. + +It was also totally different from the Bernardines of the Petit-Picpus, +whose interior we have just shown. In 1657, Pope Alexander VII. had +authorized, by a special brief, the Bernardines of the Rue +Petit-Picpus, to practise the Perpetual Adoration like the Benedictine +nuns of the Holy Sacrament. But the two orders remained distinct +nonetheless. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—END OF THE PETIT-PICPUS + + +At the beginning of the Restoration, the convent of the Petit-Picpus +was in its decay; this forms a part of the general death of the order, +which, after the eighteenth century, has been disappearing like all the +religious orders. Contemplation is, like prayer, one of humanity’s +needs; but, like everything which the Revolution touched, it will be +transformed, and from being hostile to social progress, it will become +favorable to it. + +The house of the Petit-Picpus was becoming rapidly depopulated. In +1840, the Little Convent had disappeared, the school had disappeared. +There were no longer any old women, nor young girls; the first were +dead, the latter had taken their departure. _Volaverunt_. + +The rule of the Perpetual Adoration is so rigid in its nature that it +alarms, vocations recoil before it, the order receives no recruits. In +1845, it still obtained lay-sisters here and there. But of professed +nuns, none at all. Forty years ago, the nuns numbered nearly a hundred; +fifteen years ago there were not more than twenty-eight of them. How +many are there to-day? In 1847, the prioress was young, a sign that the +circle of choice was restricted. She was not forty years old. In +proportion as the number diminishes, the fatigue increases, the service +of each becomes more painful; the moment could then be seen drawing +near when there would be but a dozen bent and aching shoulders to bear +the heavy rule of Saint-BenoĂźt. The burden is implacable, and remains +the same for the few as for the many. It weighs down, it crushes. Thus +they die. At the period when the author of this book still lived in +Paris, two died. One was twenty-five years old, the other twenty-three. +This latter can say, like Julia Alpinula: _“Hic jaceo. Vixi annos +viginti et tres.” _ It is in consequence of this decay that the convent +gave up the education of girls. + +We have not felt able to pass before this extraordinary house without +entering it, and without introducing the minds which accompany us, and +which are listening to our tale, to the profit of some, perchance, of +the melancholy history of Jean Valjean. We have penetrated into this +community, full of those old practices which seem so novel to-day. It +is the closed garden, _hortus conclusus_. We have spoken of this +singular place in detail, but with respect, in so far, at least, as +detail and respect are compatible. We do not understand all, but we +insult nothing. We are equally far removed from the hosanna of Joseph +de Maistre, who wound up by anointing the executioner, and from the +sneer of Voltaire, who even goes so far as to ridicule the cross. + +An illogical act on Voltaire’s part, we may remark, by the way; for +Voltaire would have defended Jesus as he defended Calas; and even for +those who deny superhuman incarnations, what does the crucifix +represent? The assassinated sage. + +In this nineteenth century, the religious idea is undergoing a crisis. +People are unlearning certain things, and they do well, provided that, +while unlearning them they learn this: There is no vacuum in the human +heart. Certain demolitions take place, and it is well that they do, but +on condition that they are followed by reconstructions. + +In the meantime, let us study things which are no more. It is necessary +to know them, if only for the purpose of avoiding them. The +counterfeits of the past assume false names, and gladly call themselves +the future. This spectre, this past, is given to falsifying its own +passport. Let us inform ourselves of the trap. Let us be on our guard. +The past has a visage, superstition, and a mask, hypocrisy. Let us +denounce the visage and let us tear off the mask. + +As for convents, they present a complex problem,—a question of +civilization, which condemns them; a question of liberty, which +protects them. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—PARENTHESIS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE CONVENT AS AN ABSTRACT IDEA + + +This book is a drama, whose leading personage is the Infinite. + +Man is the second. + +Such being the case, and a convent having happened to be on our road, +it has been our duty to enter it. Why? Because the convent, which is +common to the Orient as well as to the Occident, to antiquity as well +as to modern times, to paganism, to Buddhism, to Mahometanism, as well +as to Christianity, is one of the optical apparatuses applied by man to +the Infinite. + +This is not the place for enlarging disproportionately on certain +ideas; nevertheless, while absolutely maintaining our reserves, our +restrictions, and even our indignations, we must say that every time we +encounter man in the Infinite, either well or ill understood, we feel +ourselves overpowered with respect. There is, in the synagogue, in the +mosque, in the pagoda, in the wigwam, a hideous side which we execrate, +and a sublime side, which we adore. What a contemplation for the mind, +and what endless food for thought, is the reverberation of God upon the +human wall! + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE CONVENT AS AN HISTORICAL FACT + + +From the point of view of history, of reason, and of truth, monasticism +is condemned. Monasteries, when they abound in a nation, are clogs in +its circulation, cumbrous establishments, centres of idleness where +centres of labor should exist. Monastic communities are to the great +social community what the mistletoe is to the oak, what the wart is to +the human body. Their prosperity and their fatness mean the +impoverishment of the country. The monastic regime, good at the +beginning of civilization, useful in the reduction of the brutal by the +spiritual, is bad when peoples have reached their manhood. Moreover, +when it becomes relaxed, and when it enters into its period of +disorder, it becomes bad for the very reasons which rendered it +salutary in its period of purity, because it still continues to set the +example. + +Claustration has had its day. Cloisters, useful in the early education +of modern civilization, have embarrassed its growth, and are injurious +to its development. So far as institution and formation with relation +to man are concerned, monasteries, which were good in the tenth +century, questionable in the fifteenth, are detestable in the +nineteenth. The leprosy of monasticism has gnawed nearly to a skeleton +two wonderful nations, Italy and Spain; the one the light, the other +the splendor of Europe for centuries; and, at the present day, these +two illustrious peoples are but just beginning to convalesce, thanks to +the healthy and vigorous hygiene of 1789 alone. + +The convent—the ancient female convent in particular, such as it still +presents itself on the threshold of this century, in Italy, in Austria, +in Spain—is one of the most sombre concretions of the Middle Ages. The +cloister, that cloister, is the point of intersection of horrors. The +Catholic cloister, properly speaking, is wholly filled with the black +radiance of death. + +The Spanish convent is the most funereal of all. There rise, in +obscurity, beneath vaults filled with gloom, beneath domes vague with +shadow, massive altars of Babel, as high as cathedrals; there immense +white crucifixes hang from chains in the dark; there are extended, all +nude on the ebony, great Christs of ivory; more than bleeding,—bloody; +hideous and magnificent, with their elbows displaying the bones, their +knee-pans showing their integuments, their wounds showing their flesh, +crowned with silver thorns, nailed with nails of gold, with blood drops +of rubies on their brows, and diamond tears in their eyes. The diamonds +and rubies seem wet, and make veiled beings in the shadow below weep, +their sides bruised with the hair shirt and their iron-tipped scourges, +their breasts crushed with wicker hurdles, their knees excoriated with +prayer; women who think themselves wives, spectres who think themselves +seraphim. Do these women think? No. Have they any will? No. Do they +love? No. Do they live? No. Their nerves have turned to bone; their +bones have turned to stone. Their veil is of woven night. Their breath +under their veil resembles the indescribably tragic respiration of +death. The abbess, a spectre, sanctifies them and terrifies them. The +immaculate one is there, and very fierce. Such are the ancient +monasteries of Spain. Liars of terrible devotion, caverns of virgins, +ferocious places. + +Catholic Spain is more Roman than Rome herself. The Spanish convent +was, above all others, the Catholic convent. There was a flavor of the +Orient about it. The archbishop, the kislar-aga of heaven, locked up +and kept watch over this seraglio of souls reserved for God. The nun +was the odalisque, the priest was the eunuch. The fervent were chosen +in dreams and possessed Christ. At night, the beautiful, nude young man +descended from the cross and became the ecstasy of the cloistered one. +Lofty walls guarded the mystic sultana, who had the crucified for her +sultan, from all living distraction. A glance on the outer world was +infidelity. The _in pace_ replaced the leather sack. That which was +cast into the sea in the East was thrown into the ground in the West. +In both quarters, women wrung their hands; the waves for the first, the +grave for the last; here the drowned, there the buried. Monstrous +parallel. + +To-day the upholders of the past, unable to deny these things, have +adopted the expedient of smiling at them. There has come into fashion a +strange and easy manner of suppressing the revelations of history, of +invalidating the commentaries of philosophy, of eliding all +embarrassing facts and all gloomy questions. _A matter for +declamations_, say the clever. Declamations, repeat the foolish. +Jean-Jacques a declaimer; Diderot a declaimer; Voltaire on Calas, +Labarre, and Sirven, declaimers. I know not who has recently discovered +that Tacitus was a declaimer, that Nero was a victim, and that pity is +decidedly due to “that poor Holofernes.” + + +Facts, however, are awkward things to disconcert, and they are +obstinate. The author of this book has seen, with his own eyes, eight +leagues distant from Brussels,—there are relics of the Middle Ages +there which are attainable for everybody,—at the Abbey of Villers, the +hole of the oubliettes, in the middle of the field which was formerly +the courtyard of the cloister, and on the banks of the Thil, four stone +dungeons, half under ground, half under the water. They were _in pace_. +Each of these dungeons has the remains of an iron door, a vault, and a +grated opening which, on the outside, is two feet above the level of +the river, and on the inside, six feet above the level of the ground. +Four feet of river flow past along the outside wall. The ground is +always soaked. The occupant of the _in pace_ had this wet soil for his +bed. In one of these dungeons, there is a fragment of an iron necklet +riveted to the wall; in another, there can be seen a square box made of +four slabs of granite, too short for a person to lie down in, too low +for him to stand upright in. A human being was put inside, with a +coverlid of stone on top. This exists. It can be seen. It can be +touched. These _in pace_, these dungeons, these iron hinges, these +necklets, that lofty peep-hole on a level with the river’s current, +that box of stone closed with a lid of granite like a tomb, with this +difference, that the dead man here was a living being, that soil which +is but mud, that vault hole, those oozing walls,—what declaimers! + + + + +CHAPTER III—ON WHAT CONDITIONS ONE CAN RESPECT THE PAST + + +Monasticism, such as it existed in Spain, and such as it still exists +in Thibet, is a sort of phthisis for civilization. It stops life short. +It simply depopulates. Claustration, castration. It has been the +scourge of Europe. Add to this the violence so often done to the +conscience, the forced vocations, feudalism bolstered up by the +cloister, the right of the first-born pouring the excess of the family +into monasticism, the ferocities of which we have just spoken, the _in +pace_, the closed mouths, the walled-up brains, so many unfortunate +minds placed in the dungeon of eternal vows, the taking of the habit, +the interment of living souls. Add individual tortures to national +degradations, and, whoever you may be, you will shudder before the +frock and the veil,—those two winding-sheets of human devising. +Nevertheless, at certain points and in certain places, in spite of +philosophy, in spite of progress, the spirit of the cloister persists +in the midst of the nineteenth century, and a singular ascetic +recrudescence is, at this moment, astonishing the civilized world. The +obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves +resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our +hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being +eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on +clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to +embrace the living. + +“Ingrates!” says the garment, “I protected you in inclement weather. +Why will you have nothing to do with me?” “I have just come from the +deep sea,” says the fish. “I have been a rose,” says the perfume. “I +have loved you,” says the corpse. “I have civilized you,” says the +convent. + +To this there is but one reply: “In former days.” + + +To dream of the indefinite prolongation of defunct things, and of the +government of men by embalming, to restore dogmas in a bad condition, +to regild shrines, to patch up cloisters, to rebless reliquaries, to +refurnish superstitions, to revictual fanaticisms, to put new handles +on holy water brushes and militarism, to reconstitute monasticism and +militarism, to believe in the salvation of society by the +multiplication of parasites, to force the past on the present,—this +seems strange. Still, there are theorists who hold such theories. These +theorists, who are in other respects people of intelligence, have a +very simple process; they apply to the past a glazing which they call +social order, divine right, morality, family, the respect of elders, +antique authority, sacred tradition, legitimacy, religion; and they go +about shouting, “Look! take this, honest people.” This logic was known +to the ancients. The soothsayers practise it. They rubbed a black +heifer over with chalk, and said, “She is white, _Bos cretatus_.” + + +As for us, we respect the past here and there, and we spare it, above +all, provided that it consents to be dead. If it insists on being +alive, we attack it, and we try to kill it. + +Superstitions, bigotries, affected devotion, prejudices, those forms, +all forms as they are, are tenacious of life; they have teeth and nails +in their smoke, and they must be clasped close, body to body, and war +must be made on them, and that without truce; for it is one of the +fatalities of humanity to be condemned to eternal combat with phantoms. +It is difficult to seize darkness by the throat, and to hurl it to the +earth. + +A convent in France, in the broad daylight of the nineteenth century, +is a college of owls facing the light. A cloister, caught in the very +act of asceticism, in the very heart of the city of ’89 and of 1830 and +of 1848, Rome blossoming out in Paris, is an anachronism. In ordinary +times, in order to dissolve an anachronism and to cause it to vanish, +one has only to make it spell out the date. But we are not in ordinary +times. + +Let us fight. + +Let us fight, but let us make a distinction. The peculiar property of +truth is never to commit excesses. What need has it of exaggeration? +There is that which it is necessary to destroy, and there is that which +it is simply necessary to elucidate and examine. What a force is kindly +and serious examination! Let us not apply a flame where only a light is +required. + +So, given the nineteenth century, we are opposed, as a general +proposition, and among all peoples, in Asia as well as in Europe, in +India as well as in Turkey, to ascetic claustration. Whoever says +cloister, says marsh. Their putrescence is evident, their stagnation is +unhealthy, their fermentation infects people with fever, and etiolates +them; their multiplication becomes a plague of Egypt. We cannot think +without affright of those lands where fakirs, bonzes, santons, Greek +monks, marabouts, talapoins, and dervishes multiply even like swarms of +vermin. + +This said, the religious question remains. This question has certain +mysterious, almost formidable sides; may we be permitted to look at it +fixedly. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE CONVENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PRINCIPLES + + +Men unite themselves and dwell in communities. By virtue of what right? +By virtue of the right of association. + +They shut themselves up at home. By virtue of what right? By virtue of +the right which every man has to open or shut his door. + +They do not come forth. By virtue of what right? By virtue of the right +to go and come, which implies the right to remain at home. + +There, at home, what do they do? + +They speak in low tones; they drop their eyes; they toil. They renounce +the world, towns, sensualities, pleasures, vanities, pride, interests. +They are clothed in coarse woollen or coarse linen. Not one of them +possesses in his own right anything whatever. On entering there, each +one who was rich makes himself poor. What he has, he gives to all. He +who was what is called noble, a gentleman and a lord, is the equal of +him who was a peasant. The cell is identical for all. All undergo the +same tonsure, wear the same frock, eat the same black bread, sleep on +the same straw, die on the same ashes. The same sack on their backs, +the same rope around their loins. If the decision has been to go +barefoot, all go barefoot. There may be a prince among them; that +prince is the same shadow as the rest. No titles. Even family names +have disappeared. They bear only first names. All are bowed beneath the +equality of baptismal names. They have dissolved the carnal family, and +constituted in their community a spiritual family. They have no other +relatives than all men. They succor the poor, they care for the sick. +They elect those whom they obey. They call each other “my brother.” + + +You stop me and exclaim, “But that is the ideal convent!” + + +It is sufficient that it may be the possible convent, that I should +take notice of it. + +Thence it results that, in the preceding book, I have spoken of a +convent with respectful accents. The Middle Ages cast aside, Asia cast +aside, the historical and political question held in reserve, from the +purely philosophical point of view, outside the requirements of +militant policy, on condition that the monastery shall be absolutely a +voluntary matter and shall contain only consenting parties, I shall +always consider a cloistered community with a certain attentive, and, +in some respects, a deferential gravity. + +Wherever there is a community, there is a commune; where there is a +commune, there is right. The monastery is the product of the formula: +Equality, Fraternity. Oh! how grand is liberty! And what a splendid +transfiguration! Liberty suffices to transform the monastery into a +republic. + +Let us continue. + +But these men, or these women who are behind these four walls. They +dress themselves in coarse woollen, they are equals, they call each +other brothers, that is well; but they do something else? + +Yes. + +What? + +They gaze on the darkness, they kneel, and they clasp their hands. + +What does this signify? + + + + +CHAPTER V—PRAYER + + +They pray. + +To whom? + +To God. + +To pray to God,—what is the meaning of these words? + +Is there an infinite beyond us? Is that infinite there, inherent, +permanent; necessarily substantial, since it is infinite; and because, +if it lacked matter it would be bounded; necessarily intelligent, since +it is infinite, and because, if it lacked intelligence, it would end +there? Does this infinite awaken in us the idea of essence, while we +can attribute to ourselves only the idea of existence? In other terms, +is it not the absolute, of which we are only the relative? + +At the same time that there is an infinite without us, is there not an +infinite within us? Are not these two infinites (what an alarming +plural!) superposed, the one upon the other? Is not this second +infinite, so to speak, subjacent to the first? Is it not the latter’s +mirror, reflection, echo, an abyss which is concentric with another +abyss? Is this second infinity intelligent also? Does it think? Does it +love? Does it will? If these two infinities are intelligent, each of +them has a will principle, and there is an _I_ in the upper infinity as +there is an _I_ in the lower infinity. The _I_ below is the soul; the +_I_ on high is God. + +To place the infinity here below in contact, by the medium of thought, +with the infinity on high, is called praying. + +Let us take nothing from the human mind; to suppress is bad. We must +reform and transform. Certain faculties in man are directed towards the +Unknown; thought, reverie, prayer. The Unknown is an ocean. What is +conscience? It is the compass of the Unknown. Thought, reverie, +prayer,—these are great and mysterious radiations. Let us respect them. +Whither go these majestic irradiations of the soul? Into the shadow; +that is to say, to the light. + +The grandeur of democracy is to disown nothing and to deny nothing of +humanity. Close to the right of the man, beside it, at the least, there +exists the right of the soul. + +To crush fanaticism and to venerate the infinite, such is the law. Let +us not confine ourselves to prostrating ourselves before the tree of +creation, and to the contemplation of its branches full of stars. We +have a duty to labor over the human soul, to defend the mystery against +the miracle, to adore the incomprehensible and reject the absurd, to +admit, as an inexplicable fact, only what is necessary, to purify +belief, to remove superstitions from above religion; to clear God of +caterpillars. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE ABSOLUTE GOODNESS OF PRAYER + + +With regard to the modes of prayer, all are good, provided that they +are sincere. Turn your book upside down and be in the infinite. + +There is, as we know, a philosophy which denies the infinite. There is +also a philosophy, pathologically classified, which denies the sun; +this philosophy is called blindness. + +To erect a sense which we lack into a source of truth, is a fine blind +man’s self-sufficiency. + +The curious thing is the haughty, superior, and compassionate airs +which this groping philosophy assumes towards the philosophy which +beholds God. One fancies he hears a mole crying, “I pity them with +their sun!” + + +There are, as we know, powerful and illustrious atheists. At bottom, +led back to the truth by their very force, they are not absolutely sure +that they are atheists; it is with them only a question of definition, +and in any case, if they do not believe in God, being great minds, they +prove God. + +We salute them as philosophers, while inexorably denouncing their +philosophy. + +Let us go on. + +The remarkable thing about it is, also, their facility in paying +themselves off with words. A metaphysical school of the North, +impregnated to some extent with fog, has fancied that it has worked a +revolution in human understanding by replacing the word Force with the +word Will. + +To say: “the plant wills,” instead of: “the plant grows”: this would be +fecund in results, indeed, if we were to add: “the universe wills.” +Why? Because it would come to this: the plant wills, therefore it has +an _I_; the universe wills, therefore it has a God. + +As for us, who, however, in contradistinction to this school, reject +nothing _a priori_, a will in the plant, accepted by this school, +appears to us more difficult to admit than a will in the universe +denied by it. + +To deny the will of the infinite, that is to say, God, is impossible on +any other conditions than a denial of the infinite. We have +demonstrated this. + +The negation of the infinite leads straight to nihilism. Everything +becomes “a mental conception.” + + +With nihilism, no discussion is possible; for the nihilist logic doubts +the existence of its interlocutor, and is not quite sure that it exists +itself. + +From its point of view, it is possible that it may be for itself, only +“a mental conception.” + + +Only, it does not perceive that all which it has denied it admits in +the lump, simply by the utterance of the word, mind. + +In short, no way is open to the thought by a philosophy which makes all +end in the monosyllable, No. + +To No there is only one reply, Yes. + +Nihilism has no point. + +There is no such thing as nothingness. Zero does not exist. Everything +is something. Nothing is nothing. + +Man lives by affirmation even more than by bread. + +Even to see and to show does not suffice. Philosophy should be an +energy; it should have for effort and effect to ameliorate the +condition of man. Socrates should enter into Adam and produce Marcus +Aurelius; in other words, the man of wisdom should be made to emerge +from the man of felicity. Eden should be changed into a Lyceum. Science +should be a cordial. To enjoy,—what a sad aim, and what a paltry +ambition! The brute enjoys. To offer thought to the thirst of men, to +give them all as an elixir the notion of God, to make conscience and +science fraternize in them, to render them just by this mysterious +confrontation; such is the function of real philosophy. Morality is a +blossoming out of truths. Contemplation leads to action. The absolute +should be practicable. It is necessary that the ideal should be +breathable, drinkable, and eatable to the human mind. It is the ideal +which has the right to say: _Take, this is my body, this is my blood_. +Wisdom is holy communion. It is on this condition that it ceases to be +a sterile love of science and becomes the one and sovereign mode of +human rallying, and that philosophy herself is promoted to religion. + +Philosophy should not be a corbel erected on mystery to gaze upon it at +its ease, without any other result than that of being convenient to +curiosity. + +For our part, adjourning the development of our thought to another +occasion, we will confine ourselves to saying that we neither +understand man as a point of departure nor progress as an end, without +those two forces which are their two motors: faith and love. + +Progress is the goal, the ideal is the type. + +What is this ideal? It is God. + +Ideal, absolute, perfection, infinity: identical words. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAME + + +History and philosophy have eternal duties, which are, at the same +time, simple duties; to combat Caiphas the High-priest, Draco the +Lawgiver, Trimalcion the Legislator, Tiberius the Emperor; this is +clear, direct, and limpid, and offers no obscurity. + +But the right to live apart, even with its inconveniences and its +abuses, insists on being stated and taken into account. Cenobitism is a +human problem. + +When one speaks of convents, those abodes of error, but of innocence, +of aberration but of good-will, of ignorance but of devotion, of +torture but of martyrdom, it always becomes necessary to say either yes +or no. + +A convent is a contradiction. Its object, salvation; its means thereto, +sacrifice. The convent is supreme egoism having for its result supreme +abnegation. + +To abdicate with the object of reigning seems to be the device of +monasticism. + +In the cloister, one suffers in order to enjoy. One draws a bill of +exchange on death. One discounts in terrestrial gloom celestial light. +In the cloister, hell is accepted in advance as a post obit on +paradise. + +The taking of the veil or the frock is a suicide paid for with +eternity. + +It does not seem to us, that on such a subject mockery is permissible. +All about it is serious, the good as well as the bad. + +The just man frowns, but never smiles with a malicious sneer. We +understand wrath, but not malice. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—FAITH, LAW + + +A few words more. + +We blame the church when she is saturated with intrigues, we despise +the spiritual which is harsh toward the temporal; but we everywhere +honor the thoughtful man. + +We salute the man who kneels. + +A faith; this is a necessity for man. Woe to him who believes nothing. + +One is not unoccupied because one is absorbed. There is visible labor +and invisible labor. + +To contemplate is to labor, to think is to act. + +Folded arms toil, clasped hands work. A gaze fixed on heaven is a work. + +Thales remained motionless for four years. He founded philosophy. + +In our opinion, cenobites are not lazy men, and recluses are not +idlers. + +To meditate on the Shadow is a serious thing. + +Without invalidating anything that we have just said, we believe that a +perpetual memory of the tomb is proper for the living. On this point, +the priest and the philosopher agree. _We must die_. The AbbĂ© de la +Trappe replies to Horace. + +To mingle with one’s life a certain presence of the sepulchre,—this is +the law of the sage; and it is the law of the ascetic. In this respect, +the ascetic and the sage converge. There is a material growth; we admit +it. There is a moral grandeur; we hold to that. Thoughtless and +vivacious spirits say:— + +“What is the good of those motionless figures on the side of mystery? +What purpose do they serve? What do they do?” + + +Alas! In the presence of the darkness which environs us, and which +awaits us, in our ignorance of what the immense dispersion will make of +us, we reply: “There is probably no work more divine than that +performed by these souls.” And we add: “There is probably no work which +is more useful.” + + +There certainly must be some who pray constantly for those who never +pray at all. + +In our opinion the whole question lies in the amount of thought that is +mingled with prayer. + +Leibnitz praying is grand, Voltaire adoring is fine. _Deo erexit +Voltaire_. + +We are for religion as against religions. + +We are of the number who believe in the wretchedness of orisons, and +the sublimity of prayer. + +Moreover, at this minute which we are now traversing,—a minute which +will not, fortunately, leave its impress on the nineteenth century,—at +this hour, when so many men have low brows and souls but little +elevated, among so many mortals whose morality consists in enjoyment, +and who are busied with the brief and misshapen things of matter, +whoever exiles himself seems worthy of veneration to us. + +The monastery is a renunciation. Sacrifice wrongly directed is still +sacrifice. To mistake a grave error for a duty has a grandeur of its +own. + +Taken by itself, and ideally, and in order to examine the truth on all +sides until all aspects have been impartially exhausted, the monastery, +the female convent in particular,—for in our century it is woman who +suffers the most, and in this exile of the cloister there is something +of protestation,—the female convent has incontestably a certain +majesty. + +This cloistered existence which is so austere, so depressing, a few of +whose features we have just traced, is not life, for it is not liberty; +it is not the tomb, for it is not plenitude; it is the strange place +whence one beholds, as from the crest of a lofty mountain, on one side +the abyss where we are, on the other, the abyss whither we shall go; it +is the narrow and misty frontier separating two worlds, illuminated and +obscured by both at the same time, where the ray of life which has +become enfeebled is mingled with the vague ray of death; it is the half +obscurity of the tomb. + +We, who do not believe what these women believe, but who, like them, +live by faith,—we have never been able to think without a sort of +tender and religious terror, without a sort of pity, that is full of +envy, of those devoted, trembling and trusting creatures, of these +humble and august souls, who dare to dwell on the very brink of the +mystery, waiting between the world which is closed and heaven which is +not yet open, turned towards the light which one cannot see, possessing +the sole happiness of thinking that they know where it is, aspiring +towards the gulf, and the unknown, their eyes fixed motionless on the +darkness, kneeling, bewildered, stupefied, shuddering, half lifted, at +times, by the deep breaths of eternity. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—CEMETERIES TAKE THAT WHICH IS COMMITTED THEM + + + + + +CHAPTER I—WHICH TREATS OF THE MANNER OF ENTERING A CONVENT + + +It was into this house that Jean Valjean had, as Fauchelevent expressed +it, “fallen from the sky.” + + +He had scaled the wall of the garden which formed the angle of the Rue +Polonceau. That hymn of the angels which he had heard in the middle of +the night, was the nuns chanting matins; that hall, of which he had +caught a glimpse in the gloom, was the chapel. That phantom which he +had seen stretched on the ground was the sister who was making +reparation; that bell, the sound of which had so strangely surprised +him, was the gardener’s bell attached to the knee of Father +Fauchelevent. + +Cosette once put to bed, Jean Valjean and Fauchelevent had, as we have +already seen, supped on a glass of wine and a bit of cheese before a +good, crackling fire; then, the only bed in the hut being occupied by +Cosette, each threw himself on a truss of straw. + +Before he shut his eyes, Jean Valjean said: “I must remain here +henceforth.” This remark trotted through Fauchelevent’s head all night +long. + +To tell the truth, neither of them slept. + +Jean Valjean, feeling that he was discovered and that Javert was on his +scent, understood that he and Cosette were lost if they returned to +Paris. Then the new storm which had just burst upon him had stranded +him in this cloister. Jean Valjean had, henceforth, but one thought,—to +remain there. Now, for an unfortunate man in his position, this convent +was both the safest and the most dangerous of places; the most +dangerous, because, as no men might enter there, if he were discovered, +it was a flagrant offence, and Jean Valjean would find but one step +intervening between the convent and prison; the safest, because, if he +could manage to get himself accepted there and remain there, who would +ever seek him in such a place? To dwell in an impossible place was +safety. + +On his side, Fauchelevent was cudgelling his brains. He began by +declaring to himself that he understood nothing of the matter. How had +M. Madeleine got there, when the walls were what they were? Cloister +walls are not to be stepped over. How did he get there with a child? +One cannot scale a perpendicular wall with a child in one’s arms. Who +was that child? Where did they both come from? Since Fauchelevent had +lived in the convent, he had heard nothing of M. sur M., and he knew +nothing of what had taken place there. Father Madeleine had an air +which discouraged questions; and besides, Fauchelevent said to himself: +“One does not question a saint.” M. Madeleine had preserved all his +prestige in Fauchelevent’s eyes. Only, from some words which Jean +Valjean had let fall, the gardener thought he could draw the inference +that M. Madeleine had probably become bankrupt through the hard times, +and that he was pursued by his creditors; or that he had compromised +himself in some political affair, and was in hiding; which last did not +displease Fauchelevent, who, like many of our peasants of the North, +had an old fund of Bonapartism about him. While in hiding, M. Madeleine +had selected the convent as a refuge, and it was quite simple that he +should wish to remain there. But the inexplicable point, to which +Fauchelevent returned constantly and over which he wearied his brain, +was that M. Madeleine should be there, and that he should have that +little girl with him. Fauchelevent saw them, touched them, spoke to +them, and still did not believe it possible. The incomprehensible had +just made its entrance into Fauchelevent’s hut. Fauchelevent groped +about amid conjectures, and could see nothing clearly but this: “M. +Madeleine saved my life.” This certainty alone was sufficient and +decided his course. He said to himself: “It is my turn now.” He added +in his conscience: “M. Madeleine did not stop to deliberate when it was +a question of thrusting himself under the cart for the purpose of +dragging me out.” He made up his mind to save M. Madeleine. + +Nevertheless, he put many questions to himself and made himself divers +replies: “After what he did for me, would I save him if he were a +thief? Just the same. If he were an assassin, would I save him? Just +the same. Since he is a saint, shall I save him? Just the same.” + + +But what a problem it was to manage to have him remain in the convent! +Fauchelevent did not recoil in the face of this almost chimerical +undertaking; this poor peasant of Picardy without any other ladder than +his self-devotion, his good will, and a little of that old rustic +cunning, on this occasion enlisted in the service of a generous +enterprise, undertook to scale the difficulties of the cloister, and +the steep escarpments of the rule of Saint-BenoĂźt. Father Fauchelevent +was an old man who had been an egoist all his life, and who, towards +the end of his days, halt, infirm, with no interest left to him in the +world, found it sweet to be grateful, and perceiving a generous action +to be performed, flung himself upon it like a man, who at the moment +when he is dying, should find close to his hand a glass of good wine +which he had never tasted, and should swallow it with avidity. We may +add, that the air which he had breathed for many years in this convent +had destroyed all personality in him, and had ended by rendering a good +action of some kind absolutely necessary to him. + +So he took his resolve: to devote himself to M. Madeleine. + +We have just called him a _poor peasant of Picardy_. That description +is just, but incomplete. At the point of this story which we have now +reached, a little of Father Fauchelevent’s physiology becomes useful. +He was a peasant, but he had been a notary, which added trickery to his +cunning, and penetration to his ingenuousness. Having, through various +causes, failed in his business, he had descended to the calling of a +carter and a laborer. But, in spite of oaths and lashings, which horses +seem to require, something of the notary had lingered in him. He had +some natural wit; he talked good grammar; he conversed, which is a rare +thing in a village; and the other peasants said of him: “He talks +almost like a gentleman with a hat.” Fauchelevent belonged, in fact, to +that species, which the impertinent and flippant vocabulary of the last +century qualified as _demi-bourgeois, demi-lout_, and which the +metaphors showered by the chĂąteau upon the thatched cottage ticketed in +the pigeon-hole of the plebeian: _rather rustic, rather citified; +pepper and salt_. Fauchelevent, though sorely tried and harshly used by +fate, worn out, a sort of poor, threadbare old soul, was, nevertheless, +an impulsive man, and extremely spontaneous in his actions; a precious +quality which prevents one from ever being wicked. His defects and his +vices, for he had some, were all superficial; in short, his physiognomy +was of the kind which succeeds with an observer. His aged face had none +of those disagreeable wrinkles at the top of the forehead, which +signify malice or stupidity. + +At daybreak, Father Fauchelevent opened his eyes, after having done an +enormous deal of thinking, and beheld M. Madeleine seated on his truss +of straw, and watching Cosette’s slumbers. Fauchelevent sat up and +said:— + +“Now that you are here, how are you going to contrive to enter?” + + +This remark summed up the situation and aroused Jean Valjean from his +reverie. + +The two men took counsel together. + +“In the first place,” said Fauchelevent, “you will begin by not setting +foot outside of this chamber, either you or the child. One step in the +garden and we are done for.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“Monsieur Madeleine,” resumed Fauchelevent, “you have arrived at a very +auspicious moment, I mean to say a very inauspicious moment; one of the +ladies is very ill. This will prevent them from looking much in our +direction. It seems that she is dying. The prayers of the forty hours +are being said. The whole community is in confusion. That occupies +them. The one who is on the point of departure is a saint. In fact, we +are all saints here; all the difference between them and me is that +they say ‘our cell,’ and that I say ‘my cabin.’ The prayers for the +dying are to be said, and then the prayers for the dead. We shall be at +peace here for to-day; but I will not answer for to-morrow.” + + +“Still,” observed Jean Valjean, “this cottage is in the niche of the +wall, it is hidden by a sort of ruin, there are trees, it is not +visible from the convent.” + + +“And I add that the nuns never come near it.” + + +“Well?” said Jean Valjean. + +The interrogation mark which accentuated this “well” signified: “it +seems to me that one may remain concealed here?” It was to this +interrogation point that Fauchelevent responded:— + +“There are the little girls.” + + +“What little girls?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Just as Fauchelevent opened his mouth to explain the words which he had +uttered, a bell emitted one stroke. + +“The nun is dead,” said he. “There is the knell.” + + +And he made a sign to Jean Valjean to listen. + +The bell struck a second time. + +“It is the knell, Monsieur Madeleine. The bell will continue to strike +once a minute for twenty-four hours, until the body is taken from the +church.—You see, they play. At recreation hours it suffices to have a +ball roll aside, to send them all hither, in spite of prohibitions, to +hunt and rummage for it all about here. Those cherubs are devils.” + + +“Who?” asked Jean Valjean. + +“The little girls. You would be very quickly discovered. They would +shriek: ‘Oh! a man!’ There is no danger to-day. There will be no +recreation hour. The day will be entirely devoted to prayers. You hear +the bell. As I told you, a stroke each minute. It is the death knell.” + + +“I understand, Father Fauchelevent. There are pupils.” + + +And Jean Valjean thought to himself:— + +“Here is Cosette’s education already provided.” + + +Fauchelevent exclaimed:— + +“Pardine! There are little girls indeed! And they would bawl around +you! And they would rush off! To be a man here is to have the plague. +You see how they fasten a bell to my paw as though I were a wild +beast.” + + +Jean Valjean fell into more and more profound thought.—“This convent +would be our salvation,” he murmured. + +Then he raised his voice:— + +“Yes, the difficulty is to remain here.” + + +“No,” said Fauchelevent, “the difficulty is to get out.” + + +Jean Valjean felt the blood rush back to his heart. + +“To get out!” + + +“Yes, Monsieur Madeleine. In order to return here it is first necessary +to get out.” + + +And after waiting until another stroke of the knell had sounded, +Fauchelevent went on:— + +“You must not be found here in this fashion. Whence come you? For me, +you fall from heaven, because I know you; but the nuns require one to +enter by the door.” + + +All at once they heard a rather complicated pealing from another bell. + +“Ah!” said Fauchelevent, “they are ringing up the vocal mothers. They +are going to the chapter. They always hold a chapter when any one dies. +She died at daybreak. People generally do die at daybreak. But cannot +you get out by the way in which you entered? Come, I do not ask for the +sake of questioning you, but how did you get in?” + + +Jean Valjean turned pale; the very thought of descending again into +that terrible street made him shudder. You make your way out of a +forest filled with tigers, and once out of it, imagine a friendly +counsel that shall advise you to return thither! Jean Valjean pictured +to himself the whole police force still engaged in swarming in that +quarter, agents on the watch, sentinels everywhere, frightful fists +extended towards his collar, Javert at the corner of the intersection +of the streets perhaps. + +“Impossible!” said he. “Father Fauchelevent, say that I fell from the +sky.” + + +“But I believe it, I believe it,” retorted Fauchelevent. “You have no +need to tell me that. The good God must have taken you in his hand for +the purpose of getting a good look at you close to, and then dropped +you. Only, he meant to place you in a man’s convent; he made a mistake. +Come, there goes another peal, that is to order the porter to go and +inform the municipality that the dead-doctor is to come here and view a +corpse. All that is the ceremony of dying. These good ladies are not at +all fond of that visit. A doctor is a man who does not believe in +anything. He lifts the veil. Sometimes he lifts something else too. How +quickly they have had the doctor summoned this time! What is the +matter? Your little one is still asleep. What is her name?” + + +“Cosette.” + + +“She is your daughter? You are her grandfather, that is?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“It will be easy enough for her to get out of here. I have my service +door which opens on the courtyard. I knock. The porter opens; I have my +vintage basket on my back, the child is in it, I go out. Father +Fauchelevent goes out with his basket—that is perfectly natural. You +will tell the child to keep very quiet. She will be under the cover. I +will leave her for whatever time is required with a good old friend, a +fruit-seller whom I know in the Rue Chemin-Vert, who is deaf, and who +has a little bed. I will shout in the fruit-seller’s ear, that she is a +niece of mine, and that she is to keep her for me until to-morrow. Then +the little one will re-enter with you; for I will contrive to have you +re-enter. It must be done. But how will you manage to get out?” + + +Jean Valjean shook his head. + +“No one must see me, the whole point lies there, Father Fauchelevent. +Find some means of getting me out in a basket, under cover, like +Cosette.” + + +Fauchelevent scratched the lobe of his ear with the middle finger of +his left hand, a sign of serious embarrassment. + +A third peal created a diversion. + +“That is the dead-doctor taking his departure,” said Fauchelevent. “He +has taken a look and said: ‘She is dead, that is well.’ When the doctor +has signed the passport for paradise, the undertaker’s company sends a +coffin. If it is a mother, the mothers lay her out; if she is a sister, +the sisters lay her out. After which, I nail her up. That forms a part +of my gardener’s duty. A gardener is a bit of a grave-digger. She is +placed in a lower hall of the church which communicates with the +street, and into which no man may enter save the doctor of the dead. I +don’t count the undertaker’s men and myself as men. It is in that hall +that I nail up the coffin. The undertaker’s men come and get it, and +whip up, coachman! that’s the way one goes to heaven. They fetch a box +with nothing in it, they take it away again with something in it. +That’s what a burial is like. _De profundis_.” + + +A horizontal ray of sunshine lightly touched the face of the sleeping +Cosette, who lay with her mouth vaguely open, and had the air of an +angel drinking in the light. Jean Valjean had fallen to gazing at her. +He was no longer listening to Fauchelevent. + +That one is not listened to is no reason for preserving silence. The +good old gardener went on tranquilly with his babble:— + +“The grave is dug in the Vaugirard cemetery. They declare that they are +going to suppress that Vaugirard cemetery. It is an ancient cemetery +which is outside the regulations, which has no uniform, and which is +going to retire. It is a shame, for it is convenient. I have a friend +there, Father Mestienne, the grave-digger. The nuns here possess one +privilege, it is to be taken to that cemetery at nightfall. There is a +special permission from the Prefecture on their behalf. But how many +events have happened since yesterday! Mother Crucifixion is dead, and +Father Madeleine—” + + +“Is buried,” said Jean Valjean, smiling sadly. + +Fauchelevent caught the word. + +“Goodness! if you were here for good, it would be a real burial.” + + +A fourth peal burst out. Fauchelevent hastily detached the belled +knee-cap from its nail and buckled it on his knee again. + +“This time it is for me. The Mother Prioress wants me. Good, now I am +pricking myself on the tongue of my buckle. Monsieur Madeleine, don’t +stir from here, and wait for me. Something new has come up. If you are +hungry, there is wine, bread and cheese.” + + +And he hastened out of the hut, crying: “Coming! coming!” + + +Jean Valjean watched him hurrying across the garden as fast as his +crooked leg would permit, casting a sidelong glance by the way on his +melon patch. + +Less than ten minutes later, Father Fauchelevent, whose bell put the +nuns in his road to flight, tapped gently at a door, and a gentle voice +replied: _“Forever! Forever!” _ that is to say: _“Enter.” _ + +The door was the one leading to the parlor reserved for seeing the +gardener on business. This parlor adjoined the chapter hall. The +prioress, seated on the only chair in the parlor, was waiting for +Fauchelevent. + + + + +CHAPTER II—FAUCHELEVENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A DIFFICULTY + + +It is the peculiarity of certain persons and certain professions, +notably priests and nuns, to wear a grave and agitated air on critical +occasions. At the moment when Fauchelevent entered, this double form of +preoccupation was imprinted on the countenance of the prioress, who was +that wise and charming Mademoiselle de Blemeur, Mother Innocente, who +was ordinarily cheerful. + +The gardener made a timid bow, and remained at the door of the cell. +The prioress, who was telling her beads, raised her eyes and said:— + +“Ah! it is you, Father Fauvent.” + + +This abbreviation had been adopted in the convent. + +Fauchelevent bowed again. + +“Father Fauvent, I have sent for you.” + + +“Here I am, reverend Mother.” + + +“I have something to say to you.” + + +“And so have I,” said Fauchelevent with a boldness which caused him +inward terror, “I have something to say to the very reverend Mother.” + + +The prioress stared at him. + +“Ah! you have a communication to make to me.” + + +“A request.” + + +“Very well, speak.” + + +Goodman Fauchelevent, the ex-notary, belonged to the category of +peasants who have assurance. A certain clever ignorance constitutes a +force; you do not distrust it, and you are caught by it. Fauchelevent +had been a success during the something more than two years which he +had passed in the convent. Always solitary and busied about his +gardening, he had nothing else to do than to indulge his curiosity. As +he was at a distance from all those veiled women passing to and fro, he +saw before him only an agitation of shadows. By dint of attention and +sharpness he had succeeded in clothing all those phantoms with flesh, +and those corpses were alive for him. He was like a deaf man whose +sight grows keener, and like a blind man whose hearing becomes more +acute. He had applied himself to riddling out the significance of the +different peals, and he had succeeded, so that this taciturn and +enigmatical cloister possessed no secrets for him; the sphinx babbled +all her secrets in his ear. Fauchelevent knew all and concealed all; +that constituted his art. The whole convent thought him stupid. A great +merit in religion. The vocal mothers made much of Fauchelevent. He was +a curious mute. He inspired confidence. Moreover, he was regular, and +never went out except for well-demonstrated requirements of the orchard +and vegetable garden. This discretion of conduct had inured to his +credit. Nonetheless, he had set two men to chattering: the porter, in +the convent, and he knew the singularities of their parlor, and the +grave-digger, at the cemetery, and he was acquainted with the +peculiarities of their sepulture; in this way, he possessed a double +light on the subject of these nuns, one as to their life, the other as +to their death. But he did not abuse his knowledge. The congregation +thought a great deal of him. Old, lame, blind to everything, probably a +little deaf into the bargain,—what qualities! They would have found it +difficult to replace him. + +The goodman, with the assurance of a person who feels that he is +appreciated, entered into a rather diffuse and very deep rustic +harangue to the reverend prioress. He talked a long time about his age, +his infirmities, the surcharge of years counting double for him +henceforth, of the increasing demands of his work, of the great size of +the garden, of nights which must be passed, like the last, for +instance, when he had been obliged to put straw mats over the melon +beds, because of the moon, and he wound up as follows: “That he had a +brother”—(the prioress made a movement),—“a brother no longer young”—(a +second movement on the part of the prioress, but one expressive of +reassurance),—“that, if he might be permitted, this brother would come +and live with him and help him, that he was an excellent gardener, that +the community would receive from him good service, better than his own; +that, otherwise, if his brother were not admitted, as he, the elder, +felt that his health was broken and that he was insufficient for the +work, he should be obliged, greatly to his regret, to go away; and that +his brother had a little daughter whom he would bring with him, who +might be reared for God in the house, and who might, who knows, become +a nun some day.” + + +When he had finished speaking, the prioress stayed the slipping of her +rosary between her fingers, and said to him:— + +“Could you procure a stout iron bar between now and this evening?” + + +“For what purpose?” + + +“To serve as a lever.” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother,” replied Fauchelevent. + +The prioress, without adding a word, rose and entered the adjoining +room, which was the hall of the chapter, and where the vocal mothers +were probably assembled. Fauchelevent was left alone. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MOTHER INNOCENTE + + +About a quarter of an hour elapsed. The prioress returned and seated +herself once more on her chair. + +The two interlocutors seemed preoccupied. We will present a +stenographic report of the dialogue which then ensued, to the best of +our ability. + +“Father Fauvent!” + + +“Reverend Mother!” + + +“Do you know the chapel?” + + +“I have a little cage there, where I hear the mass and the offices.” + + +“And you have been in the choir in pursuance of your duties?” + + +“Two or three times.” + + +“There is a stone to be raised.” + + +“Heavy?” + + +“The slab of the pavement which is at the side of the altar.” + + +“The slab which closes the vault?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“It would be a good thing to have two men for it.” + + +“Mother Ascension, who is as strong as a man, will help you.” + + +“A woman is never a man.” + + +“We have only a woman here to help you. Each one does what he can. +Because Dom Mabillon gives four hundred and seventeen epistles of Saint +Bernard, while Merlonus Horstius only gives three hundred and +sixty-seven, I do not despise Merlonus Horstius.” + + +“Neither do I.” + + +“Merit consists in working according to one’s strength. A cloister is +not a dock-yard.” + + +“And a woman is not a man. But my brother is the strong one, though!” + + +“And can you get a lever?” + + +“That is the only sort of key that fits that sort of door.” + + +“There is a ring in the stone.” + + +“I will put the lever through it.” + + +“And the stone is so arranged that it swings on a pivot.” + + +“That is good, reverend Mother. I will open the vault.” + + +“And the four Mother Precentors will help you.” + + +“And when the vault is open?” + + +“It must be closed again.” + + +“Will that be all?” + + +“No.” + + +“Give me your orders, very reverend Mother.” + + +“Fauvent, we have confidence in you.” + + +“I am here to do anything you wish.” + + +“And to hold your peace about everything!” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“When the vault is open—” + + +“I will close it again.” + + +“But before that—” + + +“What, reverend Mother?” + + +“Something must be lowered into it.” + + +A silence ensued. The prioress, after a pout of the under lip which +resembled hesitation, broke it. + +“Father Fauvent!” + + +“Reverend Mother!” + + +“You know that a mother died this morning?” + + +“No.” + + +“Did you not hear the bell?” + + +“Nothing can be heard at the bottom of the garden.” + + +“Really?” + + +“I can hardly distinguish my own signal.” + + +“She died at daybreak.” + + +“And then, the wind did not blow in my direction this morning.” + + +“It was Mother Crucifixion. A blessed woman.” + + +The prioress paused, moved her lips, as though in mental prayer, and +resumed:— + +“Three years ago, Madame de BĂ©thune, a Jansenist, turned orthodox, +merely from having seen Mother Crucifixion at prayer.” + + +“Ah! yes, now I hear the knell, reverend Mother.” + + +“The mothers have taken her to the dead-room, which opens on the +church.” + + +“I know.” + + +“No other man than you can or must enter that chamber. See to that. A +fine sight it would be, to see a man enter the dead-room!” + + +“More often!” + + +“Hey?” + + +“More often!” + + +“What do you say?” + + +“I say more often.” + + +“More often than what?” + + +“Reverend Mother, I did not say more often than what, I said more +often.” + + +“I don’t understand you. Why do you say more often?” + + +“In order to speak like you, reverend Mother.” + + +“But I did not say ‘more often.’” + + +At that moment, nine o’clock struck. + +“At nine o’clock in the morning and at all hours, praised and adored be +the most Holy Sacrament of the altar,” said the prioress. + +“Amen,” said Fauchelevent. + +The clock struck opportunely. It cut “more often” short. It is +probable, that had it not been for this, the prioress and Fauchelevent +would never have unravelled that skein. + +Fauchelevent mopped his forehead. + +The prioress indulged in another little inward murmur, probably sacred, +then raised her voice:— + +“In her lifetime, Mother Crucifixion made converts; after her death, +she will perform miracles.” + + +“She will!” replied Father Fauchelevent, falling into step, and +striving not to flinch again. + +“Father Fauvent, the community has been blessed in Mother Crucifixion. +No doubt, it is not granted to every one to die, like Cardinal de +BĂ©rulle, while saying the holy mass, and to breathe forth their souls +to God, while pronouncing these words: _Hanc igitur oblationem_. But +without attaining to such happiness, Mother Crucifixion’s death was +very precious. She retained her consciousness to the very last moment. +She spoke to us, then she spoke to the angels. She gave us her last +commands. If you had a little more faith, and if you could have been in +her cell, she would have cured your leg merely by touching it. She +smiled. We felt that she was regaining her life in God. There was +something of paradise in that death.” + + +Fauchelevent thought that it was an orison which she was finishing. + +“Amen,” said he. + +“Father Fauvent, what the dead wish must be done.” + + +The prioress took off several beads of her chaplet. Fauchelevent held +his peace. + +She went on:— + +“I have consulted upon this point many ecclesiastics laboring in Our +Lord, who occupy themselves in the exercises of the clerical life, and +who bear wonderful fruit.” + + +“Reverend Mother, you can hear the knell much better here than in the +garden.” + + +“Besides, she is more than a dead woman, she is a saint.” + + +“Like yourself, reverend Mother.” + + +“She slept in her coffin for twenty years, by express permission of our +Holy Father, Pius VII.—” + + +“The one who crowned the Emp—Buonaparte.” + + +For a clever man like Fauchelevent, this allusion was an awkward one. +Fortunately, the prioress, completely absorbed in her own thoughts, did +not hear it. She continued:— + +“Father Fauvent?” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“Saint Didorus, Archbishop of Cappadocia, desired that this single word +might be inscribed on his tomb: _Acarus_, which signifies, a worm of +the earth; this was done. Is this true?” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“The blessed Mezzocane, Abbot of Aquila, wished to be buried beneath +the gallows; this was done.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“Saint Terentius, Bishop of Port, where the mouth of the Tiber empties +into the sea, requested that on his tomb might be engraved the sign +which was placed on the graves of parricides, in the hope that +passers-by would spit on his tomb. This was done. The dead must be +obeyed.” + + +“So be it.” + + +“The body of Bernard Guidonis, born in France near Roche-Abeille, was, +as he had ordered, and in spite of the king of Castile, borne to the +church of the Dominicans in Limoges, although Bernard Guidonis was +Bishop of Tuy in Spain. Can the contrary be affirmed?” + + +“For that matter, no, reverend Mother.” + + +“The fact is attested by Plantavit de la Fosse.” + + +Several beads of the chaplet were told off, still in silence. The +prioress resumed:— + +“Father Fauvent, Mother Crucifixion will be interred in the coffin in +which she has slept for the last twenty years.” + + +“That is just.” + + +“It is a continuation of her slumber.” + + +“So I shall have to nail up that coffin?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And we are to reject the undertaker’s coffin?” + + +“Precisely.” + + +“I am at the orders of the very reverend community.” + + +“The four Mother Precentors will assist you.” + + +“In nailing up the coffin? I do not need them.” + + +“No. In lowering the coffin.” + + +“Where?” + + +“Into the vault.” + + +“What vault?” + + +“Under the altar.” + + +Fauchelevent started. + +“The vault under the altar?” + + +“Under the altar.” + + +“But—” + + +“You will have an iron bar.” + + +“Yes, but—” + + +“You will raise the stone with the bar by means of the ring.” + + +“But—” + + +“The dead must be obeyed. To be buried in the vault under the altar of +the chapel, not to go to profane earth; to remain there in death where +she prayed while living; such was the last wish of Mother Crucifixion. +She asked it of us; that is to say, commanded us.” + + +“But it is forbidden.” + + +“Forbidden by men, enjoined by God.” + + +“What if it became known?” + + +“We have confidence in you.” + + +“Oh! I am a stone in your walls.” + + +“The chapter assembled. The vocal mothers, whom I have just consulted +again, and who are now deliberating, have decided that Mother +Crucifixion shall be buried, according to her wish, in her own coffin, +under our altar. Think, Father Fauvent, if she were to work miracles +here! What a glory of God for the community! And miracles issue from +tombs.” + + +“But, reverend Mother, if the agent of the sanitary commission—” + + +“Saint BenoĂźt II., in the matter of sepulture, resisted Constantine +Pogonatus.” + + +“But the commissary of police—” + + +“Chonodemaire, one of the seven German kings who entered among the +Gauls under the Empire of Constantius, expressly recognized the right +of nuns to be buried in religion, that is to say, beneath the altar.” + + +“But the inspector from the Prefecture—” + + +“The world is nothing in the presence of the cross. Martin, the +eleventh general of the Carthusians, gave to his order this device: +_Stat crux dum volvitur orbis_.” + + +“Amen,” said Fauchelevent, who imperturbably extricated himself in this +manner from the dilemma, whenever he heard Latin. + +Any audience suffices for a person who has held his peace too long. On +the day when the rhetorician Gymnastoras left his prison, bearing in +his body many dilemmas and numerous syllogisms which had struck in, he +halted in front of the first tree which he came to, harangued it and +made very great efforts to convince it. The prioress, who was usually +subjected to the barrier of silence, and whose reservoir was overfull, +rose and exclaimed with the loquacity of a dam which has broken away:— + +“I have on my right BenoĂźt and on my left Bernard. Who was Bernard? The +first abbot of Clairvaux. Fontaines in Burgundy is a country that is +blest because it gave him birth. His father was named TĂ©celin, and his +mother AlĂšthe. He began at CĂźteaux, to end in Clairvaux; he was +ordained abbot by the bishop of ChĂąlon-sur-SaĂŽne, Guillaume de +Champeaux; he had seven hundred novices, and founded a hundred and +sixty monasteries; he overthrew Abeilard at the council of Sens in +1140, and Pierre de Bruys and Henry his disciple, and another sort of +erring spirits who were called the Apostolics; he confounded Arnauld de +Brescia, darted lightning at the monk Raoul, the murderer of the Jews, +dominated the council of Reims in 1148, caused the condemnation of +Gilbert de PorĂ©a, Bishop of Poitiers, caused the condemnation of Éon de +l’Étoile, arranged the disputes of princes, enlightened King Louis the +Young, advised Pope Eugene III., regulated the Temple, preached the +crusade, performed two hundred and fifty miracles during his lifetime, +and as many as thirty-nine in one day. Who was BenoĂźt? He was the +patriarch of Mont-Cassin; he was the second founder of the SaintetĂ© +Claustrale, he was the Basil of the West. His order has produced forty +popes, two hundred cardinals, fifty patriarchs, sixteen hundred +archbishops, four thousand six hundred bishops, four emperors, twelve +empresses, forty-six kings, forty-one queens, three thousand six +hundred canonized saints, and has been in existence for fourteen +hundred years. On one side Saint Bernard, on the other the agent of the +sanitary department! On one side Saint BenoĂźt, on the other the +inspector of public ways! The state, the road commissioners, the public +undertaker, regulations, the administration, what do we know of all +that? There is not a chance passer-by who would not be indignant to see +how we are treated. We have not even the right to give our dust to +Jesus Christ! Your sanitary department is a revolutionary invention. +God subordinated to the commissary of police; such is the age. Silence, +Fauvent!” + + +Fauchelevent was but ill at ease under this shower bath. The prioress +continued:— + +“No one doubts the right of the monastery to sepulture. Only fanatics +and those in error deny it. We live in times of terrible confusion. We +do not know that which it is necessary to know, and we know that which +we should ignore. We are ignorant and impious. In this age there exist +people who do not distinguish between the very great Saint Bernard and +the Saint Bernard denominated of the poor Catholics, a certain good +ecclesiastic who lived in the thirteenth century. Others are so +blasphemous as to compare the scaffold of Louis XVI. to the cross of +Jesus Christ. Louis XVI. was merely a king. Let us beware of God! There +is no longer just nor unjust. The name of Voltaire is known, but not +the name of CĂ©sar de Bus. Nevertheless, CĂ©sar de Bus is a man of +blessed memory, and Voltaire one of unblessed memory. The last +arch-bishop, the Cardinal de PĂ©rigord, did not even know that Charles +de Gondren succeeded to Berulle, and François Bourgoin to Gondren, and +Jean-François Senault to Bourgoin, and Father Sainte-Marthe to +Jean-François Senault. The name of Father Coton is known, not because +he was one of the three who urged the foundation of the Oratorie, but +because he furnished Henri IV., the Huguenot king, with the material +for an oath. That which pleases people of the world in Saint François +de Sales, is that he cheated at play. And then, religion is attacked. +Why? Because there have been bad priests, because Sagittaire, Bishop of +Gap, was the brother of Salone, Bishop of Embrun, and because both of +them followed Mommol. What has that to do with the question? Does that +prevent Martin de Tours from being a saint, and giving half of his +cloak to a beggar? They persecute the saints. They shut their eyes to +the truth. Darkness is the rule. The most ferocious beasts are beasts +which are blind. No one thinks of hell as a reality. Oh! how wicked +people are! By order of the king signifies to-day, by order of the +revolution. One no longer knows what is due to the living or to the +dead. A holy death is prohibited. Burial is a civil matter. This is +horrible. Saint Leo II. wrote two special letters, one to Pierre +Notaire, the other to the king of the Visigoths, for the purpose of +combating and rejecting, in questions touching the dead, the authority +of the exarch and the supremacy of the Emperor. Gauthier, Bishop of +ChĂąlons, held his own in this matter against Otho, Duke of Burgundy. +The ancient magistracy agreed with him. In former times we had voices +in the chapter, even on matters of the day. The Abbot of CĂźteaux, the +general of the order, was councillor by right of birth to the +parliament of Burgundy. We do what we please with our dead. Is not the +body of Saint BenoĂźt himself in France, in the abbey of Fleury, called +Saint BenoĂźt-sur-Loire, although he died in Italy at Mont-Cassin, on +Saturday, the 21st of the month of March, of the year 543? All this is +incontestable. I abhor psalm-singers, I hate priors, I execrate +heretics, but I should detest yet more any one who should maintain the +contrary. One has only to read Arnoul Wion, Gabriel Bucelin, Trithemus, +Maurolics, and Dom Luc d’Achery.” + + +The prioress took breath, then turned to Fauchelevent. + +“Is it settled, Father Fauvent?” + + +“It is settled, reverend Mother.” + + +“We may depend on you?” + + +“I will obey.” + + +“That is well.” + + +“I am entirely devoted to the convent.” + + +“That is understood. You will close the coffin. The sisters will carry +it to the chapel. The office for the dead will then be said. Then we +shall return to the cloister. Between eleven o’clock and midnight, you +will come with your iron bar. All will be done in the most profound +secrecy. There will be in the chapel only the four Mother Precentors, +Mother Ascension and yourself.” + + +“And the sister at the post?” + + +“She will not turn round.” + + +“But she will hear.” + + +“She will not listen. Besides, what the cloister knows the world learns +not.” + + +A pause ensued. The prioress went on:— + +“You will remove your bell. It is not necessary that the sister at the +post should perceive your presence.” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“What, Father Fauvent?” + + +“Has the doctor for the dead paid his visit?” + + +“He will pay it at four o’clock to-day. The peal which orders the +doctor for the dead to be summoned has already been rung. But you do +not understand any of the peals?” + + +“I pay no attention to any but my own.” + + +“That is well, Father Fauvent.” + + +“Reverend Mother, a lever at least six feet long will be required.” + + +“Where will you obtain it?” + + +“Where gratings are not lacking, iron bars are not lacking. I have my +heap of old iron at the bottom of the garden.” + + +“About three-quarters of an hour before midnight; do not forget.” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“What?” + + +“If you were ever to have any other jobs of this sort, my brother is +the strong man for you. A perfect Turk!” + + +“You will do it as speedily as possible.” + + +“I cannot work very fast. I am infirm; that is why I require an +assistant. I limp.” + + +“To limp is no sin, and perhaps it is a blessing. The Emperor Henry +II., who combated Antipope Gregory and re-established BenoĂźt VIII., has +two surnames, the Saint and the Lame.” + + +“Two surtouts are a good thing,” murmured Fauchelevent, who really was +a little hard of hearing. + +“Now that I think of it, Father Fauvent, let us give a whole hour to +it. That is not too much. Be near the principal altar, with your iron +bar, at eleven o’clock. The office begins at midnight. Everything must +have been completed a good quarter of an hour before that.” + + +“I will do anything to prove my zeal towards the community. These are +my orders. I am to nail up the coffin. At eleven o’clock exactly, I am +to be in the chapel. The Mother Precentors will be there. Mother +Ascension will be there. Two men would be better. However, never mind! +I shall have my lever. We will open the vault, we will lower the +coffin, and we will close the vault again. After which, there will be +no trace of anything. The government will have no suspicion. Thus all +has been arranged, reverend Mother?” + + +“No!” + + +“What else remains?” + + +“The empty coffin remains.” + + +This produced a pause. Fauchelevent meditated. The prioress meditated. + +“What is to be done with that coffin, Father Fauvent?” + + +“It will be given to the earth.” + + +“Empty?” + + +Another silence. Fauchelevent made, with his left hand, that sort of a +gesture which dismisses a troublesome subject. + +“Reverend Mother, I am the one who is to nail up the coffin in the +basement of the church, and no one can enter there but myself, and I +will cover the coffin with the pall.” + + +“Yes, but the bearers, when they place it in the hearse and lower it +into the grave, will be sure to feel that there is nothing in it.” + + +“Ah! the de—!” exclaimed Fauchelevent. + +The prioress began to make the sign of the cross, and looked fixedly at +the gardener. The _vil_ stuck fast in his throat. + +He made haste to improvise an expedient to make her forget the oath. + +“I will put earth in the coffin, reverend Mother. That will produce the +effect of a corpse.” + + +“You are right. Earth, that is the same thing as man. So you will +manage the empty coffin?” + + +“I will make that my special business.” + + +The prioress’s face, up to that moment troubled and clouded, grew +serene once more. She made the sign of a superior dismissing an +inferior to him. Fauchelevent went towards the door. As he was on the +point of passing out, the prioress raised her voice gently:— + +“I am pleased with you, Father Fauvent; bring your brother to me +to-morrow, after the burial, and tell him to fetch his daughter.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—IN WHICH JEAN VALJEAN HAS QUITE THE AIR OF HAVING READ +AUSTIN CASTILLEJO + + +The strides of a lame man are like the ogling glances of a one-eyed +man; they do not reach their goal very promptly. Moreover, Fauchelevent +was in a dilemma. He took nearly a quarter of an hour to return to his +cottage in the garden. Cosette had waked up. Jean Valjean had placed +her near the fire. At the moment when Fauchelevent entered, Jean +Valjean was pointing out to her the vintner’s basket on the wall, and +saying to her, “Listen attentively to me, my little Cosette. We must go +away from this house, but we shall return to it, and we shall be very +happy here. The good man who lives here is going to carry you off on +his back in that. You will wait for me at a lady’s house. I shall come +to fetch you. Obey, and say nothing, above all things, unless you want +Madame ThĂ©nardier to get you again!” + + +Cosette nodded gravely. + +Jean Valjean turned round at the noise made by Fauchelevent opening the +door. + +“Well?” + + +“Everything is arranged, and nothing is,” said Fauchelevent. “I have +permission to bring you in; but before bringing you in you must be got +out. That’s where the difficulty lies. It is easy enough with the +child.” + + +“You will carry her out?” + + +“And she will hold her tongue?” + + +“I answer for that.” + + +“But you, Father Madeleine?” + + +And, after a silence, fraught with anxiety, Fauchelevent exclaimed:— + +“Why, get out as you came in!” + + +Jean Valjean, as in the first instance, contented himself with saying, +“Impossible.” + + +Fauchelevent grumbled, more to himself than to Jean Valjean:— + +“There is another thing which bothers me. I have said that I would put +earth in it. When I come to think it over, the earth instead of the +corpse will not seem like the real thing, it won’t do, it will get +displaced, it will move about. The men will bear it. You understand, +Father Madeleine, the government will notice it.” + + +Jean Valjean stared him straight in the eye and thought that he was +raving. + +Fauchelevent went on:— + +“How the de—uce are you going to get out? It must all be done by +to-morrow morning. It is to-morrow that I am to bring you in. The +prioress expects you.” + + +Then he explained to Jean Valjean that this was his recompense for a +service which he, Fauchelevent, was to render to the community. That it +fell among his duties to take part in their burials, that he nailed up +the coffins and helped the grave-digger at the cemetery. That the nun +who had died that morning had requested to be buried in the coffin +which had served her for a bed, and interred in the vault under the +altar of the chapel. That the police regulations forbade this, but that +she was one of those dead to whom nothing is refused. That the prioress +and the vocal mothers intended to fulfil the wish of the deceased. That +it was so much the worse for the government. That he, Fauchelevent, was +to nail up the coffin in the cell, raise the stone in the chapel, and +lower the corpse into the vault. And that, by way of thanks, the +prioress was to admit his brother to the house as a gardener, and his +niece as a pupil. That his brother was M. Madeleine, and that his niece +was Cosette. That the prioress had told him to bring his brother on the +following evening, after the counterfeit interment in the cemetery. But +that he could not bring M. Madeleine in from the outside if M. +Madeleine was not outside. That that was the first problem. And then, +that there was another: the empty coffin. + +“What is that empty coffin?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“The coffin of the administration.” + + +“What coffin? What administration?” + + +“A nun dies. The municipal doctor comes and says, ‘A nun has died.’ The +government sends a coffin. The next day it sends a hearse and +undertaker’s men to get the coffin and carry it to the cemetery. The +undertaker’s men will come and lift the coffin; there will be nothing +in it.” + + +“Put something in it.” + + +“A corpse? I have none.” + + +“No.” + + +“What then?” + + +“A living person.” + + +“What person?” + + +“Me!” said Jean Valjean. + +Fauchelevent, who was seated, sprang up as though a bomb had burst +under his chair. + +“You!” + + +“Why not?” + + +Jean Valjean gave way to one of those rare smiles which lighted up his +face like a flash from heaven in the winter. + +“You know, Fauchelevent, what you have said: ‘Mother Crucifixion is +dead.’ and I add: ‘and Father Madeleine is buried.’” + + +“Ah! good, you can laugh, you are not speaking seriously.” + + +“Very seriously, I must get out of this place.” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“l have told you to find a basket, and a cover for me also.” + + +“Well?” + + +“The basket will be of pine, and the cover a black cloth.” + + +“In the first place, it will be a white cloth. Nuns are buried in +white.” + + +“Let it be a white cloth, then.” + + +“You are not like other men, Father Madeleine.” + + +To behold such devices, which are nothing else than the savage and +daring inventions of the galleys, spring forth from the peaceable +things which surrounded him, and mingle with what he called the “petty +course of life in the convent,” caused Fauchelevent as much amazement +as a gull fishing in the gutter of the Rue Saint-Denis would inspire in +a passer-by. + +Jean Valjean went on:— + +“The problem is to get out of here without being seen. This offers the +means. But give me some information, in the first place. How is it +managed? Where is this coffin?” + + +“The empty one?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Downstairs, in what is called the dead-room. It stands on two +trestles, under the pall.” + + +“How long is the coffin?” + + +“Six feet.” + + +“What is this dead-room?” + + +“It is a chamber on the ground floor which has a grated window opening +on the garden, which is closed on the outside by a shutter, and two +doors; one leads into the convent, the other into the church.” + + +“What church?” + + +“The church in the street, the church which any one can enter.” + + +“Have you the keys to those two doors?” + + +“No; I have the key to the door which communicates with the convent; +the porter has the key to the door which communicates with the church.” + + +“When does the porter open that door?” + + +“Only to allow the undertaker’s men to enter, when they come to get the +coffin. When the coffin has been taken out, the door is closed again.” + + +“Who nails up the coffin?” + + +“I do.” + + +“Who spreads the pall over it?” + + +“I do.” + + +“Are you alone?” + + +“Not another man, except the police doctor, can enter the dead-room. +That is even written on the wall.” + + +“Could you hide me in that room to-night when every one is asleep?” + + +“No. But I could hide you in a small, dark nook which opens on the +dead-room, where I keep my tools to use for burials, and of which I +have the key.” + + +“At what time will the hearse come for the coffin to-morrow?” + + +“About three o’clock in the afternoon. The burial will take place at +the Vaugirard cemetery a little before nightfall. It is not very near.” + + +“I will remain concealed in your tool-closet all night and all the +morning. And how about food? I shall be hungry.” + + +“I will bring you something.” + + +“You can come and nail me up in the coffin at two o’clock.” + + +Fauchelevent recoiled and cracked his finger-joints. + +“But that is impossible!” + + +“Bah! Impossible to take a hammer and drive some nails in a plank?” + + +What seemed unprecedented to Fauchelevent was, we repeat, a simple +matter to Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean had been in worse straits than +this. Any man who has been a prisoner understands how to contract +himself to fit the diameter of the escape. The prisoner is subject to +flight as the sick man is subject to a crisis which saves or kills him. +An escape is a cure. What does not a man undergo for the sake of a +cure? To have himself nailed up in a case and carried off like a bale +of goods, to live for a long time in a box, to find air where there is +none, to economize his breath for hours, to know how to stifle without +dying—this was one of Jean Valjean’s gloomy talents. + +Moreover, a coffin containing a living being,—that convict’s +expedient,—is also an imperial expedient. If we are to credit the monk +Austin Castillejo, this was the means employed by Charles the Fifth, +desirous of seeing the Plombes for the last time after his abdication. + +He had her brought into and carried out of the monastery of Saint-Yuste +in this manner. + +Fauchelevent, who had recovered himself a little, exclaimed:— + +“But how will you manage to breathe?” + + +“I will breathe.” + + +“In that box! The mere thought of it suffocates me.” + + +“You surely must have a gimlet, you will make a few holes here and +there, around my mouth, and you will nail the top plank on loosely.” + + +“Good! And what if you should happen to cough or to sneeze?” + + +“A man who is making his escape does not cough or sneeze.” + + +And Jean Valjean added:— + +“Father Fauchelevent, we must come to a decision: I must either be +caught here, or accept this escape through the hearse.” + + +Every one has noticed the taste which cats have for pausing and +lounging between the two leaves of a half-shut door. Who is there who +has not said to a cat, “Do come in!” There are men who, when an +incident stands half-open before them, have the same tendency to halt +in indecision between two resolutions, at the risk of getting crushed +through the abrupt closing of the adventure by fate. The over-prudent, +cats as they are, and because they are cats, sometimes incur more +danger than the audacious. Fauchelevent was of this hesitating nature. +But Jean Valjean’s coolness prevailed over him in spite of himself. He +grumbled:— + +“Well, since there is no other means.” + + +Jean Valjean resumed:— + +“The only thing which troubles me is what will take place at the +cemetery.” + + +“That is the very point that is not troublesome,” exclaimed +Fauchelevent. “If you are sure of coming out of the coffin all right, I +am sure of getting you out of the grave. The grave-digger is a +drunkard, and a friend of mine. He is Father Mestienne. An old fellow +of the old school. The grave-digger puts the corpses in the grave, and +I put the grave-digger in my pocket. I will tell you what will take +place. They will arrive a little before dusk, three-quarters of an hour +before the gates of the cemetery are closed. The hearse will drive +directly up to the grave. I shall follow; that is my business. I shall +have a hammer, a chisel, and some pincers in my pocket. The hearse +halts, the undertaker’s men knot a rope around your coffin and lower +you down. The priest says the prayers, makes the sign of the cross, +sprinkles the holy water, and takes his departure. I am left alone with +Father Mestienne. He is my friend, I tell you. One of two things will +happen, he will either be sober, or he will not be sober. If he is not +drunk, I shall say to him: ‘Come and drink a bout while the _Bon Coing_ +[the Good Quince] is open.’ I carry him off, I get him drunk,—it does +not take long to make Father Mestienne drunk, he always has the +beginning of it about him,—I lay him under the table, I take his card, +so that I can get into the cemetery again, and I return without him. +Then you have no longer any one but me to deal with. If he is drunk, I +shall say to him: ‘Be off; I will do your work for you.’ Off he goes, +and I drag you out of the hole.” + + +Jean Valjean held out his hand, and Fauchelevent precipitated himself +upon it with the touching effusion of a peasant. + +“That is settled, Father Fauchelevent. All will go well.” + + +“Provided nothing goes wrong,” thought Fauchelevent. “In that case, it +would be terrible.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BE DRUNK IN ORDER TO BE IMMORTAL + + +On the following day, as the sun was declining, the very rare +passers-by on the Boulevard du Maine pulled off their hats to an +old-fashioned hearse, ornamented with skulls, cross-bones, and tears. +This hearse contained a coffin covered with a white cloth over which +spread a large black cross, like a huge corpse with drooping arms. A +mourning-coach, in which could be seen a priest in his surplice, and a +choir boy in his red cap, followed. Two undertaker’s men in gray +uniforms trimmed with black walked on the right and the left of the +hearse. Behind it came an old man in the garments of a laborer, who +limped along. The procession was going in the direction of the +Vaugirard cemetery. + +The handle of a hammer, the blade of a cold chisel, and the antennĂŠ of +a pair of pincers were visible, protruding from the man’s pocket. + +The Vaugirard cemetery formed an exception among the cemeteries of +Paris. It had its peculiar usages, just as it had its carriage entrance +and its house door, which old people in the quarter, who clung +tenaciously to ancient words, still called the _porte cavaliĂšre_ and +the _porte piĂ©tonne_.16 The Bernardines-Benedictines of the Rue +Petit-Picpus had obtained permission, as we have already stated, to be +buried there in a corner apart, and at night, the plot of land having +formerly belonged to their community. The grave-diggers being thus +bound to service in the evening in summer and at night in winter, in +this cemetery, they were subjected to a special discipline. The gates +of the Paris cemeteries closed, at that epoch, at sundown, and this +being a municipal regulation, the Vaugirard cemetery was bound by it +like the rest. The carriage gate and the house door were two contiguous +grated gates, adjoining a pavilion built by the architect Perronet, and +inhabited by the door-keeper of the cemetery. These gates, therefore, +swung inexorably on their hinges at the instant when the sun +disappeared behind the dome of the Invalides. If any grave-digger were +delayed after that moment in the cemetery, there was but one way for +him to get out—his grave-digger’s card furnished by the department of +public funerals. A sort of letter-box was constructed in the porter’s +window. The grave-digger dropped his card into this box, the porter +heard it fall, pulled the rope, and the small door opened. If the man +had not his card, he mentioned his name, the porter, who was sometimes +in bed and asleep, rose, came out and identified the man, and opened +the gate with his key; the grave-digger stepped out, but had to pay a +fine of fifteen francs. + +This cemetery, with its peculiarities outside the regulations, +embarrassed the symmetry of the administration. It was suppressed a +little later than 1830. The cemetery of Mont-Parnasse, called the +Eastern cemetery, succeeded to it, and inherited that famous dram-shop +next to the Vaugirard cemetery, which was surmounted by a quince +painted on a board, and which formed an angle, one side on the +drinkers’ tables, and the other on the tombs, with this sign: _Au Bon +Coing_. + +The Vaugirard cemetery was what may be called a faded cemetery. It was +falling into disuse. Dampness was invading it, the flowers were +deserting it. The bourgeois did not care much about being buried in the +Vaugirard; it hinted at poverty. PĂšre-Lachaise if you please! to be +buried in PĂšre-Lachaise is equivalent to having furniture of mahogany. +It is recognized as elegant. The Vaugirard cemetery was a venerable +enclosure, planted like an old-fashioned French garden. Straight +alleys, box, thuya-trees, holly, ancient tombs beneath aged +cypress-trees, and very tall grass. In the evening it was tragic there. +There were very lugubrious lines about it. + +The sun had not yet set when the hearse with the white pall and the +black cross entered the avenue of the Vaugirard cemetery. The lame man +who followed it was no other than Fauchelevent. + +The interment of Mother Crucifixion in the vault under the altar, the +exit of Cosette, the introduction of Jean Valjean to the dead-room,—all +had been executed without difficulty, and there had been no hitch. + +Let us remark in passing, that the burial of Mother Crucifixion under +the altar of the convent is a perfectly venial offence in our sight. It +is one of the faults which resemble a duty. The nuns had committed it, +not only without difficulty, but even with the applause of their own +consciences. In the cloister, what is called the “government” is only +an intermeddling with authority, an interference which is always +questionable. In the first place, the rule; as for the code, we shall +see. Make as many laws as you please, men; but keep them for +yourselves. The tribute to CĂŠsar is never anything but the remnants of +the tribute to God. A prince is nothing in the presence of a principle. + +Fauchelevent limped along behind the hearse in a very contented frame +of mind. His twin plots, the one with the nuns, the one for the +convent, the other against it, the other with M. Madeleine, had +succeeded, to all appearance. Jean Valjean’s composure was one of those +powerful tranquillities which are contagious. Fauchelevent no longer +felt doubtful as to his success. + +What remained to be done was a mere nothing. Within the last two years, +he had made good Father Mestienne, a chubby-cheeked person, drunk at +least ten times. He played with Father Mestienne. He did what he liked +with him. He made him dance according to his whim. Mestienne’s head +adjusted itself to the cap of Fauchelevent’s will. Fauchelevent’s +confidence was perfect. + +At the moment when the convoy entered the avenue leading to the +cemetery, Fauchelevent glanced cheerfully at the hearse, and said half +aloud, as he rubbed his big hands:— + +“Here’s a fine farce!” + + +All at once the hearse halted; it had reached the gate. The permission +for interment must be exhibited. The undertaker’s man addressed himself +to the porter of the cemetery. During this colloquy, which always is +productive of a delay of from one to two minutes, some one, a stranger, +came and placed himself behind the hearse, beside Fauchelevent. He was +a sort of laboring man, who wore a waistcoat with large pockets and +carried a mattock under his arm. + +Fauchelevent surveyed this stranger. + +“Who are you?” he demanded. + +“The man replied:— + +“The grave-digger.” + + +If a man could survive the blow of a cannon-ball full in the breast, he +would make the same face that Fauchelevent made. + +“The grave-digger?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“Father Mestienne is the grave-digger.” + + +“He was.” + + +“What! He was?” + + +“He is dead.” + + +Fauchelevent had expected anything but this, that a grave-digger could +die. It is true, nevertheless, that grave-diggers do die themselves. By +dint of excavating graves for other people, one hollows out one’s own. + +Fauchelevent stood there with his mouth wide open. He had hardly the +strength to stammer:— + +“But it is not possible!” + + +“It is so.” + + +“But,” he persisted feebly, “Father Mestienne is the grave-digger.” + + +“After Napoleon, Louis XVIII. After Mestienne, Gribier. Peasant, my +name is Gribier.” + + +Fauchelevent, who was deadly pale, stared at this Gribier. + +He was a tall, thin, livid, utterly funereal man. He had the air of an +unsuccessful doctor who had turned grave-digger. + +Fauchelevent burst out laughing. + +“Ah!” said he, “what queer things do happen! Father Mestienne is dead, +but long live little Father Lenoir! Do you know who little Father +Lenoir is? He is a jug of red wine. It is a jug of SurĂȘne, morbigou! of +real Paris SurĂȘne? Ah! So old Mestienne is dead! I am sorry for it; he +was a jolly fellow. But you are a jolly fellow, too. Are you not, +comrade? We’ll go and have a drink together presently.” + + +The man replied:— + +“I have been a student. I passed my fourth examination. I never drink.” + + +The hearse had set out again, and was rolling up the grand alley of the +cemetery. + +Fauchelevent had slackened his pace. He limped more out of anxiety than +from infirmity. + +The grave-digger walked on in front of him. + +Fauchelevent passed the unexpected Gribier once more in review. + +He was one of those men who, though very young, have the air of age, +and who, though slender, are extremely strong. + +“Comrade!” cried Fauchelevent. + +The man turned round. + +“I am the convent grave-digger.” + + +“My colleague,” said the man. + +Fauchelevent, who was illiterate but very sharp, understood that he had +to deal with a formidable species of man, with a fine talker. He +muttered: + +“So Father Mestienne is dead.” + + +The man replied:— + +“Completely. The good God consulted his note-book which shows when the +time is up. It was Father Mestienne’s turn. Father Mestienne died.” + + +Fauchelevent repeated mechanically: “The good God—” + + +“The good God,” said the man authoritatively. “According to the +philosophers, the Eternal Father; according to the Jacobins, the +Supreme Being.” + + +“Shall we not make each other’s acquaintance?” stammered Fauchelevent. + +“It is made. You are a peasant, I am a Parisian.” + + +“People do not know each other until they have drunk together. He who +empties his glass empties his heart. You must come and have a drink +with me. Such a thing cannot be refused.” + + +“Business first.” + + +Fauchelevent thought: “I am lost.” + + +They were only a few turns of the wheel distant from the small alley +leading to the nuns’ corner. + +The grave-digger resumed:— + +“Peasant, I have seven small children who must be fed. As they must +eat, I cannot drink.” + + +And he added, with the satisfaction of a serious man who is turning a +phrase well:— + +“Their hunger is the enemy of my thirst.” + + +The hearse skirted a clump of cypress-trees, quitted the grand alley, +turned into a narrow one, entered the waste land, and plunged into a +thicket. This indicated the immediate proximity of the place of +sepulture. Fauchelevent slackened his pace, but he could not detain the +hearse. Fortunately, the soil, which was light and wet with the winter +rains, clogged the wheels and retarded its speed. + +He approached the grave-digger. + +“They have such a nice little Argenteuil wine,” murmured Fauchelevent. + +“Villager,” retorted the man, “I ought not be a grave-digger. My father +was a porter at the Prytaneum [Town-Hall]. He destined me for +literature. But he had reverses. He had losses on ’change. I was +obliged to renounce the profession of author. But I am still a public +writer.” + + +“So you are not a grave-digger, then?” returned Fauchelevent, clutching +at this branch, feeble as it was. + +“The one does not hinder the other. I cumulate.” + + +Fauchelevent did not understand this last word. + +“Come have a drink,” said he. + +Here a remark becomes necessary. Fauchelevent, whatever his anguish, +offered a drink, but he did not explain himself on one point; who was +to pay? Generally, Fauchelevent offered and Father Mestienne paid. An +offer of a drink was the evident result of the novel situation created +by the new grave-digger, and it was necessary to make this offer, but +the old gardener left the proverbial quarter of an hour named after +Rabelais in the dark, and that not unintentionally. As for himself, +Fauchelevent did not wish to pay, troubled as he was. + +The grave-digger went on with a superior smile:— + +“One must eat. I have accepted Father Mestienne’s reversion. One gets +to be a philosopher when one has nearly completed his classes. To the +labor of the hand I join the labor of the arm. I have my scrivener’s +stall in the market of the Rue de SĂšvres. You know? the Umbrella +Market. All the cooks of the Red Cross apply to me. I scribble their +declarations of love to the raw soldiers. In the morning I write love +letters; in the evening I dig graves. Such is life, rustic.” + + +The hearse was still advancing. Fauchelevent, uneasy to the last +degree, was gazing about him on all sides. Great drops of perspiration +trickled down from his brow. + +“But,” continued the grave-digger, “a man cannot serve two mistresses. +I must choose between the pen and the mattock. The mattock is ruining +my hand.” + + +The hearse halted. + +The choir boy alighted from the mourning-coach, then the priest. + +One of the small front wheels of the hearse had run up a little on a +pile of earth, beyond which an open grave was visible. + +“What a farce this is!” repeated Fauchelevent in consternation. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—BETWEEN FOUR PLANKS + + +Who was in the coffin? The reader knows. Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had arranged things so that he could exist there, and he +could almost breathe. + +It is a strange thing to what a degree security of conscience confers +security of the rest. Every combination thought out by Jean Valjean had +been progressing, and progressing favorably, since the preceding day. +He, like Fauchelevent, counted on Father Mestienne. He had no doubt as +to the end. Never was there a more critical situation, never more +complete composure. + +The four planks of the coffin breathe out a kind of terrible peace. It +seemed as though something of the repose of the dead entered into Jean +Valjean’s tranquillity. + +From the depths of that coffin he had been able to follow, and he had +followed, all the phases of the terrible drama which he was playing +with death. + +Shortly after Fauchelevent had finished nailing on the upper plank, +Jean Valjean had felt himself carried out, then driven off. He knew, +from the diminution in the jolting, when they left the pavements and +reached the earth road. He had divined, from a dull noise, that they +were crossing the bridge of Austerlitz. At the first halt, he had +understood that they were entering the cemetery; at the second halt, he +said to himself:— + +“Here is the grave.” + + +Suddenly, he felt hands seize the coffin, then a harsh grating against +the planks; he explained it to himself as the rope which was being +fastened round the casket in order to lower it into the cavity. + +Then he experienced a giddiness. + +The undertaker’s man and the grave-digger had probably allowed the +coffin to lose its balance, and had lowered the head before the foot. +He recovered himself fully when he felt himself horizontal and +motionless. He had just touched the bottom. + +He had a certain sensation of cold. + +A voice rose above him, glacial and solemn. He heard Latin words, which +he did not understand, pass over him, so slowly that he was able to +catch them one by one:— + +_“Qui dormiunt in terrĂŠ pulvere, evigilabunt; alii in vitam ĂŠternam, et +alii in approbrium, ut videant semper.” _ + +A child’s voice said:— + +_“De profundis.” _ + +The grave voice began again:— + +_“Requiem ĂŠternam dona ei, Domine.” _ + +The child’s voice responded:— + +_“Et lux perpetua luceat ei.” _ + +He heard something like the gentle patter of several drops of rain on +the plank which covered him. It was probably the holy water. + +He thought: “This will be over soon now. Patience for a little while +longer. The priest will take his departure. Fauchelevent will take +Mestienne off to drink. I shall be left. Then Fauchelevent will return +alone, and I shall get out. That will be the work of a good hour.” + + +The grave voice resumed + +_“Requiescat in pace.” _ + +And the child’s voice said:— + +_“Amen.” _ + +Jean Valjean strained his ears, and heard something like retreating +footsteps. + +“There, they are going now,” thought he. “I am alone.” + + +All at once, he heard over his head a sound which seemed to him to be a +clap of thunder. + +It was a shovelful of earth falling on the coffin. + +A second shovelful fell. + +One of the holes through which he breathed had just been stopped up. + +A third shovelful of earth fell. + +Then a fourth. + +There are things which are too strong for the strongest man. Jean +Valjean lost consciousness. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE ORIGIN OF THE SAYING: DON’T LOSE +THE CARD + + +This is what had taken place above the coffin in which lay Jean +Valjean. + +When the hearse had driven off, when the priest and the choir boy had +entered the carriage again and taken their departure, Fauchelevent, who +had not taken his eyes from the grave-digger, saw the latter bend over +and grasp his shovel, which was sticking upright in the heap of dirt. + +Then Fauchelevent took a supreme resolve. + +He placed himself between the grave and the grave-digger, crossed his +arms and said:— + +“I am the one to pay!” + + +The grave-digger stared at him in amazement, and replied:— + +“What’s that, peasant?” + + +Fauchelevent repeated:— + +“I am the one who pays!” + + +“What?” + + +“For the wine.” + + +“What wine?” + + +“That Argenteuil wine.” + + +“Where is the Argenteuil?” + + +“At the _Bon Coing_.” + + +“Go to the devil!” said the grave-digger. + +And he flung a shovelful of earth on the coffin. + +The coffin gave back a hollow sound. Fauchelevent felt himself stagger +and on the point of falling headlong into the grave himself. He shouted +in a voice in which the strangling sound of the death rattle began to +mingle:— + +“Comrade! Before the _Bon Coing_ is shut!” + + +The grave-digger took some more earth on his shovel. Fauchelevent +continued. + +“I will pay.” + + +And he seized the man’s arm. + +“Listen to me, comrade. I am the convent grave-digger, I have come to +help you. It is a business which can be performed at night. Let us +begin, then, by going for a drink.” + + +And as he spoke, and clung to this desperate insistence, this +melancholy reflection occurred to him: “And if he drinks, will he get +drunk?” + + +“Provincial,” said the man, “if you positively insist upon it, I +consent. We will drink. After work, never before.” + + +And he flourished his shovel briskly. Fauchelevent held him back. + +“It is Argenteuil wine, at six.” + + +“Oh, come,” said the grave-digger, “you are a bell-ringer. Ding dong, +ding dong, that’s all you know how to say. Go hang yourself.” + + +And he threw in a second shovelful. + +Fauchelevent had reached a point where he no longer knew what he was +saying. + +“Come along and drink,” he cried, “since it is I who pays the bill.” + + +“When we have put the child to bed,” said the grave-digger. + +He flung in a third shovelful. + +Then he thrust his shovel into the earth and added:— + +“It’s cold to-night, you see, and the corpse would shriek out after us +if we were to plant her there without a coverlet.” + + +At that moment, as he loaded his shovel, the grave-digger bent over, +and the pocket of his waistcoat gaped. Fauchelevent’s wild gaze fell +mechanically into that pocket, and there it stopped. + +The sun was not yet hidden behind the horizon; there was still light +enough to enable him to distinguish something white at the bottom of +that yawning pocket. + +The sum total of lightning that the eye of a Picard peasant can +contain, traversed Fauchelevent’s pupils. An idea had just occurred to +him. + +He thrust his hand into the pocket from behind, without the +grave-digger, who was wholly absorbed in his shovelful of earth, +observing it, and pulled out the white object which lay at the bottom +of it. + +The man sent a fourth shovelful tumbling into the grave. + +Just as he turned round to get the fifth, Fauchelevent looked calmly at +him and said:— + +“By the way, you new man, have you your card?” + + +The grave-digger paused. + +“What card?” + + +“The sun is on the point of setting.” + + +“That’s good, it is going to put on its nightcap.” + + +“The gate of the cemetery will close immediately.” + + +“Well, what then?” + + +“Have you your card?” + + +“Ah! my card?” said the grave-digger. + +And he fumbled in his pocket. + +Having searched one pocket, he proceeded to search the other. He passed +on to his fobs, explored the first, returned to the second. + +“Why, no,” said he, “I have not my card. I must have forgotten it.” + + +“Fifteen francs fine,” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger turned green. Green is the pallor of livid people. + +“Ah! JĂ©sus-mon-Dieu-bancroche-Ă -bas-la-lune!”17 he exclaimed. “Fifteen +francs fine!” + + +“Three pieces of a hundred sous,” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger dropped his shovel. + +Fauchelevent’s turn had come. + +“Ah, come now, conscript,” said Fauchelevent, “none of this despair. +There is no question of committing suicide and benefiting the grave. +Fifteen francs is fifteen francs, and besides, you may not be able to +pay it. I am an old hand, you are a new one. I know all the ropes and +the devices. I will give you some friendly advice. One thing is clear, +the sun is on the point of setting, it is touching the dome now, the +cemetery will be closed in five minutes more.” + + +“That is true,” replied the man. + +“Five minutes more and you will not have time to fill the grave, it is +as hollow as the devil, this grave, and to reach the gate in season to +pass it before it is shut.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“In that case, a fine of fifteen francs.” + + +“Fifteen francs.” + + +“But you have time. Where do you live?” + + +“A couple of steps from the barrier, a quarter of an hour from here. +No. 87 Rue de Vaugirard.” + + +“You have just time to get out by taking to your heels at your best +speed.” + + +“That is exactly so.” + + +“Once outside the gate, you gallop home, you get your card, you return, +the cemetery porter admits you. As you have your card, there will be +nothing to pay. And you will bury your corpse. I’ll watch it for you in +the meantime, so that it shall not run away.” + + +“I am indebted to you for my life, peasant.” + + +“Decamp!” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger, overwhelmed with gratitude, shook his hand and set +off on a run. + +When the man had disappeared in the thicket, Fauchelevent listened +until he heard his footsteps die away in the distance, then he leaned +over the grave, and said in a low tone:— + +“Father Madeleine!” + + +There was no reply. + +Fauchelevent was seized with a shudder. He tumbled rather than climbed +into the grave, flung himself on the head of the coffin and cried:— + +“Are you there?” + + +Silence in the coffin. + +Fauchelevent, hardly able to draw his breath for trembling, seized his +cold chisel and his hammer, and pried up the coffin lid. + +Jean Valjean’s face appeared in the twilight; it was pale and his eyes +were closed. + +Fauchelevent’s hair rose upright on his head, he sprang to his feet, +then fell back against the side of the grave, ready to swoon on the +coffin. He stared at Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean lay there pallid and motionless. + +Fauchelevent murmured in a voice as faint as a sigh:— + +“He is dead!” + + +And, drawing himself up, and folding his arms with such violence that +his clenched fists came in contact with his shoulders, he cried:— + +“And this is the way I save his life!” + + +Then the poor man fell to sobbing. He soliloquized the while, for it is +an error to suppose that the soliloquy is unnatural. Powerful emotion +often talks aloud. + +“It is Father Mestienne’s fault. Why did that fool die? What need was +there for him to give up the ghost at the very moment when no one was +expecting it? It is he who has killed M. Madeleine. Father Madeleine! +He is in the coffin. It is quite handy. All is over. Now, is there any +sense in these things? Ah! my God! he is dead! Well! and his little +girl, what am I to do with her? What will the fruit-seller say? The +idea of its being possible for a man like that to die like this! When I +think how he put himself under that cart! Father Madeleine! Father +Madeleine! Pardine! He was suffocated, I said so. He wouldn’t believe +me. Well! Here’s a pretty trick to play! He is dead, that good man, the +very best man out of all the good God’s good folks! And his little +girl! Ah! In the first place, I won’t go back there myself. I shall +stay here. After having done such a thing as that! What’s the use of +being two old men, if we are two old fools! But, in the first place, +how did he manage to enter the convent? That was the beginning of it +all. One should not do such things. Father Madeleine! Father Madeleine! +Father Madeleine! Madeleine! Monsieur Madeleine! Monsieur le Maire! He +does not hear me. Now get out of this scrape if you can!” + + +And he tore his hair. + +A grating sound became audible through the trees in the distance. It +was the cemetery gate closing. + +Fauchelevent bent over Jean Valjean, and all at once he bounded back +and recoiled so far as the limits of a grave permit. + +Jean Valjean’s eyes were open and gazing at him. + +To see a corpse is alarming, to behold a resurrection is almost as much +so. Fauchelevent became like stone, pale, haggard, overwhelmed by all +these excesses of emotion, not knowing whether he had to do with a +living man or a dead one, and staring at Jean Valjean, who was gazing +at him. + +[Illustration: The Resurrection] + +“I fell asleep,” said Jean Valjean. + +And he raised himself to a sitting posture. + +Fauchelevent fell on his knees. + +“Just, good Virgin! How you frightened me!” + + +Then he sprang to his feet and cried:— + +“Thanks, Father Madeleine!” + + +Jean Valjean had merely fainted. The fresh air had revived him. + +Joy is the ebb of terror. Fauchelevent found almost as much difficulty +in recovering himself as Jean Valjean had. + +“So you are not dead! Oh! How wise you are! I called you so much that +you came back. When I saw your eyes shut, I said: ‘Good! there he is, +stifled,’ I should have gone raving mad, mad enough for a strait +jacket. They would have put me in BicĂȘtre. What do you suppose I should +have done if you had been dead? And your little girl? There’s that +fruit-seller,—she would never have understood it! The child is thrust +into your arms, and then—the grandfather is dead! What a story! good +saints of paradise, what a tale! Ah! you are alive, that’s the best of +it!” + + +“I am cold,” said Jean Valjean. + +This remark recalled Fauchelevent thoroughly to reality, and there was +pressing need of it. The souls of these two men were troubled even when +they had recovered themselves, although they did not realize it, and +there was about them something uncanny, which was the sinister +bewilderment inspired by the place. + +“Let us get out of here quickly,” exclaimed Fauchelevent. + +He fumbled in his pocket, and pulled out a gourd with which he had +provided himself. + +“But first, take a drop,” said he. + +The flask finished what the fresh air had begun, Jean Valjean swallowed +a mouthful of brandy, and regained full possession of his faculties. + +He got out of the coffin, and helped Fauchelevent to nail on the lid +again. + +Three minutes later they were out of the grave. + +Moreover, Fauchelevent was perfectly composed. He took his time. The +cemetery was closed. The arrival of the grave-digger Gribier was not to +be apprehended. That “conscript” was at home busily engaged in looking +for his card, and at some difficulty in finding it in his lodgings, +since it was in Fauchelevent’s pocket. Without a card, he could not get +back into the cemetery. + +Fauchelevent took the shovel, and Jean Valjean the pick-axe, and +together they buried the empty coffin. + +When the grave was full, Fauchelevent said to Jean Valjean:— + +“Let us go. I will keep the shovel; do you carry off the mattock.” + + +Night was falling. + +Jean Valjean experienced some difficulty in moving and in walking. He +had stiffened himself in that coffin, and had become a little like a +corpse. The rigidity of death had seized upon him between those four +planks. He had, in a manner, to thaw out, from the tomb. + +“You are benumbed,” said Fauchelevent. “It is a pity that I have a game +leg, for otherwise we might step out briskly.” + + +“Bah!” replied Jean Valjean, “four paces will put life into my legs +once more.” + + +They set off by the alleys through which the hearse had passed. On +arriving before the closed gate and the porter’s pavilion Fauchelevent, +who held the grave-digger’s card in his hand, dropped it into the box, +the porter pulled the rope, the gate opened, and they went out. + +“How well everything is going!” said Fauchelevent; “what a capital idea +that was of yours, Father Madeleine!” + + +They passed the Vaugirard barrier in the simplest manner in the world. +In the neighborhood of the cemetery, a shovel and pick are equal to two +passports. + +The Rue Vaugirard was deserted. + +“Father Madeleine,” said Fauchelevent as they went along, and raising +his eyes to the houses, “Your eyes are better than mine. Show me No. +87.” + + +“Here it is,” said Jean Valjean. + +“There is no one in the street,” said Fauchelevent. “Give me your +mattock and wait a couple of minutes for me.” + + +Fauchelevent entered No. 87, ascended to the very top, guided by the +instinct which always leads the poor man to the garret, and knocked in +the dark, at the door of an attic. + +A voice replied: “Come in.” + + +It was Gribier’s voice. + +Fauchelevent opened the door. The grave-digger’s dwelling was, like all +such wretched habitations, an unfurnished and encumbered garret. A +packing-case—a coffin, perhaps—took the place of a commode, a +butter-pot served for a drinking-fountain, a straw mattress served for +a bed, the floor served instead of tables and chairs. In a corner, on a +tattered fragment which had been a piece of an old carpet, a thin woman +and a number of children were piled in a heap. The whole of this +poverty-stricken interior bore traces of having been overturned. One +would have said that there had been an earthquake “for one.” The covers +were displaced, the rags scattered about, the jug broken, the mother +had been crying, the children had probably been beaten; traces of a +vigorous and ill-tempered search. It was plain that the grave-digger +had made a desperate search for his card, and had made everybody in the +garret, from the jug to his wife, responsible for its loss. He wore an +air of desperation. + +But Fauchelevent was in too great a hurry to terminate this adventure +to take any notice of this sad side of his success. + +He entered and said:— + +“I have brought you back your shovel and pick.” + + +Gribier gazed at him in stupefaction. + +“Is it you, peasant?” + + +“And to-morrow morning you will find your card with the porter of the +cemetery.” + + +And he laid the shovel and mattock on the floor. + +“What is the meaning of this?” demanded Gribier. + +“The meaning of it is, that you dropped your card out of your pocket, +that I found it on the ground after you were gone, that I have buried +the corpse, that I have filled the grave, that I have done your work, +that the porter will return your card to you, and that you will not +have to pay fifteen francs. There you have it, conscript.” + + +“Thanks, villager!” exclaimed Gribier, radiant. “The next time I will +pay for the drinks.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—A SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATORY + + +An hour later, in the darkness of night, two men and a child presented +themselves at No. 62 Rue Petit-Picpus. The elder of the men lifted the +knocker and rapped. + +They were Fauchelevent, Jean Valjean, and Cosette. + +The two old men had gone to fetch Cosette from the fruiterer’s in the +Rue du Chemin-Vert, where Fauchelevent had deposited her on the +preceding day. Cosette had passed these twenty-four hours trembling +silently and understanding nothing. She trembled to such a degree that +she wept. She had neither eaten nor slept. The worthy fruit-seller had +plied her with a hundred questions, without obtaining any other reply +than a melancholy and unvarying gaze. Cosette had betrayed nothing of +what she had seen and heard during the last two days. She divined that +they were passing through a crisis. She was deeply conscious that it +was necessary to “be good.” Who has not experienced the sovereign power +of those two words, pronounced with a certain accent in the ear of a +terrified little being: _Say nothing! _ Fear is mute. Moreover, no one +guards a secret like a child. + +But when, at the expiration of these lugubrious twenty-four hours, she +beheld Jean Valjean again, she gave vent to such a cry of joy, that any +thoughtful person who had chanced to hear that cry, would have guessed +that it issued from an abyss. + +Fauchelevent belonged to the convent and knew the pass-words. All the +doors opened. + +Thus was solved the double and alarming problem of how to get out and +how to get in. + +The porter, who had received his instructions, opened the little +servant’s door which connected the courtyard with the garden, and which +could still be seen from the street twenty years ago, in the wall at +the bottom of the court, which faced the carriage entrance. + +The porter admitted all three of them through this door, and from that +point they reached the inner, reserved parlor where Fauchelevent, on +the preceding day, had received his orders from the prioress. + +The prioress, rosary in hand, was waiting for them. A vocal mother, +with her veil lowered, stood beside her. + +A discreet candle lighted, one might almost say, made a show of +lighting the parlor. + +The prioress passed Jean Valjean in review. There is nothing which +examines like a downcast eye. + +Then she questioned him:— + +“You are the brother?” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother,” replied Fauchelevent. + +“What is your name?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Ultime Fauchelevent.” + + +He really had had a brother named Ultime, who was dead. + +“Where do you come from?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“From Picquigny, near Amiens.” + + +“What is your age?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Fifty.” + + +“What is your profession?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Gardener.” + + +“Are you a good Christian?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Every one is in the family.” + + +“Is this your little girl?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“You are her father?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Her grandfather.” + + +The vocal mother said to the prioress in a low voice + +“He answers well.” + + +Jean Valjean had not uttered a single word. + +The prioress looked attentively at Cosette, and said half aloud to the +vocal mother:— + +“She will grow up ugly.” + + +The two mothers consulted for a few moments in very low tones in the +corner of the parlor, then the prioress turned round and said:— + +“Father Fauvent, you will get another knee-cap with a bell. Two will be +required now.” + + +On the following day, therefore, two bells were audible in the garden, +and the nuns could not resist the temptation to raise the corner of +their veils. At the extreme end of the garden, under the trees, two +men, Fauvent and another man, were visible as they dug side by side. An +enormous event. Their silence was broken to the extent of saying to +each other: “He is an assistant gardener.” + + +The vocal mothers added: “He is a brother of Father Fauvent.” + + +Jean Valjean was, in fact, regularly installed; he had his belled +knee-cap; henceforth he was official. His name was Ultime Fauchelevent. + +The most powerful determining cause of his admission had been the +prioress’s observation upon Cosette: “She will grow up ugly.” + + +The prioress, that pronounced prognosticator, immediately took a fancy +to Cosette and gave her a place in the school as a charity pupil. + +There is nothing that is not strictly logical about this. + +It is in vain that mirrors are banished from the convent, women are +conscious of their faces; now, girls who are conscious of their beauty +do not easily become nuns; the vocation being voluntary in inverse +proportion to their good looks, more is to be hoped from the ugly than +from the pretty. Hence a lively taste for plain girls. + +The whole of this adventure increased the importance of good, old +Fauchelevent; he won a triple success; in the eyes of Jean Valjean, +whom he had saved and sheltered; in those of grave-digger Gribier, who +said to himself: “He spared me that fine”; with the convent, which, +being enabled, thanks to him, to retain the coffin of Mother +Crucifixion under the altar, eluded CĂŠsar and satisfied God. There was +a coffin containing a body in the Petit-Picpus, and a coffin without a +body in the Vaugirard cemetery, public order had no doubt been deeply +disturbed thereby, but no one was aware of it. + +As for the convent, its gratitude to Fauchelevent was very great. +Fauchelevent became the best of servitors and the most precious of +gardeners. Upon the occasion of the archbishop’s next visit, the +prioress recounted the affair to his Grace, making something of a +confession at the same time, and yet boasting of her deed. On leaving +the convent, the archbishop mentioned it with approval, and in a +whisper to M. de Latil, Monsieur’s confessor, afterwards Archbishop of +Reims and Cardinal. This admiration for Fauchelevent became widespread, +for it made its way to Rome. We have seen a note addressed by the then +reigning Pope, Leo XII., to one of his relatives, a Monsignor in the +Nuncio’s establishment in Paris, and bearing, like himself, the name of +Della Genga; it contained these lines: “It appears that there is in a +convent in Paris an excellent gardener, who is also a holy man, named +Fauvent.” Nothing of this triumph reached Fauchelevent in his hut; he +went on grafting, weeding, and covering up his melon beds, without in +the least suspecting his excellences and his sanctity. Neither did he +suspect his glory, any more than a Durham or Surrey bull whose portrait +is published in the _London Illustrated News_, with this inscription: +“Bull which carried off the prize at the Cattle Show.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—CLOISTERED + + +Cosette continued to hold her tongue in the convent. + +It was quite natural that Cosette should think herself Jean Valjean’s +daughter. Moreover, as she knew nothing, she could say nothing, and +then, she would not have said anything in any case. As we have just +observed, nothing trains children to silence like unhappiness. Cosette +had suffered so much, that she feared everything, even to speak or to +breathe. A single word had so often brought down an avalanche upon her. +She had hardly begun to regain her confidence since she had been with +Jean Valjean. She speedily became accustomed to the convent. Only she +regretted Catherine, but she dared not say so. Once, however, she did +say to Jean Valjean: “Father, if I had known, I would have brought her +away with me.” + + +Cosette had been obliged, on becoming a scholar in the convent, to don +the garb of the pupils of the house. Jean Valjean succeeded in getting +them to restore to him the garments which she laid aside. This was the +same mourning suit which he had made her put on when she had quitted +the ThĂ©nardiers’ inn. It was not very threadbare even now. Jean Valjean +locked up these garments, plus the stockings and the shoes, with a +quantity of camphor and all the aromatics in which convents abound, in +a little valise which he found means of procuring. He set this valise +on a chair near his bed, and he always carried the key about his +person. “Father,” Cosette asked him one day, “what is there in that box +which smells so good?” + + +Father Fauchelevent received other recompense for his good action, in +addition to the glory which we just mentioned, and of which he knew +nothing; in the first place it made him happy; next, he had much less +work, since it was shared. Lastly, as he was very fond of snuff, he +found the presence of M. Madeleine an advantage, in that he used three +times as much as he had done previously, and that in an infinitely more +luxurious manner, seeing that M. Madeleine paid for it. + +The nuns did not adopt the name of Ultime; they called Jean Valjean +_the other Fauvent_. + +If these holy women had possessed anything of Javert’s glance, they +would eventually have noticed that when there was any errand to be done +outside in the behalf of the garden, it was always the elder +Fauchelevent, the old, the infirm, the lame man, who went, and never +the other; but whether it is that eyes constantly fixed on God know not +how to spy, or whether they were, by preference, occupied in keeping +watch on each other, they paid no heed to this. + +Moreover, it was well for Jean Valjean that he kept close and did not +stir out. Javert watched the quarter for more than a month. + +This convent was for Jean Valjean like an island surrounded by gulfs. +Henceforth, those four walls constituted his world. He saw enough of +the sky there to enable him to preserve his serenity, and Cosette +enough to remain happy. + +A very sweet life began for him. + +He inhabited the old hut at the end of the garden, in company with +Fauchelevent. This hovel, built of old rubbish, which was still in +existence in 1845, was composed, as the reader already knows, of three +chambers, all of which were utterly bare and had nothing beyond the +walls. The principal one had been given up, by force, for Jean Valjean +had opposed it in vain, to M. Madeleine, by Father Fauchelevent. The +walls of this chamber had for ornament, in addition to the two nails +whereon to hang the knee-cap and the basket, a Royalist bank-note of +’93, applied to the wall over the chimney-piece, and of which the +following is an exact facsimile:— + +[Illustration: Royalist Bank-note] + +This specimen of Vendean paper money had been nailed to the wall by the +preceding gardener, an old Chouan, who had died in the convent, and +whose place Fauchelevent had taken. + +Jean Valjean worked in the garden every day and made himself very +useful. He had formerly been a pruner of trees, and he gladly found +himself a gardener once more. It will be remembered that he knew all +sorts of secrets and receipts for agriculture. He turned these to +advantage. Almost all the trees in the orchard were ungrafted, and +wild. He budded them and made them produce excellent fruit. + +Cosette had permission to pass an hour with him every day. As the +sisters were melancholy and he was kind, the child made comparisons and +adored him. At the appointed hour she flew to the hut. When she entered +the lowly cabin, she filled it with paradise. Jean Valjean blossomed +out and felt his happiness increase with the happiness which he +afforded Cosette. The joy which we inspire has this charming property, +that, far from growing meagre, like all reflections, it returns to us +more radiant than ever. At recreation hours, Jean Valjean watched her +running and playing in the distance, and he distinguished her laugh +from that of the rest. + +For Cosette laughed now. + +Cosette’s face had even undergone a change, to a certain extent. The +gloom had disappeared from it. A smile is the same as sunshine; it +banishes winter from the human countenance. + +Recreation over, when Cosette went into the house again, Jean Valjean +gazed at the windows of her class-room, and at night he rose to look at +the windows of her dormitory. + +God has his own ways, moreover; the convent contributed, like Cosette, +to uphold and complete the Bishop’s work in Jean Valjean. It is certain +that virtue adjoins pride on one side. A bridge built by the devil +exists there. Jean Valjean had been, unconsciously, perhaps, tolerably +near that side and that bridge, when Providence cast his lot in the +convent of the Petit-Picpus; so long as he had compared himself only to +the Bishop, he had regarded himself as unworthy and had remained +humble; but for some time past he had been comparing himself to men in +general, and pride was beginning to spring up. Who knows? He might have +ended by returning very gradually to hatred. + +The convent stopped him on that downward path. + +This was the second place of captivity which he had seen. In his youth, +in what had been for him the beginning of his life, and later on, quite +recently again, he had beheld another,—a frightful place, a terrible +place, whose severities had always appeared to him the iniquity of +justice, and the crime of the law. Now, after the galleys, he saw the +cloister; and when he meditated how he had formed a part of the +galleys, and that he now, so to speak, was a spectator of the cloister, +he confronted the two in his own mind with anxiety. + +Sometimes he crossed his arms and leaned on his hoe, and slowly +descended the endless spirals of reverie. + +He recalled his former companions: how wretched they were; they rose at +dawn, and toiled until night; hardly were they permitted to sleep; they +lay on camp beds, where nothing was tolerated but mattresses two inches +thick, in rooms which were heated only in the very harshest months of +the year; they were clothed in frightful red blouses; they were +allowed, as a great favor, linen trousers in the hottest weather, and a +woollen carter’s blouse on their backs when it was very cold; they +drank no wine, and ate no meat, except when they went on “fatigue +duty.” They lived nameless, designated only by numbers, and converted, +after a manner, into ciphers themselves, with downcast eyes, with +lowered voices, with shorn heads, beneath the cudgel and in disgrace. + +Then his mind reverted to the beings whom he had under his eyes. + +These beings also lived with shorn heads, with downcast eyes, with +lowered voices, not in disgrace, but amid the scoffs of the world, not +with their backs bruised with the cudgel, but with their shoulders +lacerated with their discipline. Their names, also, had vanished from +among men; they no longer existed except under austere appellations. +They never ate meat and they never drank wine; they often remained +until evening without food; they were attired, not in a red blouse, but +in a black shroud, of woollen, which was heavy in summer and thin in +winter, without the power to add or subtract anything from it; without +having even, according to the season, the resource of the linen garment +or the woollen cloak; and for six months in the year they wore serge +chemises which gave them fever. They dwelt, not in rooms warmed only +during rigorous cold, but in cells where no fire was ever lighted; they +slept, not on mattresses two inches thick, but on straw. And finally, +they were not even allowed their sleep; every night, after a day of +toil, they were obliged, in the weariness of their first slumber, at +the moment when they were falling sound asleep and beginning to get +warm, to rouse themselves, to rise and to go and pray in an ice-cold +and gloomy chapel, with their knees on the stones. + +On certain days each of these beings in turn had to remain for twelve +successive hours in a kneeling posture, or prostrate, with face upon +the pavement, and arms outstretched in the form of a cross. + +The others were men; these were women. + +What had those men done? They had stolen, violated, pillaged, murdered, +assassinated. They were bandits, counterfeiters, poisoners, +incendiaries, murderers, parricides. What had these women done? They +had done nothing whatever. + +On the one hand, highway robbery, fraud, deceit, violence, sensuality, +homicide, all sorts of sacrilege, every variety of crime; on the other, +one thing only, innocence. + +Perfect innocence, almost caught up into heaven in a mysterious +assumption, attached to the earth by virtue, already possessing +something of heaven through holiness. + +On the one hand, confidences over crimes, which are exchanged in +whispers; on the other, the confession of faults made aloud. And what +crimes! And what faults! + +On the one hand, miasms; on the other, an ineffable perfume. On the one +hand, a moral pest, guarded from sight, penned up under the range of +cannon, and literally devouring its plague-stricken victims; on the +other, the chaste flame of all souls on the same hearth. There, +darkness; here, the shadow; but a shadow filled with gleams of light, +and of gleams full of radiance. + +Two strongholds of slavery; but in the first, deliverance possible, a +legal limit always in sight, and then, escape. In the second, +perpetuity; the sole hope, at the distant extremity of the future, that +faint light of liberty which men call death. + +In the first, men are bound only with chains; in the other, chained by +faith. + +What flowed from the first? An immense curse, the gnashing of teeth, +hatred, desperate viciousness, a cry of rage against human society, a +sarcasm against heaven. + +What results flowed from the second? Blessings and love. + +And in these two places, so similar yet so unlike, these two species of +beings who were so very unlike, were undergoing the same work, +expiation. + +Jean Valjean understood thoroughly the expiation of the former; that +personal expiation, the expiation for one’s self. But he did not +understand that of these last, that of creatures without reproach and +without stain, and he trembled as he asked himself: The expiation of +what? What expiation? + +A voice within his conscience replied: “The most divine of human +generosities, the expiation for others.” + + +Here all personal theory is withheld; we are only the narrator; we +place ourselves at Jean Valjean’s point of view, and we translate his +impressions. + +Before his eyes he had the sublime summit of abnegation, the highest +possible pitch of virtue; the innocence which pardons men their faults, +and which expiates in their stead; servitude submitted to, torture +accepted, punishment claimed by souls which have not sinned, for the +sake of sparing it to souls which have fallen; the love of humanity +swallowed up in the love of God, but even there preserving its distinct +and mediatorial character; sweet and feeble beings possessing the +misery of those who are punished and the smile of those who are +recompensed. + +And he remembered that he had dared to murmur! + +Often, in the middle of the night, he rose to listen to the grateful +song of those innocent creatures weighed down with severities, and the +blood ran cold in his veins at the thought that those who were justly +chastised raised their voices heavenward only in blasphemy, and that +he, wretch that he was, had shaken his fist at God. + +There was one striking thing which caused him to meditate deeply, like +a warning whisper from Providence itself: the scaling of that wall, the +passing of those barriers, the adventure accepted even at the risk of +death, the painful and difficult ascent, all those efforts even, which +he had made to escape from that other place of expiation, he had made +in order to gain entrance into this one. Was this a symbol of his +destiny? This house was a prison likewise and bore a melancholy +resemblance to that other one whence he had fled, and yet he had never +conceived an idea of anything similar. + +Again he beheld gratings, bolts, iron bars—to guard whom? Angels. + +These lofty walls which he had seen around tigers, he now beheld once +more around lambs. + +This was a place of expiation, and not of punishment; and yet, it was +still more austere, more gloomy, and more pitiless than the other. + +These virgins were even more heavily burdened than the convicts. A +cold, harsh wind, that wind which had chilled his youth, traversed the +barred and padlocked grating of the vultures; a still harsher and more +biting breeze blew in the cage of these doves. + +Why? + +When he thought on these things, all that was within him was lost in +amazement before this mystery of sublimity. + +In these meditations, his pride vanished. He scrutinized his own heart +in all manner of ways; he felt his pettiness, and many a time he wept. +All that had entered into his life for the last six months had led him +back towards the Bishop’s holy injunctions; Cosette through love, the +convent through humility. + +Sometimes at eventide, in the twilight, at an hour when the garden was +deserted, he could be seen on his knees in the middle of the walk which +skirted the chapel, in front of the window through which he had gazed +on the night of his arrival, and turned towards the spot where, as he +knew, the sister was making reparation, prostrated in prayer. Thus he +prayed as he knelt before the sister. + +It seemed as though he dared not kneel directly before God. + +Everything that surrounded him, that peaceful garden, those fragrant +flowers, those children who uttered joyous cries, those grave and +simple women, that silent cloister, slowly permeated him, and little by +little, his soul became compounded of silence like the cloister, of +perfume like the flowers, of simplicity like the women, of joy like the +children. And then he reflected that these had been two houses of God +which had received him in succession at two critical moments in his +life: the first, when all doors were closed and when human society +rejected him; the second, at a moment when human society had again set +out in pursuit of him, and when the galleys were again yawning; and +that, had it not been for the first, he should have relapsed into +crime, and had it not been for the second, into torment. + +His whole heart melted in gratitude, and he loved more and more. + +Many years passed in this manner; Cosette was growing up. + +[THE END OF VOLUME II “COSETTE”] + + + + +VOLUME III +MARIUS + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Three] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Three] + + + + +BOOK FIRST—PARIS STUDIED IN ITS ATOM + + + + +CHAPTER I—PARVULUS + + +Paris has a child, and the forest has a bird; the bird is called the +sparrow; the child is called the gamin. + +Couple these two ideas which contain, the one all the furnace, the +other all the dawn; strike these two sparks together, Paris, childhood; +there leaps out from them a little being. _Homuncio_, Plautus would +say. + +This little being is joyous. He has not food every day, and he goes to +the play every evening, if he sees good. He has no shirt on his body, +no shoes on his feet, no roof over his head; he is like the flies of +heaven, who have none of these things. He is from seven to thirteen +years of age, he lives in bands, roams the streets, lodges in the open +air, wears an old pair of trousers of his father’s, which descend below +his heels, an old hat of some other father, which descends below his +ears, a single suspender of yellow listing; he runs, lies in wait, +rummages about, wastes time, blackens pipes, swears like a convict, +haunts the wine-shop, knows thieves, calls gay women _thou_, talks +slang, sings obscene songs, and has no evil in his heart. This is +because he has in his heart a pearl, innocence; and pearls are not to +be dissolved in mud. So long as man is in his childhood, God wills that +he shall be innocent. + +If one were to ask that enormous city: “What is this?” she would reply: +“It is my little one.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—SOME OF HIS PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS + + +The gamin—the street Arab—of Paris is the dwarf of the giant. + +Let us not exaggerate, this cherub of the gutter sometimes has a shirt, +but, in that case, he owns but one; he sometimes has shoes, but then +they have no soles; he sometimes has a lodging, and he loves it, for he +finds his mother there; but he prefers the street, because there he +finds liberty. He has his own games, his own bits of mischief, whose +foundation consists of hatred for the bourgeois; his peculiar +metaphors: to be dead is _to eat dandelions by the root_; his own +occupations, calling hackney-coaches, letting down carriage-steps, +establishing means of transit between the two sides of a street in +heavy rains, which he calls _making the bridge of arts_, crying +discourses pronounced by the authorities in favor of the French people, +cleaning out the cracks in the pavement; he has his own coinage, which +is composed of all the little morsels of worked copper which are found +on the public streets. This curious money, which receives the name of +_loques_—rags—has an invariable and well-regulated currency in this +little Bohemia of children. + +Lastly, he has his own fauna, which he observes attentively in the +corners; the lady-bird, the death’s-head plant-louse, the +daddy-long-legs, “the devil,” a black insect, which menaces by twisting +about its tail armed with two horns. He has his fabulous monster, which +has scales under its belly, but is not a lizard, which has pustules on +its back, but is not a toad, which inhabits the nooks of old lime-kilns +and wells that have run dry, which is black, hairy, sticky, which +crawls sometimes slowly, sometimes rapidly, which has no cry, but which +has a look, and is so terrible that no one has ever beheld it; he calls +this monster “the deaf thing.” The search for these “deaf things” among +the stones is a joy of formidable nature. Another pleasure consists in +suddenly prying up a paving-stone, and taking a look at the wood-lice. +Each region of Paris is celebrated for the interesting treasures which +are to be found there. There are ear-wigs in the timber-yards of the +Ursulines, there are millepeds in the Pantheon, there are tadpoles in +the ditches of the Champs-de-Mars. + +As far as sayings are concerned, this child has as many of them as +Talleyrand. He is no less cynical, but he is more honest. He is endowed +with a certain indescribable, unexpected joviality; he upsets the +composure of the shopkeeper with his wild laughter. He ranges boldly +from high comedy to farce. + +A funeral passes by. Among those who accompany the dead there is a +doctor. “Hey there!” shouts some street Arab, “how long has it been +customary for doctors to carry home their own work?” + + +Another is in a crowd. A grave man, adorned with spectacles and +trinkets, turns round indignantly: “You good-for-nothing, you have +seized my wife’s waist!”—“I, sir? Search me!” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—HE IS AGREEABLE + + +In the evening, thanks to a few sous, which he always finds means to +procure, the _homuncio_ enters a theatre. On crossing that magic +threshold, he becomes transfigured; he was the street Arab, he becomes +the titi.18 Theatres are a sort of ship turned upside down with the +keel in the air. It is in that keel that the titi huddle together. The +titi is to the gamin what the moth is to the larva; the same being +endowed with wings and soaring. It suffices for him to be there, with +his radiance of happiness, with his power of enthusiasm and joy, with +his hand-clapping, which resembles a clapping of wings, to confer on +that narrow, dark, fetid, sordid, unhealthy, hideous, abominable keel, +the name of Paradise. + +Bestow on an individual the useless and deprive him of the necessary, +and you have the gamin. + +The gamin is not devoid of literary intuition. His tendency, and we say +it with the proper amount of regret, would not constitute classic +taste. He is not very academic by nature. Thus, to give an example, the +popularity of Mademoiselle Mars among that little audience of stormy +children was seasoned with a touch of irony. The gamin called her +_Mademoiselle Muche_—“hide yourself.” + + +This being bawls and scoffs and ridicules and fights, has rags like a +baby and tatters like a philosopher, fishes in the sewer, hunts in the +cesspool, extracts mirth from foulness, whips up the squares with his +wit, grins and bites, whistles and sings, shouts, and shrieks, tempers +Alleluia with Matanturlurette, chants every rhythm from the De +Profundis to the Jack-pudding, finds without seeking, knows what he is +ignorant of, is a Spartan to the point of thieving, is mad to wisdom, +is lyrical to filth, would crouch down on Olympus, wallows in the +dunghill and emerges from it covered with stars. The gamin of Paris is +Rabelais in this youth. + +He is not content with his trousers unless they have a watch-pocket. + +He is not easily astonished, he is still less easily terrified, he +makes songs on superstitions, he takes the wind out of exaggerations, +he twits mysteries, he thrusts out his tongue at ghosts, he takes the +poetry out of stilted things, he introduces caricature into epic +extravaganzas. It is not that he is prosaic; far from that; but he +replaces the solemn vision by the farcical phantasmagoria. If Adamastor +were to appear to him, the street Arab would say: “Hi there! The +bugaboo!” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—HE MAY BE OF USE + + +Paris begins with the lounger and ends with the street Arab, two beings +of which no other city is capable; the passive acceptance, which +contents itself with gazing, and the inexhaustible initiative; +Prudhomme and Fouillou. Paris alone has this in its natural history. +The whole of the monarchy is contained in the lounger; the whole of +anarchy in the gamin. + +This pale child of the Parisian faubourgs lives and develops, makes +connections, “grows supple” in suffering, in the presence of social +realities and of human things, a thoughtful witness. He thinks himself +heedless; and he is not. He looks and is on the verge of laughter; he +is on the verge of something else also. Whoever you may be, if your +name is Prejudice, Abuse, Ignorance, Oppression, Iniquity, Despotism, +Injustice, Fanaticism, Tyranny, beware of the gaping gamin. + +The little fellow will grow up. + +Of what clay is he made? Of the first mud that comes to hand. A handful +of dirt, a breath, and behold Adam. It suffices for a God to pass by. A +God has always passed over the street Arab. Fortune labors at this tiny +being. By the word “fortune” we mean chance, to some extent. That pigmy +kneaded out of common earth, ignorant, unlettered, giddy, vulgar, low. +Will that become an Ionian or a BƓotian? Wait, _currit rota_, the +Spirit of Paris, that demon which creates the children of chance and +the men of destiny, reversing the process of the Latin potter, makes of +a jug an amphora. + + + + +CHAPTER V—HIS FRONTIERS + + +The gamin loves the city, he also loves solitude, since he has +something of the sage in him. _Urbis amator_, like Fuscus; _ruris +amator_, like Flaccus. + +To roam thoughtfully about, that is to say, to lounge, is a fine +employment of time in the eyes of the philosopher; particularly in that +rather illegitimate species of campaign, which is tolerably ugly but +odd and composed of two natures, which surrounds certain great cities, +notably Paris. To study the suburbs is to study the amphibious animal. +End of the trees, beginning of the roofs; end of the grass, beginning +of the pavements; end of the furrows, beginning of the shops, end of +the wheel-ruts, beginning of the passions; end of the divine murmur, +beginning of the human uproar; hence an extraordinary interest. + +Hence, in these not very attractive places, indelibly stamped by the +passing stroller with the epithet: _melancholy_, the apparently +objectless promenades of the dreamer. + +He who writes these lines has long been a prowler about the barriers of +Paris, and it is for him a source of profound souvenirs. That +close-shaven turf, those pebbly paths, that chalk, those pools, those +harsh monotonies of waste and fallow lands, the plants of early +market-garden suddenly springing into sight in a bottom, that mixture +of the savage and the citizen, those vast desert nooks where the +garrison drums practise noisily, and produce a sort of lisping of +battle, those hermits by day and cut-throats by night, that clumsy mill +which turns in the wind, the hoisting-wheels of the quarries, the +tea-gardens at the corners of the cemeteries; the mysterious charm of +great, sombre walls squarely intersecting immense, vague stretches of +land inundated with sunshine and full of butterflies,—all this +attracted him. + +There is hardly any one on earth who is not acquainted with those +singular spots, the GlaciĂšre, the Cunette, the hideous wall of Grenelle +all speckled with balls, Mont-Parnasse, the Fosse-aux-Loups, Aubiers on +the bank of the Marne, Mont-Souris, the Tombe-Issoire, the Pierre-Plate +de ChĂątillon, where there is an old, exhausted quarry which no longer +serves any purpose except to raise mushrooms, and which is closed, on a +level with the ground, by a trap-door of rotten planks. The campagna of +Rome is one idea, the banlieue of Paris is another; to behold nothing +but fields, houses, or trees in what a stretch of country offers us, is +to remain on the surface; all aspects of things are thoughts of God. +The spot where a plain effects its junction with a city is always +stamped with a certain piercing melancholy. Nature and humanity both +appeal to you at the same time there. Local originalities there make +their appearance. + +Any one who, like ourselves, has wandered about in these solitudes +contiguous to our faubourgs, which may be designated as the limbos of +Paris, has seen here and there, in the most desert spot, at the most +unexpected moment, behind a meagre hedge, or in the corner of a +lugubrious wall, children grouped tumultuously, fetid, muddy, dusty, +ragged, dishevelled, playing hide-and-seek, and crowned with +corn-flowers. All of them are little ones who have made their escape +from poor families. The outer boulevard is their breathing space; the +suburbs belong to them. There they are eternally playing truant. There +they innocently sing their repertory of dirty songs. There they are, or +rather, there they exist, far from every eye, in the sweet light of May +or June, kneeling round a hole in the ground, snapping marbles with +their thumbs, quarrelling over half-farthings, irresponsible, volatile, +free and happy; and, no sooner do they catch sight of you than they +recollect that they have an industry, and that they must earn their +living, and they offer to sell you an old woollen stocking filled with +cockchafers, or a bunch of lilacs. These encounters with strange +children are one of the charming and at the same time poignant graces +of the environs of Paris. + +Sometimes there are little girls among the throng of boys,—are they +their sisters?—who are almost young maidens, thin, feverish, with +sunburnt hands, covered with freckles, crowned with poppies and ears of +rye, gay, haggard, barefooted. They can be seen devouring cherries +among the wheat. In the evening they can be heard laughing. These +groups, warmly illuminated by the full glow of midday, or indistinctly +seen in the twilight, occupy the thoughtful man for a very long time, +and these visions mingle with his dreams. + +Paris, centre, banlieue, circumference; this constitutes all the earth +to those children. They never venture beyond this. They can no more +escape from the Parisian atmosphere than fish can escape from the +water. For them, nothing exists two leagues beyond the barriers: Ivry, +Gentilly, Arcueil, Belleville, Aubervilliers, MĂ©nilmontant, +Choisy-le-Roi, Billancourt, Meudon, Issy, Vanvre, SĂšvres, Puteaux, +Neuilly, Gennevilliers, Colombes, Romainville, Chatou, AsniĂšres, +Bougival, Nanterre, Enghien, Noisy-le-Sec, Nogent, Gournay, Drancy, +Gonesse; the universe ends there. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—A BIT OF HISTORY + + +At the epoch, nearly contemporary by the way, when the action of this +book takes place, there was not, as there is to-day, a policeman at the +corner of every street (a benefit which there is no time to discuss +here); stray children abounded in Paris. The statistics give an average +of two hundred and sixty homeless children picked up annually at that +period, by the police patrols, in unenclosed lands, in houses in +process of construction, and under the arches of the bridges. One of +these nests, which has become famous, produced “the swallows of the +bridge of Arcola.” This is, moreover, the most disastrous of social +symptoms. All crimes of the man begin in the vagabondage of the child. + +Let us make an exception in favor of Paris, nevertheless. In a relative +measure, and in spite of the souvenir which we have just recalled, the +exception is just. While in any other great city the vagabond child is +a lost man, while nearly everywhere the child left to itself is, in +some sort, sacrificed and abandoned to a kind of fatal immersion in the +public vices which devour in him honesty and conscience, the street boy +of Paris, we insist on this point, however defaced and injured on the +surface, is almost intact on the interior. It is a magnificent thing to +put on record, and one which shines forth in the splendid probity of +our popular revolutions, that a certain incorruptibility results from +the idea which exists in the air of Paris, as salt exists in the water +of the ocean. To breathe Paris preserves the soul. + +What we have just said takes away nothing of the anguish of heart which +one experiences every time that one meets one of these children around +whom one fancies that he beholds floating the threads of a broken +family. In the civilization of the present day, incomplete as it still +is, it is not a very abnormal thing to behold these fractured families +pouring themselves out into the darkness, not knowing clearly what has +become of their children, and allowing their own entrails to fall on +the public highway. Hence these obscure destinies. This is called, for +this sad thing has given rise to an expression, “to be cast on the +pavements of Paris.” + + +Let it be said by the way, that this abandonment of children was not +discouraged by the ancient monarchy. A little of Egypt and Bohemia in +the lower regions suited the upper spheres, and compassed the aims of +the powerful. The hatred of instruction for the children of the people +was a dogma. What is the use of “half-lights”? Such was the +countersign. Now, the erring child is the corollary of the ignorant +child. + +Besides this, the monarchy sometimes was in need of children, and in +that case it skimmed the streets. + +Under Louis XIV., not to go any further back, the king rightly desired +to create a fleet. The idea was a good one. But let us consider the +means. There can be no fleet, if, beside the sailing ship, that +plaything of the winds, and for the purpose of towing it, in case of +necessity, there is not the vessel which goes where it pleases, either +by means of oars or of steam; the galleys were then to the marine what +steamers are to-day. Therefore, galleys were necessary; but the galley +is moved only by the galley-slave; hence, galley-slaves were required. +Colbert had the commissioners of provinces and the parliaments make as +many convicts as possible. The magistracy showed a great deal of +complaisance in the matter. A man kept his hat on in the presence of a +procession—it was a Huguenot attitude; he was sent to the galleys. A +child was encountered in the streets; provided that he was fifteen +years of age and did not know where he was to sleep, he was sent to the +galleys. Grand reign; grand century. + +Under Louis XV. children disappeared in Paris; the police carried them +off, for what mysterious purpose no one knew. People whispered with +terror monstrous conjectures as to the king’s baths of purple. Barbier +speaks ingenuously of these things. It sometimes happened that the +exempts of the guard, when they ran short of children, took those who +had fathers. The fathers, in despair, attacked the exempts. In that +case, the parliament intervened and had some one hung. Who? The +exempts? No, the fathers. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE GAMIN SHOULD HAVE HIS PLACE IN THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF +INDIA + + +The body of street Arabs in Paris almost constitutes a caste. One might +almost say: Not every one who wishes to belong to it can do so. + +This word _gamin_ was printed for the first time, and reached popular +speech through the literary tongue, in 1834. It is in a little work +entitled _Claude Gueux_ that this word made its appearance. The horror +was lively. The word passed into circulation. + +The elements which constitute the consideration of the gamins for each +other are very various. We have known and associated with one who was +greatly respected and vastly admired because he had seen a man fall +from the top of the tower of Notre-Dame; another, because he had +succeeded in making his way into the rear courtyard where the statues +of the dome of the Invalides had been temporarily deposited, and had +“prigged” some lead from them; a third, because he had seen a diligence +tip over; still another, because he “knew” a soldier who came near +putting out the eye of a citizen. + +This explains that famous exclamation of a Parisian gamin, a profound +epiphonema, which the vulgar herd laughs at without comprehending,— +_Dieu de Dieu! What ill-luck I do have! to think that I have never yet +seen anybody tumble from a fifth-story window! _ (_I have_ pronounced +_I’ave_ and _fifth_ pronounced _fift’_.) + +Surely, this saying of a peasant is a fine one: “Father So-and-So, your +wife has died of her malady; why did you not send for the doctor?” +“What would you have, sir, we poor folks _die of ourselves_.” But if +the peasant’s whole passivity lies in this saying, the whole of the +free-thinking anarchy of the brat of the faubourgs is, assuredly, +contained in this other saying. A man condemned to death is listening +to his confessor in the tumbrel. The child of Paris exclaims: “He is +talking to his black cap! Oh, the sneak!” + + +A certain audacity on matters of religion sets off the gamin. To be +strong-minded is an important item. + +To be present at executions constitutes a duty. He shows himself at the +guillotine, and he laughs. He calls it by all sorts of pet names: The +End of the Soup, The Growler, The Mother in the Blue (the sky), The +Last Mouthful, etc., etc. In order not to lose anything of the affair, +he scales the walls, he hoists himself to balconies, he ascends trees, +he suspends himself to gratings, he clings fast to chimneys. The gamin +is born a tiler as he is born a mariner. A roof inspires him with no +more fear than a mast. There is no festival which comes up to an +execution on the Place de GrĂšve. Samson and the AbbĂ© MontĂšs are the +truly popular names. They hoot at the victim in order to encourage him. +They sometimes admire him. Lacenaire, when a gamin, on seeing the +hideous Dautin die bravely, uttered these words which contain a future: +“I was jealous of him.” In the brotherhood of gamins Voltaire is not +known, but Papavoine is. “Politicians” are confused with assassins in +the same legend. They have a tradition as to everybody’s last garment. +It is known that Tolleron had a fireman’s cap, Avril an otter cap, +Losvel a round hat, that old Delaporte was bald and bareheaded, that +Castaing was all ruddy and very handsome, that Bories had a romantic +small beard, that Jean Martin kept on his suspenders, that LecouffĂ© and +his mother quarrelled. “Don’t reproach each other for your basket,” +shouted a gamin to them. Another, in order to get a look at Debacker as +he passed, and being too small in the crowd, caught sight of the +lantern on the quay and climbed it. A gendarme stationed opposite +frowned. “Let me climb up, m’sieu le gendarme,” said the gamin. And, to +soften the heart of the authorities he added: “I will not fall.” “I +don’t care if you do,” retorted the gendarme. + +In the brotherhood of gamins, a memorable accident counts for a great +deal. One reaches the height of consideration if one chances to cut +one’s self very deeply, “to the very bone.” + + +The fist is no mediocre element of respect. One of the things that the +gamin is fondest of saying is: “I am fine and strong, come now!” To be +left-handed renders you very enviable. A squint is highly esteemed. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—IN WHICH THE READER WILL FIND A CHARMING SAYING OF THE +LAST KING + + +In summer, he metamorphoses himself into a frog; and in the evening, +when night is falling, in front of the bridges of Austerlitz and Jena, +from the tops of coal wagons, and the washerwomen’s boats, he hurls +himself headlong into the Seine, and into all possible infractions of +the laws of modesty and of the police. Nevertheless the police keep an +eye on him, and the result is a highly dramatic situation which once +gave rise to a fraternal and memorable cry; that cry which was +celebrated about 1830, is a strategic warning from gamin to gamin; it +scans like a verse from Homer, with a notation as inexpressible as the +eleusiac chant of the PanathenĂŠa, and in it one encounters again the +ancient Evohe. Here it is: “OhĂ©, Titi, ohĂ©Ă©Ă©! Here comes the bobby, +here comes the p’lice, pick up your duds and be off, through the sewer +with you!” + + +Sometimes this gnat—that is what he calls himself—knows how to read; +sometimes he knows how to write; he always knows how to daub. He does +not hesitate to acquire, by no one knows what mysterious mutual +instruction, all the talents which can be of use to the public; from +1815 to 1830, he imitated the cry of the turkey; from 1830 to 1848, he +scrawled pears on the walls. One summer evening, when Louis Philippe +was returning home on foot, he saw a little fellow, no higher than his +knee, perspiring and climbing up to draw a gigantic pear in charcoal on +one of the pillars of the gate of Neuilly; the King, with that +good-nature which came to him from Henry IV., helped the gamin, +finished the pear, and gave the child a louis, saying: “The pear is on +that also.”19 The gamin loves uproar. A certain state of violence +pleases him. He execrates “the curĂ©s.” One day, in the Rue de +l’UniversitĂ©, one of these scamps was putting his thumb to his nose at +the carriage gate of No. 69. “Why are you doing that at the gate?” a +passer-by asked. The boy replied: “There is a curĂ© there.” It was +there, in fact, that the Papal Nuncio lived. + +Nevertheless, whatever may be the Voltairianism of the small gamin, if +the occasion to become a chorister presents itself, it is quite +possible that he will accept, and in that case he serves the mass +civilly. There are two things to which he plays Tantalus, and which he +always desires without ever attaining them: to overthrow the +government, and to get his trousers sewed up again. + +The gamin in his perfect state possesses all the policemen of Paris, +and can always put the name to the face of any one which he chances to +meet. He can tell them off on the tips of his fingers. He studies their +habits, and he has special notes on each one of them. He reads the +souls of the police like an open book. He will tell you fluently and +without flinching: “Such an one is a _traitor_; such another is very +_malicious_; such another is _great_; such another is _ridiculous_.” +(All these words: traitor, malicious, great, ridiculous, have a +particular meaning in his mouth.) That one imagines that he owns the +Pont-Neuf, and he prevents _people_ from walking on the cornice outside +the parapet; that other has a mania for pulling _person’s_ ears; etc., +etc. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE OLD SOUL OF GAUL + + +There was something of that boy in Poquelin, the son of the +fish-market; Beaumarchais had something of it. Gaminerie is a shade of +the Gallic spirit. Mingled with good sense, it sometimes adds force to +the latter, as alcohol does to wine. Sometimes it is a defect. Homer +repeats himself eternally, granted; one may say that Voltaire plays the +gamin. Camille Desmoulins was a native of the faubourgs. Championnet, +who treated miracles brutally, rose from the pavements of Paris; he +had, when a small lad, inundated the porticos of Saint-Jean de +Beauvais, and of Saint-Étienne du Mont; he had addressed the shrine of +Sainte-GeneviĂšve familiarly to give orders to the phial of Saint +Januarius. + +The gamin of Paris is respectful, ironical, and insolent. He has +villainous teeth, because he is badly fed and his stomach suffers, and +handsome eyes because he has wit. If Jehovah himself were present, he +would go hopping up the steps of paradise on one foot. He is strong on +boxing. All beliefs are possible to him. He plays in the gutter, and +straightens himself up with a revolt; his effrontery persists even in +the presence of grape-shot; he was a scapegrace, he is a hero; like the +little Theban, he shakes the skin from the lion; Barra the drummer-boy +was a gamin of Paris; he Shouts: “Forward!” as the horse of Scripture +says “Vah!” and in a moment he has passed from the small brat to the +giant. + +This child of the puddle is also the child of the ideal. Measure that +spread of wings which reaches from MoliĂšre to Barra. + +To sum up the whole, and in one word, the gamin is a being who amuses +himself, because he is unhappy. + + + + +CHAPTER X—ECCE PARIS, ECCE HOMO + + +To sum it all up once more, the Paris gamin of to-day, like the +_grĂŠculus_ of Rome in days gone by, is the infant populace with the +wrinkle of the old world on his brow. + +The gamin is a grace to the nation, and at the same time a disease; a +disease which must be cured, how? By light. + +Light renders healthy. + +Light kindles. + +All generous social irradiations spring from science, letters, arts, +education. Make men, make men. Give them light that they may warm you. +Sooner or later the splendid question of universal education will +present itself with the irresistible authority of the absolute truth; +and then, those who govern under the superintendence of the French idea +will have to make this choice; the children of France or the gamins of +Paris; flames in the light or will-o’-the-wisps in the gloom. + +The gamin expresses Paris, and Paris expresses the world. + +For Paris is a total. Paris is the ceiling of the human race. The whole +of this prodigious city is a foreshortening of dead manners and living +manners. He who sees Paris thinks he sees the bottom of all history +with heaven and constellations in the intervals. Paris has a capital, +the Town-Hall, a Parthenon, Notre-Dame, a Mount Aventine, the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine, an Asinarium, the Sorbonne, a Pantheon, the Pantheon, a +Via Sacra, the Boulevard des Italiens, a temple of the winds, opinion; +and it replaces the GemoniĂŠ by ridicule. Its _majo_ is called “faraud,” +its Transteverin is the man of the faubourgs, its _hammal_ is the +market-porter, its lazzarone is the pĂšgre, its cockney is the native of +Ghent. Everything that exists elsewhere exists at Paris. The fishwoman +of Dumarsais can retort on the herb-seller of Euripides, the discobols +Vejanus lives again in the Forioso, the tight-rope dancer. +Therapontigonus Miles could walk arm in arm with VadeboncƓur the +grenadier, Damasippus the second-hand dealer would be happy among +bric-Ă -brac merchants, Vincennes could grasp Socrates in its fist as +just as Agora could imprison Diderot, Grimod de la ReyniĂšre discovered +larded roast beef, as Curtillus invented roast hedgehog, we see the +trapeze which figures in Plautus reappear under the vault of the Arc of +l’Etoile, the sword-eater of PƓcilus encountered by Apuleius is a +sword-swallower on the Pont-Neuf, the nephew of Rameau and Curculio the +parasite make a pair, Ergasilus could get himself presented to +CambacĂšres by d’Aigrefeuille; the four dandies of Rome: Alcesimarchus, +PhƓdromus, Diabolus, and Argyrippus, descend from Courtille in +Labatut’s posting-chaise; Aulus Gellius would halt no longer in front +of Congrio than would Charles Nodier in front of Punchinello; Marto is +not a tigress, but Pardalisca was not a dragon; Pantolabus the wag +jeers in the CafĂ© Anglais at Nomentanus the fast liver, Hermogenus is a +tenor in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, and round him, Thracius the beggar, clad +like BobĂšche, takes up a collection; the bore who stops you by the +button of your coat in the Tuileries makes you repeat after a lapse of +two thousand years Thesprion’s apostrophe: _Quis properantem me +prehendit pallio? _ The wine on SurĂȘne is a parody of the wine of Alba, +the red border of Desaugiers forms a balance to the great cutting of +Balatro, PĂšre-Lachaise exhales beneath nocturnal rains the same gleams +as the EsquiliĂŠ, and the grave of the poor bought for five years, is +certainly the equivalent of the slave’s hived coffin. + +Seek something that Paris has not. The vat of Trophonius contains +nothing that is not in Mesmer’s tub; Ergaphilas lives again in +Cagliostro; the Brahmin VĂąsaphantĂą become incarnate in the Comte de +Saint-Germain; the cemetery of Saint-MĂ©dard works quite as good +miracles as the Mosque of OumoumiĂ© at Damascus. + +Paris has an Æsop-Mayeux, and a Canidia, Mademoiselle Lenormand. It is +terrified, like Delphos at the fulgurating realities of the vision; it +makes tables turn as Dodona did tripods. It places the grisette on the +throne, as Rome placed the courtesan there; and, taking it altogether, +if Louis XV. is worse than Claudian, Madame Dubarry is better than +Messalina. Paris combines in an unprecedented type, which has existed +and which we have elbowed, Grecian nudity, the Hebraic ulcer, and the +Gascon pun. It mingles Diogenes, Job, and Jack-pudding, dresses up a +spectre in old numbers of the _Constitutional_, and makes Chodruc +Duclos. + +Although Plutarch says: _the tyrant never grows old_, Rome, under Sylla +as under Domitian, resigned itself and willingly put water in its wine. +The Tiber was a Lethe, if the rather doctrinary eulogium made of it by +Varus Vibiscus is to be credited: _Contra Gracchos Tiberim habemus, +Bibere Tiberim, id est seditionem oblivisci_. Paris drinks a million +litres of water a day, but that does not prevent it from occasionally +beating the general alarm and ringing the tocsin. + +With that exception, Paris is amiable. It accepts everything royally; +it is not too particular about its Venus; its Callipyge is Hottentot; +provided that it is made to laugh, it condones; ugliness cheers it, +deformity provokes it to laughter, vice diverts it; be eccentric and +you may be an eccentric; even hypocrisy, that supreme cynicism, does +not disgust it; it is so literary that it does not hold its nose before +Basile, and is no more scandalized by the prayer of Tartuffe than +Horace was repelled by the “hiccup” of Priapus. No trait of the +universal face is lacking in the profile of Paris. The bal Mabile is +not the polymnia dance of the Janiculum, but the dealer in ladies’ +wearing apparel there devours the lorette with her eyes, exactly as the +procuress Staphyla lay in wait for the virgin Planesium. The BarriĂšre +du Combat is not the Coliseum, but people are as ferocious there as +though CĂŠsar were looking on. The Syrian hostess has more grace than +Mother Saguet, but, if Virgil haunted the Roman wine-shop, David +d’Angers, Balzac and Charlet have sat at the tables of Parisian +taverns. Paris reigns. Geniuses flash forth there, the red tails +prosper there. AdonaĂŻ passes on his chariot with its twelve wheels of +thunder and lightning; Silenus makes his entry there on his ass. For +Silenus read Ramponneau. + +Paris is the synonym of Cosmos, Paris is Athens, Sybaris, Jerusalem, +Pantin. All civilizations are there in an abridged form, all barbarisms +also. Paris would greatly regret it if it had not a guillotine. + +A little of the Place de GrĂšve is a good thing. What would all that +eternal festival be without this seasoning? Our laws are wisely +provided, and thanks to them, this blade drips on this Shrove Tuesday. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—TO SCOFF, TO REIGN + + +There is no limit to Paris. No city has had that domination which +sometimes derides those whom it subjugates. To please you, O Athenians! +exclaimed Alexander. Paris makes more than the law, it makes the +fashion; Paris sets more than the fashion, it sets the routine. Paris +may be stupid, if it sees fit; it sometimes allows itself this luxury; +then the universe is stupid in company with it; then Paris awakes, rubs +its eyes, says: “How stupid I am!” and bursts out laughing in the face +of the human race. What a marvel is such a city! it is a strange thing +that this grandioseness and this burlesque should be amicable +neighbors, that all this majesty should not be thrown into disorder by +all this parody, and that the same mouth can to-day blow into the trump +of the Judgment Day, and to-morrow into the reed-flute! Paris has a +sovereign joviality. Its gayety is of the thunder and its farce holds a +sceptre. + +Its tempest sometimes proceeds from a grimace. Its explosions, its +days, its masterpieces, its prodigies, its epics, go forth to the +bounds of the universe, and so also do its cock-and-bull stories. Its +laugh is the mouth of a volcano which spatters the whole earth. Its +jests are sparks. It imposes its caricatures as well as its ideal on +people; the highest monuments of human civilization accept its ironies +and lend their eternity to its mischievous pranks. It is superb; it has +a prodigious 14th of July, which delivers the globe; it forces all +nations to take the oath of tennis; its night of the 4th of August +dissolves in three hours a thousand years of feudalism; it makes of its +logic the muscle of unanimous will; it multiplies itself under all +sorts of forms of the sublime; it fills with its light Washington, +Kosciusko, Bolivar, Bozzaris, Riego, Bem, Manin, Lopez, John Brown, +Garibaldi; it is everywhere where the future is being lighted up, at +Boston in 1779, at the Isle de LĂ©on in 1820, at Pesth in 1848, at +Palermo in 1860, it whispers the mighty countersign: Liberty, in the +ear of the American abolitionists grouped about the boat at Harper’s +Ferry, and in the ear of the patriots of Ancona assembled in the +shadow, to the Archi before the Gozzi inn on the seashore; it creates +Canaris; it creates Quiroga; it creates Pisacane; it irradiates the +great on earth; it was while proceeding whither its breath urge them, +that Byron perished at Missolonghi, and that Mazet died at Barcelona; +it is the tribune under the feet of Mirabeau, and a crater under the +feet of Robespierre; its books, its theatre, its art, its science, its +literature, its philosophy, are the manuals of the human race; it has +Pascal, RĂ©gnier, Corneille, Descartes, Jean-Jacques: Voltaire for all +moments, MoliĂšre for all centuries; it makes its language to be talked +by the universal mouth, and that language becomes the word; it +constructs in all minds the idea of progress, the liberating dogmas +which it forges are for the generations trusty friends, and it is with +the soul of its thinkers and its poets that all heroes of all nations +have been made since 1789; this does not prevent vagabondism, and that +enormous genius which is called Paris, while transfiguring the world by +its light, sketches in charcoal Bouginier’s nose on the wall of the +temple of Theseus and writes _Credeville the thief_ on the Pyramids. + +Paris is always showing its teeth; when it is not scolding it is +laughing. + +Such is Paris. The smoke of its roofs forms the ideas of the universe. +A heap of mud and stone, if you will, but, above all, a moral being. It +is more than great, it is immense. Why? Because it is daring. + +To dare; that is the price of progress. + +All sublime conquests are, more or less, the prizes of daring. In order +that the Revolution should take place, it does not suffice that +Montesquieu should foresee it, that Diderot should preach it, that +Beaumarchais should announce it, that Condorcet should calculate it, +that Arouet should prepare it, that Rousseau should premeditate it; it +is necessary that Danton should dare it. + +The cry: _Audacity! _ is a _Fiat lux_. It is necessary, for the sake of +the forward march of the human race, that there should be proud lessons +of courage permanently on the heights. Daring deeds dazzle history and +are one of man’s great sources of light. The dawn dares when it rises. +To attempt, to brave, to persist, to persevere, to be faithful to one’s +self, to grasp fate bodily, to astound catastrophe by the small amount +of fear that it occasions us, now to affront unjust power, again to +insult drunken victory, to hold one’s position, to stand one’s ground; +that is the example which nations need, that is the light which +electrifies them. The same formidable lightning proceeds from the torch +of Prometheus to Cambronne’s short pipe. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE FUTURE LATENT IN THE PEOPLE + + +As for the Parisian populace, even when a man grown, it is always the +street Arab; to paint the child is to paint the city; and it is for +that reason that we have studied this eagle in this arrant sparrow. It +is in the faubourgs, above all, we maintain, that the Parisian race +appears; there is the pure blood; there is the true physiognomy; there +this people toils and suffers, and suffering and toil are the two faces +of man. There exist there immense numbers of unknown beings, among whom +swarm types of the strangest, from the porter of la RĂąpĂ©e to the +knacker of Montfaucon. _Fex urbis_, exclaims Cicero; _mob_, adds Burke, +indignantly; rabble, multitude, populace. These are words and quickly +uttered. But so be it. What does it matter? What is it to me if they do +go barefoot! They do not know how to read; so much the worse. Would you +abandon them for that? Would you turn their distress into a +malediction? Cannot the light penetrate these masses? Let us return to +that cry: Light! and let us obstinately persist therein! Light! Light! +Who knows whether these opacities will not become transparent? Are not +revolutions transfigurations? Come, philosophers, teach, enlighten, +light up, think aloud, speak aloud, hasten joyously to the great sun, +fraternize with the public place, announce the good news, spend your +alphabets lavishly, proclaim rights, sing the Marseillaises, sow +enthusiasms, tear green boughs from the oaks. Make a whirlwind of the +idea. This crowd may be rendered sublime. Let us learn how to make use +of that vast conflagration of principles and virtues, which sparkles, +bursts forth and quivers at certain hours. These bare feet, these bare +arms, these rags, these ignorances, these abjectnesses, these +darknesses, may be employed in the conquest of the ideal. Gaze past the +people, and you will perceive truth. Let that vile sand which you +trample under foot be cast into the furnace, let it melt and seethe +there, it will become a splendid crystal, and it is thanks to it that +Galileo and Newton will discover stars. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + + +[Illustration: Little Gavroche] + + +Eight or nine years after the events narrated in the second part of +this story, people noticed on the Boulevard du Temple, and in the +regions of the ChĂąteau-d’Eau, a little boy eleven or twelve years of +age, who would have realized with tolerable accuracy that ideal of the +gamin sketched out above, if, with the laugh of his age on his lips, he +had not had a heart absolutely sombre and empty. This child was well +muffled up in a pair of man’s trousers, but he did not get them from +his father, and a woman’s chemise, but he did not get it from his +mother. Some people or other had clothed him in rags out of charity. +Still, he had a father and a mother. But his father did not think of +him, and his mother did not love him. + +He was one of those children most deserving of pity, among all, one of +those who have father and mother, and who are orphans nevertheless. + +This child never felt so well as when he was in the street. The +pavements were less hard to him than his mother’s heart. + +His parents had despatched him into life with a kick. + +He simply took flight. + +He was a boisterous, pallid, nimble, wide-awake, jeering, lad, with a +vivacious but sickly air. He went and came, sang, played at hopscotch, +scraped the gutters, stole a little, but, like cats and sparrows, gayly +laughed when he was called a rogue, and got angry when called a thief. +He had no shelter, no bread, no fire, no love; but he was merry because +he was free. + +When these poor creatures grow to be men, the millstones of the social +order meet them and crush them, but so long as they are children, they +escape because of their smallness. The tiniest hole saves them. + +Nevertheless, abandoned as this child was, it sometimes happened, every +two or three months, that he said, “Come, I’ll go and see mamma!” Then +he quitted the boulevard, the Cirque, the Porte Saint-Martin, descended +to the quays, crossed the bridges, reached the suburbs, arrived at the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre, and came to a halt, where? Precisely at that double number +50-52 with which the reader is acquainted—at the Gorbeau hovel. + +At that epoch, the hovel 50-52 generally deserted and eternally +decorated with the placard: “Chambers to let,” chanced to be, a rare +thing, inhabited by numerous individuals who, however, as is always the +case in Paris, had no connection with each other. All belonged to that +indigent class which begins to separate from the lowest of petty +bourgeoisie in straitened circumstances, and which extends from misery +to misery into the lowest depths of society down to those two beings in +whom all the material things of civilization end, the sewer-man who +sweeps up the mud, and the rag-picker who collects scraps. + +The “principal lodger” of Jean Valjean’s day was dead and had been +replaced by another exactly like her. I know not what philosopher has +said: “Old women are never lacking.” + + +This new old woman was named Madame Bourgon, and had nothing remarkable +about her life except a dynasty of three paroquets, who had reigned in +succession over her soul. + +The most miserable of those who inhabited the hovel were a family of +four persons, consisting of father, mother, and two daughters, already +well grown, all four of whom were lodged in the same attic, one of the +cells which we have already mentioned. + +At first sight, this family presented no very special feature except +its extreme destitution; the father, when he hired the chamber, had +stated that his name was Jondrette. Some time after his moving in, +which had borne a singular resemblance to _the entrance of nothing at +all_, to borrow the memorable expression of the principal tenant, this +Jondrette had said to the woman, who, like her predecessor, was at the +same time portress and stair-sweeper: “Mother So-and-So, if any one +should chance to come and inquire for a Pole or an Italian, or even a +Spaniard, perchance, it is I.” + + +This family was that of the merry barefoot boy. He arrived there and +found distress, and, what is still sadder, no smile; a cold hearth and +cold hearts. When he entered, he was asked: “Whence come you?” He +replied: “From the street.” When he went away, they asked him: “Whither +are you going?” He replied: “Into the streets.” His mother said to him: +“What did you come here for?” + + +This child lived, in this absence of affection, like the pale plants +which spring up in cellars. It did not cause him suffering, and he +blamed no one. He did not know exactly how a father and mother should +be. + +Nevertheless, his mother loved his sisters. + +We have forgotten to mention, that on the Boulevard du Temple this +child was called Little Gavroche. Why was he called Little Gavroche? + +Probably because his father’s name was Jondrette. + +It seems to be the instinct of certain wretched families to break the +thread. + +The chamber which the Jondrettes inhabited in the Gorbeau hovel was the +last at the end of the corridor. The cell next to it was occupied by a +very poor young man who was called M. Marius. + +Let us explain who this M. Marius was. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE GREAT BOURGEOIS + + + + +CHAPTER I—NINETY YEARS AND THIRTY-TWO TEETH + + +In the Rue Boucherat, Rue de Normandie and the Rue de Saintonge there +still exist a few ancient inhabitants who have preserved the memory of +a worthy man named M. Gillenormand, and who mention him with +complaisance. This good man was old when they were young. This +silhouette has not yet entirely disappeared—for those who regard with +melancholy that vague swarm of shadows which is called the past—from +the labyrinth of streets in the vicinity of the Temple to which, under +Louis XIV., the names of all the provinces of France were appended +exactly as in our day, the streets of the new Tivoli quarter have +received the names of all the capitals of Europe; a progression, by the +way, in which progress is visible. + +M. Gillenormand, who was as much alive as possible in 1831, was one of +those men who had become curiosities to be viewed, simply because they +have lived a long time, and who are strange because they formerly +resembled everybody, and now resemble nobody. He was a peculiar old +man, and in very truth, a man of another age, the real, complete and +rather haughty bourgeois of the eighteenth century, who wore his good, +old bourgeoisie with the air with which marquises wear their +marquisates. He was over ninety years of age, his walk was erect, he +talked loudly, saw clearly, drank neat, ate, slept, and snored. He had +all thirty-two of his teeth. He only wore spectacles when he read. He +was of an amorous disposition, but declared that, for the last ten +years, he had wholly and decidedly renounced women. He could no longer +please, he said; he did not add: “I am too old,” but: “I am too poor.” +He said: “If I were not ruined—HĂ©Ă©e!” All he had left, in fact, was an +income of about fifteen thousand francs. His dream was to come into an +inheritance and to have a hundred thousand livres income for +mistresses. He did not belong, as the reader will perceive, to that +puny variety of octogenaries who, like M. de Voltaire, have been dying +all their life; his was no longevity of a cracked pot; this jovial old +man had always had good health. He was superficial, rapid, easily +angered. He flew into a passion at everything, generally quite contrary +to all reason. When contradicted, he raised his cane; he beat people as +he had done in the great century. He had a daughter over fifty years of +age, and unmarried, whom he chastised severely with his tongue, when in +a rage, and whom he would have liked to whip. She seemed to him to be +eight years old. He boxed his servants’ ears soundly, and said: “Ah! +carogne!” One of his oaths was: “By the pantoufloche of the +pantouflochade!” He had singular freaks of tranquillity; he had himself +shaved every day by a barber who had been mad and who detested him, +being jealous of M. Gillenormand on account of his wife, a pretty and +coquettish barberess. M. Gillenormand admired his own discernment in +all things, and declared that he was extremely sagacious; here is one +of his sayings: “I have, in truth, some penetration; I am able to say +when a flea bites me, from what woman it came.” + + +The words which he uttered the most frequently were: _the sensible +man_, and _nature_. He did not give to this last word the grand +acceptation which our epoch has accorded to it, but he made it enter, +after his own fashion, into his little chimney-corner satires: +“Nature,” he said, “in order that civilization may have a little of +everything, gives it even specimens of its amusing barbarism. Europe +possesses specimens of Asia and Africa on a small scale. The cat is a +drawing-room tiger, the lizard is a pocket crocodile. The dancers at +the opera are pink female savages. They do not eat men, they crunch +them; or, magicians that they are, they transform them into oysters and +swallow them. The Caribbeans leave only the bones, they leave only the +shell. Such are our morals. We do not devour, we gnaw; we do not +exterminate, we claw.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—LIKE MASTER, LIKE HOUSE + + +He lived in the Marais, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6. He owned the +house. This house has since been demolished and rebuilt, and the number +has probably been changed in those revolutions of numeration which the +streets of Paris undergo. He occupied an ancient and vast apartment on +the first floor, between street and gardens, furnished to the very +ceilings with great Gobelins and Beauvais tapestries representing +pastoral scenes; the subjects of the ceilings and the panels were +repeated in miniature on the armchairs. He enveloped his bed in a vast, +nine-leaved screen of Coromandel lacquer. Long, full curtains hung from +the windows, and formed great, broken folds that were very magnificent. +The garden situated immediately under his windows was attached to that +one of them which formed the angle, by means of a staircase twelve or +fifteen steps long, which the old gentleman ascended and descended with +great agility. In addition to a library adjoining his chamber, he had a +boudoir of which he thought a great deal, a gallant and elegant +retreat, with magnificent hangings of straw, with a pattern of flowers +and fleurs-de-lys made on the galleys of Louis XIV. and ordered of his +convicts by M. de Vivonne for his mistress. M. Gillenormand had +inherited it from a grim maternal great-aunt, who had died a +centenarian. He had had two wives. His manners were something between +those of the courtier, which he had never been, and the lawyer, which +he might have been. He was gay, and caressing when he had a mind. In +his youth he had been one of those men who are always deceived by their +wives and never by their mistresses, because they are, at the same +time, the most sullen of husbands and the most charming of lovers in +existence. He was a connoisseur of painting. He had in his chamber a +marvellous portrait of no one knows whom, painted by Jordaens, executed +with great dashes of the brush, with millions of details, in a confused +and hap-hazard manner. M. Gillenormand’s attire was not the habit of +Louis XIV. nor yet that of Louis XVI.; it was that of the Incroyables +of the Directory. He had thought himself young up to that period and +had followed the fashions. His coat was of light-weight cloth with +voluminous revers, a long swallow-tail and large steel buttons. With +this he wore knee-breeches and buckle shoes. He always thrust his hands +into his fobs. He said authoritatively: “The French Revolution is a +heap of blackguards.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—LUC-ESPRIT + + +At the age of sixteen, one evening at the opera, he had had the honor +to be stared at through opera-glasses by two beauties at the same +time—ripe and celebrated beauties then, and sung by Voltaire, the +Camargo and the SallĂ©. Caught between two fires, he had beaten a heroic +retreat towards a little dancer, a young girl named Nahenry, who was +sixteen like himself, obscure as a cat, and with whom he was in love. +He abounded in memories. He was accustomed to exclaim: “How pretty she +was—that Guimard-Guimardini-Guimardinette, the last time I saw her at +Longchamps, her hair curled in sustained sentiments, with her +come-and-see of turquoises, her gown of the color of persons newly +arrived, and her little agitation muff!” He had worn in his young +manhood a waistcoat of Nain-Londrin, which he was fond of talking about +effusively. “I was dressed like a Turk of the Levant Levantin,” said +he. Madame de Boufflers, having seen him by chance when he was twenty, +had described him as “a charming fool.” He was horrified by all the +names which he saw in politics and in power, regarding them as vulgar +and bourgeois. He read the journals, the _newspapers, the gazettes_ as +he said, stifling outbursts of laughter the while. “Oh!” he said, “what +people these are! CorbiĂšre! Humann! Casimir PĂ©rier! There’s a minister +for you! I can imagine this in a journal: ‘M. Gillenorman, minister!’ +that would be a farce. Well! They are so stupid that it would pass”; he +merrily called everything by its name, whether decent or indecent, and +did not restrain himself in the least before ladies. He uttered coarse +speeches, obscenities, and filth with a certain tranquillity and lack +of astonishment which was elegant. It was in keeping with the +unceremoniousness of his century. It is to be noted that the age of +periphrase in verse was the age of crudities in prose. His god-father +had predicted that he would turn out a man of genius, and had bestowed +on him these two significant names: Luc-Esprit. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A CENTENARIAN ASPIRANT + + +He had taken prizes in his boyhood at the College of Moulins, where he +was born, and he had been crowned by the hand of the Duc de Nivernais, +whom he called the Duc de Nevers. Neither the Convention, nor the death +of Louis XVI., nor the Napoleon, nor the return of the Bourbons, nor +anything else had been able to efface the memory of this crowning. _The +Duc de Nevers_ was, in his eyes, the great figure of the century. “What +a charming grand seigneur,” he said, “and what a fine air he had with +his blue ribbon!” + + +In the eyes of M. Gillenormand, Catherine the Second had made +reparation for the crime of the partition of Poland by purchasing, for +three thousand roubles, the secret of the elixir of gold, from +Bestucheff. He grew animated on this subject: “The elixir of gold,” he +exclaimed, “the yellow dye of Bestucheff, General Lamotte’s drops, in +the eighteenth century,—this was the great remedy for the catastrophes +of love, the panacea against Venus, at one louis the half-ounce phial. +Louis XV. sent two hundred phials of it to the Pope.” He would have +been greatly irritated and thrown off his balance, had any one told him +that the elixir of gold is nothing but the perchloride of iron. M. +Gillenormand adored the Bourbons, and had a horror of 1789; he was +forever narrating in what manner he had saved himself during the +Terror, and how he had been obliged to display a vast deal of gayety +and cleverness in order to escape having his head cut off. If any young +man ventured to pronounce an eulogium on the Republic in his presence, +he turned purple and grew so angry that he was on the point of +swooning. He sometimes alluded to his ninety years, and said, “I hope +that I shall not see ninety-three twice.” On these occasions, he hinted +to people that he meant to live to be a hundred. + + + + +CHAPTER V—BASQUE AND NICOLETTE + + +He had theories. Here is one of them: “When a man is passionately fond +of women, and when he has himself a wife for whom he cares but little, +who is homely, cross, legitimate, with plenty of rights, perched on the +code, and jealous at need, there is but one way of extricating himself +from the quandry and of procuring peace, and that is to let his wife +control the purse-strings. This abdication sets him free. Then his wife +busies herself, grows passionately fond of handling coin, gets her +fingers covered with verdigris in the process, undertakes the education +of half-share tenants and the training of farmers, convokes lawyers, +presides over notaries, harangues scriveners, visits limbs of the law, +follows lawsuits, draws up leases, dictates contracts, feels herself +the sovereign, sells, buys, regulates, promises and compromises, binds +fast and annuls, yields, concedes and retrocedes, arranges, +disarranges, hoards, lavishes; she commits follies, a supreme and +personal delight, and that consoles her. While her husband disdains +her, she has the satisfaction of ruining her husband.” This theory M. +Gillenormand had himself applied, and it had become his history. His +wife—the second one—had administered his fortune in such a manner that, +one fine day, when M. Gillenormand found himself a widower, there +remained to him just sufficient to live on, by sinking nearly the whole +of it in an annuity of fifteen thousand francs, three-quarters of which +would expire with him. He had not hesitated on this point, not being +anxious to leave a property behind him. Besides, he had noticed that +patrimonies are subject to adventures, and, for instance, become +_national property_; he had been present at the avatars of consolidated +three per cents, and he had no great faith in the Great Book of the +Public Debt. “All that’s the Rue Quincampois!” he said. His house in +the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire belonged to him, as we have already +stated. He had two servants, “a male and a female.” When a servant +entered his establishment, M. Gillenormand re-baptized him. He bestowed +on the men the name of their province: NĂźmois, Comtois, Poitevin, +Picard. His last valet was a big, foundered, short-winded fellow of +fifty-five, who was incapable of running twenty paces; but, as he had +been born at Bayonne, M. Gillenormand called him _Basque_. All the +female servants in his house were called Nicolette (even the Magnon, of +whom we shall hear more farther on). One day, a haughty cook, a cordon +bleu, of the lofty race of porters, presented herself. “How much wages +do you want a month?” asked M. Gillenormand. “Thirty francs.” “What is +your name?” “Olympie.” “You shall have fifty francs, and you shall be +called Nicolette.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—IN WHICH MAGNON AND HER TWO CHILDREN ARE SEEN + + +With M. Gillenormand, sorrow was converted into wrath; he was furious +at being in despair. He had all sorts of prejudices and took all sorts +of liberties. One of the facts of which his exterior relief and his +internal satisfaction was composed, was, as we have just hinted, that +he had remained a brisk spark, and that he passed energetically for +such. This he called having “royal renown.” This royal renown sometimes +drew down upon him singular windfalls. One day, there was brought to +him in a basket, as though it had been a basket of oysters, a stout, +newly born boy, who was yelling like the deuce, and duly wrapped in +swaddling-clothes, which a servant-maid, dismissed six months +previously, attributed to him. M. Gillenormand had, at that time, fully +completed his eighty-fourth year. Indignation and uproar in the +establishment. And whom did that bold hussy think she could persuade to +believe that? What audacity! What an abominable calumny! M. +Gillenormand himself was not at all enraged. He gazed at the brat with +the amiable smile of a good man who is flattered by the calumny, and +said in an aside: “Well, what now? What’s the matter? You are finely +taken aback, and really, you are excessively ignorant. M. le Duc +d’AngoulĂȘme, the bastard of his Majesty Charles IX., married a silly +jade of fifteen when he was eighty-five; M. Virginal, Marquis d’Alluye, +brother to the Cardinal de Sourdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, had, at the +age of eighty-three, by the maid of Madame la PrĂ©sidente Jacquin, a +son, a real child of love, who became a Chevalier of Malta and a +counsellor of state; one of the great men of this century, the AbbĂ© +Tabaraud, is the son of a man of eighty-seven. There is nothing out of +the ordinary in these things. And then, the Bible! Upon that I declare +that this little gentleman is none of mine. Let him be taken care of. +It is not his fault.” This manner of procedure was good-tempered. The +woman, whose name was Magnon, sent him another parcel in the following +year. It was a boy again. Thereupon, M. Gillenormand capitulated. He +sent the two brats back to their mother, promising to pay eighty francs +a month for their maintenance, on the condition that the said mother +would not do so any more. He added: “I insist upon it that the mother +shall treat them well. I shall go to see them from time to time.” And +this he did. He had had a brother who was a priest, and who had been +rector of the Academy of Poitiers for three and thirty years, and had +died at seventy-nine. “I lost him young,” said he. This brother, of +whom but little memory remains, was a peaceable miser, who, being a +priest, thought himself bound to bestow alms on the poor whom he met, +but he never gave them anything except bad or demonetized sous, thereby +discovering a means of going to hell by way of paradise. As for M. +Gillenormand the elder, he never haggled over his alms-giving, but gave +gladly and nobly. He was kindly, abrupt, charitable, and if he had been +rich, his turn of mind would have been magnificent. He desired that all +which concerned him should be done in a grand manner, even his +rogueries. One day, having been cheated by a business man in a matter +of inheritance, in a gross and apparent manner, he uttered this solemn +exclamation: “That was indecently done! I am really ashamed of this +pilfering. Everything has degenerated in this century, even the +rascals. Morbleu! this is not the way to rob a man of my standing. I am +robbed as though in a forest, but badly robbed. _SilvĂŠ sint consule +dignĂŠ! _” He had had two wives, as we have already mentioned; by the +first he had had a daughter, who had remained unmarried, and by the +second another daughter, who had died at about the age of thirty, who +had wedded, through love, or chance, or otherwise, a soldier of fortune +who had served in the armies of the Republic and of the Empire, who had +won the cross at Austerlitz and had been made colonel at Waterloo. _“He +is the disgrace of my family,” _ said the old bourgeois. He took an +immense amount of snuff, and had a particularly graceful manner of +plucking at his lace ruffle with the back of one hand. He believed very +little in God. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—RULE: RECEIVE NO ONE EXCEPT IN THE EVENING + + +Such was M. Luc-Esprit Gillenormand, who had not lost his hair,—which +was gray rather than white,—and which was always dressed in “dog’s +ears.” To sum up, he was venerable in spite of all this. + +He had something of the eighteenth century about him; frivolous and +great. + +In 1814 and during the early years of the Restoration, M. Gillenormand, +who was still young,—he was only seventy-four,—lived in the Faubourg +Saint Germain, Rue Servandoni, near Saint-Sulpice. He had only retired +to the Marais when he quitted society, long after attaining the age of +eighty. + +And, on abandoning society, he had immured himself in his habits. The +principal one, and that which was invariable, was to keep his door +absolutely closed during the day, and never to receive any one whatever +except in the evening. He dined at five o’clock, and after that his +door was open. That had been the fashion of his century, and he would +not swerve from it. “The day is vulgar,” said he, “and deserves only a +closed shutter. Fashionable people only light up their minds when the +zenith lights up its stars.” And he barricaded himself against every +one, even had it been the king himself. This was the antiquated +elegance of his day. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—TWO DO NOT MAKE A PAIR + + +We have just spoken of M. Gillenormand’s two daughters. They had come +into the world ten years apart. In their youth they had borne very +little resemblance to each other, either in character or countenance, +and had also been as little like sisters to each other as possible. The +youngest had a charming soul, which turned towards all that belongs to +the light, was occupied with flowers, with verses, with music, which +fluttered away into glorious space, enthusiastic, ethereal, and was +wedded from her very youth, in ideal, to a vague and heroic figure. The +elder had also her chimera; she espied in the azure some very wealthy +purveyor, a contractor, a splendidly stupid husband, a million made +man, or even a prefect; the receptions of the Prefecture, an usher in +the antechamber with a chain on his neck, official balls, the harangues +of the town-hall, to be “Madame la PrĂ©fĂšte,”—all this had created a +whirlwind in her imagination. Thus the two sisters strayed, each in her +own dream, at the epoch when they were young girls. Both had wings, the +one like an angel, the other like a goose. + +No ambition is ever fully realized, here below at least. No paradise +becomes terrestrial in our day. The younger wedded the man of her +dreams, but she died. The elder did not marry at all. + +At the moment when she makes her entrance into this history which we +are relating, she was an antique virtue, an incombustible prude, with +one of the sharpest noses, and one of the most obtuse minds that it is +possible to see. A characteristic detail; outside of her immediate +family, no one had ever known her first name. She was called +_Mademoiselle Gillenormand, the elder_. + +In the matter of _cant_, Mademoiselle Gillenormand could have given +points to a miss. Her modesty was carried to the other extreme of +blackness. She cherished a frightful memory of her life; one day, a man +had beheld her garter. + +Age had only served to accentuate this pitiless modesty. Her guimpe was +never sufficiently opaque, and never ascended sufficiently high. She +multiplied clasps and pins where no one would have dreamed of looking. +The peculiarity of prudery is to place all the more sentinels in +proportion as the fortress is the less menaced. + +Nevertheless, let him who can explain these antique mysteries of +innocence, she allowed an officer of the Lancers, her grand nephew, +named ThĂ©odule, to embrace her without displeasure. + +In spite of this favored Lancer, the label: _Prude_, under which we +have classed her, suited her to absolute perfection. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand was a sort of twilight soul. Prudery is a demi-virtue and +a demi-vice. + +To prudery she added bigotry, a well-assorted lining. She belonged to +the society of the Virgin, wore a white veil on certain festivals, +mumbled special orisons, revered “the holy blood,” venerated “the +sacred heart,” remained for hours in contemplation before a +rococo-jesuit altar in a chapel which was inaccessible to the rank and +file of the faithful, and there allowed her soul to soar among little +clouds of marble, and through great rays of gilded wood. + +She had a chapel friend, an ancient virgin like herself, named +Mademoiselle Vaubois, who was a positive blockhead, and beside whom +Mademoiselle Gillenormand had the pleasure of being an eagle. Beyond +the Agnus Dei and Ave Maria, Mademoiselle Vaubois had no knowledge of +anything except of the different ways of making preserves. Mademoiselle +Vaubois, perfect in her style, was the ermine of stupidity without a +single spot of intelligence. + +Let us say it plainly, Mademoiselle Gillenormand had gained rather than +lost as she grew older. This is the case with passive natures. She had +never been malicious, which is relative kindness; and then, years wear +away the angles, and the softening which comes with time had come to +her. She was melancholy with an obscure sadness of which she did not +herself know the secret. There breathed from her whole person the +stupor of a life that was finished, and which had never had a +beginning. + +She kept house for her father. M. Gillenormand had his daughter near +him, as we have seen that Monseigneur Bienvenu had his sister with him. +These households comprised of an old man and an old spinster are not +rare, and always have the touching aspect of two weaknesses leaning on +each other for support. + +There was also in this house, between this elderly spinster and this +old man, a child, a little boy, who was always trembling and mute in +the presence of M. Gillenormand. M. Gillenormand never addressed this +child except in a severe voice, and sometimes, with uplifted cane: +“Here, sir! rascal, scoundrel, come here!—Answer me, you scamp! Just +let me see you, you good-for-nothing!” etc., etc. He idolized him. + +This was his grandson. We shall meet with this child again later on. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—THE GRANDFATHER AND THE GRANDSON + + + + +CHAPTER I—AN ANCIENT SALON + + +When M. Gillenormand lived in the Rue Servandoni, he had frequented +many very good and very aristocratic salons. Although a bourgeois, M. +Gillenormand was received in society. As he had a double measure of +wit, in the first place, that which was born with him, and secondly, +that which was attributed to him, he was even sought out and made much +of. He never went anywhere except on condition of being the chief +person there. There are people who will have influence at any price, +and who will have other people busy themselves over them; when they +cannot be oracles, they turn wags. M. Gillenormand was not of this +nature; his domination in the Royalist salons which he frequented cost +his self-respect nothing. He was an oracle everywhere. It had happened +to him to hold his own against M. de Bonald, and even against M. +Bengy-Puy-VallĂ©e. + +About 1817, he invariably passed two afternoons a week in a house in +his own neighborhood, in the Rue FĂ©rou, with Madame la Baronne de T., a +worthy and respectable person, whose husband had been Ambassador of +France to Berlin under Louis XVI. Baron de T., who, during his +lifetime, had gone very passionately into ecstasies and magnetic +visions, had died bankrupt, during the emigration, leaving, as his +entire fortune, some very curious Memoirs about Mesmer and his tub, in +ten manuscript volumes, bound in red morocco and gilded on the edges. +Madame de T. had not published the memoirs, out of pride, and +maintained herself on a meagre income which had survived no one knew +how. + +Madame de T. lived far from the Court; “a very mixed society,” as she +said, in a noble isolation, proud and poor. A few friends assembled +twice a week about her widowed hearth, and these constituted a purely +Royalist salon. They sipped tea there, and uttered groans or cries of +horror at the century, the charter, the Bonapartists, the prostitution +of the blue ribbon, or the Jacobinism of Louis XVIII., according as the +wind veered towards elegy or dithyrambs; and they spoke in low tones of +the hopes which were presented by Monsieur, afterwards Charles X. + +The songs of the fishwomen, in which Napoleon was called _Nicolas_, +were received there with transports of joy. Duchesses, the most +delicate and charming women in the world, went into ecstasies over +couplets like the following, addressed to “the federates”:— + +Refoncez dans vos culottes +Le bout d’ chemis’ qui vous pend. +Qu’on n’ dis’ pas qu’ les patriotes +Ont arborĂ© l’ drapeau blanc?20 + + +There they amused themselves with puns which were considered terrible, +with innocent plays upon words which they supposed to be venomous, with +quatrains, with distiches even; thus, upon the Dessolles ministry, a +moderate cabinet, of which MM. Decazes and Deserre were members:— + +Pour raffermir le trĂŽne Ă©branlĂ© sur sa base, +Il faut changer de sol, et de serre et de case.21 + + +Or they drew up a list of the chamber of peers, “an abominably Jacobin +chamber,” and from this list they combined alliances of names, in such +a manner as to form, for example, phrases like the following: _Damas. +Sabran. Gouvion-Saint-Cyr_.—All this was done merrily. In that society, +they parodied the Revolution. They used I know not what desires to give +point to the same wrath in inverse sense. They sang their little _Ça +ira: _— + +Ah! ça ira ça ira ça ira! +Les Bonapartistes Ă  la lanterne! + + +Songs are like the guillotine; they chop away indifferently, to-day +this head, to-morrow that. It is only a variation. + +In the FualdĂšs affair, which belongs to this epoch, 1816, they took +part for Bastide and Jausion, because FualdĂšs was “a Buonapartist.” +They designated the liberals as f_riends and brothers_; this +constituted the most deadly insult. + +Like certain church towers, Madame de T.’s salon had two cocks. One of +them was M. Gillenormand, the other was Comte de Lamothe-Valois, of +whom it was whispered about, with a sort of respect: “Do you know? That +is the Lamothe of the affair of the necklace.” These singular amnesties +do occur in parties. + +Let us add the following: in the bourgeoisie, honored situations decay +through too easy relations; one must beware whom one admits; in the +same way that there is a loss of caloric in the vicinity of those who +are cold, there is a diminution of consideration in the approach of +despised persons. The ancient society of the upper classes held +themselves above this law, as above every other. Marigny, the brother +of the Pompadour, had his entry with M. le Prince de Soubise. In spite +of? No, because. Du Barry, the god-father of the Vaubernier, was very +welcome at the house of M. le MarĂ©chal de Richelieu. This society is +Olympus. Mercury and the Prince de GuĂ©menĂ©e are at home there. A thief +is admitted there, provided he be a god. + +The Comte de Lamothe, who, in 1815, was an old man seventy-five years +of age, had nothing remarkable about him except his silent and +sententious air, his cold and angular face, his perfectly polished +manners, his coat buttoned up to his cravat, and his long legs always +crossed in long, flabby trousers of the hue of burnt sienna. His face +was the same color as his trousers. + +This M. de Lamothe was “held in consideration” in this salon on account +of his “celebrity” and, strange to say, though true, because of his +name of Valois. + +As for M. Gillenormand, his consideration was of absolutely first-rate +quality. He had, in spite of his levity, and without its interfering in +any way with his dignity, a certain manner about him which was +imposing, dignified, honest, and lofty, in a bourgeois fashion; and his +great age added to it. One is not a century with impunity. The years +finally produce around a head a venerable dishevelment. + +In addition to this, he said things which had the genuine sparkle of +the old rock. Thus, when the King of Prussia, after having restored +Louis XVIII., came to pay the latter a visit under the name of the +Count de Ruppin, he was received by the descendant of Louis XIV. +somewhat as though he had been the Marquis de Brandebourg, and with the +most delicate impertinence. M. Gillenormand approved: “All kings who +are not the King of France,” said he, “are provincial kings.” One day, +the following question was put and the following answer returned in his +presence: “To what was the editor of the _Courrier Français_ +condemned?” “To be suspended.” “_Sus_ is superfluous,” observed M. +Gillenormand.22 Remarks of this nature found a situation. + +At the Te Deum on the anniversary of the return of the Bourbons, he +said, on seeing M. de Talleyrand pass by: “There goes his Excellency +the Evil One.” + + +M. Gillenormand was always accompanied by his daughter, that tall +mademoiselle, who was over forty and looked fifty, and by a handsome +little boy of seven years, white, rosy, fresh, with happy and trusting +eyes, who never appeared in that salon without hearing voices murmur +around him: “How handsome he is! What a pity! Poor child!” This child +was the one of whom we dropped a word a while ago. He was called “poor +child,” because he had for a father “a brigand of the Loire.” + + +This brigand of the Loire was M. Gillenormand’s son-in-law, who has +already been mentioned, and whom M. Gillenormand called “the disgrace +of his family.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—ONE OF THE RED SPECTRES OF THAT EPOCH + + +Any one who had chanced to pass through the little town of Vernon at +this epoch, and who had happened to walk across that fine monumental +bridge, which will soon be succeeded, let us hope, by some hideous iron +cable bridge, might have observed, had he dropped his eyes over the +parapet, a man about fifty years of age wearing a leather cap, and +trousers and a waistcoat of coarse gray cloth, to which something +yellow which had been a red ribbon, was sewn, shod with wooden sabots, +tanned by the sun, his face nearly black and his hair nearly white, a +large scar on his forehead which ran down upon his cheek, bowed, bent, +prematurely aged, who walked nearly every day, hoe and sickle in hand, +in one of those compartments surrounded by walls which abut on the +bridge, and border the left bank of the Seine like a chain of terraces, +charming enclosures full of flowers of which one could say, were they +much larger: “these are gardens,” and were they a little smaller: +“these are bouquets.” All these enclosures abut upon the river at one +end, and on a house at the other. The man in the waistcoat and the +wooden shoes of whom we have just spoken, inhabited the smallest of +these enclosures and the most humble of these houses about 1817. He +lived there alone and solitary, silently and poorly, with a woman who +was neither young nor old, neither homely nor pretty, neither a peasant +nor a bourgeoise, who served him. The plot of earth which he called his +garden was celebrated in the town for the beauty of the flowers which +he cultivated there. These flowers were his occupation. + +By dint of labor, of perseverance, of attention, and of buckets of +water, he had succeeded in creating after the Creator, and he had +invented certain tulips and certain dahlias which seemed to have been +forgotten by nature. He was ingenious; he had forestalled Soulange +Bodin in the formation of little clumps of earth of heath mould, for +the cultivation of rare and precious shrubs from America and China. He +was in his alleys from the break of day, in summer, planting, cutting, +hoeing, watering, walking amid his flowers with an air of kindness, +sadness, and sweetness, sometimes standing motionless and thoughtful +for hours, listening to the song of a bird in the trees, the babble of +a child in a house, or with his eyes fixed on a drop of dew at the tip +of a spear of grass, of which the sun made a carbuncle. His table was +very plain, and he drank more milk than wine. A child could make him +give way, and his servant scolded him. He was so timid that he seemed +shy, he rarely went out, and he saw no one but the poor people who +tapped at his pane and his curĂ©, the AbbĂ© Mabeuf, a good old man. +Nevertheless, if the inhabitants of the town, or strangers, or any +chance comers, curious to see his tulips, rang at his little cottage, +he opened his door with a smile. He was the “brigand of the Loire.” + + +Any one who had, at the same time, read military memoirs, biographies, +the _Moniteur_, and the bulletins of the grand army, would have been +struck by a name which occurs there with tolerable frequency, the name +of Georges Pontmercy. When very young, this Georges Pontmercy had been +a soldier in Saintonge’s regiment. The revolution broke out. +Saintonge’s regiment formed a part of the army of the Rhine; for the +old regiments of the monarchy preserved their names of provinces even +after the fall of the monarchy, and were only divided into brigades in +1794. Pontmercy fought at Spire, at Worms, at Neustadt, at Turkheim, at +Alzey, at Mayence, where he was one of the two hundred who formed +Houchard’s rearguard. It was the twelfth to hold its ground against the +corps of the Prince of Hesse, behind the old rampart of Andernach, and +only rejoined the main body of the army when the enemy’s cannon had +opened a breach from the cord of the parapet to the foot of the glacis. +He was under KlĂ©ber at Marchiennes and at the battle of Mont-Palissel, +where a ball from a biscaĂŻen broke his arm. Then he passed to the +frontier of Italy, and was one of the thirty grenadiers who defended +the Col de Tende with Joubert. Joubert was appointed its +adjutant-general, and Pontmercy sub-lieutenant. Pontmercy was by +Berthier’s side in the midst of the grape-shot of that day at Lodi +which caused Bonaparte to say: “Berthier has been cannoneer, cavalier, +and grenadier.” He beheld his old general, Joubert, fall at Novi, at +the moment when, with uplifted sabre, he was shouting: “Forward!” +Having been embarked with his company in the exigencies of the +campaign, on board a pinnace which was proceeding from Genoa to some +obscure port on the coast, he fell into a wasps’-nest of seven or eight +English vessels. The Genoese commander wanted to throw his cannon into +the sea, to hide the soldiers between decks, and to slip along in the +dark as a merchant vessel. Pontmercy had the colors hoisted to the +peak, and sailed proudly past under the guns of the British frigates. +Twenty leagues further on, his audacity having increased, he attacked +with his pinnace, and captured a large English transport which was +carrying troops to Sicily, and which was so loaded down with men and +horses that the vessel was sunk to the level of the sea. In 1805 he was +in that Malher division which took GĂŒnzberg from the Archduke +Ferdinand. At Weltingen he received into his arms, beneath a storm of +bullets, Colonel Maupetit, mortally wounded at the head of the 9th +Dragoons. He distinguished himself at Austerlitz in that admirable +march in echelons effected under the enemy’s fire. When the cavalry of +the Imperial Russian Guard crushed a battalion of the 4th of the line, +Pontmercy was one of those who took their revenge and overthrew the +Guard. The Emperor gave him the cross. Pontmercy saw Wurmser at Mantua, +MĂ©las, and Alexandria, Mack at Ulm, made prisoners in succession. He +formed a part of the eighth corps of the grand army which Mortier +commanded, and which captured Hamburg. Then he was transferred to the +55th of the line, which was the old regiment of Flanders. At Eylau he +was in the cemetery where, for the space of two hours, the heroic +Captain Louis Hugo, the uncle of the author of this book, sustained +alone with his company of eighty-three men every effort of the hostile +army. Pontmercy was one of the three who emerged alive from that +cemetery. He was at Friedland. Then he saw Moscow. Then La BĂ©rĂ©sina, +then Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Wachau, Leipzig, and the defiles of +Gelenhausen; then Montmirail, ChĂąteau-Thierry, Craon, the banks of the +Marne, the banks of the Aisne, and the redoubtable position of Laon. At +Arnay-Le-Duc, being then a captain, he put ten Cossacks to the sword, +and saved, not his general, but his corporal. He was well slashed up on +this occasion, and twenty-seven splinters were extracted from his left +arm alone. Eight days before the capitulation of Paris he had just +exchanged with a comrade and entered the cavalry. He had what was +called under the old regime, _the double hand_, that is to say, an +equal aptitude for handling the sabre or the musket as a soldier, or a +squadron or a battalion as an officer. It is from this aptitude, +perfected by a military education, which certain special branches of +the service arise, the dragoons, for example, who are both cavalry-men +and infantry at one and the same time. He accompanied Napoleon to the +Island of Elba. At Waterloo, he was chief of a squadron of cuirassiers, +in Dubois’ brigade. It was he who captured the standard of the +Lunenburg battalion. He came and cast the flag at the Emperor’s feet. +He was covered with blood. While tearing down the banner he had +received a sword-cut across his face. The Emperor, greatly pleased, +shouted to him: “You are a colonel, you are a baron, you are an officer +of the Legion of Honor!” Pontmercy replied: “Sire, I thank you for my +widow.” An hour later, he fell in the ravine of Ohain. Now, who was +this Georges Pontmercy? He was this same “brigand of the Loire.” + + +We have already seen something of his history. After Waterloo, +Pontmercy, who had been pulled out of the hollow road of Ohain, as it +will be remembered, had succeeded in joining the army, and had dragged +himself from ambulance to ambulance as far as the cantonments of the +Loire. + +The Restoration had placed him on half-pay, then had sent him into +residence, that is to say, under surveillance, at Vernon. King Louis +XVIII., regarding all that which had taken place during the Hundred +Days as not having occurred at all, did not recognize his quality as an +officer of the Legion of Honor, nor his grade of colonel, nor his title +of baron. He, on his side, neglected no occasion of signing himself +“Colonel Baron Pontmercy.” He had only an old blue coat, and he never +went out without fastening to it his rosette as an officer of the +Legion of Honor. The Attorney for the Crown had him warned that the +authorities would prosecute him for “illegal” wearing of this +decoration. When this notice was conveyed to him through an officious +intermediary, Pontmercy retorted with a bitter smile: “I do not know +whether I no longer understand French, or whether you no longer speak +it; but the fact is that I do not understand.” Then he went out for +eight successive days with his rosette. They dared not interfere with +him. Two or three times the Minister of War and the general in command +of the department wrote to him with the following address: _“A Monsieur +le Commandant Pontmercy.” _ He sent back the letters with the seals +unbroken. At the same moment, Napoleon at Saint Helena was treating in +the same fashion the missives of Sir Hudson Lowe addressed to _General +Bonaparte_. Pontmercy had ended, may we be pardoned the expression, by +having in his mouth the same saliva as his Emperor. + +In the same way, there were at Rome Carthaginian prisoners who refused +to salute Flaminius, and who had a little of Hannibal’s spirit. + +One day he encountered the district-attorney in one of the streets of +Vernon, stepped up to him, and said: “Mr. Crown Attorney, am I +permitted to wear my scar?” + + +He had nothing save his meagre half-pay as chief of squadron. He had +hired the smallest house which he could find at Vernon. He lived there +alone, we have just seen how. Under the Empire, between two wars, he +had found time to marry Mademoiselle Gillenormand. The old bourgeois, +thoroughly indignant at bottom, had given his consent with a sigh, +saying: “The greatest families are forced into it.” In 1815, Madame +Pontmercy, an admirable woman in every sense, by the way, lofty in +sentiment and rare, and worthy of her husband, died, leaving a child. +This child had been the colonel’s joy in his solitude; but the +grandfather had imperatively claimed his grandson, declaring that if +the child were not given to him he would disinherit him. The father had +yielded in the little one’s interest, and had transferred his love to +flowers. + +Moreover, he had renounced everything, and neither stirred up mischief +nor conspired. He shared his thoughts between the innocent things which +he was then doing and the great things which he had done. He passed his +time in expecting a pink or in recalling Austerlitz. + +M. Gillenormand kept up no relations with his son-in-law. The colonel +was “a bandit” to him. M. Gillenormand never mentioned the colonel, +except when he occasionally made mocking allusions to “his Baronship.” +It had been expressly agreed that Pontmercy should never attempt to see +his son nor to speak to him, under penalty of having the latter handed +over to him disowned and disinherited. For the Gillenormands, Pontmercy +was a man afflicted with the plague. They intended to bring up the +child in their own way. Perhaps the colonel was wrong to accept these +conditions, but he submitted to them, thinking that he was doing right +and sacrificing no one but himself. + +The inheritance of Father Gillenormand did not amount to much; but the +inheritance of Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder was considerable. +This aunt, who had remained unmarried, was very rich on the maternal +side, and her sister’s son was her natural heir. The boy, whose name +was Marius, knew that he had a father, but nothing more. No one opened +his mouth to him about it. Nevertheless, in the society into which his +grandfather took him, whispers, innuendoes, and winks, had eventually +enlightened the little boy’s mind; he had finally understood something +of the case, and as he naturally took in the ideas and opinions which +were, so to speak, the air he breathed, by a sort of infiltration and +slow penetration, he gradually came to think of his father only with +shame and with a pain at his heart. + +While he was growing up in this fashion, the colonel slipped away every +two or three months, came to Paris on the sly, like a criminal breaking +his ban, and went and posted himself at Saint-Sulpice, at the hour when +Aunt Gillenormand led Marius to the mass. There, trembling lest the +aunt should turn round, concealed behind a pillar, motionless, not +daring to breathe, he gazed at his child. The scarred veteran was +afraid of that old spinster. + +From this had arisen his connection with the curĂ© of Vernon, M. l’AbbĂ© +Mabeuf. + +That worthy priest was the brother of a warden of Saint-Sulpice, who +had often observed this man gazing at his child, and the scar on his +cheek, and the large tears in his eyes. That man, who had so manly an +air, yet who was weeping like a woman, had struck the warden. That face +had clung to his mind. One day, having gone to Vernon to see his +brother, he had encountered Colonel Pontmercy on the bridge, and had +recognized the man of Saint-Sulpice. The warden had mentioned the +circumstance to the curĂ©, and both had paid the colonel a visit, on +some pretext or other. This visit led to others. The colonel, who had +been extremely reserved at first, ended by opening his heart, and the +curĂ© and the warden finally came to know the whole history, and how +Pontmercy was sacrificing his happiness to his child’s future. This +caused the curĂ© to regard him with veneration and tenderness, and the +colonel, on his side, became fond of the curĂ©. And moreover, when both +are sincere and good, no men so penetrate each other, and so amalgamate +with each other, as an old priest and an old soldier. At bottom, the +man is the same. The one has devoted his life to his country here +below, the other to his country on high; that is the only difference. + +Twice a year, on the first of January and on St. George’s day, Marius +wrote duty letters to his father, which were dictated by his aunt, and +which one would have pronounced to be copied from some formula; this +was all that M. Gillenormand tolerated; and the father answered them +with very tender letters which the grandfather thrust into his pocket +unread. + + + + +CHAPTER III—REQUIESCANT + + +Madame de T.’s salon was all that Marius Pontmercy knew of the world. +It was the only opening through which he could get a glimpse of life. +This opening was sombre, and more cold than warmth, more night than +day, came to him through this skylight. This child, who had been all +joy and light on entering this strange world, soon became melancholy, +and, what is still more contrary to his age, grave. Surrounded by all +those singular and imposing personages, he gazed about him with serious +amazement. Everything conspired to increase this astonishment in him. +There were in Madame de T.’s salon some very noble ladies named Mathan, +NoĂ©, LĂ©vis,—which was pronounced LĂ©vi,—Cambis, pronounced Cambyse. +These antique visages and these Biblical names mingled in the child’s +mind with the Old Testament which he was learning by heart, and when +they were all there, seated in a circle around a dying fire, sparely +lighted by a lamp shaded with green, with their severe profiles, their +gray or white hair, their long gowns of another age, whose lugubrious +colors could not be distinguished, dropping, at rare intervals, words +which were both majestic and severe, little Marius stared at them with +frightened eyes, in the conviction that he beheld not women, but +patriarchs and magi, not real beings, but phantoms. + +With these phantoms, priests were sometimes mingled, frequenters of +this ancient salon, and some gentlemen; the Marquis de Sass****, +private secretary to Madame de Berry, the Vicomte de Val***, who +published, under the pseudonym of _Charles-Antoine_, monorhymed odes, +the Prince de Beauff*******, who, though very young, had a gray head +and a pretty and witty wife, whose very low-necked toilettes of scarlet +velvet with gold torsades alarmed these shadows, the Marquis de C***** +d’E******, the man in all France who best understood “proportioned +politeness,” the Comte d’Am*****, the kindly man with the amiable chin, +and the ChĂ©valier de Port-de-Guy, a pillar of the library of the +Louvre, called the King’s cabinet, M. de Port-de-Guy, bald, and rather +aged than old, was wont to relate that in 1793, at the age of sixteen, +he had been put in the galleys as refractory and chained with an +octogenarian, the Bishop of Mirepoix, also refractory, but as a priest, +while he was so in the capacity of a soldier. This was at Toulon. Their +business was to go at night and gather up on the scaffold the heads and +bodies of the persons who had been guillotined during the day; they +bore away on their backs these dripping corpses, and their red +galley-slave blouses had a clot of blood at the back of the neck, which +was dry in the morning and wet at night. These tragic tales abounded in +Madame de T.’s salon, and by dint of cursing Marat, they applauded +Trestaillon. Some deputies of the undiscoverable variety played their +whist there; M. Thibord du Chalard, M. Lemarchant de Gomicourt, and the +celebrated scoffer of the right, M. Cornet-Dincourt. The bailiff de +Ferrette, with his short breeches and his thin legs, sometimes +traversed this salon on his way to M. de Talleyrand. He had been M. le +Comte d’Artois’ companion in pleasures and unlike Aristotle crouching +under Campaspe, he had made the Guimard crawl on all fours, and in that +way he had exhibited to the ages a philosopher avenged by a bailiff. As +for the priests, there was the AbbĂ© Halma, the same to whom M. Larose, +his collaborator on _la Foudre_, said: “Bah! Who is there who is not +fifty years old? a few greenhorns perhaps?” The AbbĂ© Letourneur, +preacher to the King, the AbbĂ© Frayssinous, who was not, as yet, either +count, or bishop, or minister, or peer, and who wore an old cassock +whose buttons were missing, and the AbbĂ© Keravenant, CurĂ© of +Saint-Germain-des-PrĂ©s; also the Pope’s Nuncio, then Monsignor Macchi, +Archbishop of Nisibi, later on Cardinal, remarkable for his long, +pensive nose, and another Monsignor, entitled thus: Abbate Palmieri, +domestic prelate, one of the seven participant prothonotaries of the +Holy See, Canon of the illustrious Liberian basilica, Advocate of the +saints, _Postulatore dei Santi_, which refers to matters of +canonization, and signifies very nearly: Master of Requests of the +section of Paradise. Lastly, two cardinals, M. de la Luzerne, and M. de +Cl****** T*******. The Cardinal of Luzerne was a writer and was +destined to have, a few years later, the honor of signing in the +_Conservateur_ articles side by side with Chateaubriand; M. de Cl****** +T******* was Archbishop of Toul****, and often made trips to Paris, to +his nephew, the Marquis de T*******, who was Minister of Marine and +War. The Cardinal of Cl****** T******* was a merry little man, who +displayed his red stockings beneath his tucked-up cassock; his +specialty was a hatred of the EncyclopĂŠdia, and his desperate play at +billiards, and persons who, at that epoch, passed through the Rue +M***** on summer evenings, where the hotel de Cl****** T******* then +stood, halted to listen to the shock of the balls and the piercing +voice of the Cardinal shouting to his conclavist, Monseigneur Cotiret, +Bishop _in partibus_ of Caryste: “Mark, AbbĂ©, I make a cannon.” The +Cardinal de Cl****** T******* had been brought to Madame de T.’s by his +most intimate friend, M. de Roquelaure, former Bishop of Senlis, and +one of the Forty. M. de Roquelaure was notable for his lofty figure and +his assiduity at the Academy; through the glass door of the neighboring +hall of the library where the French Academy then held its meetings, +the curious could, on every Tuesday, contemplate the Ex-Bishop of +Senlis, usually standing erect, freshly powdered, in violet hose, with +his back turned to the door, apparently for the purpose of allowing a +better view of his little collar. All these ecclesiastics, though for +the most part as much courtiers as churchmen, added to the gravity of +the T. salon, whose seigniorial aspect was accentuated by five peers of +France, the Marquis de Vib****, the Marquis de Tal***, the Marquis de +Herb*******, the Vicomte Damb***, and the Duc de Val********. This Duc +de Val********, although Prince de Mon***, that is to say a reigning +prince abroad, had so high an idea of France and its peerage, that he +viewed everything through their medium. It was he who said: “The +Cardinals are the peers of France of Rome; the lords are the peers of +France of England.” Moreover, as it is indispensable that the +Revolution should be everywhere in this century, this feudal salon was, +as we have said, dominated by a bourgeois. M. Gillenormand reigned +there. + +There lay the essence and quintessence of the Parisian white society. +There reputations, even Royalist reputations, were held in quarantine. +There is always a trace of anarchy in renown. Chateaubriand, had he +entered there, would have produced the effect of PĂšre DuchĂȘne. Some of +the scoffed-at did, nevertheless, penetrate thither on sufferance. +Comte Beug*** was received there, subject to correction. + +The “noble” salons of the present day no longer resemble those salons. +The Faubourg Saint-Germain reeks of the fagot even now. The Royalists +of to-day are demagogues, let us record it to their credit. + +At Madame de T.’s the society was superior, taste was exquisite and +haughty, under the cover of a great show of politeness. Manners there +admitted of all sorts of involuntary refinements which were the old +rĂ©gime itself, buried but still alive. Some of these habits, especially +in the matter of language, seem eccentric. Persons but superficially +acquainted with them would have taken for provincial that which was +only antique. A woman was called _Madame la GĂ©nĂ©rale. Madame la +Colonelle_ was not entirely disused. The charming Madame de LĂ©on, in +memory, no doubt, of the Duchesses de Longueville and de Chevreuse, +preferred this appellation to her title of Princesse. The Marquise de +CrĂ©quy was also called _Madame la Colonelle_. + +It was this little high society which invented at the Tuileries the +refinement of speaking to the King in private as _the King_, in the +third person, and never as _Your Majesty_, the designation of _Your +Majesty_ having been “soiled by the usurper.” + + +Men and deeds were brought to judgment there. They jeered at the age, +which released them from the necessity of understanding it. They +abetted each other in amazement. They communicated to each other that +modicum of light which they possessed. Methuselah bestowed information +on Epimenides. The deaf man made the blind man acquainted with the +course of things. They declared that the time which had elapsed since +Coblentz had not existed. In the same manner that Louis XVIII. was by +the grace of God, in the five and twentieth year of his reign, the +emigrants were, by rights, in the five and twentieth year of their +adolescence. + +All was harmonious; nothing was too much alive; speech hardly amounted +to a breath; the newspapers, agreeing with the salons, seemed a +papyrus. There were some young people, but they were rather dead. The +liveries in the antechamber were antiquated. These utterly obsolete +personages were served by domestics of the same stamp. + +They all had the air of having lived a long time ago, and of +obstinately resisting the sepulchre. Nearly the whole dictionary +consisted of _Conserver, Conservation, Conservateur; to be in good +odor_,—that was the point. There are, in fact, aromatics in the +opinions of these venerable groups, and their ideas smelled of it. It +was a mummified society. The masters were embalmed, the servants were +stuffed with straw. + +A worthy old marquise, an _emigrĂ©e_ and ruined, who had but a solitary +maid, continued to say: “My people.” + + +What did they do in Madame de T.’s salon? They were ultra. + +To be ultra; this word, although what it represents may not have +disappeared, has no longer any meaning at the present day. Let us +explain it. + +To be ultra is to go beyond. It is to attack the sceptre in the name of +the throne, and the mitre in the name of the altar; it is to ill-treat +the thing which one is dragging, it is to kick over the traces; it is +to cavil at the fagot on the score of the amount of cooking received by +heretics; it is to reproach the idol with its small amount of idolatry; +it is to insult through excess of respect; it is to discover that the +Pope is not sufficiently papish, that the King is not sufficiently +royal, and that the night has too much light; it is to be discontented +with alabaster, with snow, with the swan and the lily in the name of +whiteness; it is to be a partisan of things to the point of becoming +their enemy; it is to be so strongly for, as to be against. + +The ultra spirit especially characterizes the first phase of the +Restoration. + +Nothing in history resembles that quarter of an hour which begins in +1814 and terminates about 1820, with the advent of M. de VillĂšle, the +practical man of the Right. These six years were an extraordinary +moment; at one and the same time brilliant and gloomy, smiling and +sombre, illuminated as by the radiance of dawn and entirely covered, at +the same time, with the shadows of the great catastrophes which still +filled the horizon and were slowly sinking into the past. There existed +in that light and that shadow, a complete little new and old world, +comic and sad, juvenile and senile, which was rubbing its eyes; nothing +resembles an awakening like a return; a group which regarded France +with ill-temper, and which France regarded with irony; good old owls of +marquises by the streetful, who had returned, and of ghosts, the +“former” subjects of amazement at everything, brave and noble gentlemen +who smiled at being in France but wept also, delighted to behold their +country once more, in despair at not finding their monarchy; the +nobility of the Crusades treating the nobility of the Empire, that is +to say, the nobility of the sword, with scorn; historic races who had +lost the sense of history; the sons of the companions of Charlemagne +disdaining the companions of Napoleon. The swords, as we have just +remarked, returned the insult; the sword of Fontenoy was laughable and +nothing but a scrap of rusty iron; the sword of Marengo was odious and +was only a sabre. Former days did not recognize Yesterday. People no +longer had the feeling for what was grand. There was some one who +called Bonaparte Scapin. This Society no longer exists. Nothing of it, +we repeat, exists to-day. When we select from it some one figure at +random, and attempt to make it live again in thought, it seems as +strange to us as the world before the Deluge. It is because it, too, as +a matter of fact, has been engulfed in a deluge. It has disappeared +beneath two Revolutions. What billows are ideas! How quickly they cover +all that it is their mission to destroy and to bury, and how promptly +they create frightful gulfs! + +Such was the physiognomy of the salons of those distant and candid +times when M. Martainville had more wit than Voltaire. + +These salons had a literature and politics of their own. They believed +in FiĂ©vĂ©e. M. Agier laid down the law in them. They commentated M. +Colnet, the old bookseller and publicist of the Quay Malaquais. +Napoleon was to them thoroughly the Corsican Ogre. Later on the +introduction into history of M. le Marquis de Bonaparte, +Lieutenant-General of the King’s armies, was a concession to the spirit +of the age. + +These salons did not long preserve their purity. Beginning with 1818, +doctrinarians began to spring up in them, a disturbing shade. Their way +was to be Royalists and to excuse themselves for being so. Where the +ultras were very proud, the doctrinarians were rather ashamed. They had +wit; they had silence; their political dogma was suitably impregnated +with arrogance; they should have succeeded. They indulged, and usefully +too, in excesses in the matter of white neckties and tightly buttoned +coats. The mistake or the misfortune of the doctrinarian party was to +create aged youth. They assumed the poses of wise men. They dreamed of +engrafting a temperate power on the absolute and excessive principle. +They opposed, and sometimes with rare intelligence, conservative +liberalism to the liberalism which demolishes. They were heard to say: +“Thanks for Royalism! It has rendered more than one service. It has +brought back tradition, worship, religion, respect. It is faithful, +brave, chivalric, loving, devoted. It has mingled, though with regret, +the secular grandeurs of the monarchy with the new grandeurs of the +nation. Its mistake is not to understand the Revolution, the Empire, +glory, liberty, young ideas, young generations, the age. But this +mistake which it makes with regard to us,—have we not sometimes been +guilty of it towards them? The Revolution, whose heirs we are, ought to +be intelligent on all points. To attack Royalism is a misconstruction +of liberalism. What an error! And what blindness! Revolutionary France +is wanting in respect towards historic France, that is to say, towards +its mother, that is to say, towards itself. After the 5th of September, +the nobility of the monarchy is treated as the nobility of the Empire +was treated after the 5th of July. They were unjust to the eagle, we +are unjust to the fleur-de-lys. It seems that we must always have +something to proscribe! Does it serve any purpose to ungild the crown +of Louis XIV., to scrape the coat of arms of Henry IV.? We scoff at M. +de Vaublanc for erasing the N’s from the bridge of Jena! What was it +that he did? What are we doing? Bouvines belongs to us as well as +Marengo. The fleurs-de-lys are ours as well as the N’s. That is our +patrimony. To what purpose shall we diminish it? We must not deny our +country in the past any more than in the present. Why not accept the +whole of history? Why not love the whole of France?” + + +It is thus that doctrinarians criticised and protected Royalism, which +was displeased at criticism and furious at protection. + +The ultras marked the first epoch of Royalism, congregation +characterized the second. Skill follows ardor. Let us confine ourselves +here to this sketch. + +In the course of this narrative, the author of this book has +encountered in his path this curious moment of contemporary history; he +has been forced to cast a passing glance upon it, and to trace once +more some of the singular features of this society which is unknown +to-day. But he does it rapidly and without any bitter or derisive idea. +Souvenirs both respectful and affectionate, for they touch his mother, +attach him to this past. Moreover, let us remark, this same petty world +had a grandeur of its own. One may smile at it, but one can neither +despise nor hate it. It was the France of former days. + +Marius Pontmercy pursued some studies, as all children do. When he +emerged from the hands of Aunt Gillenormand, his grandfather confided +him to a worthy professor of the most purely classic innocence. This +young soul which was expanding passed from a prude to a vulgar pedant. + +Marius went through his years of college, then he entered the law +school. He was a Royalist, fanatical and severe. He did not love his +grandfather much, as the latter’s gayety and cynicism repelled him, and +his feelings towards his father were gloomy. + +He was, on the whole, a cold and ardent, noble, generous, proud, +religious, enthusiastic lad; dignified to harshness, pure to shyness. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—END OF THE BRIGAND + + +The conclusion of Marius’ classical studies coincided with M. +Gillenormand’s departure from society. The old man bade farewell to the +Faubourg Saint-Germain and to Madame de T.’s salon, and established +himself in the Marais, in his house of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. +There he had for servants, in addition to the porter, that chambermaid, +Nicolette, who had succeeded to Magnon, and that short-breathed and +pursy Basque, who have been mentioned above. + +In 1827, Marius had just attained his seventeenth year. One evening, on +his return home, he saw his grandfather holding a letter in his hand. + +“Marius,” said M. Gillenormand, “you will set out for Vernon +to-morrow.” + + +“Why?” said Marius. + +“To see your father.” + + +Marius was seized with a trembling fit. He had thought of everything +except this—that he should one day be called upon to see his father. +Nothing could be more unexpected, more surprising, and, let us admit +it, more disagreeable to him. It was forcing estrangement into +reconciliation. It was not an affliction, but it was an unpleasant +duty. + +Marius, in addition to his motives of political antipathy, was +convinced that his father, _the slasher_, as M. Gillenormand called him +on his amiable days, did not love him; this was evident, since he had +abandoned him to others. Feeling that he was not beloved, he did not +love. “Nothing is more simple,” he said to himself. + +He was so astounded that he did not question M. Gillenormand. The +grandfather resumed:— + +“It appears that he is ill. He demands your presence.” + + +And after a pause, he added:— + +“Set out to-morrow morning. I think there is a coach which leaves the +Cour des Fontaines at six o’clock, and which arrives in the evening. +Take it. He says that here is haste.” + + +Then he crushed the letter in his hand and thrust it into his pocket. +Marius might have set out that very evening and have been with his +father on the following morning. A diligence from the Rue du Bouloi +took the trip to Rouen by night at that date, and passed through +Vernon. Neither Marius nor M. Gillenormand thought of making inquiries +about it. + +The next day, at twilight, Marius reached Vernon. People were just +beginning to light their candles. He asked the first person whom he met +for “M. Pontmercy’s house.” For in his own mind, he agreed with the +Restoration, and like it, did not recognize his father’s claim to the +title of either colonel or baron. + +The house was pointed out to him. He rang; a woman with a little lamp +in her hand opened the door. + +“M. Pontmercy?” said Marius. + +The woman remained motionless. + +“Is this his house?” demanded Marius. + +The woman nodded affirmatively. + +“Can I speak with him?” + + +The woman shook her head. + +“But I am his son!” persisted Marius. “He is expecting me.” + + +“He no longer expects you,” said the woman. + +Then he perceived that she was weeping. + +She pointed to the door of a room on the ground floor; he entered. + +In that room, which was lighted by a tallow candle standing on the +chimney-piece, there were three men, one standing erect, another +kneeling, and one lying at full length, on the floor in his shirt. The +one on the floor was the colonel. + +The other two were the doctor, and the priest, who was engaged in +prayer. + +The colonel had been attacked by brain fever three days previously. As +he had a foreboding of evil at the very beginning of his illness, he +had written to M. Gillenormand to demand his son. The malady had grown +worse. On the very evening of Marius’ arrival at Vernon, the colonel +had had an attack of delirium; he had risen from his bed, in spite of +the servant’s efforts to prevent him, crying: “My son is not coming! I +shall go to meet him!” Then he ran out of his room and fell prostrate +on the floor of the antechamber. He had just expired. + +The doctor had been summoned, and the curĂ©. The doctor had arrived too +late. The son had also arrived too late. + +By the dim light of the candle, a large tear could be distinguished on +the pale and prostrate colonel’s cheek, where it had trickled from his +dead eye. The eye was extinguished, but the tear was not yet dry. That +tear was his son’s delay. + +Marius gazed upon that man whom he beheld for the first time, on that +venerable and manly face, on those open eyes which saw not, on those +white locks, those robust limbs, on which, here and there, brown lines, +marking sword-thrusts, and a sort of red stars, which indicated +bullet-holes, were visible. He contemplated that gigantic sear which +stamped heroism on that countenance upon which God had imprinted +goodness. He reflected that this man was his father, and that this man +was dead, and a chill ran over him. + +The sorrow which he felt was the sorrow which he would have felt in the +presence of any other man whom he had chanced to behold stretched out +in death. + +Anguish, poignant anguish, was in that chamber. The servant-woman was +lamenting in a corner, the curĂ© was praying, and his sobs were audible, +the doctor was wiping his eyes; the corpse itself was weeping. + +The doctor, the priest, and the woman gazed at Marius in the midst of +their affliction without uttering a word; he was the stranger there. +Marius, who was far too little affected, felt ashamed and embarrassed +at his own attitude; he held his hat in his hand; and he dropped it on +the floor, in order to produce the impression that grief had deprived +him of the strength to hold it. + +At the same time, he experienced remorse, and he despised himself for +behaving in this manner. But was it his fault? He did not love his +father? Why should he! + +The colonel had left nothing. The sale of big furniture barely paid the +expenses of his burial. + +The servant found a scrap of paper, which she handed to Marius. It +contained the following, in the colonel’s handwriting:— + +“_For my son_.—The Emperor made me a Baron on the battle-field of +Waterloo. Since the Restoration disputes my right to this title which I +purchased with my blood, my son shall take it and bear it. That he will +be worthy of it is a matter of course.” Below, the colonel had added: +“At that same battle of Waterloo, a sergeant saved my life. The man’s +name was ThĂ©nardier. I think that he has recently been keeping a little +inn, in a village in the neighborhood of Paris, at Chelles or +Montfermeil. If my son meets him, he will do all the good he can to +ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Marius took this paper and preserved it, not out of duty to his father, +but because of that vague respect for death which is always imperious +in the heart of man. + +Nothing remained of the colonel. M. Gillenormand had his sword and +uniform sold to an old-clothes dealer. The neighbors devastated the +garden and pillaged the rare flowers. The other plants turned to +nettles and weeds, and died. + +Marius remained only forty-eight hours at Vernon. After the interment +he returned to Paris, and applied himself again to his law studies, +with no more thought of his father than if the latter had never lived. +In two days the colonel was buried, and in three forgotten. + +Marius wore crape on his hat. That was all. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE UTILITY OF GOING TO MASS, IN ORDER TO BECOME A +REVOLUTIONIST + + +Marius had preserved the religious habits of his childhood. One Sunday, +when he went to hear mass at Saint-Sulpice, at that same chapel of the +Virgin whither his aunt had led him when a small lad, he placed himself +behind a pillar, being more absent-minded and thoughtful than usual on +that occasion, and knelt down, without paying any special heed, upon a +chair of Utrecht velvet, on the back of which was inscribed this name: +_Monsieur Mabeuf, warden_. Mass had hardly begun when an old man +presented himself and said to Marius:— + +“This is my place, sir.” + + +Marius stepped aside promptly, and the old man took possession of his +chair. + +The mass concluded, Marius still stood thoughtfully a few paces +distant; the old man approached him again and said:— + +“I beg your pardon, sir, for having disturbed you a while ago, and for +again disturbing you at this moment; you must have thought me +intrusive, and I will explain myself.” + + +“There is no need of that, Sir,” said Marius. + +“Yes!” went on the old man, “I do not wish you to have a bad opinion of +me. You see, I am attached to this place. It seems to me that the mass +is better from here. Why? I will tell you. It is from this place, that +I have watched a poor, brave father come regularly, every two or three +months, for the last ten years, since he had no other opportunity and +no other way of seeing his child, because he was prevented by family +arrangements. He came at the hour when he knew that his son would be +brought to mass. The little one never suspected that his father was +there. Perhaps he did not even know that he had a father, poor +innocent! The father kept behind a pillar, so that he might not be +seen. He gazed at his child and he wept. He adored that little fellow, +poor man! I could see that. This spot has become sanctified in my +sight, and I have contracted a habit of coming hither to listen to the +mass. I prefer it to the stall to which I have a right, in my capacity +of warden. I knew that unhappy gentleman a little, too. He had a +father-in-law, a wealthy aunt, relatives, I don’t know exactly what +all, who threatened to disinherit the child if he, the father, saw him. +He sacrificed himself in order that his son might be rich and happy +some day. He was separated from him because of political opinions. +Certainly, I approve of political opinions, but there are people who do +not know where to stop. Mon Dieu! a man is not a monster because he was +at Waterloo; a father is not separated from his child for such a reason +as that. He was one of Bonaparte’s colonels. He is dead, I believe. He +lived at Vernon, where I have a brother who is a curĂ©, and his name was +something like Pontmarie or Montpercy. He had a fine sword-cut, on my +honor.” + + +“Pontmercy,” suggested Marius, turning pale. + +“Precisely, Pontmercy. Did you know him?” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, “he was my father.” + + +The old warden clasped his hands and exclaimed:— + +“Ah! you are the child! Yes, that’s true, he must be a man by this +time. Well! poor child, you may say that you had a father who loved you +dearly!” + + +Marius offered his arm to the old man and conducted him to his +lodgings. + +On the following day, he said to M. Gillenormand:— + +“I have arranged a hunting-party with some friends. Will you permit me +to be absent for three days?” + + +“Four!” replied his grandfather. “Go and amuse yourself.” + + +And he said to his daughter in a low tone, and with a wink, “Some love +affair!” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE CONSEQUENCES OF HAVING MET A WARDEN + + +Where it was that Marius went will be disclosed a little further on. + +Marius was absent for three days, then he returned to Paris, went +straight to the library of the law-school and asked for the files of +the _Moniteur_. + +He read the _Moniteur_, he read all the histories of the Republic and +the Empire, the _Memorial de Sainte-HĂ©lĂšne_, all the memoirs, all the +newspapers, the bulletins, the proclamations; he devoured everything. +The first time that he came across his father’s name in the bulletins +of the grand army, he had a fever for a week. He went to see the +generals under whom Georges Pontmercy had served, among others, Comte +H. Church-warden Mabeuf, whom he went to see again, told him about the +life at Vernon, the colonel’s retreat, his flowers, his solitude. +Marius came to a full knowledge of that rare, sweet, and sublime man, +that species of lion-lamb who had been his father. + +In the meanwhile, occupied as he was with this study which absorbed all +his moments as well as his thoughts, he hardly saw the Gillenormands at +all. He made his appearance at meals; then they searched for him, and +he was not to be found. Father Gillenormand smiled. “Bah! bah! He is +just of the age for the girls!” Sometimes the old man added: “The +deuce! I thought it was only an affair of gallantry. It seems that it +is an affair of passion!” + + +It was a passion, in fact. Marius was on the high road to adoring his +father. + +At the same time, his ideas underwent an extraordinary change. The +phases of this change were numerous and successive. As this is the +history of many minds of our day, we think it will prove useful to +follow these phases step by step and to indicate them all. + +That history upon which he had just cast his eyes appalled him. + +The first effect was to dazzle him. + +Up to that time, the Republic, the Empire, had been to him only +monstrous words. The Republic, a guillotine in the twilight; the +Empire, a sword in the night. He had just taken a look at it, and where +he had expected to find only a chaos of shadows, he had beheld, with a +sort of unprecedented surprise, mingled with fear and joy, stars +sparkling, Mirabeau, Vergniaud, Saint-Just, Robespierre, Camille, +Desmoulins, Danton, and a sun arise, Napoleon. He did not know where he +stood. He recoiled, blinded by the brilliant lights. Little by little, +when his astonishment had passed off, he grew accustomed to this +radiance, he contemplated these deeds without dizziness, he examined +these personages without terror; the Revolution and the Empire +presented themselves luminously, in perspective, before his mind’s eye; +he beheld each of these groups of events and of men summed up in two +tremendous facts: the Republic in the sovereignty of civil right +restored to the masses, the Empire in the sovereignty of the French +idea imposed on Europe; he beheld the grand figure of the people emerge +from the Revolution, and the grand figure of France spring forth from +the Empire. He asserted in his conscience, that all this had been good. +What his dazzled state neglected in this, his first far too synthetic +estimation, we do not think it necessary to point out here. It is the +state of a mind on the march that we are recording. Progress is not +accomplished in one stage. That stated, once for all, in connection +with what precedes as well as with what is to follow, we continue. + +He then perceived that, up to that moment, he had comprehended his +country no more than he had comprehended his father. He had not known +either the one or the other, and a sort of voluntary night had obscured +his eyes. Now he saw, and on the one hand he admired, while on the +other he adored. + +He was filled with regret and remorse, and he reflected in despair that +all he had in his soul could now be said only to the tomb. Oh! if his +father had still been in existence, if he had still had him, if God, in +his compassion and his goodness, had permitted his father to be still +among the living, how he would have run, how he would have precipitated +himself, how he would have cried to his father: “Father! Here I am! It +is I! I have the same heart as thou! I am thy son!” How he would have +embraced that white head, bathed his hair in tears, gazed upon his +scar, pressed his hands, adored his garment, kissed his feet! Oh! Why +had his father died so early, before his time, before the justice, the +love of his son had come to him? Marius had a continual sob in his +heart, which said to him every moment: “Alas!” At the same time, he +became more truly serious, more truly grave, more sure of his thought +and his faith. At each instant, gleams of the true came to complete his +reason. An inward growth seemed to be in progress within him. He was +conscious of a sort of natural enlargement, which gave him two things +that were new to him—his father and his country. + +As everything opens when one has a key, so he explained to himself that +which he had hated, he penetrated that which he had abhorred; +henceforth he plainly perceived the providential, divine and human +sense of the great things which he had been taught to detest, and of +the great men whom he had been instructed to curse. When he reflected +on his former opinions, which were but those of yesterday, and which, +nevertheless, seemed to him already so very ancient, he grew indignant, +yet he smiled. + +From the rehabilitation of his father, he naturally passed to the +rehabilitation of Napoleon. + +But the latter, we will confess, was not effected without labor. + +From his infancy, he had been imbued with the judgments of the party of +1814, on Bonaparte. Now, all the prejudices of the Restoration, all its +interests, all its instincts tended to disfigure Napoleon. It execrated +him even more than it did Robespierre. It had very cleverly turned to +sufficiently good account the fatigue of the nation, and the hatred of +mothers. Bonaparte had become an almost fabulous monster, and in order +to paint him to the imagination of the people, which, as we lately +pointed out, resembles the imagination of children, the party of 1814 +made him appear under all sorts of terrifying masks in succession, from +that which is terrible though it remains grandiose to that which is +terrible and becomes grotesque, from Tiberius to the bugaboo. Thus, in +speaking of Bonaparte, one was free to sob or to puff up with laughter, +provided that hatred lay at the bottom. Marius had never +entertained—about _that man_, as he was called—any other ideas in his +mind. They had combined with the tenacity which existed in his nature. +There was in him a headstrong little man who hated Napoleon. + +On reading history, on studying him, especially in the documents and +materials for history, the veil which concealed Napoleon from the eyes +of Marius was gradually rent. He caught a glimpse of something immense, +and he suspected that he had been deceived up to that moment, on the +score of Bonaparte as about all the rest; each day he saw more +distinctly; and he set about mounting, slowly, step by step, almost +regretfully in the beginning, then with intoxication and as though +attracted by an irresistible fascination, first the sombre steps, then +the vaguely illuminated steps, at last the luminous and splendid steps +of enthusiasm. + +One night, he was alone in his little chamber near the roof. His candle +was burning; he was reading, with his elbows resting on his table close +to the open window. All sorts of reveries reached him from space, and +mingled with his thoughts. What a spectacle is the night! One hears +dull sounds, without knowing whence they proceed; one beholds Jupiter, +which is twelve hundred times larger than the earth, glowing like a +firebrand, the azure is black, the stars shine; it is formidable. + +He was perusing the bulletins of the grand army, those heroic strophes +penned on the field of battle; there, at intervals, he beheld his +father’s name, always the name of the Emperor; the whole of that great +Empire presented itself to him; he felt a flood swelling and rising +within him; it seemed to him at moments that his father passed close to +him like a breath, and whispered in his ear; he gradually got into a +singular state; he thought that he heard drums, cannon, trumpets, the +measured tread of battalions, the dull and distant gallop of the +cavalry; from time to time, his eyes were raised heavenward, and gazed +upon the colossal constellations as they gleamed in the measureless +depths of space, then they fell upon his book once more, and there they +beheld other colossal things moving confusedly. His heart contracted +within him. He was in a transport, trembling, panting. All at once, +without himself knowing what was in him, and what impulse he was +obeying, he sprang to his feet, stretched both arms out of the window, +gazed intently into the gloom, the silence, the infinite darkness, the +eternal immensity, and exclaimed: “Long live the Emperor!” + + +From that moment forth, all was over; the Ogre of Corsica,—the +usurper,—the tyrant,—the monster who was the lover of his own +sisters,—the actor who took lessons of Talma,—the poisoner of +Jaffa,—the tiger,—Buonaparte,—all this vanished, and gave place in his +mind to a vague and brilliant radiance in which shone, at an +inaccessible height, the pale marble phantom of CĂŠsar. The Emperor had +been for his father only the well-beloved captain whom one admires, for +whom one sacrifices one’s self; he was something more to Marius. He was +the predestined constructor of the French group, succeeding the Roman +group in the domination of the universe. He was a prodigious architect, +of a destruction, the continuer of Charlemagne, of Louis XI., of Henry +IV., of Richelieu, of Louis XIV., and of the Committee of Public +Safety, having his spots, no doubt, his faults, his crimes even, being +a man, that is to say; but august in his faults, brilliant in his +spots, powerful in his crime. + +He was the predestined man, who had forced all nations to say: “The +great nation!” He was better than that, he was the very incarnation of +France, conquering Europe by the sword which he grasped, and the world +by the light which he shed. Marius saw in Bonaparte the dazzling +spectre which will always rise upon the frontier, and which will guard +the future. Despot but dictator; a despot resulting from a republic and +summing up a revolution. Napoleon became for him the man-people as +Jesus Christ is the man-God. + +It will be perceived, that like all new converts to a religion, his +conversion intoxicated him, he hurled himself headlong into adhesion +and he went too far. His nature was so constructed; once on the +downward slope, it was almost impossible for him to put on the drag. +Fanaticism for the sword took possession of him, and complicated in his +mind his enthusiasm for the idea. He did not perceive that, along with +genius, and pell-mell, he was admitting force, that is to say, that he +was installing in two compartments of his idolatry, on the one hand +that which is divine, on the other that which is brutal. In many +respects, he had set about deceiving himself otherwise. He admitted +everything. There is a way of encountering error while on one’s way to +the truth. He had a violent sort of good faith which took everything in +the lump. In the new path which he had entered on, in judging the +mistakes of the old regime, as in measuring the glory of Napoleon, he +neglected the attenuating circumstances. + +At all events, a tremendous step had been taken. Where he had formerly +beheld the fall of the monarchy, he now saw the advent of France. His +orientation had changed. What had been his East became the West. He had +turned squarely round. + +All these revolutions were accomplished within him, without his family +obtaining an inkling of the case. + +When, during this mysterious labor, he had entirely shed his old +Bourbon and ultra skin, when he had cast off the aristocrat, the +Jacobite and the Royalist, when he had become thoroughly a +revolutionist, profoundly democratic and republican, he went to an +engraver on the Quai des OrfĂ©vres and ordered a hundred cards bearing +this name: _Le Baron Marius Pontmercy_. + +This was only the strictly logical consequence of the change which had +taken place in him, a change in which everything gravitated round his +father. + +Only, as he did not know any one and could not sow his cards with any +porter, he put them in his pocket. + +By another natural consequence, in proportion as he drew nearer to his +father, to the latter’s memory, and to the things for which the colonel +had fought five and twenty years before, he receded from his +grandfather. We have long ago said, that M. Gillenormand’s temper did +not please him. There already existed between them all the dissonances +of the grave young man and the frivolous old man. The gayety of GĂ©ronte +shocks and exasperates the melancholy of Werther. So long as the same +political opinions and the same ideas had been common to them both, +Marius had met M. Gillenormand there as on a bridge. When the bridge +fell, an abyss was formed. And then, over and above all, Marius +experienced unutterable impulses to revolt, when he reflected that it +was M. Gillenormand who had, from stupid motives, torn him ruthlessly +from the colonel, thus depriving the father of the child, and the child +of the father. + +By dint of pity for his father, Marius had nearly arrived at aversion +for his grandfather. + +Nothing of this sort, however, was betrayed on the exterior, as we have +already said. Only he grew colder and colder; laconic at meals, and +rare in the house. When his aunt scolded him for it, he was very gentle +and alleged his studies, his lectures, the examinations, etc., as a +pretext. His grandfather never departed from his infallible diagnosis: +“In love! I know all about it.” + + +From time to time Marius absented himself. + +“Where is it that he goes off like this?” said his aunt. + +On one of these trips, which were always very brief, he went to +Montfermeil, in order to obey the injunction which his father had left +him, and he sought the old sergeant to Waterloo, the inn-keeper +ThĂ©nardier. ThĂ©nardier had failed, the inn was closed, and no one knew +what had become of him. Marius was away from the house for four days on +this quest. + +“He is getting decidedly wild,” said his grandfather. + +They thought they had noticed that he wore something on his breast, +under his shirt, which was attached to his neck by a black ribbon. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—SOME PETTICOAT + + +We have mentioned a lancer. + +He was a great-grand-nephew of M. Gillenormand, on the paternal side, +who led a garrison life, outside the family and far from the domestic +hearth. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule Gillenormand fulfilled all the conditions +required to make what is called a fine officer. He had “a lady’s +waist,” a victorious manner of trailing his sword and of twirling his +moustache in a hook. He visited Paris very rarely, and so rarely that +Marius had never seen him. The cousins knew each other only by name. We +think we have said that ThĂ©odule was the favorite of Aunt Gillenormand, +who preferred him because she did not see him. Not seeing people +permits one to attribute to them all possible perfections. + +One morning, Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder returned to her +apartment as much disturbed as her placidity was capable of allowing. +Marius had just asked his grandfather’s permission to take a little +trip, adding that he meant to set out that very evening. “Go!” had been +his grandfather’s reply, and M. Gillenormand had added in an aside, as +he raised his eyebrows to the top of his forehead: “Here he is passing +the night out again.” Mademoiselle Gillenormand had ascended to her +chamber greatly puzzled, and on the staircase had dropped this +exclamation: “This is too much!”—and this interrogation: “But where is +it that he goes?” She espied some adventure of the heart, more or less +illicit, a woman in the shadow, a rendezvous, a mystery, and she would +not have been sorry to thrust her spectacles into the affair. Tasting a +mystery resembles getting the first flavor of a scandal; sainted souls +do not detest this. There is some curiosity about scandal in the secret +compartments of bigotry. + +So she was the prey of a vague appetite for learning a history. + +In order to get rid of this curiosity which agitated her a little +beyond her wont, she took refuge in her talents, and set about +scalloping, with one layer of cotton after another, one of those +embroideries of the Empire and the Restoration, in which there are +numerous cart-wheels. The work was clumsy, the worker cross. She had +been seated at this for several hours when the door opened. +Mademoiselle Gillenormand raised her nose. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule stood +before her, making the regulation salute. She uttered a cry of delight. +One may be old, one may be a prude, one may be pious, one may be an +aunt, but it is always agreeable to see a lancer enter one’s chamber. + +“You here, ThĂ©odule!” she exclaimed. + +“On my way through town, aunt.” + + +“Embrace me.” + + +“Here goes!” said ThĂ©odule. + +And he kissed her. Aunt Gillenormand went to her writing-desk and +opened it. + +“You will remain with us a week at least?” + + +“I leave this very evening, aunt.” + + +“It is not possible!” + + +“Mathematically!” + + +“Remain, my little ThĂ©odule, I beseech you.” + + +“My heart says ‘yes,’ but my orders say ‘no.’ The matter is simple. +They are changing our garrison; we have been at Melun, we are being +transferred to Gaillon. It is necessary to pass through Paris in order +to get from the old post to the new one. I said: ‘I am going to see my +aunt.’” + + +“Here is something for your trouble.” + + +And she put ten louis into his hand. + +“For my pleasure, you mean to say, my dear aunt.” + + +ThĂ©odule kissed her again, and she experienced the joy of having some +of the skin scratched from her neck by the braidings on his uniform. + +“Are you making the journey on horseback, with your regiment?” she +asked him. + +“No, aunt. I wanted to see you. I have special permission. My servant +is taking my horse; I am travelling by diligence. And, by the way, I +want to ask you something.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“Is my cousin Marius Pontmercy travelling so, too?” + + +“How do you know that?” said his aunt, suddenly pricked to the quick +with a lively curiosity. + +“On my arrival, I went to the diligence to engage my seat in the +coupĂ©.” + + +“Well?” + + +“A traveller had already come to engage a seat in the imperial. I saw +his name on the card.” + + +“What name?” + + +“Marius Pontmercy.” + + +“The wicked fellow!” exclaimed his aunt. “Ah! your cousin is not a +steady lad like yourself. To think that he is to pass the night in a +diligence!” + + +“Just as I am going to do.” + + +“But you—it is your duty; in his case, it is wildness.” + + +“Bosh!” said ThĂ©odule. + +Here an event occurred to Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder,—an idea +struck her. If she had been a man, she would have slapped her brow. She +apostrophized ThĂ©odule:— + +“Are you aware whether your cousin knows you?” + + +“No. I have seen him; but he has never deigned to notice me.” + + +“So you are going to travel together?” + + +“He in the imperial, I in the coupĂ©.” + + +“Where does this diligence run?” + + +“To Andelys.” + + +“Then that is where Marius is going?” + + +“Unless, like myself, he should stop on the way. I get down at Vernon, +in order to take the branch coach for Gaillon. I know nothing of +Marius’ plan of travel.” + + +“Marius! what an ugly name! what possessed them to name him Marius? +While you, at least, are called ThĂ©odule.” + + +“I would rather be called Alfred,” said the officer. + +“Listen, ThĂ©odule.” + + +“I am listening, aunt.” + + +“Pay attention.” + + +“I am paying attention.” + + +“You understand?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, Marius absents himself!” + + +“Eh! eh!” + + +“He travels.” + + +“Ah! ah!” + + +“He spends the night out.” + + +“Oh! oh!” + + +“We should like to know what there is behind all this.” + + +ThĂ©odule replied with the composure of a man of bronze:— + +“Some petticoat or other.” + + +And with that inward laugh which denotes certainty, he added:— + +“A lass.” + + +“That is evident,” exclaimed his aunt, who thought she heard M. +Gillenormand speaking, and who felt her conviction become irresistible +at that word _fillette_, accentuated in almost the very same fashion by +the granduncle and the grandnephew. She resumed:— + +“Do us a favor. Follow Marius a little. He does not know you, it will +be easy. Since a lass there is, try to get a sight of her. You must +write us the tale. It will amuse his grandfather.” + + +ThĂ©odule had no excessive taste for this sort of spying; but he was +much touched by the ten louis, and he thought he saw a chance for a +possible sequel. He accepted the commission and said: “As you please, +aunt.” + + +And he added in an aside, to himself: “Here I am a duenna.” + + +Mademoiselle Gillenormand embraced him. + +“You are not the man to play such pranks, ThĂ©odule. You obey +discipline, you are the slave of orders, you are a man of scruples and +duty, and you would not quit your family to go and see a creature.” + + +The lancer made the pleased grimace of Cartouche when praised for his +probity. + +Marius, on the evening following this dialogue, mounted the diligence +without suspecting that he was watched. As for the watcher, the first +thing he did was to fall asleep. His slumber was complete and +conscientious. Argus snored all night long. + +At daybreak, the conductor of the diligence shouted: “Vernon! relay of +Vernon! Travellers for Vernon!” And Lieutenant ThĂ©odule woke. + +“Good,” he growled, still half asleep, “this is where I get out.” + + +Then, as his memory cleared by degrees, the effect of waking, he +recalled his aunt, the ten louis, and the account which he had +undertaken to render of the deeds and proceedings of Marius. This set +him to laughing. + +“Perhaps he is no longer in the coach,” he thought, as he rebuttoned +the waistcoat of his undress uniform. “He may have stopped at Poissy; +he may have stopped at Triel; if he did not get out at Meulan, he may +have got out at Mantes, unless he got out at Rolleboise, or if he did +not go on as far as Pacy, with the choice of turning to the left at +Évreus, or to the right at Laroche-Guyon. Run after him, aunty. What +the devil am I to write to that good old soul?” + + +At that moment a pair of black trousers descending from the imperial, +made its appearance at the window of the coupĂ©. + +“Can that be Marius?” said the lieutenant. + +It was Marius. + +A little peasant girl, all entangled with the horses and the postilions +at the end of the vehicle, was offering flowers to the travellers. +“Give your ladies flowers!” she cried. + +Marius approached her and purchased the finest flowers in her flat +basket. + +“Come now,” said ThĂ©odule, leaping down from the coupĂ©, “this piques my +curiosity. Who the deuce is he going to carry those flowers to? She +must be a splendidly handsome woman for so fine a bouquet. I want to +see her.” + + +And no longer in pursuance of orders, but from personal curiosity, like +dogs who hunt on their own account, he set out to follow Marius. + +Marius paid no attention to ThĂ©odule. Elegant women descended from the +diligence; he did not glance at them. He seemed to see nothing around +him. + +“He is pretty deeply in love!” thought ThĂ©odule. + +Marius directed his steps towards the church. + +“Capital,” said ThĂ©odule to himself. “Rendezvous seasoned with a bit of +mass are the best sort. Nothing is so exquisite as an ogle which passes +over the good God’s head.” + + +On arriving at the church, Marius did not enter it, but skirted the +apse. He disappeared behind one of the angles of the apse. + +“The rendezvous is appointed outside,” said ThĂ©odule. “Let’s have a +look at the lass.” + + +And he advanced on the tips of his boots towards the corner which +Marius had turned. + +On arriving there, he halted in amazement. + +Marius, with his forehead clasped in his hands, was kneeling upon the +grass on a grave. He had strewn his bouquet there. At the extremity of +the grave, on a little swelling which marked the head, there stood a +cross of black wood with this name in white letters: COLONEL BARON +PONTMERCY. Marius’ sobs were audible. + +The “lass” was a grave. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MARBLE AGAINST GRANITE + + +It was hither that Marius had come on the first occasion of his +absenting himself from Paris. It was hither that he had come every time +that M. Gillenormand had said: “He is sleeping out.” + + +Lieutenant ThĂ©odule was absolutely put out of countenance by this +unexpected encounter with a sepulchre; he experienced a singular and +disagreeable sensation which he was incapable of analyzing, and which +was composed of respect for the tomb, mingled with respect for the +colonel. He retreated, leaving Marius alone in the cemetery, and there +was discipline in this retreat. Death appeared to him with large +epaulets, and he almost made the military salute to him. Not knowing +what to write to his aunt, he decided not to write at all; and it is +probable that nothing would have resulted from the discovery made by +ThĂ©odule as to the love affairs of Marius, if, by one of those +mysterious arrangements which are so frequent in chance, the scene at +Vernon had not had an almost immediate counter-shock at Paris. + +Marius returned from Vernon on the third day, in the middle of the +morning, descended at his grandfather’s door, and, wearied by the two +nights spent in the diligence, and feeling the need of repairing his +loss of sleep by an hour at the swimming-school, he mounted rapidly to +his chamber, took merely time enough to throw off his travelling-coat, +and the black ribbon which he wore round his neck, and went off to the +bath. + +M. Gillenormand, who had risen betimes like all old men in good health, +had heard his entrance, and had made haste to climb, as quickly as his +old legs permitted, the stairs to the upper story where Marius lived, +in order to embrace him, and to question him while so doing, and to +find out where he had been. + +But the youth had taken less time to descend than the old man had to +ascend, and when Father Gillenormand entered the attic, Marius was no +longer there. + +The bed had not been disturbed, and on the bed lay, outspread, but not +defiantly the great-coat and the black ribbon. + +“I like this better,” said M. Gillenormand. + +And a moment later, he made his entrance into the salon, where +Mademoiselle Gillenormand was already seated, busily embroidering her +cart-wheels. + +The entrance was a triumphant one. + +M. Gillenormand held in one hand the great-coat, and in the other the +neck-ribbon, and exclaimed:— + +“Victory! We are about to penetrate the mystery! We are going to learn +the most minute details; we are going to lay our finger on the +debaucheries of our sly friend! Here we have the romance itself. I have +the portrait!” + + +In fact, a case of black shagreen, resembling a medallion portrait, was +suspended from the ribbon. + +The old man took this case and gazed at it for some time without +opening it, with that air of enjoyment, rapture, and wrath, with which +a poor hungry fellow beholds an admirable dinner which is not for him, +pass under his very nose. + +“For this evidently is a portrait. I know all about such things. That +is worn tenderly on the heart. How stupid they are! Some abominable +fright that will make us shudder, probably! Young men have such bad +taste nowadays!” + + +“Let us see, father,” said the old spinster. + +The case opened by the pressure of a spring. They found in it nothing +but a carefully folded paper. + +_“From the same to the same,”_ said M. Gillenormand, bursting with +laughter. “I know what it is. A billet-doux.” + + +“Ah! let us read it!” said the aunt. + +And she put on her spectacles. They unfolded the paper and read as +follows:— + +“_For my son_.—The Emperor made me a Baron on the battlefield of +Waterloo. Since the Restoration disputes my right to this title which I +purchased with my blood, my son shall take it and bear it. That he will +be worthy of it is a matter of course.” + + +The feelings of father and daughter cannot be described. They felt +chilled as by the breath of a death’s-head. They did not exchange a +word. + +Only, M. Gillenormand said in a low voice and as though speaking to +himself:— + +“It is the slasher’s handwriting.” + + +The aunt examined the paper, turned it about in all directions, then +put it back in its case. + +At the same moment a little oblong packet, enveloped in blue paper, +fell from one of the pockets of the great-coat. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand picked it up and unfolded the blue paper. + +It contained Marius’ hundred cards. She handed one of them to M. +Gillenormand, who read: _Le Baron Marius Pontmercy_. + +The old man rang the bell. Nicolette came. M. Gillenormand took the +ribbon, the case, and the coat, flung them all on the floor in the +middle of the room, and said:— + +“Carry those duds away.” + + +A full hour passed in the most profound silence. The old man and the +old spinster had seated themselves with their backs to each other, and +were thinking, each on his own account, the same things, in all +probability. + +At the expiration of this hour, Aunt Gillenormand said:—“A pretty state +of things!” + + +A few moments later, Marius made his appearance. He entered. Even +before he had crossed the threshold, he saw his grandfather holding one +of his own cards in his hand, and on catching sight of him, the latter +exclaimed with his air of bourgeois and grinning superiority which was +something crushing:— + +“Well! well! well! well! well! so you are a baron now. I present you my +compliments. What is the meaning of this?” + + +Marius reddened slightly and replied:— + +“It means that I am the son of my father.” + + +M. Gillenormand ceased to laugh, and said harshly:— + +“I am your father.” + + +“My father,” retorted Marius, with downcast eyes and a severe air, “was +a humble and heroic man, who served the Republic and France gloriously, +who was great in the greatest history that men have ever made, who +lived in the bivouac for a quarter of a century, beneath grape-shot and +bullets, in snow and mud by day, beneath rain at night, who captured +two flags, who received twenty wounds, who died forgotten and +abandoned, and who never committed but one mistake, which was to love +too fondly two ingrates, his country and myself.” + + +This was more than M. Gillenormand could bear to hear. At the word +_republic_, he rose, or, to speak more correctly, he sprang to his +feet. Every word that Marius had just uttered produced on the visage of +the old Royalist the effect of the puffs of air from a forge upon a +blazing brand. From a dull hue he had turned red, from red, purple, and +from purple, flame-colored. + +“Marius!” he cried. “Abominable child! I do not know what your father +was! I do not wish to know! I know nothing about that, and I do not +know him! But what I do know is, that there never was anything but +scoundrels among those men! They were all rascals, assassins, red-caps, +thieves! I say all! I say all! I know not one! I say all! Do you hear +me, Marius! See here, you are no more a baron than my slipper is! They +were all bandits in the service of Robespierre! All who served +B-u-o-napartĂ© were brigands! They were all traitors who betrayed, +betrayed, betrayed their legitimate king! All cowards who fled before +the Prussians and the English at Waterloo! That is what I do know! +Whether Monsieur your father comes in that category, I do not know! I +am sorry for it, so much the worse, your humble servant!” + + +In his turn, it was Marius who was the firebrand and M. Gillenormand +who was the bellows. Marius quivered in every limb, he did not know +what would happen next, his brain was on fire. He was the priest who +beholds all his sacred wafers cast to the winds, the fakir who beholds +a passer-by spit upon his idol. It could not be that such things had +been uttered in his presence. What was he to do? His father had just +been trampled under foot and stamped upon in his presence, but by whom? +By his grandfather. How was he to avenge the one without outraging the +other? It was impossible for him to insult his grandfather and it was +equally impossible for him to leave his father unavenged. On the one +hand was a sacred grave, on the other hoary locks. + +He stood there for several moments, staggering as though intoxicated, +with all this whirlwind dashing through his head; then he raised his +eyes, gazed fixedly at his grandfather, and cried in a voice of +thunder:— + +“Down with the Bourbons, and that great hog of a Louis XVIII.!” + + +Louis XVIII. had been dead for four years; but it was all the same to +him. + +The old man, who had been crimson, turned whiter than his hair. He +wheeled round towards a bust of M. le Duc de Berry, which stood on the +chimney-piece, and made a profound bow, with a sort of peculiar +majesty. Then he paced twice, slowly and in silence, from the fireplace +to the window and from the window to the fireplace, traversing the +whole length of the room, and making the polished floor creak as though +he had been a stone statue walking. + +On his second turn, he bent over his daughter, who was watching this +encounter with the stupefied air of an antiquated lamb, and said to her +with a smile that was almost calm: “A baron like this gentleman, and a +bourgeois like myself cannot remain under the same roof.” + + +And drawing himself up, all at once, pallid, trembling, terrible, with +his brow rendered more lofty by the terrible radiance of wrath, he +extended his arm towards Marius and shouted to him:— + +“Be off!” + + +Marius left the house. + +On the following day, M. Gillenormand said to his daughter: + +“You will send sixty pistoles every six months to that blood-drinker, +and you will never mention his name to me.” + + +Having an immense reserve fund of wrath to get rid of, and not knowing +what to do with it, he continued to address his daughter as _you_ +instead of _thou_ for the next three months. + +Marius, on his side, had gone forth in indignation. There was one +circumstance which, it must be admitted, aggravated his exasperation. +There are always petty fatalities of the sort which complicate domestic +dramas. They augment the grievances in such cases, although, in +reality, the wrongs are not increased by them. While carrying Marius’ +“duds” precipitately to his chamber, at his grandfather’s command, +Nicolette had, inadvertently, let fall, probably, on the attic +staircase, which was dark, that medallion of black shagreen which +contained the paper penned by the colonel. Neither paper nor case could +afterwards be found. Marius was convinced that “Monsieur +Gillenormand”—from that day forth he never alluded to him otherwise—had +flung “his father’s testament” in the fire. He knew by heart the few +lines which the colonel had written, and, consequently, nothing was +lost. But the paper, the writing, that sacred relic,—all that was his +very heart. What had been done with it? + +Marius had taken his departure without saying whither he was going, and +without knowing where, with thirty francs, his watch, and a few clothes +in a hand-bag. He had entered a hackney-coach, had engaged it by the +hour, and had directed his course at hap-hazard towards the Latin +quarter. + +What was to become of Marius? + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—THE FRIENDS OF THE A B C + + + + +CHAPTER I—A GROUP WHICH BARELY MISSED BECOMING HISTORIC + + +At that epoch, which was, to all appearances indifferent, a certain +revolutionary quiver was vaguely current. Breaths which had started +forth from the depths of ’89 and ’93 were in the air. Youth was on the +point, may the reader pardon us the word, of moulting. People were +undergoing a transformation, almost without being conscious of it, +through the movement of the age. The needle which moves round the +compass also moves in souls. Each person was taking that step in +advance which he was bound to take. The Royalists were becoming +liberals, liberals were turning democrats. It was a flood tide +complicated with a thousand ebb movements; the peculiarity of ebbs is +to create intermixtures; hence the combination of very singular ideas; +people adored both Napoleon and liberty. We are making history here. +These were the mirages of that period. Opinions traverse phases. +Voltairian royalism, a quaint variety, had a no less singular sequel, +Bonapartist liberalism. + +Other groups of minds were more serious. In that direction, they +sounded principles, they attached themselves to the right. They grew +enthusiastic for the absolute, they caught glimpses of infinite +realizations; the absolute, by its very rigidity, urges spirits towards +the sky and causes them to float in illimitable space. There is nothing +like dogma for bringing forth dreams. And there is nothing like dreams +for engendering the future. Utopia to-day, flesh and blood to-morrow. + +These advanced opinions had a double foundation. A beginning of mystery +menaced “the established order of things,” which was suspicious and +underhand. A sign which was revolutionary to the highest degree. The +second thoughts of power meet the second thoughts of the populace in +the mine. The incubation of insurrections gives the retort to the +premeditation of _coups d’état_. + +There did not, as yet, exist in France any of those vast underlying +organizations, like the German _tugendbund_ and Italian Carbonarism; +but here and there there were dark underminings, which were in process +of throwing off shoots. The Cougourde was being outlined at Aix; there +existed at Paris, among other affiliations of that nature, the society +of the Friends of the A B C. + +What were these Friends of the A B C? A society which had for its +object apparently the education of children, in reality the elevation +of man. + +They declared themselves the Friends of the A B C,—the _AbaissĂ©_,—the +debased,—that is to say, the people. They wished to elevate the people. +It was a pun which we should do wrong to smile at. Puns are sometimes +serious factors in politics; witness the _Castratus ad castra_, which +made a general of the army of Narses; witness: _Barbari et Barberini_; +witness: _Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram_, etc., etc. + +The Friends of the A B C were not numerous, it was a secret society in +the state of embryo, we might almost say a coterie, if coteries ended +in heroes. They assembled in Paris in two localities, near the +fish-market, in a wine-shop called _Corinthe_, of which more will be +heard later on, and near the Pantheon in a little cafĂ© in the Rue +Saint-Michel called the _CafĂ© Musain_, now torn down; the first of +these meeting-places was close to the workingman, the second to the +students. + +The assemblies of the Friends of the A B C were usually held in a back +room of the CafĂ© Musain. + +This hall, which was tolerably remote from the cafĂ©, with which it was +connected by an extremely long corridor, had two windows and an exit +with a private stairway on the little Rue des GrĂšs. There they smoked +and drank, and gambled and laughed. There they conversed in very loud +tones about everything, and in whispers of other things. An old map of +France under the Republic was nailed to the wall,—a sign quite +sufficient to excite the suspicion of a police agent. + +The greater part of the Friends of the A B C were students, who were on +cordial terms with the working classes. Here are the names of the +principal ones. They belong, in a certain measure, to history: +Enjolras, Combeferre, Jean Prouvaire, Feuilly, Courfeyrac, Bahorel, +Lesgle or Laigle, Joly, Grantaire. + +These young men formed a sort of family, through the bond of +friendship. All, with the exception of Laigle, were from the South. + +[Illustration: Friends of the a B C] + +This was a remarkable group. It vanished in the invisible depths which +lie behind us. At the point of this drama which we have now reached, it +will not perhaps be superfluous to throw a ray of light upon these +youthful heads, before the reader beholds them plunging into the shadow +of a tragic adventure. + +Enjolras, whose name we have mentioned first of all,—the reader shall +see why later on,—was an only son and wealthy. + +Enjolras was a charming young man, who was capable of being terrible. +He was angelically handsome. He was a savage Antinous. One would have +said, to see the pensive thoughtfulness of his glance, that he had +already, in some previous state of existence, traversed the +revolutionary apocalypse. He possessed the tradition of it as though he +had been a witness. He was acquainted with all the minute details of +the great affair. A pontifical and warlike nature, a singular thing in +a youth. He was an officiating priest and a man of war; from the +immediate point of view, a soldier of the democracy; above the +contemporary movement, the priest of the ideal. His eyes were deep, his +lids a little red, his lower lip was thick and easily became +disdainful, his brow was lofty. A great deal of brow in a face is like +a great deal of horizon in a view. Like certain young men at the +beginning of this century and the end of the last, who became +illustrious at an early age, he was endowed with excessive youth, and +was as rosy as a young girl, although subject to hours of pallor. +Already a man, he still seemed a child. His two and twenty years +appeared to be but seventeen; he was serious, it did not seem as though +he were aware there was on earth a thing called woman. He had but one +passion—the right; but one thought—to overthrow the obstacle. On Mount +Aventine, he would have been Gracchus; in the Convention, he would have +been Saint-Just. He hardly saw the roses, he ignored spring, he did not +hear the carolling of the birds; the bare throat of Evadne would have +moved him no more than it would have moved Aristogeiton; he, like +Harmodius, thought flowers good for nothing except to conceal the +sword. He was severe in his enjoyments. He chastely dropped his eyes +before everything which was not the Republic. He was the marble lover +of liberty. His speech was harshly inspired, and had the thrill of a +hymn. He was subject to unexpected outbursts of soul. Woe to the +love-affair which should have risked itself beside him! If any grisette +of the Place Cambrai or the Rue Saint-Jean-de-Beauvais, seeing that +face of a youth escaped from college, that page’s mien, those long, +golden lashes, those blue eyes, that hair billowing in the wind, those +rosy cheeks, those fresh lips, those exquisite teeth, had conceived an +appetite for that complete aurora, and had tried her beauty on +Enjolras, an astounding and terrible glance would have promptly shown +her the abyss, and would have taught her not to confound the mighty +cherub of Ezekiel with the gallant Cherubino of Beaumarchais. + +By the side of Enjolras, who represented the logic of the Revolution, +Combeferre represented its philosophy. Between the logic of the +Revolution and its philosophy there exists this difference—that its +logic may end in war, whereas its philosophy can end only in peace. +Combeferre complemented and rectified Enjolras. He was less lofty, but +broader. He desired to pour into all minds the extensive principles of +general ideas: he said: “Revolution, but civilization”; and around the +mountain peak he opened out a vast view of the blue sky. The Revolution +was more adapted for breathing with Combeferre than with Enjolras. +Enjolras expressed its divine right, and Combeferre its natural right. +The first attached himself to Robespierre; the second confined himself +to Condorcet. Combeferre lived the life of all the rest of the world +more than did Enjolras. If it had been granted to these two young men +to attain to history, the one would have been the just, the other the +wise man. Enjolras was the more virile, Combeferre the more humane. +_Homo_ and _vir_, that was the exact effect of their different shades. +Combeferre was as gentle as Enjolras was severe, through natural +whiteness. He loved the word _citizen_, but he preferred the word +_man_. He would gladly have said: _Hombre_, like the Spanish. He read +everything, went to the theatres, attended the courses of public +lecturers, learned the polarization of light from Arago, grew +enthusiastic over a lesson in which Geoffroy Sainte-Hilaire explained +the double function of the external carotid artery, and the internal, +the one which makes the face, and the one which makes the brain; he +kept up with what was going on, followed science step by step, compared +Saint-Simon with Fourier, deciphered hieroglyphics, broke the pebble +which he found and reasoned on geology, drew from memory a silkworm +moth, pointed out the faulty French in the Dictionary of the Academy, +studied PuysĂ©gur and Deleuze, affirmed nothing, not even miracles; +denied nothing, not even ghosts; turned over the files of the +_Moniteur_, reflected. He declared that the future lies in the hand of +the schoolmaster, and busied himself with educational questions. He +desired that society should labor without relaxation at the elevation +of the moral and intellectual level, at coining science, at putting +ideas into circulation, at increasing the mind in youthful persons, and +he feared lest the present poverty of method, the paltriness from a +literary point of view confined to two or three centuries called +classic, the tyrannical dogmatism of official pedants, scholastic +prejudices and routines should end by converting our colleges into +artificial oyster beds. He was learned, a purist, exact, a graduate of +the Polytechnic, a close student, and at the same time, thoughtful +“even to chimĂŠras,” so his friends said. He believed in all dreams, +railroads, the suppression of suffering in chirurgical operations, the +fixing of images in the dark chamber, the electric telegraph, the +steering of balloons. Moreover, he was not much alarmed by the citadels +erected against the human mind in every direction, by superstition, +despotism, and prejudice. He was one of those who think that science +will eventually turn the position. Enjolras was a chief, Combeferre was +a guide. One would have liked to fight under the one and to march +behind the other. It is not that Combeferre was not capable of +fighting, he did not refuse a hand-to-hand combat with the obstacle, +and to attack it by main force and explosively; but it suited him +better to bring the human race into accord with its destiny gradually, +by means of education, the inculcation of axioms, the promulgation of +positive laws; and, between two lights, his preference was rather for +illumination than for conflagration. A conflagration can create an +aurora, no doubt, but why not await the dawn? A volcano illuminates, +but daybreak furnishes a still better illumination. Possibly, +Combeferre preferred the whiteness of the beautiful to the blaze of the +sublime. A light troubled by smoke, progress purchased at the expense +of violence, only half satisfied this tender and serious spirit. The +headlong precipitation of a people into the truth, a ‘93, terrified +him; nevertheless, stagnation was still more repulsive to him, in it he +detected putrefaction and death; on the whole, he preferred scum to +miasma, and he preferred the torrent to the cesspool, and the falls of +Niagara to the lake of Montfaucon. In short, he desired neither halt +nor haste. While his tumultuous friends, captivated by the absolute, +adored and invoked splendid revolutionary adventures, Combeferre was +inclined to let progress, good progress, take its own course; he may +have been cold, but he was pure; methodical, but irreproachable; +phlegmatic, but imperturbable. Combeferre would have knelt and clasped +his hands to enable the future to arrive in all its candor, and that +nothing might disturb the immense and virtuous evolution of the races. +_The good must be innocent_, he repeated incessantly. And in fact, if +the grandeur of the Revolution consists in keeping the dazzling ideal +fixedly in view, and of soaring thither athwart the lightnings, with +fire and blood in its talons, the beauty of progress lies in being +spotless; and there exists between Washington, who represents the one, +and Danton, who incarnates the other, that difference which separates +the swan from the angel with the wings of an eagle. + +Jean Prouvaire was a still softer shade than Combeferre. His name was +Jehan, owing to that petty momentary freak which mingled with the +powerful and profound movement whence sprang the very essential study +of the Middle Ages. Jean Prouvaire was in love; he cultivated a pot of +flowers, played on the flute, made verses, loved the people, pitied +woman, wept over the child, confounded God and the future in the same +confidence, and blamed the Revolution for having caused the fall of a +royal head, that of AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier. His voice was ordinarily delicate, +but suddenly grew manly. He was learned even to erudition, and almost +an Orientalist. Above all, he was good; and, a very simple thing to +those who know how nearly goodness borders on grandeur, in the matter +of poetry, he preferred the immense. He knew Italian, Latin, Greek, and +Hebrew; and these served him only for the perusal of four poets: Dante, +Juvenal, Æschylus, and Isaiah. In French, he preferred Corneille to +Racine, and Agrippa d’AubignĂ© to Corneille. He loved to saunter through +fields of wild oats and corn-flowers, and busied himself with clouds +nearly as much as with events. His mind had two attitudes, one on the +side towards man, the other on that towards God; he studied or he +contemplated. All day long, he buried himself in social questions, +salary, capital, credit, marriage, religion, liberty of thought, +education, penal servitude, poverty, association, property, production +and sharing, the enigma of this lower world which covers the human +ant-hill with darkness; and at night, he gazed upon the planets, those +enormous beings. Like Enjolras, he was wealthy and an only son. He +spoke softly, bowed his head, lowered his eyes, smiled with +embarrassment, dressed badly, had an awkward air, blushed at a mere +nothing, and was very timid. Yet he was intrepid. + +Feuilly was a workingman, a fan-maker, orphaned both of father and +mother, who earned with difficulty three francs a day, and had but one +thought, to deliver the world. He had one other preoccupation, to +educate himself; he called this also, delivering himself. He had taught +himself to read and write; everything that he knew, he had learned by +himself. Feuilly had a generous heart. The range of his embrace was +immense. This orphan had adopted the peoples. As his mother had failed +him, he meditated on his country. He brooded with the profound +divination of the man of the people, over what we now call the _idea of +the nationality_, had learned history with the express object of raging +with full knowledge of the case. In this club of young Utopians, +occupied chiefly with France, he represented the outside world. He had +for his specialty Greece, Poland, Hungary, Roumania, Italy. He uttered +these names incessantly, appropriately and inappropriately, with the +tenacity of right. The violations of Turkey on Greece and Thessaly, of +Russia on Warsaw, of Austria on Venice, enraged him. Above all things, +the great violence of 1772 aroused him. There is no more sovereign +eloquence than the true in indignation; he was eloquent with that +eloquence. He was inexhaustible on that infamous date of 1772, on the +subject of that noble and valiant race suppressed by treason, and that +three-sided crime, on that monstrous ambush, the prototype and pattern +of all those horrible suppressions of states, which, since that time, +have struck many a noble nation, and have annulled their certificate of +birth, so to speak. All contemporary social crimes have their origin in +the partition of Poland. The partition of Poland is a theorem of which +all present political outrages are the corollaries. There has not been +a despot, nor a traitor for nearly a century back, who has not signed, +approved, counter-signed, and copied, _ne variatur_, the partition of +Poland. When the record of modern treasons was examined, that was the +first thing which made its appearance. The congress of Vienna consulted +that crime before consummating its own. 1772 sounded the onset; 1815 +was the death of the game. Such was Feuilly’s habitual text. This poor +workingman had constituted himself the tutor of Justice, and she +recompensed him by rendering him great. The fact is, that there is +eternity in right. Warsaw can no more be Tartar than Venice can be +Teuton. Kings lose their pains and their honor in the attempt to make +them so. Sooner or later, the submerged part floats to the surface and +reappears. Greece becomes Greece again, Italy is once more Italy. The +protest of right against the deed persists forever. The theft of a +nation cannot be allowed by prescription. These lofty deeds of +rascality have no future. A nation cannot have its mark extracted like +a pocket handkerchief. + +Courfeyrac had a father who was called M. de Courfeyrac. One of the +false ideas of the bourgeoisie under the Restoration as regards +aristocracy and the nobility was to believe in the particle. The +particle, as every one knows, possesses no significance. But the +bourgeois of the epoch of _la Minerve_ estimated so highly that poor +_de_, that they thought themselves bound to abdicate it. M. de +Chauvelin had himself called M. Chauvelin; M. de Caumartin, M. +Caumartin; M. de Constant de Robecque, Benjamin Constant; M. de +Lafayette, M. Lafayette. Courfeyrac had not wished to remain behind the +rest, and called himself plain Courfeyrac. + +We might almost, so far as Courfeyrac is concerned, stop here, and +confine ourselves to saying with regard to what remains: “For +Courfeyrac, see TholomyĂšs.” + + +Courfeyrac had, in fact, that animation of youth which may be called +the _beautĂ© du diable_ of the mind. Later on, this disappears like the +playfulness of the kitten, and all this grace ends, with the bourgeois, +on two legs, and with the tomcat, on four paws. + +This sort of wit is transmitted from generation to generation of the +successive levies of youth who traverse the schools, who pass it from +hand to hand, _quasi cursores_, and is almost always exactly the same; +so that, as we have just pointed out, any one who had listened to +Courfeyrac in 1828 would have thought he heard TholomyĂšs in 1817. Only, +Courfeyrac was an honorable fellow. Beneath the apparent similarities +of the exterior mind, the difference between him and TholomyĂšs was very +great. The latent man which existed in the two was totally different in +the first from what it was in the second. There was in TholomyĂšs a +district attorney, and in Courfeyrac a paladin. + +Enjolras was the chief, Combeferre was the guide, Courfeyrac was the +centre. The others gave more light, he shed more warmth; the truth is, +that he possessed all the qualities of a centre, roundness and +radiance. + +Bahorel had figured in the bloody tumult of June, 1822, on the occasion +of the burial of young Lallemand. + +Bahorel was a good-natured mortal, who kept bad company, brave, a +spendthrift, prodigal, and to the verge of generosity, talkative, and +at times eloquent, bold to the verge of effrontery; the best fellow +possible; he had daring waistcoats, and scarlet opinions; a wholesale +blusterer, that is to say, loving nothing so much as a quarrel, unless +it were an uprising; and nothing so much as an uprising, unless it were +a revolution; always ready to smash a window-pane, then to tear up the +pavement, then to demolish a government, just to see the effect of it; +a student in his eleventh year. He had nosed about the law, but did not +practise it. He had taken for his device: “Never a lawyer,” and for his +armorial bearings a nightstand in which was visible a square cap. Every +time that he passed the law-school, which rarely happened, he buttoned +up his frock-coat,—the paletot had not yet been invented,—and took +hygienic precautions. Of the school porter he said: “What a fine old +man!” and of the dean, M. Delvincourt: “What a monument!” In his +lectures he espied subjects for ballads, and in his professors +occasions for caricature. He wasted a tolerably large allowance, +something like three thousand francs a year, in doing nothing. + +He had peasant parents whom he had contrived to imbue with respect for +their son. + +He said of them: “They are peasants and not bourgeois; that is the +reason they are intelligent.” + + +Bahorel, a man of caprice, was scattered over numerous cafĂ©s; the +others had habits, he had none. He sauntered. To stray is human. To +saunter is Parisian. In reality, he had a penetrating mind and was more +of a thinker than appeared to view. + +He served as a connecting link between the Friends of the A B C and +other still unorganized groups, which were destined to take form later +on. + +In this conclave of young heads, there was one bald member. + +The Marquis d’Avaray, whom Louis XVIII. made a duke for having assisted +him to enter a hackney-coach on the day when he emigrated, was wont to +relate, that in 1814, on his return to France, as the King was +disembarking at Calais, a man handed him a petition. + +“What is your request?” said the King. + +“Sire, a post-office.” + + +“What is your name?” + + +“L’Aigle.” + + +The King frowned, glanced at the signature of the petition and beheld +the name written thus: LESGLE. This non-Bonaparte orthography touched +the King and he began to smile. “Sire,” resumed the man with the +petition, “I had for ancestor a keeper of the hounds surnamed +Lesgueules. This surname furnished my name. I am called Lesgueules, by +contraction Lesgle, and by corruption l’Aigle.” This caused the King to +smile broadly. Later on he gave the man the posting office of Meaux, +either intentionally or accidentally. + +The bald member of the group was the son of this Lesgle, or LĂ©gle, and +he signed himself, LĂ©gle [de Meaux]. As an abbreviation, his companions +called him Bossuet. + +Bossuet was a gay but unlucky fellow. His specialty was not to succeed +in anything. As an offset, he laughed at everything. At five and twenty +he was bald. His father had ended by owning a house and a field; but +he, the son, had made haste to lose that house and field in a bad +speculation. He had nothing left. He possessed knowledge and wit, but +all he did miscarried. Everything failed him and everybody deceived +him; what he was building tumbled down on top of him. If he were +splitting wood, he cut off a finger. If he had a mistress, he speedily +discovered that he had a friend also. Some misfortune happened to him +every moment, hence his joviality. He said: “I live under falling +tiles.” He was not easily astonished, because, for him, an accident was +what he had foreseen, he took his bad luck serenely, and smiled at the +teasing of fate, like a person who is listening to pleasantries. He was +poor, but his fund of good humor was inexhaustible. He soon reached his +last sou, never his last burst of laughter. When adversity entered his +doors, he saluted this old acquaintance cordially, he tapped all +catastrophes on the stomach; he was familiar with fatality to the point +of calling it by its nickname: “Good day, Guignon,” he said to it. + +These persecutions of fate had rendered him inventive. He was full of +resources. He had no money, but he found means, when it seemed good to +him, to indulge in “unbridled extravagance.” One night, he went so far +as to eat a “hundred francs” in a supper with a wench, which inspired +him to make this memorable remark in the midst of the orgy: “Pull off +my boots, you five-louis jade.” + + +Bossuet was slowly directing his steps towards the profession of a +lawyer; he was pursuing his law studies after the manner of Bahorel. +Bossuet had not much domicile, sometimes none at all. He lodged now +with one, now with another, most often with Joly. Joly was studying +medicine. He was two years younger than Bossuet. + +Joly was the “malade imaginaire” junior. What he had won in medicine +was to be more of an invalid than a doctor. At three and twenty he +thought himself a valetudinarian, and passed his life in inspecting his +tongue in the mirror. He affirmed that man becomes magnetic like a +needle, and in his chamber he placed his bed with its head to the +south, and the foot to the north, so that, at night, the circulation of +his blood might not be interfered with by the great electric current of +the globe. During thunder storms, he felt his pulse. Otherwise, he was +the gayest of them all. All these young, maniacal, puny, merry +incoherences lived in harmony together, and the result was an eccentric +and agreeable being whom his comrades, who were prodigal of winged +consonants, called Jolllly. “You may fly away on the four _L’s_,” Jean +Prouvaire said to him.23 + +Joly had a trick of touching his nose with the tip of his cane, which +is an indication of a sagacious mind. + +All these young men who differed so greatly, and who, on the whole, can +only be discussed seriously, held the same religion: Progress. + +All were the direct sons of the French Revolution. The most giddy of +them became solemn when they pronounced that date: ’89. Their fathers +in the flesh had been, either royalists, doctrinaires, it matters not +what; this confusion anterior to themselves, who were young, did not +concern them at all; the pure blood of principle ran in their veins. +They attached themselves, without intermediate shades, to incorruptible +right and absolute duty. + +Affiliated and initiated, they sketched out the ideal underground. + +Among all these glowing hearts and thoroughly convinced minds, there +was one sceptic. How came he there? By juxtaposition. This sceptic’s +name was Grantaire, and he was in the habit of signing himself with +this rebus: R. Grantaire was a man who took good care not to believe in +anything. Moreover, he was one of the students who had learned the most +during their course at Paris; he knew that the best coffee was to be +had at the CafĂ© Lemblin, and the best billiards at the CafĂ© Voltaire, +that good cakes and lasses were to be found at the Ermitage, on the +Boulevard du Maine, spatchcocked chickens at Mother Sauget’s, excellent +matelotes at the BarriĂšre de la Cunette, and a certain thin white wine +at the BarriĂšre du Compat. He knew the best place for everything; in +addition, boxing and foot-fencing and some dances; and he was a +thorough single-stick player. He was a tremendous drinker to boot. He +was inordinately homely: the prettiest boot-stitcher of that day, Irma +Boissy, enraged with his homeliness, pronounced sentence on him as +follows: “Grantaire is impossible”; but Grantaire’s fatuity was not to +be disconcerted. He stared tenderly and fixedly at all women, with the +air of saying to them all: “If I only chose!” and of trying to make his +comrades believe that he was in general demand. + +All those words: rights of the people, rights of man, the social +contract, the French Revolution, the Republic, democracy, humanity, +civilization, religion, progress, came very near to signifying nothing +whatever to Grantaire. He smiled at them. Scepticism, that caries of +the intelligence, had not left him a single whole idea. He lived with +irony. This was his axiom: “There is but one certainty, my full glass.” +He sneered at all devotion in all parties, the father as well as the +brother, Robespierre junior as well as Loizerolles. “They are greatly +in advance to be dead,” he exclaimed. He said of the crucifix: “There +is a gibbet which has been a success.” A rover, a gambler, a libertine, +often drunk, he displeased these young dreamers by humming incessantly: +“J’aimons les filles, et j’aimons le bon vin.” Air: Vive Henri IV. + +However, this sceptic had one fanaticism. This fanaticism was neither a +dogma, nor an idea, nor an art, nor a science; it was a man: Enjolras. +Grantaire admired, loved, and venerated Enjolras. To whom did this +anarchical scoffer unite himself in this phalanx of absolute minds? To +the most absolute. In what manner had Enjolras subjugated him? By his +ideas? No. By his character. A phenomenon which is often observable. A +sceptic who adheres to a believer is as simple as the law of +complementary colors. That which we lack attracts us. No one loves the +light like the blind man. The dwarf adores the drum-major. The toad +always has his eyes fixed on heaven. Why? In order to watch the bird in +its flight. Grantaire, in whom writhed doubt, loved to watch faith soar +in Enjolras. He had need of Enjolras. That chaste, healthy, firm, +upright, hard, candid nature charmed him, without his being clearly +aware of it, and without the idea of explaining it to himself having +occurred to him. He admired his opposite by instinct. His soft, +yielding, dislocated, sickly, shapeless ideas attached themselves to +Enjolras as to a spinal column. His moral backbone leaned on that +firmness. Grantaire in the presence of Enjolras became some one once +more. He was, himself, moreover, composed of two elements, which were, +to all appearance, incompatible. He was ironical and cordial. His +indifference loved. His mind could get along without belief, but his +heart could not get along without friendship. A profound contradiction; +for an affection is a conviction. His nature was thus constituted. +There are men who seem to be born to be the reverse, the obverse, the +wrong side. They are Pollux, Patrocles, Nisus, Eudamidas, Ephestion, +Pechmeja. They only exist on condition that they are backed up with +another man; their name is a sequel, and is only written preceded by +the conjunction _and_; and their existence is not their own; it is the +other side of an existence which is not theirs. Grantaire was one of +these men. He was the obverse of Enjolras. + +One might almost say that affinities begin with the letters of the +alphabet. In the series O and P are inseparable. You can, at will, +pronounce O and P or Orestes and Pylades. + +Grantaire, Enjolras’ true satellite, inhabited this circle of young +men; he lived there, he took no pleasure anywhere but there; he +followed them everywhere. His joy was to see these forms go and come +through the fumes of wine. They tolerated him on account of his good +humor. + +Enjolras, the believer, disdained this sceptic; and, a sober man +himself, scorned this drunkard. He accorded him a little lofty pity. +Grantaire was an unaccepted Pylades. Always harshly treated by +Enjolras, roughly repulsed, rejected yet ever returning to the charge, +he said of Enjolras: “What fine marble!” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—BLONDEAU’S FUNERAL ORATION BY BOSSUET + + +On a certain afternoon, which had, as will be seen hereafter, some +coincidence with the events heretofore related, Laigle de Meaux was to +be seen leaning in a sensual manner against the doorpost of the CafĂ© +Musain. He had the air of a caryatid on a vacation; he carried nothing +but his reverie, however. He was staring at the Place Saint-Michel. To +lean one’s back against a thing is equivalent to lying down while +standing erect, which attitude is not hated by thinkers. Laigle de +Meaux was pondering without melancholy, over a little misadventure +which had befallen him two days previously at the law-school, and which +had modified his personal plans for the future, plans which were rather +indistinct in any case. + +Reverie does not prevent a cab from passing by, nor the dreamer from +taking note of that cab. Laigle de Meaux, whose eyes were straying +about in a sort of diffuse lounging, perceived, athwart his +somnambulism, a two-wheeled vehicle proceeding through the place, at a +foot pace and apparently in indecision. For whom was this cabriolet? +Why was it driving at a walk? Laigle took a survey. In it, beside the +coachman, sat a young man, and in front of the young man lay a rather +bulky hand-bag. The bag displayed to passers-by the following name +inscribed in large black letters on a card which was sewn to the stuff: +MARIUS PONTMERCY. + +This name caused Laigle to change his attitude. He drew himself up and +hurled this apostrophe at the young man in the cabriolet:— + +“Monsieur Marius Pontmercy!” + + +The cabriolet thus addressed came to a halt. + +The young man, who also seemed deeply buried in thought, raised his +eyes:— + +“Hey?” said he. + +“You are M. Marius Pontmercy?” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“I was looking for you,” resumed Laigle de Meaux. + +“How so?” demanded Marius; for it was he: in fact, he had just quitted +his grandfather’s, and had before him a face which he now beheld for +the first time. “I do not know you.” + + +“Neither do I know you,” responded Laigle. + +Marius thought he had encountered a wag, the beginning of a +mystification in the open street. He was not in a very good humor at +the moment. He frowned. Laigle de Meaux went on imperturbably:— + +“You were not at the school day before yesterday.” + + +“That is possible.” + + +“That is certain.” + + +“You are a student?” demanded Marius. + +“Yes, sir. Like yourself. Day before yesterday, I entered the school, +by chance. You know, one does have such freaks sometimes. The professor +was just calling the roll. You are not unaware that they are very +ridiculous on such occasions. At the third call, unanswered, your name +is erased from the list. Sixty francs in the gulf.” + + +Marius began to listen. + +“It was Blondeau who was making the call. You know Blondeau, he has a +very pointed and very malicious nose, and he delights to scent out the +absent. He slyly began with the letter P. I was not listening, not +being compromised by that letter. The call was not going badly. No +erasures; the universe was present. Blondeau was grieved. I said to +myself: ‘Blondeau, my love, you will not get the very smallest sort of +an execution to-day.’ All at once Blondeau calls, ‘Marius Pontmercy!’ +No one answers. Blondeau, filled with hope, repeats more loudly: +‘Marius Pontmercy!’ And he takes his pen. Monsieur, I have bowels of +compassion. I said to myself hastily: ‘Here’s a brave fellow who is +going to get scratched out. Attention. Here is a veritable mortal who +is not exact. He’s not a good student. Here is none of your +heavy-sides, a student who studies, a greenhorn pedant, strong on +letters, theology, science, and sapience, one of those dull wits cut by +the square; a pin by profession. He is an honorable idler who lounges, +who practises country jaunts, who cultivates the grisette, who pays +court to the fair sex, who is at this very moment, perhaps, with my +mistress. Let us save him. Death to Blondeau!’ At that moment, Blondeau +dipped his pen in, all black with erasures in the ink, cast his yellow +eyes round the audience room, and repeated for the third time: ‘Marius +Pontmercy!’ I replied: ‘Present!’ This is why you were not crossed +off.” + + +“Monsieur!—” said Marius. + +“And why I was,” added Laigle de Meaux. + +“I do not understand you,” said Marius. + +Laigle resumed:— + +“Nothing is more simple. I was close to the desk to reply, and close to +the door for the purpose of flight. The professor gazed at me with a +certain intensity. All of a sudden, Blondeau, who must be the malicious +nose alluded to by Boileau, skipped to the letter L. L is my letter. I +am from Meaux, and my name is Lesgle.” + + +“L’Aigle!” interrupted Marius, “what fine name!” + + +“Monsieur, Blondeau came to this fine name, and called: ‘Laigle!’ I +reply: ‘Present!’ Then Blondeau gazes at me, with the gentleness of a +tiger, and says to me: ‘If you are Pontmercy, you are not Laigle.’ A +phrase which has a disobliging air for you, but which was lugubrious +only for me. That said, he crossed me off.” + + +Marius exclaimed:— + +“I am mortified, sir—” + + +“First of all,” interposed Laigle, “I demand permission to embalm +Blondeau in a few phrases of deeply felt eulogium. I will assume that +he is dead. There will be no great change required in his gauntness, in +his pallor, in his coldness, and in his smell. And I say: ‘_Erudimini +qui judicatis terram_. Here lies Blondeau, Blondeau the Nose, Blondeau +Nasica, the ox of discipline, _bos disciplinĂŠ_, the bloodhound of the +password, the angel of the roll-call, who was upright, square, exact, +rigid, honest, and hideous. God crossed him off as he crossed me off.’” + + +Marius resumed:— + +“I am very sorry—” + + +“Young man,” said Laigle de Meaux, “let this serve you as a lesson. In +future, be exact.” + + +“I really beg you a thousand pardons.” + + +“Do not expose your neighbor to the danger of having his name erased +again.” + + +“I am extremely sorry—” + + +Laigle burst out laughing. + +“And I am delighted. I was on the brink of becoming a lawyer. This +erasure saves me. I renounce the triumphs of the bar. I shall not +defend the widow, and I shall not attack the orphan. No more toga, no +more stage. Here is my erasure all ready for me. It is to you that I am +indebted for it, Monsieur Pontmercy. I intend to pay a solemn call of +thanks upon you. Where do you live?” + + +“In this cab,” said Marius. + +“A sign of opulence,” retorted Laigle calmly. “I congratulate you. You +have there a rent of nine thousand francs per annum.” + + +At that moment, Courfeyrac emerged from the cafĂ©. + +Marius smiled sadly. + +“I have paid this rent for the last two hours, and I aspire to get rid +of it; but there is a sort of history attached to it, and I don’t know +where to go.” + + +“Come to my place, sir,” said Courfeyrac. + +“I have the priority,” observed Laigle, “but I have no home.” + + +“Hold your tongue, Bossuet,” said Courfeyrac. + +“Bossuet,” said Marius, “but I thought that your name was Laigle.” + + +“De Meaux,” replied Laigle; “by metaphor, Bossuet.” + + +Courfeyrac entered the cab. + +“Coachman,” said he, “hotel de la Porte-Saint-Jacques.” + + +And that very evening, Marius found himself installed in a chamber of +the hotel de la Porte-Saint-Jacques side by side with Courfeyrac. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS’ ASTONISHMENTS + + +In a few days, Marius had become Courfeyrac’s friend. Youth is the +season for prompt welding and the rapid healing of scars. Marius +breathed freely in Courfeyrac’s society, a decidedly new thing for him. +Courfeyrac put no questions to him. He did not even think of such a +thing. At that age, faces disclose everything on the spot. Words are +superfluous. There are young men of whom it can be said that their +countenances chatter. One looks at them and one knows them. + +One morning, however, Courfeyrac abruptly addressed this interrogation +to him:— + +“By the way, have you any political opinions?” + + +“The idea!” said Marius, almost affronted by the question. + +“What are you?” + + +“A democrat-Bonapartist.” + + +“The gray hue of a reassured rat,” said Courfeyrac. + +On the following day, Courfeyrac introduced Marius at the CafĂ© Musain. +Then he whispered in his ear, with a smile: “I must give you your entry +to the revolution.” And he led him to the hall of the Friends of the A +B C. He presented him to the other comrades, saying this simple word +which Marius did not understand: “A pupil.” + + +Marius had fallen into a wasps’-nest of wits. However, although he was +silent and grave, he was, nonetheless, both winged and armed. + +Marius, up to that time solitary and inclined to soliloquy, and to +asides, both by habit and by taste, was a little fluttered by this +covey of young men around him. All these various initiatives solicited +his attention at once, and pulled him about. The tumultuous movements +of these minds at liberty and at work set his ideas in a whirl. +Sometimes, in his trouble, they fled so far from him, that he had +difficulty in recovering them. He heard them talk of philosophy, of +literature, of art, of history, of religion, in unexpected fashion. He +caught glimpses of strange aspects; and, as he did not place them in +proper perspective, he was not altogether sure that it was not chaos +that he grasped. On abandoning his grandfather’s opinions for the +opinions of his father, he had supposed himself fixed; he now +suspected, with uneasiness, and without daring to avow it to himself, +that he was not. The angle at which he saw everything began to be +displaced anew. A certain oscillation set all the horizons of his +brains in motion. An odd internal upsetting. He almost suffered from +it. + +It seemed as though there were no “consecrated things” for those young +men. Marius heard singular propositions on every sort of subject, which +embarrassed his still timid mind. + +A theatre poster presented itself, adorned with the title of a tragedy +from the ancient repertory called classic: “Down with tragedy dear to +the bourgeois!” cried Bahorel. And Marius heard Combeferre reply:— + +“You are wrong, Bahorel. The bourgeoisie loves tragedy, and the +bourgeoisie must be left at peace on that score. Bewigged tragedy has a +reason for its existence, and I am not one of those who, by order of +Æschylus, contest its right to existence. There are rough outlines in +nature; there are, in creation, ready-made parodies; a beak which is +not a beak, wings which are not wings, gills which are not gills, paws +which are not paws, a cry of pain which arouses a desire to laugh, +there is the duck. Now, since poultry exists by the side of the bird, I +do not see why classic tragedy should not exist in the face of antique +tragedy.” + + +Or chance decreed that Marius should traverse Rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau +between Enjolras and Courfeyrac. + +Courfeyrac took his arm:— + +“Pay attention. This is the Rue PlĂątriĂšre, now called Rue Jean-Jacques +Rousseau, on account of a singular household which lived in it sixty +years ago. This consisted of Jean-Jacques and ThĂ©rĂšse. From time to +time, little beings were born there. ThĂ©rĂšse gave birth to them, +Jean-Jacques represented them as foundlings.” + + +And Enjolras addressed Courfeyrac roughly:— + +“Silence in the presence of Jean-Jacques! I admire that man. He denied +his own children, that may be; but he adopted the people.” + + +Not one of these young men articulated the word: The Emperor. Jean +Prouvaire alone sometimes said Napoleon; all the others said +“Bonaparte.” Enjolras pronounced it “Buonaparte.” + + +Marius was vaguely surprised. _Initium sapientiĂŠ_. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE BACK ROOM OF THE CAFÉ MUSAIN + + +One of the conversations among the young men, at which Marius was +present and in which he sometimes joined, was a veritable shock to his +mind. + +This took place in the back room of the CafĂ© Musain. Nearly all the +Friends of the A B C had convened that evening. The argand lamp was +solemnly lighted. They talked of one thing and another, without passion +and with noise. With the exception of Enjolras and Marius, who held +their peace, all were haranguing rather at hap-hazard. Conversations +between comrades sometimes are subject to these peaceable tumults. It +was a game and an uproar as much as a conversation. They tossed words +to each other and caught them up in turn. They were chattering in all +quarters. + +No woman was admitted to this back room, except Louison, the +dish-washer of the cafĂ©, who passed through it from time to time, to go +to her washing in the “lavatory.” + + +Grantaire, thoroughly drunk, was deafening the corner of which he had +taken possession, reasoning and contradicting at the top of his lungs, +and shouting:— + +“I am thirsty. Mortals, I am dreaming: that the tun of Heidelberg has +an attack of apoplexy, and that I am one of the dozen leeches which +will be applied to it. I want a drink. I desire to forget life. Life is +a hideous invention of I know not whom. It lasts no time at all, and is +worth nothing. One breaks one’s neck in living. Life is a theatre set +in which there are but few practicable entrances. Happiness is an +antique reliquary painted on one side only. Ecclesiastes says: ‘All is +vanity.’ I agree with that good man, who never existed, perhaps. Zero +not wishing to go stark naked, clothed himself in vanity. O vanity! The +patching up of everything with big words! a kitchen is a laboratory, a +dancer is a professor, an acrobat is a gymnast, a boxer is a pugilist, +an apothecary is a chemist, a wigmaker is an artist, a hodman is an +architect, a jockey is a sportsman, a wood-louse is a pterigybranche. +Vanity has a right and a wrong side; the right side is stupid, it is +the negro with his glass beads; the wrong side is foolish, it is the +philosopher with his rags. I weep over the one and I laugh over the +other. What are called honors and dignities, and even dignity and +honor, are generally of pinchbeck. Kings make playthings of human +pride. Caligula made a horse a consul; Charles II. made a knight of a +sirloin. Wrap yourself up now, then, between Consul Incitatus and +Baronet Roastbeef. As for the intrinsic value of people, it is no +longer respectable in the least. Listen to the panegyric which neighbor +makes of neighbor. White on white is ferocious; if the lily could +speak, what a setting down it would give the dove! A bigoted woman +prating of a devout woman is more venomous than the asp and the cobra. +It is a shame that I am ignorant, otherwise I would quote to you a mass +of things; but I know nothing. For instance, I have always been witty; +when I was a pupil of Gros, instead of daubing wretched little +pictures, I passed my time in pilfering apples; _rapin_24 is the +masculine of _rapine_. So much for myself; as for the rest of you, you +are worth no more than I am. I scoff at your perfections, excellencies, +and qualities. Every good quality tends towards a defect; economy +borders on avarice, the generous man is next door to the prodigal, the +brave man rubs elbows with the braggart; he who says very pious says a +trifle bigoted; there are just as many vices in virtue as there are +holes in Diogenes’ cloak. Whom do you admire, the slain or the slayer, +CĂŠsar or Brutus? Generally men are in favor of the slayer. Long live +Brutus, he has slain! There lies the virtue. Virtue, granted, but +madness also. There are queer spots on those great men. The Brutus who +killed CĂŠsar was in love with the statue of a little boy. This statue +was from the hand of the Greek sculptor Strongylion, who also carved +that figure of an Amazon known as the Beautiful Leg, Eucnemos, which +Nero carried with him in his travels. This Strongylion left but two +statues which placed Nero and Brutus in accord. Brutus was in love with +the one, Nero with the other. All history is nothing but wearisome +repetition. One century is the plagiarist of the other. The battle of +Marengo copies the battle of Pydna; the Tolbiac of Clovis and the +Austerlitz of Napoleon are as like each other as two drops of water. I +don’t attach much importance to victory. Nothing is so stupid as to +conquer; true glory lies in convincing. But try to prove something! If +you are content with success, what mediocrity, and with conquering, +what wretchedness! Alas, vanity and cowardice everywhere. Everything +obeys success, even grammar. _Si volet usus_, says Horace. Therefore I +disdain the human race. Shall we descend to the party at all? Do you +wish me to begin admiring the peoples? What people, if you please? +Shall it be Greece? The Athenians, those Parisians of days gone by, +slew Phocion, as we might say Coligny, and fawned upon tyrants to such +an extent that Anacephorus said of Pisistratus: “His urine attracts the +bees.” The most prominent man in Greece for fifty years was that +grammarian Philetas, who was so small and so thin that he was obliged +to load his shoes with lead in order not to be blown away by the wind. +There stood on the great square in Corinth a statue carved by Silanion +and catalogued by Pliny; this statue represented Episthates. What did +Episthates do? He invented a trip. That sums up Greece and glory. Let +us pass on to others. Shall I admire England? Shall I admire France? +France? Why? Because of Paris? I have just told you my opinion of +Athens. England? Why? Because of London? I hate Carthage. And then, +London, the metropolis of luxury, is the headquarters of wretchedness. +There are a hundred deaths a year of hunger in the parish of +Charing-Cross alone. Such is Albion. I add, as the climax, that I have +seen an Englishwoman dancing in a wreath of roses and blue spectacles. +A fig then for England! If I do not admire John Bull, shall I admire +Brother Jonathan? I have but little taste for that slave-holding +brother. Take away _Time is money_, what remains of England? Take away +_Cotton is king_, what remains of America? Germany is the lymph, Italy +is the bile. Shall we go into ecstasies over Russia? Voltaire admired +it. He also admired China. I admit that Russia has its beauties, among +others, a stout despotism; but I pity the despots. Their health is +delicate. A decapitated Alexis, a poignarded Peter, a strangled Paul, +another Paul crushed flat with kicks, divers Ivans strangled, with +their throats cut, numerous Nicholases and Basils poisoned, all this +indicates that the palace of the Emperors of Russia is in a condition +of flagrant insalubrity. All civilized peoples offer this detail to the +admiration of the thinker; war; now, war, civilized war, exhausts and +sums up all the forms of ruffianism, from the brigandage of the +Trabuceros in the gorges of Mont Jaxa to the marauding of the Comanche +Indians in the Doubtful Pass. ‘Bah!’ you will say to me, ‘but Europe is +certainly better than Asia?’ I admit that Asia is a farce; but I do not +precisely see what you find to laugh at in the Grand Lama, you peoples +of the west, who have mingled with your fashions and your elegances all +the complicated filth of majesty, from the dirty chemise of Queen +Isabella to the chamber-chair of the Dauphin. Gentlemen of the human +race, I tell you, not a bit of it! It is at Brussels that the most beer +is consumed, at Stockholm the most brandy, at Madrid the most +chocolate, at Amsterdam the most gin, at London the most wine, at +Constantinople the most coffee, at Paris the most absinthe; there are +all the useful notions. Paris carries the day, in short. In Paris, even +the rag-pickers are sybarites; Diogenes would have loved to be a +rag-picker of the Place Maubert better than to be a philosopher at the +PirĂŠus. Learn this in addition; the wineshops of the rag-pickers are +called _bibines_; the most celebrated are the _Saucepan_ and _The +Slaughter-House_. Hence, tea-gardens, goguettes, caboulots, bouibuis, +mastroquets, bastringues, manezingues, bibines of the rag-pickers, +caravanseries of the caliphs, I certify to you, I am a voluptuary, I +eat at Richard’s at forty sous a head, I must have Persian carpets to +roll naked Cleopatra in! Where is Cleopatra? Ah! So it is you, Louison. +Good day.” + + +Thus did Grantaire, more than intoxicated, launch into speech, catching +at the dish-washer in her passage, from his corner in the back room of +the CafĂ© Musain. + +Bossuet, extending his hand towards him, tried to impose silence on +him, and Grantaire began again worse than ever:— + +“Aigle de Meaux, down with your paws. You produce on me no effect with +your gesture of Hippocrates refusing Artaxerxes’ bric-Ă -brac. I excuse +you from the task of soothing me. Moreover, I am sad. What do you wish +me to say to you? Man is evil, man is deformed; the butterfly is a +success, man is a failure. God made a mistake with that animal. A crowd +offers a choice of ugliness. The first comer is a wretch, +_Femme_—woman—rhymes with _infĂąme_,—infamous. Yes, I have the spleen, +complicated with melancholy, with homesickness, plus hypochondria, and +I am vexed and I rage, and I yawn, and I am bored, and I am tired to +death, and I am stupid! Let God go to the devil!” + + +“Silence then, capital R!” resumed Bossuet, who was discussing a point +of law behind the scenes, and who was plunged more than waist high in a +phrase of judicial slang, of which this is the conclusion:— + +“—And as for me, although I am hardly a legist, and at the most, an +amateur attorney, I maintain this: that, in accordance with the terms +of the customs of Normandy, at Saint-Michel, and for each year, an +equivalent must be paid to the profit of the lord of the manor, saving +the rights of others, and by all and several, the proprietors as well +as those seized with inheritance, and that, for all emphyteuses, +leases, freeholds, contracts of domain, mortgages—” + + +“Echo, plaintive nymph,” hummed Grantaire. + +Near Grantaire, an almost silent table, a sheet of paper, an inkstand +and a pen between two glasses of brandy, announced that a vaudeville +was being sketched out. + +This great affair was being discussed in a low voice, and the two heads +at work touched each other: “Let us begin by finding names. When one +has the names, one finds the subject.” + + +“That is true. Dictate. I will write.” + + +“Monsieur Dorimon.” + + +“An independent gentleman?” + + +“Of course.” + + +“His daughter, CĂ©lestine.” + + +“—tine. What next?” + + +“Colonel Sainval.” + + +“Sainval is stale. I should say Valsin.” + + +Beside the vaudeville aspirants, another group, which was also taking +advantage of the uproar to talk low, was discussing a duel. An old +fellow of thirty was counselling a young one of eighteen, and +explaining to him what sort of an adversary he had to deal with. + +“The deuce! Look out for yourself. He is a fine swordsman. His play is +neat. He has the attack, no wasted feints, wrist, dash, lightning, a +just parade, mathematical parries, _bigre!_ and he is left-handed.” + + +In the angle opposite Grantaire, Joly and Bahorel were playing +dominoes, and talking of love. + +“You are in luck, that you are,” Joly was saying. “You have a mistress +who is always laughing.” + + +“That is a fault of hers,” returned Bahorel. “One’s mistress does wrong +to laugh. That encourages one to deceive her. To see her gay removes +your remorse; if you see her sad, your conscience pricks you.” + + +“Ingrate! a woman who laughs is such a good thing! And you never +quarrel!” + + +“That is because of the treaty which we have made. On forming our +little Holy Alliance we assigned ourselves each our frontier, which we +never cross. What is situated on the side of winter belongs to Vaud, on +the side of the wind to Gex. Hence the peace.” + + +“Peace is happiness digesting.” + + +“And you, Jolllly, where do you stand in your entanglement with +Mamselle—you know whom I mean?” + + +“She sulks at me with cruel patience.” + + +“Yet you are a lover to soften the heart with gauntness.” + + +“Alas!” + + +“In your place, I would let her alone.” + + +“That is easy enough to say.” + + +“And to do. Is not her name Musichetta?” + + +“Yes. Ah! my poor Bahorel, she is a superb girl, very literary, with +tiny feet, little hands, she dresses well, and is white and dimpled, +with the eyes of a fortune-teller. I am wild over her.” + + +“My dear fellow, then in order to please her, you must be elegant, and +produce effects with your knees. Buy a good pair of trousers of +double-milled cloth at Staub’s. That will assist.” + + +“At what price?” shouted Grantaire. + +The third corner was delivered up to a poetical discussion. Pagan +mythology was giving battle to Christian mythology. The question was +about Olympus, whose part was taken by Jean Prouvaire, out of pure +romanticism. + +Jean Prouvaire was timid only in repose. Once excited, he burst forth, +a sort of mirth accentuated his enthusiasm, and he was at once both +laughing and lyric. + +“Let us not insult the gods,” said he. “The gods may not have taken +their departure. Jupiter does not impress me as dead. The gods are +dreams, you say. Well, even in nature, such as it is to-day, after the +flight of these dreams, we still find all the grand old pagan myths. +Such and such a mountain with the profile of a citadel, like the +Vignemale, for example, is still to me the headdress of Cybele; it has +not been proved to me that Pan does not come at night to breathe into +the hollow trunks of the willows, stopping up the holes in turn with +his fingers, and I have always believed that Io had something to do +with the cascade of Pissevache.” + + +In the last corner, they were talking politics. The Charter which had +been granted was getting roughly handled. Combeferre was upholding it +weakly. Courfeyrac was energetically making a breach in it. On the +table lay an unfortunate copy of the famous Touquet Charter. Courfeyrac +had seized it, and was brandishing it, mingling with his arguments the +rattling of this sheet of paper. + +“In the first place, I won’t have any kings; if it were only from an +economical point of view, I don’t want any; a king is a parasite. One +does not have kings gratis. Listen to this: the dearness of kings. At +the death of François I., the national debt of France amounted to an +income of thirty thousand livres; at the death of Louis XIV. it was two +milliards, six hundred millions, at twenty-eight livres the mark, which +was equivalent in 1760, according to Desmarets, to four milliards, five +hundred millions, which would to-day be equivalent to twelve milliards. +In the second place, and no offence to Combeferre, a charter granted is +but a poor expedient of civilization. To save the transition, to soften +the passage, to deaden the shock, to cause the nation to pass +insensibly from the monarchy to democracy by the practice of +constitutional fictions,—what detestable reasons all those are! No! no! +let us never enlighten the people with false daylight. Principles +dwindle and pale in your constitutional cellar. No illegitimacy, no +compromise, no grant from the king to the people. In all such grants +there is an Article 14. By the side of the hand which gives there is +the claw which snatches back. I refuse your charter point-blank. A +charter is a mask; the lie lurks beneath it. A people which accepts a +charter abdicates. The law is only the law when entire. No! no +charter!” + + +It was winter; a couple of fagots were crackling in the fireplace. This +was tempting, and Courfeyrac could not resist. He crumpled the poor +Touquet Charter in his fist, and flung it in the fire. The paper +flashed up. Combeferre watched the masterpiece of Louis XVIII. burn +philosophically, and contented himself with saying:— + +“The charter metamorphosed into flame.” + + +And sarcasms, sallies, jests, that French thing which is called +_entrain_, and that English thing which is called humor, good and bad +taste, good and bad reasons, all the wild pyrotechnics of dialogue, +mounting together and crossing from all points of the room, produced a +sort of merry bombardment over their heads. + + + + +CHAPTER V—ENLARGEMENT OF HORIZON + + +The shocks of youthful minds among themselves have this admirable +property, that one can never foresee the spark, nor divine the +lightning flash. What will dart out presently? No one knows. The burst +of laughter starts from a tender feeling. + +At the moment of jest, the serious makes its entry. Impulses depend on +the first chance word. The spirit of each is sovereign, jest suffices +to open the field to the unexpected. These are conversations with +abrupt turns, in which the perspective changes suddenly. Chance is the +stage-manager of such conversations. + +A severe thought, starting oddly from a clash of words, suddenly +traversed the conflict of quips in which Grantaire, Bahorel, Prouvaire, +Bossuet, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac were confusedly fencing. + +How does a phrase crop up in a dialogue? Whence comes it that it +suddenly impresses itself on the attention of those who hear it? We +have just said, that no one knows anything about it. In the midst of +the uproar, Bossuet all at once terminated some apostrophe to +Combeferre, with this date:— + +“June 18th, 1815, Waterloo.” + + +At this name of Waterloo, Marius, who was leaning his elbows on a +table, beside a glass of water, removed his wrist from beneath his +chin, and began to gaze fixedly at the audience. + +“Pardieu!” exclaimed Courfeyrac (“Parbleu” was falling into disuse at +this period), “that number 18 is strange and strikes me. It is +Bonaparte’s fatal number. Place Louis in front and Brumaire behind, you +have the whole destiny of the man, with this significant peculiarity, +that the end treads close on the heels of the commencement.” + + +Enjolras, who had remained mute up to that point, broke the silence and +addressed this remark to Combeferre:— + +“You mean to say, the crime and the expiation.” + + +This word _crime_ overpassed the measure of what Marius, who was +already greatly agitated by the abrupt evocation of Waterloo, could +accept. + +He rose, walked slowly to the map of France spread out on the wall, and +at whose base an island was visible in a separate compartment, laid his +finger on this compartment and said:— + +“Corsica, a little island which has rendered France very great.” + + +This was like a breath of icy air. All ceased talking. They felt that +something was on the point of occurring. + +Bahorel, replying to Bossuet, was just assuming an attitude of the +torso to which he was addicted. He gave it up to listen. + +Enjolras, whose blue eye was not fixed on any one, and who seemed to be +gazing at space, replied, without glancing at Marius:— + +“France needs no Corsica to be great. France is great because she is +France. _Quia nomina leo_.” + + +Marius felt no desire to retreat; he turned towards Enjolras, and his +voice burst forth with a vibration which came from a quiver of his very +being:— + +“God forbid that I should diminish France! But amalgamating Napoleon +with her is not diminishing her. Come! let us argue the question. I am +a newcomer among you, but I will confess that you amaze me. Where do we +stand? Who are we? Who are you? Who am I? Let us come to an explanation +about the Emperor. I hear you say _Buonaparte_, accenting the _u_ like +the Royalists. I warn you that my grandfather does better still; he +says _BuonapartĂ©_’. I thought you were young men. Where, then, is your +enthusiasm? And what are you doing with it? Whom do you admire, if you +do not admire the Emperor? And what more do you want? If you will have +none of that great man, what great men would you like? He had +everything. He was complete. He had in his brain the sum of human +faculties. He made codes like Justinian, he dictated like CĂŠsar, his +conversation was mingled with the lightning-flash of Pascal, with the +thunderclap of Tacitus, he made history and he wrote it, his bulletins +are Iliads, he combined the cipher of Newton with the metaphor of +Mahomet, he left behind him in the East words as great as the pyramids, +at Tilsit he taught Emperors majesty, at the Academy of Sciences he +replied to Laplace, in the Council of State he held his own against +Merlin, he gave a soul to the geometry of the first, and to the +chicanery of the last, he was a legist with the attorneys and sidereal +with the astronomers; like Cromwell blowing out one of two candles, he +went to the Temple to bargain for a curtain tassel; he saw everything; +he knew everything; which did not prevent him from laughing +good-naturedly beside the cradle of his little child; and all at once, +frightened Europe lent an ear, armies put themselves in motion, parks +of artillery rumbled, pontoons stretched over the rivers, clouds of +cavalry galloped in the storm, cries, trumpets, a trembling of thrones +in every direction, the frontiers of kingdoms oscillated on the map, +the sound of a superhuman sword was heard, as it was drawn from its +sheath; they beheld him, him, rise erect on the horizon with a blazing +brand in his hand, and a glow in his eyes, unfolding amid the thunder, +his two wings, the grand army and the old guard, and he was the +archangel of war!” + + +All held their peace, and Enjolras bowed his head. Silence always +produces somewhat the effect of acquiescence, of the enemy being driven +to the wall. Marius continued with increased enthusiasm, and almost +without pausing for breath:— + +“Let us be just, my friends! What a splendid destiny for a nation to be +the Empire of such an Emperor, when that nation is France and when it +adds its own genius to the genius of that man! To appear and to reign, +to march and to triumph, to have for halting-places all capitals, to +take his grenadiers and to make kings of them, to decree the falls of +dynasties, and to transfigure Europe at the pace of a charge; to make +you feel that when you threaten you lay your hand on the hilt of the +sword of God; to follow in a single man, Hannibal, CĂŠsar, Charlemagne; +to be the people of some one who mingles with your dawns the startling +announcement of a battle won, to have the cannon of the Invalides to +rouse you in the morning, to hurl into abysses of light prodigious +words which flame forever, Marengo, Arcola, Austerlitz, Jena, Wagram! +To cause constellations of victories to flash forth at each instant +from the zenith of the centuries, to make the French Empire a pendant +to the Roman Empire, to be the great nation and to give birth to the +grand army, to make its legions fly forth over all the earth, as a +mountain sends out its eagles on all sides to conquer, to dominate, to +strike with lightning, to be in Europe a sort of nation gilded through +glory, to sound athwart the centuries a trumpet-blast of Titans, to +conquer the world twice, by conquest and by dazzling, that is sublime; +and what greater thing is there?” + + +“To be free,” said Combeferre. + +Marius lowered his head in his turn; that cold and simple word had +traversed his epic effusion like a blade of steel, and he felt it +vanishing within him. When he raised his eyes, Combeferre was no longer +there. Probably satisfied with his reply to the apotheosis, he had just +taken his departure, and all, with the exception of Enjolras, had +followed him. The room had been emptied. Enjolras, left alone with +Marius, was gazing gravely at him. Marius, however, having rallied his +ideas to some extent, did not consider himself beaten; there lingered +in him a trace of inward fermentation which was on the point, no doubt, +of translating itself into syllogisms arrayed against Enjolras, when +all of a sudden, they heard some one singing on the stairs as he went. +It was Combeferre, and this is what he was singing:— + +“Si CĂ©sar m’avait donnĂ© +La gloire et la guerre, +Et qu’il me fallait quitter +L’amour de ma mĂšre, +Je dirais au grand CĂ©sar: +Reprends ton sceptre et ton char, +J’aime mieux ma mĂšre, ĂŽ guĂ©! +J’aime mieux ma mĂšre!”25 + + +The wild and tender accents with which Combeferre sang communicated to +this couplet a sort of strange grandeur. Marius, thoughtfully, and with +his eyes diked on the ceiling, repeated almost mechanically: “My +mother?—” + + +At that moment, he felt Enjolras’ hand on his shoulder. + +“Citizen,” said Enjolras to him, “my mother is the Republic.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—RES ANGUSTA + + +That evening left Marius profoundly shaken, and with a melancholy +shadow in his soul. He felt what the earth may possibly feel, at the +moment when it is torn open with the iron, in order that grain may be +deposited within it; it feels only the wound; the quiver of the germ +and the joy of the fruit only arrive later. + +Marius was gloomy. He had but just acquired a faith; must he then +reject it already? He affirmed to himself that he would not. He +declared to himself that he would not doubt, and he began to doubt in +spite of himself. To stand between two religions, from one of which you +have not as yet emerged, and another into which you have not yet +entered, is intolerable; and twilight is pleasing only to bat-like +souls. Marius was clear-eyed, and he required the true light. The +half-lights of doubt pained him. Whatever may have been his desire to +remain where he was, he could not halt there, he was irresistibly +constrained to continue, to advance, to examine, to think, to march +further. Whither would this lead him? He feared, after having taken so +many steps which had brought him nearer to his father, to now take a +step which should estrange him from that father. His discomfort was +augmented by all the reflections which occurred to him. An escarpment +rose around him. He was in accord neither with his grandfather nor with +his friends; daring in the eyes of the one, he was behind the times in +the eyes of the others, and he recognized the fact that he was doubly +isolated, on the side of age and on the side of youth. He ceased to go +to the CafĂ© Musain. + +In the troubled state of his conscience, he no longer thought of +certain serious sides of existence. The realities of life do not allow +themselves to be forgotten. They soon elbowed him abruptly. + +One morning, the proprietor of the hotel entered Marius’ room and said +to him:— + +“Monsieur Courfeyrac answered for you.” + + +“Yes.” + + +“But I must have my money.” + + +“Request Courfeyrac to come and talk with me,” said Marius. + +Courfeyrac having made his appearance, the host left them. Marius then +told him what it had not before occurred to him to relate, that he was +the same as alone in the world, and had no relatives. + +“What is to become of you?” said Courfeyrac. + +“I do not know in the least,” replied Marius. + +“What are you going to do?” + + +“I do not know.” + + +“Have you any money?” + + +“Fifteen francs.” + + +“Do you want me to lend you some?” + + +“Never.” + + +“Have you clothes?” + + +“Here is what I have.” + + +“Have you trinkets?” + + +“A watch.” + + +“Silver?” + + +“Gold; here it is.” + + +“I know a clothes-dealer who will take your frock-coat and a pair of +trousers.” + + +“That is good.” + + +“You will then have only a pair of trousers, a waistcoat, a hat and a +coat.” + + +“And my boots.” + + +“What! you will not go barefoot? What opulence!” + + +“That will be enough.” + + +“I know a watchmaker who will buy your watch.” + + +“That is good.” + + +“No; it is not good. What will you do after that?” + + +“Whatever is necessary. Anything honest, that is to say.” + + +“Do you know English?” + + +“No.” + + +“Do you know German?” + + +“No.” + + +“So much the worse.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because one of my friends, a publisher, is getting up a sort of an +encyclopĂŠdia, for which you might have translated English or German +articles. It is badly paid work, but one can live by it.” + + +“I will learn English and German.” + + +“And in the meanwhile?” + + +“In the meanwhile I will live on my clothes and my watch.” + + +The clothes-dealer was sent for. He paid twenty francs for the cast-off +garments. They went to the watchmaker’s. He bought the watch for +forty-five francs. + +“That is not bad,” said Marius to Courfeyrac, on their return to the +hotel, “with my fifteen francs, that makes eighty.” + + +“And the hotel bill?” observed Courfeyrac. + +“Hello, I had forgotten that,” said Marius. + +The landlord presented his bill, which had to be paid on the spot. It +amounted to seventy francs. + +“I have ten francs left,” said Marius. + +“The deuce,” exclaimed Courfeyrac, “you will eat up five francs while +you are learning English, and five while learning German. That will be +swallowing a tongue very fast, or a hundred sous very slowly.” + + +In the meantime Aunt Gillenormand, a rather good-hearted person at +bottom in difficulties, had finally hunted up Marius’ abode. + +One morning, on his return from the law-school, Marius found a letter +from his aunt, and the _sixty pistoles_, that is to say, six hundred +francs in gold, in a sealed box. + +Marius sent back the thirty louis to his aunt, with a respectful +letter, in which he stated that he had sufficient means of subsistence +and that he should be able thenceforth to supply all his needs. At that +moment, he had three francs left. + +His aunt did not inform his grandfather of this refusal for fear of +exasperating him. Besides, had he not said: “Let me never hear the name +of that blood-drinker again!” + + +Marius left the hotel de la Porte Saint-Jacques, as he did not wish to +run in debt there. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE EXCELLENCE OF MISFORTUNE + + + + +CHAPTER I—MARIUS INDIGENT + + + + +[Illustration: Excellence of Misfortune] + + +Life became hard for Marius. It was nothing to eat his clothes and his +watch. He ate of that terrible, inexpressible thing that is called _de +la vache enragĂ©_; that is to say, he endured great hardships and +privations. A terrible thing it is, containing days without bread, +nights without sleep, evenings without a candle, a hearth without a +fire, weeks without work, a future without hope, a coat out at the +elbows, an old hat which evokes the laughter of young girls, a door +which one finds locked on one at night because one’s rent is not paid, +the insolence of the porter and the cook-shop man, the sneers of +neighbors, humiliations, dignity trampled on, work of whatever nature +accepted, disgusts, bitterness, despondency. Marius learned how all +this is eaten, and how such are often the only things which one has to +devour. At that moment of his existence when a man needs his pride, +because he needs love, he felt that he was jeered at because he was +badly dressed, and ridiculous because he was poor. At the age when +youth swells the heart with imperial pride, he dropped his eyes more +than once on his dilapidated boots, and he knew the unjust shame and +the poignant blushes of wretchedness. Admirable and terrible trial from +which the feeble emerge base, from which the strong emerge sublime. A +crucible into which destiny casts a man, whenever it desires a +scoundrel or a demi-god. + +For many great deeds are performed in petty combats. There are +instances of bravery ignored and obstinate, which defend themselves +step by step in that fatal onslaught of necessities and turpitudes. +Noble and mysterious triumphs which no eye beholds, which are requited +with no renown, which are saluted with no trumpet blast. Life, +misfortune, isolation, abandonment, poverty, are the fields of battle +which have their heroes; obscure heroes, who are, sometimes, grander +than the heroes who win renown. + +Firm and rare natures are thus created; misery, almost always a +step-mother, is sometimes a mother; destitution gives birth to might of +soul and spirit; distress is the nurse of pride; unhappiness is a good +milk for the magnanimous. + +There came a moment in Marius’ life, when he swept his own landing, +when he bought his sou’s worth of Brie cheese at the fruiterer’s, when +he waited until twilight had fallen to slip into the baker’s and +purchase a loaf, which he carried off furtively to his attic as though +he had stolen it. Sometimes there could be seen gliding into the +butcher’s shop on the corner, in the midst of the bantering cooks who +elbowed him, an awkward young man, carrying big books under his arm, +who had a timid yet angry air, who, on entering, removed his hat from a +brow whereon stood drops of perspiration, made a profound bow to the +butcher’s astonished wife, asked for a mutton cutlet, paid six or seven +sous for it, wrapped it up in a paper, put it under his arm, between +two books, and went away. It was Marius. On this cutlet, which he +cooked for himself, he lived for three days. + +On the first day he ate the meat, on the second he ate the fat, on the +third he gnawed the bone. Aunt Gillenormand made repeated attempts, and +sent him the sixty pistoles several times. Marius returned them on +every occasion, saying that he needed nothing. + +He was still in mourning for his father when the revolution which we +have just described was effected within him. From that time forth, he +had not put off his black garments. But his garments were quitting him. +The day came when he had no longer a coat. The trousers would go next. +What was to be done? Courfeyrac, to whom he had, on his side, done some +good turns, gave him an old coat. For thirty sous, Marius got it turned +by some porter or other, and it was a new coat. But this coat was +green. Then Marius ceased to go out until after nightfall. This made +his coat black. As he wished always to appear in mourning, he clothed +himself with the night. + +In spite of all this, he got admitted to practice as a lawyer. He was +supposed to live in Courfeyrac’s room, which was decent, and where a +certain number of law-books backed up and completed by several +dilapidated volumes of romance, passed as the library required by the +regulations. He had his letters addressed to Courfeyrac’s quarters. + +When Marius became a lawyer, he informed his grandfather of the fact in +a letter which was cold but full of submission and respect. M. +Gillenormand trembled as he took the letter, read it, tore it in four +pieces, and threw it into the waste-basket. Two or three days later, +Mademoiselle Gillenormand heard her father, who was alone in his room, +talking aloud to himself. He always did this whenever he was greatly +agitated. She listened, and the old man was saying: “If you were not a +fool, you would know that one cannot be a baron and a lawyer at the +same time.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS POOR + + +It is the same with wretchedness as with everything else. It ends by +becoming bearable. It finally assumes a form, and adjusts itself. One +vegetates, that is to say, one develops in a certain meagre fashion, +which is, however, sufficient for life. This is the mode in which the +existence of Marius Pontmercy was arranged: + +He had passed the worst straits; the narrow pass was opening out a +little in front of him. By dint of toil, perseverance, courage, and +will, he had managed to draw from his work about seven hundred francs a +year. He had learned German and English; thanks to Courfeyrac, who had +put him in communication with his friend the publisher, Marius filled +the modest post of utility man in the literature of the publishing +house. He drew up prospectuses, translated newspapers, annotated +editions, compiled biographies, etc.; net product, year in and year +out, seven hundred francs. He lived on it. How? Not so badly. We will +explain. + +Marius occupied in the Gorbeau house, for an annual sum of thirty +francs, a den minus a fireplace, called a cabinet, which contained only +the most indispensable articles of furniture. This furniture belonged +to him. He gave three francs a month to the old _principal tenant_ to +come and sweep his hole, and to bring him a little hot water every +morning, a fresh egg, and a penny roll. He breakfasted on this egg and +roll. His breakfast varied in cost from two to four sous, according as +eggs were dear or cheap. At six o’clock in the evening he descended the +Rue Saint-Jacques to dine at Rousseau’s, opposite Basset’s, the +stamp-dealer’s, on the corner of the Rue des Mathurins. He ate no soup. +He took a six-sou plate of meat, a half-portion of vegetables for three +sous, and a three-sou dessert. For three sous he got as much bread as +he wished. As for wine, he drank water. When he paid at the desk where +Madam Rousseau, at that period still plump and rosy majestically +presided, he gave a sou to the waiter, and Madam Rousseau gave him a +smile. Then he went away. For sixteen sous he had a smile and a dinner. + +This Restaurant Rousseau, where so few bottles and so many water +carafes were emptied, was a calming potion rather than a restaurant. It +no longer exists. The proprietor had a fine nickname: he was called +_Rousseau the Aquatic_. + +Thus, breakfast four sous, dinner sixteen sous; his food cost him +twenty sous a day; which made three hundred and sixty-five francs a +year. Add the thirty francs for rent, and the thirty-six francs to the +old woman, plus a few trifling expenses; for four hundred and fifty +francs, Marius was fed, lodged, and waited on. His clothing cost him a +hundred francs, his linen fifty francs, his washing fifty francs; the +whole did not exceed six hundred and fifty francs. He was rich. He +sometimes lent ten francs to a friend. Courfeyrac had once been able to +borrow sixty francs of him. As far as fire was concerned, as Marius had +no fireplace, he had “simplified matters.” + + +Marius always had two complete suits of clothes, the one old, “for +every day”; the other, brand new for special occasions. Both were +black. He had but three shirts, one on his person, the second in the +commode, and the third in the washerwoman’s hands. He renewed them as +they wore out. They were always ragged, which caused him to button his +coat to the chin. + +It had required years for Marius to attain to this flourishing +condition. Hard years; difficult, some of them, to traverse, others to +climb. Marius had not failed for a single day. He had endured +everything in the way of destitution; he had done everything except +contract debts. He did himself the justice to say that he had never +owed any one a sou. A debt was, to him, the beginning of slavery. He +even said to himself, that a creditor is worse than a master; for the +master possesses only your person, a creditor possesses your dignity +and can administer to it a box on the ear. Rather than borrow, he went +without food. He had passed many a day fasting. Feeling that all +extremes meet, and that, if one is not on one’s guard, lowered fortunes +may lead to baseness of soul, he kept a jealous watch on his pride. +Such and such a formality or action, which, in any other situation +would have appeared merely a deference to him, now seemed insipidity, +and he nerved himself against it. His face wore a sort of severe flush. +He was timid even to rudeness. + +During all these trials he had felt himself encouraged and even +uplifted, at times, by a secret force that he possessed within himself. +The soul aids the body, and at certain moments, raises it. It is the +only bird which bears up its own cage. + +Besides his father’s name, another name was graven in Marius’ heart, +the name of ThĂ©nardier. Marius, with his grave and enthusiastic nature, +surrounded with a sort of aureole the man to whom, in his thoughts, he +owed his father’s life,—that intrepid sergeant who had saved the +colonel amid the bullets and the cannon-balls of Waterloo. He never +separated the memory of this man from the memory of his father, and he +associated them in his veneration. It was a sort of worship in two +steps, with the grand altar for the colonel and the lesser one for +ThĂ©nardier. What redoubled the tenderness of his gratitude towards +ThĂ©nardier, was the idea of the distress into which he knew that +ThĂ©nardier had fallen, and which had engulfed the latter. Marius had +learned at Montfermeil of the ruin and bankruptcy of the unfortunate +inn-keeper. Since that time, he had made unheard-of efforts to find +traces of him and to reach him in that dark abyss of misery in which +ThĂ©nardier had disappeared. Marius had beaten the whole country; he had +gone to Chelles, to Bondy, to Gourney, to Nogent, to Lagny. He had +persisted for three years, expending in these explorations the little +money which he had laid by. No one had been able to give him any news +of ThĂ©nardier: he was supposed to have gone abroad. His creditors had +also sought him, with less love than Marius, but with as much +assiduity, and had not been able to lay their hands on him. Marius +blamed himself, and was almost angry with himself for his lack of +success in his researches. It was the only debt left him by the +colonel, and Marius made it a matter of honor to pay it. “What,” he +thought, “when my father lay dying on the field of battle, did +ThĂ©nardier contrive to find him amid the smoke and the grape-shot, and +bear him off on his shoulders, and yet he owed him nothing, and I, who +owe so much to ThĂ©nardier, cannot join him in this shadow where he is +lying in the pangs of death, and in my turn bring him back from death +to life! Oh! I will find him!” To find ThĂ©nardier, in fact, Marius +would have given one of his arms, to rescue him from his misery, he +would have sacrificed all his blood. To see ThĂ©nardier, to render +ThĂ©nardier some service, to say to him: “You do not know me; well, I do +know you! Here I am. Dispose of me!” This was Marius’ sweetest and most +magnificent dream. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS GROWN UP + + +At this epoch, Marius was twenty years of age. It was three years since +he had left his grandfather. Both parties had remained on the same +terms, without attempting to approach each other, and without seeking +to see each other. Besides, what was the use of seeing each other? +Marius was the brass vase, while Father Gillenormand was the iron pot. + +We admit that Marius was mistaken as to his grandfather’s heart. He had +imagined that M. Gillenormand had never loved him, and that that +crusty, harsh, and smiling old fellow who cursed, shouted, and stormed +and brandished his cane, cherished for him, at the most, only that +affection, which is at once slight and severe, of the dotards of +comedy. Marius was in error. There are fathers who do not love their +children; there exists no grandfather who does not adore his grandson. +At bottom, as we have said, M. Gillenormand idolized Marius. He +idolized him after his own fashion, with an accompaniment of +snappishness and boxes on the ear; but, this child once gone, he felt a +black void in his heart; he would allow no one to mention the child to +him, and all the while secretly regretted that he was so well obeyed. +At first, he hoped that this Buonapartist, this Jacobin, this +terrorist, this Septembrist, would return. But the weeks passed by, +years passed; to M. Gillenormand’s great despair, the “blood-drinker” +did not make his appearance. “I could not do otherwise than turn him +out,” said the grandfather to himself, and he asked himself: “If the +thing were to do over again, would I do it?” His pride instantly +answered “yes,” but his aged head, which he shook in silence, replied +sadly “no.” He had his hours of depression. He missed Marius. Old men +need affection as they need the sun. It is warmth. Strong as his nature +was, the absence of Marius had wrought some change in him. Nothing in +the world could have induced him to take a step towards “that rogue”; +but he suffered. He never inquired about him, but he thought of him +incessantly. He lived in the Marais in a more and more retired manner; +he was still merry and violent as of old, but his merriment had a +convulsive harshness, and his violences always terminated in a sort of +gentle and gloomy dejection. He sometimes said: “Oh! if he only would +return, what a good box on the ear I would give him!” + + +As for his aunt, she thought too little to love much; Marius was no +longer for her much more than a vague black form; and she eventually +came to occupy herself with him much less than with the cat or the +paroquet which she probably had. What augmented Father Gillenormand’s +secret suffering was, that he locked it all up within his breast, and +did not allow its existence to be divined. His sorrow was like those +recently invented furnaces which consume their own smoke. It sometimes +happened that officious busybodies spoke to him of Marius, and asked +him: “What is your grandson doing?” “What has become of him?” The old +bourgeois replied with a sigh, that he was a sad case, and giving a +fillip to his cuff, if he wished to appear gay: “Monsieur le Baron de +Pontmercy is practising pettifogging in some corner or other.” + + +While the old man regretted, Marius applauded himself. As is the case +with all good-hearted people, misfortune had eradicated his bitterness. +He only thought of M. Gillenormand in an amiable light, but he had set +his mind on not receiving anything more from the man who _had been +unkind to his father_. This was the mitigated translation of his first +indignation. Moreover, he was happy at having suffered, and at +suffering still. It was for his father’s sake. The hardness of his life +satisfied and pleased him. He said to himself with a sort of joy that— +_it was certainly the least he could do_; that it was an +expiation;—that, had it not been for that, he would have been punished +in some other way and later on for his impious indifference towards his +father, and such a father! that it would not have been just that his +father should have all the suffering, and he none of it; and that, in +any case, what were his toils and his destitution compared with the +colonel’s heroic life? that, in short, the only way for him to approach +his father and resemble him, was to be brave in the face of indigence, +as the other had been valiant before the enemy; and that that was, no +doubt, what the colonel had meant to imply by the words: “He will be +worthy of it.” Words which Marius continued to wear, not on his breast, +since the colonel’s writing had disappeared, but in his heart. + +And then, on the day when his grandfather had turned him out of doors, +he had been only a child, now he was a man. He felt it. Misery, we +repeat, had been good for him. Poverty in youth, when it succeeds, has +this magnificent property about it, that it turns the whole will +towards effort, and the whole soul towards aspiration. Poverty +instantly lays material life bare and renders it hideous; hence +inexpressible bounds towards the ideal life. The wealthy young man has +a hundred coarse and brilliant distractions, horse races, hunting, +dogs, tobacco, gaming, good repasts, and all the rest of it; +occupations for the baser side of the soul, at the expense of the +loftier and more delicate sides. The poor young man wins his bread with +difficulty; he eats; when he has eaten, he has nothing more but +meditation. He goes to the spectacles which God furnishes gratis; he +gazes at the sky, space, the stars, flowers, children, the humanity +among which he is suffering, the creation amid which he beams. He gazes +so much on humanity that he perceives its soul, he gazes upon creation +to such an extent that he beholds God. He dreams, he feels himself +great; he dreams on, and feels himself tender. From the egotism of the +man who suffers he passes to the compassion of the man who meditates. +An admirable sentiment breaks forth in him, forgetfulness of self and +pity for all. As he thinks of the innumerable enjoyments which nature +offers, gives, and lavishes to souls which stand open, and refuses to +souls that are closed, he comes to pity, he the millionnaire of the +mind, the millionnaire of money. All hatred departs from his heart, in +proportion as light penetrates his spirit. And is he unhappy? No. The +misery of a young man is never miserable. The first young lad who comes +to hand, however poor he may be, with his strength, his health, his +rapid walk, his brilliant eyes, his warmly circulating blood, his black +hair, his red lips, his white teeth, his pure breath, will always +arouse the envy of an aged emperor. And then, every morning, he sets +himself afresh to the task of earning his bread; and while his hands +earn his bread, his dorsal column gains pride, his brain gathers ideas. +His task finished, he returns to ineffable ecstasies, to contemplation, +to joys; he beholds his feet set in afflictions, in obstacles, on the +pavement, in the nettles, sometimes in the mire; his head in the light. +He is firm, serene, gentle, peaceful, attentive, serious, content with +little, kindly; and he thanks God for having bestowed on him those two +forms of riches which many a rich man lacks: work, which makes him +free; and thought, which makes him dignified. + +This is what had happened with Marius. To tell the truth, he inclined a +little too much to the side of contemplation. From the day when he had +succeeded in earning his living with some approach to certainty, he had +stopped, thinking it good to be poor, and retrenching time from his +work to give to thought; that is to say, he sometimes passed entire +days in meditation, absorbed, engulfed, like a visionary, in the mute +voluptuousness of ecstasy and inward radiance. He had thus propounded +the problem of his life: to toil as little as possible at material +labor, in order to toil as much as possible at the labor which is +impalpable; in other words, to bestow a few hours on real life, and to +cast the rest to the infinite. As he believed that he lacked nothing, +he did not perceive that contemplation, thus understood, ends by +becoming one of the forms of idleness; that he was contenting himself +with conquering the first necessities of life, and that he was resting +from his labors too soon. + +It was evident that, for this energetic and enthusiastic nature, this +could only be a transitory state, and that, at the first shock against +the inevitable complications of destiny, Marius would awaken. + +In the meantime, although he was a lawyer, and whatever Father +Gillenormand thought about the matter, he was not practising, he was +not even pettifogging. Meditation had turned him aside from pleading. +To haunt attorneys, to follow the court, to hunt up cases—what a bore! +Why should he do it? He saw no reason for changing the manner of +gaining his livelihood! The obscure and ill-paid publishing +establishment had come to mean for him a sure source of work which did +not involve too much labor, as we have explained, and which sufficed +for his wants. + +One of the publishers for whom he worked, M. Magimel, I think, offered +to take him into his own house, to lodge him well, to furnish him with +regular occupation, and to give him fifteen hundred francs a year. To +be well lodged! Fifteen hundred francs! No doubt. But renounce his +liberty! Be on fixed wages! A sort of hired man of letters! According +to Marius’ opinion, if he accepted, his position would become both +better and worse at the same time, he acquired comfort, and lost his +dignity; it was a fine and complete unhappiness converted into a +repulsive and ridiculous state of torture: something like the case of a +blind man who should recover the sight of one eye. He refused. + +Marius dwelt in solitude. Owing to his taste for remaining outside of +everything, and through having been too much alarmed, he had not +entered decidedly into the group presided over by Enjolras. They had +remained good friends; they were ready to assist each other on occasion +in every possible way; but nothing more. Marius had two friends: one +young, Courfeyrac; and one old, M. Mabeuf. He inclined more to the old +man. In the first place, he owed to him the revolution which had taken +place within him; to him he was indebted for having known and loved his +father. “He operated on me for a cataract,” he said. + +The churchwarden had certainly played a decisive part. + +It was not, however, that M. Mabeuf had been anything but the calm and +impassive agent of Providence in this connection. He had enlightened +Marius by chance and without being aware of the fact, as does a candle +which some one brings; he had been the candle and not the some one. + +As for Marius’ inward political revolution, M. Mabeuf was totally +incapable of comprehending it, of willing or of directing it. + +As we shall see M. Mabeuf again, later on, a few words will not be +superfluous. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—M. MABEUF + + +On the day when M. Mabeuf said to Marius: “Certainly I approve of +political opinions,” he expressed the real state of his mind. All +political opinions were matters of indifference to him, and he approved +them all, without distinction, provided they left him in peace, as the +Greeks called the Furies “the beautiful, the good, the charming,” the +Eumenides. M. Mabeuf’s political opinion consisted in a passionate love +for plants, and, above all, for books. Like all the rest of the world, +he possessed the termination in _ist_, without which no one could exist +at that time, but he was neither a Royalist, a Bonapartist, a Chartist, +an Orleanist, nor an Anarchist; he was a _bouquinist_, a collector of +old books. He did not understand how men could busy themselves with +hating each other because of silly stuff like the charter, democracy, +legitimacy, monarchy, the republic, etc., when there were in the world +all sorts of mosses, grasses, and shrubs which they might be looking +at, and heaps of folios, and even of 32mos, which they might turn over. +He took good care not to become useless; having books did not prevent +his reading, being a botanist did not prevent his being a gardener. +When he made Pontmercy’s acquaintance, this sympathy had existed +between the colonel and himself—that what the colonel did for flowers, +he did for fruits. M. Mabeuf had succeeded in producing seedling pears +as savory as the pears of St. Germain; it is from one of his +combinations, apparently, that the October Mirabelle, now celebrated +and no less perfumed than the summer Mirabelle, owes its origin. He +went to mass rather from gentleness than from piety, and because, as he +loved the faces of men, but hated their noise, he found them assembled +and silent only in church. Feeling that he must be something in the +State, he had chosen the career of warden. However, he had never +succeeded in loving any woman as much as a tulip bulb, nor any man as +much as an Elzevir. He had long passed sixty, when, one day, some one +asked him: “Have you never been married?” “I have forgotten,” said he. +When it sometimes happened to him—and to whom does it not happen?—to +say: “Oh! if I were only rich!” it was not when ogling a pretty girl, +as was the case with Father Gillenormand, but when contemplating an old +book. He lived alone with an old housekeeper. He was somewhat gouty, +and when he was asleep, his aged fingers, stiffened with rheumatism, +lay crooked up in the folds of his sheets. He had composed and +published a _Flora of the Environs of Cauteretz_, with colored plates, +a work which enjoyed a tolerable measure of esteem and which sold well. +People rang his bell, in the Rue MĂ©siĂšres, two or three times a day, to +ask for it. He drew as much as two thousand francs a year from it; this +constituted nearly the whole of his fortune. Although poor, he had had +the talent to form for himself, by dint of patience, privations, and +time, a precious collection of rare copies of every sort. He never went +out without a book under his arm, and he often returned with two. The +sole decoration of the four rooms on the ground floor, which composed +his lodgings, consisted of framed herbariums, and engravings of the old +masters. The sight of a sword or a gun chilled his blood. He had never +approached a cannon in his life, even at the Invalides. He had a +passable stomach, a brother who was a curĂ©, perfectly white hair, no +teeth, either in his mouth or his mind, a trembling in every limb, a +Picard accent, an infantile laugh, the air of an old sheep, and he was +easily frightened. Add to this, that he had no other friendship, no +other acquaintance among the living, than an old bookseller of the +Porte-Saint-Jacques, named Royal. His dream was to naturalize indigo in +France. + +His servant was also a sort of innocent. The poor good old woman was a +spinster. Sultan, her cat, which might have mewed Allegri’s miserere in +the Sixtine Chapel, had filled her heart and sufficed for the quantity +of passion which existed in her. None of her dreams had ever proceeded +as far as man. She had never been able to get further than her cat. +Like him, she had a moustache. Her glory consisted in her caps, which +were always white. She passed her time, on Sundays, after mass, in +counting over the linen in her chest, and in spreading out on her bed +the dresses in the piece which she bought and never had made up. She +knew how to read. M. Mabeuf had nicknamed her Mother Plutarque. + +M. Mabeuf had taken a fancy to Marius, because Marius, being young and +gentle, warmed his age without startling his timidity. Youth combined +with gentleness produces on old people the effect of the sun without +wind. When Marius was saturated with military glory, with gunpowder, +with marches and countermarches, and with all those prodigious battles +in which his father had given and received such tremendous blows of the +sword, he went to see M. Mabeuf, and M. Mabeuf talked to him of his +hero from the point of view of flowers. + +His brother the curĂ© died about 1830, and almost immediately, as when +the night is drawing on, the whole horizon grew dark for M. Mabeuf. A +notary’s failure deprived him of the sum of ten thousand francs, which +was all that he possessed in his brother’s right and his own. The +Revolution of July brought a crisis to publishing. In a period of +embarrassment, the first thing which does not sell is a _Flora. The +Flora of the Environs of Cauteretz_ stopped short. Weeks passed by +without a single purchaser. Sometimes M. Mabeuf started at the sound of +the bell. “Monsieur,” said Mother Plutarque sadly, “it is the +water-carrier.” In short, one day, M. Mabeuf quitted the Rue MĂ©siĂšres, +abdicated the functions of warden, gave up Saint-Sulpice, sold not a +part of his books, but of his prints,—that to which he was the least +attached,—and installed himself in a little house on the Rue +Montparnasse, where, however, he remained but one quarter for two +reasons: in the first place, the ground floor and the garden cost three +hundred francs, and he dared not spend more than two hundred francs on +his rent; in the second, being near Faton’s shooting-gallery, he could +hear the pistol-shots; which was intolerable to him. + +He carried off his _Flora_, his copper-plates, his herbariums, his +portfolios, and his books, and established himself near the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre, in a sort of thatched cottage of the village of +Austerlitz, where, for fifty crowns a year, he got three rooms and a +garden enclosed by a hedge, and containing a well. He took advantage of +this removal to sell off nearly all his furniture. On the day of his +entrance into his new quarters, he was very gay, and drove the nails on +which his engravings and herbariums were to hang, with his own hands, +dug in his garden the rest of the day, and at night, perceiving that +Mother Plutarque had a melancholy air, and was very thoughtful, he +tapped her on the shoulder and said to her with a smile: “We have the +indigo!” + + +Only two visitors, the bookseller of the Porte-Saint-Jacques and +Marius, were admitted to view the thatched cottage at Austerlitz, a +brawling name which was, to tell the truth, extremely disagreeable to +him. + +However, as we have just pointed out, brains which are absorbed in some +bit of wisdom, or folly, or, as it often happens, in both at once, are +but slowly accessible to the things of actual life. Their own destiny +is a far-off thing to them. There results from such concentration a +passivity, which, if it were the outcome of reasoning, would resemble +philosophy. One declines, descends, trickles away, even crumbles away, +and yet is hardly conscious of it one’s self. It always ends, it is +true, in an awakening, but the awakening is tardy. In the meantime, it +seems as though we held ourselves neutral in the game which is going on +between our happiness and our unhappiness. We are the stake, and we +look on at the game with indifference. + +It is thus that, athwart the cloud which formed about him, when all his +hopes were extinguished one after the other, M. Mabeuf remained rather +puerilely, but profoundly serene. His habits of mind had the regular +swing of a pendulum. Once mounted on an illusion, he went for a very +long time, even after the illusion had disappeared. A clock does not +stop short at the precise moment when the key is lost. + +M. Mabeuf had his innocent pleasures. These pleasures were inexpensive +and unexpected; the merest chance furnished them. One day, Mother +Plutarque was reading a romance in one corner of the room. She was +reading aloud, finding that she understood better thus. To read aloud +is to assure one’s self of what one is reading. There are people who +read very loud, and who have the appearance of giving themselves their +word of honor as to what they are perusing. + +It was with this sort of energy that Mother Plutarque was reading the +romance which she had in hand. M. Mabeuf heard her without listening to +her. + +In the course of her reading, Mother Plutarque came to this phrase. It +was a question of an officer of dragoons and a beauty:— + +“—The beauty pouted, and the dragoon—” + + +Here she interrupted herself to wipe her glasses. + +“Bouddha and the Dragon,” struck in M. Mabeuf in a low voice. “Yes, it +is true that there was a dragon, which, from the depths of its cave, +spouted flame through his maw and set the heavens on fire. Many stars +had already been consumed by this monster, which, besides, had the +claws of a tiger. Bouddha went into its den and succeeded in converting +the dragon. That is a good book that you are reading, Mother Plutarque. +There is no more beautiful legend in existence.” + + +And M. Mabeuf fell into a delicious reverie. + + + + +CHAPTER V—POVERTY A GOOD NEIGHBOR FOR MISERY + + +Marius liked this candid old man who saw himself gradually falling into +the clutches of indigence, and who came to feel astonishment, little by +little, without, however, being made melancholy by it. Marius met +Courfeyrac and sought out M. Mabeuf. Very rarely, however; twice a +month at most. + +Marius’ pleasure consisted in taking long walks alone on the outer +boulevards, or in the Champs-de-Mars, or in the least frequented alleys +of the Luxembourg. He often spent half a day in gazing at a market +garden, the beds of lettuce, the chickens on the dung-heap, the horse +turning the water-wheel. The passers-by stared at him in surprise, and +some of them thought his attire suspicious and his mien sinister. He +was only a poor young man dreaming in an objectless way. + +It was during one of his strolls that he had hit upon the Gorbeau +house, and, tempted by its isolation and its cheapness, had taken up +his abode there. He was known there only under the name of M. Marius. + +Some of his father’s old generals or old comrades had invited him to go +and see them, when they learned about him. Marius had not refused their +invitations. They afforded opportunities of talking about his father. +Thus he went from time to time, to Comte Pajol, to General Bellavesne, +to General Fririon, to the Invalides. There was music and dancing +there. On such evenings, Marius put on his new coat. But he never went +to these evening parties or balls except on days when it was freezing +cold, because he could not afford a carriage, and he did not wish to +arrive with boots otherwise than like mirrors. + +He said sometimes, but without bitterness: “Men are so made that in a +drawing-room you may be soiled everywhere except on your shoes. In +order to insure a good reception there, only one irreproachable thing +is asked of you; your conscience? No, your boots.” + + +All passions except those of the heart are dissipated by reverie. +Marius’ political fevers vanished thus. The Revolution of 1830 assisted +in the process, by satisfying and calming him. He remained the same, +setting aside his fits of wrath. He still held the same opinions. Only, +they had been tempered. To speak accurately, he had no longer any +opinions, he had sympathies. To what party did he belong? To the party +of humanity. Out of humanity he chose France; out of the Nation he +chose the people; out of the people he chose the woman. It was to that +point above all, that his pity was directed. Now he preferred an idea +to a deed, a poet to a hero, and he admired a book like Job more than +an event like Marengo. And then, when, after a day spent in meditation, +he returned in the evening through the boulevards, and caught a glimpse +through the branches of the trees of the fathomless space beyond, the +nameless gleams, the abyss, the shadow, the mystery, all that which is +only human seemed very pretty indeed to him. + +He thought that he had, and he really had, in fact, arrived at the +truth of life and of human philosophy, and he had ended by gazing at +nothing but heaven, the only thing which Truth can perceive from the +bottom of her well. + +This did not prevent him from multiplying his plans, his combinations, +his scaffoldings, his projects for the future. In this state of +reverie, an eye which could have cast a glance into Marius’ interior +would have been dazzled with the purity of that soul. In fact, had it +been given to our eyes of the flesh to gaze into the consciences of +others, we should be able to judge a man much more surely according to +what he dreams, than according to what he thinks. There is will in +thought, there is none in dreams. Reverie, which is utterly +spontaneous, takes and keeps, even in the gigantic and the ideal, the +form of our spirit. Nothing proceeds more directly and more sincerely +from the very depth of our soul, than our unpremeditated and boundless +aspirations towards the splendors of destiny. In these aspirations, +much more than in deliberate, rational co-ordinated ideas, is the real +character of a man to be found. Our chimĂŠras are the things which the +most resemble us. Each one of us dreams of the unknown and the +impossible in accordance with his nature. + +Towards the middle of this year 1831, the old woman who waited on +Marius told him that his neighbors, the wretched Jondrette family, had +been turned out of doors. Marius, who passed nearly the whole of his +days out of the house, hardly knew that he had any neighbors. + +“Why are they turned out?” he asked. + +“Because they do not pay their rent; they owe for two quarters.” + + +“How much is it?” + + +“Twenty francs,” said the old woman. + +Marius had thirty francs saved up in a drawer. + +“Here,” he said to the old woman, “take these twenty-five francs. Pay +for the poor people and give them five francs, and do not tell them +that it was I.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE SUBSTITUTE + + +It chanced that the regiment to which Lieutenant ThĂ©odule belonged came +to perform garrison duty in Paris. This inspired Aunt Gillenormand with +a second idea. She had, on the first occasion, hit upon the plan of +having Marius spied upon by ThĂ©odule; now she plotted to have ThĂ©odule +take Marius’ place. + +At all events and in case the grandfather should feel the vague need of +a young face in the house,—these rays of dawn are sometimes sweet to +ruin,—it was expedient to find another Marius. “Take it as a simple +erratum,” she thought, “such as one sees in books. For Marius, read +ThĂ©odule.” + + +A grandnephew is almost the same as a grandson; in default of a lawyer +one takes a lancer. + +One morning, when M. Gillenormand was about to read something in the +_Quotidienne_, his daughter entered and said to him in her sweetest +voice; for the question concerned her favorite:— + +“Father, ThĂ©odule is coming to present his respects to you this +morning.” + + +“Who’s ThĂ©odule?” + + +“Your grandnephew.” + + +“Ah!” said the grandfather. + +Then he went back to his reading, thought no more of his grandnephew, +who was merely some ThĂ©odule or other, and soon flew into a rage, which +almost always happened when he read. The “sheet” which he held, +although Royalist, of course, announced for the following day, without +any softening phrases, one of these little events which were of daily +occurrence at that date in Paris: “That the students of the schools of +law and medicine were to assemble on the Place du PanthĂ©on, at +midday,—to deliberate.” The discussion concerned one of the questions +of the moment, the artillery of the National Guard, and a conflict +between the Minister of War and “the citizen’s militia,” on the subject +of the cannon parked in the courtyard of the Louvre. The students were +to “deliberate” over this. It did not take much more than this to swell +M. Gillenormand’s rage. + +He thought of Marius, who was a student, and who would probably go with +the rest, to “deliberate, at midday, on the Place du PanthĂ©on.” + + +As he was indulging in this painful dream, Lieutenant ThĂ©odule entered +clad in plain clothes as a bourgeois, which was clever of him, and was +discreetly introduced by Mademoiselle Gillenormand. The lancer had +reasoned as follows: “The old druid has not sunk all his money in a +life pension. It is well to disguise one’s self as a civilian from time +to time.” + + +Mademoiselle Gillenormand said aloud to her father:— + +“ThĂ©odule, your grandnephew.” + + +And in a low voice to the lieutenant:— + +“Approve of everything.” + + +And she withdrew. + +The lieutenant, who was but little accustomed to such venerable +encounters, stammered with some timidity: “Good day, uncle,”—and made a +salute composed of the involuntary and mechanical outline of the +military salute finished off as a bourgeois salute. + +“Ah! so it’s you; that is well, sit down,” said the old gentleman. + +That said, he totally forgot the lancer. + +ThĂ©odule seated himself, and M. Gillenormand rose. + +M. Gillenormand began to pace back and forth, his hands in his pockets, +talking aloud, and twitching, with his irritated old fingers, at the +two watches which he wore in his two fobs. + +“That pack of brats! they convene on the Place du PanthĂ©on! by my life! +urchins who were with their nurses but yesterday! If one were to +squeeze their noses, milk would burst out. And they deliberate +to-morrow, at midday. What are we coming to? What are we coming to? It +is clear that we are making for the abyss. That is what the +_descamisados_ have brought us to! To deliberate on the citizen +artillery! To go and jabber in the open air over the jibes of the +National Guard! And with whom are they to meet there? Just see whither +Jacobinism leads. I will bet anything you like, a million against a +counter, that there will be no one there but returned convicts and +released galley-slaves. The Republicans and the galley-slaves,—they +form but one nose and one handkerchief. Carnot used to say: ‘Where +would you have me go, traitor?’ FouchĂ© replied: ‘Wherever you please, +imbecile!’ That’s what the Republicans are like.” + + +“That is true,” said ThĂ©odule. + +M. Gillenormand half turned his head, saw ThĂ©odule, and went on:— + +“When one reflects that that scoundrel was so vile as to turn +carbonaro! Why did you leave my house? To go and become a Republican! +Pssst! In the first place, the people want none of your republic, they +have common sense, they know well that there always have been kings, +and that there always will be; they know well that the people are only +the people, after all, they make sport of it, of your republic—do you +understand, idiot? Is it not a horrible caprice? To fall in love with +PĂšre Duchesne, to make sheep’s-eyes at the guillotine, to sing +romances, and play on the guitar under the balcony of ’93—it’s enough +to make one spit on all these young fellows, such fools are they! They +are all alike. Not one escapes. It suffices for them to breathe the air +which blows through the street to lose their senses. The nineteenth +century is poison. The first scamp that happens along lets his beard +grow like a goat’s, thinks himself a real scoundrel, and abandons his +old relatives. He’s a Republican, he’s a romantic. What does that mean, +romantic? Do me the favor to tell me what it is. All possible follies. +A year ago, they ran to _Hernani_. Now, I just ask you, _Hernani!_ +antitheses! abominations which are not even written in French! And +then, they have cannons in the courtyard of the Louvre. Such are the +rascalities of this age!” + + +“You are right, uncle,” said ThĂ©odule. + +M. Gillenormand resumed:— + +“Cannons in the courtyard of the Museum! For what purpose? Do you want +to fire grape-shot at the Apollo Belvedere? What have those cartridges +to do with the Venus de Medici? Oh! the young men of the present day +are all blackguards! What a pretty creature is their Benjamin Constant! +And those who are not rascals are simpletons! They do all they can to +make themselves ugly, they are badly dressed, they are afraid of women, +in the presence of petticoats they have a mendicant air which sets the +girls into fits of laughter; on my word of honor, one would say the +poor creatures were ashamed of love. They are deformed, and they +complete themselves by being stupid; they repeat the puns of Tiercelin +and Potier, they have sack coats, stablemen’s waistcoats, shirts of +coarse linen, trousers of coarse cloth, boots of coarse leather, and +their rigmarole resembles their plumage. One might make use of their +jargon to put new soles on their old shoes. And all this awkward batch +of brats has political opinions, if you please. Political opinions +should be strictly forbidden. They fabricate systems, they recast +society, they demolish the monarchy, they fling all laws to the earth, +they put the attic in the cellar’s place and my porter in the place of +the King, they turn Europe topsy-turvy, they reconstruct the world, and +all their love affairs consist in staring slily at the ankles of the +laundresses as these women climb into their carts. Ah! Marius! Ah! you +blackguard! to go and vociferate on the public place! to discuss, to +debate, to take measures! They call that measures, just God! Disorder +humbles itself and becomes silly. I have seen chaos, I now see a mess. +Students deliberating on the National Guard,—such a thing could not be +seen among the Ogibewas nor the Cadodaches! Savages who go naked, with +their noddles dressed like a shuttlecock, with a club in their paws, +are less of brutes than those bachelors of arts! The four-penny +monkeys! And they set up for judges! Those creatures deliberate and +ratiocinate! The end of the world is come! This is plainly the end of +this miserable terraqueous globe! A final hiccough was required, and +France has emitted it. Deliberate, my rascals! Such things will happen +so long as they go and read the newspapers under the arcades of the +OdĂ©on. That costs them a sou, and their good sense, and their +intelligence, and their heart and their soul, and their wits. They +emerge thence, and decamp from their families. All newspapers are +pests; all, even the _Drapeau Blanc!_ At bottom, Martainville was a +Jacobin. Ah! just Heaven! you may boast of having driven your +grandfather to despair, that you may!” + + +“That is evident,” said ThĂ©odule. + +And profiting by the fact that M. Gillenormand was taking breath, the +lancer added in a magisterial manner:— + +“There should be no other newspaper than the _Moniteur_, and no other +book than the _Annuaire Militaire_.” + + +M. Gillenormand continued:— + +“It is like their SieyĂšs! A regicide ending in a senator; for that is +the way they always end. They give themselves a scar with the address +of _thou_ as citizens, in order to get themselves called, eventually, +_Monsieur le Comte_. Monsieur le Comte as big as my arm, assassins of +September. The philosopher SieyĂšs! I will do myself the justice to say, +that I have never had any better opinion of the philosophies of all +those philosophers, than of the spectacles of the grimacer of Tivoli! +One day I saw the Senators cross the Quai Malplaquet in mantles of +violet velvet sown with bees, with hats Ă  la Henri IV. They were +hideous. One would have pronounced them monkeys from the tiger’s court. +Citizens, I declare to you, that your progress is madness, that your +humanity is a dream, that your revolution is a crime, that your +republic is a monster, that your young and virgin France comes from the +brothel, and I maintain it against all, whoever you may be, whether +journalists, economists, legists, or even were you better judges of +liberty, of equality, and fraternity than the knife of the guillotine! +And that I announce to you, my fine fellows!” + + +“Parbleu!” cried the lieutenant, “that is wonderfully true.” + + +M. Gillenormand paused in a gesture which he had begun, wheeled round, +stared Lancer ThĂ©odule intently in the eyes, and said to him:— + +“You are a fool.” + + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—THE CONJUNCTION OF TWO STARS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SOBRIQUET: MODE OF FORMATION OF FAMILY NAMES + + +Marius was, at this epoch, a handsome young man, of medium stature, +with thick and intensely black hair, a lofty and intelligent brow, +well-opened and passionate nostrils, an air of calmness and sincerity, +and with something indescribably proud, thoughtful, and innocent over +his whole countenance. His profile, all of whose lines were rounded, +without thereby losing their firmness, had a certain Germanic +sweetness, which has made its way into the French physiognomy by way of +Alsace and Lorraine, and that complete absence of angles which rendered +the Sicambres so easily recognizable among the Romans, and which +distinguishes the leonine from the aquiline race. He was at that period +of life when the mind of men who think is composed, in nearly equal +parts, of depth and ingenuousness. A grave situation being given, he +had all that is required to be stupid: one more turn of the key, and he +might be sublime. His manners were reserved, cold, polished, not very +genial. As his mouth was charming, his lips the reddest, and his teeth +the whitest in the world, his smile corrected the severity of his face, +as a whole. At certain moments, that pure brow and that voluptuous +smile presented a singular contrast. His eyes were small, but his +glance was large. + +At the period of his most abject misery, he had observed that young +girls turned round when he passed by, and he fled or hid, with death in +his soul. He thought that they were staring at him because of his old +clothes, and that they were laughing at them; the fact is, that they +stared at him because of his grace, and that they dreamed of him. + +This mute misunderstanding between him and the pretty passers-by had +made him shy. He chose none of them for the excellent reason that he +fled from all of them. He lived thus indefinitely,—stupidly, as +Courfeyrac said. + +Courfeyrac also said to him: “Do not aspire to be venerable” [they +called each other _thou_; it is the tendency of youthful friendships to +slip into this mode of address]. “Let me give you a piece of advice, my +dear fellow. Don’t read so many books, and look a little more at the +lasses. The jades have some good points about them, O Marius! By dint +of fleeing and blushing, you will become brutalized.” + + +On other occasions, Courfeyrac encountered him and said:—“Good morning, +Monsieur l’AbbĂ©!” + + +When Courfeyrac had addressed to him some remark of this nature, Marius +avoided women, both young and old, more than ever for a week to come, +and he avoided Courfeyrac to boot. + +Nevertheless, there existed in all the immensity of creation, two women +whom Marius did not flee, and to whom he paid no attention whatever. In +truth, he would have been very much amazed if he had been informed that +they were women. One was the bearded old woman who swept out his +chamber, and caused Courfeyrac to say: “Seeing that his servant woman +wears his beard, Marius does not wear his own beard.” The other was a +sort of little girl whom he saw very often, and whom he never looked +at. + +For more than a year, Marius had noticed in one of the walks of the +Luxembourg, the one which skirts the parapet of the PĂ©piniĂšre, a man +and a very young girl, who were almost always seated side by side on +the same bench, at the most solitary end of the alley, on the Rue de +l’Ouest side. Every time that that chance which meddles with the +strolls of persons whose gaze is turned inwards, led Marius to that +walk,—and it was nearly every day,—he found this couple there. The man +appeared to be about sixty years of age; he seemed sad and serious; his +whole person presented the robust and weary aspect peculiar to military +men who have retired from the service. If he had worn a decoration, +Marius would have said: “He is an ex-officer.” He had a kindly but +unapproachable air, and he never let his glance linger on the eyes of +any one. He wore blue trousers, a blue frock coat and a broad-brimmed +hat, which always appeared to be new, a black cravat, a quaker shirt, +that is to say, it was dazzlingly white, but of coarse linen. A +grisette who passed near him one day, said: “Here’s a very tidy +widower.” His hair was very white. + +The first time that the young girl who accompanied him came and seated +herself on the bench which they seemed to have adopted, she was a sort +of child thirteen or fourteen years of age, so thin as to be almost +homely, awkward, insignificant, and with a possible promise of handsome +eyes. Only, they were always raised with a sort of displeasing +assurance. Her dress was both aged and childish, like the dress of the +scholars in a convent; it consisted of a badly cut gown of black +merino. They had the air of being father and daughter. + +Marius scanned this old man, who was not yet aged, and this little +girl, who was not yet a person, for a few days, and thereafter paid no +attention to them. They, on their side, did not appear even to see him. +They conversed together with a peaceful and indifferent air. The girl +chattered incessantly and merrily. The old man talked but little, and, +at times, he fixed on her eyes overflowing with an ineffable paternity. + +Marius had acquired the mechanical habit of strolling in that walk. He +invariably found them there. + +This is the way things went:— + +Marius liked to arrive by the end of the alley which was furthest from +their bench; he walked the whole length of the alley, passed in front +of them, then returned to the extremity whence he had come, and began +again. This he did five or six times in the course of his promenade, +and the promenade was taken five or six times a week, without its +having occurred to him or to these people to exchange a greeting. That +personage, and that young girl, although they appeared,—and perhaps +because they appeared,—to shun all glances, had, naturally, caused some +attention on the part of the five or six students who strolled along +the PĂ©piniĂšre from time to time; the studious after their lectures, the +others after their game of billiards. Courfeyrac, who was among the +last, had observed them several times, but, finding the girl homely, he +had speedily and carefully kept out of the way. He had fled, +discharging at them a sobriquet, like a Parthian dart. Impressed solely +with the child’s gown and the old man’s hair, he had dubbed the +daughter Mademoiselle Lanoire, and the father, Monsieur Leblanc, so +that as no one knew them under any other title, this nickname became a +law in the default of any other name. The students said: “Ah! Monsieur +Leblanc is on his bench.” And Marius, like the rest, had found it +convenient to call this unknown gentleman Monsieur Leblanc. + +We shall follow their example, and we shall say M. Leblanc, in order to +facilitate this tale. + +So Marius saw them nearly every day, at the same hour, during the first +year. He found the man to his taste, but the girl insipid. + + + + +CHAPTER II—LUX FACTA EST + + +During the second year, precisely at the point in this history which +the reader has now reached, it chanced that this habit of the +Luxembourg was interrupted, without Marius himself being quite aware +why, and nearly six months elapsed, during which he did not set foot in +the alley. One day, at last, he returned thither once more; it was a +serene summer morning, and Marius was in joyous mood, as one is when +the weather is fine. It seemed to him that he had in his heart all the +songs of the birds that he was listening to, and all the bits of blue +sky of which he caught glimpses through the leaves of the trees. + +He went straight to “his alley,” and when he reached the end of it he +perceived, still on the same bench, that well-known couple. Only, when +he approached, it certainly was the same man; but it seemed to him that +it was no longer the same girl. The person whom he now beheld was a +tall and beautiful creature, possessed of all the most charming lines +of a woman at the precise moment when they are still combined with all +the most ingenuous graces of the child; a pure and fugitive moment, +which can be expressed only by these two words,—“fifteen years.” She +had wonderful brown hair, shaded with threads of gold, a brow that +seemed made of marble, cheeks that seemed made of rose-leaf, a pale +flush, an agitated whiteness, an exquisite mouth, whence smiles darted +like sunbeams, and words like music, a head such as Raphael would have +given to Mary, set upon a neck that Jean Goujon would have attributed +to a Venus. And, in order that nothing might be lacking to this +bewitching face, her nose was not handsome—it was pretty; neither +straight nor curved, neither Italian nor Greek; it was the Parisian +nose, that is to say, spiritual, delicate, irregular, pure,—which +drives painters to despair, and charms poets. + +When Marius passed near her, he could not see her eyes, which were +constantly lowered. He saw only her long chestnut lashes, permeated +with shadow and modesty. + +This did not prevent the beautiful child from smiling as she listened +to what the white-haired old man was saying to her, and nothing could +be more fascinating than that fresh smile, combined with those drooping +eyes. + +For a moment, Marius thought that she was another daughter of the same +man, a sister of the former, no doubt. But when the invariable habit of +his stroll brought him, for the second time, near the bench, and he had +examined her attentively, he recognized her as the same. In six months +the little girl had become a young maiden; that was all. Nothing is +more frequent than this phenomenon. There is a moment when girls +blossom out in the twinkling of an eye, and become roses all at once. +One left them children but yesterday; today, one finds them disquieting +to the feelings. + +This child had not only grown, she had become idealized. As three days +in April suffice to cover certain trees with flowers, six months had +sufficed to clothe her with beauty. Her April had arrived. + +One sometimes sees people, who, poor and mean, seem to wake up, pass +suddenly from indigence to luxury, indulge in expenditures of all +sorts, and become dazzling, prodigal, magnificent, all of a sudden. +That is the result of having pocketed an income; a note fell due +yesterday. The young girl had received her quarterly income. + +And then, she was no longer the school-girl with her felt hat, her +merino gown, her scholar’s shoes, and red hands; taste had come to her +with beauty; she was a well-dressed person, clad with a sort of rich +and simple elegance, and without affectation. She wore a dress of black +damask, a cape of the same material, and a bonnet of white crape. Her +white gloves displayed the delicacy of the hand which toyed with the +carved, Chinese ivory handle of a parasol, and her silken shoe outlined +the smallness of her foot. When one passed near her, her whole toilette +exhaled a youthful and penetrating perfume. + +As for the man, he was the same as usual. + +The second time that Marius approached her, the young girl raised her +eyelids; her eyes were of a deep, celestial blue, but in that veiled +azure, there was, as yet, nothing but the glance of a child. She looked +at Marius indifferently, as she would have stared at the brat running +beneath the sycamores, or the marble vase which cast a shadow on the +bench, and Marius, on his side, continued his promenade, and thought +about something else. + +He passed near the bench where the young girl sat, five or six times, +but without even turning his eyes in her direction. + +On the following days, he returned, as was his wont, to the Luxembourg; +as usual, he found there “the father and daughter;” but he paid no +further attention to them. He thought no more about the girl now that +she was beautiful than he had when she was homely. He passed very near +the bench where she sat, because such was his habit. + + + + +CHAPTER III—EFFECT OF THE SPRING + + +One day, the air was warm, the Luxembourg was inundated with light and +shade, the sky was as pure as though the angels had washed it that +morning, the sparrows were giving vent to little twitters in the depths +of the chestnut-trees. Marius had thrown open his whole soul to nature, +he was not thinking of anything, he simply lived and breathed, he +passed near the bench, the young girl raised her eyes to him, the two +glances met. + +What was there in the young girl’s glance on this occasion? Marius +could not have told. There was nothing and there was everything. It was +a strange flash. + +She dropped her eyes, and he pursued his way. + +What he had just seen was no longer the ingenuous and simple eye of a +child; it was a mysterious gulf which had half opened, then abruptly +closed again. + +There comes a day when the young girl glances in this manner. Woe to +him who chances to be there! + +That first gaze of a soul which does not, as yet, know itself, is like +the dawn in the sky. It is the awakening of something radiant and +strange. Nothing can give any idea of the dangerous charm of that +unexpected gleam, which flashes suddenly and vaguely forth from +adorable shadows, and which is composed of all the innocence of the +present, and of all the passion of the future. It is a sort of +undecided tenderness which reveals itself by chance, and which waits. +It is a snare which the innocent maiden sets unknown to herself, and in +which she captures hearts without either wishing or knowing it. It is a +virgin looking like a woman. + +It is rare that a profound reverie does not spring from that glance, +where it falls. All purities and all candors meet in that celestial and +fatal gleam which, more than all the best-planned tender glances of +coquettes, possesses the magic power of causing the sudden blossoming, +in the depths of the soul, of that sombre flower, impregnated with +perfume and with poison, which is called love. + +That evening, on his return to his garret, Marius cast his eyes over +his garments, and perceived, for the first time, that he had been so +slovenly, indecorous, and inconceivably stupid as to go for his walk in +the Luxembourg with his “every-day clothes,” that is to say, with a hat +battered near the band, coarse carter’s boots, black trousers which +showed white at the knees, and a black coat which was pale at the +elbows. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—BEGINNING OF A GREAT MALADY + + +On the following day, at the accustomed hour, Marius drew from his +wardrobe his new coat, his new trousers, his new hat, and his new +boots; he clothed himself in this complete panoply, put on his gloves, +a tremendous luxury, and set off for the Luxembourg. + +On the way thither, he encountered Courfeyrac, and pretended not to see +him. Courfeyrac, on his return home, said to his friends:— + +“I have just met Marius’ new hat and new coat, with Marius inside them. +He was going to pass an examination, no doubt. He looked utterly +stupid.” + + +On arriving at the Luxembourg, Marius made the tour of the fountain +basin, and stared at the swans; then he remained for a long time in +contemplation before a statue whose head was perfectly black with +mould, and one of whose hips was missing. Near the basin there was a +bourgeois forty years of age, with a prominent stomach, who was holding +by the hand a little urchin of five, and saying to him: “Shun excess, +my son, keep at an equal distance from despotism and from anarchy.” +Marius listened to this bourgeois. Then he made the circuit of the +basin once more. At last he directed his course towards “his alley,” +slowly, and as if with regret. One would have said that he was both +forced to go there and withheld from doing so. He did not perceive it +himself, and thought that he was doing as he always did. + +On turning into the walk, he saw M. Leblanc and the young girl at the +other end, “on their bench.” He buttoned his coat up to the very top, +pulled it down on his body so that there might be no wrinkles, +examined, with a certain complaisance, the lustrous gleams of his +trousers, and marched on the bench. This march savored of an attack, +and certainly of a desire for conquest. So I say that he marched on the +bench, as I should say: “Hannibal marched on Rome.” + + +However, all his movements were purely mechanical, and he had +interrupted none of the habitual preoccupations of his mind and labors. +At that moment, he was thinking that the _Manuel du BaccalaurĂ©at_ was a +stupid book, and that it must have been drawn up by rare idiots, to +allow of three tragedies of Racine and only one comedy of MoliĂšre being +analyzed therein as masterpieces of the human mind. There was a +piercing whistling going on in his ears. As he approached the bench, he +held fast to the folds in his coat, and fixed his eyes on the young +girl. It seemed to him that she filled the entire extremity of the +alley with a vague blue light. + +In proportion as he drew near, his pace slackened more and more. On +arriving at some little distance from the bench, and long before he had +reached the end of the walk, he halted, and could not explain to +himself why he retraced his steps. He did not even say to himself that +he would not go as far as the end. It was only with difficulty that the +young girl could have perceived him in the distance and noted his fine +appearance in his new clothes. Nevertheless, he held himself very +erect, in case any one should be looking at him from behind. + +He attained the opposite end, then came back, and this time he +approached a little nearer to the bench. He even got to within three +intervals of trees, but there he felt an indescribable impossibility of +proceeding further, and he hesitated. He thought he saw the young +girl’s face bending towards him. But he exerted a manly and violent +effort, subdued his hesitation, and walked straight ahead. A few +seconds later, he rushed in front of the bench, erect and firm, +reddening to the very ears, without daring to cast a glance either to +the right or to the left, with his hand thrust into his coat like a +statesman. At the moment when he passed,—under the cannon of the +place,—he felt his heart beat wildly. As on the preceding day, she wore +her damask gown and her crape bonnet. He heard an ineffable voice, +which must have been “her voice.” She was talking tranquilly. She was +very pretty. He felt it, although he made no attempt to see her. “She +could not, however,” he thought, “help feeling esteem and consideration +for me, if she only knew that I am the veritable author of the +dissertation on Marcos ObrĂ©gon de la Ronde, which M. François de +NeufchĂąteau put, as though it were his own, at the head of his edition +of _Gil Blas_.” He went beyond the bench as far as the extremity of the +walk, which was very near, then turned on his heel and passed once more +in front of the lovely girl. This time, he was very pale. Moreover, all +his emotions were disagreeable. As he went further from the bench and +the young girl, and while his back was turned to her, he fancied that +she was gazing after him, and that made him stumble. + +He did not attempt to approach the bench again; he halted near the +middle of the walk, and there, a thing which he never did, he sat down, +and reflecting in the most profoundly indistinct depths of his spirit, +that after all, it was hard that persons whose white bonnet and black +gown he admired should be absolutely insensible to his splendid +trousers and his new coat. + +At the expiration of a quarter of an hour, he rose, as though he were +on the point of again beginning his march towards that bench which was +surrounded by an aureole. But he remained standing there, motionless. +For the first time in fifteen months, he said to himself that that +gentleman who sat there every day with his daughter, had, on his side, +noticed him, and probably considered his assiduity singular. + +For the first time, also, he was conscious of some irreverence in +designating that stranger, even in his secret thoughts, by the +sobriquet of M. Leblanc. + +He stood thus for several minutes, with drooping head, tracing figures +in the sand, with the cane which he held in his hand. + +Then he turned abruptly in the direction opposite to the bench, to M. +Leblanc and his daughter, and went home. + +That day he forgot to dine. At eight o’clock in the evening he +perceived this fact, and as it was too late to go down to the Rue +Saint-Jacques, he said: “Never mind!” and ate a bit of bread. + +He did not go to bed until he had brushed his coat and folded it up +with great care. + + + + +CHAPTER V—DIVERS CLAPS OF THUNDER FALL ON MA’AM BOUGON + + +On the following day, Ma’am Bougon, as Courfeyrac styled the old +portress-principal-tenant, housekeeper of the Gorbeau hovel, Ma’am +Bougon, whose name was, in reality, Madame Burgon, as we have found +out, but this iconoclast, Courfeyrac, respected nothing,—Ma’am Bougon +observed, with stupefaction, that M. Marius was going out again in his +new coat. + +He went to the Luxembourg again, but he did not proceed further than +his bench midway of the alley. He seated himself there, as on the +preceding day, surveying from a distance, and clearly making out, the +white bonnet, the black dress, and above all, that blue light. He did +not stir from it, and only went home when the gates of the Luxembourg +closed. He did not see M. Leblanc and his daughter retire. He concluded +that they had quitted the garden by the gate on the Rue de l’Ouest. +Later on, several weeks afterwards, when he came to think it over, he +could never recall where he had dined that evening. + +On the following day, which was the third, Ma’am Bougon was +thunderstruck. Marius went out in his new coat. “Three days in +succession!” she exclaimed. + +She tried to follow him, but Marius walked briskly, and with immense +strides; it was a hippopotamus undertaking the pursuit of a chamois. +She lost sight of him in two minutes, and returned breathless, +three-quarters choked with asthma, and furious. “If there is any +sense,” she growled, “in putting on one’s best clothes every day, and +making people run like this!” + + +Marius betook himself to the Luxembourg. + +The young girl was there with M. Leblanc. Marius approached as near as +he could, pretending to be busy reading a book, but he halted afar off, +then returned and seated himself on his bench, where he spent four +hours in watching the house-sparrows who were skipping about the walk, +and who produced on him the impression that they were making sport of +him. + +A fortnight passed thus. Marius went to the Luxembourg no longer for +the sake of strolling there, but to seat himself always in the same +spot, and that without knowing why. Once arrived there, he did not +stir. He put on his new coat every morning, for the purpose of not +showing himself, and he began all over again on the morrow. + +She was decidedly a marvellous beauty. The only remark approaching a +criticism, that could be made, was, that the contradiction between her +gaze, which was melancholy, and her smile, which was merry, gave a +rather wild effect to her face, which sometimes caused this sweet +countenance to become strange without ceasing to be charming. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—TAKEN PRISONER + + +On one of the last days of the second week, Marius was seated on his +bench, as usual, holding in his hand an open book, of which he had not +turned a page for the last two hours. All at once he started. An event +was taking place at the other extremity of the walk. Leblanc and his +daughter had just left their seat, and the daughter had taken her +father’s arm, and both were advancing slowly, towards the middle of the +alley where Marius was. Marius closed his book, then opened it again, +then forced himself to read; he trembled; the aureole was coming +straight towards him. “Ah! good Heavens!” thought he, “I shall not have +time to strike an attitude.” Still the white-haired man and the girl +advanced. It seemed to him that this lasted for a century, and that it +was but a second. “What are they coming in this direction for?” he +asked himself. “What! She will pass here? Her feet will tread this +sand, this walk, two paces from me?” He was utterly upset, he would +have liked to be very handsome, he would have liked to own the cross. +He heard the soft and measured sound of their approaching footsteps. He +imagined that M. Leblanc was darting angry glances at him. “Is that +gentleman going to address me?” he thought to himself. He dropped his +head; when he raised it again, they were very near him. The young girl +passed, and as she passed, she glanced at him. She gazed steadily at +him, with a pensive sweetness which thrilled Marius from head to foot. +It seemed to him that she was reproaching him for having allowed so +long a time to elapse without coming as far as her, and that she was +saying to him: “I am coming myself.” Marius was dazzled by those eyes +fraught with rays and abysses. + +He felt his brain on fire. She had come to him, what joy! And then, how +she had looked at him! She appeared to him more beautiful than he had +ever seen her yet. Beautiful with a beauty which was wholly feminine +and angelic, with a complete beauty which would have made Petrarch sing +and Dante kneel. It seemed to him that he was floating free in the +azure heavens. At the same time, he was horribly vexed because there +was dust on his boots. + +He thought he felt sure that she had looked at his boots too. + +He followed her with his eyes until she disappeared. Then he started up +and walked about the Luxembourg garden like a madman. It is possible +that, at times, he laughed to himself and talked aloud. He was so +dreamy when he came near the children’s nurses, that each one of them +thought him in love with her. + +He quitted the Luxembourg, hoping to find her again in the street. + +He encountered Courfeyrac under the arcades of the OdĂ©on, and said to +him: “Come and dine with me.” They went off to Rousseau’s and spent six +francs. Marius ate like an ogre. He gave the waiter six sous. At +dessert, he said to Courfeyrac. “Have you read the paper? What a fine +discourse Audry de Puyraveau delivered!” + + +He was desperately in love. + +After dinner, he said to Courfeyrac: “I will treat you to the play.” +They went to the Porte-Sainte-Martin to see FrĂ©dĂ©rick in _l’Auberge des +Adrets_. Marius was enormously amused. + +At the same time, he had a redoubled attack of shyness. On emerging +from the theatre, he refused to look at the garter of a modiste who was +stepping across a gutter, and Courfeyrac, who said: “I should like to +put that woman in my collection,” almost horrified him. + +Courfeyrac invited him to breakfast at the CafĂ© Voltaire on the +following morning. Marius went thither, and ate even more than on the +preceding evening. He was very thoughtful and very merry. One would +have said that he was taking advantage of every occasion to laugh +uproariously. He tenderly embraced some man or other from the +provinces, who was presented to him. A circle of students formed round +the table, and they spoke of the nonsense paid for by the State which +was uttered from the rostrum in the Sorbonne, then the conversation +fell upon the faults and omissions in Guicherat’s dictionaries and +grammars. Marius interrupted the discussion to exclaim: “But it is very +agreeable, all the same to have the cross!” + + +“That’s queer!” whispered Courfeyrac to Jean Prouvaire. + +“No,” responded Prouvaire, “that’s serious.” + + +It was serious; in fact, Marius had reached that first violent and +charming hour with which grand passions begin. + +A glance had wrought all this. + +When the mine is charged, when the conflagration is ready, nothing is +more simple. A glance is a spark. + +It was all over with him. Marius loved a woman. His fate was entering +the unknown. + +The glance of women resembles certain combinations of wheels, which are +tranquil in appearance yet formidable. You pass close to them every +day, peaceably and with impunity, and without a suspicion of anything. +A moment arrives when you forget that the thing is there. You go and +come, dream, speak, laugh. All at once you feel yourself clutched; all +is over. The wheels hold you fast, the glance has ensnared you. It has +caught you, no matter where or how, by some portion of your thought +which was fluttering loose, by some distraction which had attacked you. +You are lost. The whole of you passes into it. A chain of mysterious +forces takes possession of you. You struggle in vain; no more human +succor is possible. You go on falling from gearing to gearing, from +agony to agony, from torture to torture, you, your mind, your fortune, +your future, your soul; and, according to whether you are in the power +of a wicked creature, or of a noble heart, you will not escape from +this terrifying machine otherwise than disfigured with shame, or +transfigured by passion. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—ADVENTURES OF THE LETTER U DELIVERED OVER TO CONJECTURES + + +Isolation, detachment, from everything, pride, independence, the taste +of nature, the absence of daily and material activity, the life within +himself, the secret conflicts of chastity, a benevolent ecstasy towards +all creation, had prepared Marius for this possession which is called +passion. His worship of his father had gradually become a religion, +and, like all religions, it had retreated to the depths of his soul. +Something was required in the foreground. Love came. + +A full month elapsed, during which Marius went every day to the +Luxembourg. When the hour arrived, nothing could hold him back.—“He is +on duty,” said Courfeyrac. Marius lived in a state of delight. It is +certain that the young girl did look at him. + +He had finally grown bold, and approached the bench. Still, he did not +pass in front of it any more, in obedience to the instinct of timidity +and to the instinct of prudence common to lovers. He considered it +better not to attract “the attention of the father.” He combined his +stations behind the trees and the pedestals of the statues with a +profound diplomacy, so that he might be seen as much as possible by the +young girl and as little as possible by the old gentleman. Sometimes, +he remained motionless by the half-hour together in the shade of a +Leonidas or a Spartacus, holding in his hand a book, above which his +eyes, gently raised, sought the beautiful girl, and she, on her side, +turned her charming profile towards him with a vague smile. While +conversing in the most natural and tranquil manner in the world with +the white-haired man, she bent upon Marius all the reveries of a +virginal and passionate eye. Ancient and time-honored manƓuvre which +Eve understood from the very first day of the world, and which every +woman understands from the very first day of her life! her mouth +replied to one, and her glance replied to another. + +It must be supposed, that M. Leblanc finally noticed something, for +often, when Marius arrived, he rose and began to walk about. He had +abandoned their accustomed place and had adopted the bench by the +Gladiator, near the other end of the walk, as though with the object of +seeing whether Marius would pursue them thither. Marius did not +understand, and committed this error. “The father” began to grow +inexact, and no longer brought “his daughter” every day. Sometimes, he +came alone. Then Marius did not stay. Another blunder. + +Marius paid no heed to these symptoms. From the phase of timidity, he +had passed, by a natural and fatal progress, to the phase of blindness. +His love increased. He dreamed of it every night. And then, an +unexpected bliss had happened to him, oil on the fire, a redoubling of +the shadows over his eyes. One evening, at dusk, he had found, on the +bench which “M. Leblanc and his daughter” had just quitted, a +handkerchief, a very simple handkerchief, without embroidery, but +white, and fine, and which seemed to him to exhale ineffable perfume. +He seized it with rapture. This handkerchief was marked with the +letters U. F. Marius knew nothing about this beautiful child,—neither +her family name, her Christian name nor her abode; these two letters +were the first thing of her that he had gained possession of, adorable +initials, upon which he immediately began to construct his scaffolding. +U was evidently the Christian name. “Ursule!” he thought, “what a +delicious name!” He kissed the handkerchief, drank it in, placed it on +his heart, on his flesh, during the day, and at night, laid it beneath +his lips that he might fall asleep on it. + +“I feel that her whole soul lies within it!” he exclaimed. + +This handkerchief belonged to the old gentleman, who had simply let it +fall from his pocket. + +In the days which followed the finding of this treasure, he only +displayed himself at the Luxembourg in the act of kissing the +handkerchief and laying it on his heart. The beautiful child understood +nothing of all this, and signified it to him by imperceptible signs. + +“O modesty!” said Marius. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE VETERANS THEMSELVES CAN BE HAPPY + + +Since we have pronounced the word modesty, and since we conceal +nothing, we ought to say that once, nevertheless, in spite of his +ecstasies, “his Ursule” caused him very serious grief. It was on one of +the days when she persuaded M. Leblanc to leave the bench and stroll +along the walk. A brisk May breeze was blowing, which swayed the crests +of the plaintain-trees. The father and daughter, arm in arm, had just +passed Marius’ bench. Marius had risen to his feet behind them, and was +following them with his eyes, as was fitting in the desperate situation +of his soul. + +All at once, a gust of wind, more merry than the rest, and probably +charged with performing the affairs of Springtime, swept down from the +nursery, flung itself on the alley, enveloped the young girl in a +delicious shiver, worthy of Virgil’s nymphs, and the fawns of +Theocritus, and lifted her dress, the robe more sacred than that of +Isis, almost to the height of her garter. A leg of exquisite shape +appeared. Marius saw it. He was exasperated and furious. + +The young girl had hastily thrust down her dress, with a divinely +troubled motion, but he was nonetheless angry for all that. He was +alone in the alley, it is true. But there might have been some one +there. And what if there had been some one there! Can any one +comprehend such a thing? What she had just done is horrible!—Alas, the +poor child had done nothing; there had been but one culprit, the wind; +but Marius, in whom quivered the Bartholo who exists in Cherubin, was +determined to be vexed, and was jealous of his own shadow. It is thus, +in fact, that the harsh and capricious jealousy of the flesh awakens in +the human heart, and takes possession of it, even without any right. +Moreover, setting aside even that jealousy, the sight of that charming +leg had contained nothing agreeable for him; the white stocking of the +first woman he chanced to meet would have afforded him more pleasure. + +When “his Ursule,” after having reached the end of the walk, retraced +her steps with M. Leblanc, and passed in front of the bench on which +Marius had seated himself once more, Marius darted a sullen and +ferocious glance at her. The young girl gave way to that slight +straightening up with a backward movement, accompanied by a raising of +the eyelids, which signifies: “Well, what is the matter?” + + +This was “their first quarrel.” + + +Marius had hardly made this scene at her with his eyes, when some one +crossed the walk. It was a veteran, very much bent, extremely wrinkled, +and pale, in a uniform of the Louis XV. pattern, bearing on his breast +the little oval plaque of red cloth, with the crossed swords, the +soldier’s cross of Saint-Louis, and adorned, in addition, with a +coat-sleeve, which had no arm within it, with a silver chin and a +wooden leg. Marius thought he perceived that this man had an extremely +well satisfied air. It even struck him that the aged cynic, as he +hobbled along past him, addressed to him a very fraternal and very +merry wink, as though some chance had created an understanding between +them, and as though they had shared some piece of good luck together. +What did that relic of Mars mean by being so contented? What had passed +between that wooden leg and the other? Marius reached a paroxysm of +jealousy.—“Perhaps he was there!” he said to himself; “perhaps he +saw!”—And he felt a desire to exterminate the veteran. + +With the aid of time, all points grow dull. Marius’ wrath against +“Ursule,” just and legitimate as it was, passed off. He finally +pardoned her; but this cost him a great effort; he sulked for three +days. + +Nevertheless, in spite of all this, and because of all this, his +passion augmented and grew to madness. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—ECLIPSE + + +The reader has just seen how Marius discovered, or thought that he +discovered, that _She_ was named Ursule. + +Appetite grows with loving. To know that her name was Ursule was a +great deal; it was very little. In three or four weeks, Marius had +devoured this bliss. He wanted another. He wanted to know where she +lived. + +He had committed his first blunder, by falling into the ambush of the +bench by the Gladiator. He had committed a second, by not remaining at +the Luxembourg when M. Leblanc came thither alone. He now committed a +third, and an immense one. He followed “Ursule.” + + +She lived in the Rue de l’Ouest, in the most unfrequented spot, in a +new, three-story house, of modest appearance. + +From that moment forth, Marius added to his happiness of seeing her at +the Luxembourg the happiness of following her home. + +His hunger was increasing. He knew her first name, at least, a charming +name, a genuine woman’s name; he knew where she lived; he wanted to +know who she was. + +One evening, after he had followed them to their dwelling, and had seen +them disappear through the carriage gate, he entered in their train and +said boldly to the porter:— + +“Is that the gentleman who lives on the first floor, who has just come +in?” + + +“No,” replied the porter. “He is the gentleman on the third floor.” + + +Another step gained. This success emboldened Marius. + +“On the front?” he asked. + +“Parbleu!” said the porter, “the house is only built on the street.” + + +“And what is that gentleman’s business?” began Marius again. + +“He is a gentleman of property, sir. A very kind man who does good to +the unfortunate, though not rich himself.” + + +“What is his name?” resumed Marius. + +The porter raised his head and said:— + +“Are you a police spy, sir?” + + +Marius went off quite abashed, but delighted. He was getting on. + +“Good,” thought he, “I know that her name is Ursule, that she is the +daughter of a gentleman who lives on his income, and that she lives +there, on the third floor, in the Rue de l’Ouest.” + + +On the following day, M. Leblanc and his daughter made only a very +brief stay in the Luxembourg; they went away while it was still broad +daylight. Marius followed them to the Rue de l’Ouest, as he had taken +up the habit of doing. On arriving at the carriage entrance M. Leblanc +made his daughter pass in first, then paused, before crossing the +threshold, and stared intently at Marius. + +On the next day they did not come to the Luxembourg. Marius waited for +them all day in vain. + +At nightfall, he went to the Rue de l’Ouest, and saw a light in the +windows of the third story. + +He walked about beneath the windows until the light was extinguished. + +The next day, no one at the Luxembourg. Marius waited all day, then +went and did sentinel duty under their windows. This carried him on to +ten o’clock in the evening. + +His dinner took care of itself. Fever nourishes the sick man, and love +the lover. + +He spent a week in this manner. M. Leblanc no longer appeared at the +Luxembourg. + +Marius indulged in melancholy conjectures; he dared not watch the +porte-cochĂšre during the day; he contented himself with going at night +to gaze upon the red light of the windows. At times he saw shadows flit +across them, and his heart began to beat. + +On the eighth day, when he arrived under the windows, there was no +light in them. + +“Hello!” he said, “the lamp is not lighted yet. But it is dark. Can +they have gone out?” He waited until ten o’clock. Until midnight. Until +one in the morning. Not a light appeared in the windows of the third +story, and no one entered the house. + +He went away in a very gloomy frame of mind. + +On the morrow,—for he only existed from morrow to morrow, there was, so +to speak, no to-day for him,—on the morrow, he found no one at the +Luxembourg; he had expected this. At dusk, he went to the house. + +No light in the windows; the shades were drawn; the third floor was +totally dark. + +Marius rapped at the porte-cochĂšre, entered, and said to the porter:— + +“The gentleman on the third floor?” + + +“Has moved away,” replied the porter. + +Marius reeled and said feebly:— + +“How long ago?” + + +“Yesterday.” + + +“Where is he living now?” + + +“I don’t know anything about it.” + + +“So he has not left his new address?” + + +“No.” + + +And the porter, raising his eyes, recognized Marius. + +“Come! So it’s you!” said he; “but you are decidedly a spy then?” + + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—PATRON MINETTE + + + + +CHAPTER I—MINES AND MINERS + + +Human societies all have what is called in theatrical parlance, _a +third lower floor_. The social soil is everywhere undermined, sometimes +for good, sometimes for evil. These works are superposed one upon the +other. There are superior mines and inferior mines. There is a top and +a bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which sometimes gives way beneath +civilization, and which our indifference and heedlessness trample under +foot. The Encyclopedia, in the last century, was a mine that was almost +open to the sky. The shades, those sombre hatchers of primitive +Christianity, only awaited an opportunity to bring about an explosion +under the CĂŠsars and to inundate the human race with light. For in the +sacred shadows there lies latent light. Volcanoes are full of a shadow +that is capable of flashing forth. Every form begins by being night. +The catacombs, in which the first mass was said, were not alone the +cellar of Rome, they were the vaults of the world. + +Beneath the social construction, that complicated marvel of a +structure, there are excavations of all sorts. There is the religious +mine, the philosophical mine, the economic mine, the revolutionary +mine. Such and such a pick-axe with the idea, such a pick with ciphers. +Such another with wrath. People hail and answer each other from one +catacomb to another. Utopias travel about underground, in the pipes. +There they branch out in every direction. They sometimes meet, and +fraternize there. Jean-Jacques lends his pick to Diogenes, who lends +him his lantern. Sometimes they enter into combat there. Calvin seizes +Socinius by the hair. But nothing arrests nor interrupts the tension of +all these energies toward the goal, and the vast, simultaneous +activity, which goes and comes, mounts, descends, and mounts again in +these obscurities, and which immense unknown swarming slowly transforms +the top and the bottom and the inside and the outside. Society hardly +even suspects this digging which leaves its surface intact and changes +its bowels. There are as many different subterranean stages as there +are varying works, as there are extractions. What emerges from these +deep excavations? The future. + +The deeper one goes, the more mysterious are the toilers. The work is +good, up to a degree which the social philosophies are able to +recognize; beyond that degree it is doubtful and mixed; lower down, it +becomes terrible. At a certain depth, the excavations are no longer +penetrable by the spirit of civilization, the limit breathable by man +has been passed; a beginning of monsters is possible. + +The descending scale is a strange one; and each one of the rungs of +this ladder corresponds to a stage where philosophy can find foothold, +and where one encounters one of these workmen, sometimes divine, +sometimes misshapen. Below John Huss, there is Luther; below Luther, +there is Descartes; below Descartes, there is Voltaire; below Voltaire, +there is Condorcet; below Condorcet, there is Robespierre; below +Robespierre, there is Marat; below Marat there is Babeuf. And so it +goes on. Lower down, confusedly, at the limit which separates the +indistinct from the invisible, one perceives other gloomy men, who +perhaps do not exist as yet. The men of yesterday are spectres; those +of to-morrow are forms. The eye of the spirit distinguishes them but +obscurely. The embryonic work of the future is one of the visions of +philosophy. + +A world in limbo, in the state of fƓtus, what an unheard-of spectre! + +Saint-Simon, Owen, Fourier, are there also, in lateral galleries. + +Surely, although a divine and invisible chain unknown to themselves, +binds together all these subterranean pioneers who, almost always, +think themselves isolated, and who are not so, their works vary +greatly, and the light of some contrasts with the blaze of others. The +first are paradisiacal, the last are tragic. Nevertheless, whatever may +be the contrast, all these toilers, from the highest to the most +nocturnal, from the wisest to the most foolish, possess one likeness, +and this is it: disinterestedness. Marat forgets himself like Jesus. +They throw themselves on one side, they omit themselves, they think not +of themselves. They have a glance, and that glance seeks the absolute. +The first has the whole heavens in his eyes; the last, enigmatical +though he may be, has still, beneath his eyelids, the pale beam of the +infinite. Venerate the man, whoever he may be, who has this sign—the +starry eye. + +The shadowy eye is the other sign. + +With it, evil commences. Reflect and tremble in the presence of any one +who has no glance at all. The social order has its black miners. + +There is a point where depth is tantamount to burial, and where light +becomes extinct. + +Below all these mines which we have just mentioned, below all these +galleries, below this whole immense, subterranean, venous system of +progress and utopia, much further on in the earth, much lower than +Marat, lower than Babeuf, lower, much lower, and without any connection +with the upper levels, there lies the last mine. A formidable spot. +This is what we have designated as the _le troisiĂšme dessous_. It is +the grave of shadows. It is the cellar of the blind. _Inferi_. + +This communicates with the abyss. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE LOWEST DEPTHS + + +There disinterestedness vanishes. The demon is vaguely outlined; each +one is for himself. The _I_ in the eyes howls, seeks, fumbles, and +gnaws. The social Ugolino is in this gulf. + +The wild spectres who roam in this grave, almost beasts, almost +phantoms, are not occupied with universal progress; they are ignorant +both of the idea and of the word; they take no thought for anything but +the satisfaction of their individual desires. They are almost +unconscious, and there exists within them a sort of terrible +obliteration. They have two mothers, both step-mothers, ignorance and +misery. They have a guide, necessity; and for all forms of +satisfaction, appetite. They are brutally voracious, that is to say, +ferocious, not after the fashion of the tyrant, but after the fashion +of the tiger. From suffering these spectres pass to crime; fatal +affiliation, dizzy creation, logic of darkness. That which crawls in +the social third lower level is no longer complaint stifled by the +absolute; it is the protest of matter. Man there becomes a dragon. To +be hungry, to be thirsty—that is the point of departure; to be +Satan—that is the point reached. From that vault Lacenaire emerges. + +We have just seen, in Book Fourth, one of the compartments of the upper +mine, of the great political, revolutionary, and philosophical +excavation. There, as we have just said, all is pure, noble, dignified, +honest. There, assuredly, one might be misled; but error is worthy of +veneration there, so thoroughly does it imply heroism. The work there +effected, taken as a whole has a name: Progress. + +The moment has now come when we must take a look at other depths, +hideous depths. There exists beneath society, we insist upon this +point, and there will exist, until that day when ignorance shall be +dissipated, the great cavern of evil. + +This cavern is below all, and is the foe of all. It is hatred, without +exception. This cavern knows no philosophers; its dagger has never cut +a pen. Its blackness has no connection with the sublime blackness of +the inkstand. Never have the fingers of night which contract beneath +this stifling ceiling, turned the leaves of a book nor unfolded a +newspaper. Babeuf is a speculator to Cartouche; Marat is an aristocrat +to Schinderhannes. This cavern has for its object the destruction of +everything. + +Of everything. Including the upper superior mines, which it execrates. +It not only undermines, in its hideous swarming, the actual social +order; it undermines philosophy, it undermines human thought, it +undermines civilization, it undermines revolution, it undermines +progress. Its name is simply theft, prostitution, murder, +assassination. It is darkness, and it desires chaos. Its vault is +formed of ignorance. + +All the others, those above it, have but one object—to suppress it. It +is to this point that philosophy and progress tend, with all their +organs simultaneously, by their amelioration of the real, as well as by +their contemplation of the absolute. Destroy the cavern Ignorance and +you destroy the lair Crime. + +Let us condense, in a few words, a part of what we have just written. +The only social peril is darkness. + +Humanity is identity. All men are made of the same clay. There is no +difference, here below, at least, in predestination. The same shadow in +front, the same flesh in the present, the same ashes afterwards. But +ignorance, mingled with the human paste, blackens it. This incurable +blackness takes possession of the interior of a man and is there +converted into evil. + + + + +CHAPTER III—BABET, GUEULEMER, CLAQUESOUS, AND MONTPARNASSE + + +A quartette of ruffians, Claquesous, Gueulemer, Babet, and Montparnasse +governed the third lower floor of Paris, from 1830 to 1835. + +Gueulemer was a Hercules of no defined position. For his lair he had +the sewer of the Arche-Marion. He was six feet high, his pectoral +muscles were of marble, his biceps of brass, his breath was that of a +cavern, his torso that of a colossus, his head that of a bird. One +thought one beheld the Farnese Hercules clad in duck trousers and a +cotton velvet waistcoat. Gueulemer, built after this sculptural +fashion, might have subdued monsters; he had found it more expeditious +to be one. A low brow, large temples, less than forty years of age, but +with crow’s-feet, harsh, short hair, cheeks like a brush, a beard like +that of a wild boar; the reader can see the man before him. His muscles +called for work, his stupidity would have none of it. He was a great, +idle force. He was an assassin through coolness. He was thought to be a +creole. He had, probably, somewhat to do with Marshal Brune, having +been a porter at Avignon in 1815. After this stage, he had turned +ruffian. + +The diaphaneity of Babet contrasted with the grossness of Gueulemer. +Babet was thin and learned. He was transparent but impenetrable. +Daylight was visible through his bones, but nothing through his eyes. +He declared that he was a chemist. He had been a jack of all trades. He +had played in vaudeville at Saint-Mihiel. He was a man of purpose, a +fine talker, who underlined his smiles and accentuated his gestures. +His occupation consisted in selling, in the open air, plaster busts and +portraits of “the head of the State.” In addition to this, he extracted +teeth. He had exhibited phenomena at fairs, and he had owned a booth +with a trumpet and this poster: “Babet, Dental Artist, Member of the +Academies, makes physical experiments on metals and metalloids, +extracts teeth, undertakes stumps abandoned by his brother +practitioners. Price: one tooth, one franc, fifty centimes; two teeth, +two francs; three teeth, two francs, fifty. Take advantage of this +opportunity.” This _Take advantage of this opportunity_ meant: Have as +many teeth extracted as possible. He had been married and had had +children. He did not know what had become of his wife and children. He +had lost them as one loses his handkerchief. Babet read the papers, a +striking exception in the world to which he belonged. One day, at the +period when he had his family with him in his booth on wheels, he had +read in the _Messager_, that a woman had just given birth to a child, +who was doing well, and had a calf’s muzzle, and he exclaimed: “There’s +a fortune! my wife has not the wit to present me with a child like +that!” + + +Later on he had abandoned everything, in order to “undertake Paris.” +This was his expression. + +Who was Claquesous? He was night. He waited until the sky was daubed +with black, before he showed himself. At nightfall he emerged from the +hole whither he returned before daylight. Where was this hole? No one +knew. He only addressed his accomplices in the most absolute darkness, +and with his back turned to them. Was his name Claquesous? Certainly +not. If a candle was brought, he put on a mask. He was a ventriloquist. +Babet said: “Claquesous is a nocturne for two voices.” Claquesous was +vague, terrible, and a roamer. No one was sure whether he had a name, +Claquesous being a sobriquet; none was sure that he had a voice, as his +stomach spoke more frequently than his voice; no one was sure that he +had a face, as he was never seen without his mask. He disappeared as +though he had vanished into thin air; when he appeared, it was as +though he sprang from the earth. + +A lugubrious being was Montparnasse. Montparnasse was a child; less +than twenty years of age, with a handsome face, lips like cherries, +charming black hair, the brilliant light of springtime in his eyes; he +had all vices and aspired to all crimes. + +The digestion of evil aroused in him an appetite for worse. It was the +street boy turned pickpocket, and a pickpocket turned garroter. He was +genteel, effeminate, graceful, robust, sluggish, ferocious. The rim of +his hat was curled up on the left side, in order to make room for a +tuft of hair, after the style of 1829. He lived by robbery with +violence. His coat was of the best cut, but threadbare. Montparnasse +was a fashion-plate in misery and given to the commission of murders. +The cause of all this youth’s crimes was the desire to be well-dressed. +The first grisette who had said to him: “You are handsome!” had cast +the stain of darkness into his heart, and had made a Cain of this Abel. +Finding that he was handsome, he desired to be elegant: now, the height +of elegance is idleness; idleness in a poor man means crime. Few +prowlers were so dreaded as Montparnasse. At eighteen, he had already +numerous corpses in his past. More than one passer-by lay with +outstretched arms in the presence of this wretch, with his face in a +pool of blood. Curled, pomaded, with laced waist, the hips of a woman, +the bust of a Prussian officer, the murmur of admiration from the +boulevard wenches surrounding him, his cravat knowingly tied, a +bludgeon in his pocket, a flower in his buttonhole; such was this dandy +of the sepulchre. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—COMPOSITION OF THE TROUPE + + +These four ruffians formed a sort of Proteus, winding like a serpent +among the police, and striving to escape Vidocq’s indiscreet glances +“under divers forms, tree, flame, fountain,” lending each other their +names and their traps, hiding in their own shadows, boxes with secret +compartments and refuges for each other, stripping off their +personalities, as one removes his false nose at a masked ball, +sometimes simplifying matters to the point of consisting of but one +individual, sometimes multiplying themselves to such a point that +Coco-Latour himself took them for a whole throng. + +These four men were not four men; they were a sort of mysterious robber +with four heads, operating on a grand scale on Paris; they were that +monstrous polyp of evil, which inhabits the crypt of society. + +Thanks to their ramifications, and to the network underlying their +relations, Babet, Gueulemer, Claquesous, and Montparnasse were charged +with the general enterprise of the ambushes of the department of the +Seine. The inventors of ideas of that nature, men with nocturnal +imaginations, applied to them to have their ideas executed. They +furnished the canvas to the four rascals, and the latter undertook the +preparation of the scenery. They labored at the stage setting. They +were always in a condition to lend a force proportioned and suitable to +all crimes which demanded a lift of the shoulder, and which were +sufficiently lucrative. When a crime was in quest of arms, they +under-let their accomplices. They kept a troupe of actors of the +shadows at the disposition of all underground tragedies. + +They were in the habit of assembling at nightfall, the hour when they +woke up, on the plains which adjoin the SalpĂȘtriĂšre. There they held +their conferences. They had twelve black hours before them; they +regulated their employment accordingly. + +_Patron-Minette_,—such was the name which was bestowed in the +subterranean circulation on the association of these four men. In the +fantastic, ancient, popular parlance, which is vanishing day by day, +_Patron-Minette_ signifies the morning, the same as _entre chien et +loup_—between dog and wolf—signifies the evening. This appellation, +_Patron-Minette_, was probably derived from the hour at which their +work ended, the dawn being the vanishing moment for phantoms and for +the separation of ruffians. These four men were known under this title. +When the President of the Assizes visited Lacenaire in his prison, and +questioned him concerning a misdeed which Lacenaire denied, “Who did +it?” demanded the President. Lacenaire made this response, enigmatical +so far as the magistrate was concerned, but clear to the police: +“Perhaps it was Patron-Minette.” + + +A piece can sometimes be divined on the enunciation of the personages; +in the same manner a band can almost be judged from the list of +ruffians composing it. Here are the appellations to which the principal +members of Patron-Minette answered,—for the names have survived in +special memoirs. + +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille. + +Brujon. [There was a Brujon dynasty; we cannot refrain from +interpolating this word.] + +Boulatruelle, the road-mender already introduced. + +Laveuve. + +FinistĂšre. + +HomĂšre-Hogu, a negro. + +Mardisoir. (Tuesday evening.) + +DĂ©pĂȘche. (Make haste.) + +Fauntleroy, alias BouquetiĂšre (the Flower Girl). + +Glorieux, a discharged convict. + +Barrecarrosse (Stop-carriage), called Monsieur Dupont. + +L’Esplanade-du-Sud. + +Poussagrive. + +Carmagnolet. + +Kruideniers, called Bizarro. + +Mangedentelle. (Lace-eater.) + +Les-pieds-en-l’Air. (Feet in the air.) + +Demi-Liard, called Deux-Milliards. + +Etc., etc. + +We pass over some, and not the worst of them. These names have faces +attached. They do not express merely beings, but species. Each one of +these names corresponds to a variety of those misshapen fungi from the +under side of civilization. + +Those beings, who were not very lavish with their countenances, were +not among the men whom one sees passing along the streets. Fatigued by +the wild nights which they passed, they went off by day to sleep, +sometimes in the lime-kilns, sometimes in the abandoned quarries of +Montmatre or Montrouge, sometimes in the sewers. They ran to earth. + +What became of these men? They still exist. They have always existed. +Horace speaks of them: _Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolĂŠ, mendici, +mimĂŠ_; and so long as society remains what it is, they will remain what +they are. Beneath the obscure roof of their cavern, they are +continually born again from the social ooze. They return, spectres, but +always identical; only, they no longer bear the same names and they are +no longer in the same skins. The individuals extirpated, the tribe +subsists. + +They always have the same faculties. From the vagrant to the tramp, the +race is maintained in its purity. They divine purses in pockets, they +scent out watches in fobs. Gold and silver possess an odor for them. +There exist ingenuous bourgeois, of whom it might be said, that they +have a “stealable” air. These men patiently pursue these bourgeois. +They experience the quivers of a spider at the passage of a stranger or +of a man from the country. + +These men are terrible, when one encounters them, or catches a glimpse +of them, towards midnight, on a deserted boulevard. They do not seem to +be men but forms composed of living mists; one would say that they +habitually constitute one mass with the shadows, that they are in no +wise distinct from them, that they possess no other soul than the +darkness, and that it is only momentarily and for the purpose of living +for a few minutes a monstrous life, that they have separated from the +night. + +What is necessary to cause these spectres to vanish? Light. Light in +floods. Not a single bat can resist the dawn. Light up society from +below. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—THE WICKED POOR MAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—MARIUS, WHILE SEEKING A GIRL IN A BONNET, ENCOUNTERS A MAN IN +A CAP + + +Summer passed, then the autumn; winter came. Neither M. Leblanc nor the +young girl had again set foot in the Luxembourg garden. Thenceforth, +Marius had but one thought,—to gaze once more on that sweet and +adorable face. He sought constantly, he sought everywhere; he found +nothing. He was no longer Marius, the enthusiastic dreamer, the firm, +resolute, ardent man, the bold defier of fate, the brain which erected +future on future, the young spirit encumbered with plans, with +projects, with pride, with ideas and wishes; he was a lost dog. He fell +into a black melancholy. All was over. Work disgusted him, walking +tired him. Vast nature, formerly so filled with forms, lights, voices, +counsels, perspectives, horizons, teachings, now lay empty before him. +It seemed to him that everything had disappeared. + +He thought incessantly, for he could not do otherwise; but he no longer +took pleasure in his thoughts. To everything that they proposed to him +in a whisper, he replied in his darkness: “What is the use?” + + +He heaped a hundred reproaches on himself. “Why did I follow her? I was +so happy at the mere sight of her! She looked at me; was not that +immense? She had the air of loving me. Was not that everything? I +wished to have, what? There was nothing after that. I have been absurd. +It is my own fault,” etc., etc. Courfeyrac, to whom he confided +nothing,—it was his nature,—but who made some little guess at +everything,—that was his nature,—had begun by congratulating him on +being in love, though he was amazed at it; then, seeing Marius fall +into this melancholy state, he ended by saying to him: “I see that you +have been simply an animal. Here, come to the ChaumiĂšre.” + + +Once, having confidence in a fine September sun, Marius had allowed +himself to be taken to the ball at Sceaux by Courfeyrac, Bossuet, and +Grantaire, hoping, what a dream! that he might, perhaps, find her +there. Of course he did not see the one he sought.—“But this is the +place, all the same, where all lost women are found,” grumbled +Grantaire in an aside. Marius left his friends at the ball and returned +home on foot, alone, through the night, weary, feverish, with sad and +troubled eyes, stunned by the noise and dust of the merry wagons filled +with singing creatures on their way home from the feast, which passed +close to him, as he, in his discouragement, breathed in the acrid scent +of the walnut-trees, along the road, in order to refresh his head. + +He took to living more and more alone, utterly overwhelmed, wholly +given up to his inward anguish, going and coming in his pain like the +wolf in the trap, seeking the absent one everywhere, stupefied by love. + +On another occasion, he had an encounter which produced on him a +singular effect. He met, in the narrow streets in the vicinity of the +Boulevard des Invalides, a man dressed like a workingman and wearing a +cap with a long visor, which allowed a glimpse of locks of very white +hair. Marius was struck with the beauty of this white hair, and +scrutinized the man, who was walking slowly and as though absorbed in +painful meditation. Strange to say, he thought that he recognized M. +Leblanc. The hair was the same, also the profile, so far as the cap +permitted a view of it, the mien identical, only more depressed. But +why these workingman’s clothes? What was the meaning of this? What +signified that disguise? Marius was greatly astonished. When he +recovered himself, his first impulse was to follow the man; who knows +whether he did not hold at last the clue which he was seeking? In any +case, he must see the man near at hand, and clear up the mystery. But +the idea occurred to him too late, the man was no longer there. He had +turned into some little side street, and Marius could not find him. +This encounter occupied his mind for three days and then was effaced. +“After all,” he said to himself, “it was probably only a resemblance.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—TREASURE TROVE + + +Marius had not left the Gorbeau house. He paid no attention to any one +there. + +At that epoch, to tell the truth, there were no other inhabitants in +the house, except himself and those Jondrettes whose rent he had once +paid, without, moreover, ever having spoken to either father, mother, +or daughters. The other lodgers had moved away or had died, or had been +turned out in default of payment. + +One day during that winter, the sun had shown itself a little in the +afternoon, but it was the 2d of February, that ancient Candlemas day +whose treacherous sun, the precursor of a six weeks’ cold spell, +inspired Mathieu Laensberg with these two lines, which have with +justice remained classic:— + +Qu’il luise ou qu’il luiserne, +L’ours rentre dans en sa caverne.26 + + +Marius had just emerged from his: night was falling. It was the hour +for his dinner; for he had been obliged to take to dining again, alas! +oh, infirmities of ideal passions! + +He had just crossed his threshold, where Ma’am Bougon was sweeping at +the moment, as she uttered this memorable monologue:— + +“What is there that is cheap now? Everything is dear. There is nothing +in the world that is cheap except trouble; you can get that for +nothing, the trouble of the world!” + + +Marius slowly ascended the boulevard towards the barrier, in order to +reach the Rue Saint-Jacques. He was walking along with drooping head. + +All at once, he felt some one elbow him in the dusk; he wheeled round, +and saw two young girls clad in rags, the one tall and slim, the other +a little shorter, who were passing rapidly, all out of breath, in +terror, and with the appearance of fleeing; they had been coming to +meet him, had not seen him, and had jostled him as they passed. Through +the twilight, Marius could distinguish their livid faces, their wild +heads, their dishevelled hair, their hideous bonnets, their ragged +petticoats, and their bare feet. They were talking as they ran. The +taller said in a very low voice:— + +“The bobbies have come. They came near nabbing me at the half-circle.” +The other answered: “I saw them. I bolted, bolted, bolted!” + + +Through this repulsive slang, Marius understood that gendarmes or the +police had come near apprehending these two children, and that the +latter had escaped. + +They plunged among the trees of the boulevard behind him, and there +created, for a few minutes, in the gloom, a sort of vague white spot, +then disappeared. + +Marius had halted for a moment. + +He was about to pursue his way, when his eye lighted on a little +grayish package lying on the ground at his feet. He stooped and picked +it up. It was a sort of envelope which appeared to contain papers. + +“Good,” he said to himself, “those unhappy girls dropped it.” + + +He retraced his steps, he called, he did not find them; he reflected +that they must already be far away, put the package in his pocket, and +went off to dine. + +On the way, he saw in an alley of the Rue Mouffetard, a child’s coffin, +covered with a black cloth resting on three chairs, and illuminated by +a candle. The two girls of the twilight recurred to his mind. + +“Poor mothers!” he thought. “There is one thing sadder than to see +one’s children die; it is to see them leading an evil life.” + + +Then those shadows which had varied his melancholy vanished from his +thoughts, and he fell back once more into his habitual preoccupations. +He fell to thinking once more of his six months of love and happiness +in the open air and the broad daylight, beneath the beautiful trees of +Luxembourg. + +“How gloomy my life has become!” he said to himself. “Young girls are +always appearing to me, only formerly they were angels and now they are +ghouls.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—QUADRIFRONS + + +That evening, as he was undressing preparatory to going to bed, his +hand came in contact, in the pocket of his coat, with the packet which +he had picked up on the boulevard. He had forgotten it. He thought that +it would be well to open it, and that this package might possibly +contain the address of the young girls, if it really belonged to them, +and, in any case, the information necessary to a restitution to the +person who had lost it. + +He opened the envelope. + +It was not sealed and contained four letters, also unsealed. + +They bore addresses. + +All four exhaled a horrible odor of tobacco. + +The first was addressed: _“To Madame, Madame la Marquise de Grucheray, +the place opposite the Chamber of Deputies, No.—”_ + +Marius said to himself, that he should probably find in it the +information which he sought, and that, moreover, the letter being open, +it was probable that it could be read without impropriety. + +It was conceived as follows:— + +Madame la Marquise: The virtue of clemency and piety is that which most +closely unites sosiety. Turn your Christian spirit and cast a look of +compassion on this unfortunate Spanish victim of loyalty and attachment +to the sacred cause of legitimacy, who has given with his blood, +consecrated his fortune, evverything, to defend that cause, and to-day +finds himself in the greatest missery. He doubts not that your +honorable person will grant succor to preserve an existence exteremely +painful for a military man of education and honor full of wounds, +counts in advance on the humanity which animates you and on the +interest which Madame la Marquise bears to a nation so unfortunate. +Their prayer will not be in vain, and their gratitude will preserve +theirs charming souvenir. + +My respectful sentiments, with which I have the honor to be + + Madame, + DON ALVARÈS, Spanish Captain of Cavalry, a royalist who has take + refuge in France, who finds himself on travells for his country, + and the resources are lacking him to continue his travells. + + +No address was joined to the signature. Marius hoped to find the +address in the second letter, whose superscription read: _À Madame, +Madame la Comtesse de Montvernet, Rue Cassette, No. 9_. This is what +Marius read in it:— + + MADAME LA COMTESSE: It is an unhappy mother of a family of six + children the last of which is only eight months old. I sick since + my last confinement, abandoned by my husband five months ago, + haveing no resources in the world the most frightful indigance. + + In the hope of Madame la Comtesse, she has the honor to be, Madame, + with profound respect, + + MISTRESS BALIZARD. + + +Marius turned to the third letter, which was a petition like the +preceding; he read:— + + Monsieur PABOURGEOT, Elector, wholesale stocking merchant, Rue + Saint-Denis on the corner of the Rue aux Fers. + + I permit myself to address you this letter to beg you to grant me + the pretious favor of your simpaties and to interest yourself in a + man of letters who has just sent a drama to the ThĂ©Ăątre-Français. + The subject is historical, and the action takes place in Auvergne + in the time of the Empire; the style, I think, is natural, laconic, + and may have some merit. There are couplets to be sung in four + places. The comic, the serious, the unexpected, are mingled in a + variety of characters, and a tinge of romanticism lightly spread + through all the intrigue which proceeds misteriously, and ends, + after striking altarations, in the midst of many beautiful strokes + of brilliant scenes. + + My principal object is to satisfi the desire which progressively + animates the man of our century, that is to say, the fashion, that + capritious and bizarre weathervane which changes at almost every + new wind. + + In spite of these qualities I have reason to fear that jealousy, + the egotism of priviliged authors, may obtaine my exclusion from + the theatre, for I am not ignorant of the mortifications with which + newcomers are treated. + + Monsiuer Pabourgeot, your just reputation as an enlightened + protector of men of litters emboldens me to send you my daughter + who will explain our indigant situation to you, lacking bread and + fire in this wynter season. When I say to you that I beg you to + accept the dedication of my drama which I desire to make to you and + of all those that I shall make, is to prove to you how great is my + ambition to have the honor of sheltering myself under your + protection, and of adorning my writings with your name. If you + deign to honor me with the most modest offering, I shall + immediately occupy myself in making a piesse of verse to pay you my + tribute of gratitude. Which I shall endeavor to render this piesse + as perfect as possible, will be sent to you before it is inserted + at the beginning of the drama and delivered on the stage. + +To Monsieur +and Madame Pabourgeot, +My most respectful complements, +GENFLOT, man of letters. + +P. S. Even if it is only forty sous. + + Excuse me for sending my daughter and not presenting myself, but + sad motives connected with the toilet do not permit me, alas! to go + out. + + +Finally, Marius opened the fourth letter. The address ran: _To the +benevolent Gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-haut-Pas_. It +contained the following lines:— + + BENEVOLENT MAN: If you deign to accompany my daughter, you will + behold a misserable calamity, and I will show you my certificates. + + At the aspect of these writings your generous soul will be moved + with a sentiment of obvious benevolence, for true philosophers + always feel lively emotions. + + Admit, compassionate man, that it is necessary to suffer the most + cruel need, and that it is very painful, for the sake of obtaining + a little relief, to get oneself attested by the authorities as + though one were not free to suffer and to die of inanition while + waiting to have our misery relieved. Destinies are very fatal for + several and too prodigal or too protecting for others. + + I await your presence or your offering, if you deign to make one, + and I beseech you to accept the respectful sentiments with which I + have the honor to be, + +truly magnanimous man, +your very humble +and very obedient servant, +P. FABANTOU, dramatic artist. + + +After perusing these four letters, Marius did not find himself much +further advanced than before. + +In the first place, not one of the signers gave his address. + +Then, they seemed to come from four different individuals, Don AlvarĂšs, +Mistress Balizard, the poet Genflot, and dramatic artist Fabantou; but +the singular thing about these letters was, that all four were written +by the same hand. + +What conclusion was to be drawn from this, except that they all come +from the same person? + +Moreover, and this rendered the conjecture all the more probable, the +coarse and yellow paper was the same in all four, the odor of tobacco +was the same, and, although an attempt had been made to vary the style, +the same orthographical faults were reproduced with the greatest +tranquillity, and the man of letters Genflot was no more exempt from +them than the Spanish captain. + +It was waste of trouble to try to solve this petty mystery. Had it not +been a chance find, it would have borne the air of a mystification. +Marius was too melancholy to take even a chance pleasantry well, and to +lend himself to a game which the pavement of the street seemed desirous +of playing with him. It seemed to him that he was playing the part of +the blind man in blind man’s buff between the four letters, and that +they were making sport of him. + +Nothing, however, indicated that these letters belonged to the two +young girls whom Marius had met on the boulevard. After all, they were +evidently papers of no value. Marius replaced them in their envelope, +flung the whole into a corner and went to bed. About seven o’clock in +the morning, he had just risen and breakfasted, and was trying to +settle down to work, when there came a soft knock at his door. + +As he owned nothing, he never locked his door, unless occasionally, +though very rarely, when he was engaged in some pressing work. Even +when absent he left his key in the lock. “You will be robbed,” said +Ma’am Bougon. “Of what?” said Marius. The truth is, however, that he +had, one day, been robbed of an old pair of boots, to the great triumph +of Ma’am Bougon. + +There came a second knock, as gentle as the first. + +“Come in,” said Marius. + +The door opened. + +“What do you want, Ma’am Bougon?” asked Marius, without raising his +eyes from the books and manuscripts on his table. + +A voice which did not belong to Ma’am Bougon replied:— + +“Excuse me, sir—” + + +It was a dull, broken, hoarse, strangled voice, the voice of an old +man, roughened with brandy and liquor. + +Marius turned round hastily, and beheld a young girl. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A ROSE IN MISERY + + + + +[Illustration: Rose in Misery] + + +A very young girl was standing in the half-open door. The dormer window +of the garret, through which the light fell, was precisely opposite the +door, and illuminated the figure with a wan light. She was a frail, +emaciated, slender creature; there was nothing but a chemise and a +petticoat upon that chilled and shivering nakedness. Her girdle was a +string, her head ribbon a string, her pointed shoulders emerged from +her chemise, a blond and lymphatic pallor, earth-colored collar-bones, +red hands, a half-open and degraded mouth, missing teeth, dull, bold, +base eyes; she had the form of a young girl who has missed her youth, +and the look of a corrupt old woman; fifty years mingled with fifteen; +one of those beings which are both feeble and horrible, and which cause +those to shudder whom they do not cause to weep. + +Marius had risen, and was staring in a sort of stupor at this being, +who was almost like the forms of the shadows which traverse dreams. + +The most heart-breaking thing of all was, that this young girl had not +come into the world to be homely. In her early childhood she must even +have been pretty. The grace of her age was still struggling against the +hideous, premature decrepitude of debauchery and poverty. The remains +of beauty were dying away in that face of sixteen, like the pale +sunlight which is extinguished under hideous clouds at dawn on a +winter’s day. + +That face was not wholly unknown to Marius. He thought he remembered +having seen it somewhere. + +“What do you wish, Mademoiselle?” he asked. + +The young girl replied in her voice of a drunken convict:— + +“Here is a letter for you, Monsieur Marius.” + + +She called Marius by his name; he could not doubt that he was the +person whom she wanted; but who was this girl? How did she know his +name? + +Without waiting for him to tell her to advance, she entered. She +entered resolutely, staring, with a sort of assurance that made the +heart bleed, at the whole room and the unmade bed. Her feet were bare. +Large holes in her petticoat permitted glimpses of her long legs and +her thin knees. She was shivering. + +She held a letter in her hand, which she presented to Marius. + +Marius, as he opened the letter, noticed that the enormous wafer which +sealed it was still moist. The message could not have come from a +distance. He read:— + + MY AMIABLE NEIGHBOR, YOUNG MAN: I have learned of your goodness to + me, that you paid my rent six months ago. I bless you, young man. + My eldest daughter will tell you that we have been without a morsel + of bread for two days, four persons and my spouse ill. If I am not + deseaved in my opinion, I think I may hope that your generous heart + will melt at this statement and the desire will subjugate you to be + propitious to me by daigning to lavish on me a slight favor. + + I am with the distinguished consideration which is due to the + benefactors of humanity,— + + JONDRETTE. + + P.S. My eldest daughter will await your orders, dear Monsieur Marius. + + +This letter, coming in the very midst of the mysterious adventure which +had occupied Marius’ thoughts ever since the preceding evening, was +like a candle in a cellar. All was suddenly illuminated. + +This letter came from the same place as the other four. There was the +same writing, the same style, the same orthography, the same paper, the +same odor of tobacco. + +There were five missives, five histories, five signatures, and a single +signer. The Spanish Captain Don AlvarĂšs, the unhappy Mistress Balizard, +the dramatic poet Genflot, the old comedian Fabantou, were all four +named Jondrette, if, indeed, Jondrette himself were named Jondrette. + +Marius had lived in the house for a tolerably long time, and he had +had, as we have said, but very rare occasion to see, to even catch a +glimpse of, his extremely mean neighbors. His mind was elsewhere, and +where the mind is, there the eyes are also. He had been obliged more +than once to pass the Jondrettes in the corridor or on the stairs; but +they were mere forms to him; he had paid so little heed to them, that, +on the preceding evening, he had jostled the Jondrette girls on the +boulevard, without recognizing them, for it had evidently been they, +and it was with great difficulty that the one who had just entered his +room had awakened in him, in spite of disgust and pity, a vague +recollection of having met her elsewhere. + +Now he saw everything clearly. He understood that his neighbor +Jondrette, in his distress, exercised the industry of speculating on +the charity of benevolent persons, that he procured addresses, and that +he wrote under feigned names to people whom he judged to be wealthy and +compassionate, letters which his daughters delivered at their risk and +peril, for this father had come to such a pass, that he risked his +daughters; he was playing a game with fate, and he used them as the +stake. Marius understood that probably, judging from their flight on +the evening before, from their breathless condition, from their terror +and from the words of slang which he had overheard, these unfortunate +creatures were plying some inexplicably sad profession, and that the +result of the whole was, in the midst of human society, as it is now +constituted, two miserable beings who were neither girls nor women, a +species of impure and innocent monsters produced by misery. + +Sad creatures, without name, or sex, or age, to whom neither good nor +evil were any longer possible, and who, on emerging from childhood, +have already nothing in this world, neither liberty, nor virtue, nor +responsibility. Souls which blossomed out yesterday, and are faded +to-day, like those flowers let fall in the streets, which are soiled +with every sort of mire, while waiting for some wheel to crush them. +Nevertheless, while Marius bent a pained and astonished gaze on her, +the young girl was wandering back and forth in the garret with the +audacity of a spectre. She kicked about, without troubling herself as +to her nakedness. Occasionally her chemise, which was untied and torn, +fell almost to her waist. She moved the chairs about, she disarranged +the toilet articles which stood on the commode, she handled Marius’ +clothes, she rummaged about to see what there was in the corners. + +“Hullo!” said she, “you have a mirror!” + + +And she hummed scraps of vaudevilles, as though she had been alone, +frolicsome refrains which her hoarse and guttural voice rendered +lugubrious. + +An indescribable constraint, weariness, and humiliation were +perceptible beneath this hardihood. Effrontery is a disgrace. + +Nothing could be more melancholy than to see her sport about the room, +and, so to speak, flit with the movements of a bird which is frightened +by the daylight, or which has broken its wing. One felt that under +other conditions of education and destiny, the gay and over-free mien +of this young girl might have turned out sweet and charming. Never, +even among animals, does the creature born to be a dove change into an +osprey. That is only to be seen among men. + +Marius reflected, and allowed her to have her way. + +She approached the table. + +“Ah!” said she, “books!” + + +A flash pierced her glassy eye. She resumed, and her accent expressed +the happiness which she felt in boasting of something, to which no +human creature is insensible:— + +“I know how to read, I do!” + + +She eagerly seized a book which lay open on the table, and read with +tolerable fluency:— + +“—General Bauduin received orders to take the chĂąteau of Hougomont +which stands in the middle of the plain of Waterloo, with five +battalions of his brigade.” + + +She paused. + +“Ah! Waterloo! I know about that. It was a battle long ago. My father +was there. My father has served in the armies. We are fine Bonapartists +in our house, that we are! Waterloo was against the English.” + + +She laid down the book, caught up a pen, and exclaimed:— + +“And I know how to write, too!” + + +She dipped her pen in the ink, and turning to Marius:— + +“Do you want to see? Look here, I’m going to write a word to show you.” + + +And before he had time to answer, she wrote on a sheet of white paper, +which lay in the middle of the table: “The bobbies are here.” + + +Then throwing down the pen:— + +“There are no faults of orthography. You can look. We have received an +education, my sister and I. We have not always been as we are now. We +were not made—” + + +Here she paused, fixed her dull eyes on Marius, and burst out laughing, +saying, with an intonation which contained every form of anguish, +stifled by every form of cynicism:— + +“Bah!” + + +And she began to hum these words to a gay air:— + +“J’ai faim, mon pĂšre.” +Pas de fricot. +J’ai froid, ma mĂšre. +Pas de tricot. + Grelotte, + Lolotte! + Sanglote, + Jacquot!” + +I am hungry, father. +I have no food. +I am cold, mother. +I have no clothes. + Lolotte! + Shiver, + Sob, + Jacquot!” + + +She had hardly finished this couplet, when she exclaimed:— + +“Do you ever go to the play, Monsieur Marius? I do. I have a little +brother who is a friend of the artists, and who gives me tickets +sometimes. But I don’t like the benches in the galleries. One is +cramped and uncomfortable there. There are rough people there +sometimes; and people who smell bad.” + + +Then she scrutinized Marius, assumed a singular air and said:— + +“Do you know, Mr. Marius, that you are a very handsome fellow?” + + +And at the same moment the same idea occurred to them both, and made +her smile and him blush. She stepped up to him, and laid her hand on +his shoulder: “You pay no heed to me, but I know you, Mr. Marius. I +meet you here on the staircase, and then I often see you going to a +person named Father Mabeuf who lives in the direction of Austerlitz, +sometimes when I have been strolling in that quarter. It is very +becoming to you to have your hair tumbled thus.” + + +She tried to render her voice soft, but only succeeded in making it +very deep. A portion of her words was lost in the transit from her +larynx to her lips, as though on a piano where some notes are missing. + +Marius had retreated gently. + +“Mademoiselle,” said he, with his cool gravity, “I have here a package +which belongs to you, I think. Permit me to return it to you.” + + +And he held out the envelope containing the four letters. + +She clapped her hands and exclaimed:— + +“We have been looking everywhere for that!” + + +Then she eagerly seized the package and opened the envelope, saying as +she did so:— + +“Dieu de Dieu! how my sister and I have hunted! And it was you who +found it! On the boulevard, was it not? It must have been on the +boulevard? You see, we let it fall when we were running. It was that +brat of a sister of mine who was so stupid. When we got home, we could +not find it anywhere. As we did not wish to be beaten, as that is +useless, as that is entirely useless, as that is absolutely useless, we +said that we had carried the letters to the proper persons, and that +they had said to us: ‘Nix.’ So here they are, those poor letters! And +how did you find out that they belonged to me? Ah! yes, the writing. So +it was you that we jostled as we passed last night. We couldn’t see. I +said to my sister: ‘Is it a gentleman?’ My sister said to me: ‘I think +it is a gentleman.’” + + +In the meanwhile she had unfolded the petition addressed to “the +benevolent gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” + + +“Here!” said she, “this is for that old fellow who goes to mass. By the +way, this is his hour. I’ll go and carry it to him. Perhaps he will +give us something to breakfast on.” + + +Then she began to laugh again, and added:— + +“Do you know what it will mean if we get a breakfast today? It will +mean that we shall have had our breakfast of the day before yesterday, +our breakfast of yesterday, our dinner of to-day, and all that at once, +and this morning. Come! Parbleu! if you are not satisfied, dogs, +burst!” + + +This reminded Marius of the wretched girl’s errand to himself. He +fumbled in his waistcoat pocket, and found nothing there. + +The young girl went on, and seemed to have no consciousness of Marius’ +presence. + +“I often go off in the evening. Sometimes I don’t come home again. Last +winter, before we came here, we lived under the arches of the bridges. +We huddled together to keep from freezing. My little sister cried. How +melancholy the water is! When I thought of drowning myself, I said to +myself: ‘No, it’s too cold.’ I go out alone, whenever I choose, I +sometimes sleep in the ditches. Do you know, at night, when I walk +along the boulevard, I see the trees like forks, I see houses, all +black and as big as Notre Dame, I fancy that the white walls are the +river, I say to myself: ‘Why, there’s water there!’ The stars are like +the lamps in illuminations, one would say that they smoked and that the +wind blew them out, I am bewildered, as though horses were breathing in +my ears; although it is night, I hear hand-organs and +spinning-machines, and I don’t know what all. I think people are +flinging stones at me, I flee without knowing whither, everything +whirls and whirls. You feel very queer when you have had no food.” + + +And then she stared at him with a bewildered air. + +By dint of searching and ransacking his pockets, Marius had finally +collected five francs sixteen sous. This was all he owned in the world +for the moment. “At all events,” he thought, “there is my dinner for +to-day, and to-morrow we will see.” He kept the sixteen sous, and +handed the five francs to the young girl. + +She seized the coin. + +“Good!” said she, “the sun is shining!” + + +And, as though the sun had possessed the property of melting the +avalanches of slang in her brain, she went on:— + +“Five francs! the shiner! a monarch! in this hole! Ain’t this fine! +You’re a jolly thief! I’m your humble servant! Bravo for the good +fellows! Two days’ wine! and meat! and stew! we’ll have a royal feast! +and a good fill!” + + +She pulled her chemise up on her shoulders, made a low bow to Marius, +then a familiar sign with her hand, and went towards the door, saying:— + +“Good morning, sir. It’s all right. I’ll go and find my old man.” + + +As she passed, she caught sight of a dry crust of bread on the commode, +which was moulding there amid the dust; she flung herself upon it and +bit into it, muttering:— + +“That’s good! it’s hard! it breaks my teeth!” + + +Then she departed. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A PROVIDENTIAL PEEP-HOLE + + +Marius had lived for five years in poverty, in destitution, even in +distress, but he now perceived that he had not known real misery. True +misery he had but just had a view of. It was its spectre which had just +passed before his eyes. In fact, he who has only beheld the misery of +man has seen nothing; the misery of woman is what he must see; he who +has seen only the misery of woman has seen nothing; he must see the +misery of the child. + +When a man has reached his last extremity, he has reached his last +resources at the same time. Woe to the defenceless beings who surround +him! Work, wages, bread, fire, courage, good will, all fail him +simultaneously. The light of day seems extinguished without, the moral +light within; in these shadows man encounters the feebleness of the +woman and the child, and bends them violently to ignominy. + +Then all horrors become possible. Despair is surrounded with fragile +partitions which all open on either vice or crime. + +Health, youth, honor, all the shy delicacies of the young body, the +heart, virginity, modesty, that epidermis of the soul, are manipulated +in sinister wise by that fumbling which seeks resources, which +encounters opprobrium, and which accommodates itself to it. Fathers, +mothers, children, brothers, sisters, men, women, daughters, adhere and +become incorporated, almost like a mineral formation, in that dusky +promiscuousness of sexes, relationships, ages, infamies, and +innocences. They crouch, back to back, in a sort of hut of fate. They +exchange woe-begone glances. Oh, the unfortunate wretches! How pale +they are! How cold they are! It seems as though they dwelt in a planet +much further from the sun than ours. + +This young girl was to Marius a sort of messenger from the realm of sad +shadows. She revealed to him a hideous side of the night. + +Marius almost reproached himself for the preoccupations of reverie and +passion which had prevented his bestowing a glance on his neighbors up +to that day. The payment of their rent had been a mechanical movement, +which any one would have yielded to; but he, Marius, should have done +better than that. What! only a wall separated him from those abandoned +beings who lived gropingly in the dark outside the pale of the rest of +the world, he was elbow to elbow with them, he was, in some sort, the +last link of the human race which they touched, he heard them live, or +rather, rattle in the death agony beside him, and he paid no heed to +them! Every day, every instant, he heard them walking on the other side +of the wall, he heard them go, and come, and speak, and he did not even +lend an ear! And groans lay in those words, and he did not even listen +to them, his thoughts were elsewhere, given up to dreams, to impossible +radiances, to loves in the air, to follies; and all the while, human +creatures, his brothers in Jesus Christ, his brothers in the people, +were agonizing in vain beside him! He even formed a part of their +misfortune, and he aggravated it. For if they had had another neighbor +who was less chimerical and more attentive, any ordinary and charitable +man, evidently their indigence would have been noticed, their signals +of distress would have been perceived, and they would have been taken +hold of and rescued! They appeared very corrupt and very depraved, no +doubt, very vile, very odious even; but those who fall without becoming +degraded are rare; besides, there is a point where the unfortunate and +the infamous unite and are confounded in a single word, a fatal word, +_the miserable_; whose fault is this? And then should not the charity +be all the more profound, in proportion as the fall is great? + +While reading himself this moral lesson, for there were occasions on +which Marius, like all truly honest hearts, was his own pedagogue and +scolded himself more than he deserved, he stared at the wall which +separated him from the Jondrettes, as though he were able to make his +gaze, full of pity, penetrate that partition and warm these wretched +people. The wall was a thin layer of plaster upheld by lathes and +beams, and, as the reader had just learned, it allowed the sound of +voices and words to be clearly distinguished. Only a man as dreamy as +Marius could have failed to perceive this long before. There was no +paper pasted on the wall, either on the side of the Jondrettes or on +that of Marius; the coarse construction was visible in its nakedness. +Marius examined the partition, almost unconsciously; sometimes reverie +examines, observes, and scrutinizes as thought would. All at once he +sprang up; he had just perceived, near the top, close to the ceiling, a +triangular hole, which resulted from the space between three lathes. +The plaster which should have filled this cavity was missing, and by +mounting on the commode, a view could be had through this aperture into +the Jondrettes’ attic. Commiseration has, and should have, its +curiosity. This aperture formed a sort of peep-hole. It is permissible +to gaze at misfortune like a traitor in order to succor it.27 + +“Let us get some little idea of what these people are like,” thought +Marius, “and in what condition they are.” + + +He climbed upon the commode, put his eye to the crevice, and looked. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE WILD MAN IN HIS LAIR + + +Cities, like forests, have their caverns in which all the most wicked +and formidable creatures which they contain conceal themselves. Only, +in cities, that which thus conceals itself is ferocious, unclean, and +petty, that is to say, ugly; in forests, that which conceals itself is +ferocious, savage, and grand, that is to say, beautiful. Taking one +lair with another, the beast’s is preferable to the man’s. Caverns are +better than hovels. + +What Marius now beheld was a hovel. + +Marius was poor, and his chamber was poverty-stricken, but as his +poverty was noble, his garret was neat. The den upon which his eye now +rested was abject, dirty, fetid, pestiferous, mean, sordid. The only +furniture consisted of a straw chair, an infirm table, some old bits of +crockery, and in two of the corners, two indescribable pallets; all the +light was furnished by a dormer window of four panes, draped with +spiders’ webs. Through this aperture there penetrated just enough light +to make the face of a man appear like the face of a phantom. The walls +had a leprous aspect, and were covered with seams and scars, like a +visage disfigured by some horrible malady; a repulsive moisture exuded +from them. Obscene sketches roughly sketched with charcoal could be +distinguished upon them. + +The chamber which Marius occupied had a dilapidated brick pavement; +this one was neither tiled nor planked; its inhabitants stepped +directly on the antique plaster of the hovel, which had grown black +under the long-continued pressure of feet. Upon this uneven floor, +where the dirt seemed to be fairly incrusted, and which possessed but +one virginity, that of the broom, were capriciously grouped +constellations of old shoes, socks, and repulsive rags; however, this +room had a fireplace, so it was let for forty francs a year. There was +every sort of thing in that fireplace, a brazier, a pot, broken boards, +rags suspended from nails, a bird-cage, ashes, and even a little fire. +Two brands were smouldering there in a melancholy way. + +One thing which added still more to the horrors of this garret was, +that it was large. It had projections and angles and black holes, the +lower sides of roofs, bays, and promontories. Hence horrible, +unfathomable nooks where it seemed as though spiders as big as one’s +fist, wood-lice as large as one’s foot, and perhaps even—who +knows?—some monstrous human beings, must be hiding. + +One of the pallets was near the door, the other near the window. One +end of each touched the fireplace and faced Marius. In a corner near +the aperture through which Marius was gazing, a colored engraving in a +black frame was suspended to a nail on the wall, and at its bottom, in +large letters, was the inscription: THE DREAM. This represented a +sleeping woman, and a child, also asleep, the child on the woman’s lap, +an eagle in a cloud, with a crown in his beak, and the woman thrusting +the crown away from the child’s head, without awaking the latter; in +the background, Napoleon in a glory, leaning on a very blue column with +a yellow capital ornamented with this inscription: + +MARINGO +AUSTERLITS +IENA +WAGRAMME +ELOT + + +Beneath this frame, a sort of wooden panel, which was no longer than it +was broad, stood on the ground and rested in a sloping attitude against +the wall. It had the appearance of a picture with its face turned to +the wall, of a frame probably showing a daub on the other side, of some +pier-glass detached from a wall and lying forgotten there while waiting +to be rehung. + +Near the table, upon which Marius descried a pen, ink, and paper, sat a +man about sixty years of age, small, thin, livid, haggard, with a +cunning, cruel, and uneasy air; a hideous scoundrel. + +If Lavater had studied this visage, he would have found the vulture +mingled with the attorney there, the bird of prey and the pettifogger +rendering each other mutually hideous and complementing each other; the +pettifogger making the bird of prey ignoble, the bird of prey making +the pettifogger horrible. + +This man had a long gray beard. He was clad in a woman’s chemise, which +allowed his hairy breast and his bare arms, bristling with gray hair, +to be seen. Beneath this chemise, muddy trousers and boots through +which his toes projected were visible. + +He had a pipe in his mouth and was smoking. There was no bread in the +hovel, but there was still tobacco. + +He was writing probably some more letters like those which Marius had +read. + +On the corner of the table lay an ancient, dilapidated, reddish volume, +and the size, which was the antique 12mo of reading-rooms, betrayed a +romance. On the cover sprawled the following title, printed in large +capitals: + +GOD; THE KING; HONOR AND THE LADIES; +by +DUCRAY DUMINIL, +1814. + +As the man wrote, he talked aloud, and Marius heard his words:— + +“The idea that there is no equality, even when you are dead! Just look +at PĂšre-Lachaise! The great, those who are rich, are up above, in the +acacia alley, which is paved. They can reach it in a carriage. The +little people, the poor, the unhappy, well, what of them? they are put +down below, where the mud is up to your knees, in the damp places. They +are put there so that they will decay the sooner! You cannot go to see +them without sinking into the earth.” + + +He paused, smote the table with his fist, and added, as he ground his +teeth:— + +“Oh! I could eat the whole world!” + + +A big woman, who might be forty years of age, or a hundred, was +crouching near the fireplace on her bare heels. + +She, too, was clad only in a chemise and a knitted petticoat patched +with bits of old cloth. A coarse linen apron concealed the half of her +petticoat. Although this woman was doubled up and bent together, it +could be seen that she was of very lofty stature. She was a sort of +giant, beside her husband. She had hideous hair, of a reddish blond +which was turning gray, and which she thrust back from time to time, +with her enormous shining hands, with their flat nails. + +Beside her, on the floor, wide open, lay a book of the same form as the +other, and probably a volume of the same romance. + +On one of the pallets, Marius caught a glimpse of a sort of tall pale +young girl, who sat there half naked and with pendant feet, and who did +not seem to be listening or seeing or living. + +No doubt the younger sister of the one who had come to his room. + +She seemed to be eleven or twelve years of age. On closer scrutiny it +was evident that she really was fourteen. She was the child who had +said, on the boulevard the evening before: “I bolted, bolted, bolted!” + + +She was of that puny sort which remains backward for a long time, then +suddenly starts up rapidly. It is indigence which produces these +melancholy human plants. These creatures have neither childhood nor +youth. At fifteen years of age they appear to be twelve, at sixteen +they seem twenty. To-day a little girl, to-morrow a woman. One might +say that they stride through life, in order to get through with it the +more speedily. + +At this moment, this being had the air of a child. + +Moreover, no trace of work was revealed in that dwelling; no +handicraft, no spinning-wheel, not a tool. In one corner lay some +ironmongery of dubious aspect. It was the dull listlessness which +follows despair and precedes the death agony. + +Marius gazed for a while at this gloomy interior, more terrifying than +the interior of a tomb, for the human soul could be felt fluttering +there, and life was palpitating there. The garret, the cellar, the +lowly ditch where certain indigent wretches crawl at the very bottom of +the social edifice, is not exactly the sepulchre, but only its +antechamber; but, as the wealthy display their greatest magnificence at +the entrance of their palaces, it seems that death, which stands +directly side by side with them, places its greatest miseries in that +vestibule. + +The man held his peace, the woman spoke no word, the young girl did not +even seem to breathe. The scratching of the pen on the paper was +audible. + +The man grumbled, without pausing in his writing. “Canaille! canaille! +everybody is canaille!” + + +This variation to Solomon’s exclamation elicited a sigh from the woman. + +“Calm yourself, my little friend,” she said. “Don’t hurt yourself, my +dear. You are too good to write to all those people, husband.” + + +Bodies press close to each other in misery, as in cold, but hearts draw +apart. This woman must have loved this man, to all appearance, judging +from the amount of love within her; but probably, in the daily and +reciprocal reproaches of the horrible distress which weighed on the +whole group, this had become extinct. There no longer existed in her +anything more than the ashes of affection for her husband. +Nevertheless, caressing appellations had survived, as is often the +case. She called him: _My dear, my little friend, my good man_, etc., +with her mouth while her heart was silent. + +The man resumed his writing. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—STRATEGY AND TACTICS + + +Marius, with a load upon his breast, was on the point of descending +from the species of observatory which he had improvised, when a sound +attracted his attention and caused him to remain at his post. + +The door of the attic had just burst open abruptly. The eldest girl +made her appearance on the threshold. On her feet, she had large, +coarse, men’s shoes, bespattered with mud, which had splashed even to +her red ankles, and she was wrapped in an old mantle which hung in +tatters. Marius had not seen it on her an hour previously, but she had +probably deposited it at his door, in order that she might inspire the +more pity, and had picked it up again on emerging. She entered, pushed +the door to behind her, paused to take breath, for she was completely +breathless, then exclaimed with an expression of triumph and joy:— + +“He is coming!” + + +The father turned his eyes towards her, the woman turned her head, the +little sister did not stir. + +“Who?” demanded her father. + +“The gentleman!” + + +“The philanthropist?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“From the church of Saint-Jacques?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That old fellow?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And he is coming?” + + +“He is following me.” + + +“You are sure?” + + +“I am sure.” + + +“There, truly, he is coming?” + + +“He is coming in a fiacre.” + + +“In a fiacre. He is Rothschild.” + + +The father rose. + +“How are you sure? If he is coming in a fiacre, how is it that you +arrive before him? You gave him our address at least? Did you tell him +that it was the last door at the end of the corridor, on the right? If +he only does not make a mistake! So you found him at the church? Did he +read my letter? What did he say to you?” + + +“Ta, ta, ta,” said the girl, “how you do gallop on, my good man! See +here: I entered the church, he was in his usual place, I made him a +reverence, and I handed him the letter; he read it and said to me: +‘Where do you live, my child?’ I said: ‘Monsieur, I will show you.’ He +said to me: ‘No, give me your address, my daughter has some purchases +to make, I will take a carriage and reach your house at the same time +that you do.’ I gave him the address. When I mentioned the house, he +seemed surprised and hesitated for an instant, then he said: ‘Never +mind, I will come.’ When the mass was finished, I watched him leave the +church with his daughter, and I saw them enter a carriage. I certainly +did tell him the last door in the corridor, on the right.” + + +“And what makes you think that he will come?” + + +“I have just seen the fiacre turn into the Rue Petit-Banquier. That is +what made me run so.” + + +“How do you know that it was the same fiacre?” + + +“Because I took notice of the number, so there!” + + +“What was the number?” + + +“440.” + + +“Good, you are a clever girl.” + + +The girl stared boldly at her father, and showing the shoes which she +had on her feet:— + +“A clever girl, possibly; but I tell you I won’t put these shoes on +again, and that I won’t, for the sake of my health, in the first place, +and for the sake of cleanliness, in the next. I don’t know anything +more irritating than shoes that squelch, and go _ghi, ghi, ghi,_ the +whole time. I prefer to go barefoot.” + + +“You are right,” said her father, in a sweet tone which contrasted with +the young girl’s rudeness, “but then, you will not be allowed to enter +churches, for poor people must have shoes to do that. One cannot go +barefoot to the good God,” he added bitterly. + +Then, returning to the subject which absorbed him:— + +“So you are sure that he will come?” + + +“He is following on my heels,” said she. + +The man started up. A sort of illumination appeared on his countenance. + +“Wife!” he exclaimed, “you hear. Here is the philanthropist. Extinguish +the fire.” + + +The stupefied mother did not stir. + +The father, with the agility of an acrobat, seized a broken-nosed jug +which stood on the chimney, and flung the water on the brands. + +Then, addressing his eldest daughter:— + +“Here you! Pull the straw off that chair!” + + +His daughter did not understand. + +He seized the chair, and with one kick he rendered it seatless. His leg +passed through it. + +As he withdrew his leg, he asked his daughter:— + +“Is it cold?” + + +“Very cold. It is snowing.” + + +The father turned towards the younger girl who sat on the bed near the +window, and shouted to her in a thundering voice:— + +“Quick! get off that bed, you lazy thing! will you never do anything? +Break a pane of glass!” + + +The little girl jumped off the bed with a shiver. + +“Break a pane!” he repeated. + +The child stood still in bewilderment. + +“Do you hear me?” repeated her father, “I tell you to break a pane!” + + +The child, with a sort of terrified obedience, rose on tiptoe, and +struck a pane with her fist. The glass broke and fell with a loud +clatter. + +“Good,” said the father. + +He was grave and abrupt. His glance swept rapidly over all the crannies +of the garret. One would have said that he was a general making the +final preparation at the moment when the battle is on the point of +beginning. + +The mother, who had not said a word so far, now rose and demanded in a +dull, slow, languid voice, whence her words seemed to emerge in a +congealed state:— + +“What do you mean to do, my dear?” + + +“Get into bed,” replied the man. + +His intonation admitted of no deliberation. The mother obeyed, and +threw herself heavily on one of the pallets. + +In the meantime, a sob became audible in one corner. + +“What’s that?” cried the father. + +The younger daughter exhibited her bleeding fist, without quitting the +corner in which she was cowering. She had wounded herself while +breaking the window; she went off, near her mother’s pallet and wept +silently. + +It was now the mother’s turn to start up and exclaim:— + +“Just see there! What follies you commit! She has cut herself breaking +that pane for you!” + + +“So much the better!” said the man. “I foresaw that.” + + +“What? So much the better?” retorted his wife. + +“Peace!” replied the father, “I suppress the liberty of the press.” + + +Then tearing the woman’s chemise which he was wearing, he made a strip +of cloth with which he hastily swathed the little girl’s bleeding +wrist. + +That done, his eye fell with a satisfied expression on his torn +chemise. + +“And the chemise too,” said he, “this has a good appearance.” + + +An icy breeze whistled through the window and entered the room. The +outer mist penetrated thither and diffused itself like a whitish sheet +of wadding vaguely spread by invisible fingers. Through the broken pane +the snow could be seen falling. The snow promised by the Candlemas sun +of the preceding day had actually come. + +The father cast a glance about him as though to make sure that he had +forgotten nothing. He seized an old shovel and spread ashes over the +wet brands in such a manner as to entirely conceal them. + +Then drawing himself up and leaning against the chimney-piece:— + +“Now,” said he, “we can receive the philanthropist.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE RAY OF LIGHT IN THE HOVEL + + +The big girl approached and laid her hand in her father’s. + +“Feel how cold I am,” said she. + +“Bah!” replied the father, “I am much colder than that.” + + +The mother exclaimed impetuously:— + +“You always have something better than any one else, so you do! even +bad things.” + + +“Down with you!” said the man. + +The mother, being eyed after a certain fashion, held her tongue. + +Silence reigned for a moment in the hovel. The elder girl was removing +the mud from the bottom of her mantle, with a careless air; her younger +sister continued to sob; the mother had taken the latter’s head between +her hands, and was covering it with kisses, whispering to her the +while:— + +“My treasure, I entreat you, it is nothing of consequence, don’t cry, +you will anger your father.” + + +“No!” exclaimed the father, “quite the contrary! sob! sob! that’s +right.” + + +Then turning to the elder:— + +“There now! He is not coming! What if he were not to come! I shall have +extinguished my fire, wrecked my chair, torn my shirt, and broken my +pane all for nothing.” + + +“And wounded the child!” murmured the mother. + +“Do you know,” went on the father, “that it’s beastly cold in this +devil’s garret! What if that man should not come! Oh! See there, you! +He makes us wait! He says to himself: ‘Well! they will wait for me! +That’s what they’re there for.’ Oh! how I hate them, and with what joy, +jubilation, enthusiasm, and satisfaction I could strangle all those +rich folks! all those rich folks! These men who pretend to be +charitable, who put on airs, who go to mass, who make presents to the +priesthood, _preachy, preachy_, in their skullcaps, and who think +themselves above us, and who come for the purpose of humiliating us, +and to bring us ‘clothes,’ as they say! old duds that are not worth +four sous! And bread! That’s not what I want, pack of rascals that they +are, it’s money! Ah! money! Never! Because they say that we would go +off and drink it up, and that we are drunkards and idlers! And they! +What are they, then, and what have they been in their time! Thieves! +They never could have become rich otherwise! Oh! Society ought to be +grasped by the four corners of the cloth and tossed into the air, all +of it! It would all be smashed, very likely, but at least, no one would +have anything, and there would be that much gained! But what is that +blockhead of a benevolent gentleman doing? Will he come? Perhaps the +animal has forgotten the address! I’ll bet that that old beast—” + + +At that moment there came a light tap at the door, the man rushed to it +and opened it, exclaiming, amid profound bows and smiles of adoration:— + +“Enter, sir! Deign to enter, most respected benefactor, and your +charming young lady, also.” + + +A man of ripe age and a young girl made their appearance on the +threshold of the attic. + +Marius had not quitted his post. His feelings for the moment surpassed +the powers of the human tongue. + +It was She! + +Whoever has loved knows all the radiant meanings contained in those +three letters of that word: She. + +It was certainly she. Marius could hardly distinguish her through the +luminous vapor which had suddenly spread before his eyes. It was that +sweet, absent being, that star which had beamed upon him for six +months; it was those eyes, that brow, that mouth, that lovely vanished +face which had created night by its departure. The vision had been +eclipsed, now it reappeared. + +It reappeared in that gloom, in that garret, in that misshapen attic, +in all that horror. + +Marius shuddered in dismay. What! It was she! The palpitations of his +heart troubled his sight. He felt that he was on the brink of bursting +into tears! What! He beheld her again at last, after having sought her +so long! It seemed to him that he had lost his soul, and that he had +just found it again. + +She was the same as ever, only a little pale; her delicate face was +framed in a bonnet of violet velvet, her figure was concealed beneath a +pelisse of black satin. Beneath her long dress, a glimpse could be +caught of her tiny foot shod in a silken boot. + +She was still accompanied by M. Leblanc. + +She had taken a few steps into the room, and had deposited a tolerably +bulky parcel on the table. + +The eldest Jondrette girl had retired behind the door, and was staring +with sombre eyes at that velvet bonnet, that silk mantle, and that +charming, happy face. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—JONDRETTE COMES NEAR WEEPING + + +The hovel was so dark, that people coming from without felt on entering +it the effect produced on entering a cellar. The two newcomers +advanced, therefore, with a certain hesitation, being hardly able to +distinguish the vague forms surrounding them, while they could be +clearly seen and scrutinized by the eyes of the inhabitants of the +garret, who were accustomed to this twilight. + +M. Leblanc approached, with his sad but kindly look, and said to +Jondrette the father:— + +“Monsieur, in this package you will find some new clothes and some +woollen stockings and blankets.” + + +“Our angelic benefactor overwhelms us,” said Jondrette, bowing to the +very earth. + +Then, bending down to the ear of his eldest daughter, while the two +visitors were engaged in examining this lamentable interior, he added +in a low and rapid voice:— + +“Hey? What did I say? Duds! No money! They are all alike! By the way, +how was the letter to that old blockhead signed?” + + +“Fabantou,” replied the girl. + +“The dramatic artist, good!” + + +It was lucky for Jondrette, that this had occurred to him, for at the +very moment, M. Leblanc turned to him, and said to him with the air of +a person who is seeking to recall a name:— + +“I see that you are greatly to be pitied, Monsieur—” + + +“Fabantou,” replied Jondrette quickly. + +“Monsieur Fabantou, yes, that is it. I remember.” + + +“Dramatic artist, sir, and one who has had some success.” + + +Here Jondrette evidently judged the moment propitious for capturing the +“philanthropist.” He exclaimed with an accent which smacked at the same +time of the vainglory of the mountebank at fairs, and the humility of +the mendicant on the highway:— + +“A pupil of Talma! Sir! I am a pupil of Talma! Fortune formerly smiled +on me—Alas! Now it is misfortune’s turn. You see, my benefactor, no +bread, no fire. My poor babes have no fire! My only chair has no seat! +A broken pane! And in such weather! My spouse in bed! Ill!” + + +“Poor woman!” said M. Leblanc. + +“My child wounded!” added Jondrette. + +The child, diverted by the arrival of the strangers, had fallen to +contemplating “the young lady,” and had ceased to sob. + +“Cry! bawl!” said Jondrette to her in a low voice. + +At the same time he pinched her sore hand. All this was done with the +talent of a juggler. + +The little girl gave vent to loud shrieks. + +The adorable young girl, whom Marius, in his heart, called “his +Ursule,” approached her hastily. + +“Poor, dear child!” said she. + +“You see, my beautiful young lady,” pursued Jondrette “her bleeding +wrist! It came through an accident while working at a machine to earn +six sous a day. It may be necessary to cut off her arm.” + + +“Really?” said the old gentleman, in alarm. + +The little girl, taking this seriously, fell to sobbing more violently +than ever. + +“Alas! yes, my benefactor!” replied the father. + +For several minutes, Jondrette had been scrutinizing “the benefactor” +in a singular fashion. As he spoke, he seemed to be examining the other +attentively, as though seeking to summon up his recollections. All at +once, profiting by a moment when the newcomers were questioning the +child with interest as to her injured hand, he passed near his wife, +who lay in her bed with a stupid and dejected air, and said to her in a +rapid but very low tone:— + +“Take a look at that man!” + + +Then, turning to M. Leblanc, and continuing his lamentations:— + +“You see, sir! All the clothing that I have is my wife’s chemise! And +all torn at that! In the depths of winter! I can’t go out for lack of a +coat. If I had a coat of any sort, I would go and see Mademoiselle +Mars, who knows me and is very fond of me. Does she not still reside in +the Rue de la Tour-des-Dames? Do you know, sir? We played together in +the provinces. I shared her laurels. CĂ©limĂšne would come to my succor, +sir! Elmire would bestow alms on BĂ©lisaire! But no, nothing! And not a +sou in the house! My wife ill, and not a sou! My daughter dangerously +injured, not a sou! My wife suffers from fits of suffocation. It comes +from her age, and besides, her nervous system is affected. She ought to +have assistance, and my daughter also! But the doctor! But the +apothecary! How am I to pay them? I would kneel to a penny, sir! Such +is the condition to which the arts are reduced. And do you know, my +charming young lady, and you, my generous protector, do you know, you +who breathe forth virtue and goodness, and who perfume that church +where my daughter sees you every day when she says her prayers?—For I +have brought up my children religiously, sir. I did not want them to +take to the theatre. Ah! the hussies! If I catch them tripping! I do +not jest, that I don’t! I read them lessons on honor, on morality, on +virtue! Ask them! They have got to walk straight. They are none of your +unhappy wretches who begin by having no family, and end by espousing +the public. One is Mamselle Nobody, and one becomes Madame Everybody. +Deuce take it! None of that in the Fabantou family! I mean to bring +them up virtuously, and they shall be honest, and nice, and believe in +God, by the sacred name! Well, sir, my worthy sir, do you know what is +going to happen to-morrow? To-morrow is the fourth day of February, the +fatal day, the last day of grace allowed me by my landlord; if by this +evening I have not paid my rent, to-morrow my oldest daughter, my +spouse with her fever, my child with her wound,—we shall all four be +turned out of here and thrown into the street, on the boulevard, +without shelter, in the rain, in the snow. There, sir. I owe for four +quarters—a whole year! that is to say, sixty francs.” + + +Jondrette lied. Four quarters would have amounted to only forty francs, +and he could not owe four, because six months had not elapsed since +Marius had paid for two. + +M. Leblanc drew five francs from his pocket and threw them on the +table. + +Jondrette found time to mutter in the ear of his eldest daughter:— + +“The scoundrel! What does he think I can do with his five francs? That +won’t pay me for my chair and pane of glass! That’s what comes of +incurring expenses!” + + +In the meanwhile, M. Leblanc had removed the large brown great-coat +which he wore over his blue coat, and had thrown it over the back of +the chair. + +“Monsieur Fabantou,” he said, “these five francs are all that I have +about me, but I shall now take my daughter home, and I will return this +evening,—it is this evening that you must pay, is it not?” + + +Jondrette’s face lighted up with a strange expression. He replied +vivaciously:— + +“Yes, respected sir. At eight o’clock, I must be at my landlord’s.” + + +“I will be here at six, and I will fetch you the sixty francs.” + + +“My benefactor!” exclaimed Jondrette, overwhelmed. And he added, in a +low tone: “Take a good look at him, wife!” + + +M. Leblanc had taken the arm of the young girl, once more, and had +turned towards the door. + +“Farewell until this evening, my friends!” said he. + +“Six o’clock?” said Jondrette. + +“Six o’clock precisely.” + + +At that moment, the overcoat lying on the chair caught the eye of the +elder Jondrette girl. + +“You are forgetting your coat, sir,” said she. + +Jondrette darted an annihilating look at his daughter, accompanied by a +formidable shrug of the shoulders. + +M. Leblanc turned back and said, with a smile:— + +“I have not forgotten it, I am leaving it.” + + +“O my protector!” said Jondrette, “my august benefactor, I melt into +tears! Permit me to accompany you to your carriage.” + + +“If you come out,” answered M. Leblanc, “put on this coat. It really is +very cold.” + + +Jondrette did not need to be told twice. He hastily donned the brown +great-coat. And all three went out, Jondrette preceding the two +strangers. + + + + +CHAPTER X—TARIFF OF LICENSED CABS: TWO FRANCS AN HOUR + + +Marius had lost nothing of this entire scene, and yet, in reality, had +seen nothing. His eyes had remained fixed on the young girl, his heart +had, so to speak, seized her and wholly enveloped her from the moment +of her very first step in that garret. During her entire stay there, he +had lived that life of ecstasy which suspends material perceptions and +precipitates the whole soul on a single point. He contemplated, not +that girl, but that light which wore a satin pelisse and a velvet +bonnet. The star Sirius might have entered the room, and he would not +have been any more dazzled. + +While the young girl was engaged in opening the package, unfolding the +clothing and the blankets, questioning the sick mother kindly, and the +little injured girl tenderly, he watched her every movement, he sought +to catch her words. He knew her eyes, her brow, her beauty, her form, +her walk, he did not know the sound of her voice. He had once fancied +that he had caught a few words at the Luxembourg, but he was not +absolutely sure of the fact. He would have given ten years of his life +to hear it, in order that he might bear away in his soul a little of +that music. But everything was drowned in the lamentable exclamations +and trumpet bursts of Jondrette. This added a touch of genuine wrath to +Marius’ ecstasy. He devoured her with his eyes. He could not believe +that it really was that divine creature whom he saw in the midst of +those vile creatures in that monstrous lair. It seemed to him that he +beheld a humming-bird in the midst of toads. + +When she took her departure, he had but one thought, to follow her, to +cling to her trace, not to quit her until he learned where she lived, +not to lose her again, at least, after having so miraculously +re-discovered her. He leaped down from the commode and seized his hat. +As he laid his hand on the lock of the door, and was on the point of +opening it, a sudden reflection caused him to pause. The corridor was +long, the staircase steep, Jondrette was talkative, M. Leblanc had, no +doubt, not yet regained his carriage; if, on turning round in the +corridor, or on the staircase, he were to catch sight of him, Marius, +in that house, he would, evidently, take the alarm, and find means to +escape from him again, and this time it would be final. What was he to +do? Should he wait a little? But while he was waiting, the carriage +might drive off. Marius was perplexed. At last he accepted the risk and +quitted his room. + +There was no one in the corridor. He hastened to the stairs. There was +no one on the staircase. He descended in all haste, and reached the +boulevard in time to see a fiacre turning the corner of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier, on its way back to Paris. + +Marius rushed headlong in that direction. On arriving at the angle of +the boulevard, he caught sight of the fiacre again, rapidly descending +the Rue Mouffetard; the carriage was already a long way off, and there +was no means of overtaking it; what! run after it? Impossible; and +besides, the people in the carriage would assuredly notice an +individual running at full speed in pursuit of a fiacre, and the father +would recognize him. At that moment, wonderful and unprecedented good +luck, Marius perceived an empty cab passing along the boulevard. There +was but one thing to be done, to jump into this cab and follow the +fiacre. That was sure, efficacious, and free from danger. + +Marius made the driver a sign to halt, and called to him:— + +“By the hour?” + + +Marius wore no cravat, he had on his working-coat, which was destitute +of buttons, his shirt was torn along one of the plaits on the bosom. + +The driver halted, winked, and held out his left hand to Marius, +rubbing his forefinger gently with his thumb. + +“What is it?” said Marius. + +“Pay in advance,” said the coachman. + +Marius recollected that he had but sixteen sous about him. + +“How much?” he demanded. + +“Forty sous.” + + +“I will pay on my return.” + + +The driver’s only reply was to whistle the air of La Palisse and to +whip up his horse. + +Marius stared at the retreating cabriolet with a bewildered air. For +the lack of four and twenty sous, he was losing his joy, his happiness, +his love! He had seen, and he was becoming blind again. He reflected +bitterly, and it must be confessed, with profound regret, on the five +francs which he had bestowed, that very morning, on that miserable +girl. If he had had those five francs, he would have been saved, he +would have been born again, he would have emerged from the limbo and +darkness, he would have made his escape from isolation and spleen, from +his widowed state; he might have re-knotted the black thread of his +destiny to that beautiful golden thread, which had just floated before +his eyes and had broken at the same instant, once more! He returned to +his hovel in despair. + +He might have told himself that M. Leblanc had promised to return in +the evening, and that all he had to do was to set about the matter more +skilfully, so that he might follow him on that occasion; but, in his +contemplation, it is doubtful whether he had heard this. + +As he was on the point of mounting the staircase, he perceived, on the +other side of the boulevard, near the deserted wall skirting the Rue De +la BarriĂšre-des-Gobelins, Jondrette, wrapped in the “philanthropist’s” +great-coat, engaged in conversation with one of those men of +disquieting aspect who have been dubbed by common consent, _prowlers of +the barriers_; people of equivocal face, of suspicious monologues, who +present the air of having evil minds, and who generally sleep in the +daytime, which suggests the supposition that they work by night. + +These two men, standing there motionless and in conversation, in the +snow which was falling in whirlwinds, formed a group that a policeman +would surely have observed, but which Marius hardly noticed. + +Still, in spite of his mournful preoccupation, he could not refrain +from saying to himself that this prowler of the barriers with whom +Jondrette was talking resembled a certain Panchaud, alias Printanier, +alias Bigrenaille, whom Courfeyrac had once pointed out to him as a +very dangerous nocturnal roamer. This man’s name the reader has learned +in the preceding book. This Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias +Bigrenaille, figured later on in many criminal trials, and became a +notorious rascal. He was at that time only a famous rascal. To-day he +exists in the state of tradition among ruffians and assassins. He was +at the head of a school towards the end of the last reign. And in the +evening, at nightfall, at the hour when groups form and talk in +whispers, he was discussed at La Force in the Fosse-aux-Lions. One +might even, in that prison, precisely at the spot where the sewer which +served the unprecedented escape, in broad daylight, of thirty +prisoners, in 1843, passes under the culvert, read his name, PANCHAUD, +audaciously carved by his own hand on the wall of the sewer, during one +of his attempts at flight. In 1832, the police already had their eye on +him, but he had not as yet made a serious beginning. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—OFFERS OF SERVICE FROM MISERY TO WRETCHEDNESS + + +Marius ascended the stairs of the hovel with slow steps; at the moment +when he was about to re-enter his cell, he caught sight of the elder +Jondrette girl following him through the corridor. The very sight of +this girl was odious to him; it was she who had his five francs, it was +too late to demand them back, the cab was no longer there, the fiacre +was far away. Moreover, she would not have given them back. As for +questioning her about the residence of the persons who had just been +there, that was useless; it was evident that she did not know, since +the letter signed Fabantou had been addressed “to the benevolent +gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” + + +Marius entered his room and pushed the door to after him. + +It did not close; he turned round and beheld a hand which held the door +half open. + +“What is it?” he asked, “who is there?” + + +It was the Jondrette girl. + +“Is it you?” resumed Marius almost harshly, “still you! What do you +want with me?” + + +She appeared to be thoughtful and did not look at him. She no longer +had the air of assurance which had characterized her that morning. She +did not enter, but held back in the darkness of the corridor, where +Marius could see her through the half-open door. + +“Come now, will you answer?” cried Marius. “What do you want with me?” + + +She raised her dull eyes, in which a sort of gleam seemed to flicker +vaguely, and said:— + +“Monsieur Marius, you look sad. What is the matter with you?” + + +“With me!” said Marius. + +“Yes, you.” + + +“There is nothing the matter with me.” + + +“Yes, there is!” + + +“No.” + + +“I tell you there is!” + + +“Let me alone!” + + +Marius gave the door another push, but she retained her hold on it. + +“Stop,” said she, “you are in the wrong. Although you are not rich, you +were kind this morning. Be so again now. You gave me something to eat, +now tell me what ails you. You are grieved, that is plain. I do not +want you to be grieved. What can be done for it? Can I be of any +service? Employ me. I do not ask for your secrets, you need not tell +them to me, but I may be of use, nevertheless. I may be able to help +you, since I help my father. When it is necessary to carry letters, to +go to houses, to inquire from door to door, to find out an address, to +follow any one, I am of service. Well, you may assuredly tell me what +is the matter with you, and I will go and speak to the persons; +sometimes it is enough if some one speaks to the persons, that suffices +to let them understand matters, and everything comes right. Make use of +me.” + + +An idea flashed across Marius’ mind. What branch does one disdain when +one feels that one is falling? + +He drew near to the Jondrette girl. + +“Listen—” he said to her. + +She interrupted him with a gleam of joy in her eyes. + +“Oh yes, do call me _thou!_ I like that better.” + + +“Well,” he resumed, “thou hast brought hither that old gentleman and +his daughter!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Dost thou know their address?” + + +“No.” + + +“Find it for me.” + + +The Jondrette’s dull eyes had grown joyous, and they now became gloomy. + +“Is that what you want?” she demanded. + +“Yes.” + + +“Do you know them?” + + +“No.” + + +“That is to say,” she resumed quickly, “you do not know her, but you +wish to know her.” + + +This _them_ which had turned into _her_ had something indescribably +significant and bitter about it. + +“Well, can you do it?” said Marius. + +“You shall have the beautiful lady’s address.” + + +There was still a shade in the words “the beautiful lady” which +troubled Marius. He resumed:— + +“Never mind, after all, the address of the father and daughter. Their +address, indeed!” + + +She gazed fixedly at him. + +“What will you give me?” + + +“Anything you like.” + + +“Anything I like?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You shall have the address.” + + +She dropped her head; then, with a brusque movement, she pulled to the +door, which closed behind her. + +Marius found himself alone. + +He dropped into a chair, with his head and both elbows on his bed, +absorbed in thoughts which he could not grasp, and as though a prey to +vertigo. All that had taken place since the morning, the appearance of +the angel, her disappearance, what that creature had just said to him, +a gleam of hope floating in an immense despair,—this was what filled +his brain confusedly. + +All at once he was violently aroused from his reverie. + +He heard the shrill, hard voice of Jondrette utter these words, which +were fraught with a strange interest for him:— + +“I tell you that I am sure of it, and that I recognized him.” + + +Of whom was Jondrette speaking? Whom had he recognized? M. Leblanc? The +father of “his Ursule”? What! Did Jondrette know him? Was Marius about +to obtain in this abrupt and unexpected fashion all the information +without which his life was so dark to him? Was he about to learn at +last who it was that he loved, who that young girl was? Who her father +was? Was the dense shadow which enwrapped them on the point of being +dispelled? Was the veil about to be rent? Ah! Heavens! + +He bounded rather than climbed upon his commode, and resumed his post +near the little peep-hole in the partition wall. + +Again he beheld the interior of Jondrette’s hovel. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE USE MADE OF M. LEBLANC’S FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + +Nothing in the aspect of the family was altered, except that the wife +and daughters had levied on the package and put on woollen stockings +and jackets. Two new blankets were thrown across the two beds. + +Jondrette had evidently just returned. He still had the breathlessness +of out of doors. His daughters were seated on the floor near the +fireplace, the elder engaged in dressing the younger’s wounded hand. +His wife had sunk back on the bed near the fireplace, with a face +indicative of astonishment. Jondrette was pacing up and down the garret +with long strides. His eyes were extraordinary. + +The woman, who seemed timid and overwhelmed with stupor in the presence +of her husband, turned to say:— + +“What, really? You are sure?” + + +“Sure! Eight years have passed! But I recognize him! Ah! I recognize +him. I knew him at once! What! Didn’t it force itself on you?” + + +“No.” + + +“But I told you: ‘Pay attention!’ Why, it is his figure, it is his +face, only older,—there are people who do not grow old, I don’t know +how they manage it,—it is the very sound of his voice. He is better +dressed, that is all! Ah! you mysterious old devil, I’ve got you, that +I have!” + + +He paused, and said to his daughters:— + +“Get out of here, you!—It’s queer that it didn’t strike you!” + + +They arose to obey. + +The mother stammered:— + +“With her injured hand.” + + +“The air will do it good,” said Jondrette. “Be off.” + + +It was plain that this man was of the sort to whom no one offers to +reply. The two girls departed. + +At the moment when they were about to pass through the door, the father +detained the elder by the arm, and said to her with a peculiar accent:— + +“You will be here at five o’clock precisely. Both of you. I shall need +you.” + + +Marius redoubled his attention. + +On being left alone with his wife, Jondrette began to pace the room +again, and made the tour of it two or three times in silence. Then he +spent several minutes in tucking the lower part of the woman’s chemise +which he wore into his trousers. + +All at once, he turned to the female Jondrette, folded his arms and +exclaimed:— + +“And would you like to have me tell you something? The young lady—” + + +“Well, what?” retorted his wife, “the young lady?” + + +Marius could not doubt that it was really she of whom they were +speaking. He listened with ardent anxiety. His whole life was in his +ears. + +But Jondrette had bent over and spoke to his wife in a whisper. Then he +straightened himself up and concluded aloud:— + +“It is she!” + + +“That one?” said his wife. + +“That very one,” said the husband. + +No expression can reproduce the significance of the mother’s words. +Surprise, rage, hate, wrath, were mingled and combined in one monstrous +intonation. The pronunciation of a few words, the name, no doubt, which +her husband had whispered in her ear, had sufficed to rouse this huge, +somnolent woman, and from being repulsive she became terrible. + +“It is not possible!” she cried. “When I think that my daughters are +going barefoot, and have not a gown to their backs! What! A satin +pelisse, a velvet bonnet, boots, and everything; more than two hundred +francs’ worth of clothes! so that one would think she was a lady! No, +you are mistaken! Why, in the first place, the other was hideous, and +this one is not so bad-looking! She really is not bad-looking! It can’t +be she!” + + +“I tell you that it is she. You will see.” + + +At this absolute assertion, the Jondrette woman raised her large, red, +blonde face and stared at the ceiling with a horrible expression. At +that moment, she seemed to Marius even more to be feared than her +husband. She was a sow with the look of a tigress. + +“What!” she resumed, “that horrible, beautiful young lady, who gazed at +my daughters with an air of pity,—she is that beggar brat! Oh! I should +like to kick her stomach in for her!” + + +She sprang off of the bed, and remained standing for a moment, her hair +in disorder, her nostrils dilating, her mouth half open, her fists +clenched and drawn back. Then she fell back on the bed once more. The +man paced to and fro and paid no attention to his female. + +After a silence lasting several minutes, he approached the female +Jondrette, and halted in front of her, with folded arms, as he had done +a moment before:— + +“And shall I tell you another thing?” + + +“What is it?” she asked. + +He answered in a low, curt voice:— + +“My fortune is made.” + + +The woman stared at him with the look that signifies: “Is the person +who is addressing me on the point of going mad?” + + +He went on:— + +“Thunder! It was not so very long ago that I was a parishioner of the +parish of +die-of-hunger-if-you-have-a-fire,-die-of-cold-if-you-have-bread! I have +had enough of misery! my share and other people’s share! I am not +joking any longer, I don’t find it comic any more, I’ve had enough of +puns, good God! no more farces, Eternal Father! I want to eat till I am +full, I want to drink my fill! to gormandize! to sleep! to do nothing! +I want to have my turn, so I do, come now! before I die! I want to be a +bit of a millionnaire!” + + +He took a turn round the hovel, and added:— + +“Like other people.” + + +“What do you mean by that?” asked the woman. + +He shook his head, winked, screwed up one eye, and raised his voice +like a medical professor who is about to make a demonstration:— + +“What do I mean by that? Listen!” + + +“Hush!” muttered the woman, “not so loud! These are matters which must +not be overheard.” + + +“Bah! Who’s here? Our neighbor? I saw him go out a little while ago. +Besides, he doesn’t listen, the big booby. And I tell you that I saw +him go out.” + + +Nevertheless, by a sort of instinct, Jondrette lowered his voice, +although not sufficiently to prevent Marius hearing his words. One +favorable circumstance, which enabled Marius not to lose a word of this +conversation was the falling snow which deadened the sound of vehicles +on the boulevard. + +This is what Marius heard:— + +“Listen carefully. The CrƓsus is caught, or as good as caught! That’s +all settled already. Everything is arranged. I have seen some people. +He will come here this evening at six o’clock. To bring sixty francs, +the rascal! Did you notice how I played that game on him, my sixty +francs, my landlord, my fourth of February? I don’t even owe for one +quarter! Isn’t he a fool! So he will come at six o’clock! That’s the +hour when our neighbor goes to his dinner. Mother Bougon is off washing +dishes in the city. There’s not a soul in the house. The neighbor never +comes home until eleven o’clock. The children shall stand on watch. You +shall help us. He will give in.” + + +“And what if he does not give in?” demanded his wife. + +Jondrette made a sinister gesture, and said:— + +“We’ll fix him.” + + +And he burst out laughing. + +This was the first time Marius had seen him laugh. The laugh was cold +and sweet, and provoked a shudder. + +Jondrette opened a cupboard near the fireplace, and drew from it an old +cap, which he placed on his head, after brushing it with his sleeve. + +“Now,” said he, “I’m going out. I have some more people that I must +see. Good ones. You’ll see how well the whole thing will work. I shall +be away as short a time as possible, it’s a fine stroke of business, do +you look after the house.” + + +And with both fists thrust into the pockets of his trousers, he stood +for a moment in thought, then exclaimed:— + +“Do you know, it’s mighty lucky, by the way, that he didn’t recognize +me! If he had recognized me on his side, he would not have come back +again. He would have slipped through our fingers! It was my beard that +saved us! my romantic beard! my pretty little romantic beard!” + + +And again he broke into a laugh. + +He stepped to the window. The snow was still falling, and streaking the +gray of the sky. + +“What beastly weather!” said he. + +Then lapping his overcoat across his breast:— + +“This rind is too large for me. Never mind,” he added, “he did a +devilish good thing in leaving it for me, the old scoundrel! If it +hadn’t been for that, I couldn’t have gone out, and everything would +have gone wrong! What small points things hang on, anyway!” + + +And pulling his cap down over his eyes, he quitted the room. + +He had barely had time to take half a dozen steps from the door, when +the door opened again, and his savage but intelligent face made its +appearance once more in the opening. + +“I came near forgetting,” said he. “You are to have a brazier of +charcoal ready.” + + +And he flung into his wife’s apron the five-franc piece which the +“philanthropist” had left with him. + +“A brazier of charcoal?” asked his wife. + +“Yes.” + + +“How many bushels?” + + +“Two good ones.” + + +“That will come to thirty sous. With the rest I will buy something for +dinner.” + + +“The devil, no.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Don’t go and spend the hundred-sou piece.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because I shall have to buy something, too.” + + +“What?” + + +“Something.” + + +“How much shall you need?” + + +“Whereabouts in the neighborhood is there an ironmonger’s shop?” + + +“Rue Mouffetard.” + + +“Ah! yes, at the corner of a street; I can see the shop.” + + +“But tell me how much you will need for what you have to purchase?” + + +“Fifty sous—three francs.” + + +“There won’t be much left for dinner.” + + +“Eating is not the point to-day. There’s something better to be done.” + + +“That’s enough, my jewel.” + + +At this word from his wife, Jondrette closed the door again, and this +time, Marius heard his step die away in the corridor of the hovel, and +descend the staircase rapidly. + +At that moment, one o’clock struck from the church of Saint-MĂ©dard. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—SOLUS CUM SOLO, IN LOCO REMOTO, NON COGITABUNTUR ORARE +PATER NOSTER + + +Marius, dreamer as he was, was, as we have said, firm and energetic by +nature. His habits of solitary meditation, while they had developed in +him sympathy and compassion, had, perhaps, diminished the faculty for +irritation, but had left intact the power of waxing indignant; he had +the kindliness of a brahmin, and the severity of a judge; he took pity +upon a toad, but he crushed a viper. Now, it was into a hole of vipers +that his glance had just been directed, it was a nest of monsters that +he had beneath his eyes. + +“These wretches must be stamped upon,” said he. + +Not one of the enigmas which he had hoped to see solved had been +elucidated; on the contrary, all of them had been rendered more dense, +if anything; he knew nothing more about the beautiful maiden of the +Luxembourg and the man whom he called M. Leblanc, except that Jondrette +was acquainted with them. Athwart the mysterious words which had been +uttered, the only thing of which he caught a distinct glimpse was the +fact that an ambush was in course of preparation, a dark but terrible +trap; that both of them were incurring great danger, she probably, her +father certainly; that they must be saved; that the hideous plots of +the Jondrettes must be thwarted, and the web of these spiders broken. + +He scanned the female Jondrette for a moment. She had pulled an old +sheet-iron stove from a corner, and she was rummaging among the old +heap of iron. + +He descended from the commode as softly as possible, taking care not to +make the least noise. Amid his terror as to what was in preparation, +and in the horror with which the Jondrettes had inspired him, he +experienced a sort of joy at the idea that it might be granted to him +perhaps to render a service to the one whom he loved. + +But how was it to be done? How warn the persons threatened? He did not +know their address. They had reappeared for an instant before his eyes, +and had then plunged back again into the immense depths of Paris. +Should he wait for M. Leblanc at the door that evening at six o’clock, +at the moment of his arrival, and warn him of the trap? But Jondrette +and his men would see him on the watch, the spot was lonely, they were +stronger than he, they would devise means to seize him or to get him +away, and the man whom Marius was anxious to save would be lost. One +o’clock had just struck, the trap was to be sprung at six. Marius had +five hours before him. + +There was but one thing to be done. + +He put on his decent coat, knotted a silk handkerchief round his neck, +took his hat, and went out, without making any more noise than if he +had been treading on moss with bare feet. + +Moreover, the Jondrette woman continued to rummage among her old iron. + +Once outside of the house, he made for the Rue du Petit-Banquier. + +He had almost reached the middle of this street, near a very low wall +which a man can easily step over at certain points, and which abuts on +a waste space, and was walking slowly, in consequence of his +preoccupied condition, and the snow deadened the sound of his steps; +all at once he heard voices talking very close by. He turned his head, +the street was deserted, there was not a soul in it, it was broad +daylight, and yet he distinctly heard voices. + +It occurred to him to glance over the wall which he was skirting. + +There, in fact, sat two men, flat on the snow, with their backs against +the wall, talking together in subdued tones. + +These two persons were strangers to him; one was a bearded man in a +blouse, and the other a long-haired individual in rags. The bearded man +had on a fez, the other’s head was bare, and the snow had lodged in his +hair. + +By thrusting his head over the wall, Marius could hear their remarks. + +The hairy one jogged the other man’s elbow and said:— + +“—With the assistance of Patron-Minette, it can’t fail.” + + +“Do you think so?” said the bearded man. + +And the long-haired one began again:— + +“It’s as good as a warrant for each one, of five hundred balls, and the +worst that can happen is five years, six years, ten years at the most!” + + +The other replied with some hesitation, and shivering beneath his fez:— + +“That’s a real thing. You can’t go against such things.” + + +“I tell you that the affair can’t go wrong,” resumed the long-haired +man. “Father What’s-his-name’s team will be already harnessed.” + + +Then they began to discuss a melodrama that they had seen on the +preceding evening at the GaĂźtĂ© Theatre. + +Marius went his way. + +It seemed to him that the mysterious words of these men, so strangely +hidden behind that wall, and crouching in the snow, could not but bear +some relation to Jondrette’s abominable projects. That must be _the +affair_. + +He directed his course towards the faubourg Saint-Marceau and asked at +the first shop he came to where he could find a commissary of police. + +He was directed to Rue de Pontoise, No. 14. + +Thither Marius betook himself. + +As he passed a baker’s shop, he bought a two-penny roll, and ate it, +foreseeing that he should not dine. + +On the way, he rendered justice to Providence. He reflected that had he +not given his five francs to the Jondrette girl in the morning, he +would have followed M. Leblanc’s fiacre, and consequently have remained +ignorant of everything, and that there would have been no obstacle to +the trap of the Jondrettes and that M. Leblanc would have been lost, +and his daughter with him, no doubt. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—IN WHICH A POLICE AGENT BESTOWS TWO FISTFULS ON A LAWYER + + +On arriving at No. 14, Rue de Pontoise, he ascended to the first floor +and inquired for the commissary of police. + +“The commissary of police is not here,” said a clerk; “but there is an +inspector who takes his place. Would you like to speak to him? Are you +in haste?” + + +“Yes,” said Marius. + +The clerk introduced him into the commissary’s office. There stood a +tall man behind a grating, leaning against a stove, and holding up with +both hands the tails of a vast topcoat, with three collars. His face +was square, with a thin, firm mouth, thick, gray, and very ferocious +whiskers, and a look that was enough to turn your pockets inside out. +Of that glance it might have been well said, not that it penetrated, +but that it searched. + +This man’s air was not much less ferocious nor less terrible than +Jondrette’s; the dog is, at times, no less terrible to meet than the +wolf. + +“What do you want?” he said to Marius, without adding “monsieur.” + + +“Is this Monsieur le Commissaire de Police?” + + +“He is absent. I am here in his stead.” + + +“The matter is very private.” + + +“Then speak.” + + +“And great haste is required.” + + +“Then speak quick.” + + +This calm, abrupt man was both terrifying and reassuring at one and the +same time. He inspired fear and confidence. Marius related the +adventure to him: That a person with whom he was not acquainted +otherwise than by sight, was to be inveigled into a trap that very +evening; that, as he occupied the room adjoining the den, he, Marius +Pontmercy, a lawyer, had heard the whole plot through the partition; +that the wretch who had planned the trap was a certain Jondrette; that +there would be accomplices, probably some prowlers of the barriers, +among others a certain Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille; +that Jondrette’s daughters were to lie in wait; that there was no way +of warning the threatened man, since he did not even know his name; and +that, finally, all this was to be carried out at six o’clock that +evening, at the most deserted point of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, in +house No. 50-52. + +At the sound of this number, the inspector raised his head, and said +coldly:— + +“So it is in the room at the end of the corridor?” + + +“Precisely,” answered Marius, and he added: “Are you acquainted with +that house?” + + +The inspector remained silent for a moment, then replied, as he warmed +the heel of his boot at the door of the stove:— + +“Apparently.” + + +He went on, muttering between his teeth, and not addressing Marius so +much as his cravat:— + +“Patron-Minette must have had a hand in this.” + + +This word struck Marius. + +“Patron-Minette,” said he, “I did hear that word pronounced, in fact.” + + +And he repeated to the inspector the dialogue between the long-haired +man and the bearded man in the snow behind the wall of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier. + +The inspector muttered:— + +“The long-haired man must be Brujon, and the bearded one Demi-Liard, +alias Deux-Milliards.” + + +He had dropped his eyelids again, and became absorbed in thought. + +“As for Father What’s-his-name, I think I recognize him. Here, I’ve +burned my coat. They always have too much fire in these cursed stoves. +Number 50-52. Former property of Gorbeau.” + + +Then he glanced at Marius. + +“You saw only that bearded and that long-haired man?” + + +“And Panchaud.” + + +“You didn’t see a little imp of a dandy prowling about the premises?” + + +“No.” + + +“Nor a big lump of matter, resembling an elephant in the Jardin des +Plantes?” + + +“No.” + + +“Nor a scamp with the air of an old red tail?” + + +“No.” + + +“As for the fourth, no one sees him, not even his adjutants, clerks, +and employees. It is not surprising that you did not see him.” + + +“No. Who are all those persons?” asked Marius. + +The inspector answered:— + +“Besides, this is not the time for them.” + + +He relapsed into silence, then resumed:— + +“50-52. I know that barrack. Impossible to conceal ourselves inside it +without the artists seeing us, and then they will get off simply by +countermanding the vaudeville. They are so modest! An audience +embarrasses them. None of that, none of that. I want to hear them sing +and make them dance.” + + +This monologue concluded, he turned to Marius, and demanded, gazing at +him intently the while:— + +“Are you afraid?” + + +“Of what?” said Marius. + +“Of these men?” + + +“No more than yourself!” retorted Marius rudely, who had begun to +notice that this police agent had not yet said “monsieur” to him. + +The inspector stared still more intently at Marius, and continued with +sententious solemnity:— + +“There, you speak like a brave man, and like an honest man. Courage +does not fear crime, and honesty does not fear authority.” + + +Marius interrupted him:— + +“That is well, but what do you intend to do?” + + +The inspector contented himself with the remark:— + +“The lodgers have pass-keys with which to get in at night. You must +have one.” + + +“Yes,” said Marius. + +“Have you it about you?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Give it to me,” said the inspector. + +Marius took his key from his waistcoat pocket, handed it to the +inspector and added:— + +“If you will take my advice, you will come in force.” + + +The inspector cast on Marius such a glance as Voltaire might have +bestowed on a provincial academician who had suggested a rhyme to him; +with one movement he plunged his hands, which were enormous, into the +two immense pockets of his top-coat, and pulled out two small steel +pistols, of the sort called “knock-me-downs.” Then he presented them to +Marius, saying rapidly, in a curt tone:— + +“Take these. Go home. Hide in your chamber, so that you may be supposed +to have gone out. They are loaded. Each one carries two balls. You will +keep watch; there is a hole in the wall, as you have informed me. These +men will come. Leave them to their own devices for a time. When you +think matters have reached a crisis, and that it is time to put a stop +to them, fire a shot. Not too soon. The rest concerns me. A shot into +the ceiling, the air, no matter where. Above all things, not too soon. +Wait until they begin to put their project into execution; you are a +lawyer; you know the proper point.” Marius took the pistols and put +them in the side pocket of his coat. + +“That makes a lump that can be seen,” said the inspector. “Put them in +your trousers pocket.” + + +Marius hid the pistols in his trousers pockets. + +“Now,” pursued the inspector, “there is not a minute more to be lost by +any one. What time is it? Half-past two. Seven o’clock is the hour?” + + +“Six o’clock,” answered Marius. + +“I have plenty of time,” said the inspector, “but no more than enough. +Don’t forget anything that I have said to you. Bang. A pistol shot.” + + +“Rest easy,” said Marius. + +And as Marius laid his hand on the handle of the door on his way out, +the inspector called to him:— + +“By the way, if you have occasion for my services between now and then, +come or send here. You will ask for Inspector Javert.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XV—JONDRETTE MAKES HIS PURCHASES + + +A few moments later, about three o’clock, Courfeyrac chanced to be +passing along the Rue Mouffetard in company with Bossuet. The snow had +redoubled in violence, and filled the air. Bossuet was just saying to +Courfeyrac:— + +“One would say, to see all these snow-flakes fall, that there was a +plague of white butterflies in heaven.” All at once, Bossuet caught +sight of Marius coming up the street towards the barrier with a +peculiar air. + +“Hold!” said Bossuet. “There’s Marius.” + + +“I saw him,” said Courfeyrac. “Don’t let’s speak to him.” + + +“Why?” + + +“He is busy.” + + +“With what?” + + +“Don’t you see his air?” + + +“What air?” + + +“He has the air of a man who is following some one.” + + +“That’s true,” said Bossuet. + +“Just see the eyes he is making!” said Courfeyrac. + +“But who the deuce is he following?” + + +“Some fine, flowery bonneted wench! He’s in love.” + + +“But,” observed Bossuet, “I don’t see any wench nor any flowery bonnet +in the street. There’s not a woman round.” + + +Courfeyrac took a survey, and exclaimed:— + +“He’s following a man!” + + +A man, in fact, wearing a gray cap, and whose gray beard could be +distinguished, although they only saw his back, was walking along about +twenty paces in advance of Marius. + +This man was dressed in a great-coat which was perfectly new and too +large for him, and in a frightful pair of trousers all hanging in rags +and black with mud. + +Bossuet burst out laughing. + +“Who is that man?” + + +“He?” retorted Courfeyrac, “he’s a poet. Poets are very fond of wearing +the trousers of dealers in rabbit skins and the overcoats of peers of +France.” + + +“Let’s see where Marius will go,” said Bossuet; “let’s see where the +man is going, let’s follow them, hey?” + + +“Bossuet!” exclaimed Courfeyrac, “eagle of Meaux! You are a prodigious +brute. Follow a man who is following another man, indeed!” + + +They retraced their steps. + +Marius had, in fact, seen Jondrette passing along the Rue Mouffetard, +and was spying on his proceedings. + +Jondrette walked straight ahead, without a suspicion that he was +already held by a glance. + +He quitted the Rue Mouffetard, and Marius saw him enter one of the most +terrible hovels in the Rue Gracieuse; he remained there about a quarter +of an hour, then returned to the Rue Mouffetard. He halted at an +ironmonger’s shop, which then stood at the corner of the Rue +Pierre-Lombard, and a few minutes later Marius saw him emerge from the +shop, holding in his hand a huge cold chisel with a white wood handle, +which he concealed beneath his great-coat. At the top of the Rue +Petit-Gentilly he turned to the left and proceeded rapidly to the Rue +du Petit-Banquier. The day was declining; the snow, which had ceased +for a moment, had just begun again. Marius posted himself on the watch +at the very corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier, which was deserted, as +usual, and did not follow Jondrette into it. It was lucky that he did +so, for, on arriving in the vicinity of the wall where Marius had heard +the long-haired man and the bearded man conversing, Jondrette turned +round, made sure that no one was following him, did not see him, then +sprang across the wall and disappeared. + +The waste land bordered by this wall communicated with the back yard of +an ex-livery stable-keeper of bad repute, who had failed and who still +kept a few old single-seated berlins under his sheds. + +Marius thought that it would be wise to profit by Jondrette’s absence +to return home; moreover, it was growing late; every evening, Ma’am +Bougon when she set out for her dish-washing in town, had a habit of +locking the door, which was always closed at dusk. Marius had given his +key to the inspector of police; it was important, therefore, that he +should make haste. + +Evening had arrived, night had almost closed in; on the horizon and in +the immensity of space, there remained but one spot illuminated by the +sun, and that was the moon. + +It was rising in a ruddy glow behind the low dome of SalpĂȘtriĂšre. + +Marius returned to No. 50-52 with great strides. The door was still +open when he arrived. He mounted the stairs on tip-toe and glided along +the wall of the corridor to his chamber. This corridor, as the reader +will remember, was bordered on both sides by attics, all of which were, +for the moment, empty and to let. Ma’am Bougon was in the habit of +leaving all the doors open. As he passed one of these attics, Marius +thought he perceived in the uninhabited cell the motionless heads of +four men, vaguely lighted up by a remnant of daylight, falling through +a dormer window. + +Marius made no attempt to see, not wishing to be seen himself. He +succeeded in reaching his chamber without being seen and without making +any noise. It was high time. A moment later he heard Ma’am Bougon take +her departure, locking the door of the house behind her. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE WORDS TO AN ENGLISH AIR WHICH +WAS IN FASHION IN 1832 + + +Marius seated himself on his bed. It might have been half-past five +o’clock. Only half an hour separated him from what was about to happen. +He heard the beating of his arteries as one hears the ticking of a +watch in the dark. He thought of the double march which was going on at +that moment in the dark,—crime advancing on one side, justice coming up +on the other. He was not afraid, but he could not think without a +shudder of what was about to take place. As is the case with all those +who are suddenly assailed by an unforeseen adventure, the entire day +produced upon him the effect of a dream, and in order to persuade +himself that he was not the prey of a nightmare, he had to feel the +cold barrels of the steel pistols in his trousers pockets. + +It was no longer snowing; the moon disengaged itself more and more +clearly from the mist, and its light, mingled with the white reflection +of the snow which had fallen, communicated to the chamber a sort of +twilight aspect. + +There was a light in the Jondrette den. Marius saw the hole in the wall +shining with a reddish glow which seemed bloody to him. + +It was true that the light could not be produced by a candle. However, +there was not a sound in the Jondrette quarters, not a soul was moving +there, not a soul speaking, not a breath; the silence was glacial and +profound, and had it not been for that light, he might have thought +himself next door to a sepulchre. + +Marius softly removed his boots and pushed them under his bed. + +Several minutes elapsed. Marius heard the lower door turn on its +hinges; a heavy step mounted the staircase, and hastened along the +corridor; the latch of the hovel was noisily lifted; it was Jondrette +returning. + +Instantly, several voices arose. The whole family was in the garret. +Only, it had been silent in the master’s absence, like wolf whelps in +the absence of the wolf. + +“It’s I,” said he. + +“Good evening, daddy,” yelped the girls. + +“Well?” said the mother. + +“All’s going first-rate,” responded Jondrette, “but my feet are beastly +cold. Good! You have dressed up. You have done well! You must inspire +confidence.” + + +“All ready to go out.” + + +“Don’t forget what I told you. You will do everything sure?” + + +“Rest easy.” + + +“Because—” said Jondrette. And he left the phrase unfinished. + +Marius heard him lay something heavy on the table, probably the chisel +which he had purchased. + +“By the way,” said Jondrette, “have you been eating here?” + + +“Yes,” said the mother. “I got three large potatoes and some salt. I +took advantage of the fire to cook them.” + + +“Good,” returned Jondrette. “To-morrow I will take you out to dine with +me. We will have a duck and fixings. You shall dine like Charles the +Tenth; all is going well!” + + +Then he added:— + +“The mouse-trap is open. The cats are there.” + + +He lowered his voice still further, and said:— + +“Put this in the fire.” + + +Marius heard a sound of charcoal being knocked with the tongs or some +iron utensil, and Jondrette continued:— + +“Have you greased the hinges of the door so that they will not squeak?” + + +“Yes,” replied the mother. + +“What time is it?” + + +“Nearly six. The half-hour struck from Saint-MĂ©dard a while ago.” + + +“The devil!” ejaculated Jondrette; “the children must go and watch. +Come you, do you listen here.” + + +A whispering ensued. + +Jondrette’s voice became audible again:— + +“Has old Bougon left?” + + +“Yes,” said the mother. + +“Are you sure that there is no one in our neighbor’s room?” + + +“He has not been in all day, and you know very well that this is his +dinner hour.” + + +“You are sure?” + + +“Sure.” + + +“All the same,” said Jondrette, “there’s no harm in going to see +whether he is there. Here, my girl, take the candle and go there.” + + +Marius fell on his hands and knees and crawled silently under his bed. + +Hardly had he concealed himself, when he perceived a light through the +crack of his door. + +“P’pa,” cried a voice, “he is not in here.” + + +He recognized the voice of the eldest daughter. + +“Did you go in?” demanded her father. + +“No,” replied the girl, “but as his key is in the door, he must be +out.” + + +The father exclaimed:— + +“Go in, nevertheless.” + + +The door opened, and Marius saw the tall Jondrette come in with a +candle in her hand. She was as she had been in the morning, only still +more repulsive in this light. + +She walked straight up to the bed. Marius endured an indescribable +moment of anxiety; but near the bed there was a mirror nailed to the +wall, and it was thither that she was directing her steps. She raised +herself on tiptoe and looked at herself in it. In the neighboring room, +the sound of iron articles being moved was audible. + +She smoothed her hair with the palm of her hand, and smiled into the +mirror, humming with her cracked and sepulchral voice:— + +Nos amours ont durĂ© toute une semaine, +Mais que du bonheur les instants sont courts! +S’adorer huit jours, c’était bien la peine! +Le temps des amours devrait durer toujours! +Devrait durer toujours! devrait durer toujours!28 + + +In the meantime, Marius trembled. It seemed impossible to him that she +should not hear his breathing. + +She stepped to the window and looked out with the half-foolish way she +had. + +“How ugly Paris is when it has put on a white chemise!” said she. + +She returned to the mirror and began again to put on airs before it, +scrutinizing herself full-face and three-quarters face in turn. + +“Well!” cried her father, “what are you about there?” + + +“I am looking under the bed and the furniture,” she replied, continuing +to arrange her hair; “there’s no one here.” + + +“Booby!” yelled her father. “Come here this minute! And don’t waste any +time about it!” + + +“Coming! Coming!” said she. “One has no time for anything in this +hovel!” + + +She hummed:— + +Vous me quittez pour aller Ă  la gloire; +Mon triste cƓur suivra partout.29 + + +She cast a parting glance in the mirror and went out, shutting the door +behind her. + +A moment more, and Marius heard the sound of the two young girls’ bare +feet in the corridor, and Jondrette’s voice shouting to them:— + +“Pay strict heed! One on the side of the barrier, the other at the +corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier. Don’t lose sight for a moment of +the door of this house, and the moment you see anything, rush here on +the instant! as hard as you can go! You have a key to get in.” + + +The eldest girl grumbled:— + +“The idea of standing watch in the snow barefoot!” + + +“To-morrow you shall have some dainty little green silk boots!” said +the father. + +They ran downstairs, and a few seconds later the shock of the outer +door as it banged to announced that they were outside. + +There now remained in the house only Marius, the Jondrettes and +probably, also, the mysterious persons of whom Marius had caught a +glimpse in the twilight, behind the door of the unused attic. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—THE USE MADE OF MARIUS’ FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + +Marius decided that the moment had now arrived when he must resume his +post at his observatory. In a twinkling, and with the agility of his +age, he had reached the hole in the partition. + +He looked. + +The interior of the Jondrette apartment presented a curious aspect, and +Marius found an explanation of the singular light which he had noticed. +A candle was burning in a candlestick covered with verdigris, but that +was not what really lighted the chamber. The hovel was completely +illuminated, as it were, by the reflection from a rather large +sheet-iron brazier standing in the fireplace, and filled with burning +charcoal, the brazier prepared by the Jondrette woman that morning. The +charcoal was glowing hot and the brazier was red; a blue flame +flickered over it, and helped him to make out the form of the chisel +purchased by Jondrette in the Rue Pierre-Lombard, where it had been +thrust into the brazier to heat. In one corner, near the door, and as +though prepared for some definite use, two heaps were visible, which +appeared to be, the one a heap of old iron, the other a heap of ropes. +All this would have caused the mind of a person who knew nothing of +what was in preparation, to waver between a very sinister and a very +simple idea. The lair thus lighted up more resembled a forge than a +mouth of hell, but Jondrette, in this light, had rather the air of a +demon than of a smith. + +The heat of the brazier was so great, that the candle on the table was +melting on the side next the chafing-dish, and was drooping over. An +old dark-lantern of copper, worthy of Diogenes turned Cartouche, stood +on the chimney-piece. + +The brazier, placed in the fireplace itself, beside the nearly extinct +brands, sent its vapors up the chimney, and gave out no odor. + +The moon, entering through the four panes of the window, cast its +whiteness into the crimson and flaming garret; and to the poetic spirit +of Marius, who was dreamy even in the moment of action, it was like a +thought of heaven mingled with the misshapen reveries of earth. + +A breath of air which made its way in through the open pane, helped to +dissipate the smell of the charcoal and to conceal the presence of the +brazier. + +The Jondrette lair was, if the reader recalls what we have said of the +Gorbeau building, admirably chosen to serve as the theatre of a violent +and sombre deed, and as the envelope for a crime. It was the most +retired chamber in the most isolated house on the most deserted +boulevard in Paris. If the system of ambush and traps had not already +existed, they would have been invented there. + +The whole thickness of a house and a multitude of uninhabited rooms +separated this den from the boulevard, and the only window that existed +opened on waste lands enclosed with walls and palisades. + +Jondrette had lighted his pipe, seated himself on the seatless chair, +and was engaged in smoking. His wife was talking to him in a low tone. + +If Marius had been Courfeyrac, that is to say, one of those men who +laugh on every occasion in life, he would have burst with laughter when +his gaze fell on the Jondrette woman. She had on a black bonnet with +plumes not unlike the hats of the heralds-at-arms at the coronation of +Charles X., an immense tartan shawl over her knitted petticoat, and the +man’s shoes which her daughter had scorned in the morning. It was this +toilette which had extracted from Jondrette the exclamation: “Good! You +have dressed up. You have done well. You must inspire confidence!” + + +As for Jondrette, he had not taken off the new surtout, which was too +large for him, and which M. Leblanc had given him, and his costume +continued to present that contrast of coat and trousers which +constituted the ideal of a poet in Courfeyrac’s eyes. + +All at once, Jondrette lifted up his voice:— + +“By the way! Now that I think of it. In this weather, he will come in a +carriage. Light the lantern, take it and go downstairs. You will stand +behind the lower door. The very moment that you hear the carriage stop, +you will open the door, instantly, he will come up, you will light the +staircase and the corridor, and when he enters here, you will go +downstairs again as speedily as possible, you will pay the coachman, +and dismiss the fiacre.” + + +“And the money?” inquired the woman. + +Jondrette fumbled in his trousers pocket and handed her five francs. + +“What’s this?” she exclaimed. + +Jondrette replied with dignity:— + +“That is the monarch which our neighbor gave us this morning.” + + +And he added:— + +“Do you know what? Two chairs will be needed here.” + + +“What for?” + + +“To sit on.” + + +Marius felt a cold chill pass through his limbs at hearing this mild +answer from Jondrette. + +“Pardieu! I’ll go and get one of our neighbor’s.” + + +And with a rapid movement, she opened the door of the den, and went out +into the corridor. + +Marius absolutely had not the time to descend from the commode, reach +his bed, and conceal himself beneath it. + +“Take the candle,” cried Jondrette. + +“No,” said she, “it would embarrass me, I have the two chairs to carry. +There is moonlight.” + + +Marius heard Mother Jondrette’s heavy hand fumbling at his lock in the +dark. The door opened. He remained nailed to the spot with the shock +and with horror. + +The Jondrette entered. + +The dormer window permitted the entrance of a ray of moonlight between +two blocks of shadow. One of these blocks of shadow entirely covered +the wall against which Marius was leaning, so that he disappeared +within it. + +Mother Jondrette raised her eyes, did not see Marius, took the two +chairs, the only ones which Marius possessed, and went away, letting +the door fall heavily to behind her. + +She re-entered the lair. + +“Here are the two chairs.” + + +“And here is the lantern. Go down as quick as you can.” + + +She hastily obeyed, and Jondrette was left alone. + +He placed the two chairs on opposite sides of the table, turned the +chisel in the brazier, set in front of the fireplace an old screen +which masked the chafing-dish, then went to the corner where lay the +pile of rope, and bent down as though to examine something. Marius then +recognized the fact, that what he had taken for a shapeless mass was a +very well-made rope-ladder, with wooden rungs and two hooks with which +to attach it. + +This ladder, and some large tools, veritable masses of iron, which were +mingled with the old iron piled up behind the door, had not been in the +Jondrette hovel in the morning, and had evidently been brought thither +in the afternoon, during Marius’ absence. + +“Those are the utensils of an edge-tool maker,” thought Marius. + +Had Marius been a little more learned in this line, he would have +recognized in what he took for the engines of an edge-tool maker, +certain instruments which will force a lock or pick a lock, and others +which will cut or slice, the two families of tools which burglars call +_cadets_ and _fauchants_. + +The fireplace and the two chairs were exactly opposite Marius. The +brazier being concealed, the only light in the room was now furnished +by the candle; the smallest bit of crockery on the table or on the +chimney-piece cast a large shadow. There was something indescribably +calm, threatening, and hideous about this chamber. One felt that there +existed in it the anticipation of something terrible. + +Jondrette had allowed his pipe to go out, a serious sign of +preoccupation, and had again seated himself. The candle brought out the +fierce and the fine angles of his countenance. He indulged in scowls +and in abrupt unfoldings of the right hand, as though he were +responding to the last counsels of a sombre inward monologue. In the +course of one of these dark replies which he was making to himself, he +pulled the table drawer rapidly towards him, took out a long kitchen +knife which was concealed there, and tried the edge of its blade on his +nail. That done, he put the knife back in the drawer and shut it. + +Marius, on his side, grasped the pistol in his right pocket, drew it +out and cocked it. + +The pistol emitted a sharp, clear click, as he cocked it. + +Jondrette started, half rose, listened a moment, then began to laugh +and said:— + +“What a fool I am! It’s the partition cracking!” + + +Marius kept the pistol in his hand. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—MARIUS’ TWO CHAIRS FORM A VIS-A-VIS + + +Suddenly, the distant and melancholy vibration of a clock shook the +panes. Six o’clock was striking from Saint-MĂ©dard. + +Jondrette marked off each stroke with a toss of his head. When the +sixth had struck, he snuffed the candle with his fingers. + +Then he began to pace up and down the room, listened at the corridor, +walked on again, then listened once more. + +“Provided only that he comes!” he muttered, then he returned to his +chair. + +He had hardly reseated himself when the door opened. + +Mother Jondrette had opened it, and now remained in the corridor making +a horrible, amiable grimace, which one of the holes of the dark-lantern +illuminated from below. + +“Enter, sir,” she said. + +“Enter, my benefactor,” repeated Jondrette, rising hastily. + +M. Leblanc made his appearance. + +He wore an air of serenity which rendered him singularly venerable. + +He laid four louis on the table. + +“Monsieur Fabantou,” said he, “this is for your rent and your most +pressing necessities. We will attend to the rest hereafter.” + + +“May God requite it to you, my generous benefactor!” said Jondrette. + +And rapidly approaching his wife:— + +“Dismiss the carriage!” + + +She slipped out while her husband was lavishing salutes and offering M. +Leblanc a chair. An instant later she returned and whispered in his +ear:— + +“’Tis done.” + + +The snow, which had not ceased falling since the morning, was so deep +that the arrival of the fiacre had not been audible, and they did not +now hear its departure. + +Meanwhile, M. Leblanc had seated himself. + +Jondrette had taken possession of the other chair, facing M. Leblanc. + +Now, in order to form an idea of the scene which is to follow, let the +reader picture to himself in his own mind, a cold night, the solitudes +of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre covered with snow and white as winding-sheets in the +moonlight, the taper-like lights of the street lanterns which shone +redly here and there along those tragic boulevards, and the long rows +of black elms, not a passer-by for perhaps a quarter of a league +around, the Gorbeau hovel, at its highest pitch of silence, of horror, +and of darkness; in that building, in the midst of those solitudes, in +the midst of that darkness, the vast Jondrette garret lighted by a +single candle, and in that den two men seated at a table, M. Leblanc +tranquil, Jondrette smiling and alarming, the Jondrette woman, the +female wolf, in one corner, and, behind the partition, Marius, +invisible, erect, not losing a word, not missing a single movement, his +eye on the watch, and pistol in hand. + +However, Marius experienced only an emotion of horror, but no fear. He +clasped the stock of the pistol firmly and felt reassured. “I shall be +able to stop that wretch whenever I please,” he thought. + +He felt that the police were there somewhere in ambuscade, waiting for +the signal agreed upon and ready to stretch out their arm. + +Moreover, he was in hopes, that this violent encounter between +Jondrette and M. Leblanc would cast some light on all the things which +he was interested in learning. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—OCCUPYING ONE’S SELF WITH OBSCURE DEPTHS + + +Hardly was M. Leblanc seated, when he turned his eyes towards the +pallets, which were empty. + +“How is the poor little wounded girl?” he inquired. + +“Bad,” replied Jondrette with a heart-broken and grateful smile, “very +bad, my worthy sir. Her elder sister has taken her to the Bourbe to +have her hurt dressed. You will see them presently; they will be back +immediately.” + + +“Madame Fabantou seems to me to be better,” went on M. Leblanc, casting +his eyes on the eccentric costume of the Jondrette woman, as she stood +between him and the door, as though already guarding the exit, and +gazed at him in an attitude of menace and almost of combat. + +“She is dying,” said Jondrette. “But what do you expect, sir! She has +so much courage, that woman has! She’s not a woman, she’s an ox.” + + +The Jondrette, touched by his compliment, deprecated it with the +affected airs of a flattered monster. + +“You are always too good to me, Monsieur Jondrette!” + + +“Jondrette!” said M. Leblanc, “I thought your name was Fabantou?” + + +“Fabantou, alias Jondrette!” replied the husband hurriedly. “An +artistic sobriquet!” + + +And launching at his wife a shrug of the shoulders which M. Leblanc did +not catch, he continued with an emphatic and caressing inflection of +voice:— + +“Ah! we have had a happy life together, this poor darling and I! What +would there be left for us if we had not that? We are so wretched, my +respectable sir! We have arms, but there is no work! We have the will, +no work! I don’t know how the government arranges that, but, on my word +of honor, sir, I am not Jacobin, sir, I am not a bousingot.30 I don’t +wish them any evil, but if I were the ministers, on my most sacred +word, things would be different. Here, for instance, I wanted to have +my girls taught the trade of paper-box makers. You will say to me: +‘What! a trade?’ Yes! A trade! A simple trade! A bread-winner! What a +fall, my benefactor! What a degradation, when one has been what we have +been! Alas! There is nothing left to us of our days of prosperity! One +thing only, a picture, of which I think a great deal, but which I am +willing to part with, for I must live! Item, one must live!” + + +While Jondrette thus talked, with an apparent incoherence which +detracted nothing from the thoughtful and sagacious expression of his +physiognomy, Marius raised his eyes, and perceived at the other end of +the room a person whom he had not seen before. A man had just entered, +so softly that the door had not been heard to turn on its hinges. This +man wore a violet knitted vest, which was old, worn, spotted, cut and +gaping at every fold, wide trousers of cotton velvet, wooden shoes on +his feet, no shirt, had his neck bare, his bare arms tattooed, and his +face smeared with black. He had seated himself in silence on the +nearest bed, and, as he was behind Jondrette, he could only be +indistinctly seen. + +That sort of magnetic instinct which turns aside the gaze, caused M. +Leblanc to turn round almost at the same moment as Marius. He could not +refrain from a gesture of surprise which did not escape Jondrette. + +“Ah! I see!” exclaimed Jondrette, buttoning up his coat with an air of +complaisance, “you are looking at your overcoat? It fits me! My faith, +but it fits me!” + + +“Who is that man?” said M. Leblanc. + +“Him?” ejaculated Jondrette, “he’s a neighbor of mine. Don’t pay any +attention to him.” + + +The neighbor was a singular-looking individual. However, manufactories +of chemical products abound in the Faubourg Saint-Marceau. Many of the +workmen might have black faces. Besides this, M. Leblanc’s whole person +was expressive of candid and intrepid confidence. + +He went on:— + +“Excuse me; what were you saying, M. Fabantou?” + + +“I was telling you, sir, and dear protector,” replied Jondrette placing +his elbows on the table and contemplating M. Leblanc with steady and +tender eyes, not unlike the eyes of the boa-constrictor, “I was telling +you, that I have a picture to sell.” + + +A slight sound came from the door. A second man had just entered and +seated himself on the bed, behind Jondrette. + +Like the first, his arms were bare, and he had a mask of ink or +lampblack. + +Although this man had, literally, glided into the room, he had not been +able to prevent M. Leblanc catching sight of him. + +“Don’t mind them,” said Jondrette, “they are people who belong in the +house. So I was saying, that there remains in my possession a valuable +picture. But stop, sir, take a look at it.” + + +He rose, went to the wall at the foot of which stood the panel which we +have already mentioned, and turned it round, still leaving it supported +against the wall. It really was something which resembled a picture, +and which the candle illuminated, somewhat. Marius could make nothing +out of it, as Jondrette stood between the picture and him; he only saw +a coarse daub, and a sort of principal personage colored with the harsh +crudity of foreign canvasses and screen paintings. + +“What is that?” asked M. Leblanc. + +Jondrette exclaimed:— + +“A painting by a master, a picture of great value, my benefactor! I am +as much attached to it as I am to my two daughters; it recalls +souvenirs to me! But I have told you, and I will not take it back, that +I am so wretched that I will part with it.” + + +Either by chance, or because he had begun to feel a dawning uneasiness, +M. Leblanc’s glance returned to the bottom of the room as he examined +the picture. + +There were now four men, three seated on the bed, one standing near the +door-post, all four with bare arms and motionless, with faces smeared +with black. One of those on the bed was leaning against the wall, with +closed eyes, and it might have been supposed that he was asleep. He was +old; his white hair contrasting with his blackened face produced a +horrible effect. The other two seemed to be young; one wore a beard, +the other wore his hair long. None of them had on shoes; those who did +not wear socks were barefooted. + +Jondrette noticed that M. Leblanc’s eye was fixed on these men. + +“They are friends. They are neighbors,” said he. “Their faces are black +because they work in charcoal. They are chimney-builders. Don’t trouble +yourself about them, my benefactor, but buy my picture. Have pity on my +misery. I will not ask you much for it. How much do you think it is +worth?” + + +“Well,” said M. Leblanc, looking Jondrette full in the eye, and with +the manner of a man who is on his guard, “it is some signboard for a +tavern, and is worth about three francs.” + + +Jondrette replied sweetly:— + +“Have you your pocket-book with you? I should be satisfied with a +thousand crowns.” + + +M. Leblanc sprang up, placed his back against the wall, and cast a +rapid glance around the room. He had Jondrette on his left, on the side +next the window, and the Jondrette woman and the four men on his right, +on the side next the door. The four men did not stir, and did not even +seem to be looking on. + +Jondrette had again begun to speak in a plaintive tone, with so vague +an eye, and so lamentable an intonation, that M. Leblanc might have +supposed that what he had before him was a man who had simply gone mad +with misery. + +“If you do not buy my picture, my dear benefactor,” said Jondrette, “I +shall be left without resources; there will be nothing left for me but +to throw myself into the river. When I think that I wanted to have my +two girls taught the middle-class paper-box trade, the making of boxes +for New Year’s gifts! Well! A table with a board at the end to keep the +glasses from falling off is required, then a special stove is needed, a +pot with three compartments for the different degrees of strength of +the paste, according as it is to be used for wood, paper, or stuff, a +paring-knife to cut the cardboard, a mould to adjust it, a hammer to +nail the steels, pincers, how the devil do I know what all? And all +that in order to earn four sous a day! And you have to work fourteen +hours a day! And each box passes through the workwoman’s hands thirteen +times! And you can’t wet the paper! And you mustn’t spot anything! And +you must keep the paste hot. The devil, I tell you! Four sous a day! +How do you suppose a man is to live?” + + +As he spoke, Jondrette did not look at M. Leblanc, who was observing +him. M. Leblanc’s eye was fixed on Jondrette, and Jondrette’s eye was +fixed on the door. Marius’ eager attention was transferred from one to +the other. M. Leblanc seemed to be asking himself: “Is this man an +idiot?” Jondrette repeated two or three distinct times, with all manner +of varying inflections of the whining and supplicating order: “There is +nothing left for me but to throw myself into the river! I went down +three steps at the side of the bridge of Austerlitz the other day for +that purpose.” + + +All at once his dull eyes lighted up with a hideous flash; the little +man drew himself up and became terrible, took a step toward M. Leblanc +and cried in a voice of thunder: “That has nothing to do with the +question! Do you know me?” + + + + + +CHAPTER XX—THE TRAP + + +The door of the garret had just opened abruptly, and allowed a view of +three men clad in blue linen blouses, and masked with masks of black +paper. The first was thin, and had a long, iron-tipped cudgel; the +second, who was a sort of colossus, carried, by the middle of the +handle, with the blade downward, a butcher’s pole-axe for slaughtering +cattle. The third, a man with thick-set shoulders, not so slender as +the first, held in his hand an enormous key stolen from the door of +some prison. + +It appeared that the arrival of these men was what Jondrette had been +waiting for. A rapid dialogue ensued between him and the man with the +cudgel, the thin one. + +“Is everything ready?” said Jondrette. + +“Yes,” replied the thin man. + +“Where is Montparnasse?” + + +“The young principal actor stopped to chat with your girl.” + + +“Which?” + + +“The eldest.” + + +“Is there a carriage at the door?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Is the team harnessed?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“With two good horses?” + + +“Excellent.” + + +“Is it waiting where I ordered?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Good,” said Jondrette. + +M. Leblanc was very pale. He was scrutinizing everything around him in +the den, like a man who understands what he has fallen into, and his +head, directed in turn toward all the heads which surrounded him, moved +on his neck with an astonished and attentive slowness, but there was +nothing in his air which resembled fear. He had improvised an +intrenchment out of the table; and the man, who but an instant +previously, had borne merely the appearance of a kindly old man, had +suddenly become a sort of athlete, and placed his robust fist on the +back of his chair, with a formidable and surprising gesture. + +This old man, who was so firm and so brave in the presence of such a +danger, seemed to possess one of those natures which are as courageous +as they are kind, both easily and simply. The father of a woman whom we +love is never a stranger to us. Marius felt proud of that unknown man. + +Three of the men, of whom Jondrette had said: “They are +chimney-builders,” had armed themselves from the pile of old iron, one +with a heavy pair of shears, the second with weighing-tongs, the third +with a hammer, and had placed themselves across the entrance without +uttering a syllable. The old man had remained on the bed, and had +merely opened his eyes. The Jondrette woman had seated herself beside +him. + +Marius decided that in a few seconds more the moment for intervention +would arrive, and he raised his right hand towards the ceiling, in the +direction of the corridor, in readiness to discharge his pistol. + +Jondrette having terminated his colloquy with the man with the cudgel, +turned once more to M. Leblanc, and repeated his question, accompanying +it with that low, repressed, and terrible laugh which was peculiar to +him:— + +“So you do not recognize me?” + + +M. Leblanc looked him full in the face, and replied:— + +“No.” + + +Then Jondrette advanced to the table. He leaned across the candle, +crossing his arms, putting his angular and ferocious jaw close to M. +Leblanc’s calm face, and advancing as far as possible without forcing +M. Leblanc to retreat, and, in this posture of a wild beast who is +about to bite, he exclaimed:— + +“My name is not Fabantou, my name is not Jondrette, my name is +ThĂ©nardier. I am the inn-keeper of Montfermeil! Do you understand? +ThĂ©nardier! Now do you know me?” + + +An almost imperceptible flush crossed M. Leblanc’s brow, and he replied +with a voice which neither trembled nor rose above its ordinary level, +with his accustomed placidity:— + +“No more than before.” + + +Marius did not hear this reply. Any one who had seen him at that moment +through the darkness would have perceived that he was haggard, stupid, +thunder-struck. At the moment when Jondrette said: “My name is +ThĂ©nardier,” Marius had trembled in every limb, and had leaned against +the wall, as though he felt the cold of a steel blade through his +heart. Then his right arm, all ready to discharge the signal shot, +dropped slowly, and at the moment when Jondrette repeated, “ThĂ©nardier, +do you understand?” Marius’s faltering fingers had come near letting +the pistol fall. Jondrette, by revealing his identity, had not moved M. +Leblanc, but he had quite upset Marius. That name of ThĂ©nardier, with +which M. Leblanc did not seem to be acquainted, Marius knew well. Let +the reader recall what that name meant to him! That name he had worn on +his heart, inscribed in his father’s testament! He bore it at the +bottom of his mind, in the depths of his memory, in that sacred +injunction: “A certain ThĂ©nardier saved my life. If my son encounters +him, he will do him all the good that lies in his power.” That name, it +will be remembered, was one of the pieties of his soul; he mingled it +with the name of his father in his worship. What! This man was that +ThĂ©nardier, that inn-keeper of Montfermeil whom he had so long and so +vainly sought! He had found him at last, and how? His father’s saviour +was a ruffian! That man, to whose service Marius was burning to devote +himself, was a monster! That liberator of Colonel Pontmercy was on the +point of committing a crime whose scope Marius did not, as yet, clearly +comprehend, but which resembled an assassination! And against whom, +great God! what a fatality! What a bitter mockery of fate! His father +had commanded him from the depths of his coffin to do all the good in +his power to this ThĂ©nardier, and for four years Marius had cherished +no other thought than to acquit this debt of his father’s, and at the +moment when he was on the eve of having a brigand seized in the very +act of crime by justice, destiny cried to him: “This is ThĂ©nardier!” He +could at last repay this man for his father’s life, saved amid a +hail-storm of grape-shot on the heroic field of Waterloo, and repay it +with the scaffold! He had sworn to himself that if ever he found that +ThĂ©nardier, he would address him only by throwing himself at his feet; +and now he actually had found him, but it was only to deliver him over +to the executioner! His father said to him: “Succor ThĂ©nardier!” And he +replied to that adored and sainted voice by crushing ThĂ©nardier! He was +about to offer to his father in his grave the spectacle of that man who +had torn him from death at the peril of his own life, executed on the +Place Saint-Jacques through the means of his son, of that Marius to +whom he had entrusted that man by his will! And what a mockery to have +so long worn on his breast his father’s last commands, written in his +own hand, only to act in so horribly contrary a sense! But, on the +other hand, now look on that trap and not prevent it! Condemn the +victim and to spare the assassin! Could one be held to any gratitude +towards so miserable a wretch? All the ideas which Marius had cherished +for the last four years were pierced through and through, as it were, +by this unforeseen blow. + +He shuddered. Everything depended on him. Unknown to themselves, he +held in his hand all those beings who were moving about there before +his eyes. If he fired his pistol, M. Leblanc was saved, and ThĂ©nardier +lost; if he did not fire, M. Leblanc would be sacrificed, and, who +knows? ThĂ©nardier would escape. Should he dash down the one or allow +the other to fall? Remorse awaited him in either case. + +What was he to do? What should he choose? Be false to the most +imperious souvenirs, to all those solemn vows to himself, to the most +sacred duty, to the most venerated text! Should he ignore his father’s +testament, or allow the perpetration of a crime! On the one hand, it +seemed to him that he heard “his Ursule” supplicating for her father +and on the other, the colonel commending ThĂ©nardier to his care. He +felt that he was going mad. His knees gave way beneath him. And he had +not even the time for deliberation, so great was the fury with which +the scene before his eyes was hastening to its catastrophe. It was like +a whirlwind of which he had thought himself the master, and which was +now sweeping him away. He was on the verge of swooning. + +In the meantime, ThĂ©nardier, whom we shall henceforth call by no other +name, was pacing up and down in front of the table in a sort of frenzy +and wild triumph. + +He seized the candle in his fist, and set it on the chimney-piece with +so violent a bang that the wick came near being extinguished, and the +tallow bespattered the wall. + +Then he turned to M. Leblanc with a horrible look, and spit out these +words:— + +“Done for! Smoked brown! Cooked! Spitchcocked!” + + +And again he began to march back and forth, in full eruption. + +“Ah!” he cried, “so I’ve found you again at last, Mister +philanthropist! Mister threadbare millionnaire! Mister giver of dolls! +you old ninny! Ah! so you don’t recognize me! No, it wasn’t you who +came to Montfermeil, to my inn, eight years ago, on Christmas eve, +1823! It wasn’t you who carried off that Fantine’s child from me! The +Lark! It wasn’t you who had a yellow great-coat! No! Nor a package of +duds in your hand, as you had this morning here! Say, wife, it seems to +be his mania to carry packets of woollen stockings into houses! Old +charity monger, get out with you! Are you a hosier, Mister +millionnaire? You give away your stock in trade to the poor, holy man! +What bosh! merry Andrew! Ah! and you don’t recognize me? Well, I +recognize you, that I do! I recognized you the very moment you poked +your snout in here. Ah! you’ll find out presently, that it isn’t all +roses to thrust yourself in that fashion into people’s houses, under +the pretext that they are taverns, in wretched clothes, with the air of +a poor man, to whom one would give a sou, to deceive persons, to play +the generous, to take away their means of livelihood, and to make +threats in the woods, and you can’t call things quits because +afterwards, when people are ruined, you bring a coat that is too large, +and two miserable hospital blankets, you old blackguard, you +child-stealer!” + + +He paused, and seemed to be talking to himself for a moment. One would +have said that his wrath had fallen into some hole, like the Rhone; +then, as though he were concluding aloud the things which he had been +saying to himself in a whisper, he smote the table with his fist, and +shouted:— + +“And with his goody-goody air!” + + +And, apostrophizing M. Leblanc:— + +“Parbleu! You made game of me in the past! You are the cause of all my +misfortunes! For fifteen hundred francs you got a girl whom I had, and +who certainly belonged to rich people, and who had already brought in a +great deal of money, and from whom I might have extracted enough to +live on all my life! A girl who would have made up to me for everything +that I lost in that vile cook-shop, where there was nothing but one +continual row, and where, like a fool, I ate up my last farthing! Oh! I +wish all the wine folks drank in my house had been poison to those who +drank it! Well, never mind! Say, now! You must have thought me +ridiculous when you went off with the Lark! You had your cudgel in the +forest. You were the stronger. Revenge. I’m the one to hold the trumps +to-day! You’re in a sorry case, my good fellow! Oh, but I can laugh! +Really, I laugh! Didn’t he fall into the trap! I told him that I was an +actor, that my name was Fabantou, that I had played comedy with +Mamselle Mars, with Mamselle Muche, that my landlord insisted on being +paid tomorrow, the 4th of February, and he didn’t even notice that the +8th of January, and not the 4th of February is the time when the +quarter runs out! Absurd idiot! And the four miserable Philippes which +he has brought me! Scoundrel! He hadn’t the heart even to go as high as +a hundred francs! And how he swallowed my platitudes! That did amuse +me. I said to myself: ‘Blockhead! Come, I’ve got you! I lick your paws +this morning, but I’ll gnaw your heart this evening!’” + + +ThĂ©nardier paused. He was out of breath. His little, narrow chest +panted like a forge bellows. His eyes were full of the ignoble +happiness of a feeble, cruel, and cowardly creature, which finds that +it can, at last, harass what it has feared, and insult what it has +flattered, the joy of a dwarf who should be able to set his heel on the +head of Goliath, the joy of a jackal which is beginning to rend a sick +bull, so nearly dead that he can no longer defend himself, but +sufficiently alive to suffer still. + +M. Leblanc did not interrupt him, but said to him when he paused:— + +“I do not know what you mean to say. You are mistaken in me. I am a +very poor man, and anything but a millionnaire. I do not know you. You +are mistaking me for some other person.” + + +“Ah!” roared ThĂ©nardier hoarsely, “a pretty lie! You stick to that +pleasantry, do you! You’re floundering, my old buck! Ah! You don’t +remember! You don’t see who I am?” + + +“Excuse me, sir,” said M. Leblanc with a politeness of accent, which at +that moment seemed peculiarly strange and powerful, “I see that you are +a villain!” + + +Who has not remarked the fact that odious creatures possess a +susceptibility of their own, that monsters are ticklish! At this word +“villain,” the female ThĂ©nardier sprang from the bed, ThĂ©nardier +grasped his chair as though he were about to crush it in his hands. +“Don’t you stir!” he shouted to his wife; and, turning to M. Leblanc:— + +“Villain! Yes, I know that you call us that, you rich gentlemen! Stop! +it’s true that I became bankrupt, that I am in hiding, that I have no +bread, that I have not a single sou, that I am a villain! It’s three +days since I have had anything to eat, so I’m a villain! Ah! you folks +warm your feet, you have Sakoski boots, you have wadded great-coats, +like archbishops, you lodge on the first floor in houses that have +porters, you eat truffles, you eat asparagus at forty francs the bunch +in the month of January, and green peas, you gorge yourselves, and when +you want to know whether it is cold, you look in the papers to see what +the engineer Chevalier’s thermometer says about it. We, it is we who +are thermometers. We don’t need to go out and look on the quay at the +corner of the Tour de l’Horologe, to find out the number of degrees of +cold; we feel our blood congealing in our veins, and the ice forming +round our hearts, and we say: ‘There is no God!’ And you come to our +caverns, yes our caverns, for the purpose of calling us villains! But +we’ll devour you! But we’ll devour you, poor little things! Just see +here, Mister millionnaire: I have been a solid man, I have held a +license, I have been an elector, I am a bourgeois, that I am! And it’s +quite possible that you are not!” + + +Here ThĂ©nardier took a step towards the men who stood near the door, +and added with a shudder:— + +“When I think that he has dared to come here and talk to me like a +cobbler!” + + +Then addressing M. Leblanc with a fresh outburst of frenzy:— + +“And listen to this also, Mister philanthropist! I’m not a suspicious +character, not a bit of it! I’m not a man whose name nobody knows, and +who comes and abducts children from houses! I’m an old French soldier, +I ought to have been decorated! I was at Waterloo, so I was! And in the +battle I saved a general called the Comte of I don’t know what. He told +me his name, but his beastly voice was so weak that I didn’t hear. All +I caught was Merci [thanks]. I’d rather have had his name than his +thanks. That would have helped me to find him again. The picture that +you see here, and which was painted by David at Bruqueselles,—do you +know what it represents? It represents me. David wished to immortalize +that feat of prowess. I have that general on my back, and I am carrying +him through the grape-shot. There’s the history of it! That general +never did a single thing for me; he was no better than the rest! But +nonetheless, I saved his life at the risk of my own, and I have the +certificate of the fact in my pocket! I am a soldier of Waterloo, by +all the furies! And now that I have had the goodness to tell you all +this, let’s have an end of it. I want money, I want a deal of money, I +must have an enormous lot of money, or I’ll exterminate you, by the +thunder of the good God!” + + +Marius had regained some measure of control over his anguish, and was +listening. The last possibility of doubt had just vanished. It +certainly was the ThĂ©nardier of the will. Marius shuddered at that +reproach of ingratitude directed against his father, and which he was +on the point of so fatally justifying. His perplexity was redoubled. + +Moreover, there was in all these words of ThĂ©nardier, in his accent, in +his gesture, in his glance which darted flames at every word, there +was, in this explosion of an evil nature disclosing everything, in that +mixture of braggadocio and abjectness, of pride and pettiness, of rage +and folly, in that chaos of real griefs and false sentiments, in that +immodesty of a malicious man tasting the voluptuous delights of +violence, in that shameless nudity of a repulsive soul, in that +conflagration of all sufferings combined with all hatreds, something +which was as hideous as evil, and as heart-rending as the truth. + +The picture of the master, the painting by David which he had proposed +that M. Leblanc should purchase, was nothing else, as the reader has +divined, than the sign of his tavern painted, as it will be remembered, +by himself, the only relic which he had preserved from his shipwreck at +Montfermeil. + +As he had ceased to intercept Marius’ visual ray, Marius could examine +this thing, and in the daub, he actually did recognize a battle, a +background of smoke, and a man carrying another man. It was the group +composed of Pontmercy and ThĂ©nardier; the sergeant the rescuer, the +colonel rescued. Marius was like a drunken man; this picture restored +his father to life in some sort; it was no longer the signboard of the +wine-shop at Montfermeil, it was a resurrection; a tomb had yawned, a +phantom had risen there. Marius heard his heart beating in his temples, +he had the cannon of Waterloo in his ears, his bleeding father, vaguely +depicted on that sinister panel terrified him, and it seemed to him +that the misshapen spectre was gazing intently at him. + +When ThĂ©nardier had recovered his breath, he turned his bloodshot eyes +on M. Leblanc, and said to him in a low, curt voice:— + +“What have you to say before we put the handcuffs on you?” + + +M. Leblanc held his peace. + +In the midst of this silence, a cracked voice launched this lugubrious +sarcasm from the corridor:— + +“If there’s any wood to be split, I’m there!” + + +It was the man with the axe, who was growing merry. + +At the same moment, an enormous, bristling, and clayey face made its +appearance at the door, with a hideous laugh which exhibited not teeth, +but fangs. + +It was the face of the man with the butcher’s axe. + +“Why have you taken off your mask?” cried ThĂ©nardier in a rage. + +“For fun,” retorted the man. + +For the last few minutes M. Leblanc had appeared to be watching and +following all the movements of ThĂ©nardier, who, blinded and dazzled by +his own rage, was stalking to and fro in the den with full confidence +that the door was guarded, and of holding an unarmed man fast, he being +armed himself, of being nine against one, supposing that the female +ThĂ©nardier counted for but one man. + +During his address to the man with the pole-axe, he had turned his back +to M. Leblanc. + +M. Leblanc seized this moment, overturned the chair with his foot and +the table with his fist, and with one bound, with prodigious agility, +before ThĂ©nardier had time to turn round, he had reached the window. To +open it, to scale the frame, to bestride it, was the work of a second +only. He was half out when six robust fists seized him and dragged him +back energetically into the hovel. These were the three +“chimney-builders,” who had flung themselves upon him. At the same time +the ThĂ©nardier woman had wound her hands in his hair. + +At the trampling which ensued, the other ruffians rushed up from the +corridor. The old man on the bed, who seemed under the influence of +wine, descended from the pallet and came reeling up, with a +stone-breaker’s hammer in his hand. + +One of the “chimney-builders,” whose smirched face was lighted up by +the candle, and in whom Marius recognized, in spite of his daubing, +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, lifted above M. +Leblanc’s head a sort of bludgeon made of two balls of lead, at the two +ends of a bar of iron. + +Marius could not resist this sight. “My father,” he thought, “forgive +me!” + + +And his finger sought the trigger of his pistol. + +The shot was on the point of being discharged when ThĂ©nardier’s voice +shouted:— + +“Don’t harm him!” + + +This desperate attempt of the victim, far from exasperating ThĂ©nardier, +had calmed him. There existed in him two men, the ferocious man and the +adroit man. Up to that moment, in the excess of his triumph in the +presence of the prey which had been brought down, and which did not +stir, the ferocious man had prevailed; when the victim struggled and +tried to resist, the adroit man reappeared and took the upper hand. + +“Don’t hurt him!” he repeated, and without suspecting it, his first +success was to arrest the pistol in the act of being discharged, and to +paralyze Marius, in whose opinion the urgency of the case disappeared, +and who, in the face of this new phase, saw no inconvenience in waiting +a while longer. + +Who knows whether some chance would not arise which would deliver him +from the horrible alternative of allowing Ursule’s father to perish, or +of destroying the colonel’s saviour? + +A herculean struggle had begun. With one blow full in the chest, M. +Leblanc had sent the old man tumbling, rolling in the middle of the +room, then with two backward sweeps of his hand he had overthrown two +more assailants, and he held one under each of his knees; the wretches +were rattling in the throat beneath this pressure as under a granite +millstone; but the other four had seized the formidable old man by both +arms and the back of his neck, and were holding him doubled up over the +two “chimney-builders” on the floor. + +Thus, the master of some and mastered by the rest, crushing those +beneath him and stifling under those on top of him, endeavoring in vain +to shake off all the efforts which were heaped upon him, M. Leblanc +disappeared under the horrible group of ruffians like the wild boar +beneath a howling pile of dogs and hounds. + +They succeeded in overthrowing him upon the bed nearest the window, and +there they held him in awe. The ThĂ©nardier woman had not released her +clutch on his hair. + +“Don’t you mix yourself up in this affair,” said ThĂ©nardier. “You’ll +tear your shawl.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier obeyed, as the female wolf obeys the male wolf, with a +growl. + +“Now,” said ThĂ©nardier, “search him, you other fellows!” + + +M. Leblanc seemed to have renounced the idea of resistance. + +They searched him. + +He had nothing on his person except a leather purse containing six +francs, and his handkerchief. + +ThĂ©nardier put the handkerchief into his own pocket. + +“What! No pocket-book?” he demanded. + +“No, nor watch,” replied one of the “chimney-builders.” + + +“Never mind,” murmured the masked man who carried the big key, in the +voice of a ventriloquist, “he’s a tough old fellow.” + + +ThĂ©nardier went to the corner near the door, picked up a bundle of +ropes and threw them at the men. + +“Tie him to the leg of the bed,” said he. + +And, catching sight of the old man who had been stretched across the +room by the blow from M. Leblanc’s fist, and who made no movement, he +added:— + +“Is Boulatruelle dead?” + + +“No,” replied Bigrenaille, “he’s drunk.” + + +“Sweep him into a corner,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +Two of the “chimney-builders” pushed the drunken man into the corner +near the heap of old iron with their feet. + +“Babet,” said ThĂ©nardier in a low tone to the man with the cudgel, “why +did you bring so many; they were not needed.” + + +“What can you do?” replied the man with the cudgel, “they all wanted to +be in it. This is a bad season. There’s no business going on.” + + +The pallet on which M. Leblanc had been thrown was a sort of hospital +bed, elevated on four coarse wooden legs, roughly hewn. + +M. Leblanc let them take their own course. + +The ruffians bound him securely, in an upright attitude, with his feet +on the ground at the head of the bed, the end which was most remote +from the window, and nearest to the fireplace. + +When the last knot had been tied, ThĂ©nardier took a chair and seated +himself almost facing M. Leblanc. + +ThĂ©nardier no longer looked like himself; in the course of a few +moments his face had passed from unbridled violence to tranquil and +cunning sweetness. + +Marius found it difficult to recognize in that polished smile of a man +in official life the almost bestial mouth which had been foaming but a +moment before; he gazed with amazement on that fantastic and alarming +metamorphosis, and he felt as a man might feel who should behold a +tiger converted into a lawyer. + +“Monsieur—” said ThĂ©nardier. + +And dismissing with a gesture the ruffians who still kept their hands +on M. Leblanc:— + +“Stand off a little, and let me have a talk with the gentleman.” + + +All retired towards the door. + +He went on:— + +“Monsieur, you did wrong to try to jump out of the window. You might +have broken your leg. Now, if you will permit me, we will converse +quietly. In the first place, I must communicate to you an observation +which I have made which is, that you have not uttered the faintest +cry.” + + +ThĂ©nardier was right, this detail was correct, although it had escaped +Marius in his agitation. M. Leblanc had barely pronounced a few words, +without raising his voice, and even during his struggle with the six +ruffians near the window he had preserved the most profound and +singular silence. + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“Mon Dieu! You might have shouted ‘stop thief’ a bit, and I should not +have thought it improper. ‘Murder!’ That, too, is said occasionally, +and, so far as I am concerned, I should not have taken it in bad part. +It is very natural that you should make a little row when you find +yourself with persons who don’t inspire you with sufficient confidence. +You might have done that, and no one would have troubled you on that +account. You would not even have been gagged. And I will tell you why. +This room is very private. That’s its only recommendation, but it has +that in its favor. You might fire off a mortar and it would produce +about as much noise at the nearest police station as the snores of a +drunken man. Here a cannon would make a _boum_, and the thunder would +make a _pouf_. It’s a handy lodging. But, in short, you did not shout, +and it is better so. I present you my compliments, and I will tell you +the conclusion that I draw from that fact: My dear sir, when a man +shouts, who comes? The police. And after the police? Justice. Well! You +have not made an outcry; that is because you don’t care to have the +police and the courts come in any more than we do. It is because,—I +have long suspected it,—you have some interest in hiding something. On +our side we have the same interest. So we can come to an +understanding.” + + +As he spoke thus, it seemed as though ThĂ©nardier, who kept his eyes +fixed on M. Leblanc, were trying to plunge the sharp points which +darted from the pupils into the very conscience of his prisoner. +Moreover, his language, which was stamped with a sort of moderated, +subdued insolence and crafty insolence, was reserved and almost choice, +and in that rascal, who had been nothing but a robber a short time +previously, one now felt “the man who had studied for the priesthood.” + + +The silence preserved by the prisoner, that precaution which had been +carried to the point of forgetting all anxiety for his own life, that +resistance opposed to the first impulse of nature, which is to utter a +cry, all this, it must be confessed, now that his attention had been +called to it, troubled Marius, and affected him with painful +astonishment. + +ThĂ©nardier’s well-grounded observation still further obscured for +Marius the dense mystery which enveloped that grave and singular person +on whom Courfeyrac had bestowed the sobriquet of Monsieur Leblanc. + +But whoever he was, bound with ropes, surrounded with executioners, +half plunged, so to speak, in a grave which was closing in upon him to +the extent of a degree with every moment that passed, in the presence +of ThĂ©nardier’s wrath, as in the presence of his sweetness, this man +remained impassive; and Marius could not refrain from admiring at such +a moment the superbly melancholy visage. + +Here, evidently, was a soul which was inaccessible to terror, and which +did not know the meaning of despair. Here was one of those men who +command amazement in desperate circumstances. Extreme as was the +crisis, inevitable as was the catastrophe, there was nothing here of +the agony of the drowning man, who opens his horror-filled eyes under +the water. + +ThĂ©nardier rose in an unpretending manner, went to the fireplace, +shoved aside the screen, which he leaned against the neighboring +pallet, and thus unmasked the brazier full of glowing coals, in which +the prisoner could plainly see the chisel white-hot and spotted here +and there with tiny scarlet stars. + +Then ThĂ©nardier returned to his seat beside M. Leblanc. + +“I continue,” said he. “We can come to an understanding. Let us arrange +this matter in an amicable way. I was wrong to lose my temper just now, +I don’t know what I was thinking of, I went a great deal too far, I +said extravagant things. For example, because you are a millionnaire, I +told you that I exacted money, a lot of money, a deal of money. That +would not be reasonable. Mon Dieu, in spite of your riches, you have +expenses of your own—who has not? I don’t want to ruin you, I am not a +greedy fellow, after all. I am not one of those people who, because +they have the advantage of the position, profit by the fact to make +themselves ridiculous. Why, I’m taking things into consideration and +making a sacrifice on my side. I only want two hundred thousand +francs.” + + +M. Leblanc uttered not a word. + +ThĂ©nardier went on:— + +“You see that I put not a little water in my wine; I’m very moderate. I +don’t know the state of your fortune, but I do know that you don’t +stick at money, and a benevolent man like yourself can certainly give +two hundred thousand francs to the father of a family who is out of +luck. Certainly, you are reasonable, too; you haven’t imagined that I +should take all the trouble I have to-day and organized this affair +this evening, which has been labor well bestowed, in the opinion of +these gentlemen, merely to wind up by asking you for enough to go and +drink red wine at fifteen sous and eat veal at Desnoyer’s. Two hundred +thousand francs—it’s surely worth all that. This trifle once out of +your pocket, I guarantee you that that’s the end of the matter, and +that you have no further demands to fear. You will say to me: ‘But I +haven’t two hundred thousand francs about me.’ Oh! I’m not +extortionate. I don’t demand that. I only ask one thing of you. Have +the goodness to write what I am about to dictate to you.” + + +Here ThĂ©nardier paused; then he added, emphasizing his words, and +casting a smile in the direction of the brazier:— + +“I warn you that I shall not admit that you don’t know how to write.” + + +A grand inquisitor might have envied that smile. + +ThĂ©nardier pushed the table close to M. Leblanc, and took an inkstand, +a pen, and a sheet of paper from the drawer which he left half open, +and in which gleamed the long blade of the knife. + +He placed the sheet of paper before M. Leblanc. + +“Write,” said he. + +The prisoner spoke at last. + +“How do you expect me to write? I am bound.” + + +“That’s true, excuse me!” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier, “you are quite right.” + + +And turning to Bigrenaille:— + +“Untie the gentleman’s right arm.” + + +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, executed ThĂ©nardier’s +order. + +When the prisoner’s right arm was free, ThĂ©nardier dipped the pen in +the ink and presented it to him. + +“Understand thoroughly, sir, that you are in our power, at our +discretion, that no human power can get you out of this, and that we +shall be really grieved if we are forced to proceed to disagreeable +extremities. I know neither your name, nor your address, but I warn +you, that you will remain bound until the person charged with carrying +the letter which you are about to write shall have returned. Now, be so +good as to write.” + + +“What?” demanded the prisoner. + +“I will dictate.” + + +M. Leblanc took the pen. + +ThĂ©nardier began to dictate:— + +“My daughter—” + + +The prisoner shuddered, and raised his eyes to ThĂ©nardier. + +“Put down ‘My dear daughter’—” said ThĂ©nardier. + +M. Leblanc obeyed. + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“Come instantly—” + + +He paused:— + +“You address her as _thou_, do you not?” + + +“Who?” asked M. Leblanc. + +“Parbleu!” cried ThĂ©nardier, “the little one, the Lark.” + + +M. Leblanc replied without the slightest apparent emotion:— + +“I do not know what you mean.” + + +“Go on, nevertheless,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier, and he continued to +dictate:— + +“Come immediately, I am in absolute need of thee. The person who will +deliver this note to thee is instructed to conduct thee to me. I am +waiting for thee. Come with confidence.” + + +M. Leblanc had written the whole of this. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Ah! erase ‘come with confidence’; that might lead her to suppose that +everything was not as it should be, and that distrust is possible.” + + +M. Leblanc erased the three words. + +“Now,” pursued ThĂ©nardier, “sign it. What’s your name?” + + +The prisoner laid down the pen and demanded:— + +“For whom is this letter?” + + +“You know well,” retorted ThĂ©nardier, “for the little one I just told +you so.” + + +It was evident that ThĂ©nardier avoided naming the young girl in +question. He said “the Lark,” he said “the little one,” but he did not +pronounce her name—the precaution of a clever man guarding his secret +from his accomplices. To mention the name was to deliver the whole +“affair” into their hands, and to tell them more about it than there +was any need of their knowing. + +He went on:— + +“Sign. What is your name?” + + +“Urbain Fabre,” said the prisoner. + +ThĂ©nardier, with the movement of a cat, dashed his hand into his pocket +and drew out the handkerchief which had been seized on M. Leblanc. He +looked for the mark on it, and held it close to the candle. + +“U. F. That’s it. Urbain Fabre. Well, sign it U. F.” + + +The prisoner signed. + +“As two hands are required to fold the letter, give it to me, I will +fold it.” + + +That done, ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Address it, ‘Mademoiselle Fabre,’ at your house. I know that you live +a long distance from here, near Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, because you +go to mass there every day, but I don’t know in what street. I see that +you understand your situation. As you have not lied about your name, +you will not lie about your address. Write it yourself.” + + +The prisoner paused thoughtfully for a moment, then he took the pen and +wrote:— + +“Mademoiselle Fabre, at M. Urbain Fabre’s, Rue Saint-Dominique-D’Enfer, +No. 17.” + + +ThĂ©nardier seized the letter with a sort of feverish convulsion. + +“Wife!” he cried. + +The ThĂ©nardier woman hastened to him. + +“Here’s the letter. You know what you have to do. There is a carriage +at the door. Set out at once, and return ditto.” + + +And addressing the man with the meat-axe:— + +“Since you have taken off your nose-screen, accompany the mistress. You +will get up behind the fiacre. You know where you left the team?” + + +“Yes,” said the man. + +And depositing his axe in a corner, he followed Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +As they set off, ThĂ©nardier thrust his head through the half-open door, +and shouted into the corridor:— + +“Above all things, don’t lose the letter! remember that you carry two +hundred thousand francs with you!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier’s hoarse voice replied:— + +“Be easy. I have it in my bosom.” + + +A minute had not elapsed, when the sound of the cracking of a whip was +heard, which rapidly retreated and died away. + +“Good!” growled ThĂ©nardier. “They’re going at a fine pace. At such a +gallop, the bourgeoise will be back inside three-quarters of an hour.” + + +He drew a chair close to the fireplace, folding his arms, and +presenting his muddy boots to the brazier. + +“My feet are cold!” said he. + +Only five ruffians now remained in the den with ThĂ©nardier and the +prisoner. + +These men, through the black masks or paste which covered their faces, +and made of them, at fear’s pleasure, charcoal-burners, negroes, or +demons, had a stupid and gloomy air, and it could be felt that they +perpetrated a crime like a bit of work, tranquilly, without either +wrath or mercy, with a sort of ennui. They were crowded together in one +corner like brutes, and remained silent. + +ThĂ©nardier warmed his feet. + +The prisoner had relapsed into his taciturnity. A sombre calm had +succeeded to the wild uproar which had filled the garret but a few +moments before. + +The candle, on which a large “stranger” had formed, cast but a dim +light in the immense hovel, the brazier had grown dull, and all those +monstrous heads cast misshapen shadows on the walls and ceiling. + +No sound was audible except the quiet breathing of the old drunken man, +who was fast asleep. + +Marius waited in a state of anxiety that was augmented by every trifle. +The enigma was more impenetrable than ever. + +Who was this “little one” whom ThĂ©nardier had called the Lark? Was she +his “Ursule”? The prisoner had not seemed to be affected by that word, +“the Lark,” and had replied in the most natural manner in the world: “I +do not know what you mean.” On the other hand, the two letters U. F. +were explained; they meant Urbain Fabre; and Ursule was no longer named +Ursule. This was what Marius perceived most clearly of all. + +A sort of horrible fascination held him nailed to his post, from which +he was observing and commanding this whole scene. There he stood, +almost incapable of movement or reflection, as though annihilated by +the abominable things viewed at such close quarters. He waited, in the +hope of some incident, no matter of what nature, since he could not +collect his thoughts and did not know upon what course to decide. + +“In any case,” he said, “if she is the Lark, I shall see her, for the +ThĂ©nardier woman is to bring her hither. That will be the end, and then +I will give my life and my blood if necessary, but I will deliver her! +Nothing shall stop me.” + + +Nearly half an hour passed in this manner. ThĂ©nardier seemed to be +absorbed in gloomy reflections, the prisoner did not stir. Still, +Marius fancied that at intervals, and for the last few moments, he had +heard a faint, dull noise in the direction of the prisoner. + +All at once, ThĂ©nardier addressed the prisoner: + +“By the way, Monsieur Fabre, I might as well say it to you at once.” + + +These few words appeared to be the beginning of an explanation. Marius +strained his ears. + +“My wife will be back shortly, don’t get impatient. I think that the +Lark really is your daughter, and it seems to me quite natural that you +should keep her. Only, listen to me a bit. My wife will go and hunt her +up with your letter. I told my wife to dress herself in the way she +did, so that your young lady might make no difficulty about following +her. They will both enter the carriage with my comrade behind. +Somewhere, outside the barrier, there is a trap harnessed to two very +good horses. Your young lady will be taken to it. She will alight from +the fiacre. My comrade will enter the other vehicle with her, and my +wife will come back here to tell us: ‘It’s done.’ As for the young +lady, no harm will be done to her; the trap will conduct her to a place +where she will be quiet, and just as soon as you have handed over to me +those little two hundred thousand francs, she will be returned to you. +If you have me arrested, my comrade will give a turn of his thumb to +the Lark, that’s all.” + + +The prisoner uttered not a syllable. After a pause, ThĂ©nardier +continued:— + +“It’s very simple, as you see. There’ll be no harm done unless you wish +that there should be harm done. I’m telling you how things stand. I +warn you so that you may be prepared.” + + +He paused: the prisoner did not break the silence, and ThĂ©nardier +resumed:— + +“As soon as my wife returns and says to me: ‘The Lark is on the way,’ +we will release you, and you will be free to go and sleep at home. You +see that our intentions are not evil.” + + +Terrible images passed through Marius’ mind. What! That young girl whom +they were abducting was not to be brought back? One of those monsters +was to bear her off into the darkness? Whither? And what if it were +she! + +It was clear that it was she. Marius felt his heart stop beating. + +What was he to do? Discharge the pistol? Place all those scoundrels in +the hands of justice? But the horrible man with the meat-axe would, +nonetheless, be out of reach with the young girl, and Marius reflected +on ThĂ©nardier’s words, of which he perceived the bloody significance: +“If you have me arrested, my comrade will give a turn of his thumb to +the Lark.” + + +Now, it was not alone by the colonel’s testament, it was by his own +love, it was by the peril of the one he loved, that he felt himself +restrained. + +This frightful situation, which had already lasted above half an hour, +was changing its aspect every moment. + +Marius had sufficient strength of mind to review in succession all the +most heart-breaking conjectures, seeking hope and finding none. + +The tumult of his thoughts contrasted with the funereal silence of the +den. + +In the midst of this silence, the door at the bottom of the staircase +was heard to open and shut again. + +The prisoner made a movement in his bonds. + +“Here’s the bourgeoise,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +He had hardly uttered the words, when the ThĂ©nardier woman did in fact +rush hastily into the room, red, panting, breathless, with flaming +eyes, and cried, as she smote her huge hands on her thighs +simultaneously:— + +“False address!” + + +The ruffian who had gone with her made his appearance behind her and +picked up his axe again. + +She resumed:— + +“Nobody there! Rue Saint-Dominique, No. 17, no Monsieur Urbain Fabre! +They know not what it means!” + + +She paused, choking, then went on:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier! That old fellow has duped you! You are too good, +you see! If it had been me, I’d have chopped the beast in four quarters +to begin with! And if he had acted ugly, I’d have boiled him alive! He +would have been obliged to speak, and say where the girl is, and where +he keeps his shiners! That’s the way I should have managed matters! +People are perfectly right when they say that men are a deal stupider +than women! Nobody at No. 17. It’s nothing but a big carriage gate! No +Monsieur Fabre in the Rue Saint-Dominique! And after all that racing +and fee to the coachman and all! I spoke to both the porter and the +portress, a fine, stout woman, and they know nothing about him!” + + +Marius breathed freely once more. + +She, Ursule or the Lark, he no longer knew what to call her, was safe. + +While his exasperated wife vociferated, ThĂ©nardier had seated himself +on the table. + +For several minutes he uttered not a word, but swung his right foot, +which hung down, and stared at the brazier with an air of savage +reverie. + +Finally, he said to the prisoner, with a slow and singularly ferocious +tone: + +“A false address? What did you expect to gain by that?” + + +“To gain time!” cried the prisoner in a thundering voice, and at the +same instant he shook off his bonds; they were cut. The prisoner was +only attached to the bed now by one leg. + +Before the seven men had time to collect their senses and dash forward, +he had bent down into the fireplace, had stretched out his hand to the +brazier, and had then straightened himself up again, and now +ThĂ©nardier, the female ThĂ©nardier, and the ruffians, huddled in +amazement at the extremity of the hovel, stared at him in stupefaction, +as almost free and in a formidable attitude, he brandished above his +head the red-hot chisel, which emitted a threatening glow. + +The judicial examination to which the ambush in the Gorbeau house +eventually gave rise, established the fact that a large sou piece, cut +and worked in a peculiar fashion, was found in the garret, when the +police made their descent on it. This sou piece was one of those +marvels of industry, which are engendered by the patience of the +galleys in the shadows and for the shadows, marvels which are nothing +else than instruments of escape. These hideous and delicate products of +wonderful art are to jewellers’ work what the metaphors of slang are to +poetry. There are Benvenuto Cellinis in the galleys, just as there are +Villons in language. The unhappy wretch who aspires to deliverance +finds means sometimes without tools, sometimes with a common +wooden-handled knife, to saw a sou into two thin plates, to hollow out +these plates without affecting the coinage stamp, and to make a furrow +on the edge of the sou in such a manner that the plates will adhere +again. This can be screwed together and unscrewed at will; it is a box. +In this box he hides a watch-spring, and this watch-spring, properly +handled, cuts good-sized chains and bars of iron. The unfortunate +convict is supposed to possess merely a sou; not at all, he possesses +liberty. It was a large sou of this sort which, during the subsequent +search of the police, was found under the bed near the window. They +also found a tiny saw of blue steel which would fit the sou. + +It is probable that the prisoner had this sou piece on his person at +the moment when the ruffians searched him, that he contrived to conceal +it in his hand, and that afterward, having his right hand free, he +unscrewed it, and used it as a saw to cut the cords which fastened him, +which would explain the faint noise and almost imperceptible movements +which Marius had observed. + +As he had not been able to bend down, for fear of betraying himself, he +had not cut the bonds of his left leg. + +The ruffians had recovered from their first surprise. + +“Be easy,” said Bigrenaille to ThĂ©nardier. “He still holds by one leg, +and he can’t get away. I’ll answer for that. I tied that paw for him.” + + +In the meanwhile, the prisoner had begun to speak:— + +“You are wretches, but my life is not worth the trouble of defending +it. When you think that you can make me speak, that you can make me +write what I do not choose to write, that you can make me say what I do +not choose to say—” + + +He stripped up his left sleeve, and added:— + +“See here.” + + +At the same moment he extended his arm, and laid the glowing chisel +which he held in his left hand by its wooden handle on his bare flesh. + +The crackling of the burning flesh became audible, and the odor +peculiar to chambers of torture filled the hovel. + +[Illustration: Red Hot Chisel] + +Marius reeled in utter horror, the very ruffians shuddered, hardly a +muscle of the old man’s face contracted, and while the red-hot iron +sank into the smoking wound, impassive and almost august, he fixed on +ThĂ©nardier his beautiful glance, in which there was no hatred, and +where suffering vanished in serene majesty. + +With grand and lofty natures, the revolts of the flesh and the senses +when subjected to physical suffering cause the soul to spring forth, +and make it appear on the brow, just as rebellions among the soldiery +force the captain to show himself. + +“Wretches!” said he, “have no more fear of me than I have for you!” + + +And, tearing the chisel from the wound, he hurled it through the +window, which had been left open; the horrible, glowing tool +disappeared into the night, whirling as it flew, and fell far away on +the snow. + +The prisoner resumed:— + +“Do what you please with me.” He was disarmed. + +“Seize him!” said ThĂ©nardier. + +Two of the ruffians laid their hands on his shoulder, and the masked +man with the ventriloquist’s voice took up his station in front of him, +ready to smash his skull at the slightest movement. + +At the same time, Marius heard below him, at the base of the partition, +but so near that he could not see who was speaking, this colloquy +conducted in a low tone:— + +“There is only one thing left to do.” + + +“Cut his throat.” + + +“That’s it.” + + +It was the husband and wife taking counsel together. + +ThĂ©nardier walked slowly towards the table, opened the drawer, and took +out the knife. Marius fretted with the handle of his pistol. +Unprecedented perplexity! For the last hour he had had two voices in +his conscience, the one enjoining him to respect his father’s +testament, the other crying to him to rescue the prisoner. These two +voices continued uninterruptedly that struggle which tormented him to +agony. Up to that moment he had cherished a vague hope that he should +find some means of reconciling these two duties, but nothing within the +limits of possibility had presented itself. + +However, the peril was urgent, the last bounds of delay had been +reached; ThĂ©nardier was standing thoughtfully a few paces distant from +the prisoner. + +Marius cast a wild glance about him, the last mechanical resource of +despair. All at once a shudder ran through him. + +At his feet, on the table, a bright ray of light from the full moon +illuminated and seemed to point out to him a sheet of paper. On this +paper he read the following line written that very morning, in large +letters, by the eldest of the ThĂ©nardier girls:— + +“THE BOBBIES ARE HERE.” + + +An idea, a flash, crossed Marius’ mind; this was the expedient of which +he was in search, the solution of that frightful problem which was +torturing him, of sparing the assassin and saving the victim. + +He knelt down on his commode, stretched out his arm, seized the sheet +of paper, softly detached a bit of plaster from the wall, wrapped the +paper round it, and tossed the whole through the crevice into the +middle of the den. + +It was high time. ThĂ©nardier had conquered his last fears or his last +scruples, and was advancing on the prisoner. + +“Something is falling!” cried the ThĂ©nardier woman. + +“What is it?” asked her husband. + +The woman darted forward and picked up the bit of plaster. She handed +it to her husband. + +“Where did this come from?” demanded ThĂ©nardier. + +“Pardie!” ejaculated his wife, “where do you suppose it came from? +Through the window, of course.” + + +“I saw it pass,” said Bigrenaille. + +ThĂ©nardier rapidly unfolded the paper and held it close to the candle. + +“It’s in Éponine’s handwriting. The devil!” + + +He made a sign to his wife, who hastily drew near, and showed her the +line written on the sheet of paper, then he added in a subdued voice:— + +“Quick! The ladder! Let’s leave the bacon in the mousetrap and decamp!” + + +“Without cutting that man’s throat?” asked, the ThĂ©nardier woman. + +“We haven’t the time.” + + +“Through what?” resumed Bigrenaille. + +“Through the window,” replied ThĂ©nardier. “Since Ponine has thrown the +stone through the window, it indicates that the house is not watched on +that side.” + + +The mask with the ventriloquist’s voice deposited his huge key on the +floor, raised both arms in the air, and opened and clenched his fists, +three times rapidly without uttering a word. + +This was the signal like the signal for clearing the decks for action +on board ship. + +The ruffians who were holding the prisoner released him; in the +twinkling of an eye the rope ladder was unrolled outside the window, +and solidly fastened to the sill by the two iron hooks. + +The prisoner paid no attention to what was going on around him. He +seemed to be dreaming or praying. + +As soon as the ladder was arranged, ThĂ©nardier cried: + +“Come! the bourgeoise first!” + + +And he rushed headlong to the window. + +But just as he was about to throw his leg over, Bigrenaille seized him +roughly by the collar. + +“Not much, come now, you old dog, after us!” + + +“After us!” yelled the ruffians. + +“You are children,” said ThĂ©nardier, “we are losing time. The police +are on our heels.” + + +“Well,” said the ruffians, “let’s draw lots to see who shall go down +first.” + + +ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“Are you mad! Are you crazy! What a pack of boobies! You want to waste +time, do you? Draw lots, do you? By a wet finger, by a short straw! +With written names! Thrown into a hat!—” + + +“Would you like my hat?” cried a voice on the threshold. + +All wheeled round. It was Javert. + +He had his hat in his hand, and was holding it out to them with a +smile. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI—ONE SHOULD ALWAYS BEGIN BY ARRESTING THE VICTIMS + + +At nightfall, Javert had posted his men and had gone into ambush +himself between the trees of the Rue de la BarriĂšre-des-Gobelins which +faced the Gorbeau house, on the other side of the boulevard. He had +begun operations by opening “his pockets,” and dropping into it the two +young girls who were charged with keeping a watch on the approaches to +the den. But he had only “caged” Azelma. As for Éponine, she was not at +her post, she had disappeared, and he had not been able to seize her. +Then Javert had made a point and had bent his ear to waiting for the +signal agreed upon. The comings and goings of the fiacres had greatly +agitated him. At last, he had grown impatient, and, _sure that there +was a nest there_, sure of being in “luck,” having recognized many of +the ruffians who had entered, he had finally decided to go upstairs +without waiting for the pistol-shot. + +It will be remembered that he had Marius’ pass-key. + +He had arrived just in the nick of time. + +The terrified ruffians flung themselves on the arms which they had +abandoned in all the corners at the moment of flight. In less than a +second, these seven men, horrible to behold, had grouped themselves in +an attitude of defence, one with his meat-axe, another with his key, +another with his bludgeon, the rest with shears, pincers, and hammers. +ThĂ©nardier had his knife in his fist. The ThĂ©nardier woman snatched up +an enormous paving-stone which lay in the angle of the window and +served her daughters as an ottoman. + +[Illustration: Snatched up a Paving Stone] + +Javert put on his hat again, and advanced a couple of paces into the +room, with arms folded, his cane under one arm, his sword in its +sheath. + +“Halt there,” said he. “You shall not go out by the window, you shall +go through the door. It’s less unhealthy. There are seven of you, there +are fifteen of us. Don’t let’s fall to collaring each other like men of +Auvergne.” + + +Bigrenaille drew out a pistol which he had kept concealed under his +blouse, and put it in ThĂ©nardier’s hand, whispering in the latter’s +ear:— + +“It’s Javert. I don’t dare fire at that man. Do you dare?” + + +“Parbleu!” replied ThĂ©nardier. + +“Well, then, fire.” + + +ThĂ©nardier took the pistol and aimed at Javert. + +Javert, who was only three paces from him, stared intently at him and +contented himself with saying:— + +“Come now, don’t fire. You’ll miss fire.” + + +ThĂ©nardier pulled the trigger. The pistol missed fire. + +“Didn’t I tell you so!” ejaculated Javert. + +Bigrenaille flung his bludgeon at Javert’s feet. + +“You’re the emperor of the fiends! I surrender.” + + +“And you?” Javert asked the rest of the ruffians. + +They replied:— + +“So do we.” + + +Javert began again calmly:— + +“That’s right, that’s good, I said so, you are nice fellows.” + + +“I only ask one thing,” said Bigrenaille, “and that is, that I may not +be denied tobacco while I am in confinement.” + + +“Granted,” said Javert. + +And turning round and calling behind him:— + +“Come in now!” + + +A squad of policemen, sword in hand, and agents armed with bludgeons +and cudgels, rushed in at Javert’s summons. They pinioned the ruffians. + +This throng of men, sparely lighted by the single candle, filled the +den with shadows. + +“Handcuff them all!” shouted Javert. + +“Come on!” cried a voice which was not the voice of a man, but of which +no one would ever have said: “It is a woman’s voice.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier woman had entrenched herself in one of the angles of the +window, and it was she who had just given vent to this roar. + +The policemen and agents recoiled. + +She had thrown off her shawl, but retained her bonnet; her husband, who +was crouching behind her, was almost hidden under the discarded shawl, +and she was shielding him with her body, as she elevated the +paving-stone above her head with the gesture of a giantess on the point +of hurling a rock. + +“Beware!” she shouted. + +All crowded back towards the corridor. A broad open space was cleared +in the middle of the garret. + +The ThĂ©nardier woman cast a glance at the ruffians who had allowed +themselves to be pinioned, and muttered in hoarse and guttural +accents:— + +“The cowards!” + + +Javert smiled, and advanced across the open space which the ThĂ©nardier +was devouring with her eyes. + +“Don’t come near me,” she cried, “or I’ll crush you.” + + +“What a grenadier!” ejaculated Javert; “you’ve got a beard like a man, +mother, but I have claws like a woman.” + + +And he continued to advance. + +The ThĂ©nardier, dishevelled and terrible, set her feet far apart, threw +herself backwards, and hurled the paving-stone at Javert’s head. Javert +ducked, the stone passed over him, struck the wall behind, knocked off +a huge piece of plastering, and, rebounding from angle to angle across +the hovel, now luckily almost empty, rested at Javert’s feet. + +At the same moment, Javert reached the ThĂ©nardier couple. One of his +big hands descended on the woman’s shoulder; the other on the husband’s +head. + +“The handcuffs!” he shouted. + +The policemen trooped in in force, and in a few seconds Javert’s order +had been executed. + +The ThĂ©nardier female, overwhelmed, stared at her pinioned hands, and +at those of her husband, who had dropped to the floor, and exclaimed, +weeping:— + +“My daughters!” + + +“They are in the jug,” said Javert. + +In the meanwhile, the agents had caught sight of the drunken man asleep +behind the door, and were shaking him:— + +He awoke, stammering:— + +“Is it all over, Jondrette?” + + +“Yes,” replied Javert. + +The six pinioned ruffians were standing, and still preserved their +spectral mien; all three besmeared with black, all three masked. + +“Keep on your masks,” said Javert. + +And passing them in review with a glance of a Frederick II. at a +Potsdam parade, he said to the three “chimney-builders”:— + +“Good day, Bigrenaille! good day, Brujon! good day, Deuxmilliards!” + + +Then turning to the three masked men, he said to the man with the +meat-axe:— + +“Good day, Gueulemer!” + + +And to the man with the cudgel:— + +“Good day, Babet!” + + +And to the ventriloquist:— + +“Your health, Claquesous.” + + +At that moment, he caught sight of the ruffians’ prisoner, who, ever +since the entrance of the police, had not uttered a word, and had held +his head down. + +“Untie the gentleman!” said Javert, “and let no one go out!” + + +That said, he seated himself with sovereign dignity before the table, +where the candle and the writing-materials still remained, drew a +stamped paper from his pocket, and began to prepare his report. + +When he had written the first lines, which are formulas that never +vary, he raised his eyes:— + +“Let the gentleman whom these gentlemen bound step forward.” + + +The policemen glanced round them. + +“Well,” said Javert, “where is he?” + + +The prisoner of the ruffians, M. Leblanc, M. Urbain Fabre, the father +of Ursule or the Lark, had disappeared. + +The door was guarded, but the window was not. As soon as he had found +himself released from his bonds, and while Javert was drawing up his +report, he had taken advantage of confusion, the crowd, the darkness, +and of a moment when the general attention was diverted from him, to +dash out of the window. + +An agent sprang to the opening and looked out. He saw no one outside. + +The rope ladder was still shaking. + +“The devil!” ejaculated Javert between his teeth, “he must have been +the most valuable of the lot.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII—THE LITTLE ONE WHO WAS CRYING IN VOLUME TWO + + +On the day following that on which these events took place in the house +on the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, a child, who seemed to be coming from +the direction of the bridge of Austerlitz, was ascending the side-alley +on the right in the direction of the BarriĂšre de Fontainebleau. + +Night had fully come. + +This lad was pale, thin, clad in rags, with linen trousers in the month +of February, and was singing at the top of his voice. + +At the corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier, a bent old woman was +rummaging in a heap of refuse by the light of a street lantern; the +child jostled her as he passed, then recoiled, exclaiming:— + +“Hello! And I took it for an enormous, enormous dog!” + + +He pronounced the word _enormous_ the second time with a jeering swell +of the voice which might be tolerably well represented by capitals: “an +enormous, ENORMOUS dog.” + + +The old woman straightened herself up in a fury. + +“Nasty brat!” she grumbled. “If I hadn’t been bending over, I know well +where I would have planted my foot on you.” + + +The boy was already far away. + +“Kisss! kisss!” he cried. “After that, I don’t think I was mistaken!” + + +The old woman, choking with indignation, now rose completely upright, +and the red gleam of the lantern fully lighted up her livid face, all +hollowed into angles and wrinkles, with crow’s-feet meeting the corners +of her mouth. + +Her body was lost in the darkness, and only her head was visible. One +would have pronounced her a mask of Decrepitude carved out by a light +from the night. + +The boy surveyed her. + +“Madame,” said he, “does not possess that style of beauty which pleases +me.” + + +He then pursued his road, and resumed his song:— + +“Le roi Coupdesabot +S’en allait Ă  la chasse, +À la chasse aux corbeaux—” + + +At the end of these three lines he paused. He had arrived in front of +No. 50-52, and finding the door fastened, he began to assault it with +resounding and heroic kicks, which betrayed rather the man’s shoes that +he was wearing than the child’s feet which he owned. + +In the meanwhile, the very old woman whom he had encountered at the +corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier hastened up behind him, uttering +clamorous cries and indulging in lavish and exaggerated gestures. + +“What’s this? What’s this? Lord God! He’s battering the door down! He’s +knocking the house down.” + + +The kicks continued. + +The old woman strained her lungs. + +“Is that the way buildings are treated nowadays?” + + +All at once she paused. + +She had recognized the gamin. + +“What! so it’s that imp!” + + +“Why, it’s the old lady,” said the lad. “Good day, Bougonmuche. I have +come to see my ancestors.” + + +The old woman retorted with a composite grimace, and a wonderful +improvisation of hatred taking advantage of feebleness and ugliness, +which was, unfortunately, wasted in the dark:— + +“There’s no one here.” + + +“Bah!” retorted the boy, “where’s my father?” + + +“At La Force.” + + +“Come, now! And my mother?” + + +“At Saint-Lazare.” + + +“Well! And my sisters?” + + +“At the Madelonettes.” + + +The lad scratched his head behind his ear, stared at Ma’am Bougon, and +said:— + +“Ah!” + + +Then he executed a pirouette on his heel; a moment later, the old +woman, who had remained on the door-step, heard him singing in his +clear, young voice, as he plunged under the black elm-trees, in the +wintry wind:— + +“Le roi Coupdesabot +S’en allait Ă  la chasse, +À la chasse aux corbeaux, +MontĂ© sur deux Ă©chasses. +Quand on passait dessous, +On lui payait deux sous.”31 + + +[THE END OF VOLUME III “MARIUS”] + + + + +VOLUME IV +SAINT-DENIS + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Four] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Four] + +THE IDYL IN THE RUE PLUMET AND THE EPIC IN THE RUE SAINT-DENIS + + + + +BOOK FIRST—A FEW PAGES OF HISTORY + + + + +CHAPTER I—WELL CUT + + +1831 and 1832, the two years which are immediately connected with the +Revolution of July, form one of the most peculiar and striking moments +of history. These two years rise like two mountains midway between +those which precede and those which follow them. They have a +revolutionary grandeur. Precipices are to be distinguished there. The +social masses, the very assizes of civilization, the solid group of +superposed and adhering interests, the century-old profiles of the +ancient French formation, appear and disappear in them every instant, +athwart the storm clouds of systems, of passions, and of theories. +These appearances and disappearances have been designated as movement +and resistance. At intervals, truth, that daylight of the human soul, +can be descried shining there. + +This remarkable epoch is decidedly circumscribed and is beginning to be +sufficiently distant from us to allow of our grasping the principal +lines even at the present day. + +We shall make the attempt. + +The Restoration had been one of those intermediate phases, hard to +define, in which there is fatigue, buzzing, murmurs, sleep, tumult, and +which are nothing else than the arrival of a great nation at a +halting-place. + +These epochs are peculiar and mislead the politicians who desire to +convert them to profit. In the beginning, the nation asks nothing but +repose; it thirsts for but one thing, peace; it has but one ambition, +to be small. Which is the translation of remaining tranquil. Of great +events, great hazards, great adventures, great men, thank God, we have +seen enough, we have them heaped higher than our heads. We would +exchange CĂŠsar for Prusias, and Napoleon for the King of Yvetot. “What +a good little king was he!” We have marched since daybreak, we have +reached the evening of a long and toilsome day; we have made our first +change with Mirabeau, the second with Robespierre, the third with +Bonaparte; we are worn out. Each one demands a bed. + +Devotion which is weary, heroism which has grown old, ambitions which +are sated, fortunes which are made, seek, demand, implore, solicit, +what? A shelter. They have it. They take possession of peace, of +tranquillity, of leisure; behold, they are content. But, at the same +time certain facts arise, compel recognition, and knock at the door in +their turn. These facts are the products of revolutions and wars, they +are, they exist, they have the right to install themselves in society, +and they do install themselves therein; and most of the time, facts are +the stewards of the household and fouriers32 who do nothing but prepare +lodgings for principles. + +This, then, is what appears to philosophical politicians:— + +At the same time that weary men demand repose, accomplished facts +demand guarantees. Guarantees are the same to facts that repose is to +men. + +This is what England demanded of the Stuarts after the Protector; this +is what France demanded of the Bourbons after the Empire. + +These guarantees are a necessity of the times. They must be accorded. +Princes “grant” them, but in reality, it is the force of things which +gives them. A profound truth, and one useful to know, which the Stuarts +did not suspect in 1662 and which the Bourbons did not even obtain a +glimpse of in 1814. + +The predestined family, which returned to France when Napoleon fell, +had the fatal simplicity to believe that it was itself which bestowed, +and that what it had bestowed it could take back again; that the House +of Bourbon possessed the right divine, that France possessed nothing, +and that the political right conceded in the charter of Louis XVIII. +was merely a branch of the right divine, was detached by the House of +Bourbon and graciously given to the people until such day as it should +please the King to reassume it. Still, the House of Bourbon should have +felt, from the displeasure created by the gift, that it did not come +from it. + +This house was churlish to the nineteenth century. It put on an +ill-tempered look at every development of the nation. To make use of a +trivial word, that is to say, of a popular and a true word, it looked +glum. The people saw this. + +It thought it possessed strength because the Empire had been carried +away before it like a theatrical stage-setting. It did not perceive +that it had, itself, been brought in in the same fashion. It did not +perceive that it also lay in that hand which had removed Napoleon. + +It thought that it had roots, because it was the past. It was mistaken; +it formed a part of the past, but the whole past was France. The roots +of French society were not fixed in the Bourbons, but in the nations. +These obscure and lively roots constituted, not the right of a family, +but the history of a people. They were everywhere, except under the +throne. + +The House of Bourbon was to France the illustrious and bleeding knot in +her history, but was no longer the principal element of her destiny, +and the necessary base of her politics. She could get along without the +Bourbons; she had done without them for two and twenty years; there had +been a break of continuity; they did not suspect the fact. And how +should they have suspected it, they who fancied that Louis XVII. +reigned on the 9th of Thermidor, and that Louis XVIII. was reigning at +the battle of Marengo? Never, since the origin of history, had princes +been so blind in the presence of facts and the portion of divine +authority which facts contain and promulgate. Never had that pretension +here below which is called the right of kings denied to such a point +the right from on high. + +A capital error which led this family to lay its hand once more on the +guarantees “granted” in 1814, on the concessions, as it termed them. +Sad. A sad thing! What it termed its concessions were our conquests; +what it termed our encroachments were our rights. + +When the hour seemed to it to have come, the Restoration, supposing +itself victorious over Bonaparte and well-rooted in the country, that +is to say, believing itself to be strong and deep, abruptly decided on +its plan of action, and risked its stroke. One morning it drew itself +up before the face of France, and, elevating its voice, it contested +the collective title and the individual right of the nation to +sovereignty, of the citizen to liberty. In other words, it denied to +the nation that which made it a nation, and to the citizen that which +made him a citizen. + +This is the foundation of those famous acts which are called the +ordinances of July. The Restoration fell. + +It fell justly. But, we admit, it had not been absolutely hostile to +all forms of progress. Great things had been accomplished, with it +alongside. + +Under the Restoration, the nation had grown accustomed to calm +discussion, which had been lacking under the Republic, and to grandeur +in peace, which had been wanting under the Empire. France free and +strong had offered an encouraging spectacle to the other peoples of +Europe. The Revolution had had the word under Robespierre; the cannon +had had the word under Bonaparte; it was under Louis XVIII. and Charles +X. that it was the turn of intelligence to have the word. The wind +ceased, the torch was lighted once more. On the lofty heights, the pure +light of mind could be seen flickering. A magnificent, useful, and +charming spectacle. For a space of fifteen years, those great +principles which are so old for the thinker, so new for the statesman, +could be seen at work in perfect peace, on the public square; equality +before the law, liberty of conscience, liberty of speech, liberty of +the press, the accessibility of all aptitudes to all functions. Thus it +proceeded until 1830. The Bourbons were an instrument of civilization +which broke in the hands of Providence. + +The fall of the Bourbons was full of grandeur, not on their side, but +on the side of the nation. They quitted the throne with gravity, but +without authority; their descent into the night was not one of those +solemn disappearances which leave a sombre emotion in history; it was +neither the spectral calm of Charles I., nor the eagle scream of +Napoleon. They departed, that is all. They laid down the crown, and +retained no aureole. They were worthy, but they were not august. They +lacked, in a certain measure, the majesty of their misfortune. Charles +X. during the voyage from Cherbourg, causing a round table to be cut +over into a square table, appeared to be more anxious about imperilled +etiquette than about the crumbling monarchy. This diminution saddened +devoted men who loved their persons, and serious men who honored their +race. The populace was admirable. The nation, attacked one morning with +weapons, by a sort of royal insurrection, felt itself in the possession +of so much force that it did not go into a rage. It defended itself, +restrained itself, restored things to their places, the government to +law, the Bourbons to exile, alas! and then halted! It took the old king +Charles X. from beneath that dais which had sheltered Louis XIV. and +set him gently on the ground. It touched the royal personages only with +sadness and precaution. It was not one man, it was not a few men, it +was France, France entire, France victorious and intoxicated with her +victory, who seemed to be coming to herself, and who put into practice, +before the eyes of the whole world, these grave words of Guillaume du +Vair after the day of the Barricades:— + +“It is easy for those who are accustomed to skim the favors of the +great, and to spring, like a bird from bough to bough, from an +afflicted fortune to a flourishing one, to show themselves harsh +towards their Prince in his adversity; but as for me, the fortune of my +Kings and especially of my afflicted Kings, will always be venerable to +me.” + + +The Bourbons carried away with them respect, but not regret. As we have +just stated, their misfortune was greater than they were. They faded +out in the horizon. + +The Revolution of July instantly had friends and enemies throughout the +entire world. The first rushed toward her with joy and enthusiasm, the +others turned away, each according to his nature. At the first blush, +the princes of Europe, the owls of this dawn, shut their eyes, wounded +and stupefied, and only opened them to threaten. A fright which can be +comprehended, a wrath which can be pardoned. This strange revolution +had hardly produced a shock; it had not even paid to vanquished royalty +the honor of treating it as an enemy, and of shedding its blood. In the +eyes of despotic governments, who are always interested in having +liberty calumniate itself, the Revolution of July committed the fault +of being formidable and of remaining gentle. Nothing, however, was +attempted or plotted against it. The most discontented, the most +irritated, the most trembling, saluted it; whatever our egotism and our +rancor may be, a mysterious respect springs from events in which we are +sensible of the collaboration of some one who is working above man. + +The Revolution of July is the triumph of right overthrowing the fact. A +thing which is full of splendor. + +Right overthrowing the fact. Hence the brilliancy of the Revolution of +1830, hence, also, its mildness. Right triumphant has no need of being +violent. + +Right is the just and the true. + +The property of right is to remain eternally beautiful and pure. The +fact, even when most necessary to all appearances, even when most +thoroughly accepted by contemporaries, if it exist only as a fact, and +if it contain only too little of right, or none at all, is infallibly +destined to become, in the course of time, deformed, impure, perhaps, +even monstrous. If one desires to learn at one blow, to what degree of +hideousness the fact can attain, viewed at the distance of centuries, +let him look at Machiavelli. Machiavelli is not an evil genius, nor a +demon, nor a miserable and cowardly writer; he is nothing but the fact. +And he is not only the Italian fact; he is the European fact, the fact +of the sixteenth century. He seems hideous, and so he is, in the +presence of the moral idea of the nineteenth. + +This conflict of right and fact has been going on ever since the origin +of society. To terminate this duel, to amalgamate the pure idea with +the humane reality, to cause right to penetrate pacifically into the +fact and the fact into right, that is the task of sages. + + + + +CHAPTER II—BADLY SEWED + + +But the task of sages is one thing, the task of clever men is another. +The Revolution of 1830 came to a sudden halt. + +As soon as a revolution has made the coast, the skilful make haste to +prepare the shipwreck. + +The skilful in our century have conferred on themselves the title of +Statesmen; so that this word, _statesmen_, has ended by becoming +somewhat of a slang word. It must be borne in mind, in fact, that +wherever there is nothing but skill, there is necessarily pettiness. To +say “the skilful” amounts to saying “the mediocre.” + + +In the same way, to say “statesmen” is sometimes equivalent to saying +“traitors.” If, then, we are to believe the skilful, revolutions like +the Revolution of July are severed arteries; a prompt ligature is +indispensable. The right, too grandly proclaimed, is shaken. Also, +right once firmly fixed, the state must be strengthened. Liberty once +assured, attention must be directed to power. + +Here the sages are not, as yet, separated from the skilful, but they +begin to be distrustful. Power, very good. But, in the first place, +what is power? In the second, whence comes it? The skilful do not seem +to hear the murmured objection, and they continue their manƓuvres. + +According to the politicians, who are ingenious in putting the mask of +necessity on profitable fictions, the first requirement of a people +after a revolution, when this people forms part of a monarchical +continent, is to procure for itself a dynasty. In this way, say they, +peace, that is to say, time to dress our wounds, and to repair the +house, can be had after a revolution. The dynasty conceals the +scaffolding and covers the ambulance. Now, it is not always easy to +procure a dynasty. + +If it is absolutely necessary, the first man of genius or even the +first man of fortune who comes to hand suffices for the manufacturing +of a king. You have, in the first case, Napoleon; in the second, +Iturbide. + +But the first family that comes to hand does not suffice to make a +dynasty. There is necessarily required a certain modicum of antiquity +in a race, and the wrinkle of the centuries cannot be improvised. + +If we place ourselves at the point of view of the “statesmen,” after +making all allowances, of course, after a revolution, what are the +qualities of the king which result from it? He may be and it is useful +for him to be a revolutionary; that is to say, a participant in his own +person in that revolution, that he should have lent a hand to it, that +he should have either compromised or distinguished himself therein, +that he should have touched the axe or wielded the sword in it. + +What are the qualities of a dynasty? It should be national; that is to +say, revolutionary at a distance, not through acts committed, but by +reason of ideas accepted. It should be composed of past and be +historic; be composed of future and be sympathetic. + +All this explains why the early revolutions contented themselves with +finding a man, Cromwell or Napoleon; and why the second absolutely +insisted on finding a family, the House of Brunswick or the House of +Orleans. + +Royal houses resemble those Indian fig-trees, each branch of which, +bending over to the earth, takes root and becomes a fig-tree itself. +Each branch may become a dynasty. On the sole condition that it shall +bend down to the people. + +Such is the theory of the skilful. + +Here, then, lies the great art: to make a little render to success the +sound of a catastrophe in order that those who profit by it may tremble +from it also, to season with fear every step that is taken, to augment +the curve of the transition to the point of retarding progress, to dull +that aurora, to denounce and retrench the harshness of enthusiasm, to +cut all angles and nails, to wad triumph, to muffle up right, to +envelop the giant-people in flannel, and to put it to bed very +speedily, to impose a diet on that excess of health, to put Hercules on +the treatment of a convalescent, to dilute the event with the +expedient, to offer to spirits thirsting for the ideal that nectar +thinned out with a potion, to take one’s precautions against too much +success, to garnish the revolution with a shade. + +1830 practised this theory, already applied to England by 1688. + +1830 is a revolution arrested midway. Half of progress, quasi-right. +Now, logic knows not the “almost,” absolutely as the sun knows not the +candle. + +Who arrests revolutions half-way? The bourgeoisie? + +Why? + +Because the bourgeoisie is interest which has reached satisfaction. +Yesterday it was appetite, to-day it is plenitude, to-morrow it will be +satiety. + +The phenomenon of 1814 after Napoleon was reproduced in 1830 after +Charles X. + +The attempt has been made, and wrongly, to make a class of the +bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie is simply the contented portion of the +people. The bourgeois is the man who now has time to sit down. A chair +is not a caste. + +But through a desire to sit down too soon, one may arrest the very +march of the human race. This has often been the fault of the +bourgeoisie. + +One is not a class because one has committed a fault. Selfishness is +not one of the divisions of the social order. + +Moreover, we must be just to selfishness. The state to which that part +of the nation which is called the bourgeoisie aspired after the shock +of 1830 was not the inertia which is complicated with indifference and +laziness, and which contains a little shame; it was not the slumber +which presupposes a momentary forgetfulness accessible to dreams; it +was the halt. + +The halt is a word formed of a singular double and almost contradictory +sense: a troop on the march, that is to say, movement; a stand, that is +to say, repose. + +The halt is the restoration of forces; it is repose armed and on the +alert; it is the accomplished fact which posts sentinels and holds +itself on its guard. + +The halt presupposes the combat of yesterday and the combat of +to-morrow. + +It is the partition between 1830 and 1848. + +What we here call combat may also be designated as progress. + +The bourgeoisie then, as well as the statesmen, required a man who +should express this word Halt. An Although-Because. A composite +individuality, signifying revolution and signifying stability, in other +terms, strengthening the present by the evident compatibility of the +past with the future. + +This man was “already found.” His name was Louis Philippe d’Orleans. + +The 221 made Louis Philippe King. Lafayette undertook the coronation. + +He called it _the best of republics_. The town-hall of Paris took the +place of the Cathedral of Rheims. + +This substitution of a half-throne for a whole throne was “the work of +1830.” + + +When the skilful had finished, the immense vice of their solution +became apparent. All this had been accomplished outside the bounds of +absolute right. Absolute right cried: “I protest!” then, terrible to +say, it retired into the darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER III—LOUIS PHILIPPE + + +Revolutions have a terrible arm and a happy hand, they strike firmly +and choose well. Even incomplete, even debased and abused and reduced +to the state of a junior revolution like the Revolution of 1830, they +nearly always retain sufficient providential lucidity to prevent them +from falling amiss. Their eclipse is never an abdication. + +Nevertheless, let us not boast too loudly; revolutions also may be +deceived, and grave errors have been seen. + +Let us return to 1830. 1830, in its deviation, had good luck. In the +establishment which entitled itself order after the revolution had been +cut short, the King amounted to more than royalty. Louis Philippe was a +rare man. + +The son of a father to whom history will accord certain attenuating +circumstances, but also as worthy of esteem as that father had been of +blame; possessing all private virtues and many public virtues; careful +of his health, of his fortune, of his person, of his affairs, knowing +the value of a minute and not always the value of a year; sober, +serene, peaceable, patient; a good man and a good prince; sleeping with +his wife, and having in his palace lackeys charged with the duty of +showing the conjugal bed to the bourgeois, an ostentation of the +regular sleeping-apartment which had become useful after the former +illegitimate displays of the elder branch; knowing all the languages of +Europe, and, what is more rare, all the languages of all interests, and +speaking them; an admirable representative of the “middle class,” but +outstripping it, and in every way greater than it; possessing excellent +sense, while appreciating the blood from which he had sprung, counting +most of all on his intrinsic worth, and, on the question of his race, +very particular, declaring himself Orleans and not Bourbon; thoroughly +the first Prince of the Blood Royal while he was still only a Serene +Highness, but a frank bourgeois from the day he became king; diffuse in +public, concise in private; reputed, but not proved to be a miser; at +bottom, one of those economists who are readily prodigal at their own +fancy or duty; lettered, but not very sensitive to letters; a +gentleman, but not a chevalier; simple, calm, and strong; adored by his +family and his household; a fascinating talker, an undeceived +statesman, inwardly cold, dominated by immediate interest, always +governing at the shortest range, incapable of rancor and of gratitude, +making use without mercy of superiority on mediocrity, clever in +getting parliamentary majorities to put in the wrong those mysterious +unanimities which mutter dully under thrones; unreserved, sometimes +imprudent in his lack of reserve, but with marvellous address in that +imprudence; fertile in expedients, in countenances, in masks; making +France fear Europe and Europe France! Incontestably fond of his +country, but preferring his family; assuming more domination than +authority and more authority than dignity, a disposition which has this +unfortunate property, that as it turns everything to success, it admits +of ruse and does not absolutely repudiate baseness, but which has this +valuable side, that it preserves politics from violent shocks, the +state from fractures, and society from catastrophes; minute, correct, +vigilant, attentive, sagacious, indefatigable; contradicting himself at +times and giving himself the lie; bold against Austria at Ancona, +obstinate against England in Spain, bombarding Antwerp, and paying off +Pritchard; singing the Marseillaise with conviction, inaccessible to +despondency, to lassitude, to the taste for the beautiful and the +ideal, to daring generosity, to Utopia, to chimĂŠras, to wrath, to +vanity, to fear; possessing all the forms of personal intrepidity; a +general at Valmy; a soldier at Jemappes; attacked eight times by +regicides and always smiling. Brave as a grenadier, courageous as a +thinker; uneasy only in the face of the chances of a European shaking +up, and unfitted for great political adventures; always ready to risk +his life, never his work; disguising his will in influence, in order +that he might be obeyed as an intelligence rather than as a king; +endowed with observation and not with divination; not very attentive to +minds, but knowing men, that is to say requiring to see in order to +judge; prompt and penetrating good sense, practical wisdom, easy +speech, prodigious memory; drawing incessantly on this memory, his only +point of resemblance with CĂŠsar, Alexander, and Napoleon; knowing +deeds, facts, details, dates, proper names, ignorant of tendencies, +passions, the diverse geniuses of the crowd, the interior aspirations, +the hidden and obscure uprisings of souls, in a word, all that can be +designated as the invisible currents of consciences; accepted by the +surface, but little in accord with France lower down; extricating +himself by dint of tact; governing too much and not enough; his own +first minister; excellent at creating out of the pettiness of realities +an obstacle to the immensity of ideas; mingling a genuine creative +faculty of civilization, of order and organization, an indescribable +spirit of proceedings and chicanery, the founder and lawyer of a +dynasty; having something of Charlemagne and something of an attorney; +in short, a lofty and original figure, a prince who understood how to +create authority in spite of the uneasiness of France, and power in +spite of the jealousy of Europe. Louis Philippe will be classed among +the eminent men of his century, and would be ranked among the most +illustrious governors of history had he loved glory but a little, and +if he had had the sentiment of what is great to the same degree as the +feeling for what is useful. + +Louis Philippe had been handsome, and in his old age he remained +graceful; not always approved by the nation, he always was so by the +masses; he pleased. He had that gift of charming. He lacked majesty; he +wore no crown, although a king, and no white hair, although an old man; +his manners belonged to the old regime and his habits to the new; a +mixture of the noble and the bourgeois which suited 1830; Louis +Philippe was transition reigning; he had preserved the ancient +pronunciation and the ancient orthography which he placed at the +service of opinions modern; he loved Poland and Hungary, but he wrote +_les Polonois_, and he pronounced _les Hongrais_. He wore the uniform +of the national guard, like Charles X., and the ribbon of the Legion of +Honor, like Napoleon. + +He went a little to chapel, not at all to the chase, never to the +opera. Incorruptible by sacristans, by whippers-in, by ballet-dancers; +this made a part of his bourgeois popularity. He had no heart. He went +out with his umbrella under his arm, and this umbrella long formed a +part of his aureole. He was a bit of a mason, a bit of a gardener, +something of a doctor; he bled a postilion who had tumbled from his +horse; Louis Philippe no more went about without his lancet, than did +Henri IV. without his poniard. The Royalists jeered at this ridiculous +king, the first who had ever shed blood with the object of healing. + +For the grievances against Louis Philippe, there is one deduction to be +made; there is that which accuses royalty, that which accuses the +reign, that which accuses the King; three columns which all give +different totals. Democratic right confiscated, progress becomes a +matter of secondary interest, the protests of the street violently +repressed, military execution of insurrections, the rising passed over +by arms, the Rue Transnonain, the counsels of war, the absorption of +the real country by the legal country, on half shares with three +hundred thousand privileged persons,—these are the deeds of royalty; +Belgium refused, Algeria too harshly conquered, and, as in the case of +India by the English, with more barbarism than civilization, the breach +of faith, to Abd-el-Kader, Blaye, Deutz bought, Pritchard paid,—these +are the doings of the reign; the policy which was more domestic than +national was the doing of the King. + +As will be seen, the proper deduction having been made, the King’s +charge is decreased. + +This is his great fault; he was modest in the name of France. + +Whence arises this fault? + +We will state it. + +Louis Philippe was rather too much of a paternal king; that incubation +of a family with the object of founding a dynasty is afraid of +everything and does not like to be disturbed; hence excessive timidity, +which is displeasing to the people, who have the 14th of July in their +civil and Austerlitz in their military tradition. + +Moreover, if we deduct the public duties which require to be fulfilled +first of all, that deep tenderness of Louis Philippe towards his family +was deserved by the family. That domestic group was worthy of +admiration. Virtues there dwelt side by side with talents. One of Louis +Philippe’s daughters, Marie d’Orleans, placed the name of her race +among artists, as Charles d’Orleans had placed it among poets. She made +of her soul a marble which she named Jeanne d’Arc. Two of Louis +Philippe’s daughters elicited from Metternich this eulogium: “They are +young people such as are rarely seen, and princes such as are never +seen.” + + +This, without any dissimulation, and also without any exaggeration, is +the truth about Louis Philippe. + +To be Prince Equality, to bear in his own person the contradiction of +the Restoration and the Revolution, to have that disquieting side of +the revolutionary which becomes reassuring in governing power, therein +lay the fortune of Louis Philippe in 1830; never was there a more +complete adaptation of a man to an event; the one entered into the +other, and the incarnation took place. Louis Philippe is 1830 made man. +Moreover, he had in his favor that great recommendation to the throne, +exile. He had been proscribed, a wanderer, poor. He had lived by his +own labor. In Switzerland, this heir to the richest princely domains in +France had sold an old horse in order to obtain bread. At Reichenau, he +gave lessons in mathematics, while his sister Adelaide did wool work +and sewed. These souvenirs connected with a king rendered the +bourgeoisie enthusiastic. He had, with his own hands, demolished the +iron cage of Mont-Saint-Michel, built by Louis XI., and used by Louis +XV. He was the companion of Dumouriez, he was the friend of Lafayette; +he had belonged to the Jacobins’ club; Mirabeau had slapped him on the +shoulder; Danton had said to him: “Young man!” At the age of four and +twenty, in ’93, being then M. de Chartres, he had witnessed, from the +depth of a box, the trial of Louis XVI., so well named _that poor +tyrant_. The blind clairvoyance of the Revolution, breaking royalty in +the King and the King with royalty, did so almost without noticing the +man in the fierce crushing of the idea, the vast storm of the +Assembly-Tribunal, the public wrath interrogating, Capet not knowing +what to reply, the alarming, stupefied vacillation by that royal head +beneath that sombre breath, the relative innocence of all in that +catastrophe, of those who condemned as well as of the man condemned,—he +had looked on those things, he had contemplated that giddiness; he had +seen the centuries appear before the bar of the Assembly-Convention; he +had beheld, behind Louis XVI., that unfortunate passer-by who was made +responsible, the terrible culprit, the monarchy, rise through the +shadows; and there had lingered in his soul the respectful fear of +these immense justices of the populace, which are almost as impersonal +as the justice of God. + +The trace left in him by the Revolution was prodigious. Its memory was +like a living imprint of those great years, minute by minute. One day, +in the presence of a witness whom we are not permitted to doubt, he +rectified from memory the whole of the letter A in the alphabetical +list of the Constituent Assembly. + +Louis Philippe was a king of the broad daylight. While he reigned the +press was free, the tribune was free, conscience and speech were free. +The laws of September are open to sight. Although fully aware of the +gnawing power of light on privileges, he left his throne exposed to the +light. History will do justice to him for this loyalty. + +Louis Philippe, like all historical men who have passed from the scene, +is to-day put on his trial by the human conscience. His case is, as +yet, only in the lower court. + +The hour when history speaks with its free and venerable accent, has +not yet sounded for him; the moment has not come to pronounce a +definite judgment on this king; the austere and illustrious historian +Louis Blanc has himself recently softened his first verdict; Louis +Philippe was elected by those two _almosts_ which are called the 221 +and 1830, that is to say, by a half-Parliament, and a half-revolution; +and in any case, from the superior point of view where philosophy must +place itself, we cannot judge him here, as the reader has seen above, +except with certain reservations in the name of the absolute democratic +principle; in the eyes of the absolute, outside these two rights, the +right of man in the first place, the right of the people in the second, +all is usurpation; but what we can say, even at the present day, that +after making these reserves is, that to sum up the whole, and in +whatever manner he is considered, Louis Philippe, taken in himself, and +from the point of view of human goodness, will remain, to use the +antique language of ancient history, one of the best princes who ever +sat on a throne. + +What is there against him? That throne. Take away Louis Philippe the +king, there remains the man. And the man is good. He is good at times +even to the point of being admirable. Often, in the midst of his +gravest souvenirs, after a day of conflict with the whole diplomacy of +the continent, he returned at night to his apartments, and there, +exhausted with fatigue, overwhelmed with sleep, what did he do? He took +a death sentence and passed the night in revising a criminal suit, +considering it something to hold his own against Europe, but that it +was a still greater matter to rescue a man from the executioner. He +obstinately maintained his opinion against his keeper of the seals; he +disputed the ground with the guillotine foot by foot against the crown +attorneys, those _chatterers of the law_, as he called them. Sometimes +the pile of sentences covered his table; he examined them all; it was +anguish to him to abandon these miserable, condemned heads. One day, he +said to the same witness to whom we have recently referred: “I won +seven last night.” During the early years of his reign, the death +penalty was as good as abolished, and the erection of a scaffold was a +violence committed against the King. The GrĂšve having disappeared with +the elder branch, a bourgeois place of execution was instituted under +the name of the BarriĂšre-Saint-Jacques; “practical men” felt the +necessity of a quasi-legitimate guillotine; and this was one of the +victories of Casimir PĂ©rier, who represented the narrow sides of the +bourgeoisie, over Louis Philippe, who represented its liberal sides. +Louis Philippe annotated Beccaria with his own hand. After the Fieschi +machine, he exclaimed: “What a pity that I was not wounded! Then I +might have pardoned!” On another occasion, alluding to the resistance +offered by his ministry, he wrote in connection with a political +criminal, who is one of the most generous figures of our day: “His +pardon is granted; it only remains for me to obtain it.” Louis Philippe +was as gentle as Louis IX. and as kindly as Henri IV. + +Now, to our mind, in history, where kindness is the rarest of pearls, +the man who is kindly almost takes precedence of the man who is great. + +Louis Philippe having been severely judged by some, harshly, perhaps, +by others, it is quite natural that a man, himself a phantom at the +present day, who knew that king, should come and testify in his favor +before history; this deposition, whatever else it may be, is evidently +and above all things, entirely disinterested; an epitaph penned by a +dead man is sincere; one shade may console another shade; the sharing +of the same shadows confers the right to praise it; it is not greatly +to be feared that it will ever be said of two tombs in exile: “This one +flattered the other.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—CRACKS BENEATH THE FOUNDATION + + +At the moment when the drama which we are narrating is on the point of +penetrating into the depths of one of the tragic clouds which envelop +the beginning of Louis Philippe’s reign, it was necessary that there +should be no equivoque, and it became requisite that this book should +offer some explanation with regard to this king. + +Louis Philippe had entered into possession of his royal authority +without violence, without any direct action on his part, by virtue of a +revolutionary change, evidently quite distinct from the real aim of the +Revolution, but in which he, the Duc d’OrlĂ©ans, exercised no personal +initiative. He had been born a Prince, and he believed himself to have +been elected King. He had not served this mandate on himself; he had +not taken it; it had been offered to him, and he had accepted it; +convinced, wrongly, to be sure, but convinced nevertheless, that the +offer was in accordance with right and that the acceptance of it was in +accordance with duty. Hence his possession was in good faith. Now, we +say it in good conscience, Louis Philippe being in possession in +perfect good faith, and the democracy being in good faith in its +attack, the amount of terror discharged by the social conflicts weighs +neither on the King nor on the democracy. A clash of principles +resembles a clash of elements. The ocean defends the water, the +hurricane defends the air, the King defends Royalty, the democracy +defends the people; the relative, which is the monarchy, resists the +absolute, which is the republic; society bleeds in this conflict, but +that which constitutes its suffering to-day will constitute its safety +later on; and, in any case, those who combat are not to be blamed; one +of the two parties is evidently mistaken; the right is not, like the +Colossus of Rhodes, on two shores at once, with one foot on the +republic, and one in Royalty; it is indivisible, and all on one side; +but those who are in error are so sincerely; a blind man is no more a +criminal than a Vendean is a ruffian. Let us, then, impute to the +fatality of things alone these formidable collisions. Whatever the +nature of these tempests may be, human irresponsibility is mingled with +them. + +Let us complete this exposition. + +The government of 1840 led a hard life immediately. Born yesterday, it +was obliged to fight to-day. + +Hardly installed, it was already everywhere conscious of vague +movements of traction on the apparatus of July so recently laid, and so +lacking in solidity. + +Resistance was born on the morrow; perhaps even, it was born on the +preceding evening. From month to month the hostility increased, and +from being concealed it became patent. + +The Revolution of July, which gained but little acceptance outside of +France by kings, had been diversely interpreted in France, as we have +said. + +God delivers over to men his visible will in events, an obscure text +written in a mysterious tongue. Men immediately make translations of +it; translations hasty, incorrect, full of errors, of gaps, and of +nonsense. Very few minds comprehend the divine language. The most +sagacious, the calmest, the most profound, decipher slowly, and when +they arrive with their text, the task has long been completed; there +are already twenty translations on the public place. From each +remaining springs a party, and from each misinterpretation a faction; +and each party thinks that it alone has the true text, and each faction +thinks that it possesses the light. + +Power itself is often a faction. + +There are, in revolutions, swimmers who go against the current; they +are the old parties. + +For the old parties who clung to heredity by the grace of God, think +that revolutions, having sprung from the right to revolt, one has the +right to revolt against them. Error. For in these revolutions, the one +who revolts is not the people; it is the king. Revolution is precisely +the contrary of revolt. Every revolution, being a normal outcome, +contains within itself its legitimacy, which false revolutionists +sometimes dishonor, but which remains even when soiled, which survives +even when stained with blood. + +Revolutions spring not from an accident, but from necessity. A +revolution is a return from the fictitious to the real. It is because +it must be that it is. + +Nonetheless did the old legitimist parties assail the Revolution of +1830 with all the vehemence which arises from false reasoning. Errors +make excellent projectiles. They strike it cleverly in its vulnerable +spot, in default of a cuirass, in its lack of logic; they attacked this +revolution in its royalty. They shouted to it: “Revolution, why this +king?” Factions are blind men who aim correctly. + +This cry was uttered equally by the republicans. But coming from them, +this cry was logical. What was blindness in the legitimists was +clearness of vision in the democrats. 1830 had bankrupted the people. +The enraged democracy reproached it with this. + +Between the attack of the past and the attack of the future, the +establishment of July struggled. It represented the minute at +loggerheads on the one hand with the monarchical centuries, on the +other hand with eternal right. + +In addition, and beside all this, as it was no longer revolution and +had become a monarchy, 1830 was obliged to take precedence of all +Europe. To keep the peace, was an increase of complication. A harmony +established contrary to sense is often more onerous than a war. From +this secret conflict, always muzzled, but always growling, was born +armed peace, that ruinous expedient of civilization which in the +harness of the European cabinets is suspicious in itself. The Royalty +of July reared up, in spite of the fact that it caught it in the +harness of European cabinets. Metternich would gladly have put it in +kicking-straps. Pushed on in France by progress, it pushed on the +monarchies, those loiterers in Europe. After having been towed, it +undertook to tow. + +Meanwhile, within her, pauperism, the proletariat, salary, education, +penal servitude, prostitution, the fate of the woman, wealth, misery, +production, consumption, division, exchange, coin, credit, the rights +of capital, the rights of labor,—all these questions were multiplied +above society, a terrible slope. + +Outside of political parties properly so called, another movement +became manifest. Philosophical fermentation replied to democratic +fermentation. The elect felt troubled as well as the masses; in another +manner, but quite as much. + +Thinkers meditated, while the soil, that is to say, the people, +traversed by revolutionary currents, trembled under them with +indescribably vague epileptic shocks. These dreamers, some isolated, +others united in families and almost in communion, turned over social +questions in a pacific but profound manner; impassive miners, who +tranquilly pushed their galleries into the depths of a volcano, hardly +disturbed by the dull commotion and the furnaces of which they caught +glimpses. + +This tranquillity was not the least beautiful spectacle of this +agitated epoch. + +These men left to political parties the question of rights, they +occupied themselves with the question of happiness. + +The well-being of man, that was what they wanted to extract from +society. + +They raised material questions, questions of agriculture, of industry, +of commerce, almost to the dignity of a religion. In civilization, such +as it has formed itself, a little by the command of God, a great deal +by the agency of man, interests combine, unite, and amalgamate in a +manner to form a veritable hard rock, in accordance with a dynamic law, +patiently studied by economists, those geologists of politics. These +men who grouped themselves under different appellations, but who may +all be designated by the generic title of socialists, endeavored to +pierce that rock and to cause it to spout forth the living waters of +human felicity. + +From the question of the scaffold to the question of war, their works +embraced everything. To the rights of man, as proclaimed by the French +Revolution, they added the rights of woman and the rights of the child. + +The reader will not be surprised if, for various reasons, we do not +here treat in a thorough manner, from the theoretical point of view, +the questions raised by socialism. We confine ourselves to indicating +them. + +All the problems that the socialists proposed to themselves, cosmogonic +visions, reverie and mysticism being cast aside, can be reduced to two +principal problems. + +First problem: To produce wealth. + +Second problem: To share it. + +The first problem contains the question of work. + +The second contains the question of salary. + +In the first problem the employment of forces is in question. + +In the second, the distribution of enjoyment. + +From the proper employment of forces results public power. + +From a good distribution of enjoyments results individual happiness. + +By a good distribution, not an equal but an equitable distribution must +be understood. + +From these two things combined, the public power without, individual +happiness within, results social prosperity. + +Social prosperity means the man happy, the citizen free, the nation +great. + +England solves the first of these two problems. She creates wealth +admirably, she divides it badly. This solution which is complete on one +side only leads her fatally to two extremes: monstrous opulence, +monstrous wretchedness. All enjoyments for some, all privations for the +rest, that is to say, for the people; privilege, exception, monopoly, +feudalism, born from toil itself. A false and dangerous situation, +which sates public power or private misery, which sets the roots of the +State in the sufferings of the individual. A badly constituted grandeur +in which are combined all the material elements and into which no moral +element enters. + +Communism and agrarian law think that they solve the second problem. +They are mistaken. Their division kills production. Equal partition +abolishes emulation; and consequently labor. It is a partition made by +the butcher, which kills that which it divides. It is therefore +impossible to pause over these pretended solutions. Slaying wealth is +not the same thing as dividing it. + +The two problems require to be solved together, to be well solved. The +two problems must be combined and made but one. + +Solve only the first of the two problems; you will be Venice, you will +be England. You will have, like Venice, an artificial power, or, like +England, a material power; you will be the wicked rich man. You will +die by an act of violence, as Venice died, or by bankruptcy, as England +will fall. And the world will allow to die and fall all that is merely +selfishness, all that does not represent for the human race either a +virtue or an idea. + +It is well understood here, that by the words Venice, England, we +designate not the peoples, but social structures; the oligarchies +superposed on nations, and not the nations themselves. The nations +always have our respect and our sympathy. Venice, as a people, will +live again; England, the aristocracy, will fall, but England, the +nation, is immortal. That said, we continue. + +Solve the two problems, encourage the wealthy, and protect the poor, +suppress misery, put an end to the unjust farming out of the feeble by +the strong, put a bridle on the iniquitous jealousy of the man who is +making his way against the man who has reached the goal, adjust, +mathematically and fraternally, salary to labor, mingle gratuitous and +compulsory education with the growth of childhood, and make of science +the base of manliness, develop minds while keeping arms busy, be at one +and the same time a powerful people and a family of happy men, render +property democratic, not by abolishing it, but by making it universal, +so that every citizen, without exception, may be a proprietor, an +easier matter than is generally supposed; in two words, learn how to +produce wealth and how to distribute it, and you will have at once +moral and material greatness; and you will be worthy to call yourself +France. + +This is what socialism said outside and above a few sects which have +gone astray; that is what it sought in facts, that is what it sketched +out in minds. + +Efforts worthy of admiration! Sacred attempts! + +These doctrines, these theories, these resistances, the unforeseen +necessity for the statesman to take philosophers into account, confused +evidences of which we catch a glimpse, a new system of politics to be +created, which shall be in accord with the old world without too much +disaccord with the new revolutionary ideal, a situation in which it +became necessary to use Lafayette to defend Polignac, the intuition of +progress transparent beneath the revolt, the chambers and streets, the +competitions to be brought into equilibrium around him, his faith in +the Revolution, perhaps an eventual indefinable resignation born of the +vague acceptance of a superior definitive right, his desire to remain +of his race, his domestic spirit, his sincere respect for the people, +his own honesty, preoccupied Louis Philippe almost painfully, and there +were moments when strong and courageous as he was, he was overwhelmed +by the difficulties of being a king. + +He felt under his feet a formidable disaggregation, which was not, +nevertheless, a reduction to dust, France being more France than ever. + +Piles of shadows covered the horizon. A strange shade, gradually +drawing nearer, extended little by little over men, over things, over +ideas; a shade which came from wraths and systems. Everything which had +been hastily stifled was moving and fermenting. At times the conscience +of the honest man resumed its breathing, so great was the discomfort of +that air in which sophisms were intermingled with truths. Spirits +trembled in the social anxiety like leaves at the approach of a storm. +The electric tension was such that at certain instants, the first +comer, a stranger, brought light. Then the twilight obscurity closed in +again. At intervals, deep and dull mutterings allowed a judgment to be +formed as to the quantity of thunder contained by the cloud. + +Twenty months had barely elapsed since the Revolution of July, the year +1832 had opened with an aspect of something impending and threatening. + +The distress of the people, the laborers without bread, the last Prince +de CondĂ© engulfed in the shadows, Brussels expelling the Nassaus as +Paris did the Bourbons, Belgium offering herself to a French Prince and +giving herself to an English Prince, the Russian hatred of Nicolas, +behind us the demons of the South, Ferdinand in Spain, Miguel in +Portugal, the earth quaking in Italy, Metternich extending his hand +over Bologna, France treating Austria sharply at Ancona, at the North +no one knew what sinister sound of the hammer nailing up Poland in her +coffin, irritated glances watching France narrowly all over Europe, +England, a suspected ally, ready to give a push to that which was +tottering and to hurl herself on that which should fall, the peerage +sheltering itself behind Beccaria to refuse four heads to the law, the +fleurs-de-lys erased from the King’s carriage, the cross torn from +Notre Dame, Lafayette lessened, Laffitte ruined, Benjamin Constant dead +in indigence, Casimir PĂ©rier dead in the exhaustion of his power; +political and social malady breaking out simultaneously in the two +capitals of the kingdom, the one in the city of thought, the other in +the city of toil; at Paris civil war, at Lyons servile war; in the two +cities, the same glare of the furnace; a crater-like crimson on the +brow of the people; the South rendered fanatic, the West troubled, the +Duchesse de Berry in la VendĂ©e, plots, conspiracies, risings, cholera, +added the sombre roar of tumult of events to the sombre roar of ideas. + + + + +CHAPTER V—FACTS WHENCE HISTORY SPRINGS AND WHICH HISTORY IGNORES + + +Towards the end of April, everything had become aggravated. The +fermentation entered the boiling state. Ever since 1830, petty partial +revolts had been going on here and there, which were quickly +suppressed, but ever bursting forth afresh, the sign of a vast +underlying conflagration. Something terrible was in preparation. +Glimpses could be caught of the features still indistinct and +imperfectly lighted, of a possible revolution. France kept an eye on +Paris; Paris kept an eye on the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, which was in a dull glow, was beginning its +ebullition. + +[Illustration: A Street Orator] + +The wine-shops of the Rue de Charonne were, although the union of the +two epithets seems singular when applied to wine-shops, grave and +stormy. + +The government was there purely and simply called in question. There +people publicly discussed the _question of fighting or of keeping +quiet_. There were back shops where workingmen were made to swear that +they would hasten into the street at the first cry of alarm, and “that +they would fight without counting the number of the enemy.” This +engagement once entered into, a man seated in the corner of the +wine-shop “assumed a sonorous tone,” and said, “You understand! You +have sworn!” + + +Sometimes they went upstairs, to a private room on the first floor, and +there scenes that were almost masonic were enacted. They made the +initiated take oaths _to render service to himself as well as to the +fathers of families_. That was the formula. + +In the tap-rooms, “subversive” pamphlets were read. _They treated the +government with contempt_, says a secret report of that time. + +Words like the following could be heard there:— + +“I don’t know the names of the leaders. We folks shall not know the day +until two hours beforehand.” One workman said: “There are three hundred +of us, let each contribute ten sous, that will make one hundred and +fifty francs with which to procure powder and shot.” + + +Another said: “I don’t ask for six months, I don’t ask for even two. In +less than a fortnight we shall be parallel with the government. With +twenty-five thousand men we can face them.” Another said: “I don’t +sleep at night, because I make cartridges all night.” From time to +time, men “of bourgeois appearance, and in good coats” came and “caused +embarrassment,” and with the air of “command,” shook hands with _the +most important_, and then went away. They never stayed more than ten +minutes. Significant remarks were exchanged in a low tone: “The plot is +ripe, the matter is arranged.” “It was murmured by all who were there,” +to borrow the very expression of one of those who were present. The +exaltation was such that one day, a workingman exclaimed, before the +whole wine-shop: “We have no arms!” One of his comrades replied: “The +soldiers have!” thus parodying without being aware of the fact, +Bonaparte’s proclamation to the army in Italy: “When they had anything +of a more secret nature on hand,” adds one report, “they did not +communicate it to each other.” It is not easy to understand what they +could conceal after what they said. + +These reunions were sometimes periodical. At certain ones of them, +there were never more than eight or ten persons present, and they were +always the same. In others, any one entered who wished, and the room +was so full that they were forced to stand. Some went thither through +enthusiasm and passion; others because it _was on their way to their +work_. As during the Revolution, there were patriotic women in some of +these wine-shops who embraced newcomers. + +Other expressive facts came to light. + +A man would enter a shop, drink, and go his way with the remark: +“Wine-merchant, the revolution will pay what is due to you.” + + +Revolutionary agents were appointed in a wine-shop facing the Rue de +Charonne. The balloting was carried on in their caps. + +Workingmen met at the house of a fencing-master who gave lessons in the +Rue de Cotte. There there was a trophy of arms formed of wooden +broadswords, canes, clubs, and foils. One day, the buttons were removed +from the foils. + +A workman said: “There are twenty-five of us, but they don’t count on +me, because I am looked upon as a machine.” Later on, that machine +became Quenisset. + +The indefinite things which were brewing gradually acquired a strange +and indescribable notoriety. A woman sweeping off her doorsteps said to +another woman: “For a long time, there has been a strong force busy +making cartridges.” In the open street, proclamation could be seen +addressed to the National Guard in the departments. One of these +proclamations was signed: _Burtot, wine-merchant_. + +One day a man with his beard worn like a collar and with an Italian +accent mounted a stone post at the door of a liquor-seller in the +MarchĂ© Lenoir, and read aloud a singular document, which seemed to +emanate from an occult power. Groups formed around him, and applauded. + +The passages which touched the crowd most deeply were collected and +noted down. “—Our doctrines are trammelled, our proclamations torn, our +bill-stickers are spied upon and thrown into prison.”—“The breakdown +which has recently taken place in cottons has converted to us many +mediums.”—“The future of nations is being worked out in our obscure +ranks.”—“Here are the fixed terms: action or reaction, revolution or +counter-revolution. For, at our epoch, we no longer believe either in +inertia or in immobility. For the people against the people, that is +the question. There is no other.”—“On the day when we cease to suit +you, break us, but up to that day, help us to march on.” All this in +broad daylight. + +Other deeds, more audacious still, were suspicious in the eyes of the +people by reason of their very audacity. On the 4th of April, 1832, a +passer-by mounted the post on the corner which forms the angle of the +Rue Sainte-Marguerite and shouted: “I am a Babouvist!” But beneath +Babeuf, the people scented Gisquet. + +Among other things, this man said:— + +“Down with property! The opposition of the left is cowardly and +treacherous. When it wants to be on the right side, it preaches +revolution, it is democratic in order to escape being beaten, and +royalist so that it may not have to fight. The republicans are beasts +with feathers. Distrust the republicans, citizens of the laboring +classes.” + + +“Silence, citizen spy!” cried an artisan. + +This shout put an end to the discourse. + +Mysterious incidents occurred. + +At nightfall, a workingman encountered near the canal a “very well +dressed man,” who said to him: “Whither are you bound, citizen?” “Sir,” +replied the workingman, “I have not the honor of your acquaintance.” “I +know you very well, however.” And the man added: “Don’t be alarmed, I +am an agent of the committee. You are suspected of not being quite +faithful. You know that if you reveal anything, there is an eye fixed +on you.” Then he shook hands with the workingman and went away, saying: +“We shall meet again soon.” + + +The police, who were on the alert, collected singular dialogues, not +only in the wine-shops, but in the street. + +“Get yourself received very soon,” said a weaver to a cabinet-maker. + +“Why?” + + +“There is going to be a shot to fire.” + + +Two ragged pedestrians exchanged these remarkable replies, fraught with +evident Jacquerie:— + +“Who governs us?” + + +“M. Philippe.” + + +“No, it is the bourgeoisie.” + + +The reader is mistaken if he thinks that we take the word _Jacquerie_ +in a bad sense. The Jacques were the poor. + +On another occasion two men were heard to say to each other as they +passed by: “We have a good plan of attack.” + + +Only the following was caught of a private conversation between four +men who were crouching in a ditch of the circle of the BarriĂšre du +TrĂŽne:— + +“Everything possible will be done to prevent his walking about Paris +any more.” + + +Who was the _he?_ Menacing obscurity. + +“The principal leaders,” as they said in the faubourg, held themselves +apart. It was supposed that they met for consultation in a wine-shop +near the point Saint-Eustache. A certain Aug—, chief of the Society aid +for tailors, Rue MondĂ©tour, had the reputation of serving as +intermediary central between the leaders and the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. + +Nevertheless, there was always a great deal of mystery about these +leaders, and no certain fact can invalidate the singular arrogance of +this reply made later on by a man accused before the Court of Peers:— + +“Who was your leader?” + + +_“I knew of none and I recognized none.”_ + +There was nothing but words, transparent but vague; sometimes idle +reports, rumors, hearsay. Other indications cropped up. + +A carpenter, occupied in nailing boards to a fence around the ground on +which a house was in process of construction, in the Rue de Reuilly +found on that plot the torn fragment of a letter on which were still +legible the following lines:— + +The committee must take measures to prevent recruiting in the sections +for the different societies. + +And, as a postscript:— + +We have learned that there are guns in the Rue du +Faubourg-PoissonniĂšre, No. 5 [bis], to the number of five or six +thousand, in the house of a gunsmith in that court. The section owns no +arms. + +What excited the carpenter and caused him to show this thing to his +neighbors was the fact, that a few paces further on he picked up +another paper, torn like the first, and still more significant, of +which we reproduce a facsimile, because of the historical interest +attaching to these strange documents:— + +[Illustration] + ++——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————+ +| Q | C | D | E | Learn this list by heart. After so doing | +| | | | | | you will tear it up. The men admitted will do the same | +| | | | | | when you have transmitted their orders to them. Health and | +| | | | | | Fraternity, u og a’ fe L. | ++——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————+ + +It was only later on that the persons who were in the secret of this +find at the time, learned the significance of those four capital +letters: _quinturions, centurions, decurions, Ă©claireurs_ [scouts], and +the sense of the letters: _u og a’ fe_, which was a date, and meant +April 15th, 1832. Under each capital letter were inscribed names +followed by very characteristic notes. Thus: Q. _Bannerel_. 8 guns, 83 +cartridges. A safe man.—C. _BoubiĂšre_. 1 pistol, 40 cartridges.—D. +_Rollet_. 1 foil, 1 pistol, 1 pound of powder.—E. _Tessier_. 1 sword, 1 +cartridge-box. Exact.— _Terreur_. 8 guns. Brave, etc. + +Finally, this carpenter found, still in the same enclosure, a third +paper on which was written in pencil, but very legibly, this sort of +enigmatical list:— + +UnitĂ©: Blanchard: Arbre-Sec. 6. +Barra. Soize. Salle-au-Comte. +Kosciusko. Aubry the Butcher? +J. J. R. +Caius Gracchus. +Right of revision. Dufond. Four. +Fall of the Girondists. Derbac. MaubuĂ©e. +Washington. Pinson. 1 pistol, 86 cartridges. +Marseillaise. +Sovereignty of the people. Michel. Quincampoix. Sword. +Hoche. +Marceau. Plato. Arbre-Sec. +Warsaw. Tilly, crier of the Populaire. + + +The honest bourgeois into whose hands this list fell knew its +significance. It appears that this list was the complete nomenclature +of the sections of the fourth arondissement of the Society of the +Rights of Man, with the names and dwellings of the chiefs of sections. +To-day, when all these facts which were obscure are nothing more than +history, we may publish them. It should be added, that the foundation +of the Society of the Rights of Man seems to have been posterior to the +date when this paper was found. Perhaps this was only a rough draft. + +Still, according to all the remarks and the words, according to written +notes, material facts begin to make their appearance. + +In the Rue Popincourt, in the house of a dealer in bric-Ă -brac, there +were seized seven sheets of gray paper, all folded alike lengthwise and +in four; these sheets enclosed twenty-six squares of this same gray +paper folded in the form of a cartridge, and a card, on which was +written the following:— + +Saltpetre . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ounces. +Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces. +Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces and a half. +Water . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces. + + +The report of the seizure stated that the drawer exhaled a strong smell +of powder. + +A mason returning from his day’s work, left behind him a little package +on a bench near the bridge of Austerlitz. This package was taken to the +police station. It was opened, and in it were found two printed +dialogues, signed _LahautiĂšre_, a song entitled: “Workmen, band +together,” and a tin box full of cartridges. + +One artisan drinking with a comrade made the latter feel him to see how +warm he was; the other man felt a pistol under his waistcoat. + +In a ditch on the boulevard, between PĂšre-Lachaise and the BarriĂšre du +TrĂŽne, at the most deserted spot, some children, while playing, +discovered beneath a mass of shavings and refuse bits of wood, a bag +containing a bullet-mould, a wooden punch for the preparation of +cartridges, a wooden bowl, in which there were grains of +hunting-powder, and a little cast-iron pot whose interior presented +evident traces of melted lead. + +Police agents, making their way suddenly and unexpectedly at five +o’clock in the morning, into the dwelling of a certain Pardon, who was +afterwards a member of the Barricade-Merry section and got himself +killed in the insurrection of April, 1834, found him standing near his +bed, and holding in his hand some cartridges which he was in the act of +preparing. + +Towards the hour when workingmen repose, two men were seen to meet +between the BarriĂšre Picpus and the BarriĂšre Charenton in a little lane +between two walls, near a wine-shop, in front of which there was a “Jeu +de Siam.”33 One drew a pistol from beneath his blouse and handed it to +the other. As he was handing it to him, he noticed that the +perspiration of his chest had made the powder damp. He primed the +pistol and added more powder to what was already in the pan. Then the +two men parted. + +A certain Gallais, afterwards killed in the Rue Beaubourg in the affair +of April, boasted of having in his house seven hundred cartridges and +twenty-four flints. + +The government one day received a warning that arms and two hundred +thousand cartridges had just been distributed in the faubourg. On the +following week thirty thousand cartridges were distributed. The +remarkable point about it was, that the police were not able to seize a +single one. + +An intercepted letter read: “The day is not far distant when, within +four hours by the clock, eighty thousand patriots will be under arms.” + + +All this fermentation was public, one might almost say tranquil. The +approaching insurrection was preparing its storm calmly in the face of +the government. No singularity was lacking to this still subterranean +crisis, which was already perceptible. The bourgeois talked peaceably +to the working-classes of what was in preparation. They said: “How is +the rising coming along?” in the same tone in which they would have +said: “How is your wife?” + + +A furniture-dealer, of the Rue Moreau, inquired: “Well, when are you +going to make the attack?” + + +Another shop-keeper said:— + +“The attack will be made soon.” + + +“I know it. A month ago, there were fifteen thousand of you, now there +are twenty-five thousand.” He offered his gun, and a neighbor offered a +small pistol which he was willing to sell for seven francs. + +Moreover, the revolutionary fever was growing. Not a point in Paris nor +in France was exempt from it. The artery was beating everywhere. Like +those membranes which arise from certain inflammations and form in the +human body, the network of secret societies began to spread all over +the country. From the associations of the Friends of the People, which +was at the same time public and secret, sprang the Society of the +Rights of Man, which also dated from one of the orders of the day: +_PluviĂŽse, Year 40 of the republican era_, which was destined to +survive even the mandate of the Court of Assizes which pronounced its +dissolution, and which did not hesitate to bestow on its sections +significant names like the following:— + +Pikes. +Tocsin. +Signal cannon. +Phrygian cap. +January 21. +The beggars. +The vagabonds. +Forward march. +Robespierre. +Level. +Ça Ira. + + +The Society of the Rights of Man engendered the Society of Action. +These were impatient individuals who broke away and hastened ahead. +Other associations sought to recruit themselves from the great mother +societies. The members of sections complained that they were torn +asunder. Thus, the Gallic Society, and the committee of organization of +the Municipalities. Thus the associations for the liberty of the press, +for individual liberty, for the instruction of the people against +indirect taxes. Then the Society of Equal Workingmen which was divided +into three fractions, the levellers, the communists, the reformers. +Then the Army of the Bastilles, a sort of cohort organized on a +military footing, four men commanded by a corporal, ten by a sergeant, +twenty by a sub-lieutenant, forty by a lieutenant; there were never +more than five men who knew each other. Creation where precaution is +combined with audacity and which seemed stamped with the genius of +Venice. + +The central committee, which was at the head, had two arms, the Society +of Action, and the Army of the Bastilles. + +A legitimist association, the Chevaliers of Fidelity, stirred about +among these the republican affiliations. It was denounced and +repudiated there. + +The Parisian societies had ramifications in the principal cities, +Lyons, Nantes, Lille, Marseilles, and each had its Society of the +Rights of Man, the CharbonniĂšre, and The Free Men. All had a +revolutionary society which was called the Cougourde. We have already +mentioned this word. + +In Paris, the Faubourg Saint-Marceau kept up an equal buzzing with the +Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and the schools were no less moved than the +faubourgs. A cafĂ© in the Rue Saint-Hyacinthe and the wine-shop of the +_Seven Billiards_, Rue des Mathurins-Saint-Jacques, served as rallying +points for the students. The Society of the Friends of the A B C +affiliated to the Mutualists of Angers, and to the Cougourde of Aix, +met, as we have seen, in the CafĂ© Musain. These same young men +assembled also, as we have stated already, in a restaurant wine-shop of +the Rue MondĂ©tour which was called Corinthe. These meetings were +secret. Others were as public as possible, and the reader can judge of +their boldness from these fragments of an interrogatory undergone in +one of the ulterior prosecutions: “Where was this meeting held?” “In +the Rue de la Paix.” “At whose house?” “In the street.” “What sections +were there?” “Only one.” “Which?” “The Manuel section.” “Who was its +leader?” “I.” “You are too young to have decided alone upon the bold +course of attacking the government. Where did your instructions come +from?” “From the central committee.” + + +The army was mined at the same time as the population, as was proved +subsequently by the operations of BĂ©ford, Luneville, and Épinard. They +counted on the fifty-second regiment, on the fifth, on the eighth, on +the thirty-seventh, and on the twentieth light cavalry. In Burgundy and +in the southern towns they planted the liberty tree; that is to say, a +pole surmounted by a red cap. + +Such was the situation. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, more than any other group of the +population, as we stated in the beginning, accentuated this situation +and made it felt. That was the sore point. This old faubourg, peopled +like an ant-hill, laborious, courageous, and angry as a hive of bees, +was quivering with expectation and with the desire for a tumult. +Everything was in a state of agitation there, without any interruption, +however, of the regular work. It is impossible to convey an idea of +this lively yet sombre physiognomy. In this faubourg exists poignant +distress hidden under attic roofs; there also exist rare and ardent +minds. It is particularly in the matter of distress and intelligence +that it is dangerous to have extremes meet. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine had also other causes to tremble; for it +received the counter-shock of commercial crises, of failures, strikes, +slack seasons, all inherent to great political disturbances. In times +of revolution misery is both cause and effect. The blow which it deals +rebounds upon it. This population full of proud virtue, capable to the +highest degree of latent heat, always ready to fly to arms, prompt to +explode, irritated, deep, undermined, seemed to be only awaiting the +fall of a spark. Whenever certain sparks float on the horizon chased by +the wind of events, it is impossible not to think of the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine and of the formidable chance which has placed at the very +gates of Paris that powder-house of suffering and ideas. + +The wine-shops of the _Faubourg Antoine_, which have been more than +once drawn in the sketches which the reader has just perused, possess +historical notoriety. In troublous times people grow intoxicated there +more on words than on wine. A sort of prophetic spirit and an afflatus +of the future circulates there, swelling hearts and enlarging souls. +The cabarets of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine resemble those taverns of +Mont Aventine erected on the cave of the Sibyl and communicating with +the profound and sacred breath; taverns where the tables were almost +tripods, and where was drunk what Ennius calls the _sibylline wine_. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine is a reservoir of people. Revolutionary +agitations create fissures there, through which trickles the popular +sovereignty. This sovereignty may do evil; it can be mistaken like any +other; but, even when led astray, it remains great. We may say of it as +of the blind cyclops, _Ingens_. + +In ’93, according as the idea which was floating about was good or +evil, according as it was the day of fanaticism or of enthusiasm, there +leaped forth from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine now savage legions, now +heroic bands. + +Savage. Let us explain this word. When these bristling men, who in the +early days of the revolutionary chaos, tattered, howling, wild, with +uplifted bludgeon, pike on high, hurled themselves upon ancient Paris +in an uproar, what did they want? They wanted an end to oppression, an +end to tyranny, an end to the sword, work for men, instruction for the +child, social sweetness for the woman, liberty, equality, fraternity, +bread for all, the idea for all, the Edenizing of the world. Progress; +and that holy, sweet, and good thing, progress, they claimed in +terrible wise, driven to extremities as they were, half naked, club in +fist, a roar in their mouths. They were savages, yes; but the savages +of civilization. + +They proclaimed right furiously; they were desirous, if only with fear +and trembling, to force the human race to paradise. They seemed +barbarians, and they were saviours. They demanded light with the mask +of night. + +Facing these men, who were ferocious, we admit, and terrifying, but +ferocious and terrifying for good ends, there are other men, smiling, +embroidered, gilded, beribboned, starred, in silk stockings, in white +plumes, in yellow gloves, in varnished shoes, who, with their elbows on +a velvet table, beside a marble chimney-piece, insist gently on +demeanor and the preservation of the past, of the Middle Ages, of +divine right, of fanaticism, of innocence, of slavery, of the death +penalty, of war, glorifying in low tones and with politeness, the +sword, the stake, and the scaffold. For our part, if we were forced to +make a choice between the barbarians of civilization and the civilized +men of barbarism, we should choose the barbarians. + +But, thank Heaven, still another choice is possible. No perpendicular +fall is necessary, in front any more than in the rear. + +Neither despotism nor terrorism. We desire progress with a gentle +slope. + +God takes care of that. God’s whole policy consists in rendering slopes +less steep. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—ENJOLRAS AND HIS LIEUTENANTS + + +It was about this epoch that Enjolras, in view of a possible +catastrophe, instituted a kind of mysterious census. + +All were present at a secret meeting at the CafĂ© Musain. + +Enjolras said, mixing his words with a few half-enigmatical but +significant metaphors:— + +“It is proper that we should know where we stand and on whom we may +count. If combatants are required, they must be provided. It can do no +harm to have something with which to strike. Passers-by always have +more chance of being gored when there are bulls on the road than when +there are none. Let us, therefore, reckon a little on the herd. How +many of us are there? There is no question of postponing this task +until to-morrow. Revolutionists should always be hurried; progress has +no time to lose. Let us mistrust the unexpected. Let us not be caught +unprepared. We must go over all the seams that we have made and see +whether they hold fast. This business ought to be concluded to-day. +Courfeyrac, you will see the polytechnic students. It is their day to +go out. To-day is Wednesday. Feuilly, you will see those of the +GlaciĂšre, will you not? Combeferre has promised me to go to Picpus. +There is a perfect swarm and an excellent one there. Bahorel will visit +the Estrapade. Prouvaire, the masons are growing lukewarm; you will +bring us news from the lodge of the Rue de Grenelle-Saint-HonorĂ©. Joly +will go to Dupuytren’s clinical lecture, and feel the pulse of the +medical school. Bossuet will take a little turn in the court and talk +with the young law licentiates. I will take charge of the Cougourde +myself.” + + +“That arranges everything,” said Courfeyrac. + +“No.” + + +“What else is there?” + + +“A very important thing.” + + +“What is that?” asked Courfeyrac. + +“The BarriĂšre du Maine,” replied Enjolras. + +Enjolras remained for a moment as though absorbed in reflection, then +he resumed:— + +“At the BarriĂšre du Maine there are marble-workers, painters, and +journeymen in the studios of sculptors. They are an enthusiastic +family, but liable to cool off. I don’t know what has been the matter +with them for some time past. They are thinking of something else. They +are becoming extinguished. They pass their time playing dominoes. There +is urgent need that some one should go and talk with them a little, but +with firmness. They meet at Richefeu’s. They are to be found there +between twelve and one o’clock. Those ashes must be fanned into a glow. +For that errand I had counted on that abstracted Marius, who is a good +fellow on the whole, but he no longer comes to us. I need some one for +the BarriĂšre du Maine. I have no one.” + + +“What about me?” said Grantaire. “Here am I.” + + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“You indoctrinate republicans! you warm up hearts that have grown cold +in the name of principle!” + + +“Why not?” + + +“Are you good for anything?” + + +“I have a vague ambition in that direction,” said Grantaire. + +“You do not believe in everything.” + + +“I believe in you.” + + +“Grantaire will you do me a service?” + + +“Anything. I’ll black your boots.” + + +“Well, don’t meddle with our affairs. Sleep yourself sober from your +absinthe.” + + +“You are an ingrate, Enjolras.” + + +“You the man to go to the BarriĂšre du Maine! You capable of it!” + + +“I am capable of descending the Rue de GrĂšs, of crossing the Place +Saint-Michel, of sloping through the Rue Monsieur-le-Prince, of taking +the Rue de Vaugirard, of passing the Carmelites, of turning into the +Rue d’Assas, of reaching the Rue du Cherche-Midi, of leaving behind me +the Conseil de Guerre, of pacing the Rue des Vieilles-Tuileries, of +striding across the boulevard, of following the ChaussĂ©e du Maine, of +passing the barrier, and entering Richefeu’s. I am capable of that. My +shoes are capable of that.” + + +“Do you know anything of those comrades who meet at Richefeu’s?” + + +“Not much. We only address each other as _thou_.” + + +“What will you say to them?” + + +“I will speak to them of Robespierre, pardi! Of Danton. Of principles.” + + +“You?” + + +“I. But I don’t receive justice. When I set about it, I am terrible. I +have read Prudhomme, I know the Social Contract, I know my constitution +of the year Two by heart. ‘The liberty of one citizen ends where the +liberty of another citizen begins.’ Do you take me for a brute? I have +an old bank-bill of the Republic in my drawer. The Rights of Man, the +sovereignty of the people, sapristi! I am even a bit of a HĂ©bertist. I +can talk the most superb twaddle for six hours by the clock, watch in +hand.” + + +“Be serious,” said Enjolras. + +“I am wild,” replied Grantaire. + +Enjolras meditated for a few moments, and made the gesture of a man who +has taken a resolution. + +“Grantaire,” he said gravely, “I consent to try you. You shall go to +the BarriĂšre du Maine.” + + +Grantaire lived in furnished lodgings very near the CafĂ© Musain. He +went out, and five minutes later he returned. He had gone home to put +on a Robespierre waistcoat. + +“Red,” said he as he entered, and he looked intently at Enjolras. Then, +with the palm of his energetic hand, he laid the two scarlet points of +the waistcoat across his breast. + +And stepping up to Enjolras, he whispered in his ear:— + +“Be easy.” + + +He jammed his hat on resolutely and departed. + +A quarter of an hour later, the back room of the CafĂ© Musain was +deserted. All the friends of the A B C were gone, each in his own +direction, each to his own task. Enjolras, who had reserved the +Cougourde of Aix for himself, was the last to leave. + +Those members of the Cougourde of Aix who were in Paris then met on the +plain of Issy, in one of the abandoned quarries which are so numerous +in that side of Paris. + +As Enjolras walked towards this place, he passed the whole situation in +review in his own mind. The gravity of events was self-evident. When +facts, the premonitory symptoms of latent social malady, move heavily, +the slightest complication stops and entangles them. A phenomenon +whence arises ruin and new births. Enjolras descried a luminous +uplifting beneath the gloomy skirts of the future. Who knows? Perhaps +the moment was at hand. The people were again taking possession of +right, and what a fine spectacle! The revolution was again majestically +taking possession of France and saying to the world: “The sequel +to-morrow!” Enjolras was content. The furnace was being heated. He had +at that moment a powder train of friends scattered all over Paris. He +composed, in his own mind, with Combeferre’s philosophical and +penetrating eloquence, Feuilly’s cosmopolitan enthusiasm, Courfeyrac’s +dash, Bahorel’s smile, Jean Prouvaire’s melancholy, Joly’s science, +Bossuet’s sarcasms, a sort of electric spark which took fire nearly +everywhere at once. All hands to work. Surely, the result would answer +to the effort. This was well. This made him think of Grantaire. + +“Hold,” said he to himself, “the BarriĂšre du Maine will not take me far +out of my way. What if I were to go on as far as Richefeu’s? Let us +have a look at what Grantaire is about, and see how he is getting on.” + + +One o’clock was striking from the Vaugirard steeple when Enjolras +reached the Richefeu smoking-room. + +He pushed open the door, entered, folded his arms, letting the door +fall to and strike his shoulders, and gazed at that room filled with +tables, men, and smoke. + +A voice broke forth from the mist of smoke, interrupted by another +voice. It was Grantaire holding a dialogue with an adversary. + +Grantaire was sitting opposite another figure, at a marble Saint-Anne +table, strewn with grains of bran and dotted with dominos. He was +hammering the table with his fist, and this is what Enjolras heard:— + +“Double-six.” + + +“Fours.” + + +“The pig! I have no more.” + + +“You are dead. A two.” + + +“Six.” + + +“Three.” + + +“One.” + + +“It’s my move.” + + +“Four points.” + + +“Not much.” + + +“It’s your turn.” + + +“I have made an enormous mistake.” + + +“You are doing well.” + + +“Fifteen.” + + +“Seven more.” + + +“That makes me twenty-two.” [Thoughtfully, “Twenty-two!”] + +“You weren’t expecting that double-six. If I had placed it at the +beginning, the whole play would have been changed.” + + +“A two again.” + + +“One.” + + +“One! Well, five.” + + +“I haven’t any.” + + +“It was your play, I believe?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Blank.” + + +“What luck he has! Ah! You are lucky! [Long reverie.] Two.” + + +“One.” + + +“Neither five nor one. That’s bad for you.” + + +“Domino.” + + +“Plague take it!” + + + + + +BOOK SECOND—ÉPONINE + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LARK’S MEADOW + + +Marius had witnessed the unexpected termination of the ambush upon +whose track he had set Javert; but Javert had no sooner quitted the +building, bearing off his prisoners in three hackney-coaches, than +Marius also glided out of the house. It was only nine o’clock in the +evening. Marius betook himself to Courfeyrac. Courfeyrac was no longer +the imperturbable inhabitant of the Latin Quarter, he had gone to live +in the Rue de la Verrerie “for political reasons”; this quarter was one +where, at that epoch, insurrection liked to install itself. Marius said +to Courfeyrac: “I have come to sleep with you.” Courfeyrac dragged a +mattress off his bed, which was furnished with two, spread it out on +the floor, and said: “There.” + + +At seven o’clock on the following morning, Marius returned to the +hovel, paid the quarter’s rent which he owed to Ma’am Bougon, had his +books, his bed, his table, his commode, and his two chairs loaded on a +hand-cart and went off without leaving his address, so that when Javert +returned in the course of the morning, for the purpose of questioning +Marius as to the events of the preceding evening, he found only Ma’am +Bougon, who answered: “Moved away!” + + +Ma’am Bougon was convinced that Marius was to some extent an accomplice +of the robbers who had been seized the night before. “Who would ever +have said it?” she exclaimed to the portresses of the quarter, “a young +man like that, who had the air of a girl!” + + +Marius had two reasons for this prompt change of residence. The first +was, that he now had a horror of that house, where he had beheld, so +close at hand, and in its most repulsive and most ferocious +development, a social deformity which is, perhaps, even more terrible +than the wicked rich man, the wicked poor man. The second was, that he +did not wish to figure in the lawsuit which would insue in all +probability, and be brought in to testify against ThĂ©nardier. + +Javert thought that the young man, whose name he had forgotten, was +afraid, and had fled, or perhaps, had not even returned home at the +time of the ambush; he made some efforts to find him, however, but +without success. + +A month passed, then another. Marius was still with Courfeyrac. He had +learned from a young licentiate in law, an habitual frequenter of the +courts, that ThĂ©nardier was in close confinement. Every Monday, Marius +had five francs handed in to the clerk’s office of La Force for +ThĂ©nardier. + +As Marius had no longer any money, he borrowed the five francs from +Courfeyrac. It was the first time in his life that he had ever borrowed +money. These periodical five francs were a double riddle to Courfeyrac +who lent and to ThĂ©nardier who received them. “To whom can they go?” +thought Courfeyrac. “Whence can this come to me?” ThĂ©nardier asked +himself. + +Moreover, Marius was heart-broken. Everything had plunged through a +trap-door once more. He no longer saw anything before him; his life was +again buried in mystery where he wandered fumblingly. He had for a +moment beheld very close at hand, in that obscurity, the young girl +whom he loved, the old man who seemed to be her father, those unknown +beings, who were his only interest and his only hope in this world; +and, at the very moment when he thought himself on the point of +grasping them, a gust had swept all these shadows away. Not a spark of +certainty and truth had been emitted even in the most terrible of +collisions. No conjecture was possible. He no longer knew even the name +that he thought he knew. It certainly was not Ursule. And the Lark was +a nickname. And what was he to think of the old man? Was he actually in +hiding from the police? The white-haired workman whom Marius had +encountered in the vicinity of the Invalides recurred to his mind. It +now seemed probable that that workingman and M. Leblanc were one and +the same person. So he disguised himself? That man had his heroic and +his equivocal sides. Why had he not called for help? Why had he fled? +Was he, or was he not, the father of the young girl? Was he, in short, +the man whom ThĂ©nardier thought that he recognized? ThĂ©nardier might +have been mistaken. These formed so many insoluble problems. All this, +it is true, detracted nothing from the angelic charms of the young girl +of the Luxembourg. Heart-rending distress; Marius bore a passion in his +heart, and night over his eyes. He was thrust onward, he was drawn, and +he could not stir. All had vanished, save love. Of love itself he had +lost the instincts and the sudden illuminations. Ordinarily, this flame +which burns us lights us also a little, and casts some useful gleams +without. But Marius no longer even heard these mute counsels of +passion. He never said to himself: “What if I were to go to such a +place? What if I were to try such and such a thing?” The girl whom he +could no longer call Ursule was evidently somewhere; nothing warned +Marius in what direction he should seek her. His whole life was now +summed up in two words; absolute uncertainty within an impenetrable +fog. To see her once again; he still aspired to this, but he no longer +expected it. + +To crown all, his poverty had returned. He felt that icy breath close +to him, on his heels. In the midst of his torments, and long before +this, he had discontinued his work, and nothing is more dangerous than +discontinued work; it is a habit which vanishes. A habit which is easy +to get rid of, and difficult to take up again. + +A certain amount of dreaming is good, like a narcotic in discreet +doses. It lulls to sleep the fevers of the mind at labor, which are +sometimes severe, and produces in the spirit a soft and fresh vapor +which corrects the over-harsh contours of pure thought, fills in gaps +here and there, binds together and rounds off the angles of the ideas. +But too much dreaming sinks and drowns. Woe to the brain-worker who +allows himself to fall entirely from thought into reverie! He thinks +that he can re-ascend with equal ease, and he tells himself that, after +all, it is the same thing. Error! + +Thought is the toil of the intelligence, reverie its voluptuousness. To +replace thought with reverie is to confound a poison with a food. + +Marius had begun in that way, as the reader will remember. Passion had +supervened and had finished the work of precipitating him into chimĂŠras +without object or bottom. One no longer emerges from one’s self except +for the purpose of going off to dream. Idle production. Tumultuous and +stagnant gulf. And, in proportion as labor diminishes, needs increase. +This is a law. Man, in a state of reverie, is generally prodigal and +slack; the unstrung mind cannot hold life within close bounds. + +There is, in that mode of life, good mingled with evil, for if +enervation is baleful, generosity is good and healthful. But the poor +man who is generous and noble, and who does not work, is lost. +Resources are exhausted, needs crop up. + +Fatal declivity down which the most honest and the firmest as well as +the most feeble and most vicious are drawn, and which ends in one of +two holds, suicide or crime. + +By dint of going outdoors to think, the day comes when one goes out to +throw one’s self in the water. + +Excess of reverie breeds men like Escousse and Lebras. + +Marius was descending this declivity at a slow pace, with his eyes +fixed on the girl whom he no longer saw. What we have just written +seems strange, and yet it is true. The memory of an absent being +kindles in the darkness of the heart; the more it has disappeared, the +more it beams; the gloomy and despairing soul sees this light on its +horizon; the star of the inner night. She—that was Marius’ whole +thought. He meditated of nothing else; he was confusedly conscious that +his old coat was becoming an impossible coat, and that his new coat was +growing old, that his shirts were wearing out, that his hat was wearing +out, that his boots were giving out, and he said to himself: “If I +could but see her once again before I die!” + + +One sweet idea alone was left to him, that she had loved him, that her +glance had told him so, that she did not know his name, but that she +did know his soul, and that, wherever she was, however mysterious the +place, she still loved him perhaps. Who knows whether she were not +thinking of him as he was thinking of her? Sometimes, in those +inexplicable hours such as are experienced by every heart that loves, +though he had no reasons for anything but sadness and yet felt an +obscure quiver of joy, he said to himself: “It is her thoughts that are +coming to me!” Then he added: “Perhaps my thoughts reach her also.” + + +This illusion, at which he shook his head a moment later, was +sufficient, nevertheless, to throw beams, which at times resembled +hope, into his soul. From time to time, especially at that evening hour +which is the most depressing to even the dreamy, he allowed the purest, +the most impersonal, the most ideal of the reveries which filled his +brain, to fall upon a notebook which contained nothing else. He called +this “writing to her.” + + +It must not be supposed that his reason was deranged. Quite the +contrary. He had lost the faculty of working and of moving firmly +towards any fixed goal, but he was endowed with more clear-sightedness +and rectitude than ever. Marius surveyed by a calm and real, although +peculiar light, what passed before his eyes, even the most indifferent +deeds and men; he pronounced a just criticism on everything with a sort +of honest dejection and candid disinterestedness. His judgment, which +was almost wholly disassociated from hope, held itself aloof and soared +on high. + +In this state of mind nothing escaped him, nothing deceived him, and +every moment he was discovering the foundation of life, of humanity, +and of destiny. Happy, even in the midst of anguish, is he to whom God +has given a soul worthy of love and of unhappiness! He who has not +viewed the things of this world and the heart of man under this double +light has seen nothing and knows nothing of the true. + +The soul which loves and suffers is in a state of sublimity. + +However, day followed day, and nothing new presented itself. It merely +seemed to him, that the sombre space which still remained to be +traversed by him was growing shorter with every instant. He thought +that he already distinctly perceived the brink of the bottomless abyss. + +“What!” he repeated to himself, “shall I not see her again before +then!” + + +When you have ascended the Rue Saint-Jacques, left the barrier on one +side and followed the old inner boulevard for some distance, you reach +the Rue de la SantĂ©, then the GlaciĂšre, and, a little while before +arriving at the little river of the Gobelins, you come to a sort of +field which is the only spot in the long and monotonous chain of the +boulevards of Paris, where Ruysdael would be tempted to sit down. + +There is something indescribable there which exhales grace, a green +meadow traversed by tightly stretched lines, from which flutter rags +drying in the wind, and an old market-gardener’s house, built in the +time of Louis XIII., with its great roof oddly pierced with dormer +windows, dilapidated palisades, a little water amid poplar-trees, +women, voices, laughter; on the horizon the PanthĂ©on, the pole of the +Deaf-Mutes, the Val-de-GrĂące, black, squat, fantastic, amusing, +magnificent, and in the background, the severe square crests of the +towers of Notre Dame. + +As the place is worth looking at, no one goes thither. Hardly one cart +or wagoner passes in a quarter of an hour. + +It chanced that Marius’ solitary strolls led him to this plot of +ground, near the water. That day, there was a rarity on the boulevard, +a passer-by. Marius, vaguely impressed with the almost savage beauty of +the place, asked this passer-by:—“What is the name of this spot?” + + +The person replied: “It is the Lark’s meadow.” + + +And he added: “It was here that Ulbach killed the shepherdess of Ivry.” + + +But after the word “Lark” Marius heard nothing more. These sudden +congealments in the state of reverie, which a single word suffices to +evoke, do occur. The entire thought is abruptly condensed around an +idea, and it is no longer capable of perceiving anything else. + +The Lark was the appellation which had replaced Ursule in the depths of +Marius’ melancholy.—“Stop,” said he with a sort of unreasoning stupor +peculiar to these mysterious asides, “this is her meadow. I shall know +where she lives now.” + + +It was absurd, but irresistible. + +And every day he returned to that meadow of the Lark. + + + + +CHAPTER II—EMBRYONIC FORMATION OF CRIMES IN THE INCUBATION OF PRISONS + + +Javert’s triumph in the Gorbeau hovel seemed complete, but had not been +so. + +In the first place, and this constituted the principal anxiety, Javert +had not taken the prisoner prisoner. The assassinated man who flees is +more suspicious than the assassin, and it is probable that this +personage, who had been so precious a capture for the ruffians, would +be no less fine a prize for the authorities. + +And then, Montparnasse had escaped Javert. + +Another opportunity of laying hands on that “devil’s dandy” must be +waited for. Montparnasse had, in fact, encountered Éponine as she stood +on the watch under the trees of the boulevard, and had led her off, +preferring to play Nemorin with the daughter rather than Schinderhannes +with the father. It was well that he did so. He was free. As for +Éponine, Javert had caused her to be seized; a mediocre consolation. +Éponine had joined Azelma at Les Madelonettes. + +And finally, on the way from the Gorbeau house to La Force, one of the +principal prisoners, Claquesous, had been lost. It was not known how +this had been effected, the police agents and the sergeants “could not +understand it at all.” He had converted himself into vapor, he had +slipped through the handcuffs, he had trickled through the crevices of +the carriage, the fiacre was cracked, and he had fled; all that they +were able to say was, that on arriving at the prison, there was no +Claquesous. Either the fairies or the police had had a hand in it. Had +Claquesous melted into the shadows like a snow-flake in water? Had +there been unavowed connivance of the police agents? Did this man +belong to the double enigma of order and disorder? Was he concentric +with infraction and repression? Had this sphinx his fore paws in crime +and his hind paws in authority? Javert did not accept such +comminations, and would have bristled up against such compromises; but +his squad included other inspectors besides himself, who were more +initiated than he, perhaps, although they were his subordinates in the +secrets of the Prefecture, and Claquesous had been such a villain that +he might make a very good agent. It is an excellent thing for +ruffianism and an admirable thing for the police to be on such intimate +juggling terms with the night. These double-edged rascals do exist. +However that may be, Claquesous had gone astray and was not found +again. Javert appeared to be more irritated than amazed at this. + +As for Marius, “that booby of a lawyer,” who had probably become +frightened, and whose name Javert had forgotten, Javert attached very +little importance to him. Moreover, a lawyer can be hunted up at any +time. But was he a lawyer after all? + +The investigation had begun. + +The magistrate had thought it advisable not to put one of these men of +the band of Patron Minette in close confinement, in the hope that he +would chatter. This man was Brujon, the long-haired man of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier. He had been let loose in the Charlemagne courtyard, and +the eyes of the watchers were fixed on him. + +This name of Brujon is one of the souvenirs of La Force. In that +hideous courtyard, called the court of the BĂątiment-Neuf (New +Building), which the administration called the court Saint-Bernard, and +which the robbers called the Fosse-aux-Lions (The Lion’s Ditch), on +that wall covered with scales and leprosy, which rose on the left to a +level with the roofs, near an old door of rusty iron which led to the +ancient chapel of the ducal residence of La Force, then turned in a +dormitory for ruffians, there could still be seen, twelve years ago, a +sort of fortress roughly carved in the stone with a nail, and beneath +it this signature:— + +BRUJON, 1811. + +The Brujon of 1811 was the father of the Brujon of 1832. + +The latter, of whom the reader caught but a glimpse at the Gorbeau +house, was a very cunning and very adroit young spark, with a +bewildered and plaintive air. It was in consequence of this plaintive +air that the magistrate had released him, thinking him more useful in +the Charlemagne yard than in close confinement. + +Robbers do not interrupt their profession because they are in the hands +of justice. They do not let themselves be put out by such a trifle as +that. To be in prison for one crime is no reason for not beginning on +another crime. They are artists, who have one picture in the salon, and +who toil, nonetheless, on a new work in their studios. + +Brujon seemed to be stupefied by prison. He could sometimes be seen +standing by the hour together in front of the sutler’s window in the +Charlemagne yard, staring like an idiot at the sordid list of prices +which began with: _garlic_, 62 _centimes_, and ended with: _cigar_, 5 +_centimes_. Or he passed his time in trembling, chattering his teeth, +saying that he had a fever, and inquiring whether one of the eight and +twenty beds in the fever ward was vacant. + +All at once, towards the end of February, 1832, it was discovered that +Brujon, that somnolent fellow, had had three different commissions +executed by the errand-men of the establishment, not under his own +name, but in the name of three of his comrades; and they had cost him +in all fifty sous, an exorbitant outlay which attracted the attention +of the prison corporal. + +Inquiries were instituted, and on consulting the tariff of commissions +posted in the convict’s parlor, it was learned that the fifty sous +could be analyzed as follows: three commissions; one to the PanthĂ©on, +ten sous; one to Val-de-GrĂące, fifteen sous; and one to the BarriĂšre de +Grenelle, twenty-five sous. This last was the dearest of the whole +tariff. Now, at the PanthĂ©on, at the Val-de-GrĂące, and at the BarriĂšre +de Grenelle were situated the domiciles of the three very redoubtable +prowlers of the barriers, Kruideniers, alias Bizarro, Glorieux, an +ex-convict, and Barre-Carosse, upon whom the attention of the police +was directed by this incident. It was thought that these men were +members of Patron Minette; two of those leaders, Babet and Gueulemer, +had been captured. It was supposed that the messages, which had been +addressed, not to houses, but to people who were waiting for them in +the street, must have contained information with regard to some crime +that had been plotted. They were in possession of other indications; +they laid hand on the three prowlers, and supposed that they had +circumvented some one or other of Brujon’s machinations. + +About a week after these measures had been taken, one night, as the +superintendent of the watch, who had been inspecting the lower +dormitory in the BĂątiment-Neuf, was about to drop his chestnut in the +box—this was the means adopted to make sure that the watchmen performed +their duties punctually; every hour a chestnut must be dropped into all +the boxes nailed to the doors of the dormitories—a watchman looked +through the peep-hole of the dormitory and beheld Brujon sitting on his +bed and writing something by the light of the hall-lamp. The guardian +entered, Brujon was put in a solitary cell for a month, but they were +not able to seize what he had written. The police learned nothing +further about it. + +What is certain is, that on the following morning, a “postilion” was +flung from the Charlemagne yard into the Lions’ Ditch, over the +five-story building which separated the two court-yards. + +What prisoners call a “postilion” is a pallet of bread artistically +moulded, which is sent _into Ireland_, that is to say, over the roofs +of a prison, from one courtyard to another. Etymology: over England; +from one land to another; _into Ireland_. This little pellet falls in +the yard. The man who picks it up opens it and finds in it a note +addressed to some prisoner in that yard. If it is a prisoner who finds +the treasure, he forwards the note to its destination; if it is a +keeper, or one of the prisoners secretly sold who are called _sheep_ in +prisons and _foxes_ in the galleys, the note is taken to the office and +handed over to the police. + +On this occasion, the postilion reached its address, although the +person to whom it was addressed was, at that moment, in solitary +confinement. This person was no other than Babet, one of the four heads +of Patron Minette. + +The postilion contained a roll of paper on which only these two lines +were written:— + +“Babet. There is an affair in the Rue Plumet. A gate on a garden.” + + +This is what Brujon had written the night before. + +In spite of male and female searchers, Babet managed to pass the note +on from La Force to the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, to a “good friend” whom he had and +who was shut up there. This woman in turn transmitted the note to +another woman of her acquaintance, a certain Magnon, who was strongly +suspected by the police, though not yet arrested. This Magnon, whose +name the reader has already seen, had relations with the ThĂ©nardier, +which will be described in detail later on, and she could, by going to +see Éponine, serve as a bridge between the SalpĂȘtriĂšre and Les +Madelonettes. + +It happened, that at precisely that moment, as proofs were wanting in +the investigation directed against ThĂ©nardier in the matter of his +daughters, Éponine and Azelma were released. When Éponine came out, +Magnon, who was watching the gate of the Madelonettes, handed her +Brujon’s note to Babet, charging her to look into the matter. + +Éponine went to the Rue Plumet, recognized the gate and the garden, +observed the house, spied, lurked, and, a few days later, brought to +Magnon, who delivers in the Rue Clocheperce, a biscuit, which Magnon +transmitted to Babet’s mistress in the SalpĂȘtriĂšre. A biscuit, in the +shady symbolism of prisons, signifies: Nothing to be done. + +So that in less than a week from that time, as Brujon and Babet met in +the circle of La Force, the one on his way to the examination, the +other on his way from it:— + +“Well?” asked Brujon, “the Rue P.?” + + +“Biscuit,” replied Babet. Thus did the fƓtus of crime engendered by +Brujon in La Force miscarry. + +This miscarriage had its consequences, however, which were perfectly +distinct from Brujon’s programme. The reader will see what they were. + +Often when we think we are knotting one thread, we are tying quite +another. + + + + +CHAPTER III—APPARITION TO FATHER MABEUF + + +Marius no longer went to see any one, but he sometimes encountered +Father Mabeuf by chance. + +While Marius was slowly descending those melancholy steps which may be +called the cellar stairs, and which lead to places without light, where +the happy can be heard walking overhead, M. Mabeuf was descending on +his side. + +The _Flora of Cauteretz_ no longer sold at all. The experiments on +indigo had not been successful in the little garden of Austerlitz, +which had a bad exposure. M. Mabeuf could cultivate there only a few +plants which love shade and dampness. Nevertheless, he did not become +discouraged. He had obtained a corner in the Jardin des Plantes, with a +good exposure, to make his trials with indigo “at his own expense.” For +this purpose he had pawned his copperplates of the _Flora_. He had +reduced his breakfast to two eggs, and he left one of these for his old +servant, to whom he had paid no wages for the last fifteen months. And +often his breakfast was his only meal. He no longer smiled with his +infantile smile, he had grown morose and no longer received visitors. +Marius did well not to dream of going thither. Sometimes, at the hour +when M. Mabeuf was on his way to the Jardin des Plantes, the old man +and the young man passed each other on the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. They +did not speak, and only exchanged a melancholy sign of the head. A +heart-breaking thing it is that there comes a moment when misery looses +bonds! Two men who have been friends become two chance passers-by. + +Royol the bookseller was dead. M. Mabeuf no longer knew his books, his +garden, or his indigo: these were the three forms which happiness, +pleasure, and hope had assumed for him. This sufficed him for his +living. He said to himself: “When I shall have made my balls of +blueing, I shall be rich, I will withdraw my copperplates from the +pawn-shop, I will put my _Flora_ in vogue again with trickery, plenty +of money and advertisements in the newspapers and I will buy, I know +well where, a copy of Pierre de MĂ©dine’s _Art de Naviguer_, with +wood-cuts, edition of 1655.” In the meantime, he toiled all day over +his plot of indigo, and at night he returned home to water his garden, +and to read his books. At that epoch, M. Mabeuf was nearly eighty years +of age. + +One evening he had a singular apparition. + +He had returned home while it was still broad daylight. Mother +Plutarque, whose health was declining, was ill and in bed. He had dined +on a bone, on which a little meat lingered, and a bit of bread that he +had found on the kitchen table, and had seated himself on an overturned +stone post, which took the place of a bench in his garden. + +Near this bench there rose, after the fashion in orchard-gardens, a +sort of large chest, of beams and planks, much dilapidated, a +rabbit-hutch on the ground floor, a fruit-closet on the first. There +was nothing in the hutch, but there were a few apples in the +fruit-closet,—the remains of the winter’s provision. + +M. Mabeuf had set himself to turning over and reading, with the aid of +his glasses, two books of which he was passionately fond and in which, +a serious thing at his age, he was interested. His natural timidity +rendered him accessible to the acceptance of superstitions in a certain +degree. The first of these books was the famous treatise of President +Delancre, _De l’Inconstance des DĂ©mons_; the other was a quarto by +Mutor de la RubaudiĂšre, _Sur les Diables de Vauvert et les Gobelins de +la BiĂšvre_. This last-mentioned old volume interested him all the more, +because his garden had been one of the spots haunted by goblins in +former times. The twilight had begun to whiten what was on high and to +blacken all below. As he read, over the top of the book which he held +in his hand, Father Mabeuf was surveying his plants, and among others a +magnificent rhododendron which was one of his consolations; four days +of heat, wind, and sun without a drop of rain, had passed; the stalks +were bending, the buds drooping, the leaves falling; all this needed +water, the rhododendron was particularly sad. Father Mabeuf was one of +those persons for whom plants have souls. The old man had toiled all +day over his indigo plot, he was worn out with fatigue, but he rose, +laid his books on the bench, and walked, all bent over and with +tottering footsteps, to the well, but when he had grasped the chain, he +could not even draw it sufficiently to unhook it. Then he turned round +and cast a glance of anguish toward heaven which was becoming studded +with stars. + +The evening had that serenity which overwhelms the troubles of man +beneath an indescribably mournful and eternal joy. The night promised +to be as arid as the day had been. + +“Stars everywhere!” thought the old man; “not the tiniest cloud! Not a +drop of water!” + + +And his head, which had been upraised for a moment, fell back upon his +breast. + +He raised it again, and once more looked at the sky, murmuring:— + +“A tear of dew! A little pity!” + + +He tried again to unhook the chain of the well, and could not. + +At that moment, he heard a voice saying:— + +“Father Mabeuf, would you like to have me water your garden for you?” + + +At the same time, a noise as of a wild animal passing became audible in +the hedge, and he beheld emerging from the shrubbery a sort of tall, +slender girl, who drew herself up in front of him and stared boldly at +him. She had less the air of a human being than of a form which had +just blossomed forth from the twilight. + +Before Father Mabeuf, who was easily terrified, and who was, as we have +said, quick to take alarm, was able to reply by a single syllable, this +being, whose movements had a sort of odd abruptness in the darkness, +had unhooked the chain, plunged in and withdrawn the bucket, and filled +the watering-pot, and the goodman beheld this apparition, which had +bare feet and a tattered petticoat, running about among the flower-beds +distributing life around her. The sound of the watering-pot on the +leaves filled Father Mabeuf’s soul with ecstasy. It seemed to him that +the rhododendron was happy now. + +The first bucketful emptied, the girl drew a second, then a third. She +watered the whole garden. + +There was something about her, as she thus ran about among paths, where +her outline appeared perfectly black, waving her angular arms, and with +her fichu all in rags, that resembled a bat. + +When she had finished, Father Mabeuf approached her with tears in his +eyes, and laid his hand on her brow. + +“God will bless you,” said he, “you are an angel since you take care of +the flowers.” + + +“No,” she replied. “I am the devil, but that’s all the same to me.” + + +The old man exclaimed, without either waiting for or hearing her +response:— + +“What a pity that I am so unhappy and so poor, and that I can do +nothing for you!” + + +“You can do something,” said she. + +“What?” + + +“Tell me where M. Marius lives.” + + +The old man did not understand. “What Monsieur Marius?” + + +He raised his glassy eyes and seemed to be seeking something that had +vanished. + +“A young man who used to come here.” + + +In the meantime, M. Mabeuf had searched his memory. + +“Ah! yes—” he exclaimed. “I know what you mean. Wait! Monsieur +Marius—the Baron Marius Pontmercy, parbleu! He lives,—or rather, he no +longer lives,—ah well, I don’t know.” + + +As he spoke, he had bent over to train a branch of rhododendron, and he +continued:— + +“Hold, I know now. He very often passes along the boulevard, and goes +in the direction of the GlaciĂšre, Rue Croulebarbe. The meadow of the +Lark. Go there. It is not hard to meet him.” + + +When M. Mabeuf straightened himself up, there was no longer any one +there; the girl had disappeared. + +He was decidedly terrified. + +“Really,” he thought, “if my garden had not been watered, I should +think that she was a spirit.” + + +An hour later, when he was in bed, it came back to him, and as he fell +asleep, at that confused moment when thought, like that fabulous bird +which changes itself into a fish in order to cross the sea, little by +little assumes the form of a dream in order to traverse slumber, he +said to himself in a bewildered way:— + +“In sooth, that greatly resembles what RubaudiĂšre narrates of the +goblins. Could it have been a goblin?” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AN APPARITION TO MARIUS + + +Some days after this visit of a “spirit” to Farmer Mabeuf, one +morning,—it was on a Monday, the day when Marius borrowed the +hundred-sou piece from Courfeyrac for ThĂ©nardier—Marius had put this +coin in his pocket, and before carrying it to the clerk’s office, he +had gone “to take a little stroll,” in the hope that this would make +him work on his return. It was always thus, however. As soon as he +rose, he seated himself before a book and a sheet of paper in order to +scribble some translation; his task at that epoch consisted in turning +into French a celebrated quarrel between Germans, the Gans and Savigny +controversy; he took Savigny, he took Gans, read four lines, tried to +write one, could not, saw a star between him and his paper, and rose +from his chair, saying: “I shall go out. That will put me in spirits.” + + +And off he went to the Lark’s meadow. + +There he beheld more than ever the star, and less than ever Savigny and +Gans. + +He returned home, tried to take up his work again, and did not succeed; +there was no means of re-knotting a single one of the threads which +were broken in his brain; then he said to himself: “I will not go out +to-morrow. It prevents my working.” And he went out every day. + +He lived in the Lark’s meadow more than in Courfeyrac’s lodgings. That +was his real address: Boulevard de la SantĂ©, at the seventh tree from +the Rue Croulebarbe. + +That morning he had quitted the seventh tree and had seated himself on +the parapet of the River des Gobelins. A cheerful sunlight penetrated +the freshly unfolded and luminous leaves. + +He was dreaming of “Her.” And his meditation turning to a reproach, +fell back upon himself; he reflected dolefully on his idleness, his +paralysis of soul, which was gaining on him, and of that night which +was growing more dense every moment before him, to such a point that he +no longer even saw the sun. + +Nevertheless, athwart this painful extrication of indistinct ideas +which was not even a monologue, so feeble had action become in him, and +he had no longer the force to care to despair, athwart this melancholy +absorption, sensations from without did reach him. He heard behind him, +beneath him, on both banks of the river, the laundresses of the +Gobelins beating their linen, and above his head, the birds chattering +and singing in the elm-trees. On the one hand, the sound of liberty, +the careless happiness of the leisure which has wings; on the other, +the sound of toil. What caused him to meditate deeply, and almost +reflect, were two cheerful sounds. + +All at once, in the midst of his dejected ecstasy, he heard a familiar +voice saying:— + +“Come! Here he is!” + + +He raised his eyes, and recognized that wretched child who had come to +him one morning, the elder of the ThĂ©nardier daughters, Éponine; he +knew her name now. Strange to say, she had grown poorer and prettier, +two steps which it had not seemed within her power to take. She had +accomplished a double progress, towards the light and towards distress. +She was barefooted and in rags, as on the day when she had so +resolutely entered his chamber, only her rags were two months older +now, the holes were larger, the tatters more sordid. It was the same +harsh voice, the same brow dimmed and wrinkled with tan, the same free, +wild, and vacillating glance. She had besides, more than formerly, in +her face that indescribably terrified and lamentable something which +sojourn in a prison adds to wretchedness. + +She had bits of straw and hay in her hair, not like Ophelia through +having gone mad from the contagion of Hamlet’s madness, but because she +had slept in the loft of some stable. + +And in spite of it all, she was beautiful. What a star art thou, O +youth! + +In the meantime, she had halted in front of Marius with a trace of joy +in her livid countenance, and something which resembled a smile. + +She stood for several moments as though incapable of speech. + +“So I have met you at last!” she said at length. “Father Mabeuf was +right, it was on this boulevard! How I have hunted for you! If you only +knew! Do you know? I have been in the jug. A fortnight! They let me +out! seeing that there was nothing against me, and that, moreover, I +had not reached years of discretion. I lack two months of it. Oh! how I +have hunted for you! These six weeks! So you don’t live down there any +more?” + + +“No,” said Marius. + +“Ah! I understand. Because of that affair. Those take-downs are +disagreeable. You cleared out. Come now! Why do you wear old hats like +this! A young man like you ought to have fine clothes. Do you know, +Monsieur Marius, Father Mabeuf calls you Baron Marius, I don’t know +what. It isn’t true that you are a baron? Barons are old fellows, they +go to the Luxembourg, in front of the chĂąteau, where there is the most +sun, and they read the _Quotidienne_ for a sou. I once carried a letter +to a baron of that sort. He was over a hundred years old. Say, where do +you live now?” + + +Marius made no reply. + +“Ah!” she went on, “you have a hole in your shirt. I must sew it up for +you.” + + +She resumed with an expression which gradually clouded over:— + +“You don’t seem glad to see me.” + + +Marius held his peace; she remained silent for a moment, then +exclaimed:— + +“But if I choose, nevertheless, I could force you to look glad!” + + +“What?” demanded Marius. “What do you mean?” + + +“Ah! you used to call me _thou_,” she retorted. + +“Well, then, what dost thou mean?” + + +She bit her lips; she seemed to hesitate, as though a prey to some sort +of inward conflict. At last she appeared to come to a decision. + +“So much the worse, I don’t care. You have a melancholy air, I want you +to be pleased. Only promise me that you will smile. I want to see you +smile and hear you say: ‘Ah, well, that’s good.’ Poor Mr. Marius! you +know? You promised me that you would give me anything I like—” + + +“Yes! Only speak!” + + +She looked Marius full in the eye, and said:— + +“I have the address.” + + +Marius turned pale. All the blood flowed back to his heart. + +“What address?” + + +“The address that you asked me to get!” + + +She added, as though with an effort:— + +“The address—you know very well!” + + +“Yes!” stammered Marius. + +“Of that young lady.” + + +This word uttered, she sighed deeply. + +Marius sprang from the parapet on which he had been sitting and seized +her hand distractedly. + +“Oh! Well! lead me thither! Tell me! Ask of me anything you wish! Where +is it?” + + +“Come with me,” she responded. “I don’t know the street or number very +well; it is in quite the other direction from here, but I know the +house well, I will take you to it.” + + +She withdrew her hand and went on, in a tone which could have rent the +heart of an observer, but which did not even graze Marius in his +intoxicated and ecstatic state:— + +“Oh! how glad you are!” + + +A cloud swept across Marius’ brow. He seized Éponine by the arm:— + +“Swear one thing to me!” + + +“Swear!” said she, “what does that mean? Come! You want me to swear?” + + +And she laughed. + +“Your father! promise me, Éponine! Swear to me that you will not give +this address to your father!” + + +She turned to him with a stupefied air. + +“Éponine! How do you know that my name is Éponine?” + + +“Promise what I tell you!” + + +But she did not seem to hear him. + +“That’s nice! You have called me Éponine!” + + +Marius grasped both her arms at once. + +“But answer me, in the name of Heaven! pay attention to what I am +saying to you, swear to me that you will not tell your father this +address that you know!” + + +“My father!” said she. “Ah yes, my father! Be at ease. He’s in close +confinement. Besides, what do I care for my father!” + + +“But you do not promise me!” exclaimed Marius. + +“Let go of me!” she said, bursting into a laugh, “how you do shake me! +Yes! Yes! I promise that! I swear that to you! What is that to me? I +will not tell my father the address. There! Is that right? Is that it?” + + +“Nor to any one?” said Marius. + +“Nor to any one.” + + +“Now,” resumed Marius, “take me there.” + + +“Immediately?” + + +“Immediately.” + + +“Come along. Ah! how pleased he is!” said she. + +After a few steps she halted. + +“You are following me too closely, Monsieur Marius. Let me go on ahead, +and follow me so, without seeming to do it. A nice young man like you +must not be seen with a woman like me.” + + +No tongue can express all that lay in that word, _woman_, thus +pronounced by that child. + +She proceeded a dozen paces and then halted once more; Marius joined +her. She addressed him sideways, and without turning towards him:— + +“By the way, you know that you promised me something?” + + +Marius fumbled in his pocket. All that he owned in the world was the +five francs intended for ThĂ©nardier the father. He took them and laid +them in Éponine’s hand. + +She opened her fingers and let the coin fall to the ground, and gazed +at him with a gloomy air. + +“I don’t want your money,” said she. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—THE HOUSE IN THE RUE PLUMET + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE HOUSE WITH A SECRET + + +About the middle of the last century, a chief justice in the Parliament +of Paris having a mistress and concealing the fact, for at that period +the grand seignors displayed their mistresses, and the bourgeois +concealed them, had “a little house” built in the Faubourg +Saint-Germain, in the deserted Rue Blomet, which is now called Rue +Plumet, not far from the spot which was then designated as _Combat des +Animaux_. + +This house was composed of a single-storied pavilion; two rooms on the +ground floor, two chambers on the first floor, a kitchen downstairs, a +boudoir upstairs, an attic under the roof, the whole preceded by a +garden with a large gate opening on the street. This garden was about +an acre and a half in extent. This was all that could be seen by +passers-by; but behind the pavilion there was a narrow courtyard, and +at the end of the courtyard a low building consisting of two rooms and +a cellar, a sort of preparation destined to conceal a child and nurse +in case of need. This building communicated in the rear by a masked +door which opened by a secret spring, with a long, narrow, paved +winding corridor, open to the sky, hemmed in with two lofty walls, +which, hidden with wonderful art, and lost as it were between garden +enclosures and cultivated land, all of whose angles and detours it +followed, ended in another door, also with a secret lock which opened a +quarter of a league away, almost in another quarter, at the solitary +extremity of the Rue du Babylone. + +Through this the chief justice entered, so that even those who were +spying on him and following him would merely have observed that the +justice betook himself every day in a mysterious way somewhere, and +would never have suspected that to go to the Rue de Babylone was to go +to the Rue Blomet. Thanks to clever purchasers of land, the magistrate +had been able to make a secret, sewer-like passage on his own property, +and consequently, without interference. Later on, he had sold in little +parcels, for gardens and market gardens, the lots of ground adjoining +the corridor, and the proprietors of these lots on both sides thought +they had a party wall before their eyes, and did not even suspect the +long, paved ribbon winding between two walls amid their flower-beds and +their orchards. Only the birds beheld this curiosity. It is probable +that the linnets and tomtits of the last century gossiped a great deal +about the chief justice. + +The pavilion, built of stone in the taste of Mansard, wainscoted and +furnished in the Watteau style, rocaille on the inside, old-fashioned +on the outside, walled in with a triple hedge of flowers, had something +discreet, coquettish, and solemn about it, as befits a caprice of love +and magistracy. + +This house and corridor, which have now disappeared, were in existence +fifteen years ago. In ’93 a coppersmith had purchased the house with +the idea of demolishing it, but had not been able to pay the price; the +nation made him bankrupt. So that it was the house which demolished the +coppersmith. After that, the house remained uninhabited, and fell +slowly to ruin, as does every dwelling to which the presence of man +does not communicate life. It had remained fitted with its old +furniture, was always for sale or to let, and the ten or a dozen people +who passed through the Rue Plumet were warned of the fact by a yellow +and illegible bit of writing which had hung on the garden wall since +1819. + +Towards the end of the Restoration, these same passers-by might have +noticed that the bill had disappeared, and even that the shutters on +the first floor were open. The house was occupied, in fact. The windows +had short curtains, a sign that there was a woman about. + +In the month of October, 1829, a man of a certain age had presented +himself and had hired the house just as it stood, including, of course, +the back building and the lane which ended in the Rue de Babylone. He +had had the secret openings of the two doors to this passage repaired. +The house, as we have just mentioned, was still very nearly furnished +with the justice’s old fitting; the new tenant had ordered some +repairs, had added what was lacking here and there, had replaced the +paving-stones in the yard, bricks in the floors, steps in the stairs, +missing bits in the inlaid floors and the glass in the lattice windows, +and had finally installed himself there with a young girl and an +elderly maid-servant, without commotion, rather like a person who is +slipping in than like a man who is entering his own house. The +neighbors did not gossip about him, for the reason that there were no +neighbors. + +This unobtrusive tenant was Jean Valjean, the young girl was Cosette. +The servant was a woman named Toussaint, whom Jean Valjean had saved +from the hospital and from wretchedness, and who was elderly, a +stammerer, and from the provinces, three qualities which had decided +Jean Valjean to take her with him. He had hired the house under the +name of M. Fauchelevent, independent gentleman. In all that has been +related heretofore, the reader has, doubtless, been no less prompt than +ThĂ©nardier to recognize Jean Valjean. + +Why had Jean Valjean quitted the convent of the Petit-Picpus? What had +happened? + +Nothing had happened. + +It will be remembered that Jean Valjean was happy in the convent, so +happy that his conscience finally took the alarm. He saw Cosette every +day, he felt paternity spring up and develop within him more and more, +he brooded over the soul of that child, he said to himself that she was +his, that nothing could take her from him, that this would last +indefinitely, that she would certainly become a nun, being thereto +gently incited every day, that thus the convent was henceforth the +universe for her as it was for him, that he should grow old there, and +that she would grow up there, that she would grow old there, and that +he should die there; that, in short, delightful hope, no separation was +possible. On reflecting upon this, he fell into perplexity. He +interrogated himself. He asked himself if all that happiness were +really his, if it were not composed of the happiness of another, of the +happiness of that child which he, an old man, was confiscating and +stealing; if that were not theft? He said to himself, that this child +had a right to know life before renouncing it, that to deprive her in +advance, and in some sort without consulting her, of all joys, under +the pretext of saving her from all trials, to take advantage of her +ignorance of her isolation, in order to make an artificial vocation +germinate in her, was to rob a human creature of its nature and to lie +to God. And who knows if, when she came to be aware of all this some +day, and found herself a nun to her sorrow, Cosette would not come to +hate him? A last, almost selfish thought, and less heroic than the +rest, but which was intolerable to him. He resolved to quit the +convent. + +He resolved on this; he recognized with anguish, the fact that it was +necessary. As for objections, there were none. Five years’ sojourn +between these four walls and of disappearance had necessarily destroyed +or dispersed the elements of fear. He could return tranquilly among +men. He had grown old, and all had undergone a change. Who would +recognize him now? And then, to face the worst, there was danger only +for himself, and he had no right to condemn Cosette to the cloister for +the reason that he had been condemned to the galleys. Besides, what is +danger in comparison with the right? Finally, nothing prevented his +being prudent and taking his precautions. + +As for Cosette’s education, it was almost finished and complete. + +His determination once taken, he awaited an opportunity. It was not +long in presenting itself. Old Fauchelevent died. + +Jean Valjean demanded an audience with the revered prioress and told +her that, having come into a little inheritance at the death of his +brother, which permitted him henceforth to live without working, he +should leave the service of the convent and take his daughter with him; +but that, as it was not just that Cosette, since she had not taken the +vows, should have received her education gratuitously, he humbly begged +the Reverend Prioress to see fit that he should offer to the community, +as indemnity, for the five years which Cosette had spent there, the sum +of five thousand francs. + +It was thus that Jean Valjean quitted the convent of the Perpetual +Adoration. + +On leaving the convent, he took in his own arms the little valise the +key to which he still wore on his person, and would permit no porter to +touch it. This puzzled Cosette, because of the odor of embalming which +proceeded from it. + +Let us state at once, that this trunk never quitted him more. He always +had it in his chamber. It was the first and only thing sometimes, that +he carried off in his moving when he moved about. Cosette laughed at +it, and called this valise his _inseparable_, saying: “I am jealous of +it.” + + +Nevertheless, Jean Valjean did not reappear in the open air without +profound anxiety. + +He discovered the house in the Rue Plumet, and hid himself from sight +there. Henceforth he was in the possession of the name:—Ultime +Fauchelevent. + +At the same time he hired two other apartments in Paris, in order that +he might attract less attention than if he were to remain always in the +same quarter, and so that he could, at need, take himself off at the +slightest disquietude which should assail him, and in short, so that he +might not again be caught unprovided as on the night when he had so +miraculously escaped from Javert. These two apartments were very +pitiable, poor in appearance, and in two quarters which were far remote +from each other, the one in the Rue de l’Ouest, the other in the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +He went from time to time, now to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, now to the +Rue de l’Ouest, to pass a month or six weeks, without taking Toussaint. +He had himself served by the porters, and gave himself out as a +gentleman from the suburbs, living on his funds, and having a little +temporary resting-place in town. This lofty virtue had three domiciles +in Paris for the sake of escaping from the police. + + + + +CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN AS A NATIONAL GUARD + + +However, properly speaking, he lived in the Rue Plumet, and he had +arranged his existence there in the following fashion:— + +Cosette and the servant occupied the pavilion; she had the big +sleeping-room with the painted pier-glasses, the boudoir with the +gilded fillets, the justice’s drawing-room furnished with tapestries +and vast armchairs; she had the garden. Jean Valjean had a canopied bed +of antique damask in three colors and a beautiful Persian rug purchased +in the Rue du Figuier-Saint-Paul at Mother Gaucher’s, put into +Cosette’s chamber, and, in order to redeem the severity of these +magnificent old things, he had amalgamated with this bric-Ă -brac all +the gay and graceful little pieces of furniture suitable to young +girls, an Ă©tagĂšre, a bookcase filled with gilt-edged books, an +inkstand, a blotting-book, paper, a work-table incrusted with mother of +pearl, a silver-gilt dressing-case, a toilet service in Japanese +porcelain. Long damask curtains with a red foundation and three colors, +like those on the bed, hung at the windows of the first floor. On the +ground floor, the curtains were of tapestry. All winter long, Cosette’s +little house was heated from top to bottom. Jean Valjean inhabited the +sort of porter’s lodge which was situated at the end of the back +courtyard, with a mattress on a folding-bed, a white wood table, two +straw chairs, an earthenware water-jug, a few old volumes on a shelf, +his beloved valise in one corner, and never any fire. He dined with +Cosette, and he had a loaf of black bread on the table for his own use. + +When Toussaint came, he had said to her: “It is the young lady who is +the mistress of this house.”—“And you, monsieur?” Toussaint replied in +amazement.—“I am a much better thing than the master, I am the father.” + + +Cosette had been taught housekeeping in the convent, and she regulated +their expenditure, which was very modest. Every day, Jean Valjean put +his arm through Cosette’s and took her for a walk. He led her to the +Luxembourg, to the least frequented walk, and every Sunday he took her +to mass at Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, because that was a long way off. +As it was a very poor quarter, he bestowed alms largely there, and the +poor people surrounded him in church, which had drawn down upon him +ThĂ©nardier’s epistle: “To the benevolent gentleman of the church of +Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” He was fond of taking Cosette to visit the +poor and the sick. No stranger ever entered the house in the Rue +Plumet. Toussaint brought their provisions, and Jean Valjean went +himself for water to a fountain nearby on the boulevard. Their wood and +wine were put into a half-subterranean hollow lined with rock-work +which lay near the Rue de Babylone and which had formerly served the +chief-justice as a grotto; for at the epoch of follies and “Little +Houses” no love was without a grotto. + +In the door opening on the Rue de Babylone, there was a box destined +for the reception of letters and papers; only, as the three inhabitants +of the pavilion in the Rue Plumet received neither papers nor letters, +the entire usefulness of that box, formerly the go-between of a love +affair, and the confidant of a love-lorn lawyer, was now limited to the +tax-collector’s notices, and the summons of the guard. For M. +Fauchelevent, independent gentleman, belonged to the national guard; he +had not been able to escape through the fine meshes of the census of +1831. The municipal information collected at that time had even reached +the convent of the Petit-Picpus, a sort of impenetrable and holy cloud, +whence Jean Valjean had emerged in venerable guise, and, consequently, +worthy of mounting guard in the eyes of the town-hall. + +Three or four times a year, Jean Valjean donned his uniform and mounted +guard; he did this willingly, however; it was a correct disguise which +mixed him with every one, and yet left him solitary. Jean Valjean had +just attained his sixtieth birthday, the age of legal exemption; but he +did not appear to be over fifty; moreover, he had no desire to escape +his sergeant-major nor to quibble with Comte de Lobau; he possessed no +civil status, he was concealing his name, he was concealing his +identity, so he concealed his age, he concealed everything; and, as we +have just said, he willingly did his duty as a national guard; the sum +of his ambition lay in resembling any other man who paid his taxes. +This man had for his ideal, within, the angel, without, the bourgeois. + +Let us note one detail, however; when Jean Valjean went out with +Cosette, he dressed as the reader has already seen, and had the air of +a retired officer. When he went out alone, which was generally at +night, he was always dressed in a workingman’s trousers and blouse, and +wore a cap which concealed his face. Was this precaution or humility? +Both. Cosette was accustomed to the enigmatical side of her destiny, +and hardly noticed her father’s peculiarities. As for Toussaint, she +venerated Jean Valjean, and thought everything he did right. + +One day, her butcher, who had caught a glimpse of Jean Valjean, said to +her: “That’s a queer fish.” She replied: “He’s a saint.” + + +Neither Jean Valjean nor Cosette nor Toussaint ever entered or emerged +except by the door on the Rue de Babylone. Unless seen through the +garden gate it would have been difficult to guess that they lived in +the Rue Plumet. That gate was always closed. Jean Valjean had left the +garden uncultivated, in order not to attract attention. + +In this, possibly, he made a mistake. + + + + +CHAPTER III—FOLIIS AC FRONDIBUS + + +The garden thus left to itself for more than half a century had become +extraordinary and charming. The passers-by of forty years ago halted to +gaze at it, without a suspicion of the secrets which it hid in its +fresh and verdant depths. More than one dreamer of that epoch often +allowed his thoughts and his eyes to penetrate indiscreetly between the +bars of that ancient, padlocked gate, twisted, tottering, fastened to +two green and moss-covered pillars, and oddly crowned with a pediment +of undecipherable arabesque. + +There was a stone bench in one corner, one or two mouldy statues, +several lattices which had lost their nails with time, were rotting on +the wall, and there were no walks nor turf; but there was enough grass +everywhere. Gardening had taken its departure, and nature had returned. +Weeds abounded, which was a great piece of luck for a poor corner of +land. The festival of gilliflowers was something splendid. Nothing in +this garden obstructed the sacred effort of things towards life; +venerable growth reigned there among them. The trees had bent over +towards the nettles, the plant had sprung upward, the branch had +inclined, that which crawls on the earth had gone in search of that +which expands in the air, that which floats on the wind had bent over +towards that which trails in the moss; trunks, boughs, leaves, fibres, +clusters, tendrils, shoots, spines, thorns, had mingled, crossed, +married, confounded themselves in each other; vegetation in a deep and +close embrace, had celebrated and accomplished there, under the +well-pleased eye of the Creator, in that enclosure three hundred feet +square, the holy mystery of fraternity, symbol of the human fraternity. +This garden was no longer a garden, it was a colossal thicket, that is +to say, something as impenetrable as a forest, as peopled as a city, +quivering like a nest, sombre like a cathedral, fragrant like a +bouquet, solitary as a tomb, living as a throng. + +In FlorĂ©al34 this enormous thicket, free behind its gate and within its +four walls, entered upon the secret labor of germination, quivered in +the rising sun, almost like an animal which drinks in the breaths of +cosmic love, and which feels the sap of April rising and boiling in its +veins, and shakes to the wind its enormous wonderful green locks, +sprinkled on the damp earth, on the defaced statues, on the crumbling +steps of the pavilion, and even on the pavement of the deserted street, +flowers like stars, dew like pearls, fecundity, beauty, life, joy, +perfumes. At midday, a thousand white butterflies took refuge there, +and it was a divine spectacle to see that living summer snow whirling +about there in flakes amid the shade. There, in those gay shadows of +verdure, a throng of innocent voices spoke sweetly to the soul, and +what the twittering forgot to say the humming completed. In the +evening, a dreamy vapor exhaled from the garden and enveloped it; a +shroud of mist, a calm and celestial sadness covered it; the +intoxicating perfume of the honeysuckles and convolvulus poured out +from every part of it, like an exquisite and subtle poison; the last +appeals of the woodpeckers and the wagtails were audible as they dozed +among the branches; one felt the sacred intimacy of the birds and the +trees; by day the wings rejoice the leaves, by night the leaves protect +the wings. + +In winter the thicket was black, dripping, bristling, shivering, and +allowed some glimpse of the house. Instead of flowers on the branches +and dew in the flowers, the long silvery tracks of the snails were +visible on the cold, thick carpet of yellow leaves; but in any fashion, +under any aspect, at all seasons, spring, winter, summer, autumn, this +tiny enclosure breathed forth melancholy, contemplation, solitude, +liberty, the absence of man, the presence of God; and the rusty old +gate had the air of saying: “This garden belongs to me.” + + +It was of no avail that the pavements of Paris were there on every +side, the classic and splendid hotels of the Rue de Varennes a couple +of paces away, the dome of the Invalides close at hand, the Chamber of +Deputies not far off; the carriages of the Rue de Bourgogne and of the +Rue Saint-Dominique rumbled luxuriously, in vain, in the vicinity, in +vain did the yellow, brown, white, and red omnibuses cross each other’s +course at the neighboring crossroads; the Rue Plumet was the desert; +and the death of the former proprietors, the revolution which had +passed over it, the crumbling away of ancient fortunes, absence, +forgetfulness, forty years of abandonment and widowhood, had sufficed +to restore to this privileged spot ferns, mulleins, hemlock, yarrow, +tall weeds, great crimped plants, with large leaves of pale green +cloth, lizards, beetles, uneasy and rapid insects; to cause to spring +forth from the depths of the earth and to reappear between those four +walls a certain indescribable and savage grandeur; and for nature, +which disconcerts the petty arrangements of man, and which sheds +herself always thoroughly where she diffuses herself at all, in the ant +as well as in the eagle, to blossom out in a petty little Parisian +garden with as much rude force and majesty as in a virgin forest of the +New World. + +Nothing is small, in fact; any one who is subject to the profound and +penetrating influence of nature knows this. Although no absolute +satisfaction is given to philosophy, either to circumscribe the cause +or to limit the effect, the contemplator falls into those unfathomable +ecstasies caused by these decompositions of force terminating in unity. +Everything toils at everything. + +Algebra is applied to the clouds; the radiation of the star profits the +rose; no thinker would venture to affirm that the perfume of the +hawthorn is useless to the constellations. Who, then, can calculate the +course of a molecule? How do we know that the creation of worlds is not +determined by the fall of grains of sand? Who knows the reciprocal ebb +and flow of the infinitely great and the infinitely little, the +reverberations of causes in the precipices of being, and the avalanches +of creation? The tiniest worm is of importance; the great is little, +the little is great; everything is balanced in necessity; alarming +vision for the mind. There are marvellous relations between beings and +things; in that inexhaustible whole, from the sun to the grub, nothing +despises the other; all have need of each other. The light does not +bear away terrestrial perfumes into the azure depths, without knowing +what it is doing; the night distributes stellar essences to the +sleeping flowers. All birds that fly have round their leg the thread of +the infinite. Germination is complicated with the bursting forth of a +meteor and with the peck of a swallow cracking its egg, and it places +on one level the birth of an earthworm and the advent of Socrates. +Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two +possesses the larger field of vision? Choose. A bit of mould is a +pleiad of flowers; a nebula is an ant-hill of stars. The same +promiscuousness, and yet more unprecedented, exists between the things +of the intelligence and the facts of substance. Elements and principles +mingle, combine, wed, multiply with each other, to such a point that +the material and the moral world are brought eventually to the same +clearness. The phenomenon is perpetually returning upon itself. In the +vast cosmic exchanges the universal life goes and comes in unknown +quantities, rolling entirely in the invisible mystery of effluvia, +employing everything, not losing a single dream, not a single slumber, +sowing an animalcule here, crumbling to bits a planet there, +oscillating and winding, making of light a force and of thought an +element, disseminated and invisible, dissolving all, except that +geometrical point, the _I_; bringing everything back to the soul-atom; +expanding everything in God, entangling all activity, from summit to +base, in the obscurity of a dizzy mechanism, attaching the flight of an +insect to the movement of the earth, subordinating, who knows? Were it +only by the identity of the law, the evolution of the comet in the +firmament to the whirling of the infusoria in the drop of water. A +machine made of mind. Enormous gearing, the prime motor of which is the +gnat, and whose final wheel is the zodiac. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—CHANGE OF GATE + + +It seemed that this garden, created in olden days to conceal wanton +mysteries, had been transformed and become fitted to shelter chaste +mysteries. There were no longer either arbors, or bowling greens, or +tunnels, or grottos; there was a magnificent, dishevelled obscurity +falling like a veil over all. Paphos had been made over into Eden. It +is impossible to say what element of repentance had rendered this +retreat wholesome. This flower-girl now offered her blossom to the +soul. This coquettish garden, formerly decidedly compromised, had +returned to virginity and modesty. A justice assisted by a gardener, a +goodman who thought that he was a continuation of Lamoignon, and +another goodman who thought that he was a continuation of LenĂŽtre, had +turned it about, cut, ruffled, decked, moulded it to gallantry; nature +had taken possession of it once more, had filled it with shade, and had +arranged it for love. + +There was, also, in this solitude, a heart which was quite ready. Love +had only to show himself; he had here a temple composed of verdure, +grass, moss, the sight of birds, tender shadows, agitated branches, and +a soul made of sweetness, of faith, of candor, of hope, of aspiration, +and of illusion. + +Cosette had left the convent when she was still almost a child; she was +a little more than fourteen, and she was at the “ungrateful age”; we +have already said, that with the exception of her eyes, she was homely +rather than pretty; she had no ungraceful feature, but she was awkward, +thin, timid and bold at once, a grown-up little girl, in short. + +Her education was finished, that is to say, she has been taught +religion, and even and above all, devotion; then “history,” that is to +say the thing that bears that name in convents, geography, grammar, the +participles, the kings of France, a little music, a little drawing, +etc.; but in all other respects she was utterly ignorant, which is a +great charm and a great peril. The soul of a young girl should not be +left in the dark; later on, mirages that are too abrupt and too lively +are formed there, as in a dark chamber. She should be gently and +discreetly enlightened, rather with the reflection of realities than +with their harsh and direct light. A useful and graciously austere +half-light which dissipates puerile fears and obviates falls. There is +nothing but the maternal instinct, that admirable intuition composed of +the memories of the virgin and the experience of the woman, which knows +how this half-light is to be created and of what it should consist. + +Nothing supplies the place of this instinct. All the nuns in the world +are not worth as much as one mother in the formation of a young girl’s +soul. + +Cosette had had no mother. She had only had many mothers, in the +plural. + +As for Jean Valjean, he was, indeed, all tenderness, all solicitude; +but he was only an old man and he knew nothing at all. + +Now, in this work of education, in this grave matter of preparing a +woman for life, what science is required to combat that vast ignorance +which is called innocence! + +Nothing prepares a young girl for passions like the convent. The +convent turns the thoughts in the direction of the unknown. The heart, +thus thrown back upon itself, works downward within itself, since it +cannot overflow, and grows deep, since it cannot expand. Hence visions, +suppositions, conjectures, outlines of romances, a desire for +adventures, fantastic constructions, edifices built wholly in the inner +obscurity of the mind, sombre and secret abodes where the passions +immediately find a lodgement as soon as the open gate permits them to +enter. The convent is a compression which, in order to triumph over the +human heart, should last during the whole life. + +On quitting the convent, Cosette could have found nothing more sweet +and more dangerous than the house in the Rue Plumet. It was the +continuation of solitude with the beginning of liberty; a garden that +was closed, but a nature that was acrid, rich, voluptuous, and +fragrant; the same dreams as in the convent, but with glimpses of young +men; a grating, but one that opened on the street. + +Still, when she arrived there, we repeat, she was only a child. Jean +Valjean gave this neglected garden over to her. “Do what you like with +it,” he said to her. This amused Cosette; she turned over all the +clumps and all the stones, she hunted for “beasts”; she played in it, +while awaiting the time when she would dream in it; she loved this +garden for the insects that she found beneath her feet amid the grass, +while awaiting the day when she would love it for the stars that she +would see through the boughs above her head. + +And then, she loved her father, that is to say, Jean Valjean, with all +her soul, with an innocent filial passion which made the goodman a +beloved and charming companion to her. It will be remembered that M. +Madeleine had been in the habit of reading a great deal. Jean Valjean +had continued this practice; he had come to converse well; he possessed +the secret riches and the eloquence of a true and humble mind which has +spontaneously cultivated itself. He retained just enough sharpness to +season his kindness; his mind was rough and his heart was soft. During +their conversations in the Luxembourg, he gave her explanations of +everything, drawing on what he had read, and also on what he had +suffered. As she listened to him, Cosette’s eyes wandered vaguely +about. + +This simple man sufficed for Cosette’s thought, the same as the wild +garden sufficed for her eyes. When she had had a good chase after the +butterflies, she came panting up to him and said: “Ah! How I have run!” +He kissed her brow. + +Cosette adored the goodman. She was always at his heels. Where Jean +Valjean was, there happiness was. Jean Valjean lived neither in the +pavilion nor the garden; she took greater pleasure in the paved back +courtyard, than in the enclosure filled with flowers, and in his little +lodge furnished with straw-seated chairs than in the great drawing-room +hung with tapestry, against which stood tufted easy-chairs. Jean +Valjean sometimes said to her, smiling at his happiness in being +importuned: “Do go to your own quarters! Leave me alone a little!” + + +She gave him those charming and tender scoldings which are so graceful +when they come from a daughter to her father. + +“Father, I am very cold in your rooms; why don’t you have a carpet here +and a stove?” + + +“Dear child, there are so many people who are better than I and who +have not even a roof over their heads.” + + +“Then why is there a fire in my rooms, and everything that is needed?” + + +“Because you are a woman and a child.” + + +“Bah! must men be cold and feel uncomfortable?” + + +“Certain men.” + + +“That is good, I shall come here so often that you will be obliged to +have a fire.” + + +And again she said to him:— + +“Father, why do you eat horrible bread like that?” + + +“Because, my daughter.” + + +“Well, if you eat it, I will eat it too.” + + +Then, in order to prevent Cosette eating black bread, Jean Valjean ate +white bread. + +Cosette had but a confused recollection of her childhood. She prayed +morning and evening for her mother whom she had never known. The +ThĂ©nardiers had remained with her as two hideous figures in a dream. +She remembered that she had gone “one day, at night,” to fetch water in +a forest. She thought that it had been very far from Paris. It seemed +to her that she had begun to live in an abyss, and that it was Jean +Valjean who had rescued her from it. Her childhood produced upon her +the effect of a time when there had been nothing around her but +millepeds, spiders, and serpents. When she meditated in the evening, +before falling asleep, as she had not a very clear idea that she was +Jean Valjean’s daughter, and that he was her father, she fancied that +the soul of her mother had passed into that good man and had come to +dwell near her. + +When he was seated, she leaned her cheek against his white hair, and +dropped a silent tear, saying to herself: “Perhaps this man is my +mother.” + + +Cosette, although this is a strange statement to make, in the profound +ignorance of a girl brought up in a convent,—maternity being also +absolutely unintelligible to virginity,—had ended by fancying that she +had had as little mother as possible. She did not even know her +mother’s name. Whenever she asked Jean Valjean, Jean Valjean remained +silent. If she repeated her question, he responded with a smile. Once +she insisted; the smile ended in a tear. + +This silence on the part of Jean Valjean covered Fantine with darkness. + +Was it prudence? Was it respect? Was it a fear that he should deliver +this name to the hazards of another memory than his own? + +So long as Cosette had been small, Jean Valjean had been willing to +talk to her of her mother; when she became a young girl, it was +impossible for him to do so. It seemed to him that he no longer dared. +Was it because of Cosette? Was it because of Fantine? He felt a certain +religious horror at letting that shadow enter Cosette’s thought; and of +placing a third in their destiny. The more sacred this shade was to +him, the more did it seem that it was to be feared. He thought of +Fantine, and felt himself overwhelmed with silence. + +Through the darkness, he vaguely perceived something which appeared to +have its finger on its lips. Had all the modesty which had been in +Fantine, and which had violently quitted her during her lifetime, +returned to rest upon her after her death, to watch in indignation over +the peace of that dead woman, and in its shyness, to keep her in her +grave? Was Jean Valjean unconsciously submitting to the pressure? We +who believe in death, are not among the number who will reject this +mysterious explanation. + +Hence the impossibility of uttering, even for Cosette, that name of +Fantine. + +One day Cosette said to him:— + +“Father, I saw my mother in a dream last night. She had two big wings. +My mother must have been almost a saint during her life.” + + +“Through martyrdom,” replied Jean Valjean. + +However, Jean Valjean was happy. + +When Cosette went out with him, she leaned on his arm, proud and happy, +in the plenitude of her heart. Jean Valjean felt his heart melt within +him with delight, at all these sparks of a tenderness so exclusive, so +wholly satisfied with himself alone. The poor man trembled, inundated +with angelic joy; he declared to himself ecstatically that this would +last all their lives; he told himself that he really had not suffered +sufficiently to merit so radiant a bliss, and he thanked God, in the +depths of his soul, for having permitted him to be loved thus, he, a +wretch, by that innocent being. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE ROSE PERCEIVES THAT IT IS AN ENGINE OF WAR + + +One day, Cosette chanced to look at herself in her mirror, and she said +to herself: “Really!” It seemed to her almost that she was pretty. This +threw her in a singularly troubled state of mind. Up to that moment she +had never thought of her face. She saw herself in her mirror, but she +did not look at herself. And then, she had so often been told that she +was homely; Jean Valjean alone said gently: “No indeed! no indeed!” At +all events, Cosette had always thought herself homely, and had grown up +in that belief with the easy resignation of childhood. And here, all at +once, was her mirror saying to her, as Jean Valjean had said: “No +indeed!” That night, she did not sleep. “What if I were pretty!” she +thought. “How odd it would be if I were pretty!” And she recalled those +of her companions whose beauty had produced a sensation in the convent, +and she said to herself: “What! Am I to be like Mademoiselle +So-and-So?” + + +The next morning she looked at herself again, not by accident this +time, and she was assailed with doubts: “Where did I get such an idea?” +said she; “no, I am ugly.” She had not slept well, that was all, her +eyes were sunken and she was pale. She had not felt very joyous on the +preceding evening in the belief that she was beautiful, but it made her +very sad not to be able to believe in it any longer. She did not look +at herself again, and for more than a fortnight she tried to dress her +hair with her back turned to the mirror. + +In the evening, after dinner, she generally embroidered in wool or did +some convent needlework in the drawing-room, and Jean Valjean read +beside her. Once she raised her eyes from her work, and was rendered +quite uneasy by the manner in which her father was gazing at her. + +On another occasion, she was passing along the street, and it seemed to +her that some one behind her, whom she did not see, said: “A pretty +woman! but badly dressed.” “Bah!” she thought, “he does not mean me. I +am well dressed and ugly.” She was then wearing a plush hat and her +merino gown. + +At last, one day when she was in the garden, she heard poor old +Toussaint saying: “Do you notice how pretty Cosette is growing, sir?” +Cosette did not hear her father’s reply, but Toussaint’s words caused a +sort of commotion within her. She fled from the garden, ran up to her +room, flew to the looking-glass,—it was three months since she had +looked at herself,—and gave vent to a cry. She had just dazzled +herself. + +She was beautiful and lovely; she could not help agreeing with +Toussaint and her mirror. Her figure was formed, her skin had grown +white, her hair was lustrous, an unaccustomed splendor had been lighted +in her blue eyes. The consciousness of her beauty burst upon her in an +instant, like the sudden advent of daylight; other people noticed it +also, Toussaint had said so, it was evidently she of whom the passer-by +had spoken, there could no longer be any doubt of that; she descended +to the garden again, thinking herself a queen, imagining that she heard +the birds singing, though it was winter, seeing the sky gilded, the sun +among the trees, flowers in the thickets, distracted, wild, in +inexpressible delight. + +Jean Valjean, on his side, experienced a deep and undefinable +oppression at heart. + +In fact, he had, for some time past, been contemplating with terror +that beauty which seemed to grow more radiant every day on Cosette’s +sweet face. The dawn that was smiling for all was gloomy for him. + +Cosette had been beautiful for a tolerably long time before she became +aware of it herself. But, from the very first day, that unexpected +light which was rising slowly and enveloping the whole of the young +girl’s person, wounded Jean Valjean’s sombre eye. He felt that it was a +change in a happy life, a life so happy that he did not dare to move +for fear of disarranging something. This man, who had passed through +all manner of distresses, who was still all bleeding from the bruises +of fate, who had been almost wicked and who had become almost a saint, +who, after having dragged the chain of the galleys, was now dragging +the invisible but heavy chain of indefinite misery, this man whom the +law had not released from its grasp and who could be seized at any +moment and brought back from the obscurity of his virtue to the broad +daylight of public opprobrium, this man accepted all, excused all, +pardoned all, and merely asked of Providence, of man, of the law, of +society, of nature, of the world, one thing, that Cosette might love +him! + +That Cosette might continue to love him! That God would not prevent the +heart of the child from coming to him, and from remaining with him! +Beloved by Cosette, he felt that he was healed, rested, appeased, +loaded with benefits, recompensed, crowned. Beloved by Cosette, it was +well with him! He asked nothing more! Had any one said to him: “Do you +want anything better?” he would have answered: “No.” God might have +said to him: “Do you desire heaven?” and he would have replied: “I +should lose by it.” + + +Everything which could affect this situation, if only on the surface, +made him shudder like the beginning of something new. He had never +known very distinctly himself what the beauty of a woman means; but he +understood instinctively, that it was something terrible. + +He gazed with terror on this beauty, which was blossoming out ever more +triumphant and superb beside him, beneath his very eyes, on the +innocent and formidable brow of that child, from the depths of her +homeliness, of his old age, of his misery, of his reprobation. + +He said to himself: “How beautiful she is! What is to become of me?” + + +There, moreover, lay the difference between his tenderness and the +tenderness of a mother. What he beheld with anguish, a mother would +have gazed upon with joy. + +The first symptoms were not long in making their appearance. + +On the very morrow of the day on which she had said to herself: +“Decidedly I am beautiful!” Cosette began to pay attention to her +toilet. She recalled the remark of that passer-by: “Pretty, but badly +dressed,” the breath of an oracle which had passed beside her and had +vanished, after depositing in her heart one of the two germs which are +destined, later on, to fill the whole life of woman, coquetry. Love is +the other. + +With faith in her beauty, the whole feminine soul expanded within her. +She conceived a horror for her merinos, and shame for her plush hat. +Her father had never refused her anything. She at once acquired the +whole science of the bonnet, the gown, the mantle, the boot, the cuff, +the stuff which is in fashion, the color which is becoming, that +science which makes of the Parisian woman something so charming, so +deep, and so dangerous. The words _heady woman_ were invented for the +Parisienne. + +In less than a month, little Cosette, in that Thebaid of the Rue de +Babylone, was not only one of the prettiest, but one of the “best +dressed” women in Paris, which means a great deal more. + +She would have liked to encounter her “passer-by,” to see what he would +say, and to “teach him a lesson!” The truth is, that she was ravishing +in every respect, and that she distinguished the difference between a +bonnet from GĂ©rard and one from Herbaut in the most marvellous way. + +Jean Valjean watched these ravages with anxiety. He who felt that he +could never do anything but crawl, walk at the most, beheld wings +sprouting on Cosette. + +Moreover, from the mere inspection of Cosette’s toilet, a woman would +have recognized the fact that she had no mother. Certain little +proprieties, certain special conventionalities, were not observed by +Cosette. A mother, for instance, would have told her that a young girl +does not dress in damask. + +The first day that Cosette went out in her black damask gown and +mantle, and her white crape bonnet, she took Jean Valjean’s arm, gay, +radiant, rosy, proud, dazzling. “Father,” she said, “how do you like me +in this guise?” Jean Valjean replied in a voice which resembled the +bitter voice of an envious man: “Charming!” He was the same as usual +during their walk. On their return home, he asked Cosette:— + +“Won’t you put on that other gown and bonnet again,—you know the ones I +mean?” + + +This took place in Cosette’s chamber. Cosette turned towards the +wardrobe where her cast-off schoolgirl’s clothes were hanging. + +“That disguise!” said she. “Father, what do you want me to do with it? +Oh no, the idea! I shall never put on those horrors again. With that +machine on my head, I have the air of Madame Mad-dog.” + + +Jean Valjean heaved a deep sigh. + +From that moment forth, he noticed that Cosette, who had always +heretofore asked to remain at home, saying: “Father, I enjoy myself +more here with you,” now was always asking to go out. In fact, what is +the use of having a handsome face and a delicious costume if one does +not display them? + +He also noticed that Cosette had no longer the same taste for the back +garden. Now she preferred the garden, and did not dislike to promenade +back and forth in front of the railed fence. Jean Valjean, who was shy, +never set foot in the garden. He kept to his back yard, like a dog. + +Cosette, in gaining the knowledge that she was beautiful, lost the +grace of ignoring it. An exquisite grace, for beauty enhanced by +ingenuousness is ineffable, and nothing is so adorable as a dazzling +and innocent creature who walks along, holding in her hand the key to +paradise without being conscious of it. But what she had lost in +ingenuous grace, she gained in pensive and serious charm. Her whole +person, permeated with the joy of youth, of innocence, and of beauty, +breathed forth a splendid melancholy. + +It was at this epoch that Marius, after the lapse of six months, saw +her once more at the Luxembourg. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE BATTLE BEGUN + + +Cosette in her shadow, like Marius in his, was all ready to take fire. +Destiny, with its mysterious and fatal patience, slowly drew together +these two beings, all charged and all languishing with the stormy +electricity of passion, these two souls which were laden with love as +two clouds are laden with lightning, and which were bound to overflow +and mingle in a look like the clouds in a flash of fire. + +The glance has been so much abused in love romances that it has finally +fallen into disrepute. One hardly dares to say, nowadays, that two +beings fell in love because they looked at each other. That is the way +people do fall in love, nevertheless, and the only way. The rest is +nothing, but the rest comes afterwards. Nothing is more real than these +great shocks which two souls convey to each other by the exchange of +that spark. + +At that particular hour when Cosette unconsciously darted that glance +which troubled Marius, Marius had no suspicion that he had also +launched a look which disturbed Cosette. + +He caused her the same good and the same evil. + +She had been in the habit of seeing him for a long time, and she had +scrutinized him as girls scrutinize and see, while looking elsewhere. +Marius still considered Cosette ugly, when she had already begun to +think Marius handsome. But as he paid no attention to her, the young +man was nothing to her. + +Still, she could not refrain from saying to herself that he had +beautiful hair, beautiful eyes, handsome teeth, a charming tone of +voice when she heard him conversing with his comrades, that he held +himself badly when he walked, if you like, but with a grace that was +all his own, that he did not appear to be at all stupid, that his whole +person was noble, gentle, simple, proud, and that, in short, though he +seemed to be poor, yet his air was fine. + +On the day when their eyes met at last, and said to each other those +first, obscure, and ineffable things which the glance lisps, Cosette +did not immediately understand. She returned thoughtfully to the house +in the Rue de l’Ouest, where Jean Valjean, according to his custom, had +come to spend six weeks. The next morning, on waking, she thought of +that strange young man, so long indifferent and icy, who now seemed to +pay attention to her, and it did not appear to her that this attention +was the least in the world agreeable to her. She was, on the contrary, +somewhat incensed at this handsome and disdainful individual. A +substratum of war stirred within her. It struck her, and the idea +caused her a wholly childish joy, that she was going to take her +revenge at last. + +Knowing that she was beautiful, she was thoroughly conscious, though in +an indistinct fashion, that she possessed a weapon. Women play with +their beauty as children do with a knife. They wound themselves. + +The reader will recall Marius’ hesitations, his palpitations, his +terrors. He remained on his bench and did not approach. This vexed +Cosette. One day, she said to Jean Valjean: “Father, let us stroll +about a little in that direction.” Seeing that Marius did not come to +her, she went to him. In such cases, all women resemble Mahomet. And +then, strange to say, the first symptom of true love in a young man is +timidity; in a young girl it is boldness. This is surprising, and yet +nothing is more simple. It is the two sexes tending to approach each +other and assuming, each the other’s qualities. + +That day, Cosette’s glance drove Marius beside himself, and Marius’ +glance set Cosette to trembling. Marius went away confident, and +Cosette uneasy. From that day forth, they adored each other. + +The first thing that Cosette felt was a confused and profound +melancholy. It seemed to her that her soul had become black since the +day before. She no longer recognized it. The whiteness of soul in young +girls, which is composed of coldness and gayety, resembles snow. It +melts in love, which is its sun. + +Cosette did not know what love was. She had never heard the word +uttered in its terrestrial sense. On the books of profane music which +entered the convent, _amour_ (love) was replaced by _tambour_ (drum) or +_pandour_. This created enigmas which exercised the imaginations of the +_big girls_, such as: _Ah, how delightful is the drum! _ or, _Pity is +not a pandour_. But Cosette had left the convent too early to have +occupied herself much with the “drum.” Therefore, she did not know what +name to give to what she now felt. Is any one the less ill because one +does not know the name of one’s malady? + +She loved with all the more passion because she loved ignorantly. She +did not know whether it was a good thing or a bad thing, useful or +dangerous, eternal or temporary, allowable or prohibited; she loved. +She would have been greatly astonished, had any one said to her: “You +do not sleep? But that is forbidden! You do not eat? Why, that is very +bad! You have oppressions and palpitations of the heart? That must not +be! You blush and turn pale, when a certain being clad in black appears +at the end of a certain green walk? But that is abominable!” She would +not have understood, and she would have replied: “What fault is there +of mine in a matter in which I have no power and of which I know +nothing?” + + +It turned out that the love which presented itself was exactly suited +to the state of her soul. It was a sort of admiration at a distance, a +mute contemplation, the deification of a stranger. It was the +apparition of youth to youth, the dream of nights become a reality yet +remaining a dream, the longed-for phantom realized and made flesh at +last, but having as yet, neither name, nor fault, nor spot, nor +exigence, nor defect; in a word, the distant lover who lingered in the +ideal, a chimĂŠra with a form. Any nearer and more palpable meeting +would have alarmed Cosette at this first stage, when she was still half +immersed in the exaggerated mists of the cloister. She had all the +fears of children and all the fears of nuns combined. The spirit of the +convent, with which she had been permeated for the space of five years, +was still in the process of slow evaporation from her person, and made +everything tremble around her. In this situation he was not a lover, he +was not even an admirer, he was a vision. She set herself to adoring +Marius as something charming, luminous, and impossible. + +As extreme innocence borders on extreme coquetry, she smiled at him +with all frankness. + +Every day, she looked forward to the hour for their walk with +impatience, she found Marius there, she felt herself unspeakably happy, +and thought in all sincerity that she was expressing her whole thought +when she said to Jean Valjean:— + +“What a delicious garden that Luxembourg is!” + + +Marius and Cosette were in the dark as to one another. They did not +address each other, they did not salute each other, they did not know +each other; they saw each other; and like stars of heaven which are +separated by millions of leagues, they lived by gazing at each other. + +It was thus that Cosette gradually became a woman and developed, +beautiful and loving, with a consciousness of her beauty, and in +ignorance of her love. She was a coquette to boot through her +ignorance. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—TO ONE SADNESS OPPOSE A SADNESS AND A HALF + + +All situations have their instincts. Old and eternal Mother Nature +warned Jean Valjean in a dim way of the presence of Marius. Jean +Valjean shuddered to the very bottom of his soul. Jean Valjean saw +nothing, knew nothing, and yet he scanned with obstinate attention, the +darkness in which he walked, as though he felt on one side of him +something in process of construction, and on the other, something which +was crumbling away. Marius, also warned, and, in accordance with the +deep law of God, by that same Mother Nature, did all he could to keep +out of sight of “the father.” Nevertheless, it came to pass that Jean +Valjean sometimes espied him. Marius’ manners were no longer in the +least natural. He exhibited ambiguous prudence and awkward daring. He +no longer came quite close to them as formerly. He seated himself at a +distance and pretended to be reading; why did he pretend that? Formerly +he had come in his old coat, now he wore his new one every day; Jean +Valjean was not sure that he did not have his hair curled, his eyes +were very queer, he wore gloves; in short, Jean Valjean cordially +detested this young man. + +Cosette allowed nothing to be divined. Without knowing just what was +the matter with her she was convinced that there was something in it, +and that it must be concealed. + +There was a coincidence between the taste for the toilet which had +recently come to Cosette, and the habit of new clothes developed by +that stranger which was very repugnant to Jean Valjean. It might be +accidental, no doubt, certainly, but it was a menacing accident. + +He never opened his mouth to Cosette about this stranger. One day, +however, he could not refrain from so doing, and, with that vague +despair which suddenly casts the lead into the depths of its despair, +he said to her: “What a very pedantic air that young man has!” + + +Cosette, but a year before only an indifferent little girl, would have +replied: “Why, no, he is charming.” Ten years later, with the love of +Marius in her heart, she would have answered: “A pedant, and +insufferable to the sight! You are right!”—At the moment in life and +the heart which she had then attained, she contented herself with +replying, with supreme calmness: “That young man!” + + +As though she now beheld him for the first time in her life. + +“How stupid I am!” thought Jean Valjean. “She had not noticed him. It +is I who have pointed him out to her.” + + +Oh, simplicity of the old! oh, the depth of children! + +It is one of the laws of those fresh years of suffering and trouble, of +those vivacious conflicts between a first love and the first obstacles, +that the young girl does not allow herself to be caught in any trap +whatever, and that the young man falls into every one. Jean Valjean had +instituted an undeclared war against Marius, which Marius, with the +sublime stupidity of his passion and his age, did not divine. Jean +Valjean laid a host of ambushes for him; he changed his hour, he +changed his bench, he forgot his handkerchief, he came alone to the +Luxembourg; Marius dashed headlong into all these snares; and to all +the interrogation marks planted by Jean Valjean in his pathway, he +ingenuously answered “yes.” But Cosette remained immured in her +apparent unconcern and in her imperturbable tranquillity, so that Jean +Valjean arrived at the following conclusion: “That ninny is madly in +love with Cosette, but Cosette does not even know that he exists.” + + +Nonetheless did he bear in his heart a mournful tremor. The minute when +Cosette would love might strike at any moment. Does not everything +begin with indifference? + +Only once did Cosette make a mistake and alarm him. He rose from his +seat to depart, after a stay of three hours, and she said: “What, +already?” + + +Jean Valjean had not discontinued his trips to the Luxembourg, as he +did not wish to do anything out of the way, and as, above all things, +he feared to arouse Cosette; but during the hours which were so sweet +to the lovers, while Cosette was sending her smile to the intoxicated +Marius, who perceived nothing else now, and who now saw nothing in all +the world but an adored and radiant face, Jean Valjean was fixing on +Marius flashing and terrible eyes. He, who had finally come to believe +himself incapable of a malevolent feeling, experienced moments when +Marius was present, in which he thought he was becoming savage and +ferocious once more, and he felt the old depths of his soul, which had +formerly contained so much wrath, opening once more and rising up +against that young man. It almost seemed to him that unknown craters +were forming in his bosom. + +What! he was there, that creature! What was he there for? He came +creeping about, smelling out, examining, trying! He came, saying: “Hey! +Why not?” He came to prowl about his, Jean Valjean’s, life! to prowl +about his happiness, with the purpose of seizing it and bearing it +away! + +Jean Valjean added: “Yes, that’s it! What is he in search of? An +adventure! What does he want? A love affair! A love affair! And I? +What! I have been first, the most wretched of men, and then the most +unhappy, and I have traversed sixty years of life on my knees, I have +suffered everything that man can suffer, I have grown old without +having been young, I have lived without a family, without relatives, +without friends, without life, without children, I have left my blood +on every stone, on every bramble, on every mile-post, along every wall, +I have been gentle, though others have been hard to me, and kind, +although others have been malicious, I have become an honest man once +more, in spite of everything, I have repented of the evil that I have +done and have forgiven the evil that has been done to me, and at the +moment when I receive my recompense, at the moment when it is all over, +at the moment when I am just touching the goal, at the moment when I +have what I desire, it is well, it is good, I have paid, I have earned +it, all this is to take flight, all this will vanish, and I shall lose +Cosette, and I shall lose my life, my joy, my soul, because it has +pleased a great booby to come and lounge at the Luxembourg.” + + +Then his eyes were filled with a sad and extraordinary gleam. + +It was no longer a man gazing at a man; it was no longer an enemy +surveying an enemy. It was a dog scanning a thief. + +The reader knows the rest. Marius pursued his senseless course. One day +he followed Cosette to the Rue de l’Ouest. Another day he spoke to the +porter. The porter, on his side, spoke, and said to Jean Valjean: +“Monsieur, who is that curious young man who is asking for you?” On the +morrow Jean Valjean bestowed on Marius that glance which Marius at last +perceived. A week later, Jean Valjean had taken his departure. He swore +to himself that he would never again set foot either in the Luxembourg +or in the Rue de l’Ouest. He returned to the Rue Plumet. + +Cosette did not complain, she said nothing, she asked no questions, she +did not seek to learn his reasons; she had already reached the point +where she was afraid of being divined, and of betraying herself. Jean +Valjean had no experience of these miseries, the only miseries which +are charming and the only ones with which he was not acquainted; the +consequence was that he did not understand the grave significance of +Cosette’s silence. + +He merely noticed that she had grown sad, and he grew gloomy. On his +side and on hers, inexperience had joined issue. + +Once he made a trial. He asked Cosette:— + +“Would you like to come to the Luxembourg?” + + +A ray illuminated Cosette’s pale face. + +“Yes,” said she. + +They went thither. Three months had elapsed. Marius no longer went +there. Marius was not there. + +On the following day, Jean Valjean asked Cosette again:— + +“Would you like to come to the Luxembourg?” + + +She replied, sadly and gently:— + +“No.” + + +Jean Valjean was hurt by this sadness, and heart-broken at this +gentleness. + +What was going on in that mind which was so young and yet already so +impenetrable? What was on its way there within? What was taking place +in Cosette’s soul? Sometimes, instead of going to bed, Jean Valjean +remained seated on his pallet, with his head in his hands, and he +passed whole nights asking himself: “What has Cosette in her mind?” and +in thinking of the things that she might be thinking about. + +Oh! at such moments, what mournful glances did he cast towards that +cloister, that chaste peak, that abode of angels, that inaccessible +glacier of virtue! How he contemplated, with despairing ecstasy, that +convent garden, full of ignored flowers and cloistered virgins, where +all perfumes and all souls mount straight to heaven! How he adored that +Eden forever closed against him, whence he had voluntarily and madly +emerged! How he regretted his abnegation and his folly in having +brought Cosette back into the world, poor hero of sacrifice, seized and +hurled to the earth by his very self-devotion! How he said to himself, +“What have I done?” + + +However, nothing of all this was perceptible to Cosette. No ill-temper, +no harshness. His face was always serene and kind. Jean Valjean’s +manners were more tender and more paternal than ever. If anything could +have betrayed his lack of joy, it was his increased suavity. + +On her side, Cosette languished. She suffered from the absence of +Marius as she had rejoiced in his presence, peculiarly, without exactly +being conscious of it. When Jean Valjean ceased to take her on their +customary strolls, a feminine instinct murmured confusedly, at the +bottom of her heart, that she must not seem to set store on the +Luxembourg garden, and that if this proved to be a matter of +indifference to her, her father would take her thither once more. But +days, weeks, months, elapsed. Jean Valjean had tacitly accepted +Cosette’s tacit consent. She regretted it. It was too late. So Marius +had disappeared; all was over. The day on which she returned to the +Luxembourg, Marius was no longer there. What was to be done? Should she +ever find him again? She felt an anguish at her heart, which nothing +relieved, and which augmented every day; she no longer knew whether it +was winter or summer, whether it was raining or shining, whether the +birds were singing, whether it was the season for dahlias or daisies, +whether the Luxembourg was more charming than the Tuileries, whether +the linen which the laundress brought home was starched too much or not +enough, whether Toussaint had done “her marketing” well or ill; and she +remained dejected, absorbed, attentive to but a single thought, her +eyes vague and staring as when one gazes by night at a black and +fathomless spot where an apparition has vanished. + +However, she did not allow Jean Valjean to perceive anything of this, +except her pallor. + +She still wore her sweet face for him. + +This pallor sufficed but too thoroughly to trouble Jean Valjean. +Sometimes he asked her:— + +“What is the matter with you?” + + +She replied: “There is nothing the matter with me.” + + +And after a silence, when she divined that he was sad also, she would +add:— + +“And you, father—is there anything wrong with you?” + + +“With me? Nothing,” said he. + +These two beings who had loved each other so exclusively, and with so +touching an affection, and who had lived so long for each other now +suffered side by side, each on the other’s account; without +acknowledging it to each other, without anger towards each other, and +with a smile. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE CHAIN-GANG + + +Jean Valjean was the more unhappy of the two. Youth, even in its +sorrows, always possesses its own peculiar radiance. + +At times, Jean Valjean suffered so greatly that he became puerile. It +is the property of grief to cause the childish side of man to reappear. +He had an unconquerable conviction that Cosette was escaping from him. +He would have liked to resist, to retain her, to arouse her enthusiasm +by some external and brilliant matter. These ideas, puerile, as we have +just said, and at the same time senile, conveyed to him, by their very +childishness, a tolerably just notion of the influence of gold lace on +the imaginations of young girls. He once chanced to see a general on +horseback, in full uniform, pass along the street, Comte Coutard, the +commandant of Paris. He envied that gilded man; what happiness it would +be, he said to himself, if he could put on that suit which was an +incontestable thing; and if Cosette could behold him thus, she would be +dazzled, and when he had Cosette on his arm and passed the gates of the +Tuileries, the guard would present arms to him, and that would suffice +for Cosette, and would dispel her idea of looking at young men. + +An unforeseen shock was added to these sad reflections. + +In the isolated life which they led, and since they had come to dwell +in the Rue Plumet, they had contracted one habit. They sometimes took a +pleasure trip to see the sun rise, a mild species of enjoyment which +befits those who are entering life and those who are quitting it. + +For those who love solitude, a walk in the early morning is equivalent +to a stroll by night, with the cheerfulness of nature added. The +streets are deserted and the birds are singing. Cosette, a bird +herself, liked to rise early. These matutinal excursions were planned +on the preceding evening. He proposed, and she agreed. It was arranged +like a plot, they set out before daybreak, and these trips were so many +small delights for Cosette. These innocent eccentricities please young +people. + +Jean Valjean’s inclination led him, as we have seen, to the least +frequented spots, to solitary nooks, to forgotten places. There then +existed, in the vicinity of the barriers of Paris, a sort of poor +meadows, which were almost confounded with the city, where grew in +summer sickly grain, and which, in autumn, after the harvest had been +gathered, presented the appearance, not of having been reaped, but +peeled. Jean Valjean loved to haunt these fields. Cosette was not bored +there. It meant solitude to him and liberty to her. There, she became a +little girl once more, she could run and almost play; she took off her +hat, laid it on Jean Valjean’s knees, and gathered bunches of flowers. +She gazed at the butterflies on the flowers, but did not catch them; +gentleness and tenderness are born with love, and the young girl who +cherishes within her breast a trembling and fragile ideal has mercy on +the wing of a butterfly. She wove garlands of poppies, which she placed +on her head, and which, crossed and penetrated with sunlight, glowing +until they flamed, formed for her rosy face a crown of burning embers. + +Even after their life had grown sad, they kept up their custom of early +strolls. + +One morning in October, therefore, tempted by the serene perfection of +the autumn of 1831, they set out, and found themselves at break of day +near the BarriĂšre du Maine. It was not dawn, it was daybreak; a +delightful and stern moment. A few constellations here and there in the +deep, pale azure, the earth all black, the heavens all white, a quiver +amid the blades of grass, everywhere the mysterious chill of twilight. +A lark, which seemed mingled with the stars, was carolling at a +prodigious height, and one would have declared that that hymn of +pettiness calmed immensity. In the East, the Val-de-GrĂące projected its +dark mass on the clear horizon with the sharpness of steel; Venus +dazzlingly brilliant was rising behind that dome and had the air of a +soul making its escape from a gloomy edifice. + +All was peace and silence; there was no one on the road; a few stray +laborers, of whom they caught barely a glimpse, were on their way to +their work along the side-paths. + +Jean Valjean was sitting in a cross-walk on some planks deposited at +the gate of a timber-yard. His face was turned towards the highway, his +back towards the light; he had forgotten the sun which was on the point +of rising; he had sunk into one of those profound absorptions in which +the mind becomes concentrated, which imprison even the eye, and which +are equivalent to four walls. There are meditations which may be called +vertical; when one is at the bottom of them, time is required to return +to earth. Jean Valjean had plunged into one of these reveries. He was +thinking of Cosette, of the happiness that was possible if nothing came +between him and her, of the light with which she filled his life, a +light which was but the emanation of her soul. He was almost happy in +his reverie. Cosette, who was standing beside him, was gazing at the +clouds as they turned rosy. + +All at once Cosette exclaimed: “Father, I should think some one was +coming yonder.” Jean Valjean raised his eyes. + +Cosette was right. The causeway which leads to the ancient BarriĂšre du +Maine is a prolongation, as the reader knows, of the Rue de SĂšvres, and +is cut at right angles by the inner boulevard. At the elbow of the +causeway and the boulevard, at the spot where it branches, they heard a +noise which it was difficult to account for at that hour, and a sort of +confused pile made its appearance. Some shapeless thing which was +coming from the boulevard was turning into the road. + +It grew larger, it seemed to move in an orderly manner, though it was +bristling and quivering; it seemed to be a vehicle, but its load could +not be distinctly made out. There were horses, wheels, shouts; whips +were cracking. By degrees the outlines became fixed, although bathed in +shadows. It was a vehicle, in fact, which had just turned from the +boulevard into the highway, and which was directing its course towards +the barrier near which sat Jean Valjean; a second, of the same aspect, +followed, then a third, then a fourth; seven chariots made their +appearance in succession, the heads of the horses touching the rear of +the wagon in front. Figures were moving on these vehicles, flashes were +visible through the dusk as though there were naked swords there, a +clanking became audible which resembled the rattling of chains, and as +this something advanced, the sound of voices waxed louder, and it +turned into a terrible thing such as emerges from the cave of dreams. + +As it drew nearer, it assumed a form, and was outlined behind the trees +with the pallid hue of an apparition; the mass grew white; the day, +which was slowly dawning, cast a wan light on this swarming heap which +was at once both sepulchral and living, the heads of the figures turned +into the faces of corpses, and this is what it proved to be:— + +Seven wagons were driving in a file along the road. The first six were +singularly constructed. They resembled coopers’ drays; they consisted +of long ladders placed on two wheels and forming barrows at their rear +extremities. Each dray, or rather let us say, each ladder, was attached +to four horses harnessed tandem. On these ladders strange clusters of +men were being drawn. In the faint light, these men were to be divined +rather than seen. Twenty-four on each vehicle, twelve on a side, back +to back, facing the passers-by, their legs dangling in the air,—this +was the manner in which these men were travelling, and behind their +backs they had something which clanked, and which was a chain, and on +their necks something which shone, and which was an iron collar. Each +man had his collar, but the chain was for all; so that if these four +and twenty men had occasion to alight from the dray and walk, they were +seized with a sort of inexorable unity, and were obliged to wind over +the ground with the chain for a backbone, somewhat after the fashion of +millepeds. In the back and front of each vehicle, two men armed with +muskets stood erect, each holding one end of the chain under his foot. +The iron necklets were square. The seventh vehicle, a huge rack-sided +baggage wagon, without a hood, had four wheels and six horses, and +carried a sonorous pile of iron boilers, cast-iron pots, braziers, and +chains, among which were mingled several men who were pinioned and +stretched at full length, and who seemed to be ill. This wagon, all +lattice-work, was garnished with dilapidated hurdles which appeared to +have served for former punishments. These vehicles kept to the middle +of the road. On each side marched a double hedge of guards of infamous +aspect, wearing three-cornered hats, like the soldiers under the +Directory, shabby, covered with spots and holes, muffled in uniforms of +veterans and the trousers of undertakers’ men, half gray, half blue, +which were almost hanging in rags, with red epaulets, yellow shoulder +belts, short sabres, muskets, and cudgels; they were a species of +soldier-blackguards. These myrmidons seemed composed of the abjectness +of the beggar and the authority of the executioner. The one who +appeared to be their chief held a postilion’s whip in his hand. All +these details, blurred by the dimness of dawn, became more and more +clearly outlined as the light increased. At the head and in the rear of +the convoy rode mounted gendarmes, serious and with sword in fist. + +This procession was so long that when the first vehicle reached the +barrier, the last was barely debauching from the boulevard. A throng, +sprung, it is impossible to say whence, and formed in a twinkling, as +is frequently the case in Paris, pressed forward from both sides of the +road and looked on. In the neighboring lanes the shouts of people +calling to each other and the wooden shoes of market-gardeners +hastening up to gaze were audible. + +The men massed upon the drays allowed themselves to be jolted along in +silence. They were livid with the chill of morning. They all wore linen +trousers, and their bare feet were thrust into wooden shoes. The rest +of their costume was a fantasy of wretchedness. Their accoutrements +were horribly incongruous; nothing is more funereal than the harlequin +in rags. Battered felt hats, tarpaulin caps, hideous woollen nightcaps, +and, side by side with a short blouse, a black coat broken at the +elbow; many wore women’s headgear, others had baskets on their heads; +hairy breasts were visible, and through the rent in their garments +tattooed designs could be descried; temples of Love, flaming hearts, +Cupids; eruptions and unhealthy red blotches could also be seen. Two or +three had a straw rope attached to the cross-bar of the dray, and +suspended under them like a stirrup, which supported their feet. One of +them held in his hand and raised to his mouth something which had the +appearance of a black stone and which he seemed to be gnawing; it was +bread which he was eating. There were no eyes there which were not +either dry, dulled, or flaming with an evil light. The escort troop +cursed, the men in chains did not utter a syllable; from time to time +the sound of a blow became audible as the cudgels descended on +shoulder-blades or skulls; some of these men were yawning; their rags +were terrible; their feet hung down, their shoulders oscillated, their +heads clashed together, their fetters clanked, their eyes glared +ferociously, their fists clenched or fell open inertly like the hands +of corpses; in the rear of the convoy ran a band of children screaming +with laughter. + +This file of vehicles, whatever its nature was, was mournful. It was +evident that to-morrow, that an hour hence, a pouring rain might +descend, that it might be followed by another and another, and that +their dilapidated garments would be drenched, that once soaked, these +men would not get dry again, that once chilled, they would not again +get warm, that their linen trousers would be glued to their bones by +the downpour, that the water would fill their shoes, that no lashes +from the whips would be able to prevent their jaws from chattering, +that the chain would continue to bind them by the neck, that their legs +would continue to dangle, and it was impossible not to shudder at the +sight of these human beings thus bound and passive beneath the cold +clouds of autumn, and delivered over to the rain, to the blast, to all +the furies of the air, like trees and stones. + +Blows from the cudgel were not omitted even in the case of the sick +men, who lay there knotted with ropes and motionless on the seventh +wagon, and who appeared to have been tossed there like sacks filled +with misery. + +Suddenly, the sun made its appearance; the immense light of the Orient +burst forth, and one would have said that it had set fire to all those +ferocious heads. Their tongues were unloosed; a conflagration of grins, +oaths, and songs exploded. The broad horizontal sheet of light severed +the file in two parts, illuminating heads and bodies, leaving feet and +wheels in the obscurity. Thoughts made their appearance on these faces; +it was a terrible moment; visible demons with their masks removed, +fierce souls laid bare. Though lighted up, this wild throng remained in +gloom. Some, who were gay, had in their mouths quills through which +they blew vermin over the crowd, picking out the women; the dawn +accentuated these lamentable profiles with the blackness of its +shadows; there was not one of these creatures who was not deformed by +reason of wretchedness; and the whole was so monstrous that one would +have said that the sun’s brilliancy had been changed into the glare of +the lightning. The wagon-load which headed the line had struck up a +song, and were shouting at the top of their voices with a haggard +joviality, a pot-pourri by Desaugiers, then famous, called _The +Vestal_; the trees shivered mournfully; in the cross-lanes, +countenances of bourgeois listened in an idiotic delight to these +coarse strains droned by spectres. + +All sorts of distress met in this procession as in chaos; here were to +be found the facial angles of every sort of beast, old men, youths, +bald heads, gray beards, cynical monstrosities, sour resignation, +savage grins, senseless attitudes, snouts surmounted by caps, heads +like those of young girls with corkscrew curls on the temples, +infantile visages, and by reason of that, horrible thin skeleton faces, +to which death alone was lacking. On the first cart was a negro, who +had been a slave, in all probability, and who could make a comparison +of his chains. The frightful leveller from below, shame, had passed +over these brows; at that degree of abasement, the last transformations +were suffered by all in their extremest depths, and ignorance, +converted into dulness, was the equal of intelligence converted into +despair. There was no choice possible between these men who appeared to +the eye as the flower of the mud. It was evident that the person who +had had the ordering of that unclean procession had not classified +them. These beings had been fettered and coupled pell-mell, in +alphabetical disorder, probably, and loaded hap-hazard on those carts. +Nevertheless, horrors, when grouped together, always end by evolving a +result; all additions of wretched men give a sum total, each chain +exhaled a common soul, and each dray-load had its own physiognomy. By +the side of the one where they were singing, there was one where they +were howling; a third where they were begging; one could be seen in +which they were gnashing their teeth; another load menaced the +spectators, another blasphemed God; the last was as silent as the tomb. +Dante would have thought that he beheld his seven circles of hell on +the march. The march of the damned to their tortures, performed in +sinister wise, not on the formidable and flaming chariot of the +Apocalypse, but, what was more mournful than that, on the gibbet cart. + +One of the guards, who had a hook on the end of his cudgel, made a +pretence from time to time, of stirring up this mass of human filth. An +old woman in the crowd pointed them out to her little boy five years +old, and said to him: “Rascal, let that be a warning to you!” + + +As the songs and blasphemies increased, the man who appeared to be the +captain of the escort cracked his whip, and at that signal a fearful +dull and blind flogging, which produced the sound of hail, fell upon +the seven dray-loads; many roared and foamed at the mouth; which +redoubled the delight of the street urchins who had hastened up, a +swarm of flies on these wounds. + +Jean Valjean’s eyes had assumed a frightful expression. They were no +longer eyes; they were those deep and glassy objects which replace the +glance in the case of certain wretched men, which seem unconscious of +reality, and in which flames the reflection of terrors and of +catastrophes. He was not looking at a spectacle, he was seeing a +vision. He tried to rise, to flee, to make his escape; he could not +move his feet. Sometimes, the things that you see seize upon you and +hold you fast. He remained nailed to the spot, petrified, stupid, +asking himself, athwart confused and inexpressible anguish, what this +sepulchral persecution signified, and whence had come that pandemonium +which was pursuing him. All at once, he raised his hand to his brow, a +gesture habitual to those whose memory suddenly returns; he remembered +that this was, in fact, the usual itinerary, that it was customary to +make this detour in order to avoid all possibility of encountering +royalty on the road to Fontainebleau, and that, five and thirty years +before, he had himself passed through that barrier. + +Cosette was no less terrified, but in a different way. She did not +understand; what she beheld did not seem to her to be possible; at +length she cried:— + +“Father! What are those men in those carts?” + + +Jean Valjean replied: “Convicts.” + + +“Whither are they going?” + + +“To the galleys.” + + +At that moment, the cudgelling, multiplied by a hundred hands, became +zealous, blows with the flat of the sword were mingled with it, it was +a perfect storm of whips and clubs; the convicts bent before it, a +hideous obedience was evoked by the torture, and all held their peace, +darting glances like chained wolves. + +Cosette trembled in every limb; she resumed:— + +“Father, are they still men?” + + +“Sometimes,” answered the unhappy man. + +It was the chain-gang, in fact, which had set out before daybreak from +BicĂȘtre, and had taken the road to Mans in order to avoid +Fontainebleau, where the King then was. This caused the horrible +journey to last three or four days longer; but torture may surely be +prolonged with the object of sparing the royal personage a sight of it. + +Jean Valjean returned home utterly overwhelmed. Such encounters are +shocks, and the memory that they leave behind them resembles a thorough +shaking up. + +Nevertheless, Jean Valjean did not observe that, on his way back to the +Rue de Babylone with Cosette, the latter was plying him with other +questions on the subject of what they had just seen; perhaps he was too +much absorbed in his own dejection to notice her words and reply to +them. But when Cosette was leaving him in the evening, to betake +herself to bed, he heard her say in a low voice, and as though talking +to herself: “It seems to me, that if I were to find one of those men in +my pathway, oh, my God, I should die merely from the sight of him close +at hand.” + + +Fortunately, chance ordained that on the morrow of that tragic day, +there was some official solemnity apropos of I know not what,—fĂȘtes in +Paris, a review in the Champ de Mars, jousts on the Seine, theatrical +performances in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, fireworks at the Arc de l’Étoile, +illuminations everywhere. Jean Valjean did violence to his habits, and +took Cosette to see these rejoicings, for the purpose of diverting her +from the memory of the day before, and of effacing, beneath the smiling +tumult of all Paris, the abominable thing which had passed before her. +The review with which the festival was spiced made the presence of +uniforms perfectly natural; Jean Valjean donned his uniform of a +national guard with the vague inward feeling of a man who is betaking +himself to shelter. However, this trip seemed to attain its object. +Cosette, who made it her law to please her father, and to whom, +moreover, all spectacles were a novelty, accepted this diversion with +the light and easy good grace of youth, and did not pout too +disdainfully at that flutter of enjoyment called a public fĂȘte; so that +Jean Valjean was able to believe that he had succeeded, and that no +trace of that hideous vision remained. + +Some days later, one morning, when the sun was shining brightly, and +they were both on the steps leading to the garden, another infraction +of the rules which Jean Valjean seemed to have imposed upon himself, +and to the custom of remaining in her chamber which melancholy had +caused Cosette to adopt, Cosette, in a wrapper, was standing erect in +that negligent attire of early morning which envelops young girls in an +adorable way and which produces the effect of a cloud drawn over a +star; and, with her head bathed in light, rosy after a good sleep, +submitting to the gentle glances of the tender old man, she was picking +a daisy to pieces. Cosette did not know the delightful legend, _I love +a little, passionately, etc_.—who was there who could have taught her? +She was handling the flower instinctively, innocently, without a +suspicion that to pluck a daisy apart is to do the same by a heart. If +there were a fourth, and smiling Grace called Melancholy, she would +have worn the air of that Grace. Jean Valjean was fascinated by the +contemplation of those tiny fingers on that flower, and forgetful of +everything in the radiance emitted by that child. A red-breast was +warbling in the thicket, on one side. White cloudlets floated across +the sky, so gayly, that one would have said that they had just been set +at liberty. Cosette went on attentively tearing the leaves from her +flower; she seemed to be thinking about something; but whatever it was, +it must be something charming; all at once she turned her head over her +shoulder with the delicate languor of a swan, and said to Jean Valjean: +“Father, what are the galleys like?” + + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—SUCCOR FROM BELOW MAY TURN OUT TO BE SUCCOR FROM ON HIGH + + + + +CHAPTER I—A WOUND WITHOUT, HEALING WITHIN + + +Thus their life clouded over by degrees. + +But one diversion, which had formerly been a happiness, remained to +them, which was to carry bread to those who were hungry, and clothing +to those who were cold. Cosette often accompanied Jean Valjean on these +visits to the poor, on which they recovered some remnants of their +former free intercourse; and sometimes, when the day had been a good +one, and they had assisted many in distress, and cheered and warmed +many little children, Cosette was rather merry in the evening. It was +at this epoch that they paid their visit to the Jondrette den. + +On the day following that visit, Jean Valjean made his appearance in +the pavilion in the morning, calm as was his wont, but with a large +wound on his left arm which was much inflamed, and very angry, which +resembled a burn, and which he explained in some way or other. This +wound resulted in his being detained in the house for a month with +fever. He would not call in a doctor. When Cosette urged him, “Call the +dog-doctor,” said he. + +Cosette dressed the wound morning and evening with so divine an air and +such angelic happiness at being of use to him, that Jean Valjean felt +all his former joy returning, his fears and anxieties dissipating, and +he gazed at Cosette, saying: “Oh! what a kindly wound! Oh! what a good +misfortune!” + + +Cosette on perceiving that her father was ill, had deserted the +pavilion and again taken a fancy to the little lodging and the back +courtyard. She passed nearly all her days beside Jean Valjean and read +to him the books which he desired. Generally they were books of travel. +Jean Valjean was undergoing a new birth; his happiness was reviving in +these ineffable rays; the Luxembourg, the prowling young stranger, +Cosette’s coldness,—all these clouds upon his soul were growing dim. He +had reached the point where he said to himself: “I imagined all that. I +am an old fool.” + + +His happiness was so great that the horrible discovery of the +ThĂ©nardiers made in the Jondrette hovel, unexpected as it was, had, +after a fashion, glided over him unnoticed. He had succeeded in making +his escape; all trace of him was lost—what more did he care for! he +only thought of those wretched beings to pity them. “Here they are in +prison, and henceforth they will be incapacitated for doing any harm,” +he thought, “but what a lamentable family in distress!” + + +As for the hideous vision of the BarriĂšre du Maine, Cosette had not +referred to it again. + +Sister Sainte-Mechtilde had taught Cosette music in the convent; +Cosette had the voice of a linnet with a soul, and sometimes, in the +evening, in the wounded man’s humble abode, she warbled melancholy +songs which delighted Jean Valjean. + +Spring came; the garden was so delightful at that season of the year, +that Jean Valjean said to Cosette:— + +“You never go there; I want you to stroll in it.” + + +“As you like, father,” said Cosette. + +And for the sake of obeying her father, she resumed her walks in the +garden, generally alone, for, as we have mentioned, Jean Valjean, who +was probably afraid of being seen through the fence, hardly ever went +there. + +Jean Valjean’s wound had created a diversion. + +When Cosette saw that her father was suffering less, that he was +convalescing, and that he appeared to be happy, she experienced a +contentment which she did not even perceive, so gently and naturally +had it come. Then, it was in the month of March, the days were growing +longer, the winter was departing, the winter always bears away with it +a portion of our sadness; then came April, that daybreak of summer, +fresh as dawn always is, gay like every childhood; a little inclined to +weep at times like the new-born being that it is. In that month, nature +has charming gleams which pass from the sky, from the trees, from the +meadows and the flowers into the heart of man. + +Cosette was still too young to escape the penetrating influence of that +April joy which bore so strong a resemblance to herself. Insensibly, +and without her suspecting the fact, the blackness departed from her +spirit. In spring, sad souls grow light, as light falls into cellars at +midday. Cosette was no longer sad. However, though this was so, she did +not account for it to herself. In the morning, about ten o’clock, after +breakfast, when she had succeeded in enticing her father into the +garden for a quarter of an hour, and when she was pacing up and down in +the sunlight in front of the steps, supporting his left arm for him, +she did not perceive that she laughed every moment and that she was +happy. + +Jean Valjean, intoxicated, beheld her growing fresh and rosy once more. + +“Oh! What a good wound!” he repeated in a whisper. + +And he felt grateful to the ThĂ©nardiers. + +His wound once healed, he resumed his solitary twilight strolls. + +It is a mistake to suppose that a person can stroll alone in that +fashion in the uninhabited regions of Paris without meeting with some +adventure. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MOTHER PLUTARQUE FINDS NO DIFFICULTY IN EXPLAINING A +PHENOMENON + + +One evening, little Gavroche had had nothing to eat; he remembered that +he had not dined on the preceding day either; this was becoming +tiresome. He resolved to make an effort to secure some supper. He +strolled out beyond the SalpĂȘtriĂšre into deserted regions; that is +where windfalls are to be found; where there is no one, one always +finds something. He reached a settlement which appeared to him to be +the village of Austerlitz. + +In one of his preceding lounges he had noticed there an old garden +haunted by an old man and an old woman, and in that garden, a passable +apple-tree. Beside the apple-tree stood a sort of fruit-house, which +was not securely fastened, and where one might contrive to get an +apple. One apple is a supper; one apple is life. That which was Adam’s +ruin might prove Gavroche’s salvation. The garden abutted on a +solitary, unpaved lane, bordered with brushwood while awaiting the +arrival of houses; the garden was separated from it by a hedge. + +Gavroche directed his steps towards this garden; he found the lane, he +recognized the apple-tree, he verified the fruit-house, he examined the +hedge; a hedge means merely one stride. The day was declining, there +was not even a cat in the lane, the hour was propitious. Gavroche began +the operation of scaling the hedge, then suddenly paused. Some one was +talking in the garden. Gavroche peeped through one of the breaks in the +hedge. + +[Illustration: Succor from Below] + +A couple of paces distant, at the foot of the hedge on the other side, +exactly at the point where the gap which he was meditating would have +been made, there was a sort of recumbent stone which formed a bench, +and on this bench was seated the old man of the garden, while the old +woman was standing in front of him. The old woman was grumbling. +Gavroche, who was not very discreet, listened. + +“Monsieur Mabeuf!” said the old woman. + +“Mabeuf!” thought Gavroche, “that name is a perfect farce.” + + +The old man who was thus addressed, did not stir. The old woman +repeated:— + +“Monsieur Mabeuf!” + + +The old man, without raising his eyes from the ground, made up his mind +to answer:— + +“What is it, Mother Plutarque?” + + +“Mother Plutarque!” thought Gavroche, “another farcical name.” + + +Mother Plutarque began again, and the old man was forced to accept the +conversation:— + +“The landlord is not pleased.” + + +“Why?” + + +“We owe three quarters rent.” + + +“In three months, we shall owe him for four quarters.” + + +“He says that he will turn you out to sleep.” + + +“I will go.” + + +“The green-grocer insists on being paid. She will no longer leave her +fagots. What will you warm yourself with this winter? We shall have no +wood.” + + +“There is the sun.” + + +“The butcher refuses to give credit; he will not let us have any more +meat.” + + +“That is quite right. I do not digest meat well. It is too heavy.” + + +“What shall we have for dinner?” + + +“Bread.” + + +“The baker demands a settlement, and says, ‘no money, no bread.’” + + +“That is well.” + + +“What will you eat?” + + +“We have apples in the apple-room.” + + +“But, Monsieur, we can’t live like that without money.” + + +“I have none.” + + +The old woman went away, the old man remained alone. He fell into +thought. Gavroche became thoughtful also. It was almost dark. + +The first result of Gavroche’s meditation was, that instead of scaling +the hedge, he crouched down under it. The branches stood apart a little +at the foot of the thicket. + +“Come,” exclaimed Gavroche mentally, “here’s a nook!” and he curled up +in it. His back was almost in contact with Father Mabeuf’s bench. He +could hear the octogenarian breathe. + +Then, by way of dinner, he tried to sleep. + +It was a cat-nap, with one eye open. While he dozed, Gavroche kept on +the watch. + +The twilight pallor of the sky blanched the earth, and the lane formed +a livid line between two rows of dark bushes. + +All at once, in this whitish band, two figures made their appearance. +One was in front, the other some distance in the rear. + +“There come two creatures,” muttered Gavroche. + +The first form seemed to be some elderly bourgeois, who was bent and +thoughtful, dressed more than plainly, and who was walking slowly +because of his age, and strolling about in the open evening air. + +The second was straight, firm, slender. It regulated its pace by that +of the first; but in the voluntary slowness of its gait, suppleness and +agility were discernible. This figure had also something fierce and +disquieting about it, the whole shape was that of what was then called +_an elegant_; the hat was of good shape, the coat black, well cut, +probably of fine cloth, and well fitted in at the waist. The head was +held erect with a sort of robust grace, and beneath the hat the pale +profile of a young man could be made out in the dim light. The profile +had a rose in its mouth. This second form was well known to Gavroche; +it was Montparnasse. + +He could have told nothing about the other, except that he was a +respectable old man. + +Gavroche immediately began to take observations. + +One of these two pedestrians evidently had a project connected with the +other. Gavroche was well placed to watch the course of events. The +bedroom had turned into a hiding-place at a very opportune moment. + +Montparnasse on the hunt at such an hour, in such a place, betokened +something threatening. Gavroche felt his gamin’s heart moved with +compassion for the old man. + +What was he to do? Interfere? One weakness coming to the aid of +another! It would be merely a laughing matter for Montparnasse. +Gavroche did not shut his eyes to the fact that the old man, in the +first place, and the child in the second, would make but two mouthfuls +for that redoubtable ruffian eighteen years of age. + +While Gavroche was deliberating, the attack took place, abruptly and +hideously. The attack of the tiger on the wild ass, the attack of the +spider on the fly. Montparnasse suddenly tossed away his rose, bounded +upon the old man, seized him by the collar, grasped and clung to him, +and Gavroche with difficulty restrained a scream. A moment later one of +these men was underneath the other, groaning, struggling, with a knee +of marble upon his breast. Only, it was not just what Gavroche had +expected. The one who lay on the earth was Montparnasse; the one who +was on top was the old man. All this took place a few paces distant +from Gavroche. + +The old man had received the shock, had returned it, and that in such a +terrible fashion, that in a twinkling, the assailant and the assailed +had exchanged rĂŽles. + +“Here’s a hearty veteran!” thought Gavroche. + +He could not refrain from clapping his hands. But it was applause +wasted. It did not reach the combatants, absorbed and deafened as they +were, each by the other, as their breath mingled in the struggle. + +Silence ensued. Montparnasse ceased his struggles. Gavroche indulged in +this aside: “Can he be dead!” + + +The goodman had not uttered a word, nor given vent to a cry. He rose to +his feet, and Gavroche heard him say to Montparnasse:— + +“Get up.” + + +Montparnasse rose, but the goodman held him fast. Montparnasse’s +attitude was the humiliated and furious attitude of the wolf who has +been caught by a sheep. + +Gavroche looked on and listened, making an effort to reinforce his eyes +with his ears. He was enjoying himself immensely. + +He was repaid for his conscientious anxiety in the character of a +spectator. He was able to catch on the wing a dialogue which borrowed +from the darkness an indescribably tragic accent. The goodman +questioned, Montparnasse replied. + +“How old are you?” + + +“Nineteen.” + + +“You are strong and healthy. Why do you not work?” + + +“It bores me.” + + +“What is your trade?” + + +“An idler.” + + +“Speak seriously. Can anything be done for you? What would you like to +be?” + + +“A thief.” + + +A pause ensued. The old man seemed absorbed in profound thought. He +stood motionless, and did not relax his hold on Montparnasse. + +Every moment the vigorous and agile young ruffian indulged in the +twitchings of a wild beast caught in a snare. He gave a jerk, tried a +crook of the knee, twisted his limbs desperately, and made efforts to +escape. + +The old man did not appear to notice it, and held both his arms with +one hand, with the sovereign indifference of absolute force. + +The old man’s reverie lasted for some time, then, looking steadily at +Montparnasse, he addressed to him in a gentle voice, in the midst of +the darkness where they stood, a solemn harangue, of which Gavroche did +not lose a single syllable:— + +“My child, you are entering, through indolence, on one of the most +laborious of lives. Ah! You declare yourself to be an idler! prepare to +toil. There is a certain formidable machine, have you seen it? It is +the rolling-mill. You must be on your guard against it, it is crafty +and ferocious; if it catches hold of the skirt of your coat, you will +be drawn in bodily. That machine is laziness. Stop while there is yet +time, and save yourself! Otherwise, it is all over with you; in a short +time you will be among the gearing. Once entangled, hope for nothing +more. Toil, lazybones! there is no more repose for you! The iron hand +of implacable toil has seized you. You do not wish to earn your living, +to have a task, to fulfil a duty! It bores you to be like other men? +Well! You will be different. Labor is the law; he who rejects it will +find ennui his torment. You do not wish to be a workingman, you will be +a slave. Toil lets go of you on one side only to grasp you again on the +other. You do not desire to be its friend, you shall be its negro +slave. Ah! You would have none of the honest weariness of men, you +shall have the sweat of the damned. Where others sing, you will rattle +in your throat. You will see afar off, from below, other men at work; +it will seem to you that they are resting. The laborer, the harvester, +the sailor, the blacksmith, will appear to you in glory like the +blessed spirits in paradise. What radiance surrounds the forge! To +guide the plough, to bind the sheaves, is joy. The bark at liberty in +the wind, what delight! Do you, lazy idler, delve, drag on, roll, +march! Drag your halter. You are a beast of burden in the team of hell! +Ah! To do nothing is your object. Well, not a week, not a day, not an +hour shall you have free from oppression. You will be able to lift +nothing without anguish. Every minute that passes will make your +muscles crack. What is a feather to others will be a rock to you. The +simplest things will become steep acclivities. Life will become +monstrous all about you. To go, to come, to breathe, will be just so +many terrible labors. Your lungs will produce on you the effect of +weighing a hundred pounds. Whether you shall walk here rather than +there, will become a problem that must be solved. Any one who wants to +go out simply gives his door a push, and there he is in the open air. +If you wish to go out, you will be obliged to pierce your wall. What +does every one who wants to step into the street do? He goes +downstairs; you will tear up your sheets, little by little you will +make of them a rope, then you will climb out of your window, and you +will suspend yourself by that thread over an abyss, and it will be +night, amid storm, rain, and the hurricane, and if the rope is too +short, but one way of descending will remain to you, to fall. To drop +hap-hazard into the gulf, from an unknown height, on what? On what is +beneath, on the unknown. Or you will crawl up a chimney-flue, at the +risk of burning; or you will creep through a sewer-pipe, at the risk of +drowning; I do not speak of the holes that you will be obliged to mask, +of the stones which you will have to take up and replace twenty times a +day, of the plaster that you will have to hide in your straw pallet. A +lock presents itself; the bourgeois has in his pocket a key made by a +locksmith. If you wish to pass out, you will be condemned to execute a +terrible work of art; you will take a large sou, you will cut it in two +plates; with what tools? You will have to invent them. That is your +business. Then you will hollow out the interior of these plates, taking +great care of the outside, and you will make on the edges a thread, so +that they can be adjusted one upon the other like a box and its cover. +The top and bottom thus screwed together, nothing will be suspected. To +the overseers it will be only a sou; to you it will be a box. What will +you put in this box? A small bit of steel. A watch-spring, in which you +will have cut teeth, and which will form a saw. With this saw, as long +as a pin, and concealed in a sou, you will cut the bolt of the lock, +you will sever bolts, the padlock of your chain, and the bar at your +window, and the fetter on your leg. This masterpiece finished, this +prodigy accomplished, all these miracles of art, address, skill, and +patience executed, what will be your recompense if it becomes known +that you are the author? The dungeon. There is your future. What +precipices are idleness and pleasure! Do you know that to do nothing is +a melancholy resolution? To live in idleness on the property of +society! to be useless, that is to say, pernicious! This leads straight +to the depth of wretchedness. Woe to the man who desires to be a +parasite! He will become vermin! Ah! So it does not please you to work? +Ah! You have but one thought, to drink well, to eat well, to sleep +well. You will drink water, you will eat black bread, you will sleep on +a plank with a fetter whose cold touch you will feel on your flesh all +night long, riveted to your limbs. You will break those fetters, you +will flee. That is well. You will crawl on your belly through the +brushwood, and you will eat grass like the beasts of the forest. And +you will be recaptured. And then you will pass years in a dungeon, +riveted to a wall, groping for your jug that you may drink, gnawing at +a horrible loaf of darkness which dogs would not touch, eating beans +that the worms have eaten before you. You will be a wood-louse in a +cellar. Ah! Have pity on yourself, you miserable young child, who were +sucking at nurse less than twenty years ago, and who have, no doubt, a +mother still alive! I conjure you, listen to me, I entreat you. You +desire fine black cloth, varnished shoes, to have your hair curled and +sweet-smelling oils on your locks, to please low women, to be handsome. +You will be shaven clean, and you will wear a red blouse and wooden +shoes. You want rings on your fingers, you will have an iron necklet on +your neck. If you glance at a woman, you will receive a blow. And you +will enter there at the age of twenty. And you will come out at fifty! +You will enter young, rosy, fresh, with brilliant eyes, and all your +white teeth, and your handsome, youthful hair; you will come out +broken, bent, wrinkled, toothless, horrible, with white locks! Ah! my +poor child, you are on the wrong road; idleness is counselling you +badly; the hardest of all work is thieving. Believe me, do not +undertake that painful profession of an idle man. It is not comfortable +to become a rascal. It is less disagreeable to be an honest man. Now +go, and ponder on what I have said to you. By the way, what did you +want of me? My purse? Here it is.” + + +And the old man, releasing Montparnasse, put his purse in the latter’s +hand; Montparnasse weighed it for a moment, after which he allowed it +to slide gently into the back pocket of his coat, with the same +mechanical precaution as though he had stolen it. + +All this having been said and done, the goodman turned his back and +tranquilly resumed his stroll. + +“The blockhead!” muttered Montparnasse. + +Who was this goodman? The reader has, no doubt, already divined. + +Montparnasse watched him with amazement, as he disappeared in the dusk. +This contemplation was fatal to him. + +While the old man was walking away, Gavroche drew near. + +Gavroche had assured himself, with a sidelong glance, that Father +Mabeuf was still sitting on his bench, probably sound asleep. Then the +gamin emerged from his thicket, and began to crawl after Montparnasse +in the dark, as the latter stood there motionless. In this manner he +came up to Montparnasse without being seen or heard, gently insinuated +his hand into the back pocket of that frock-coat of fine black cloth, +seized the purse, withdrew his hand, and having recourse once more to +his crawling, he slipped away like an adder through the shadows. +Montparnasse, who had no reason to be on his guard, and who was engaged +in thought for the first time in his life, perceived nothing. When +Gavroche had once more attained the point where Father Mabeuf was, he +flung the purse over the hedge, and fled as fast as his legs would +carry him. + +The purse fell on Father Mabeuf’s foot. This commotion roused him. + +He bent over and picked up the purse. + +He did not understand in the least, and opened it. + +The purse had two compartments; in one of them there was some small +change; in the other lay six napoleons. + +M. Mabeuf, in great alarm, referred the matter to his housekeeper. + +“That has fallen from heaven,” said Mother Plutarque. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE END OF WHICH DOES NOT RESEMBLE THE BEGINNING + + + + +CHAPTER I—SOLITUDE AND THE BARRACKS COMBINED + + +Cosette’s grief, which had been so poignant and lively four or five +months previously, had, without her being conscious of the fact, +entered upon its convalescence. Nature, spring, youth, love for her +father, the gayety of the birds and flowers, caused something almost +resembling forgetfulness to filter gradually, drop by drop, into that +soul, which was so virgin and so young. Was the fire wholly extinct +there? Or was it merely that layers of ashes had formed? The truth is, +that she hardly felt the painful and burning spot any longer. + +One day she suddenly thought of Marius: “Why!” said she, “I no longer +think of him.” + + +That same week, she noticed a very handsome officer of lancers, with a +wasp-like waist, a delicious uniform, the cheeks of a young girl, a +sword under his arm, waxed moustaches, and a glazed schapka, passing +the gate. Moreover, he had light hair, prominent blue eyes, a round +face, was vain, insolent and good-looking; quite the reverse of Marius. +He had a cigar in his mouth. Cosette thought that this officer +doubtless belonged to the regiment in barracks in the Rue de Babylone. + +On the following day, she saw him pass again. She took note of the +hour. + +From that time forth, was it chance? she saw him pass nearly every day. + +The officer’s comrades perceived that there was, in that “badly kept” +garden, behind that malicious rococo fence, a very pretty creature, who +was almost always there when the handsome lieutenant,—who is not +unknown to the reader, and whose name was ThĂ©odule Gillenormand,—passed +by. + +“See here!” they said to him, “there’s a little creature there who is +making eyes at you, look.” + + +“Have I the time,” replied the lancer, “to look at all the girls who +look at me?” + + +This was at the precise moment when Marius was descending heavily +towards agony, and was saying: “If I could but see her before I +die!”—Had his wish been realized, had he beheld Cosette at that moment +gazing at the lancer, he would not have been able to utter a word, and +he would have expired with grief. + +Whose fault was it? No one’s. + +Marius possessed one of those temperaments which bury themselves in +sorrow and there abide; Cosette was one of those persons who plunge +into sorrow and emerge from it again. + +Cosette was, moreover, passing through that dangerous period, the fatal +phase of feminine reverie abandoned to itself, in which the isolated +heart of a young girl resembles the tendrils of the vine which cling, +as chance directs, to the capital of a marble column or to the post of +a wine-shop: A rapid and decisive moment, critical for every orphan, be +she rich or poor, for wealth does not prevent a bad choice; +misalliances are made in very high circles, real misalliance is that of +souls; and as many an unknown young man, without name, without birth, +without fortune, is a marble column which bears up a temple of grand +sentiments and grand ideas, so such and such a man of the world +satisfied and opulent, who has polished boots and varnished words, if +looked at not outside, but inside, a thing which is reserved for his +wife, is nothing more than a block obscurely haunted by violent, +unclean, and vinous passions; the post of a drinking-shop. + +What did Cosette’s soul contain? Passion calmed or lulled to sleep; +something limpid, brilliant, troubled to a certain depth, and gloomy +lower down. The image of the handsome officer was reflected in the +surface. Did a souvenir linger in the depths?—Quite at the +bottom?—Possibly. Cosette did not know. + +A singular incident supervened. + + + + +CHAPTER II—COSETTE’S APPREHENSIONS + + +During the first fortnight in April, Jean Valjean took a journey. This, +as the reader knows, happened from time to time, at very long +intervals. He remained absent a day or two days at the utmost. Where +did he go? No one knew, not even Cosette. Once only, on the occasion of +one of these departures, she had accompanied him in a hackney-coach as +far as a little blind-alley at the corner of which she read: _Impasse +de la Planchette_. There he alighted, and the coach took Cosette back +to the Rue de Babylone. It was usually when money was lacking in the +house that Jean Valjean took these little trips. + +So Jean Valjean was absent. He had said: “I shall return in three +days.” + + +That evening, Cosette was alone in the drawing-room. In order to get +rid of her ennui, she had opened her piano-organ, and had begun to +sing, accompanying herself the while, the chorus from _Euryanthe_: +“Hunters astray in the wood!” which is probably the most beautiful +thing in all the sphere of music. When she had finished, she remained +wrapped in thought. + +All at once, it seemed to her that she heard the sound of footsteps in +the garden. + +It could not be her father, he was absent; it could not be Toussaint, +she was in bed, and it was ten o’clock at night. + +She stepped to the shutter of the drawing-room, which was closed, and +laid her ear against it. + +It seemed to her that it was the tread of a man, and that he was +walking very softly. + +She mounted rapidly to the first floor, to her own chamber, opened a +small wicket in her shutter, and peeped into the garden. The moon was +at the full. Everything could be seen as plainly as by day. + +There was no one there. + +She opened the window. The garden was absolutely calm, and all that was +visible was that the street was deserted as usual. + +Cosette thought that she had been mistaken. She thought that she had +heard a noise. It was a hallucination produced by the melancholy and +magnificent chorus of Weber, which lays open before the mind terrified +depths, which trembles before the gaze like a dizzy forest, and in +which one hears the crackling of dead branches beneath the uneasy tread +of the huntsmen of whom one catches a glimpse through the twilight. + +She thought no more about it. + +Moreover, Cosette was not very timid by nature. There flowed in her +veins some of the blood of the bohemian and the adventuress who runs +barefoot. It will be remembered that she was more of a lark than a +dove. There was a foundation of wildness and bravery in her. + +On the following day, at an earlier hour, towards nightfall, she was +strolling in the garden. In the midst of the confused thoughts which +occupied her, she fancied that she caught for an instant a sound +similar to that of the preceding evening, as though some one were +walking beneath the trees in the dusk, and not very far from her; but +she told herself that nothing so closely resembles a step on the grass +as the friction of two branches which have moved from side to side, and +she paid no heed to it. Besides, she could see nothing. + +She emerged from “the thicket”; she had still to cross a small lawn to +regain the steps. + +The moon, which had just risen behind her, cast Cosette’s shadow in +front of her upon this lawn, as she came out from the shrubbery. + +Cosette halted in alarm. + +Beside her shadow, the moon outlined distinctly upon the turf another +shadow, which was particularly startling and terrible, a shadow which +had a round hat. + +It was the shadow of a man, who must have been standing on the border +of the clump of shrubbery, a few paces in the rear of Cosette. + +She stood for a moment without the power to speak, or cry, or call, or +stir, or turn her head. + +Then she summoned up all her courage, and turned round resolutely. + +There was no one there. + +She glanced on the ground. The figure had disappeared. + +She re-entered the thicket, searched the corners boldly, went as far as +the gate, and found nothing. + +She felt herself absolutely chilled with terror. Was this another +hallucination? What! Two days in succession! One hallucination might +pass, but two hallucinations? The disquieting point about it was, that +the shadow had assuredly not been a phantom. Phantoms do not wear round +hats. + +On the following day Jean Valjean returned. Cosette told him what she +thought she had heard and seen. She wanted to be reassured and to see +her father shrug his shoulders and say to her: “You are a little +goose.” + + +Jean Valjean grew anxious. + +“It cannot be anything,” said he. + +He left her under some pretext, and went into the garden, and she saw +him examining the gate with great attention. + +During the night she woke up; this time she was sure, and she +distinctly heard some one walking close to the flight of steps beneath +her window. She ran to her little wicket and opened it. In point of +fact, there was a man in the garden, with a large club in his hand. +Just as she was about to scream, the moon lighted up the man’s profile. +It was her father. She returned to her bed, saying to herself: “He is +very uneasy!” + + +Jean Valjean passed that night and the two succeeding nights in the +garden. Cosette saw him through the hole in her shutter. + +On the third night, the moon was on the wane, and had begun to rise +later; at one o’clock in the morning, possibly, she heard a loud burst +of laughter and her father’s voice calling her:— + +“Cosette!” + + +She jumped out of bed, threw on her dressing-gown, and opened her +window. + +Her father was standing on the grass-plot below. + +“I have waked you for the purpose of reassuring you,” said he; “look, +there is your shadow with the round hat.” + + +And he pointed out to her on the turf a shadow cast by the moon, and +which did indeed, bear considerable resemblance to the spectre of a man +wearing a round hat. It was the shadow produced by a chimney-pipe of +sheet iron, with a hood, which rose above a neighboring roof. + +Cosette joined in his laughter, all her lugubrious suppositions were +allayed, and the next morning, as she was at breakfast with her father, +she made merry over the sinister garden haunted by the shadows of iron +chimney-pots. + +Jean Valjean became quite tranquil once more; as for Cosette, she did +not pay much attention to the question whether the chimney-pot was +really in the direction of the shadow which she had seen, or thought +she had seen, and whether the moon had been in the same spot in the +sky. + +She did not question herself as to the peculiarity of a chimney-pot +which is afraid of being caught in the act, and which retires when some +one looks at its shadow, for the shadow had taken the alarm when +Cosette had turned round, and Cosette had thought herself very sure of +this. Cosette’s serenity was fully restored. The proof appeared to her +to be complete, and it quite vanished from her mind, whether there +could possibly be any one walking in the garden during the evening or +at night. + +A few days later, however, a fresh incident occurred. + + + + +CHAPTER III—ENRICHED WITH COMMENTARIES BY TOUSSAINT + + +In the garden, near the railing on the street, there was a stone bench, +screened from the eyes of the curious by a plantation of yoke-elms, but +which could, in case of necessity, be reached by an arm from the +outside, past the trees and the gate. + +One evening during that same month of April, Jean Valjean had gone out; +Cosette had seated herself on this bench after sundown. The breeze was +blowing briskly in the trees, Cosette was meditating; an objectless +sadness was taking possession of her little by little, that invincible +sadness evoked by the evening, and which arises, perhaps, who knows, +from the mystery of the tomb which is ajar at that hour. + +Perhaps Fantine was within that shadow. + +Cosette rose, slowly made the tour of the garden, walking on the grass +drenched in dew, and saying to herself, through the species of +melancholy somnambulism in which she was plunged: “Really, one needs +wooden shoes for the garden at this hour. One takes cold.” + + +She returned to the bench. + +As she was about to resume her seat there, she observed on the spot +which she had quitted, a tolerably large stone which had, evidently, +not been there a moment before. + +Cosette gazed at the stone, asking herself what it meant. All at once +the idea occurred to her that the stone had not reached the bench all +by itself, that some one had placed it there, that an arm had been +thrust through the railing, and this idea appeared to alarm her. This +time, the fear was genuine; the stone was there. No doubt was possible; +she did not touch it, fled without glancing behind her, took refuge in +the house, and immediately closed with shutter, bolt, and bar the +door-like window opening on the flight of steps. She inquired of +Toussaint:— + +“Has my father returned yet?” + + +“Not yet, Mademoiselle.” + + +[We have already noted once for all the fact that Toussaint stuttered. +May we be permitted to dispense with it for the future. The musical +notation of an infirmity is repugnant to us.] + +Jean Valjean, a thoughtful man, and given to nocturnal strolls, often +returned quite late at night. + +“Toussaint,” went on Cosette, “are you careful to thoroughly barricade +the shutters opening on the garden, at least with bars, in the evening, +and to put the little iron things in the little rings that close them?” + + +“Oh! be easy on that score, Miss.” + + +Toussaint did not fail in her duty, and Cosette was well aware of the +fact, but she could not refrain from adding:— + +“It is so solitary here.” + + +“So far as that is concerned,” said Toussaint, “it is true. We might be +assassinated before we had time to say _ouf!_ And Monsieur does not +sleep in the house, to boot. But fear nothing, Miss, I fasten the +shutters up like prisons. Lone women! That is enough to make one +shudder, I believe you! Just imagine, what if you were to see men enter +your chamber at night and say: ‘Hold your tongue!’ and begin to cut +your throat. It’s not the dying so much; you die, for one must die, and +that’s all right; it’s the abomination of feeling those people touch +you. And then, their knives; they can’t be able to cut well with them! +Ah, good gracious!” + + +“Be quiet,” said Cosette. “Fasten everything thoroughly.” + + +Cosette, terrified by the melodrama improvised by Toussaint, and +possibly, also, by the recollection of the apparitions of the past +week, which recurred to her memory, dared not even say to her: “Go and +look at the stone which has been placed on the bench!” for fear of +opening the garden gate and allowing “the men” to enter. She saw that +all the doors and windows were carefully fastened, made Toussaint go +all over the house from garret to cellar, locked herself up in her own +chamber, bolted her door, looked under her couch, went to bed and slept +badly. All night long she saw that big stone, as large as a mountain +and full of caverns. + +At sunrise,—the property of the rising sun is to make us laugh at all +our terrors of the past night, and our laughter is in direct proportion +to our terror which they have caused,—at sunrise Cosette, when she +woke, viewed her fright as a nightmare, and said to herself: “What have +I been thinking of? It is like the footsteps that I thought I heard a +week or two ago in the garden at night! It is like the shadow of the +chimney-pot! Am I becoming a coward?” The sun, which was glowing +through the crevices in her shutters, and turning the damask curtains +crimson, reassured her to such an extent that everything vanished from +her thoughts, even the stone. + +“There was no more a stone on the bench than there was a man in a round +hat in the garden; I dreamed about the stone, as I did all the rest.” + + +She dressed herself, descended to the garden, ran to the bench, and +broke out in a cold perspiration. The stone was there. + +But this lasted only for a moment. That which is terror by night is +curiosity by day. + +“Bah!” said she, “come, let us see what it is.” + + +She lifted the stone, which was tolerably large. Beneath it was +something which resembled a letter. It was a white envelope. Cosette +seized it. There was no address on one side, no seal on the other. Yet +the envelope, though unsealed, was not empty. Papers could be seen +inside. + +Cosette examined it. It was no longer alarm, it was no longer +curiosity; it was a beginning of anxiety. + +Cosette drew from the envelope its contents, a little notebook of +paper, each page of which was numbered and bore a few lines in a very +fine and rather pretty handwriting, as Cosette thought. + +Cosette looked for a name; there was none. To whom was this addressed? +To her, probably, since a hand had deposited the packet on her bench. +From whom did it come? An irresistible fascination took possession of +her; she tried to turn away her eyes from the leaflets which were +trembling in her hand, she gazed at the sky, the street, the acacias +all bathed in light, the pigeons fluttering over a neighboring roof, +and then her glance suddenly fell upon the manuscript, and she said to +herself that she must know what it contained. + +This is what she read. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A HEART BENEATH A STONE + + + + +[Illustration: Cosette With Letter] + + +The reduction of the universe to a single being, the expansion of a +single being even to God, that is love. + +Love is the salutation of the angels to the stars. + +How sad is the soul, when it is sad through love! + +What a void in the absence of the being who, by herself alone fills the +world! Oh! how true it is that the beloved being becomes God. One could +comprehend that God might be jealous of this had not God the Father of +all evidently made creation for the soul, and the soul for love. + +The glimpse of a smile beneath a white crape bonnet with a lilac +curtain is sufficient to cause the soul to enter into the palace of +dreams. + +God is behind everything, but everything hides God. Things are black, +creatures are opaque. To love a being is to render that being +transparent. + +Certain thoughts are prayers. There are moments when, whatever the +attitude of the body may be, the soul is on its knees. + +Parted lovers beguile absence by a thousand chimerical devices, which +possess, however, a reality of their own. They are prevented from +seeing each other, they cannot write to each other; they discover a +multitude of mysterious means to correspond. They send each other the +song of the birds, the perfume of the flowers, the smiles of children, +the light of the sun, the sighings of the breeze, the rays of stars, +all creation. And why not? All the works of God are made to serve love. +Love is sufficiently potent to charge all nature with its messages. + +Oh Spring! Thou art a letter that I write to her. + +The future belongs to hearts even more than it does to minds. Love, +that is the only thing that can occupy and fill eternity. In the +infinite, the inexhaustible is requisite. + +Love participates of the soul itself. It is of the same nature. Like +it, it is the divine spark; like it, it is incorruptible, indivisible, +imperishable. It is a point of fire that exists within us, which is +immortal and infinite, which nothing can confine, and which nothing can +extinguish. We feel it burning even to the very marrow of our bones, +and we see it beaming in the very depths of heaven. + +Oh Love! Adorations! voluptuousness of two minds which understand each +other, of two hearts which exchange with each other, of two glances +which penetrate each other! You will come to me, will you not, bliss! +strolls by twos in the solitudes! Blessed and radiant days! I have +sometimes dreamed that from time to time hours detached themselves from +the lives of the angels and came here below to traverse the destinies +of men. + +God can add nothing to the happiness of those who love, except to give +them endless duration. After a life of love, an eternity of love is, in +fact, an augmentation; but to increase in intensity even the ineffable +felicity which love bestows on the soul even in this world, is +impossible, even to God. God is the plenitude of heaven; love is the +plenitude of man. + +You look at a star for two reasons, because it is luminous, and because +it is impenetrable. You have beside you a sweeter radiance and a +greater mystery, woman. + +All of us, whoever we may be, have our respirable beings. We lack air +and we stifle. Then we die. To die for lack of love is horrible. +Suffocation of the soul. + +When love has fused and mingled two beings in a sacred and angelic +unity, the secret of life has been discovered so far as they are +concerned; they are no longer anything more than the two boundaries of +the same destiny; they are no longer anything but the two wings of the +same spirit. Love, soar. + +On the day when a woman as she passes before you emits light as she +walks, you are lost, you love. But one thing remains for you to do: to +think of her so intently that she is constrained to think of you. + +What love commences can be finished by God alone. + +True love is in despair and is enchanted over a glove lost or a +handkerchief found, and eternity is required for its devotion and its +hopes. It is composed both of the infinitely great and the infinitely +little. + +If you are a stone, be adamant; if you are a plant, be the sensitive +plant; if you are a man, be love. + +Nothing suffices for love. We have happiness, we desire paradise; we +possess paradise, we desire heaven. + +Oh ye who love each other, all this is contained in love. Understand +how to find it there. Love has contemplation as well as heaven, and +more than heaven, it has voluptuousness. + +“Does she still come to the Luxembourg?” “No, sir.” “This is the church +where she attends mass, is it not?” “She no longer comes here.” “Does +she still live in this house?” “She has moved away.” “Where has she +gone to dwell?” + + +“She did not say.” + + +What a melancholy thing not to know the address of one’s soul! + +Love has its childishness, other passions have their pettinesses. Shame +on the passions which belittle man! Honor to the one which makes a +child of him! + +There is one strange thing, do you know it? I dwell in the night. There +is a being who carried off my sky when she went away. + +Oh! would that we were lying side by side in the same grave, hand in +hand, and from time to time, in the darkness, gently caressing a +finger,—that would suffice for my eternity! + +Ye who suffer because ye love, love yet more. To die of love, is to +live in it. + +Love. A sombre and starry transfiguration is mingled with this torture. +There is ecstasy in agony. + +Oh joy of the birds! It is because they have nests that they sing. + +Love is a celestial respiration of the air of paradise. + +Deep hearts, sage minds, take life as God has made it; it is a long +trial, an incomprehensible preparation for an unknown destiny. This +destiny, the true one, begins for a man with the first step inside the +tomb. Then something appears to him, and he begins to distinguish the +definitive. The definitive, meditate upon that word. The living +perceive the infinite; the definitive permits itself to be seen only by +the dead. In the meanwhile, love and suffer, hope and contemplate. Woe, +alas! to him who shall have loved only bodies, forms, appearances! +Death will deprive him of all. Try to love souls, you will find them +again. + +I encountered in the street, a very poor young man who was in love. His +hat was old, his coat was worn, his elbows were in holes; water +trickled through his shoes, and the stars through his soul. + +What a grand thing it is to be loved! What a far grander thing it is to +love! The heart becomes heroic, by dint of passion. It is no longer +composed of anything but what is pure; it no longer rests on anything +that is not elevated and great. An unworthy thought can no more +germinate in it, than a nettle on a glacier. The serene and lofty soul, +inaccessible to vulgar passions and emotions, dominating the clouds and +the shades of this world, its follies, its lies, its hatreds, its +vanities, its miseries, inhabits the blue of heaven, and no longer +feels anything but profound and subterranean shocks of destiny, as the +crests of mountains feel the shocks of earthquake. + +If there did not exist some one who loved, the sun would become +extinct. + + + + +CHAPTER V—COSETTE AFTER THE LETTER + + +As Cosette read, she gradually fell into thought. At the very moment +when she raised her eyes from the last line of the note-book, the +handsome officer passed triumphantly in front of the gate,—it was his +hour; Cosette thought him hideous. + +She resumed her contemplation of the book. It was written in the most +charming of chirography, thought Cosette; in the same hand, but with +divers inks, sometimes very black, again whitish, as when ink has been +added to the inkstand, and consequently on different days. It was, +then, a mind which had unfolded itself there, sigh by sigh, +irregularly, without order, without choice, without object, hap-hazard. +Cosette had never read anything like it. This manuscript, in which she +already perceived more light than obscurity, produced upon her the +effect of a half-open sanctuary. Each one of these mysterious lines +shone before her eyes and inundated her heart with a strange radiance. +The education which she had received had always talked to her of the +soul, and never of love, very much as one might talk of the firebrand +and not of the flame. This manuscript of fifteen pages suddenly and +sweetly revealed to her all of love, sorrow, destiny, life, eternity, +the beginning, the end. It was as if a hand had opened and suddenly +flung upon her a handful of rays of light. In these few lines she felt +a passionate, ardent, generous, honest nature, a sacred will, an +immense sorrow, and an immense despair, a suffering heart, an ecstasy +fully expanded. What was this manuscript? A letter. A letter without +name, without address, without date, without signature, pressing and +disinterested, an enigma composed of truths, a message of love made to +be brought by an angel and read by a virgin, an appointment made beyond +the bounds of earth, the love-letter of a phantom to a shade. It was an +absent one, tranquil and dejected, who seemed ready to take refuge in +death and who sent to the absent love, his lady, the secret of fate, +the key of life, love. This had been written with one foot in the grave +and one finger in heaven. These lines, which had fallen one by one on +the paper, were what might be called drops of soul. + +Now, from whom could these pages come? Who could have penned them? + +Cosette did not hesitate a moment. One man only. + +He! + +Day had dawned once more in her spirit; all had reappeared. She felt an +unheard-of joy, and a profound anguish. It was he! he who had written! +he was there! it was he whose arm had been thrust through that railing! +While she was forgetful of him, he had found her again! But had she +forgotten him? No, never! She was foolish to have thought so for a +single moment. She had always loved him, always adored him. The fire +had been smothered, and had smouldered for a time, but she saw all +plainly now; it had but made headway, and now it had burst forth +afresh, and had inflamed her whole being. This note-book was like a +spark which had fallen from that other soul into hers. She felt the +conflagration starting up once more. + +She imbued herself thoroughly with every word of the manuscript: “Oh +yes!” said she, “how perfectly I recognize all that! That is what I had +already read in his eyes.” As she was finishing it for the third time, +Lieutenant ThĂ©odule passed the gate once more, and rattled his spurs +upon the pavement. Cosette was forced to raise her eyes. She thought +him insipid, silly, stupid, useless, foppish, displeasing, impertinent, +and extremely ugly. The officer thought it his duty to smile at her. + +She turned away as in shame and indignation. She would gladly have +thrown something at his head. + +She fled, re-entered the house, and shut herself up in her chamber to +peruse the manuscript once more, to learn it by heart, and to dream. +When she had thoroughly mastered it she kissed it and put it in her +bosom. + +All was over, Cosette had fallen back into deep, seraphic love. The +abyss of Eden had yawned once more. + +All day long, Cosette remained in a sort of bewilderment. She scarcely +thought, her ideas were in the state of a tangled skein in her brain, +she could not manage to conjecture anything, she hoped through a +tremor, what? vague things. She dared make herself no promises, and she +did not wish to refuse herself anything. Flashes of pallor passed over +her countenance, and shivers ran through her frame. It seemed to her, +at intervals, that she was entering the land of chimĂŠras; she said to +herself: “Is this reality?” Then she felt of the dear paper within her +bosom under her gown, she pressed it to her heart, she felt its angles +against her flesh; and if Jean Valjean had seen her at the moment, he +would have shuddered in the presence of that luminous and unknown joy, +which overflowed from beneath her eyelids.—“Oh yes!” she thought, “it +is certainly he! This comes from him, and is for me!” + + +And she told herself that an intervention of the angels, a celestial +chance, had given him back to her. + +Oh transfiguration of love! Oh dreams! That celestial chance, that +intervention of the angels, was a pellet of bread tossed by one thief +to another thief, from the Charlemagne Courtyard to the Lion’s Ditch, +over the roofs of La Force. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—OLD PEOPLE ARE MADE TO GO OUT OPPORTUNELY + + +When evening came, Jean Valjean went out; Cosette dressed herself. She +arranged her hair in the most becoming manner, and she put on a dress +whose bodice had received one snip of the scissors too much, and which, +through this slope, permitted a view of the beginning of her throat, +and was, as young girls say, “a trifle indecent.” It was not in the +least indecent, but it was prettier than usual. She made her toilet +thus without knowing why she did so. + +Did she mean to go out? No. + +Was she expecting a visitor? No. + +At dusk, she went down to the garden. Toussaint was busy in her +kitchen, which opened on the back yard. + +She began to stroll about under the trees, thrusting aside the branches +from time to time with her hand, because there were some which hung +very low. + +In this manner she reached the bench. + +The stone was still there. + +She sat down, and gently laid her white hand on this stone as though +she wished to caress and thank it. + +All at once, she experienced that indefinable impression which one +undergoes when there is some one standing behind one, even when she +does not see the person. + +She turned her head and rose to her feet. + +It was he. + +His head was bare. He appeared to have grown thin and pale. His black +clothes were hardly discernible. The twilight threw a wan light on his +fine brow, and covered his eyes in shadows. Beneath a veil of +incomparable sweetness, he had something about him that suggested death +and night. His face was illuminated by the light of the dying day, and +by the thought of a soul that is taking flight. + +He seemed to be not yet a ghost, and he was no longer a man. + +He had flung away his hat in the thicket, a few paces distant. + +Cosette, though ready to swoon, uttered no cry. She retreated slowly, +for she felt herself attracted. He did not stir. By virtue of something +ineffable and melancholy which enveloped him, she felt the look in his +eyes which she could not see. + +Cosette, in her retreat, encountered a tree and leaned against it. Had +it not been for this tree, she would have fallen. + +Then she heard his voice, that voice which she had really never heard, +barely rising above the rustle of the leaves, and murmuring:— + +“Pardon me, here I am. My heart is full. I could not live on as I was +living, and I have come. Have you read what I placed there on the +bench? Do you recognize me at all? Have no fear of me. It is a long +time, you remember the day, since you looked at me at the Luxembourg, +near the Gladiator. And the day when you passed before me? It was on +the 16th of June and the 2d of July. It is nearly a year ago. I have +not seen you for a long time. I inquired of the woman who let the +chairs, and she told me that she no longer saw you. You lived in the +Rue de l’Ouest, on the third floor, in the front apartments of a new +house,—you see that I know! I followed you. What else was there for me +to do? And then you disappeared. I thought I saw you pass once, while I +was reading the newspapers under the arcade of the OdĂ©on. I ran after +you. But no. It was a person who had a bonnet like yours. At night I +came hither. Do not be afraid, no one sees me. I come to gaze upon your +windows near at hand. I walk very softly, so that you may not hear, for +you might be alarmed. The other evening I was behind you, you turned +round, I fled. Once, I heard you singing. I was happy. Did it affect +you because I heard you singing through the shutters? That could not +hurt you. No, it is not so? You see, you are my angel! Let me come +sometimes; I think that I am going to die. If you only knew! I adore +you. Forgive me, I speak to you, but I do not know what I am saying; I +may have displeased you; have I displeased you?” + + +“Oh! my mother!” said she. + +And she sank down as though on the point of death. + +He grasped her, she fell, he took her in his arms, he pressed her +close, without knowing what he was doing. He supported her, though he +was tottering himself. It was as though his brain were full of smoke; +lightnings darted between his lips; his ideas vanished; it seemed to +him that he was accomplishing some religious act, and that he was +committing a profanation. Moreover, he had not the least passion for +this lovely woman whose force he felt against his breast. He was beside +himself with love. + +She took his hand and laid it on her heart. He felt the paper there, he +stammered:— + +“You love me, then?” + + +She replied in a voice so low that it was no longer anything more than +a barely audible breath:— + +“Hush! Thou knowest it!” + + +And she hid her blushing face on the breast of the superb and +intoxicated young man. + +He fell upon the bench, and she beside him. They had no words more. The +stars were beginning to gleam. How did it come to pass that their lips +met? How comes it to pass that the birds sing, that snow melts, that +the rose unfolds, that May expands, that the dawn grows white behind +the black trees on the shivering crest of the hills? + +A kiss, and that was all. + +Both started, and gazed into the darkness with sparkling eyes. + +They felt neither the cool night, nor the cold stone, nor the damp +earth, nor the wet grass; they looked at each other, and their hearts +were full of thoughts. They had clasped hands unconsciously. + +She did not ask him, she did not even wonder, how he had entered there, +and how he had made his way into the garden. It seemed so simple to her +that he should be there! + +From time to time, Marius’ knee touched Cosette’s knee, and both +shivered. + +At intervals, Cosette stammered a word. Her soul fluttered on her lips +like a drop of dew on a flower. + +Little by little they began to talk to each other. Effusion followed +silence, which is fulness. The night was serene and splendid overhead. +These two beings, pure as spirits, told each other everything, their +dreams, their intoxications, their ecstasies, their chimĂŠras, their +weaknesses, how they had adored each other from afar, how they had +longed for each other, their despair when they had ceased to see each +other. They confided to each other in an ideal intimacy, which nothing +could augment, their most secret and most mysterious thoughts. They +related to each other, with candid faith in their illusions, all that +love, youth, and the remains of childhood which still lingered about +them, suggested to their minds. Their two hearts poured themselves out +into each other in such wise, that at the expiration of a quarter of an +hour, it was the young man who had the young girl’s soul, and the young +girl who had the young man’s soul. Each became permeated with the +other, they were enchanted with each other, they dazzled each other. + +When they had finished, when they had told each other everything, she +laid her head on his shoulder and asked him:— + +“What is your name?” + + +“My name is Marius,” said he. “And yours?” + + +“My name is Cosette.” + + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE MALICIOUS PLAYFULNESS OF THE WIND + + +Since 1823, when the tavern of Montfermeil was on the way to shipwreck +and was being gradually engulfed, not in the abyss of a bankruptcy, but +in the cesspool of petty debts, the ThĂ©nardier pair had had two other +children; both males. That made five; two girls and three boys. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier had got rid of the last two, while they were still +young and very small, with remarkable luck. + +_Got rid of_ is the word. There was but a mere fragment of nature in +that woman. A phenomenon, by the way, of which there is more than one +example extant. Like the MarĂ©chale de La Mothe-Houdancourt, the +ThĂ©nardier was a mother to her daughters only. There her maternity +ended. Her hatred of the human race began with her own sons. In the +direction of her sons her evil disposition was uncompromising, and her +heart had a lugubrious wall in that quarter. As the reader has seen, +she detested the eldest; she cursed the other two. Why? Because. The +most terrible of motives, the most unanswerable of retorts—Because. “I +have no need of a litter of squalling brats,” said this mother. + +Let us explain how the ThĂ©nardiers had succeeded in getting rid of +their last two children; and even in drawing profit from the operation. + +The woman Magnon, who was mentioned a few pages further back, was the +same one who had succeeded in making old Gillenormand support the two +children which she had had. She lived on the Quai des CĂ©lestins, at the +corner of this ancient street of the Petit-Musc which afforded her the +opportunity of changing her evil repute into good odor. The reader will +remember the great epidemic of croup which ravaged the river districts +of the Seine in Paris thirty-five years ago, and of which science took +advantage to make experiments on a grand scale as to the efficacy of +inhalations of alum, so beneficially replaced at the present day by the +external tincture of iodine. During this epidemic, the Magnon lost both +her boys, who were still very young, one in the morning, the other in +the evening of the same day. This was a blow. These children were +precious to their mother; they represented eighty francs a month. These +eighty francs were punctually paid in the name of M. Gillenormand, by +collector of his rents, M. Barge, a retired tip-staff, in the Rue du +Roi-de-Sicile. The children dead, the income was at an end. The Magnon +sought an expedient. In that dark free-masonry of evil of which she +formed a part, everything is known, all secrets are kept, and all lend +mutual aid. Magnon needed two children; the ThĂ©nardiers had two. The +same sex, the same age. A good arrangement for the one, a good +investment for the other. The little ThĂ©nardiers became little Magnons. +Magnon quitted the Quai des CĂ©lestins and went to live in the Rue +Clocheperce. In Paris, the identity which binds an individual to +himself is broken between one street and another. + +The registry office being in no way warned, raised no objections, and +the substitution was effected in the most simple manner in the world. +Only, the ThĂ©nardier exacted for this loan of her children, ten francs +a month, which Magnon promised to pay, and which she actually did pay. +It is unnecessary to add that M. Gillenormand continued to perform his +compact. He came to see the children every six months. He did not +perceive the change. “Monsieur,” Magnon said to him, “how much they +resemble you!” + + +ThĂ©nardier, to whom avatars were easy, seized this occasion to become +Jondrette. His two daughters and Gavroche had hardly had time to +discover that they had two little brothers. When a certain degree of +misery is reached, one is overpowered with a sort of spectral +indifference, and one regards human beings as though they were +spectres. Your nearest relations are often no more for you than vague +shadowy forms, barely outlined against a nebulous background of life +and easily confounded again with the invisible. + +On the evening of the day when she had handed over her two little ones +to Magnon, with express intention of renouncing them forever, the +ThĂ©nardier had felt, or had appeared to feel, a scruple. She said to +her husband: “But this is abandoning our children!” ThĂ©nardier, +masterful and phlegmatic, cauterized the scruple with this saying: +“Jean Jacques Rousseau did even better!” From scruples, the mother +proceeded to uneasiness: “But what if the police were to annoy us? Tell +me, Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, is what we have done permissible?” ThĂ©nardier +replied: “Everything is permissible. No one will see anything but true +blue in it. Besides, no one has any interest in looking closely after +children who have not a sou.” + + +Magnon was a sort of fashionable woman in the sphere of crime. She was +careful about her toilet. She shared her lodgings, which were furnished +in an affected and wretched style, with a clever gallicized English +thief. This English woman, who had become a naturalized Parisienne, +recommended by very wealthy relations, intimately connected with the +medals in the Library and Mademoiselle Mar’s diamonds, became +celebrated later on in judicial accounts. She was called _Mamselle +Miss_. + +The two little creatures who had fallen to Magnon had no reason to +complain of their lot. Recommended by the eighty francs, they were well +cared for, as is everything from which profit is derived; they were +neither badly clothed, nor badly fed; they were treated almost like +“little gentlemen,”—better by their false mother than by their real +one. Magnon played the lady, and talked no thieves’ slang in their +presence. + +Thus passed several years. ThĂ©nardier augured well from the fact. One +day, he chanced to say to Magnon as she handed him his monthly stipend +of ten francs: “The father must give them some education.” + + +All at once, these two poor children, who had up to that time been +protected tolerably well, even by their evil fate, were abruptly hurled +into life and forced to begin it for themselves. + +A wholesale arrest of malefactors, like that in the Jondrette garret, +necessarily complicated by investigations and subsequent +incarcerations, is a veritable disaster for that hideous and occult +counter-society which pursues its existence beneath public society; an +adventure of this description entails all sorts of catastrophes in that +sombre world. The ThĂ©nardier catastrophe involved the catastrophe of +Magnon. + +One day, a short time after Magnon had handed to Éponine the note +relating to the Rue Plumet, a sudden raid was made by the police in the +Rue Clocheperce; Magnon was seized, as was also Mamselle Miss; and all +the inhabitants of the house, which was of a suspicious character, were +gathered into the net. While this was going on, the two little boys +were playing in the back yard, and saw nothing of the raid. When they +tried to enter the house again, they found the door fastened and the +house empty. A cobbler opposite called them to him, and delivered to +them a paper which “their mother” had left for them. On this paper +there was an address: _M. Barge, collector of rents, Rue du +Roi-de-Sicile, No_. 8. The proprietor of the stall said to them: “You +cannot live here any longer. Go there. It is nearby. The first street +on the left. Ask your way from this paper.” + + +The children set out, the elder leading the younger, and holding in his +hand the paper which was to guide them. It was cold, and his benumbed +little fingers could not close very firmly, and they did not keep a +very good hold on the paper. At the corner of the Rue Clocheperce, a +gust of wind tore it from him, and as night was falling, the child was +not able to find it again. + +They began to wander aimlessly through the streets. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IN WHICH LITTLE GAVROCHE EXTRACTS PROFIT FROM NAPOLEON THE +GREAT + + +Spring in Paris is often traversed by harsh and piercing breezes which +do not precisely chill but freeze one; these north winds which sadden +the most beautiful days produce exactly the effect of those puffs of +cold air which enter a warm room through the cracks of a badly fitting +door or window. It seems as though the gloomy door of winter had +remained ajar, and as though the wind were pouring through it. In the +spring of 1832, the epoch when the first great epidemic of this century +broke out in Europe, these north gales were more harsh and piercing +than ever. It was a door even more glacial than that of winter which +was ajar. It was the door of the sepulchre. In these winds one felt the +breath of the cholera. + +From a meteorological point of view, these cold winds possessed this +peculiarity, that they did not preclude a strong electric tension. +Frequent storms, accompanied by thunder and lightning, burst forth at +this epoch. + +One evening, when these gales were blowing rudely, to such a degree +that January seemed to have returned and that the bourgeois had resumed +their cloaks, Little Gavroche, who was always shivering gayly under his +rags, was standing as though in ecstasy before a wig-maker’s shop in +the vicinity of the Orme-Saint-Gervais. He was adorned with a woman’s +woollen shawl, picked up no one knows where, and which he had converted +into a neck comforter. Little Gavroche appeared to be engaged in intent +admiration of a wax bride, in a low-necked dress, and crowned with +orange-flowers, who was revolving in the window, and displaying her +smile to passers-by, between two argand lamps; but in reality, he was +taking an observation of the shop, in order to discover whether he +could not “prig” from the shop-front a cake of soap, which he would +then proceed to sell for a sou to a “hair-dresser” in the suburbs. He +had often managed to breakfast off of such a roll. He called his +species of work, for which he possessed special aptitude, “shaving +barbers.” + + +While contemplating the bride, and eyeing the cake of soap, he muttered +between his teeth: “Tuesday. It was not Tuesday. Was it Tuesday? +Perhaps it was Tuesday. Yes, it was Tuesday.” + + +No one has ever discovered to what this monologue referred. + +Yes, perchance, this monologue had some connection with the last +occasion on which he had dined, three days before, for it was now +Friday. + +The barber in his shop, which was warmed by a good stove, was shaving a +customer and casting a glance from time to time at the enemy, that +freezing and impudent street urchin both of whose hands were in his +pockets, but whose mind was evidently unsheathed. + +While Gavroche was scrutinizing the shop-window and the cakes of +windsor soap, two children of unequal stature, very neatly dressed, and +still smaller than himself, one apparently about seven years of age, +the other five, timidly turned the handle and entered the shop, with a +request for something or other, alms possibly, in a plaintive murmur +which resembled a groan rather than a prayer. They both spoke at once, +and their words were unintelligible because sobs broke the voice of the +younger, and the teeth of the elder were chattering with cold. The +barber wheeled round with a furious look, and without abandoning his +razor, thrust back the elder with his left hand and the younger with +his knee, and slammed his door, saying: “The idea of coming in and +freezing everybody for nothing!” + + +The two children resumed their march in tears. In the meantime, a cloud +had risen; it had begun to rain. + +Little Gavroche ran after them and accosted them:— + +“What’s the matter with you, brats?” + + +“We don’t know where we are to sleep,” replied the elder. + +“Is that all?” said Gavroche. “A great matter, truly. The idea of +bawling about that. They must be greenies!” + + +And adopting, in addition to his superiority, which was rather +bantering, an accent of tender authority and gentle patronage:— + +“Come along with me, young ’uns!” + + +“Yes, sir,” said the elder. + +And the two children followed him as they would have followed an +archbishop. They had stopped crying. + +Gavroche led them up the Rue Saint-Antoine in the direction of the +Bastille. + +As Gavroche walked along, he cast an indignant backward glance at the +barber’s shop. + +“That fellow has no heart, the whiting,”35 he muttered. “He’s an +Englishman.” + + +A woman who caught sight of these three marching in a file, with +Gavroche at their head, burst into noisy laughter. This laugh was +wanting in respect towards the group. + +“Good day, Mamselle Omnibus,” said Gavroche to her. + +An instant later, the wig-maker occurred to his mind once more, and he +added:— + +“I am making a mistake in the beast; he’s not a whiting, he’s a +serpent. Barber, I’ll go and fetch a locksmith, and I’ll have a bell +hung to your tail.” + + +This wig-maker had rendered him aggressive. As he strode over a gutter, +he apostrophized a bearded portress who was worthy to meet Faust on the +Brocken, and who had a broom in her hand. + +“Madam,” said he, “so you are going out with your horse?” + + +And thereupon, he spattered the polished boots of a pedestrian. + +“You scamp!” shouted the furious pedestrian. + +Gavroche elevated his nose above his shawl. + +“Is Monsieur complaining?” + + +“Of you!” ejaculated the man. + +“The office is closed,” said Gavroche, “I do not receive any more +complaints.” + + +In the meanwhile, as he went on up the street, he perceived a +beggar-girl, thirteen or fourteen years old, and clad in so short a +gown that her knees were visible, lying thoroughly chilled under a +porte-cochĂšre. The little girl was getting to be too old for such a +thing. Growth does play these tricks. The petticoat becomes short at +the moment when nudity becomes indecent. + +“Poor girl!” said Gavroche. “She hasn’t even trousers. Hold on, take +this.” + + +And unwinding all the comfortable woollen which he had around his neck, +he flung it on the thin and purple shoulders of the beggar-girl, where +the scarf became a shawl once more. + +The child stared at him in astonishment, and received the shawl in +silence. When a certain stage of distress has been reached in his +misery, the poor man no longer groans over evil, no longer returns +thanks for good. + +That done: “Brrr!” said Gavroche, who was shivering more than Saint +Martin, for the latter retained one-half of his cloak. + +At this _brrr!_ the downpour of rain, redoubled in its spite, became +furious. The wicked skies punish good deeds. + +“Ah, come now!” exclaimed Gavroche, “what’s the meaning of this? It’s +re-raining! Good Heavens, if it goes on like this, I shall stop my +subscription.” + + +And he set out on the march once more. + +“It’s all right,” he resumed, casting a glance at the beggar-girl, as +she coiled up under the shawl, “she’s got a famous peel.” + + +And looking up at the clouds he exclaimed:— + +“Caught!” + + +The two children followed close on his heels. + +As they were passing one of these heavy grated lattices, which indicate +a baker’s shop, for bread is put behind bars like gold, Gavroche turned +round:— + +“Ah, by the way, brats, have we dined?” + + +“Monsieur,” replied the elder, “we have had nothing to eat since this +morning.” + + +“So you have neither father nor mother?” resumed Gavroche majestically. + +“Excuse us, sir, we have a papa and a mamma, but we don’t know where +they are.” + + +“Sometimes that’s better than knowing where they are,” said Gavroche, +who was a thinker. + +“We have been wandering about these two hours,” continued the elder, +“we have hunted for things at the corners of the streets, but we have +found nothing.” + + +“I know,” ejaculated Gavroche, “it’s the dogs who eat everything.” + + +He went on, after a pause:— + +“Ah! we have lost our authors. We don’t know what we have done with +them. This should not be, gamins. It’s stupid to let old people stray +off like that. Come now! we must have a snooze all the same.” + + +However, he asked them no questions. What was more simple than that +they should have no dwelling place! + +The elder of the two children, who had almost entirely recovered the +prompt heedlessness of childhood, uttered this exclamation:— + +“It’s queer, all the same. Mamma told us that she would take us to get +a blessed spray on Palm Sunday.” + + +“Bosh,” said Gavroche. + +“Mamma,” resumed the elder, “is a lady who lives with Mamselle Miss.” + + +“TanflĂ»te!” retorted Gavroche. + +Meanwhile he had halted, and for the last two minutes he had been +feeling and fumbling in all sorts of nooks which his rags contained. + +At last he tossed his head with an air intended to be merely satisfied, +but which was triumphant, in reality. + +“Let us be calm, young ’uns. Here’s supper for three.” + + +And from one of his pockets he drew forth a sou. + +Without allowing the two urchins time for amazement, he pushed both of +them before him into the baker’s shop, and flung his sou on the +counter, crying:— + +“Boy! five centimes’ worth of bread.” + + +The baker, who was the proprietor in person, took up a loaf and a +knife. + +“In three pieces, my boy!” went on Gavroche. + +And he added with dignity:— + +“There are three of us.” + + +And seeing that the baker, after scrutinizing the three customers, had +taken down a black loaf, he thrust his finger far up his nose with an +inhalation as imperious as though he had had a pinch of the great +Frederick’s snuff on the tip of his thumb, and hurled this indignant +apostrophe full in the baker’s face:— + +“Keksekça?” + + +Those of our readers who might be tempted to espy in this +interpellation of Gavroche’s to the baker a Russian or a Polish word, +or one of those savage cries which the Yoways and the Botocudos hurl at +each other from bank to bank of a river, athwart the solitudes, are +warned that it is a word which they [our readers] utter every day, and +which takes the place of the phrase: “Qu’est-ce que c’est que cela?” +The baker understood perfectly, and replied:— + +“Well! It’s bread, and very good bread of the second quality.” + + +“You mean _larton brutal_ [black bread]!” retorted Gavroche, calmly and +coldly disdainful. “White bread, boy! white bread [_larton savonnĂ©_]! +I’m standing treat.” + + +The baker could not repress a smile, and as he cut the white bread he +surveyed them in a compassionate way which shocked Gavroche. + +“Come, now, baker’s boy!” said he, “what are you taking our measure +like that for?” + + +All three of them placed end to end would have hardly made a measure. + +When the bread was cut, the baker threw the sou into his drawer, and +Gavroche said to the two children:— + +“Grub away.” + + +The little boys stared at him in surprise. + +Gavroche began to laugh. + +“Ah! hullo, that’s so! they don’t understand yet, they’re too small.” + + +And he repeated:— + +“Eat away.” + + +At the same time, he held out a piece of bread to each of them. + +And thinking that the elder, who seemed to him the more worthy of his +conversation, deserved some special encouragement and ought to be +relieved from all hesitation to satisfy his appetite, he added, as he +handed him the largest share:— + +“Ram that into your muzzle.” + + +One piece was smaller than the others; he kept this for himself. + +The poor children, including Gavroche, were famished. As they tore +their bread apart in big mouthfuls, they blocked up the shop of the +baker, who, now that they had paid their money, looked angrily at them. + +“Let’s go into the street again,” said Gavroche. + +They set off once more in the direction of the Bastille. + +From time to time, as they passed the lighted shop-windows, the +smallest halted to look at the time on a leaden watch which was +suspended from his neck by a cord. + +“Well, he is a very green ’un,” said Gavroche. + +Then, becoming thoughtful, he muttered between his teeth:— + +“All the same, if I had charge of the babes I’d lock ’em up better than +that.” + + +Just as they were finishing their morsel of bread, and had reached the +angle of that gloomy Rue des Ballets, at the other end of which the low +and threatening wicket of La Force was visible:— + +“Hullo, is that you, Gavroche?” said some one. + +“Hullo, is that you, Montparnasse?” said Gavroche. + +A man had just accosted the street urchin, and the man was no other +than Montparnasse in disguise, with blue spectacles, but recognizable +to Gavroche. + +“The bow-wows!” went on Gavroche, “you’ve got a hide the color of a +linseed plaster, and blue specs like a doctor. You’re putting on style, +‘pon my word!” + + +“Hush!” ejaculated Montparnasse, “not so loud.” + + +And he drew Gavroche hastily out of range of the lighted shops. + +The two little ones followed mechanically, holding each other by the +hand. + +When they were ensconced under the arch of a porte-cochĂšre, sheltered +from the rain and from all eyes:— + +“Do you know where I’m going?” demanded Montparnasse. + +“To the Abbey of Ascend-with-Regret,”36 replied Gavroche. + +“Joker!” + + +And Montparnasse went on:— + +“I’m going to find Babet.” + + +“Ah!” exclaimed Gavroche, “so her name is Babet.” + + +Montparnasse lowered his voice:— + +“Not she, he.” + + +“Ah! Babet.” + + +“Yes, Babet.” + + +“I thought he was buckled.” + + +“He has undone the buckle,” replied Montparnasse. + +And he rapidly related to the gamin how, on the morning of that very +day, Babet, having been transferred to La Conciergerie, had made his +escape, by turning to the left instead of to the right in “the police +office.” + + +Gavroche expressed his admiration for this skill. + +“What a dentist!” he cried. + +Montparnasse added a few details as to Babet’s flight, and ended with:— + +“Oh! That’s not all.” + + +Gavroche, as he listened, had seized a cane that Montparnasse held in +his hand, and mechanically pulled at the upper part, and the blade of a +dagger made its appearance. + +“Ah!” he exclaimed, pushing the dagger back in haste, “you have brought +along your gendarme disguised as a bourgeois.” + + +Montparnasse winked. + +“The deuce!” resumed Gavroche, “so you’re going to have a bout with the +bobbies?” + + +“You can’t tell,” replied Montparnasse with an indifferent air. “It’s +always a good thing to have a pin about one.” + + +Gavroche persisted:— + +“What are you up to to-night?” + + +Again Montparnasse took a grave tone, and said, mouthing every +syllable: “Things.” + + +And abruptly changing the conversation:— + +“By the way!” + + +“What?” + + +“Something happened t’other day. Fancy. I meet a bourgeois. He makes me +a present of a sermon and his purse. I put it in my pocket. A minute +later, I feel in my pocket. There’s nothing there.” + + +“Except the sermon,” said Gavroche. + +“But you,” went on Montparnasse, “where are you bound for now?” + + +Gavroche pointed to his two protĂ©gĂ©s, and said:— + +“I’m going to put these infants to bed.” + + +“Whereabouts is the bed?” + + +“At my house.” + + +“Where’s your house?” + + +“At my house.” + + +“So you have a lodging?” + + +“Yes, I have.” + + +“And where is your lodging?” + + +“In the elephant,” said Gavroche. + +Montparnasse, though not naturally inclined to astonishment, could not +restrain an exclamation. + +“In the elephant!” + + +“Well, yes, in the elephant!” retorted Gavroche. “Kekçaa?” + + +This is another word of the language which no one writes, and which +every one speaks. + +Kekçaa signifies: _Qu’est que c’est que cela a? _ [What’s the matter +with that?] + +The urchin’s profound remark recalled Montparnasse to calmness and good +sense. He appeared to return to better sentiments with regard to +Gavroche’s lodging. + +“Of course,” said he, “yes, the elephant. Is it comfortable there?” + + +“Very,” said Gavroche. “It’s really bully there. There ain’t any +draughts, as there are under the bridges.” + + +“How do you get in?” + + +“Oh, I get in.” + + +“So there is a hole?” demanded Montparnasse. + +“Parbleu! I should say so. But you mustn’t tell. It’s between the fore +legs. The bobbies haven’t seen it.” + + +“And you climb up? Yes, I understand.” + + +“A turn of the hand, cric, crac, and it’s all over, no one there.” + + +After a pause, Gavroche added:— + +“I shall have a ladder for these children.” + + +Montparnasse burst out laughing:— + +“Where the devil did you pick up those young ’uns?” + + +Gavroche replied with great simplicity:— + +“They are some brats that a wig-maker made me a present of.” + + +Meanwhile, Montparnasse had fallen to thinking:— + +“You recognized me very readily,” he muttered. + +He took from his pocket two small objects which were nothing more than +two quills wrapped in cotton, and thrust one up each of his nostrils. +This gave him a different nose. + +“That changes you,” remarked Gavroche, “you are less homely so, you +ought to keep them on all the time.” + + +Montparnasse was a handsome fellow, but Gavroche was a tease. + +“Seriously,” demanded Montparnasse, “how do you like me so?” + + +The sound of his voice was different also. In a twinkling, Montparnasse +had become unrecognizable. + +“Oh! Do play Porrichinelle for us!” exclaimed Gavroche. + +The two children, who had not been listening up to this point, being +occupied themselves in thrusting their fingers up their noses, drew +near at this name, and stared at Montparnasse with dawning joy and +admiration. + +Unfortunately, Montparnasse was troubled. + +He laid his hand on Gavroche’s shoulder, and said to him, emphasizing +his words: “Listen to what I tell you, boy! if I were on the square +with my dog, my knife, and my wife, and if you were to squander ten +sous on me, I wouldn’t refuse to work, but this isn’t Shrove Tuesday.” + + +This odd phrase produced a singular effect on the gamin. He wheeled +round hastily, darted his little sparkling eyes about him with profound +attention, and perceived a police sergeant standing with his back to +them a few paces off. Gavroche allowed an: “Ah! good!” to escape him, +but immediately suppressed it, and shaking Montparnasse’s hand:— + +“Well, good evening,” said he, “I’m going off to my elephant with my +brats. Supposing that you should need me some night, you can come and +hunt me up there. I lodge on the entresol. There is no porter. You will +inquire for Monsieur Gavroche.” + + +“Very good,” said Montparnasse. + +And they parted, Montparnasse betaking himself in the direction of the +GrĂšve, and Gavroche towards the Bastille. The little one of five, +dragged along by his brother who was dragged by Gavroche, turned his +head back several times to watch “Porrichinelle” as he went. + +The ambiguous phrase by means of which Montparnasse had warned Gavroche +of the presence of the policeman, contained no other talisman than the +assonance _dig_ repeated five or six times in different forms. This +syllable, _dig_, uttered alone or artistically mingled with the words +of a phrase, means: “Take care, we can no longer talk freely.” There +was besides, in Montparnasse’s sentence, a literary beauty which was +lost upon Gavroche, that is _mon dogue, ma dague et ma digue_, a slang +expression of the Temple, which signifies my dog, my knife, and my +wife, greatly in vogue among clowns and the red-tails in the great +century when MoliĂšre wrote and Callot drew. + +Twenty years ago, there was still to be seen in the southwest corner of +the Place de la Bastille, near the basin of the canal, excavated in the +ancient ditch of the fortress-prison, a singular monument, which has +already been effaced from the memories of Parisians, and which deserved +to leave some trace, for it was the idea of a “member of the Institute, +the General-in-chief of the army of Egypt.” + + +We say monument, although it was only a rough model. But this model +itself, a marvellous sketch, the grandiose skeleton of an idea of +Napoleon’s, which successive gusts of wind have carried away and +thrown, on each occasion, still further from us, had become historical +and had acquired a certain definiteness which contrasted with its +provisional aspect. It was an elephant forty feet high, constructed of +timber and masonry, bearing on its back a tower which resembled a +house, formerly painted green by some dauber, and now painted black by +heaven, the wind, and time. In this deserted and unprotected corner of +the place, the broad brow of the colossus, his trunk, his tusks, his +tower, his enormous crupper, his four feet, like columns produced, at +night, under the starry heavens, a surprising and terrible form. It was +a sort of symbol of popular force. It was sombre, mysterious, and +immense. It was some mighty, visible phantom, one knew not what, +standing erect beside the invisible spectre of the Bastille. + +Few strangers visited this edifice, no passer-by looked at it. It was +falling into ruins; every season the plaster which detached itself from +its sides formed hideous wounds upon it. “The ĂŠdiles,” as the +expression ran in elegant dialect, had forgotten it ever since 1814. +There it stood in its corner, melancholy, sick, crumbling, surrounded +by a rotten palisade, soiled continually by drunken coachmen; cracks +meandered athwart its belly, a lath projected from its tail, tall grass +flourished between its legs; and, as the level of the place had been +rising all around it for a space of thirty years, by that slow and +continuous movement which insensibly elevates the soil of large towns, +it stood in a hollow, and it looked as though the ground were giving +way beneath it. It was unclean, despised, repulsive, and superb, ugly +in the eyes of the bourgeois, melancholy in the eyes of the thinker. +There was something about it of the dirt which is on the point of being +swept out, and something of the majesty which is on the point of being +decapitated. As we have said, at night, its aspect changed. Night is +the real element of everything that is dark. As soon as twilight +descended, the old elephant became transfigured; he assumed a tranquil +and redoubtable appearance in the formidable serenity of the shadows. +Being of the past, he belonged to night; and obscurity was in keeping +with his grandeur. + +This rough, squat, heavy, hard, austere, almost misshapen, but +assuredly majestic monument, stamped with a sort of magnificent and +savage gravity, has disappeared, and left to reign in peace, a sort of +gigantic stove, ornamented with its pipe, which has replaced the sombre +fortress with its nine towers, very much as the bourgeoisie replaces +the feudal classes. It is quite natural that a stove should be the +symbol of an epoch in which a pot contains power. This epoch will pass +away, people have already begun to understand that, if there can be +force in a boiler, there can be no force except in the brain; in other +words, that which leads and drags on the world, is not locomotives, but +ideas. Harness locomotives to ideas,—that is well done; but do not +mistake the horse for the rider. + +At all events, to return to the Place de la Bastille, the architect of +this elephant succeeded in making a grand thing out of plaster; the +architect of the stove has succeeded in making a pretty thing out of +bronze. + +This stove-pipe, which has been baptized by a sonorous name, and called +the column of July, this monument of a revolution that miscarried, was +still enveloped in 1832, in an immense shirt of woodwork, which we +regret, for our part, and by a vast plank enclosure, which completed +the task of isolating the elephant. + +It was towards this corner of the place, dimly lighted by the +reflection of a distant street lamp, that the gamin guided his two +“brats.” + + +The reader must permit us to interrupt ourselves here and to remind him +that we are dealing with simple reality, and that twenty years ago, the +tribunals were called upon to judge, under the charge of vagabondage, +and mutilation of a public monument, a child who had been caught asleep +in this very elephant of the Bastille. This fact noted, we proceed. + +On arriving in the vicinity of the colossus, Gavroche comprehended the +effect which the infinitely great might produce on the infinitely +small, and said:— + +“Don’t be scared, infants.” + + +Then he entered through a gap in the fence into the elephant’s +enclosure and helped the young ones to clamber through the breach. The +two children, somewhat frightened, followed Gavroche without uttering a +word, and confided themselves to this little Providence in rags which +had given them bread and had promised them a shelter. + +There, extended along the fence, lay a ladder which by day served the +laborers in the neighboring timber-yard. Gavroche raised it with +remarkable vigor, and placed it against one of the elephant’s forelegs. +Near the point where the ladder ended, a sort of black hole in the +belly of the colossus could be distinguished. + +Gavroche pointed out the ladder and the hole to his guests, and said to +them:— + +“Climb up and go in.” + + +The two little boys exchanged terrified glances. + +“You’re afraid, brats!” exclaimed Gavroche. + +And he added:— + +“You shall see!” + + +He clasped the rough leg of the elephant, and in a twinkling, without +deigning to make use of the ladder, he had reached the aperture. He +entered it as an adder slips through a crevice, and disappeared within, +and an instant later, the two children saw his head, which looked pale, +appear vaguely, on the edge of the shadowy hole, like a wan and whitish +spectre. + +“Well!” he exclaimed, “climb up, young ’uns! You’ll see how snug it is +here! Come up, you!” he said to the elder, “I’ll lend you a hand.” + + +The little fellows nudged each other, the gamin frightened and inspired +them with confidence at one and the same time, and then, it was raining +very hard. The elder one undertook the risk. The younger, on seeing his +brother climbing up, and himself left alone between the paws of this +huge beast, felt greatly inclined to cry, but he did not dare. + +The elder lad climbed, with uncertain steps, up the rungs of the +ladder; Gavroche, in the meanwhile, encouraging him with exclamations +like a fencing-master to his pupils, or a muleteer to his mules. + +“Don’t be afraid!—That’s it!—Come on!—Put your feet there!—Give us your +hand here!—Boldly!” + + +And when the child was within reach, he seized him suddenly and +vigorously by the arm, and pulled him towards him. + +“Nabbed!” said he. + +The brat had passed through the crack. + +“Now,” said Gavroche, “wait for me. Be so good as to take a seat, +Monsieur.” + + +And making his way out of the hole as he had entered it, he slipped +down the elephant’s leg with the agility of a monkey, landed on his +feet in the grass, grasped the child of five round the body, and +planted him fairly in the middle of the ladder, then he began to climb +up behind him, shouting to the elder:— + +“I’m going to boost him, do you tug.” + + +And in another instant, the small lad was pushed, dragged, pulled, +thrust, stuffed into the hole, before he had time to recover himself, +and Gavroche, entering behind him, and repulsing the ladder with a kick +which sent it flat on the grass, began to clap his hands and to cry:— + +“Here we are! Long live General Lafayette!” + + +This explosion over, he added:— + +“Now, young ’uns, you are in my house.” + + +Gavroche was at home, in fact. + +Oh, unforeseen utility of the useless! Charity of great things! +Goodness of giants! This huge monument, which had embodied an idea of +the Emperor’s, had become the box of a street urchin. The brat had been +accepted and sheltered by the colossus. The bourgeois decked out in +their Sunday finery who passed the elephant of the Bastille, were fond +of saying as they scanned it disdainfully with their prominent eyes: +“What’s the good of that?” It served to save from the cold, the frost, +the hail, and rain, to shelter from the winds of winter, to preserve +from slumber in the mud which produces fever, and from slumber in the +snow which produces death, a little being who had no father, no mother, +no bread, no clothes, no refuge. It served to receive the innocent whom +society repulsed. It served to diminish public crime. It was a lair +open to one against whom all doors were shut. It seemed as though the +miserable old mastodon, invaded by vermin and oblivion, covered with +warts, with mould, and ulcers, tottering, worm-eaten, abandoned, +condemned, a sort of mendicant colossus, asking alms in vain with a +benevolent look in the midst of the crossroads, had taken pity on that +other mendicant, the poor pygmy, who roamed without shoes to his feet, +without a roof over his head, blowing on his fingers, clad in rags, fed +on rejected scraps. That was what the elephant of the Bastille was good +for. This idea of Napoleon, disdained by men, had been taken back by +God. That which had been merely illustrious, had become august. In +order to realize his thought, the Emperor should have had porphyry, +brass, iron, gold, marble; the old collection of planks, beams and +plaster sufficed for God. The Emperor had had the dream of a genius; in +that Titanic elephant, armed, prodigious, with trunk uplifted, bearing +its tower and scattering on all sides its merry and vivifying waters, +he wished to incarnate the people. God had done a grander thing with +it, he had lodged a child there. + +The hole through which Gavroche had entered was a breach which was +hardly visible from the outside, being concealed, as we have stated, +beneath the elephant’s belly, and so narrow that it was only cats and +homeless children who could pass through it. + +“Let’s begin,” said Gavroche, “by telling the porter that we are not at +home.” + + +And plunging into the darkness with the assurance of a person who is +well acquainted with his apartments, he took a plank and stopped up the +aperture. + +Again Gavroche plunged into the obscurity. The children heard the +crackling of the match thrust into the phosphoric bottle. The chemical +match was not yet in existence; at that epoch the Fumade steel +represented progress. + +A sudden light made them blink; Gavroche had just managed to ignite one +of those bits of cord dipped in resin which are called _cellar rats_. +The _cellar rat_, which emitted more smoke than light, rendered the +interior of the elephant confusedly visible. + +Gavroche’s two guests glanced about them, and the sensation which they +experienced was something like that which one would feel if shut up in +the great tun of Heidelberg, or, better still, like what Jonah must +have felt in the biblical belly of the whale. An entire and gigantic +skeleton appeared enveloping them. Above, a long brown beam, whence +started at regular distances, massive, arching ribs, represented the +vertebral column with its sides, stalactites of plaster depended from +them like entrails, and vast spiders’ webs stretching from side to +side, formed dirty diaphragms. Here and there, in the corners, were +visible large blackish spots which had the appearance of being alive, +and which changed places rapidly with an abrupt and frightened +movement. + +Fragments which had fallen from the elephant’s back into his belly had +filled up the cavity, so that it was possible to walk upon it as on a +floor. + +The smaller child nestled up against his brother, and whispered to +him:— + +“It’s black.” + + +This remark drew an exclamation from Gavroche. The petrified air of the +two brats rendered some shock necessary. + +“What’s that you are gabbling about there?” he exclaimed. “Are you +scoffing at me? Are you turning up your noses? Do you want the +Tuileries? Are you brutes? Come, say! I warn you that I don’t belong to +the regiment of simpletons. Ah, come now, are you brats from the Pope’s +establishment?” + + +A little roughness is good in cases of fear. It is reassuring. The two +children drew close to Gavroche. + +Gavroche, paternally touched by this confidence, passed from grave to +gentle, and addressing the smaller:— + +“Stupid,” said he, accenting the insulting word, with a caressing +intonation, “it’s outside that it is black. Outside it’s raining, here +it does not rain; outside it’s cold, here there’s not an atom of wind; +outside there are heaps of people, here there’s no one; outside there +ain’t even the moon, here there’s my candle, confound it!” + + +The two children began to look upon the apartment with less terror; but +Gavroche allowed them no more time for contemplation. + +“Quick,” said he. + +And he pushed them towards what we are very glad to be able to call the +end of the room. + +There stood his bed. + +Gavroche’s bed was complete; that is to say, it had a mattress, a +blanket, and an alcove with curtains. + +The mattress was a straw mat, the blanket a rather large strip of gray +woollen stuff, very warm and almost new. This is what the alcove +consisted of:— + +Three rather long poles, thrust into and consolidated, with the rubbish +which formed the floor, that is to say, the belly of the elephant, two +in front and one behind, and united by a rope at their summits, so as +to form a pyramidal bundle. This cluster supported a trellis-work of +brass wire which was simply placed upon it, but artistically applied, +and held by fastenings of iron wire, so that it enveloped all three +holes. A row of very heavy stones kept this network down to the floor +so that nothing could pass under it. This grating was nothing else than +a piece of the brass screens with which aviaries are covered in +menageries. Gavroche’s bed stood as in a cage, behind this net. The +whole resembled an Esquimaux tent. + +This trellis-work took the place of curtains. + +Gavroche moved aside the stones which fastened the net down in front, +and the two folds of the net which lapped over each other fell apart. + +“Down on all fours, brats!” said Gavroche. + +He made his guests enter the cage with great precaution, then he +crawled in after them, pulled the stones together, and closed the +opening hermetically again. + +All three had stretched out on the mat. Gavroche still had the _cellar +rat_ in his hand. + +“Now,” said he, “go to sleep! I’m going to suppress the candelabra.” + + +“Monsieur,” the elder of the brothers asked Gavroche, pointing to the +netting, “what’s that for?” + + +“That,” answered Gavroche gravely, “is for the rats. Go to sleep!” + + +Nevertheless, he felt obliged to add a few words of instruction for the +benefit of these young creatures, and he continued:— + +“It’s a thing from the Jardin des Plantes. It’s used for fierce +animals. There’s a whole shopful of them there. All you’ve got to do is +to climb over a wall, crawl through a window, and pass through a door. +You can get as much as you want.” + + +As he spoke, he wrapped the younger one up bodily in a fold of the +blanket, and the little one murmured:— + +“Oh! how good that is! It’s warm!” + + +Gavroche cast a pleased eye on the blanket. + +“That’s from the Jardin des Plantes, too,” said he. “I took that from +the monkeys.” + + +And, pointing out to the eldest the mat on which he was lying, a very +thick and admirably made mat, he added:— + +“That belonged to the giraffe.” + + +After a pause he went on:— + +“The beasts had all these things. I took them away from them. It didn’t +trouble them. I told them: ‘It’s for the elephant.’” + + +He paused, and then resumed:— + +“You crawl over the walls and you don’t care a straw for the +government. So there now!” + + +The two children gazed with timid and stupefied respect on this +intrepid and ingenious being, a vagabond like themselves, isolated like +themselves, frail like themselves, who had something admirable and +all-powerful about him, who seemed supernatural to them, and whose +physiognomy was composed of all the grimaces of an old mountebank, +mingled with the most ingenuous and charming smiles. + +“Monsieur,” ventured the elder timidly, “you are not afraid of the +police, then?” + + +Gavroche contented himself with replying:— + +“Brat! Nobody says ‘police,’ they say ‘bobbies.’” + + +The smaller had his eyes wide open, but he said nothing. As he was on +the edge of the mat, the elder being in the middle, Gavroche tucked the +blanket round him as a mother might have done, and heightened the mat +under his head with old rags, in such a way as to form a pillow for the +child. Then he turned to the elder:— + +“Hey! We’re jolly comfortable here, ain’t we?” + + +“Ah, yes!” replied the elder, gazing at Gavroche with the expression of +a saved angel. + +The two poor little children who had been soaked through, began to grow +warm once more. + +“Ah, by the way,” continued Gavroche, “what were you bawling about?” + + +And pointing out the little one to his brother:— + +“A mite like that, I’ve nothing to say about, but the idea of a big +fellow like you crying! It’s idiotic; you looked like a calf.” + + +“Gracious,” replied the child, “we have no lodging.” + + +“Bother!” retorted Gavroche, “you don’t say ‘lodgings,’ you say +‘crib.’” + + +“And then, we were afraid of being alone like that at night.” + + +“You don’t say ‘night,’ you say ‘darkmans.’” + + +“Thank you, sir,” said the child. + +“Listen,” went on Gavroche, “you must never bawl again over anything. +I’ll take care of you. You shall see what fun we’ll have. In summer, +we’ll go to the GlaciĂšre with Navet, one of my pals, we’ll bathe in the +Gare, we’ll run stark naked in front of the rafts on the bridge at +Austerlitz,—that makes the laundresses raging. They scream, they get +mad, and if you only knew how ridiculous they are! We’ll go and see the +man-skeleton. And then I’ll take you to the play. I’ll take you to see +FrĂ©dĂ©rick LemaĂźtre. I have tickets, I know some of the actors, I even +played in a piece once. There were a lot of us fellers, and we ran +under a cloth, and that made the sea. I’ll get you an engagement at my +theatre. We’ll go to see the savages. They ain’t real, those savages +ain’t. They wear pink tights that go all in wrinkles, and you can see +where their elbows have been darned with white. Then, we’ll go to the +Opera. We’ll get in with the hired applauders. The Opera claque is well +managed. I wouldn’t associate with the claque on the boulevard. At the +Opera, just fancy! some of them pay twenty sous, but they’re ninnies. +They’re called dishclouts. And then we’ll go to see the guillotine +work. I’ll show you the executioner. He lives in the Rue des Marais. +Monsieur Sanson. He has a letter-box at his door. Ah! we’ll have famous +fun!” + + +At that moment a drop of wax fell on Gavroche’s finger, and recalled +him to the realities of life. + +“The deuce!” said he, “there’s the wick giving out. Attention! I can’t +spend more than a sou a month on my lighting. When a body goes to bed, +he must sleep. We haven’t the time to read M. Paul de Kock’s romances. +And besides, the light might pass through the cracks of the +porte-cochĂšre, and all the bobbies need to do is to see it.” + + +“And then,” remarked the elder timidly,—he alone dared talk to +Gavroche, and reply to him, “a spark might fall in the straw, and we +must look out and not burn the house down.” + + +“People don’t say ‘burn the house down,’” remarked Gavroche, “they say +‘blaze the crib.’” + + +The storm increased in violence, and the heavy downpour beat upon the +back of the colossus amid claps of thunder. “You’re taken in, rain!” +said Gavroche. “It amuses me to hear the decanter run down the legs of +the house. Winter is a stupid; it wastes its merchandise, it loses its +labor, it can’t wet us, and that makes it kick up a row, old +water-carrier that it is.” + + +This allusion to the thunder, all the consequences of which Gavroche, +in his character of a philosopher of the nineteenth century, accepted, +was followed by a broad flash of lightning, so dazzling that a hint of +it entered the belly of the elephant through the crack. Almost at the +same instant, the thunder rumbled with great fury. The two little +creatures uttered a shriek, and started up so eagerly that the network +came near being displaced, but Gavroche turned his bold face to them, +and took advantage of the clap of thunder to burst into a laugh. + +“Calm down, children. Don’t topple over the edifice. That’s fine, +first-class thunder; all right. That’s no slouch of a streak of +lightning. Bravo for the good God! Deuce take it! It’s almost as good +as it is at the Ambigu.” + + +That said, he restored order in the netting, pushed the two children +gently down on the bed, pressed their knees, in order to stretch them +out at full length, and exclaimed:— + +“Since the good God is lighting his candle, I can blow out mine. Now, +babes, now, my young humans, you must shut your peepers. It’s very bad +not to sleep. It’ll make you swallow the strainer, or, as they say, in +fashionable society, stink in the gullet. Wrap yourself up well in the +hide! I’m going to put out the light. Are you ready?” + + +“Yes,” murmured the elder, “I’m all right. I seem to have feathers +under my head.” + + +“People don’t say ‘head,’” cried Gavroche, “they say ‘nut’.” + + +The two children nestled close to each other, Gavroche finished +arranging them on the mat, drew the blanket up to their very ears, then +repeated, for the third time, his injunction in the hieratical tongue:— + +“Shut your peepers!” + + +And he snuffed out his tiny light. + +Hardly had the light been extinguished, when a peculiar trembling began +to affect the netting under which the three children lay. + +It consisted of a multitude of dull scratches which produced a metallic +sound, as if claws and teeth were gnawing at the copper wire. This was +accompanied by all sorts of little piercing cries. + +The little five-year-old boy, on hearing this hubbub overhead, and +chilled with terror, jogged his brother’s elbow; but the elder brother +had already shut his peepers, as Gavroche had ordered. Then the little +one, who could no longer control his terror, questioned Gavroche, but +in a very low tone, and with bated breath:— + +“Sir?” + + +“Hey?” said Gavroche, who had just closed his eyes. + +“What is that?” + + +“It’s the rats,” replied Gavroche. + +And he laid his head down on the mat again. + +The rats, in fact, who swarmed by thousands in the carcass of the +elephant, and who were the living black spots which we have already +mentioned, had been held in awe by the flame of the candle, so long as +it had been lighted; but as soon as the cavern, which was the same as +their city, had returned to darkness, scenting what the good +story-teller Perrault calls “fresh meat,” they had hurled themselves in +throngs on Gavroche’s tent, had climbed to the top of it, and had begun +to bite the meshes as though seeking to pierce this new-fangled trap. + +Still the little one could not sleep. + +“Sir?” he began again. + +“Hey?” said Gavroche. + +“What are rats?” + + +“They are mice.” + + +This explanation reassured the child a little. He had seen white mice +in the course of his life, and he was not afraid of them. Nevertheless, +he lifted up his voice once more. + +“Sir?” + + +“Hey?” said Gavroche again. + +“Why don’t you have a cat?” + + +“I did have one,” replied Gavroche, “I brought one here, but they ate +her.” + + +This second explanation undid the work of the first, and the little +fellow began to tremble again. + +The dialogue between him and Gavroche began again for the fourth time:— + +“Monsieur?” + + +“Hey?” + + +“Who was it that was eaten?” + + +“The cat.” + + +“And who ate the cat?” + + +“The rats.” + + +“The mice?” + + +“Yes, the rats.” + + +The child, in consternation, dismayed at the thought of mice which ate +cats, pursued:— + +“Sir, would those mice eat us?” + + +“Wouldn’t they just!” ejaculated Gavroche. + +The child’s terror had reached its climax. But Gavroche added:— + +“Don’t be afraid. They can’t get in. And besides, I’m here! Here, catch +hold of my hand. Hold your tongue and shut your peepers!” + + +At the same time Gavroche grasped the little fellow’s hand across his +brother. The child pressed the hand close to him, and felt reassured. +Courage and strength have these mysterious ways of communicating +themselves. Silence reigned round them once more, the sound of their +voices had frightened off the rats; at the expiration of a few minutes, +they came raging back, but in vain, the three little fellows were fast +asleep and heard nothing more. + +The hours of the night fled away. Darkness covered the vast Place de la +Bastille. A wintry gale, which mingled with the rain, blew in gusts, +the patrol searched all the doorways, alleys, enclosures, and obscure +nooks, and in their search for nocturnal vagabonds they passed in +silence before the elephant; the monster, erect, motionless, staring +open-eyed into the shadows, had the appearance of dreaming happily over +his good deed; and sheltered from heaven and from men the three poor +sleeping children. + +In order to understand what is about to follow, the reader must +remember, that, at that epoch, the Bastille guard-house was situated at +the other end of the square, and that what took place in the vicinity +of the elephant could neither be seen nor heard by the sentinel. + +Towards the end of that hour which immediately precedes the dawn, a man +turned from the Rue Saint-Antoine at a run, made the circuit of the +enclosure of the column of July, and glided between the palings until +he was underneath the belly of the elephant. If any light had +illuminated that man, it might have been divined from the thorough +manner in which he was soaked that he had passed the night in the rain. +Arrived beneath the elephant, he uttered a peculiar cry, which did not +belong to any human tongue, and which a paroquet alone could have +imitated. Twice he repeated this cry, of whose orthography the +following barely conveys an idea:— + +“Kirikikiou!” + + +At the second cry, a clear, young, merry voice responded from the belly +of the elephant:— + +“Yes!” + + +Almost immediately, the plank which closed the hole was drawn aside, +and gave passage to a child who descended the elephant’s leg, and fell +briskly near the man. It was Gavroche. The man was Montparnasse. + +As for his cry of _Kirikikiou_,—that was, doubtless, what the child had +meant, when he said:— + +“You will ask for Monsieur Gavroche.” + + +On hearing it, he had waked with a start, had crawled out of his +“alcove,” pushing apart the netting a little, and carefully drawing it +together again, then he had opened the trap, and descended. + +The man and the child recognized each other silently amid the gloom: +Montparnasse confined himself to the remark:— + +“We need you. Come, lend us a hand.” + + +The lad asked for no further enlightenment. + +“I’m with you,” said he. + +And both took their way towards the Rue Saint-Antoine, whence +Montparnasse had emerged, winding rapidly through the long file of +market-gardeners’ carts which descend towards the markets at that hour. + +The market-gardeners, crouching, half-asleep, in their wagons, amid the +salads and vegetables, enveloped to their very eyes in their mufflers +on account of the beating rain, did not even glance at these strange +pedestrians. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE VICISSITUDES OF FLIGHT + + +This is what had taken place that same night at the La Force:— + +An escape had been planned between Babet, Brujon, Guelemer, and +ThĂ©nardier, although ThĂ©nardier was in close confinement. Babet had +arranged the matter for his own benefit, on the same day, as the reader +has seen from Montparnasse’s account to Gavroche. Montparnasse was to +help them from outside. + +Brujon, after having passed a month in the punishment cell, had had +time, in the first place, to weave a rope, in the second, to mature a +plan. In former times, those severe places where the discipline of the +prison delivers the convict into his own hands, were composed of four +stone walls, a stone ceiling, a flagged pavement, a camp bed, a grated +window, and a door lined with iron, and were called _dungeons_; but the +dungeon was judged to be too terrible; nowadays they are composed of an +iron door, a grated window, a camp bed, a flagged pavement, four stone +walls, and a stone ceiling, and are called _chambers of punishment_. A +little light penetrates towards midday. The inconvenient point about +these chambers which, as the reader sees, are not dungeons, is that +they allow the persons who should be at work to think. + +So Brujon meditated, and he emerged from the chamber of punishment with +a rope. As he had the name of being very dangerous in the Charlemagne +courtyard, he was placed in the New Building. The first thing he found +in the New Building was Guelemer, the second was a nail; Guelemer, that +is to say, crime; a nail, that is to say, liberty. Brujon, of whom it +is high time that the reader should have a complete idea, was, with an +appearance of delicate health and a profoundly premeditated languor, a +polished, intelligent sprig, and a thief, who had a caressing glance, +and an atrocious smile. His glance resulted from his will, and his +smile from his nature. His first studies in his art had been directed +to roofs. He had made great progress in the industry of the men who +tear off lead, who plunder the roofs and despoil the gutters by the +process called _double pickings_. + +The circumstance which put the finishing touch on the moment peculiarly +favorable for an attempt at escape, was that the roofers were re-laying +and re-jointing, at that very moment, a portion of the slates on the +prison. The Saint-Bernard courtyard was no longer absolutely isolated +from the Charlemagne and the Saint-Louis courts. Up above there were +scaffoldings and ladders; in other words, bridges and stairs in the +direction of liberty. + +The New Building, which was the most cracked and decrepit thing to be +seen anywhere in the world, was the weak point in the prison. The walls +were eaten by saltpetre to such an extent that the authorities had been +obliged to line the vaults of the dormitories with a sheathing of wood, +because stones were in the habit of becoming detached and falling on +the prisoners in their beds. In spite of this antiquity, the +authorities committed the error of confining in the New Building the +most troublesome prisoners, of placing there “the hard cases,” as they +say in prison parlance. + +The New Building contained four dormitories, one above the other, and a +top story which was called the Bel-Air (Fine-Air). A large +chimney-flue, probably from some ancient kitchen of the Dukes de la +Force, started from the ground floor, traversed all four stories, cut +the dormitories, where it figured as a flattened pillar, into two +portions, and finally pierced the roof. + +Guelemer and Brujon were in the same dormitory. They had been placed, +by way of precaution, on the lower story. Chance ordained that the +heads of their beds should rest against the chimney. + +ThĂ©nardier was directly over their heads in the top story known as +Fine-Air. The pedestrian who halts on the Rue Culture-Sainte-Catherine, +after passing the barracks of the firemen, in front of the +porte-cochĂšre of the bathing establishment, beholds a yard full of +flowers and shrubs in wooden boxes, at the extremity of which spreads +out a little white rotunda with two wings, brightened up with green +shutters, the bucolic dream of Jean Jacques. + +Not more than ten years ago, there rose above that rotunda an enormous +black, hideous, bare wall by which it was backed up. + +This was the outer wall of La Force. + +This wall, beside that rotunda, was Milton viewed through Berquin. + +Lofty as it was, this wall was overtopped by a still blacker roof, +which could be seen beyond. This was the roof of the New Building. +There one could descry four dormer-windows, guarded with bars; they +were the windows of the Fine-Air. + +A chimney pierced the roof; this was the chimney which traversed the +dormitories. + +The Bel-Air, that top story of the New Building, was a sort of large +hall, with a Mansard roof, guarded with triple gratings and double +doors of sheet iron, which were studded with enormous bolts. When one +entered from the north end, one had on one’s left the four +dormer-windows, on one’s right, facing the windows, at regular +intervals, four square, tolerably vast cages, separated by narrow +passages, built of masonry to about the height of the elbow, and the +rest, up to the roof, of iron bars. + +ThĂ©nardier had been in solitary confinement in one of these cages since +the night of the 3d of February. No one was ever able to discover how, +and by what connivance, he succeeded in procuring, and secreting a +bottle of wine, invented, so it is said, by Desrues, with which a +narcotic is mixed, and which the band of the _Endormeurs_, or +_Sleep-compellers_, rendered famous. + +There are, in many prisons, treacherous employees, half-jailers, +half-thieves, who assist in escapes, who sell to the police an +unfaithful service, and who turn a penny whenever they can. + +On that same night, then, when Little Gavroche picked up the two lost +children, Brujon and Guelemer, who knew that Babet, who had escaped +that morning, was waiting for them in the street as well as +Montparnasse, rose softly, and with the nail which Brujon had found, +began to pierce the chimney against which their beds stood. The rubbish +fell on Brujon’s bed, so that they were not heard. Showers mingled with +thunder shook the doors on their hinges, and created in the prison a +terrible and opportune uproar. Those of the prisoners who woke, +pretended to fall asleep again, and left Guelemer and Brujon to their +own devices. Brujon was adroit; Guelemer was vigorous. Before any sound +had reached the watcher, who was sleeping in the grated cell which +opened into the dormitory, the wall had been pierced, the chimney +scaled, the iron grating which barred the upper orifice of the flue +forced, and the two redoubtable ruffians were on the roof. The wind and +rain redoubled, the roof was slippery. + +“What a good night to leg it!” said Brujon. + +An abyss six feet broad and eighty feet deep separated them from the +surrounding wall. At the bottom of this abyss, they could see the +musket of a sentinel gleaming through the gloom. They fastened one end +of the rope which Brujon had spun in his dungeon to the stumps of the +iron bars which they had just wrenched off, flung the other over the +outer wall, crossed the abyss at one bound, clung to the coping of the +wall, got astride of it, let themselves slip, one after the other, +along the rope, upon a little roof which touches the bath-house, pulled +their rope after them, jumped down into the courtyard of the +bath-house, traversed it, pushed open the porter’s wicket, beside which +hung his rope, pulled this, opened the porte-cochĂšre, and found +themselves in the street. + +Three-quarters of an hour had not elapsed since they had risen in bed +in the dark, nail in hand, and their project in their heads. + +A few moments later they had joined Babet and Montparnasse, who were +prowling about the neighborhood. + +They had broken their rope in pulling it after them, and a bit of it +remained attached to the chimney on the roof. They had sustained no +other damage, however, than that of scratching nearly all the skin off +their hands. + +That night, ThĂ©nardier was warned, without any one being able to +explain how, and was not asleep. + +Towards one o’clock in the morning, the night being very dark, he saw +two shadows pass along the roof, in the rain and squalls, in front of +the dormer-window which was opposite his cage. One halted at the +window, long enough to dart in a glance. This was Brujon. + +ThĂ©nardier recognized him, and understood. This was enough. + +ThĂ©nardier, rated as a burglar, and detained as a measure of precaution +under the charge of organizing a nocturnal ambush, with armed force, +was kept in sight. The sentry, who was relieved every two hours, +marched up and down in front of his cage with loaded musket. The +Fine-Air was lighted by a skylight. The prisoner had on his feet +fetters weighing fifty pounds. Every day, at four o’clock in the +afternoon, a jailer, escorted by two dogs,—this was still in vogue at +that time,—entered his cage, deposited beside his bed a loaf of black +bread weighing two pounds, a jug of water, a bowl filled with rather +thin bouillon, in which swam a few Mayagan beans, inspected his irons +and tapped the bars. This man and his dogs made two visits during the +night. + +ThĂ©nardier had obtained permission to keep a sort of iron bolt which he +used to spike his bread into a crack in the wall, “in order to preserve +it from the rats,” as he said. As ThĂ©nardier was kept in sight, no +objection had been made to this spike. Still, it was remembered +afterwards, that one of the jailers had said: “It would be better to +let him have only a wooden spike.” + + +At two o’clock in the morning, the sentinel, who was an old soldier, +was relieved, and replaced by a conscript. A few moments later, the man +with the dogs paid his visit, and went off without noticing anything, +except, possibly, the excessive youth and “the rustic air” of the “raw +recruit.” Two hours afterwards, at four o’clock, when they came to +relieve the conscript, he was found asleep on the floor, lying like a +log near ThĂ©nardier’s cage. As for ThĂ©nardier, he was no longer there. +There was a hole in the ceiling of his cage, and, above it, another +hole in the roof. One of the planks of his bed had been wrenched off, +and probably carried away with him, as it was not found. They also +seized in his cell a half-empty bottle which contained the remains of +the stupefying wine with which the soldier had been drugged. The +soldier’s bayonet had disappeared. + +At the moment when this discovery was made, it was assumed that +ThĂ©nardier was out of reach. The truth is, that he was no longer in the +New Building, but that he was still in great danger. + +ThĂ©nardier, on reaching the roof of the New Building, had found the +remains of Brujon’s rope hanging to the bars of the upper trap of the +chimney, but, as this broken fragment was much too short, he had not +been able to escape by the outer wall, as Brujon and Guelemer had done. + +When one turns from the Rue des Ballets into the Rue du Roi-de-Sicile, +one almost immediately encounters a repulsive ruin. There stood on that +spot, in the last century, a house of which only the back wall now +remains, a regular wall of masonry, which rises to the height of the +third story between the adjoining buildings. This ruin can be +recognized by two large square windows which are still to be seen +there; the middle one, that nearest the right gable, is barred with a +worm-eaten beam adjusted like a prop. Through these windows there was +formerly visible a lofty and lugubrious wall, which was a fragment of +the outer wall of La Force. + +The empty space on the street left by the demolished house is +half-filled by a fence of rotten boards, shored up by five stone posts. +In this recess lies concealed a little shanty which leans against the +portion of the ruin which has remained standing. The fence has a gate, +which, a few years ago, was fastened only by a latch. + +It was the crest of this ruin that ThĂ©nardier had succeeded in +reaching, a little after one o’clock in the morning. + +How had he got there? That is what no one has ever been able to explain +or understand. The lightning must, at the same time, have hindered and +helped him. Had he made use of the ladders and scaffoldings of the +slaters to get from roof to roof, from enclosure to enclosure, from +compartment to compartment, to the buildings of the Charlemagne court, +then to the buildings of the Saint-Louis court, to the outer wall, and +thence to the hut on the Rue du Roi-de-Sicile? But in that itinerary +there existed breaks which seemed to render it an impossibility. Had he +placed the plank from his bed like a bridge from the roof of the +Fine-Air to the outer wall, and crawled flat, on his belly on the +coping of the outer wall the whole distance round the prison as far as +the hut? But the outer wall of La Force formed a crenellated and +unequal line; it mounted and descended, it dropped at the firemen’s +barracks, it rose towards the bath-house, it was cut in twain by +buildings, it was not even of the same height on the Hotel Lamoignon as +on the Rue PavĂ©e; everywhere occurred falls and right angles; and then, +the sentinels must have espied the dark form of the fugitive; hence, +the route taken by ThĂ©nardier still remains rather inexplicable. In two +manners, flight was impossible. Had ThĂ©nardier, spurred on by that +thirst for liberty which changes precipices into ditches, iron bars +into wattles of osier, a legless man into an athlete, a gouty man into +a bird, stupidity into instinct, instinct into intelligence, and +intelligence into genius, had ThĂ©nardier invented a third mode? No one +has ever found out. + +The marvels of escape cannot always be accounted for. The man who makes +his escape, we repeat, is inspired; there is something of the star and +of the lightning in the mysterious gleam of flight; the effort towards +deliverance is no less surprising than the flight towards the sublime, +and one says of the escaped thief: “How did he contrive to scale that +wall?” in the same way that one says of Corneille: “Where did he find +_the means of dying?_” + + +At all events, dripping with perspiration, drenched with rain, with his +clothes hanging in ribbons, his hands flayed, his elbows bleeding, his +knees torn, ThĂ©nardier had reached what children, in their figurative +language, call _the edge_ of the wall of the ruin, there he had +stretched himself out at full length, and there his strength had failed +him. A steep escarpment three stories high separated him from the +pavement of the street. + +The rope which he had was too short. + +There he waited, pale, exhausted, desperate with all the despair which +he had undergone, still hidden by the night, but telling himself that +the day was on the point of dawning, alarmed at the idea of hearing the +neighboring clock of Saint-Paul strike four within a few minutes, an +hour when the sentinel was relieved and when the latter would be found +asleep under the pierced roof, staring in horror at a terrible depth, +at the light of the street lanterns, the wet, black pavement, that +pavement longed for yet frightful, which meant death, and which meant +liberty. + +He asked himself whether his three accomplices in flight had succeeded, +if they had heard him, and if they would come to his assistance. He +listened. With the exception of the patrol, no one had passed through +the street since he had been there. Nearly the whole of the descent of +the market-gardeners from Montreuil, from Charonne, from Vincennes, and +from Bercy to the markets was accomplished through the Rue +Saint-Antoine. + +Four o’clock struck. ThĂ©nardier shuddered. A few moments later, that +terrified and confused uproar which follows the discovery of an escape +broke forth in the prison. The sound of doors opening and shutting, the +creaking of gratings on their hinges, a tumult in the guard-house, the +hoarse shouts of the turnkeys, the shock of musket-butts on the +pavement of the courts, reached his ears. Lights ascended and descended +past the grated windows of the dormitories, a torch ran along the +ridge-pole of the top story of the New Building, the firemen belonging +in the barracks on the right had been summoned. Their helmets, which +the torch lighted up in the rain, went and came along the roofs. At the +same time, ThĂ©nardier perceived in the direction of the Bastille a wan +whiteness lighting up the edge of the sky in doleful wise. + +He was on top of a wall ten inches wide, stretched out under the heavy +rains, with two gulfs to right and left, unable to stir, subject to the +giddiness of a possible fall, and to the horror of a certain arrest, +and his thoughts, like the pendulum of a clock, swung from one of these +ideas to the other: “Dead if I fall, caught if I stay.” In the midst of +this anguish, he suddenly saw, the street being still dark, a man who +was gliding along the walls and coming from the Rue PavĂ©e, halt in the +recess above which ThĂ©nardier was, as it were, suspended. Here this man +was joined by a second, who walked with the same caution, then by a +third, then by a fourth. When these men were re-united, one of them +lifted the latch of the gate in the fence, and all four entered the +enclosure in which the shanty stood. They halted directly under +ThĂ©nardier. These men had evidently chosen this vacant space in order +that they might consult without being seen by the passers-by or by the +sentinel who guards the wicket of La Force a few paces distant. It must +be added, that the rain kept this sentinel blocked in his box. +ThĂ©nardier, not being able to distinguish their visages, lent an ear to +their words with the desperate attention of a wretch who feels himself +lost. + +ThĂ©nardier saw something resembling a gleam of hope flash before his +eyes,—these men conversed in slang. + +The first said in a low but distinct voice:— + +“Let’s cut. What are we up to here?” + + +The second replied: “It’s raining hard enough to put out the very +devil’s fire. And the bobbies will be along instanter. There’s a +soldier on guard yonder. We shall get nabbed here.” + + +These two words, _icigo_ and _icicaille_, both of which mean _ici_, and +which belong, the first to the slang of the barriers, the second to the +slang of the Temple, were flashes of light for ThĂ©nardier. By the +_icigo_ he recognized Brujon, who was a prowler of the barriers, by the +_icicaille_ he knew Babet, who, among his other trades, had been an +old-clothes broker at the Temple. + +The antique slang of the great century is no longer spoken except in +the Temple, and Babet was really the only person who spoke it in all +its purity. Had it not been for the _icicaille_, ThĂ©nardier would not +have recognized him, for he had entirely changed his voice. + +In the meanwhile, the third man had intervened. + +“There’s no hurry yet, let’s wait a bit. How do we know that he doesn’t +stand in need of us?” + + +By this, which was nothing but French, ThĂ©nardier recognized +Montparnasse, who made it a point in his elegance to understand all +slangs and to speak none of them. + +As for the fourth, he held his peace, but his huge shoulders betrayed +him. ThĂ©nardier did not hesitate. It was Guelemer. + +Brujon replied almost impetuously but still in a low tone:— + +“What are you jabbering about? The tavern-keeper hasn’t managed to cut +his stick. He don’t tumble to the racket, that he don’t! You have to be +a pretty knowing cove to tear up your shirt, cut up your sheet to make +a rope, punch holes in doors, get up false papers, make false keys, +file your irons, hang out your cord, hide yourself, and disguise +yourself! The old fellow hasn’t managed to play it, he doesn’t +understand how to work the business.” + + +Babet added, still in that classical slang which was spoken by +Poulailler and Cartouche, and which is to the bold, new, highly colored +and risky argot used by Brujon what the language of Racine is to the +language of AndrĂ© Chenier:— + +“Your tavern-keeper must have been nabbed in the act. You have to be +knowing. He’s only a greenhorn. He must have let himself be taken in by +a bobby, perhaps even by a sheep who played it on him as his pal. +Listen, Montparnasse, do you hear those shouts in the prison? You have +seen all those lights. He’s recaptured, there! He’ll get off with +twenty years. I ain’t afraid, I ain’t a coward, but there ain’t +anything more to do, or otherwise they’d lead us a dance. Don’t get +mad, come with us, let’s go drink a bottle of old wine together.” + + +“One doesn’t desert one’s friends in a scrape,” grumbled Montparnasse. + +“I tell you he’s nabbed!” retorted Brujon. “At the present moment, the +inn-keeper ain’t worth a ha’penny. We can’t do nothing for him. Let’s +be off. Every minute I think a bobby has got me in his fist.” + + +Montparnasse no longer offered more than a feeble resistance; the fact +is, that these four men, with the fidelity of ruffians who never +abandon each other, had prowled all night long about La Force, great as +was their peril, in the hope of seeing ThĂ©nardier make his appearance +on the top of some wall. But the night, which was really growing too +fine,—for the downpour was such as to render all the streets +deserted,—the cold which was overpowering them, their soaked garments, +their hole-ridden shoes, the alarming noise which had just burst forth +in the prison, the hours which had elapsed, the patrol which they had +encountered, the hope which was vanishing, all urged them to beat a +retreat. Montparnasse himself, who was, perhaps, almost ThĂ©nardier’s +son-in-law, yielded. A moment more, and they would be gone. ThĂ©nardier +was panting on his wall like the shipwrecked sufferers of the _MĂ©duse_ +on their raft when they beheld the vessel which had appeared in sight +vanish on the horizon. + +He dared not call to them; a cry might be heard and ruin everything. An +idea occurred to him, a last idea, a flash of inspiration; he drew from +his pocket the end of Brujon’s rope, which he had detached from the +chimney of the New Building, and flung it into the space enclosed by +the fence. + +This rope fell at their feet. + +“A widow,”37 said Babet. + +“My tortouse!”38 said Brujon. + +“The tavern-keeper is there,” said Montparnasse. + +They raised their eyes. ThĂ©nardier thrust out his head a very little. + +“Quick!” said Montparnasse, “have you the other end of the rope, +Brujon?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Knot the two pieces together, we’ll fling him the rope, he can fasten +it to the wall, and he’ll have enough of it to get down with.” + + +ThĂ©nardier ran the risk, and spoke:— + +“I am paralyzed with cold.” + + +“We’ll warm you up.” + + +“I can’t budge.” + + +“Let yourself slide, we’ll catch you.” + + +“My hands are benumbed.” + + +“Only fasten the rope to the wall.” + + +“I can’t.” + + +“Then one of us must climb up,” said Montparnasse. + +“Three stories!” ejaculated Brujon. + +An ancient plaster flue, which had served for a stove that had been +used in the shanty in former times, ran along the wall and mounted +almost to the very spot where they could see ThĂ©nardier. This flue, +then much damaged and full of cracks, has since fallen, but the marks +of it are still visible. + +It was very narrow. + +“One might get up by the help of that,” said Montparnasse. + +“By that flue?” exclaimed Babet, “a grown-up cove, never! it would take +a brat.” + +“A brat must be got,” resumed Brujon. + +“Where are we to find a young ’un?” said Guelemer. + +“Wait,” said Montparnasse. “I’ve got the very article.” + +He opened the gate of the fence very softly, made sure that no one was +passing along the street, stepped out cautiously, shut the gate behind +him, and set off at a run in the direction of the Bastille. + +Seven or eight minutes elapsed, eight thousand centuries to ThĂ©nardier; +Babet, Brujon, and Guelemer did not open their lips; at last the gate +opened once more, and Montparnasse appeared, breathless, and followed +by Gavroche. The rain still rendered the street completely deserted. + +Little Gavroche entered the enclosure and gazed at the forms of these +ruffians with a tranquil air. The water was dripping from his hair. +Guelemer addressed him:— + +“Are you a man, young ’un?” + +Gavroche shrugged his shoulders, and replied:— + +“A young ’un like me’s a man, and men like you are babes.” + + +“The brat’s tongue’s well hung!” exclaimed Babet. + +“The Paris brat ain’t made of straw,” added Brujon. + +“What do you want?” asked Gavroche. + +Montparnasse answered:— + +“Climb up that flue.” + +“With this rope,” said Babet. + +“And fasten it,” continued Brujon. + +“To the top of the wall,” went on Babet. + +“To the cross-bar of the window,” added Brujon. + +“And then?” said Gavroche. + +“There!” said Guelemer. + +The gamin examined the rope, the flue, the wall, the windows, and made +that indescribable and disdainful noise with his lips which signifies:— + +“Is that all!” + + +“There’s a man up there whom you are to save,” resumed Montparnasse. + +“Will you?” began Brujon again. + +“Greenhorn!” replied the lad, as though the question appeared a most +unprecedented one to him. + +And he took off his shoes. + +Guelemer seized Gavroche by one arm, set him on the roof of the shanty, +whose worm-eaten planks bent beneath the urchin’s weight, and handed +him the rope which Brujon had knotted together during Montparnasse’s +absence. The gamin directed his steps towards the flue, which it was +easy to enter, thanks to a large crack which touched the roof. At the +moment when he was on the point of ascending, ThĂ©nardier, who saw life +and safety approaching, bent over the edge of the wall; the first light +of dawn struck white upon his brow dripping with sweat, upon his livid +cheek-bones, his sharp and savage nose, his bristling gray beard, and +Gavroche recognized him. + +“Hullo! it’s my father! Oh, that won’t hinder.” + + +And taking the rope in his teeth, he resolutely began the ascent. + +He reached the summit of the hut, bestrode the old wall as though it +had been a horse, and knotted the rope firmly to the upper cross-bar of +the window. + +A moment later, ThĂ©nardier was in the street. + +As soon as he touched the pavement, as soon as he found himself out of +danger, he was no longer either weary, or chilled or trembling; the +terrible things from which he had escaped vanished like smoke, all that +strange and ferocious mind awoke once more, and stood erect and free, +ready to march onward. + +These were this man’s first words:— + +“Now, whom are we to eat?” + + +It is useless to explain the sense of this frightfully transparent +remark, which signifies both to kill, to assassinate, and to plunder. +_To eat_, true sense: _to devour_. + +“Let’s get well into a corner,” said Brujon. “Let’s settle it in three +words, and part at once. There was an affair that promised well in the +Rue Plumet, a deserted street, an isolated house, an old rotten gate on +a garden, and lone women.” + + +“Well! why not?” demanded ThĂ©nardier. + +“Your girl, Éponine, went to see about the matter,” replied Babet. + +“And she brought a biscuit to Magnon,” added Guelemer. “Nothing to be +made there.” + + +“The girl’s no fool,” said ThĂ©nardier. “Still, it must be seen to.” + + +“Yes, yes,” said Brujon, “it must be looked up.” + + +In the meanwhile, none of the men seemed to see Gavroche, who, during +this colloquy, had seated himself on one of the fence-posts; he waited +a few moments, thinking that perhaps his father would turn towards him, +then he put on his shoes again, and said:— + +“Is that all? You don’t want any more, my men? Now you’re out of your +scrape. I’m off. I must go and get my brats out of bed.” + +And off he went. + +The five men emerged, one after another, from the enclosure. + +When Gavroche had disappeared at the corner of the Rue des Ballets, +Babet took ThĂ©nardier aside. + +“Did you take a good look at that young ’un?” he asked. + +“What young ’un?” + +“The one who climbed the wall and carried you the rope.” + +“Not particularly.” + +“Well, I don’t know, but it strikes me that it was your son.” + +“Bah!” said ThĂ©nardier, “do you think so?” + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—SLANG + + + + +[Illustration: Slang] + + + + +CHAPTER I—ORIGIN + + +_Pigritia_ is a terrible word. + +It engenders a whole world, _la pĂšgre_, for which read _theft_, and a +hell, _la pĂšgrenne_, for which read _hunger_. + +Thus, idleness is the mother. + +She has a son, theft, and a daughter, hunger. + +Where are we at this moment? In the land of slang. + +What is slang? It is at one and the same time, a nation and a dialect; +it is theft in its two kinds; people and language. + +When, four and thirty years ago, the narrator of this grave and sombre +history introduced into a work written with the same aim as this39 a +thief who talked argot, there arose amazement and clamor.—“What! How! +Argot! Why, argot is horrible! It is the language of prisons, galleys, +convicts, of everything that is most abominable in society!” etc., etc. + +We have never understood this sort of objections. + +Since that time, two powerful romancers, one of whom is a profound +observer of the human heart, the other an intrepid friend of the +people, Balzac and EugĂšne Sue, having represented their ruffians as +talking their natural language, as the author of _The Last Day of a +Condemned Man_ did in 1828, the same objections have been raised. +People repeated: “What do authors mean by that revolting dialect? Slang +is odious! Slang makes one shudder!” + + +Who denies that? Of course it does. + +When it is a question of probing a wound, a gulf, a society, since when +has it been considered wrong to go too far? to go to the bottom? We +have always thought that it was sometimes a courageous act, and, at +least, a simple and useful deed, worthy of the sympathetic attention +which duty accepted and fulfilled merits. Why should one not explore +everything, and study everything? Why should one halt on the way? The +halt is a matter depending on the sounding-line, and not on the +leadsman. + +Certainly, too, it is neither an attractive nor an easy task to +undertake an investigation into the lowest depths of the social order, +where terra firma comes to an end and where mud begins, to rummage in +those vague, murky waves, to follow up, to seize and to fling, still +quivering, upon the pavement that abject dialect which is dripping with +filth when thus brought to the light, that pustulous vocabulary each +word of which seems an unclean ring from a monster of the mire and the +shadows. Nothing is more lugubrious than the contemplation thus in its +nudity, in the broad light of thought, of the horrible swarming of +slang. It seems, in fact, to be a sort of horrible beast made for the +night which has just been torn from its cesspool. One thinks one +beholds a frightful, living, and bristling thicket which quivers, +rustles, wavers, returns to shadow, threatens and glares. One word +resembles a claw, another an extinguished and bleeding eye, such and +such a phrase seems to move like the claw of a crab. All this is alive +with the hideous vitality of things which have been organized out of +disorganization. + +Now, when has horror ever excluded study? Since when has malady +banished medicine? Can one imagine a naturalist refusing to study the +viper, the bat, the scorpion, the centipede, the tarantula, and one who +would cast them back into their darkness, saying: “Oh! how ugly that +is!” The thinker who should turn aside from slang would resemble a +surgeon who should avert his face from an ulcer or a wart. He would be +like a philologist refusing to examine a fact in language, a +philosopher hesitating to scrutinize a fact in humanity. For, it must +be stated to those who are ignorant of the case, that argot is both a +literary phenomenon and a social result. What is slang, properly +speaking? It is the language of wretchedness. + +We may be stopped; the fact may be put to us in general terms, which is +one way of attenuating it; we may be told, that all trades, +professions, it may be added, all the accidents of the social hierarchy +and all forms of intelligence, have their own slang. The merchant who +says: “Montpellier not active, Marseilles fine quality,” the broker on +’change who says: “Assets at end of current month,” the gambler who +says: _“Tiers et tout, refait de pique,”_ the sheriff of the Norman +Isles who says: “The holder in fee reverting to his landed estate +cannot claim the fruits of that estate during the hereditary seizure of +the real estate by the mortgagor,” the playwright who says: “The piece +was hissed,” the comedian who says: “I’ve made a hit,” the philosopher +who says: “Phenomenal triplicity,” the huntsman who says: _“Voileci +allais, Voileci fuyant,”_ the phrenologist who says: “Amativeness, +combativeness, secretiveness,” the infantry soldier who says: “My +shooting-iron,” the cavalry-man who says: “My turkey-cock,” the +fencing-master who says: “Tierce, quarte, break,” the printer who says: +“My shooting-stick and galley,”—all, printer, fencing-master, cavalry +dragoon, infantry-man, phrenologist, huntsman, philosopher, comedian, +playwright, sheriff, gambler, stock-broker, and merchant, speak slang. +The painter who says: “My grinder,” the notary who says: “My +Skip-the-Gutter,” the hairdresser who says: “My mealyback,” the cobbler +who says: “My cub,” talks slang. Strictly speaking, if one absolutely +insists on the point, all the different fashions of saying the right +and the left, the sailor’s _port_ and _starboard_, the scene-shifter’s +_court-side_, and _garden-side_, the beadle’s _Gospel-side_ and +_Epistle-side_, are slang. There is the slang of the affected lady as +well as of the _prĂ©cieuses_. The Hotel Rambouillet nearly adjoins the +Cour des Miracles. There is a slang of duchesses, witness this phrase +contained in a love-letter from a very great lady and a very pretty +woman of the Restoration: “You will find in this gossip a fultitude of +reasons why I should libertize.”40 Diplomatic ciphers are slang; the +pontifical chancellery by using 26 for Rome, _grkztntgzyal_ for +despatch, and _abfxustgrnogrkzu tu XI_. for the Duc de Modena, speaks +slang. The physicians of the Middle Ages who, for carrot, radish, and +turnip, said _Opoponach, perfroschinum, reptitalmus, dracatholicum, +angelorum, postmegorum_, talked slang. The sugar-manufacturer who says: +“Loaf, clarified, lumps, bastard, common, burnt,”—this honest +manufacturer talks slang. A certain school of criticism twenty years +ago, which used to say: “Half of the works of Shakespeare consists of +plays upon words and puns,”—talked slang. The poet, and the artist who, +with profound understanding, would designate M. de Montmorency as “a +bourgeois,” if he were not a judge of verses and statues, speak slang. +The classic Academician who calls flowers “Flora,” fruits, “Pomona,” +the sea, “Neptune,” love, “fires,” beauty, “charms,” a horse, “a +courser,” the white or tricolored cockade, “the rose of Bellona,” the +three-cornered hat, “Mars’ triangle,”—that classical Academician talks +slang. Algebra, medicine, botany, have each their slang. The tongue +which is employed on board ship, that wonderful language of the sea, +which is so complete and so picturesque, which was spoken by Jean Bart, +Duquesne, Suffren, and DuperrĂ©, which mingles with the whistling of the +rigging, the sound of the speaking-trumpets, the shock of the +boarding-irons, the roll of the sea, the wind, the gale, the cannon, is +wholly a heroic and dazzling slang, which is to the fierce slang of the +thieves what the lion is to the jackal. + +No doubt. But say what we will, this manner of understanding the word +_slang_ is an extension which every one will not admit. For our part, +we reserve to the word its ancient and precise, circumscribed and +determined significance, and we restrict slang to slang. The veritable +slang and the slang that is pre-eminently slang, if the two words can +be coupled thus, the slang immemorial which was a kingdom, is nothing +else, we repeat, than the homely, uneasy, crafty, treacherous, +venomous, cruel, equivocal, vile, profound, fatal tongue of +wretchedness. There exists, at the extremity of all abasement and all +misfortunes, a last misery which revolts and makes up its mind to enter +into conflict with the whole mass of fortunate facts and reigning +rights; a fearful conflict, where, now cunning, now violent, unhealthy +and ferocious at one and the same time, it attacks the social order +with pin-pricks through vice, and with club-blows through crime. To +meet the needs of this conflict, wretchedness has invented a language +of combat, which is slang. + +To keep afloat and to rescue from oblivion, to hold above the gulf, +were it but a fragment of some language which man has spoken and which +would, otherwise, be lost, that is to say, one of the elements, good or +bad, of which civilization is composed, or by which it is complicated, +to extend the records of social observation; is to serve civilization +itself. This service Plautus rendered, consciously or unconsciously, by +making two Carthaginian soldiers talk PhƓnician; that service MoliĂšre +rendered, by making so many of his characters talk Levantine and all +sorts of dialects. Here objections spring up afresh. PhƓnician, very +good! Levantine, quite right! Even dialect, let that pass! They are +tongues which have belonged to nations or provinces; but slang! What is +the use of preserving slang? What is the good of assisting slang “to +survive”? + +To this we reply in one word, only. Assuredly, if the tongue which a +nation or a province has spoken is worthy of interest, the language +which has been spoken by a misery is still more worthy of attention and +study. + +It is the language which has been spoken, in France, for example, for +more than four centuries, not only by a misery, but by every possible +human misery. + +And then, we insist upon it, the study of social deformities and +infirmities, and the task of pointing them out with a view to remedy, +is not a business in which choice is permitted. The historian of +manners and ideas has no less austere a mission than the historian of +events. The latter has the surface of civilization, the conflicts of +crowns, the births of princes, the marriages of kings, battles, +assemblages, great public men, revolutions in the daylight, everything +on the exterior; the other historian has the interior, the depths, the +people who toil, suffer, wait, the oppressed woman, the agonizing +child, the secret war between man and man, obscure ferocities, +prejudices, plotted iniquities, the subterranean, the indistinct +tremors of multitudes, the die-of-hunger, the counter-blows of the law, +the secret evolution of souls, the go-bare-foot, the bare-armed, the +disinherited, the orphans, the unhappy, and the infamous, all the forms +which roam through the darkness. He must descend with his heart full of +charity, and severity at the same time, as a brother and as a judge, to +those impenetrable casemates where crawl, pell-mell, those who bleed +and those who deal the blow, those who weep and those who curse, those +who fast and those who devour, those who endure evil and those who +inflict it. Have these historians of hearts and souls duties at all +inferior to the historians of external facts? Does any one think that +Alighieri has any fewer things to say than Machiavelli? Is the under +side of civilization any less important than the upper side merely +because it is deeper and more sombre? Do we really know the mountain +well when we are not acquainted with the cavern? + +Let us say, moreover, parenthetically, that from a few words of what +precedes a marked separation might be inferred between the two classes +of historians which does not exist in our mind. No one is a good +historian of the patent, visible, striking, and public life of peoples, +if he is not, at the same time, in a certain measure, the historian of +their deep and hidden life; and no one is a good historian of the +interior unless he understands how, at need, to be the historian of the +exterior also. The history of manners and ideas permeates the history +of events, and this is true reciprocally. They constitute two different +orders of facts which correspond to each other, which are always +interlaced, and which often bring forth results. All the lineaments +which providence traces on the surface of a nation have their +parallels, sombre but distinct, in their depths, and all convulsions of +the depths produce ebullitions on the surface. True history being a +mixture of all things, the true historian mingles in everything. + +Man is not a circle with a single centre; he is an ellipse with a +double focus. Facts form one of these, and ideas the other. + +Slang is nothing but a dressing-room where the tongue having some bad +action to perform, disguises itself. There it clothes itself in +word-masks, in metaphor-rags. In this guise it becomes horrible. + +One finds it difficult to recognize. Is it really the French tongue, +the great human tongue? Behold it ready to step upon the stage and to +retort upon crime, and prepared for all the employments of the +repertory of evil. It no longer walks, it hobbles; it limps on the +crutch of the Court of Miracles, a crutch metamorphosable into a club; +it is called vagrancy; every sort of spectre, its dressers, have +painted its face, it crawls and rears, the double gait of the reptile. +Henceforth, it is apt at all rĂŽles, it is made suspicious by the +counterfeiter, covered with verdigris by the forger, blacked by the +soot of the incendiary; and the murderer applies its rouge. + +When one listens, by the side of honest men, at the portals of society, +one overhears the dialogues of those who are on the outside. One +distinguishes questions and replies. One perceives, without +understanding it, a hideous murmur, sounding almost like human accents, +but more nearly resembling a howl than an articulate word. It is slang. +The words are misshapen and stamped with an indescribable and fantastic +bestiality. One thinks one hears hydras talking. + +It is unintelligible in the dark. It gnashes and whispers, completing +the gloom with mystery. It is black in misfortune, it is blacker still +in crime; these two blacknesses amalgamated, compose slang. Obscurity +in the atmosphere, obscurity in acts, obscurity in voices. Terrible, +toad-like tongue which goes and comes, leaps, crawls, slobbers, and +stirs about in monstrous wise in that immense gray fog composed of rain +and night, of hunger, of vice, of falsehood, of injustice, of nudity, +of suffocation, and of winter, the high noonday of the miserable. + +Let us have compassion on the chastised. Alas! Who are we ourselves? +Who am I who now address you? Who are you who are listening to me? And +are you very sure that we have done nothing before we were born? The +earth is not devoid of resemblance to a jail. Who knows whether man is +not a recaptured offender against divine justice? Look closely at life. +It is so made, that everywhere we feel the sense of punishment. + +Are you what is called a happy man? Well! you are sad every day. Each +day has its own great grief or its little care. Yesterday you were +trembling for a health that is dear to you, to-day you fear for your +own; to-morrow it will be anxiety about money, the day after to-morrow +the diatribe of a slanderer, the day after that, the misfortune of some +friend; then the prevailing weather, then something that has been +broken or lost, then a pleasure with which your conscience and your +vertebral column reproach you; again, the course of public affairs. +This without reckoning in the pains of the heart. And so it goes on. +One cloud is dispelled, another forms. There is hardly one day out of a +hundred which is wholly joyous and sunny. And you belong to that small +class who are happy! As for the rest of mankind, stagnating night rests +upon them. + +Thoughtful minds make but little use of the phrase: the fortunate and +the unfortunate. In this world, evidently the vestibule of another, +there are no fortunate. + +The real human division is this: the luminous and the shady. To +diminish the number of the shady, to augment the number of the +luminous,—that is the object. That is why we cry: Education! science! +To teach reading, means to light the fire; every syllable spelled out +sparkles. + +However, he who says light does not, necessarily, say joy. People +suffer in the light; excess burns. The flame is the enemy of the wing. +To burn without ceasing to fly,—therein lies the marvel of genius. + +When you shall have learned to know, and to love, you will still +suffer. The day is born in tears. The luminous weep, if only over those +in darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ROOTS + + +Slang is the tongue of those who sit in darkness. + +Thought is moved in its most sombre depths, social philosophy is bidden +to its most poignant meditations, in the presence of that enigmatic +dialect at once so blighted and rebellious. Therein lies chastisement +made visible. Every syllable has an air of being marked. The words of +the vulgar tongue appear therein wrinkled and shrivelled, as it were, +beneath the hot iron of the executioner. Some seem to be still smoking. +Such and such a phrase produces upon you the effect of the shoulder of +a thief branded with the fleur-de-lys, which has suddenly been laid +bare. Ideas almost refuse to be expressed in these substantives which +are fugitives from justice. Metaphor is sometimes so shameless, that +one feels that it has worn the iron neck-fetter. + +Moreover, in spite of all this, and because of all this, this strange +dialect has by rights, its own compartment in that great impartial case +of pigeon-holes where there is room for the rusty farthing as well as +for the gold medal, and which is called literature. Slang, whether the +public admit the fact or not has its syntax and its poetry. It is a +language. Yes, by the deformity of certain terms, we recognize the fact +that it was chewed by Mandrin, and by the splendor of certain +metonymies, we feel that Villon spoke it. + +That exquisite and celebrated verse— + +Mais oĂč sont les neiges d’antan? +But where are the snows of years gone by? + + +is a verse of slang. _Antan—ante annum_—is a word of Thunes slang, +which signified the past year, and by extension, _formerly_. +Thirty-five years ago, at the epoch of the departure of the great +chain-gang, there could be read in one of the cells at BicĂȘtre, this +maxim engraved with a nail on the wall by a king of Thunes condemned to +the galleys: _Les dabs d’antan trimaient siempre pour la pierre du +CoĂ«sre_. This means _Kings in days gone by always went and had +themselves anointed_. In the opinion of that king, anointment meant the +galleys. + +The word _dĂ©carade_, which expresses the departure of heavy vehicles at +a gallop, is attributed to Villon, and it is worthy of him. This word, +which strikes fire with all four of its feet, sums up in a masterly +onomatopƓia the whole of La Fontaine’s admirable verse:— + +Six forts chevaux tiraient un coche. +Six stout horses drew a coach. + + +From a purely literary point of view, few studies would prove more +curious and fruitful than the study of slang. It is a whole language +within a language, a sort of sickly excrescence, an unhealthy graft +which has produced a vegetation, a parasite which has its roots in the +old Gallic trunk, and whose sinister foliage crawls all over one side +of the language. This is what may be called the first, the vulgar +aspect of slang. But, for those who study the tongue as it should be +studied, that is to say, as geologists study the earth, slang appears +like a veritable alluvial deposit. According as one digs a longer or +shorter distance into it, one finds in slang, below the old popular +French, Provençal, Spanish, Italian, Levantine, that language of the +Mediterranean ports, English and German, the Romance language in its +three varieties, French, Italian, and Romance Romance, Latin, and +finally Basque and Celtic. A profound and unique formation. A +subterranean edifice erected in common by all the miserable. Each +accursed race has deposited its layer, each suffering has dropped its +stone there, each heart has contributed its pebble. A throng of evil, +base, or irritated souls, who have traversed life and have vanished +into eternity, linger there almost entirely visible still beneath the +form of some monstrous word. + +Do you want Spanish? The old Gothic slang abounded in it. Here is +_boffete_, a box on the ear, which is derived from _bofeton; vantane_, +window (later on _vanterne_), which comes from _vantana; gat_, cat, +which comes from _gato; acite_, oil, which comes from _aceyte_. Do you +want Italian? Here is _spade_, sword, which comes from _spada; carvel_, +boat, which comes from _caravella_. Do you want English? Here is +_bichot_, which comes from _bishop; raille_, spy, which comes from +_rascal, rascalion; pilche_, a case, which comes from _pilcher_, a +sheath. Do you want German? Here is the _caleur_, the waiter, +_kellner_; the _hers_, the master, _herzog_ (duke). Do you want Latin? +Here is _frangir_, to break, _frangere; affurer_, to steal, _fur; +cadene_, chain, _catena_. There is one word which crops up in every +language of the continent, with a sort of mysterious power and +authority. It is the word _magnus_; the Scotchman makes of it his +_mac_, which designates the chief of the clan; Mac-Farlane, +Mac-Callumore, the great Farlane, the great Callumore41; slang turns it +into _meck_ and later _le meg_, that is to say, God. Would you like +Basque? Here is _gahisto_, the devil, which comes from _gaĂŻztoa_, evil; +_sorgabon_, good night, which comes from _gabon_, good evening. Do you +want Celtic? Here is _blavin_, a handkerchief, which comes from +_blavet_, gushing water; _mĂ©nesse_, a woman (in a bad sense), which +comes from _meinec_, full of stones; _barant_, brook, from _baranton_, +fountain; _goffeur_, locksmith, from _goff_, blacksmith; _guedouze_, +death, which comes from _guenn-du_, black-white. Finally, would you +like history? Slang calls crowns _les maltĂšses_, a souvenir of the coin +in circulation on the galleys of Malta. + +In addition to the philological origins just indicated, slang possesses +other and still more natural roots, which spring, so to speak, from the +mind of man itself. + +In the first place, the direct creation of words. Therein lies the +mystery of tongues. To paint with words, which contains figures one +knows not how or why, is the primitive foundation of all human +languages, what may be called their granite. + +Slang abounds in words of this description, immediate words, words +created instantaneously no one knows either where or by whom, without +etymology, without analogies, without derivatives, solitary, barbarous, +sometimes hideous words, which at times possess a singular power of +expression and which live. The executioner, _le taule_; the forest, _le +sabri_; fear, flight, _taf_; the lackey, _le larbin_; the mineral, the +prefect, the minister, _pharos_; the devil, _le rabouin_. Nothing is +stranger than these words which both mask and reveal. Some, _le +rabouin_, for example, are at the same time grotesque and terrible, and +produce on you the effect of a cyclopean grimace. + +In the second place, metaphor. The peculiarity of a language which is +desirous of saying all yet concealing all is that it is rich in +figures. Metaphor is an enigma, wherein the thief who is plotting a +stroke, the prisoner who is arranging an escape, take refuge. No idiom +is more metaphorical than slang: _dĂ©visser le coco_ (to unscrew the +nut), to twist the neck; _tortiller_ (to wriggle), to eat; _ĂȘtre +gerbĂ©_, to be tried; _a rat_, a bread thief; _il lansquine_, it rains, +a striking, ancient figure which partly bears its date about it, which +assimilates long oblique lines of rain, with the dense and slanting +pikes of the lancers, and which compresses into a single word the +popular expression: it rains halberds. Sometimes, in proportion as +slang progresses from the first epoch to the second, words pass from +the primitive and savage sense to the metaphorical sense. The devil +ceases to be _le rabouin_, and becomes _le boulanger_ (the baker), who +puts the bread into the oven. This is more witty, but less grand, +something like Racine after Corneille, like Euripides after Æschylus. +Certain slang phrases which participate in the two epochs and have at +once the barbaric character and the metaphorical character resemble +phantasmagories. _Les sorgueuers vont solliciter des gails Ă  la +lune_—the prowlers are going to steal horses by night,—this passes +before the mind like a group of spectres. One knows not what one sees. + +In the third place, the expedient. Slang lives on the language. It uses +it in accordance with its fancy, it dips into it hap-hazard, and it +often confines itself, when occasion arises, to alter it in a gross and +summary fashion. Occasionally, with the ordinary words thus deformed +and complicated with words of pure slang, picturesque phrases are +formed, in which there can be felt the mixture of the two preceding +elements, the direct creation and the metaphor: _le cab jaspine, je +marronne que la roulotte de Pantin trime dans le sabri_, the dog is +barking, I suspect that the diligence for Paris is passing through the +woods. _Le dab est sinve, la dabuge est merloussiĂšre, la fĂ©e est +bative_, the bourgeois is stupid, the bourgeoise is cunning, the +daughter is pretty. Generally, to throw listeners off the track, slang +confines itself to adding to all the words of the language without +distinction, an ignoble tail, a termination in _aille_, in _orgue_, in +_iergue_, or in _uche_. Thus: _Vousiergue trouvaille bonorgue ce +gigotmuche?_ Do you think that leg of mutton good? A phrase addressed +by Cartouche to a turnkey in order to find out whether the sum offered +for his escape suited him. + +The termination in _mar_ has been added recently. + +Slang, being the dialect of corruption, quickly becomes corrupted +itself. Besides this, as it is always seeking concealment, as soon as +it feels that it is understood, it changes its form. Contrary to what +happens with every other vegetation, every ray of light which falls +upon it kills whatever it touches. Thus slang is in constant process of +decomposition and recomposition; an obscure and rapid work which never +pauses. It passes over more ground in ten years than a language in ten +centuries. Thus _le larton_ (bread) becomes _le lartif; le gail_ +(horse) becomes _le gaye; la fertanche_ (straw) becomes _la fertille; +le momignard_ (brat), _le momacque; les fiques_ (duds), _frusques; la +chique_ (the church), _l’égrugeoir; le colabre_ (neck), _le colas_. The +devil is at first, _gahisto_, then _le rabouin_, then _the baker_; the +priest is a _ratichon_, then the boar (_le sanglier_); the dagger is +_le vingt-deux_ (twenty-two), then _le surin_, then _le lingre_; the +police are _railles_, then _roussins_, then _rousses_, then _marchands +de lacets_ (dealers in stay-laces), then _coquers_, then _cognes_; the +executioner is _le taule_, then _Charlot, l’atigeur_, then _le +becquillard_. In the seventeenth century, to fight was “to give each +other snuff”; in the nineteenth it is “to chew each other’s throats.” +There have been twenty different phrases between these two extremes. +Cartouche’s talk would have been Hebrew to Lacenaire. All the words of +this language are perpetually engaged in flight like the men who utter +them. + +Still, from time to time, and in consequence of this very movement, the +ancient slang crops up again and becomes new once more. It has its +headquarters where it maintains its sway. The Temple preserved the +slang of the seventeenth century; BicĂȘtre, when it was a prison, +preserved the slang of Thunes. There one could hear the termination in +_anche_ of the old Thuneurs. _Boyanches-tu_ (bois-tu), do you drink? +But perpetual movement remains its law, nevertheless. + +If the philosopher succeeds in fixing, for a moment, for purposes of +observation, this language which is incessantly evaporating, he falls +into doleful and useful meditation. No study is more efficacious and +more fecund in instruction. There is not a metaphor, not an analogy, in +slang, which does not contain a lesson. Among these men, to beat means +to feign; one beats a malady; ruse is their strength. + +For them, the idea of the man is not separated from the idea of +darkness. The night is called _la sorgue_; man, _l’orgue_. Man is a +derivative of the night. + +They have taken up the practice of considering society in the light of +an atmosphere which kills them, of a fatal force, and they speak of +their liberty as one would speak of his health. A man under arrest is a +_sick man_; one who is condemned is a _dead man_. + +The most terrible thing for the prisoner within the four walls in which +he is buried, is a sort of glacial chastity, and he calls the dungeon +the _castus_. In that funereal place, life outside always presents +itself under its most smiling aspect. The prisoner has irons on his +feet; you think, perhaps, that his thought is that it is with the feet +that one walks? No; he is thinking that it is with the feet that one +dances; so, when he has succeeded in severing his fetters, his first +idea is that now he can dance, and he calls the saw the _bastringue_ +(public-house ball).—A name is a centre; profound assimilation.—The +ruffian has two heads, one of which reasons out his actions and leads +him all his life long, and the other which he has upon his shoulders on +the day of his death; he calls the head which counsels him in crime _la +sorbonne_, and the head which expiates it _la tronche_.—When a man has +no longer anything but rags upon his body and vices in his heart, when +he has arrived at that double moral and material degradation which the +word blackguard characterizes in its two acceptations, he is ripe for +crime; he is like a well-whetted knife; he has two cutting edges, his +distress and his malice; so slang does not say a blackguard, it says +_un rĂ©guisĂ©_.—What are the galleys? A brazier of damnation, a hell. The +convict calls himself a _fagot_.—And finally, what name do malefactors +give to their prison? The _college_. A whole penitentiary system can be +evolved from that word. + +Does the reader wish to know where the majority of the songs of the +galleys, those refrains called in the special vocabulary _lirlonfa_, +have had their birth? + +Let him listen to what follows:— + +There existed at the ChĂątelet in Paris a large and long cellar. This +cellar was eight feet below the level of the Seine. It had neither +windows nor air-holes, its only aperture was the door; men could enter +there, air could not. This vault had for ceiling a vault of stone, and +for floor ten inches of mud. It was flagged; but the pavement had +rotted and cracked under the oozing of the water. Eight feet above the +floor, a long and massive beam traversed this subterranean excavation +from side to side; from this beam hung, at short distances apart, +chains three feet long, and at the end of these chains there were rings +for the neck. In this vault, men who had been condemned to the galleys +were incarcerated until the day of their departure for Toulon. They +were thrust under this beam, where each one found his fetters swinging +in the darkness and waiting for him. + +The chains, those pendant arms, and the necklets, those open hands, +caught the unhappy wretches by the throat. They were rivetted and left +there. As the chain was too short, they could not lie down. They +remained motionless in that cavern, in that night, beneath that beam, +almost hanging, forced to unheard-of efforts to reach their bread, jug, +or their vault overhead, mud even to mid-leg, filth flowing to their +very calves, broken asunder with fatigue, with thighs and knees giving +way, clinging fast to the chain with their hands in order to obtain +some rest, unable to sleep except when standing erect, and awakened +every moment by the strangling of the collar; some woke no more. In +order to eat, they pushed the bread, which was flung to them in the +mud, along their leg with their heel until it reached their hand. + +How long did they remain thus? One month, two months, six months +sometimes; one stayed a year. It was the antechamber of the galleys. +Men were put there for stealing a hare from the king. In this +sepulchre-hell, what did they do? What man can do in a sepulchre, they +went through the agonies of death, and what can man do in hell, they +sang; for song lingers where there is no longer any hope. In the waters +of Malta, when a galley was approaching, the song could be heard before +the sound of the oars. Poor Survincent, the poacher, who had gone +through the prison-cellar of the ChĂątelet, said: “It was the rhymes +that kept me up.” Uselessness of poetry. What is the good of rhyme? + +It is in this cellar that nearly all the slang songs had their birth. +It is from the dungeon of the Grand-ChĂątelet of Paris that comes the +melancholy refrain of the Montgomery galley: _“Timaloumisaine, +timaloumison.”_ The majority of these songs are melancholy; some are +gay; one is tender:— + + Icicaille est la theatre + Du petit dardant. + + Here is the theatre + Of the little archer (Cupid). + + +Do what you will, you cannot annihilate that eternal relic in the heart +of man, love. + +In this world of dismal deeds, people keep their secrets. The secret is +the thing above all others. The secret, in the eyes of these wretches, +is unity which serves as a base of union. To betray a secret is to tear +from each member of this fierce community something of his own +personality. To inform against, in the energetic slang dialect, is +called: “to eat the bit.” As though the informer drew to himself a +little of the substance of all and nourished himself on a bit of each +one’s flesh. + +What does it signify to receive a box on the ear? Commonplace metaphor +replies: “It is to see thirty-six candles.” Here slang intervenes and +takes it up: Candle, _camoufle_. Thereupon, the ordinary tongue gives +_camouflet_42 as the synonym for _soufflet_. Thus, by a sort of +infiltration from below upwards, with the aid of metaphor, that +incalculable, trajectory slang mounts from the cavern to the Academy; +and Poulailler saying: “I light my _camoufle_,” causes Voltaire to +write: “Langleviel La Beaumelle deserves a hundred _camouflets_.” + + +Researches in slang mean discoveries at every step. Study and +investigation of this strange idiom lead to the mysterious point of +intersection of regular society with society which is accursed. + +The thief also has his food for cannon, stealable matter, you, I, +whoever passes by; _le pantre_. (_Pan_, everybody.) + +Slang is language turned convict. + +That the thinking principle of man be thrust down ever so low, that it +can be dragged and pinioned there by obscure tyrannies of fatality, +that it can be bound by no one knows what fetters in that abyss, is +sufficient to create consternation. + +Oh, poor thought of miserable wretches! + +Alas! will no one come to the succor of the human soul in that +darkness? Is it her destiny there to await forever the mind, the +liberator, the immense rider of Pegasi and hippogriffs, the combatant +of heroes of the dawn who shall descend from the azure between two +wings, the radiant knight of the future? Will she forever summon in +vain to her assistance the lance of light of the ideal? Is she +condemned to hear the fearful approach of Evil through the density of +the gulf, and to catch glimpses, nearer and nearer at hand, beneath the +hideous water of that dragon’s head, that maw streaked with foam, and +that writhing undulation of claws, swellings, and rings? Must it remain +there, without a gleam of light, without hope, given over to that +terrible approach, vaguely scented out by the monster, shuddering, +dishevelled, wringing its arms, forever chained to the rock of night, a +sombre Andromeda white and naked amid the shadows! + + + + +CHAPTER III—SLANG WHICH WEEPS AND SLANG WHICH LAUGHS + + +As the reader perceives, slang in its entirety, slang of four hundred +years ago, like the slang of to-day, is permeated with that sombre, +symbolical spirit which gives to all words a mien which is now +mournful, now menacing. One feels in it the wild and ancient sadness of +those vagrants of the Court of Miracles who played at cards with packs +of their own, some of which have come down to us. The eight of clubs, +for instance, represented a huge tree bearing eight enormous trefoil +leaves, a sort of fantastic personification of the forest. At the foot +of this tree a fire was burning, over which three hares were roasting a +huntsman on a spit, and behind him, on another fire, hung a steaming +pot, whence emerged the head of a dog. Nothing can be more melancholy +than these reprisals in painting, by a pack of cards, in the presence +of stakes for the roasting of smugglers and of the cauldron for the +boiling of counterfeiters. The diverse forms assumed by thought in the +realm of slang, even song, even raillery, even menace, all partook of +this powerless and dejected character. All the songs, the melodies of +some of which have been collected, were humble and lamentable to the +point of evoking tears. The _pĂšgre_ is always the poor _pĂšgre_, and he +is always the hare in hiding, the fugitive mouse, the flying bird. He +hardly complains, he contents himself with sighing; one of his moans +has come down to us: “I do not understand how God, the father of men, +can torture his children and his grandchildren and hear them cry, +without himself suffering torture.”43 The wretch, whenever he has time +to think, makes himself small before the low, and frail in the presence +of society; he lies down flat on his face, he entreats, he appeals to +the side of compassion; we feel that he is conscious of his guilt. + +Towards the middle of the last century a change took place, prison +songs and thieves’ ritournelles assumed, so to speak, an insolent and +jovial mien. The plaintive _malurĂ©_ was replaced by the _larifla_. We +find in the eighteenth century, in nearly all the songs of the galleys +and prisons, a diabolical and enigmatical gayety. We hear this strident +and lilting refrain which we should say had been lighted up by a +phosphorescent gleam, and which seems to have been flung into the +forest by a will-o’-the-wisp playing the fife:— + +Miralabi suslababo +Mirliton ribonribette +Surlababi mirlababo +Mirliton ribonribo. + + +This was sung in a cellar or in a nook of the forest while cutting a +man’s throat. + +A serious symptom. In the eighteenth century, the ancient melancholy of +the dejected classes vanishes. They began to laugh. They rally the +_grand meg_ and the _grand dab_. Given Louis XV. they call the King of +France “le Marquis de Pantin.” And behold, they are almost gay. A sort +of gleam proceeds from these miserable wretches, as though their +consciences were not heavy within them any more. These lamentable +tribes of darkness have no longer merely the desperate audacity of +actions, they possess the heedless audacity of mind. A sign that they +are losing the sense of their criminality, and that they feel, even +among thinkers and dreamers, some indefinable support which the latter +themselves know not of. A sign that theft and pillage are beginning to +filter into doctrines and sophisms, in such a way as to lose somewhat +of their ugliness, while communicating much of it to sophisms and +doctrines. A sign, in short, of some outbreak which is prodigious and +near unless some diversion shall arise. + +Let us pause a moment. Whom are we accusing here? Is it the eighteenth +century? Is it philosophy? Certainly not. The work of the eighteenth +century is healthy and good and wholesome. The encyclopedists, Diderot +at their head; the physiocrates, Turgot at their head; the +philosophers, Voltaire at their head; the Utopians, Rousseau at their +head,—these are four sacred legions. Humanity’s immense advance towards +the light is due to them. They are the four vanguards of the human +race, marching towards the four cardinal points of progress. Diderot +towards the beautiful, Turgot towards the useful, Voltaire towards the +true, Rousseau towards the just. But by the side of and above the +philosophers, there were the sophists, a venomous vegetation mingled +with a healthy growth, hemlock in the virgin forest. While the +executioner was burning the great books of the liberators of the +century on the grand staircase of the court-house, writers now +forgotten were publishing, with the King’s sanction, no one knows what +strangely disorganizing writings, which were eagerly read by the +unfortunate. Some of these publications, odd to say, which were +patronized by a prince, are to be found in the Secret Library. These +facts, significant but unknown, were imperceptible on the surface. +Sometimes, in the very obscurity of a fact lurks its danger. It is +obscure because it is underhand. Of all these writers, the one who +probably then excavated in the masses the most unhealthy gallery was +Restif de La Bretonne. + +This work, peculiar to the whole of Europe, effected more ravages in +Germany than anywhere else. In Germany, during a given period, summed +up by Schiller in his famous drama _The Robbers_, theft and pillage +rose up in protest against property and labor, assimilated certain +specious and false elementary ideas, which, though just in appearance, +were absurd in reality, enveloped themselves in these ideas, +disappeared within them, after a fashion, assumed an abstract name, +passed into the state of theory, and in that shape circulated among the +laborious, suffering, and honest masses, unknown even to the imprudent +chemists who had prepared the mixture, unknown even to the masses who +accepted it. Whenever a fact of this sort presents itself, the case is +grave. Suffering engenders wrath; and while the prosperous classes +blind themselves or fall asleep, which is the same thing as shutting +one’s eyes, the hatred of the unfortunate classes lights its torch at +some aggrieved or ill-made spirit which dreams in a corner, and sets +itself to the scrutiny of society. The scrutiny of hatred is a terrible +thing. + +Hence, if the ill-fortune of the times so wills it, those fearful +commotions which were formerly called _jacqueries_, beside which purely +political agitations are the merest child’s play, which are no longer +the conflict of the oppressed and the oppressor, but the revolt of +discomfort against comfort. Then everything crumbles. + +Jacqueries are earthquakes of the people. + +It is this peril, possibly imminent towards the close of the eighteenth +century, which the French Revolution, that immense act of probity, cut +short. + +The French Revolution, which is nothing else than the idea armed with +the sword, rose erect, and, with the same abrupt movement, closed the +door of ill and opened the door of good. + +It put a stop to torture, promulgated the truth, expelled miasma, +rendered the century healthy, crowned the populace. + +It may be said of it that it created man a second time, by giving him a +second soul, the right. + +The nineteenth century has inherited and profited by its work, and +to-day, the social catastrophe to which we lately alluded is simply +impossible. Blind is he who announces it! Foolish is he who fears it! +Revolution is the vaccine of Jacquerie. + +Thanks to the Revolution, social conditions have changed. Feudal and +monarchical maladies no longer run in our blood. There is no more of +the Middle Ages in our constitution. We no longer live in the days when +terrible swarms within made irruptions, when one heard beneath his feet +the obscure course of a dull rumble, when indescribable elevations from +mole-like tunnels appeared on the surface of civilization, where the +soil cracked open, where the roofs of caverns yawned, and where one +suddenly beheld monstrous heads emerging from the earth. + +The revolutionary sense is a moral sense. The sentiment of right, once +developed, develops the sentiment of duty. The law of all is liberty, +which ends where the liberty of others begins, according to +Robespierre’s admirable definition. Since ’89, the whole people has +been dilating into a sublime individual; there is not a poor man, who, +possessing his right, has not his ray of sun; the die-of-hunger feels +within him the honesty of France; the dignity of the citizen is an +internal armor; he who is free is scrupulous; he who votes reigns. +Hence incorruptibility; hence the miscarriage of unhealthy lusts; hence +eyes heroically lowered before temptations. The revolutionary +wholesomeness is such, that on a day of deliverance, a 14th of July, a +10th of August, there is no longer any populace. The first cry of the +enlightened and increasing throngs is: death to thieves! Progress is an +honest man; the ideal and the absolute do not filch +pocket-handkerchiefs. By whom were the wagons containing the wealth of +the Tuileries escorted in 1848? By the rag-pickers of the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. Rags mounted guard over the treasure. Virtue rendered +these tatterdemalions resplendent. In those wagons in chests, hardly +closed, and some, even, half-open, amid a hundred dazzling caskets, was +that ancient crown of France, studded with diamonds, surmounted by the +carbuncle of royalty, by the Regent diamond, which was worth thirty +millions. Barefooted, they guarded that crown. + +Hence, no more Jacquerie. I regret it for the sake of the skilful. The +old fear has produced its last effects in that quarter; and henceforth +it can no longer be employed in politics. The principal spring of the +red spectre is broken. Every one knows it now. The scare-crow scares no +longer. The birds take liberties with the mannikin, foul creatures +alight upon it, the bourgeois laugh at it. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE TWO DUTIES: TO WATCH AND TO HOPE + + +This being the case, is all social danger dispelled? Certainly not. +There is no Jacquerie; society may rest assured on that point; blood +will no longer rush to its head. But let society take heed to the +manner in which it breathes. Apoplexy is no longer to be feared, but +phthisis is there. Social phthisis is called misery. + +One can perish from being undermined as well as from being struck by +lightning. + +Let us not weary of repeating, and sympathetic souls must not forget +that this is the first of fraternal obligations, and selfish hearts +must understand that the first of political necessities consists in +thinking first of all of the disinherited and sorrowing throngs, in +solacing, airing, enlightening, loving them, in enlarging their horizon +to a magnificent extent, in lavishing upon them education in every +form, in offering them the example of labor, never the example of +idleness, in diminishing the individual burden by enlarging the notion +of the universal aim, in setting a limit to poverty without setting a +limit to wealth, in creating vast fields of public and popular +activity, in having, like Briareus, a hundred hands to extend in all +directions to the oppressed and the feeble, in employing the collective +power for that grand duty of opening workshops for all arms, schools +for all aptitudes, and laboratories for all degrees of intelligence, in +augmenting salaries, diminishing trouble, balancing what should be and +what is, that is to say, in proportioning enjoyment to effort and a +glut to need; in a word, in evolving from the social apparatus more +light and more comfort for the benefit of those who suffer and those +who are ignorant. + +And, let us say it, all this is but the beginning. The true question is +this: labor cannot be a law without being a right. + +We will not insist upon this point; this is not the proper place for +that. + +If nature calls itself Providence, society should call itself +foresight. + +Intellectual and moral growth is no less indispensable than material +improvement. To know is a sacrament, to think is the prime necessity, +truth is nourishment as well as grain. A reason which fasts from +science and wisdom grows thin. Let us enter equal complaint against +stomachs and minds which do not eat. If there is anything more +heart-breaking than a body perishing for lack of bread, it is a soul +which is dying from hunger for the light. + +The whole of progress tends in the direction of solution. Some day we +shall be amazed. As the human race mounts upward, the deep layers +emerge naturally from the zone of distress. The obliteration of misery +will be accomplished by a simple elevation of level. + +We should do wrong were we to doubt this blessed consummation. + +The past is very strong, it is true, at the present moment. It +censures. This rejuvenation of a corpse is surprising. Behold, it is +walking and advancing. It seems a victor; this dead body is a +conqueror. He arrives with his legions, superstitions, with his sword, +despotism, with his banner, ignorance; a while ago, he won ten battles. +He advances, he threatens, he laughs, he is at our doors. Let us not +despair, on our side. Let us sell the field on which Hannibal is +encamped. + +What have we to fear, we who believe? + +No such thing as a back-flow of ideas exists any more than there exists +a return of a river on its course. + +But let those who do not desire a future reflect on this matter. When +they say “no” to progress, it is not the future but themselves that +they are condemning. They are giving themselves a sad malady; they are +inoculating themselves with the past. There is but one way of rejecting +To-morrow, and that is to die. + +Now, no death, that of the body as late as possible, that of the soul +never,—this is what we desire. + +Yes, the enigma will utter its word, the sphinx will speak, the problem +will be solved. + +Yes, the people, sketched out by the eighteenth century, will be +finished by the nineteenth. He who doubts this is an idiot! The future +blossoming, the near blossoming forth of universal well-being, is a +divinely fatal phenomenon. + +Immense combined propulsions direct human affairs and conduct them +within a given time to a logical state, that is to say, to a state of +equilibrium; that is to say, to equity. A force composed of earth and +heaven results from humanity and governs it; this force is a worker of +miracles; marvellous issues are no more difficult to it than +extraordinary vicissitudes. Aided by science, which comes from one man, +and by the event, which comes from another, it is not greatly alarmed +by these contradictions in the attitude of problems, which seem +impossibilities to the vulgar herd. It is no less skilful at causing a +solution to spring forth from the reconciliation of ideas, than a +lesson from the reconciliation of facts, and we may expect anything +from that mysterious power of progress, which brought the Orient and +the Occident face to face one fine day, in the depths of a sepulchre, +and made the imaums converse with Bonaparte in the interior of the +Great Pyramid. + +In the meantime, let there be no halt, no hesitation, no pause in the +grandiose onward march of minds. Social philosophy consists essentially +in science and peace. Its object is, and its result must be, to +dissolve wrath by the study of antagonisms. It examines, it +scrutinizes, it analyzes; then it puts together once more, it proceeds +by means of reduction, discarding all hatred. + +More than once, a society has been seen to give way before the wind +which is let loose upon mankind; history is full of the shipwrecks of +nations and empires; manners, customs, laws, religions,—and some fine +day that unknown force, the hurricane, passes by and bears them all +away. The civilizations of India, of Chaldea, of Persia, of Syria, of +Egypt, have disappeared one after the other. Why? We know not. What are +the causes of these disasters? We do not know. Could these societies +have been saved? Was it their fault? Did they persist in the fatal vice +which destroyed them? What is the amount of suicide in these terrible +deaths of a nation and a race? Questions to which there exists no +reply. Darkness enwraps condemned civilizations. They sprung a leak, +then they sank. We have nothing more to say; and it is with a sort of +terror that we look on, at the bottom of that sea which is called the +past, behind those colossal waves, at the shipwreck of those immense +vessels, Babylon, Nineveh, Tarsus, Thebes, Rome, beneath the fearful +gusts which emerge from all the mouths of the shadows. But shadows are +there, and light is here. We are not acquainted with the maladies of +these ancient civilizations, we do not know the infirmities of our own. +Everywhere upon it we have the right of light, we contemplate its +beauties, we lay bare its defects. Where it is ill, we probe; and the +sickness once diagnosed, the study of the cause leads to the discovery +of the remedy. Our civilization, the work of twenty centuries, is its +law and its prodigy; it is worth the trouble of saving. It will be +saved. It is already much to have solaced it; its enlightenment is yet +another point. All the labors of modern social philosophies must +converge towards this point. The thinker of to-day has a great duty—to +auscultate civilization. + +We repeat, that this auscultation brings encouragement; it is by this +persistence in encouragement that we wish to conclude these pages, an +austere interlude in a mournful drama. Beneath the social mortality, we +feel human imperishableness. The globe does not perish, because it has +these wounds, craters, eruptions, sulphur pits, here and there, nor +because of a volcano which ejects its pus. The maladies of the people +do not kill man. + +And yet, any one who follows the course of social clinics shakes his +head at times. The strongest, the tenderest, the most logical have +their hours of weakness. + +Will the future arrive? It seems as though we might almost put this +question, when we behold so much terrible darkness. Melancholy +face-to-face encounter of selfish and wretched. On the part of the +selfish, the prejudices, shadows of costly education, appetite +increasing through intoxication, a giddiness of prosperity which dulls, +a fear of suffering which, in some, goes as far as an aversion for the +suffering, an implacable satisfaction, the _I_ so swollen that it bars +the soul; on the side of the wretched covetousness, envy, hatred of +seeing others enjoy, the profound impulses of the human beast towards +assuaging its desires, hearts full of mist, sadness, need, fatality, +impure and simple ignorance. + +Shall we continue to raise our eyes to heaven? is the luminous point +which we distinguish there one of those which vanish? The ideal is +frightful to behold, thus lost in the depths, small, isolated, +imperceptible, brilliant, but surrounded by those great, black menaces, +monstrously heaped around it; yet no more in danger than a star in the +maw of the clouds. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—ENCHANTMENTS AND DESOLATIONS + + + + +CHAPTER I—FULL LIGHT + + +The reader has probably understood that Éponine, having recognized +through the gate, the inhabitant of that Rue Plumet whither Magnon had +sent her, had begun by keeping the ruffians away from the Rue Plumet, +and had then conducted Marius thither, and that, after many days spent +in ecstasy before that gate, Marius, drawn on by that force which draws +the iron to the magnet and a lover towards the stones of which is built +the house of her whom he loves, had finally entered Cosette’s garden as +Romeo entered the garden of Juliet. This had even proved easier for him +than for Romeo; Romeo was obliged to scale a wall, Marius had only to +use a little force on one of the bars of the decrepit gate which +vacillated in its rusty recess, after the fashion of old people’s +teeth. Marius was slender and readily passed through. + +As there was never any one in the street, and as Marius never entered +the garden except at night, he ran no risk of being seen. + +Beginning with that blessed and holy hour when a kiss betrothed these +two souls, Marius was there every evening. If, at that period of her +existence, Cosette had fallen in love with a man in the least +unscrupulous or debauched, she would have been lost; for there are +generous natures which yield themselves, and Cosette was one of them. +One of woman’s magnanimities is to yield. Love, at the height where it +is absolute, is complicated with some indescribably celestial blindness +of modesty. But what dangers you run, O noble souls! Often you give the +heart, and we take the body. Your heart remains with you, you gaze upon +it in the gloom with a shudder. Love has no middle course; it either +ruins or it saves. All human destiny lies in this dilemma. This +dilemma, ruin, or safety, is set forth no more inexorably by any +fatality than by love. Love is life, if it is not death. Cradle; also +coffin. The same sentiment says “yes” and “no” in the human heart. Of +all the things that God has made, the human heart is the one which +sheds the most light, alas! and the most darkness. + +God willed that Cosette’s love should encounter one of the loves which +save. + +Throughout the whole of the month of May of that year 1832, there were +there, in every night, in that poor, neglected garden, beneath that +thicket which grew thicker and more fragrant day by day, two beings +composed of all chastity, all innocence, overflowing with all the +felicity of heaven, nearer to the archangels than to mankind, pure, +honest, intoxicated, radiant, who shone for each other amid the +shadows. It seemed to Cosette that Marius had a crown, and to Marius +that Cosette had a nimbus. They touched each other, they gazed at each +other, they clasped each other’s hands, they pressed close to each +other; but there was a distance which they did not pass. Not that they +respected it; they did not know of its existence. Marius was conscious +of a barrier, Cosette’s innocence; and Cosette of a support, Marius’ +loyalty. The first kiss had also been the last. Marius, since that +time, had not gone further than to touch Cosette’s hand, or her +kerchief, or a lock of her hair, with his lips. For him, Cosette was a +perfume and not a woman. He inhaled her. She refused nothing, and he +asked nothing. Cosette was happy, and Marius was satisfied. They lived +in this ecstatic state which can be described as the dazzling of one +soul by another soul. It was the ineffable first embrace of two maiden +souls in the ideal. Two swans meeting on the Jungfrau. + +At that hour of love, an hour when voluptuousness is absolutely mute, +beneath the omnipotence of ecstasy, Marius, the pure and seraphic +Marius, would rather have gone to a woman of the town than have raised +Cosette’s robe to the height of her ankle. Once, in the moonlight, +Cosette stooped to pick up something on the ground, her bodice fell +apart and permitted a glimpse of the beginning of her throat. Marius +turned away his eyes. + +What took place between these two beings? Nothing. They adored each +other. + +At night, when they were there, that garden seemed a living and a +sacred spot. All flowers unfolded around them and sent them incense; +and they opened their souls and scattered them over the flowers. The +wanton and vigorous vegetation quivered, full of strength and +intoxication, around these two innocents, and they uttered words of +love which set the trees to trembling. + +What words were these? Breaths. Nothing more. These breaths sufficed to +trouble and to touch all nature round about. Magic power which we +should find it difficult to understand were we to read in a book these +conversations which are made to be borne away and dispersed like smoke +wreaths by the breeze beneath the leaves. Take from those murmurs of +two lovers that melody which proceeds from the soul and which +accompanies them like a lyre, and what remains is nothing more than a +shade; you say: “What! is that all!” eh! yes, childish prattle, +repetitions, laughter at nothing, nonsense, everything that is deepest +and most sublime in the world! The only things which are worth the +trouble of saying and hearing! + +The man who has never heard, the man who has never uttered these +absurdities, these paltry remarks, is an imbecile and a malicious +fellow. Cosette said to Marius:— + +“Dost thou know?—” + + +[In all this and athwart this celestial maidenliness, and without +either of them being able to say how it had come about, they had begun +to call each other _thou_.] + +“Dost thou know? My name is Euphrasie.” + + +“Euphrasie? Why, no, thy name is Cosette.” + + +“Oh! Cosette is a very ugly name that was given to me when I was a +little thing. But my real name is Euphrasie. Dost thou like that +name—Euphrasie?” + + +“Yes. But Cosette is not ugly.” + + +“Do you like it better than Euphrasie?” + + +“Why, yes.” + + +“Then I like it better too. Truly, it is pretty, Cosette. Call me +Cosette.” + + +And the smile that she added made of this dialogue an idyl worthy of a +grove situated in heaven. On another occasion she gazed intently at him +and exclaimed:— + +“Monsieur, you are handsome, you are good-looking, you are witty, you +are not at all stupid, you are much more learned than I am, but I bid +you defiance with this word: I love you!” + + +And Marius, in the very heavens, thought he heard a strain sung by a +star. + +Or she bestowed on him a gentle tap because he coughed, and she said to +him:— + +“Don’t cough, sir; I will not have people cough on my domain without my +permission. It’s very naughty to cough and to disturb me. I want you to +be well, because, in the first place, if you were not well, I should be +very unhappy. What should I do then?” + + +And this was simply divine. + +Once Marius said to Cosette:— + +“Just imagine, I thought at one time that your name was Ursule.” + + +This made both of them laugh the whole evening. + +In the middle of another conversation, he chanced to exclaim:— + +“Oh! One day, at the Luxembourg, I had a good mind to finish breaking +up a veteran!” But he stopped short, and went no further. He would have +been obliged to speak to Cosette of her garter, and that was +impossible. This bordered on a strange theme, the flesh, before which +that immense and innocent love recoiled with a sort of sacred fright. + +Marius pictured life with Cosette to himself like this, without +anything else; to come every evening to the Rue Plumet, to displace the +old and accommodating bar of the chief-justice’s gate, to sit elbow to +elbow on that bench, to gaze through the trees at the scintillation of +the on-coming night, to fit a fold of the knee of his trousers into the +ample fall of Cosette’s gown, to caress her thumb-nail, to call her +_thou_, to smell of the same flower, one after the other, forever, +indefinitely. During this time, clouds passed above their heads. Every +time that the wind blows it bears with it more of the dreams of men +than of the clouds of heaven. + +This chaste, almost shy love was not devoid of gallantry, by any means. +To pay compliments to the woman whom a man loves is the first method of +bestowing caresses, and he is half audacious who tries it. A compliment +is something like a kiss through a veil. Voluptuousness mingles there +with its sweet tiny point, while it hides itself. The heart draws back +before voluptuousness only to love the more. Marius’ blandishments, all +saturated with fancy, were, so to speak, of azure hue. The birds when +they fly up yonder, in the direction of the angels, must hear such +words. There were mingled with them, nevertheless, life, humanity, all +the positiveness of which Marius was capable. It was what is said in +the bower, a prelude to what will be said in the chamber; a lyrical +effusion, strophe and sonnet intermingled, pleasing hyperboles of +cooing, all the refinements of adoration arranged in a bouquet and +exhaling a celestial perfume, an ineffable twitter of heart to heart. + +“Oh!” murmured Marius, “how beautiful you are! I dare not look at you. +It is all over with me when I contemplate you. You are a grace. I know +not what is the matter with me. The hem of your gown, when the tip of +your shoe peeps from beneath, upsets me. And then, what an enchanted +gleam when you open your thought even but a little! You talk +astonishingly good sense. It seems to me at times that you are a dream. +Speak, I listen, I admire. Oh Cosette! how strange it is and how +charming! I am really beside myself. You are adorable, Mademoiselle. I +study your feet with the microscope and your soul with the telescope.” + + +And Cosette answered:— + +“I have been loving a little more all the time that has passed since +this morning.” + + +Questions and replies took care of themselves in this dialogue, which +always turned with mutual consent upon love, as the little pith figures +always turn on their peg. + +Cosette’s whole person was ingenuousness, ingenuity, transparency, +whiteness, candor, radiance. It might have been said of Cosette that +she was clear. She produced on those who saw her the sensation of April +and dawn. There was dew in her eyes. Cosette was a condensation of the +auroral light in the form of a woman. + +It was quite simple that Marius should admire her, since he adored her. +But the truth is, that this little school-girl, fresh from the convent, +talked with exquisite penetration and uttered, at times, all sorts of +true and delicate sayings. Her prattle was conversation. She never made +a mistake about anything, and she saw things justly. The woman feels +and speaks with the tender instinct of the heart, which is infallible. + +No one understands so well as a woman, how to say things that are, at +once, both sweet and deep. Sweetness and depth, they are the whole of +woman; in them lies the whole of heaven. + +In this full felicity, tears welled up to their eyes every instant. A +crushed lady-bug, a feather fallen from a nest, a branch of hawthorn +broken, aroused their pity, and their ecstasy, sweetly mingled with +melancholy, seemed to ask nothing better than to weep. The most +sovereign symptom of love is a tenderness that is, at times, almost +unbearable. + +And, in addition to this,—all these contradictions are the lightning +play of love,—they were fond of laughing, they laughed readily and with +a delicious freedom, and so familiarly that they sometimes presented +the air of two boys. + +Still, though unknown to hearts intoxicated with purity, nature is +always present and will not be forgotten. She is there with her brutal +and sublime object; and however great may be the innocence of souls, +one feels in the most modest private interview, the adorable and +mysterious shade which separates a couple of lovers from a pair of +friends. + +They idolized each other. + +The permanent and the immutable are persistent. People live, they +smile, they laugh, they make little grimaces with the tips of their +lips, they interlace their fingers, they call each other _thou_, and +that does not prevent eternity. + +Two lovers hide themselves in the evening, in the twilight, in the +invisible, with the birds, with the roses; they fascinate each other in +the darkness with their hearts which they throw into their eyes, they +murmur, they whisper, and in the meantime, immense librations of the +planets fill the infinite universe. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE BEWILDERMENT OF PERFECT HAPPINESS + + +They existed vaguely, frightened at their happiness. They did not +notice the cholera which decimated Paris precisely during that very +month. They had confided in each other as far as possible, but this had +not extended much further than their names. Marius had told Cosette +that he was an orphan, that his name was Marius Pontmercy, that he was +a lawyer, that he lived by writing things for publishers, that his +father had been a colonel, that the latter had been a hero, and that +he, Marius, was on bad terms with his grandfather who was rich. He had +also hinted at being a baron, but this had produced no effect on +Cosette. She did not know the meaning of the word. Marius was Marius. +On her side, she had confided to him that she had been brought up at +the Petit-Picpus convent, that her mother, like his own, was dead, that +her father’s name was M. Fauchelevent, that he was very good, that he +gave a great deal to the poor, but that he was poor himself, and that +he denied himself everything though he denied her nothing. + +Strange to say, in the sort of symphony which Marius had lived since he +had been in the habit of seeing Cosette, the past, even the most recent +past, had become so confused and distant to him, that what Cosette told +him satisfied him completely. It did not even occur to him to tell her +about the nocturnal adventure in the hovel, about ThĂ©nardier, about the +burn, and about the strange attitude and singular flight of her father. +Marius had momentarily forgotten all this; in the evening he did not +even know that there had been a morning, what he had done, where he had +breakfasted, nor who had spoken to him; he had songs in his ears which +rendered him deaf to every other thought; he only existed at the hours +when he saw Cosette. Then, as he was in heaven, it was quite natural +that he should forget earth. Both bore languidly the indefinable burden +of immaterial pleasures. Thus lived these somnambulists who are called +lovers. + +Alas! Who is there who has not felt all these things? Why does there +come an hour when one emerges from this azure, and why does life go on +afterwards? + +Loving almost takes the place of thinking. Love is an ardent +forgetfulness of all the rest. Then ask logic of passion if you will. +There is no more absolute logical sequence in the human heart than +there is a perfect geometrical figure in the celestial mechanism. For +Cosette and Marius nothing existed except Marius and Cosette. The +universe around them had fallen into a hole. They lived in a golden +minute. There was nothing before them, nothing behind. It hardly +occurred to Marius that Cosette had a father. His brain was dazzled and +obliterated. Of what did these lovers talk then? We have seen, of the +flowers, and the swallows, the setting sun and the rising moon, and all +sorts of important things. They had told each other everything except +everything. The everything of lovers is nothing. But the father, the +realities, that lair, the ruffians, that adventure, to what purpose? +And was he very sure that this nightmare had actually existed? They +were two, and they adored each other, and beyond that there was +nothing. Nothing else existed. It is probable that this vanishing of +hell in our rear is inherent to the arrival of paradise. Have we beheld +demons? Are there any? Have we trembled? Have we suffered? We no longer +know. A rosy cloud hangs over it. + +So these two beings lived in this manner, high aloft, with all that +improbability which is in nature; neither at the nadir nor at the +zenith, between man and seraphim, above the mire, below the ether, in +the clouds; hardly flesh and blood, soul and ecstasy from head to foot; +already too sublime to walk the earth, still too heavily charged with +humanity to disappear in the blue, suspended like atoms which are +waiting to be precipitated; apparently beyond the bounds of destiny; +ignorant of that rut; yesterday, to-day, to-morrow; amazed, rapturous, +floating, soaring; at times so light that they could take their flight +out into the infinite; almost prepared to soar away to all eternity. +They slept wide-awake, thus sweetly lulled. Oh! splendid lethargy of +the real overwhelmed by the ideal. + +Sometimes, beautiful as Cosette was, Marius shut his eyes in her +presence. The best way to look at the soul is through closed eyes. + +Marius and Cosette never asked themselves whither this was to lead +them. They considered that they had already arrived. It is a strange +claim on man’s part to wish that love should lead to something. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE BEGINNING OF SHADOW + + +Jean Valjean suspected nothing. + +Cosette, who was rather less dreamy than Marius, was gay, and that +sufficed for Jean Valjean’s happiness. The thoughts which Cosette +cherished, her tender preoccupations, Marius’ image which filled her +heart, took away nothing from the incomparable purity of her beautiful, +chaste, and smiling brow. She was at the age when the virgin bears her +love as the angel his lily. So Jean Valjean was at ease. And then, when +two lovers have come to an understanding, things always go well; the +third party who might disturb their love is kept in a state of perfect +blindness by a restricted number of precautions which are always the +same in the case of all lovers. Thus, Cosette never objected to any of +Jean Valjean’s proposals. Did she want to take a walk? “Yes, dear +little father.” Did she want to stay at home? Very good. Did he wish to +pass the evening with Cosette? She was delighted. As he always went to +bed at ten o’clock, Marius did not come to the garden on such occasions +until after that hour, when, from the street, he heard Cosette open the +long glass door on the veranda. Of course, no one ever met Marius in +the daytime. Jean Valjean never even dreamed any longer that Marius was +in existence. Only once, one morning, he chanced to say to Cosette: +“Why, you have whitewash on your back!” On the previous evening, +Marius, in a transport, had pushed Cosette against the wall. + +Old Toussaint, who retired early, thought of nothing but her sleep, and +was as ignorant of the whole matter as Jean Valjean. + +Marius never set foot in the house. When he was with Cosette, they hid +themselves in a recess near the steps, in order that they might neither +be seen nor heard from the street, and there they sat, frequently +contenting themselves, by way of conversation, with pressing each +other’s hands twenty times a minute as they gazed at the branches of +the trees. At such times, a thunderbolt might have fallen thirty paces +from them, and they would not have noticed it, so deeply was the +reverie of the one absorbed and sunk in the reverie of the other. + +Limpid purity. Hours wholly white; almost all alike. This sort of love +is a recollection of lily petals and the plumage of the dove. + +The whole extent of the garden lay between them and the street. Every +time that Marius entered and left, he carefully adjusted the bar of the +gate in such a manner that no displacement was visible. + +He usually went away about midnight, and returned to Courfeyrac’s +lodgings. Courfeyrac said to Bahorel:— + +“Would you believe it? Marius comes home nowadays at one o’clock in the +morning.” + + +Bahorel replied:— + +“What do you expect? There’s always a petard in a seminary fellow.” + + +At times, Courfeyrac folded his arms, assumed a serious air, and said +to Marius:— + +“You are getting irregular in your habits, young man.” + + +Courfeyrac, being a practical man, did not take in good part this +reflection of an invisible paradise upon Marius; he was not much in the +habit of concealed passions; it made him impatient, and now and then he +called upon Marius to come back to reality. + +One morning, he threw him this admonition:— + +“My dear fellow, you produce upon me the effect of being located in the +moon, the realm of dreams, the province of illusions, capital, +soap-bubble. Come, be a good boy, what’s her name?” + + +But nothing could induce Marius “to talk.” They might have torn out his +nails before one of the two sacred syllables of which that ineffable +name, Cosette, was composed. True love is as luminous as the dawn and +as silent as the tomb. Only, Courfeyrac saw this change in Marius, that +his taciturnity was of the beaming order. + +During this sweet month of May, Marius and Cosette learned to know +these immense delights. To dispute and to say _you_ for _thou_, simply +that they might say _thou_ the better afterwards. To talk at great +length with very minute details, of persons in whom they took not the +slightest interest in the world; another proof that in that ravishing +opera called love, the libretto counts for almost nothing; + +For Marius, to listen to Cosette discussing finery; + +For Cosette, to listen to Marius talk in politics; + +To listen, knee pressed to knee, to the carriages rolling along the Rue +de Babylone; + +To gaze upon the same planet in space, or at the same glowworm gleaming +in the grass; + +To hold their peace together; a still greater delight than +conversation; + +Etc., etc. + +In the meantime, divers complications were approaching. + +One evening, Marius was on his way to the rendezvous, by way of the +Boulevard des Invalides. He habitually walked with drooping head. As he +was on the point of turning the corner of the Rue Plumet, he heard some +one quite close to him say:— + +“Good evening, Monsieur Marius.” + + +He raised his head and recognized Éponine. + +This produced a singular effect upon him. He had not thought of that +girl a single time since the day when she had conducted him to the Rue +Plumet, he had not seen her again, and she had gone completely out of +his mind. He had no reasons for anything but gratitude towards her, he +owed her his happiness, and yet, it was embarrassing to him to meet +her. + +It is an error to think that passion, when it is pure and happy, leads +man to a state of perfection; it simply leads him, as we have noted, to +a state of oblivion. In this situation, man forgets to be bad, but he +also forgets to be good. Gratitude, duty, matters essential and +important to be remembered, vanish. At any other time, Marius would +have behaved quite differently to Éponine. Absorbed in Cosette, he had +not even clearly put it to himself that this Éponine was named Éponine +ThĂ©nardier, and that she bore the name inscribed in his father’s will, +that name, for which, but a few months before, he would have so +ardently sacrificed himself. We show Marius as he was. His father +himself was fading out of his soul to some extent, under the splendor +of his love. + +He replied with some embarrassment:— + +“Ah! so it’s you, Éponine?” + + +“Why do you call me _you?_ Have I done anything to you?” + + +“No,” he answered. + +Certainly, he had nothing against her. Far from it. Only, he felt that +he could not do otherwise, now that he used _thou_ to Cosette, than say +_you_ to Éponine. + +As he remained silent, she exclaimed:— + +“Say—” + + +Then she paused. It seemed as though words failed that creature +formerly so heedless and so bold. She tried to smile and could not. +Then she resumed:— + +“Well?” + + +Then she paused again, and remained with downcast eyes. + +“Good evening, Mr. Marius,” said she suddenly and abruptly; and away +she went. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A CAB RUNS IN ENGLISH AND BARKS IN SLANG + + +The following day was the 3d of June, 1832, a date which it is +necessary to indicate on account of the grave events which at that +epoch hung on the horizon of Paris in the state of lightning-charged +clouds. Marius, at nightfall, was pursuing the same road as on the +preceding evening, with the same thoughts of delight in his heart, when +he caught sight of Éponine approaching, through the trees of the +boulevard. Two days in succession—this was too much. He turned hastily +aside, quitted the boulevard, changed his course and went to the Rue +Plumet through the Rue Monsieur. + +This caused Éponine to follow him to the Rue Plumet, a thing which she +had not yet done. Up to that time, she had contented herself with +watching him on his passage along the boulevard without ever seeking to +encounter him. It was only on the evening before that she had attempted +to address him. + +So Éponine followed him, without his suspecting the fact. She saw him +displace the bar and slip into the garden. + +She approached the railing, felt of the bars one after the other, and +readily recognized the one which Marius had moved. + +She murmured in a low voice and in gloomy accents:— + +“None of that, Lisette!” + + +She seated herself on the underpinning of the railing, close beside the +bar, as though she were guarding it. It was precisely at the point +where the railing touched the neighboring wall. There was a dim nook +there, in which Éponine was entirely concealed. + +She remained thus for more than an hour, without stirring and without +breathing, a prey to her thoughts. + +Towards ten o’clock in the evening, one of the two or three persons who +passed through the Rue Plumet, an old, belated bourgeois who was making +haste to escape from this deserted spot of evil repute, as he skirted +the garden railings and reached the angle which it made with the wall, +heard a dull and threatening voice saying:— + +“I’m no longer surprised that he comes here every evening.” + + +The passer-by cast a glance around him, saw no one, dared not peer into +the black niche, and was greatly alarmed. He redoubled his pace. + +This passer-by had reason to make haste, for a very few instants later, +six men, who were marching separately and at some distance from each +other, along the wall, and who might have been taken for a gray patrol, +entered the Rue Plumet. + +The first to arrive at the garden railing halted, and waited for the +others; a second later, all six were reunited. + +These men began to talk in a low voice. + +“This is the place,” said one of them. + +“Is there a _cab_ [dog] in the garden?” asked another. + +“I don’t know. In any case, I have fetched a ball that we’ll make him +eat.” + + +“Have you some putty to break the pane with?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“The railing is old,” interpolated a fifth, who had the voice of a +ventriloquist. + +“So much the better,” said the second who had spoken. “It won’t screech +under the saw, and it won’t be hard to cut.” + + +The sixth, who had not yet opened his lips, now began to inspect the +gate, as Éponine had done an hour earlier, grasping each bar in +succession, and shaking them cautiously. + +Thus he came to the bar which Marius had loosened. As he was on the +point of grasping this bar, a hand emerged abruptly from the darkness, +fell upon his arm; he felt himself vigorously thrust aside by a push in +the middle of his breast, and a hoarse voice said to him, but not +loudly:— + +“There’s a dog.” + + +At the same moment, he perceived a pale girl standing before him. + +The man underwent that shock which the unexpected always brings. He +bristled up in hideous wise; nothing is so formidable to behold as +ferocious beasts who are uneasy; their terrified air evokes terror. + +He recoiled and stammered:— + +“What jade is this?” + + +“Your daughter.” + + +It was, in fact, Éponine, who had addressed ThĂ©nardier. + +At the apparition of Éponine, the other five, that is to say, +Claquesous, Guelemer, Babet, Brujon, and Montparnasse had noiselessly +drawn near, without precipitation, without uttering a word, with the +sinister slowness peculiar to these men of the night. + +Some indescribable but hideous tools were visible in their hands. +Guelemer held one of those pairs of curved pincers which prowlers call +_fanchons_. + +“Ah, see here, what are you about there? What do you want with us? Are +you crazy?” exclaimed ThĂ©nardier, as loudly as one can exclaim and +still speak low; “what have you come here to hinder our work for?” + + +Éponine burst out laughing, and threw herself on his neck. + +“I am here, little father, because I am here. Isn’t a person allowed to +sit on the stones nowadays? It’s you who ought not to be here. What +have you come here for, since it’s a biscuit? I told Magnon so. There’s +nothing to be done here. But embrace me, my good little father! It’s a +long time since I’ve seen you! So you’re out?” + + +ThĂ©nardier tried to disentangle himself from Éponine’s arms, and +grumbled:— + +“That’s good. You’ve embraced me. Yes, I’m out. I’m not in. Now, get +away with you.” + + +But Éponine did not release her hold, and redoubled her caresses. + +“But how did you manage it, little pa? You must have been very clever +to get out of that. Tell me about it! And my mother? Where is mother? +Tell me about mamma.” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied:— + +“She’s well. I don’t know, let me alone, and be off, I tell you.” + + +“I won’t go, so there now,” pouted Éponine like a spoiled child; “you +send me off, and it’s four months since I saw you, and I’ve hardly had +time to kiss you.” + + +And she caught her father round the neck again. + +“Come, now, this is stupid!” said Babet. + +“Make haste!” said Guelemer, “the cops may pass.” + + +The ventriloquist’s voice repeated his distich:— + + “Nous n’ sommes pas le jour de l’an, + A bĂ©coter papa, maman.” + + “This isn’t New Year’s day + To peck at pa and ma.” + + +Éponine turned to the five ruffians. + +“Why, it’s Monsieur Brujon. Good day, Monsieur Babet. Good day, +Monsieur Claquesous. Don’t you know me, Monsieur Guelemer? How goes it, +Montparnasse?” + + +“Yes, they know you!” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. “But good day, good +evening, sheer off! leave us alone!” + + +“It’s the hour for foxes, not for chickens,” said Montparnasse. + +“You see the job we have on hand here,” added Babet. + +Éponine caught Montparnasse’s hand. + +“Take care,” said he, “you’ll cut yourself, I’ve a knife open.” + + +“My little Montparnasse,” responded Éponine very gently, “you must have +confidence in people. I am the daughter of my father, perhaps. Monsieur +Babet, Monsieur Guelemer, I’m the person who was charged to investigate +this matter.” + + +It is remarkable that Éponine did not talk slang. That frightful tongue +had become impossible to her since she had known Marius. + +She pressed in her hand, small, bony, and feeble as that of a skeleton, +Guelemer’s huge, coarse fingers, and continued:— + +“You know well that I’m no fool. Ordinarily, I am believed. I have +rendered you service on various occasions. Well, I have made inquiries; +you will expose yourselves to no purpose, you see. I swear to you that +there is nothing in this house.” + + +“There are lone women,” said Guelemer. + +“No, the persons have moved away.” + + +“The candles haven’t, anyway!” ejaculated Babet. + +And he pointed out to Éponine, across the tops of the trees, a light +which was wandering about in the mansard roof of the pavilion. It was +Toussaint, who had stayed up to spread out some linen to dry. + +Éponine made a final effort. + +“Well,” said she, “they’re very poor folks, and it’s a hovel where +there isn’t a sou.” + + +“Go to the devil!” cried ThĂ©nardier. “When we’ve turned the house +upside down and put the cellar at the top and the attic below, we’ll +tell you what there is inside, and whether it’s francs or sous or +half-farthings.” + + +And he pushed her aside with the intention of entering. + +“My good friend, Mr. Montparnasse,” said Éponine, “I entreat you, you +are a good fellow, don’t enter.” + + +“Take care, you’ll cut yourself,” replied Montparnasse. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed in his decided tone:— + +“Decamp, my girl, and leave men to their own affairs!” + + +Éponine released Montparnasse’s hand, which she had grasped again, and +said:— + +“So you mean to enter this house?” + + +“Rather!” grinned the ventriloquist. + +Then she set her back against the gate, faced the six ruffians who were +armed to the teeth, and to whom the night lent the visages of demons, +and said in a firm, low voice:— + +“Well, I don’t mean that you shall.” + + +They halted in amazement. The ventriloquist, however, finished his +grin. She went on:— + +“Friends! Listen well. This is not what you want. Now I’m talking. In +the first place, if you enter this garden, if you lay a hand on this +gate, I’ll scream, I’ll beat on the door, I’ll rouse everybody, I’ll +have the whole six of you seized, I’ll call the police.” + + +“She’d do it, too,” said ThĂ©nardier in a low tone to Brujon and the +ventriloquist. + +She shook her head and added:— + +“Beginning with my father!” + + +ThĂ©nardier stepped nearer. + +“Not so close, my good man!” said she. + +He retreated, growling between his teeth:— + +“Why, what’s the matter with her?” + + +And he added:— + +“Bitch!” + + +She began to laugh in a terrible way:— + +“As you like, but you shall not enter here. I’m not the daughter of a +dog, since I’m the daughter of a wolf. There are six of you, what +matters that to me? You are men. Well, I’m a woman. You don’t frighten +me. I tell you that you shan’t enter this house, because it doesn’t +suit me. If you approach, I’ll bark. I told you, I’m the dog, and I +don’t care a straw for you. Go your way, you bore me! Go where you +please, but don’t come here, I forbid it! You can use your knives. I’ll +use kicks; it’s all the same to me, come on!” + + +She advanced a pace nearer the ruffians, she was terrible, she burst +out laughing:— + +“Pardine! I’m not afraid. I shall be hungry this summer, and I shall be +cold this winter. Aren’t they ridiculous, these ninnies of men, to +think they can scare a girl! What! Scare? Oh, yes, much! Because you +have finical poppets of mistresses who hide under the bed when you put +on a big voice, forsooth! I ain’t afraid of anything, that I ain’t!” + + +She fastened her intent gaze upon ThĂ©nardier and said:— + +“Not even of you, father!” + + +Then she continued, as she cast her blood-shot, spectre-like eyes upon +the ruffians in turn:— + +“What do I care if I’m picked up to-morrow morning on the pavement of +the Rue Plumet, killed by the blows of my father’s club, or whether I’m +found a year from now in the nets at Saint-Cloud or the Isle of Swans +in the midst of rotten old corks and drowned dogs?” + + +She was forced to pause; she was seized by a dry cough, her breath came +from her weak and narrow chest like the death-rattle. + +She resumed:— + +“I have only to cry out, and people will come, and then slap, bang! +There are six of you; I represent the whole world.” + + +ThĂ©nardier made a movement towards her. + +“Don’t approach!” she cried. + +He halted, and said gently:— + +“Well, no; I won’t approach, but don’t speak so loud. So you intend to +hinder us in our work, my daughter? But we must earn our living all the +same. Have you no longer any kind feeling for your father?” + + +“You bother me,” said Éponine. + +“But we must live, we must eat—” + + +“Burst!” + + +So saying, she seated herself on the underpinning of the fence and +hummed:— + + “Mon bras si dodu, + Ma jambe bien faite + Et le temps perdu.” + + “My arm so plump, + My leg well formed, + And time wasted.” + + +She had set her elbow on her knee and her chin in her hand, and she +swung her foot with an air of indifference. Her tattered gown permitted +a view of her thin shoulder-blades. The neighboring street lantern +illuminated her profile and her attitude. Nothing more resolute and +more surprising could be seen. + +The six rascals, speechless and gloomy at being held in check by a +girl, retreated beneath the shadow cast by the lantern, and held +counsel with furious and humiliated shrugs. + +In the meantime she stared at them with a stern but peaceful air. + +“There’s something the matter with her,” said Babet. “A reason. Is she +in love with the dog? It’s a shame to miss this, anyway. Two women, an +old fellow who lodges in the back-yard, and curtains that ain’t so bad +at the windows. The old cove must be a Jew. I think the job’s a good +one.” + + +“Well, go in, then, the rest of you,” exclaimed Montparnasse. “Do the +job. I’ll stay here with the girl, and if she fails us—” + + +He flashed the knife, which he held open in his hand, in the light of +the lantern. + +ThĂ©nardier said not a word, and seemed ready for whatever the rest +pleased. + +Brujon, who was somewhat of an oracle, and who had, as the reader +knows, “put up the job,” had not as yet spoken. He seemed thoughtful. +He had the reputation of not sticking at anything, and it was known +that he had plundered a police post simply out of bravado. Besides this +he made verses and songs, which gave him great authority. + +Babet interrogated him:— + +“You say nothing, Brujon?” + + +Brujon remained silent an instant longer, then he shook his head in +various ways, and finally concluded to speak:— + +“See here; this morning I came across two sparrows fighting, this +evening I jostled a woman who was quarrelling. All that’s bad. Let’s +quit.” + + +They went away. + +As they went, Montparnasse muttered:— + +“Never mind! if they had wanted, I’d have cut her throat.” + + +Babet responded + +“I wouldn’t. I don’t hit a lady.” + + +At the corner of the street they halted and exchanged the following +enigmatical dialogue in a low tone:— + +“Where shall we go to sleep to-night?” + + +“Under Pantin [Paris].” + + +“Have you the key to the gate, ThĂ©nardier?” + + +“Pardi.” + + +Éponine, who never took her eyes off of them, saw them retreat by the +road by which they had come. She rose and began to creep after them +along the walls and the houses. She followed them thus as far as the +boulevard. + +There they parted, and she saw these six men plunge into the gloom, +where they appeared to melt away. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THINGS OF THE NIGHT + + +After the departure of the ruffians, the Rue Plumet resumed its +tranquil, nocturnal aspect. That which had just taken place in this +street would not have astonished a forest. The lofty trees, the copses, +the heaths, the branches rudely interlaced, the tall grass, exist in a +sombre manner; the savage swarming there catches glimpses of sudden +apparitions of the invisible; that which is below man distinguishes, +through the mists, that which is beyond man; and the things of which we +living beings are ignorant there meet face to face in the night. +Nature, bristling and wild, takes alarm at certain approaches in which +she fancies that she feels the supernatural. The forces of the gloom +know each other, and are strangely balanced by each other. Teeth and +claws fear what they cannot grasp. Blood-drinking bestiality, voracious +appetites, hunger in search of prey, the armed instincts of nails and +jaws which have for source and aim the belly, glare and smell out +uneasily the impassive spectral forms straying beneath a shroud, erect +in its vague and shuddering robe, and which seem to them to live with a +dead and terrible life. These brutalities, which are only matter, +entertain a confused fear of having to deal with the immense obscurity +condensed into an unknown being. A black figure barring the way stops +the wild beast short. That which emerges from the cemetery intimidates +and disconcerts that which emerges from the cave; the ferocious fear +the sinister; wolves recoil when they encounter a ghoul. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—MARIUS BECOMES PRACTICAL ONCE MORE TO THE EXTENT OF GIVING +COSETTE HIS ADDRESS + + +While this sort of a dog with a human face was mounting guard over the +gate, and while the six ruffians were yielding to a girl, Marius was by +Cosette’s side. + +Never had the sky been more studded with stars and more charming, the +trees more trembling, the odor of the grass more penetrating; never had +the birds fallen asleep among the leaves with a sweeter noise; never +had all the harmonies of universal serenity responded more thoroughly +to the inward music of love; never had Marius been more captivated, +more happy, more ecstatic. + +But he had found Cosette sad; Cosette had been weeping. Her eyes were +red. + +This was the first cloud in that wonderful dream. + +Marius’ first word had been: “What is the matter?” + + +And she had replied: “This.” + + +Then she had seated herself on the bench near the steps, and while he +tremblingly took his place beside her, she had continued:— + +“My father told me this morning to hold myself in readiness, because he +has business, and we may go away from here.” + + +Marius shivered from head to foot. + +When one is at the end of one’s life, to die means to go away; when one +is at the beginning of it, to go away means to die. + +For the last six weeks, Marius had little by little, slowly, by +degrees, taken possession of Cosette each day. As we have already +explained, in the case of first love, the soul is taken long before the +body; later on, one takes the body long before the soul; sometimes one +does not take the soul at all; the Faublas and the Prudhommes add: +“Because there is none”; but the sarcasm is, fortunately, a blasphemy. +So Marius possessed Cosette, as spirits possess, but he enveloped her +with all his soul, and seized her jealously with incredible conviction. +He possessed her smile, her breath, her perfume, the profound radiance +of her blue eyes, the sweetness of her skin when he touched her hand, +the charming mark which she had on her neck, all her thoughts. +Therefore, he possessed all Cosette’s dreams. + +He incessantly gazed at, and he sometimes touched lightly with his +breath, the short locks on the nape of her neck, and he declared to +himself that there was not one of those short hairs which did not +belong to him, Marius. He gazed upon and adored the things that she +wore, her knot of ribbon, her gloves, her sleeves, her shoes, her +cuffs, as sacred objects of which he was the master. He dreamed that he +was the lord of those pretty shell combs which she wore in her hair, +and he even said to himself, in confused and suppressed stammerings of +voluptuousness which did not make their way to the light, that there +was not a ribbon of her gown, not a mesh in her stockings, not a fold +in her bodice, which was not his. Beside Cosette he felt himself beside +his own property, his own thing, his own despot and his slave. It +seemed as though they had so intermingled their souls, that it would +have been impossible to tell them apart had they wished to take them +back again.—“This is mine.” “No, it is mine.” “I assure you that you +are mistaken. This is my property.” “What you are taking as your own is +myself.”—Marius was something that made a part of Cosette, and Cosette +was something which made a part of Marius. Marius felt Cosette within +him. To have Cosette, to possess Cosette, this, to him, was not to be +distinguished from breathing. It was in the midst of this faith, of +this intoxication, of this virgin possession, unprecedented and +absolute, of this sovereignty, that these words: “We are going away,” +fell suddenly, at a blow, and that the harsh voice of reality cried to +him: “Cosette is not yours!” + + +Marius awoke. For six weeks Marius had been living, as we have said, +outside of life; those words, _going away!_ caused him to re-enter it +harshly. + +He found not a word to say. Cosette merely felt that his hand was very +cold. She said to him in her turn: “What is the matter?” + + +He replied in so low a tone that Cosette hardly heard him:— + +“I did not understand what you said.” + + +She began again:— + +“This morning my father told me to settle all my little affairs and to +hold myself in readiness, that he would give me his linen to put in a +trunk, that he was obliged to go on a journey, that we were to go away, +that it is necessary to have a large trunk for me and a small one for +him, and that all is to be ready in a week from now, and that we might +go to England.” + + +“But this is outrageous!” exclaimed Marius. + +It is certain, that, at that moment, no abuse of power, no violence, +not one of the abominations of the worst tyrants, no action of Busiris, +of Tiberius, or of Henry VIII., could have equalled this in atrocity, +in the opinion of Marius; M. Fauchelevent taking his daughter off to +England because he had business there. + +He demanded in a weak voice:— + +“And when do you start?” + + +“He did not say when.” + + +“And when shall you return?” + + +“He did not say when.” + + +Marius rose and said coldly:— + +“Cosette, shall you go?” + + +Cosette turned toward him her beautiful eyes, all filled with anguish, +and replied in a sort of bewilderment:— + +“Where?” + + +“To England. Shall you go?” + + +“Why do you say _you_ to me?” + + +“I ask you whether you will go?” + + +“What do you expect me to do?” she said, clasping her hands. + +“So, you will go?” + + +“If my father goes.” + + +“So, you will go?” + + +Cosette took Marius’ hand, and pressed it without replying. + +“Very well,” said Marius, “then I will go elsewhere.” + + +Cosette felt rather than understood the meaning of these words. She +turned so pale that her face shone white through the gloom. She +stammered:— + +“What do you mean?” + + +Marius looked at her, then raised his eyes to heaven, and answered: +“Nothing.” + + +When his eyes fell again, he saw Cosette smiling at him. The smile of a +woman whom one loves possesses a visible radiance, even at night. + +“How silly we are! Marius, I have an idea.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“If we go away, do you go too! I will tell you where! Come and join me +wherever I am.” + + +Marius was now a thoroughly roused man. He had fallen back into +reality. He cried to Cosette:— + +“Go away with you! Are you mad? Why, I should have to have money, and I +have none! Go to England? But I am in debt now, I owe, I don’t know how +much, more than ten louis to Courfeyrac, one of my friends with whom +you are not acquainted! I have an old hat which is not worth three +francs, I have a coat which lacks buttons in front, my shirt is all +ragged, my elbows are torn, my boots let in the water; for the last six +weeks I have not thought about it, and I have not told you about it. +You only see me at night, and you give me your love; if you were to see +me in the daytime, you would give me a sou! Go to England! Eh! I +haven’t enough to pay for a passport!” + + +He threw himself against a tree which was close at hand, erect, his +brow pressed close to the bark, feeling neither the wood which flayed +his skin, nor the fever which was throbbing in his temples, and there +he stood motionless, on the point of falling, like the statue of +despair. + +He remained a long time thus. One could remain for eternity in such +abysses. At last he turned round. He heard behind him a faint stifled +noise, which was sweet yet sad. + +It was Cosette sobbing. + +She had been weeping for more than two hours beside Marius as he +meditated. + +He came to her, fell at her knees, and slowly prostrating himself, he +took the tip of her foot which peeped out from beneath her robe, and +kissed it. + +She let him have his way in silence. There are moments when a woman +accepts, like a sombre and resigned goddess, the religion of love. + +“Do not weep,” he said. + +She murmured:— + +“Not when I may be going away, and you cannot come!” + + +He went on:— + +“Do you love me?” + + +She replied, sobbing, by that word from paradise which is never more +charming than amid tears:— + +“I adore you!” + + +He continued in a tone which was an indescribable caress:— + +“Do not weep. Tell me, will you do this for me, and cease to weep?” + + +“Do you love me?” said she. + +He took her hand. + +“Cosette, I have never given my word of honor to any one, because my +word of honor terrifies me. I feel that my father is by my side. Well, +I give you my most sacred word of honor, that if you go away I shall +die.” + + +In the tone with which he uttered these words there lay a melancholy so +solemn and so tranquil, that Cosette trembled. She felt that chill +which is produced by a true and gloomy thing as it passes by. The shock +made her cease weeping. + +“Now, listen,” said he, “do not expect me to-morrow.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Do not expect me until the day after to-morrow.” + + +“Oh! Why?” + + +“You will see.” + + +“A day without seeing you! But that is impossible!” + + +“Let us sacrifice one day in order to gain our whole lives, perhaps.” + + +And Marius added in a low tone and in an aside:— + +“He is a man who never changes his habits, and he has never received +any one except in the evening.” + + +“Of what man are you speaking?” asked Cosette. + +“I? I said nothing.” + + +“What do you hope, then?” + + +“Wait until the day after to-morrow.” + + +“You wish it?” + + +“Yes, Cosette.” + + +She took his head in both her hands, raising herself on tiptoe in order +to be on a level with him, and tried to read his hope in his eyes. + +Marius resumed:— + +“Now that I think of it, you ought to know my address: something might +happen, one never knows; I live with that friend named Courfeyrac, Rue +de la Verrerie, No. 16.” + + +He searched in his pocket, pulled out his penknife, and with the blade +he wrote on the plaster of the wall:— + +_“16 Rue de la Verrerie.”_ + +In the meantime, Cosette had begun to gaze into his eyes once more. + +“Tell me your thought, Marius; you have some idea. Tell it to me. Oh! +tell me, so that I may pass a pleasant night.” + + +“This is my idea: that it is impossible that God should mean to part +us. Wait; expect me the day after to-morrow.” + + +“What shall I do until then?” said Cosette. “You are outside, you go, +and come! How happy men are! I shall remain entirely alone! Oh! How sad +I shall be! What is it that you are going to do to-morrow evening? tell +me.” + + +“I am going to try something.” + + +“Then I will pray to God and I will think of you here, so that you may +be successful. I will question you no further, since you do not wish +it. You are my master. I shall pass the evening to-morrow in singing +that music from _Euryanthe_ that you love, and that you came one +evening to listen to, outside my shutters. But day after to-morrow you +will come early. I shall expect you at dusk, at nine o’clock precisely, +I warn you. Mon Dieu! how sad it is that the days are so long! On the +stroke of nine, do you understand, I shall be in the garden.” + + +“And I also.” + + +And without having uttered it, moved by the same thought, impelled by +those electric currents which place lovers in continual communication, +both being intoxicated with delight even in their sorrow, they fell +into each other’s arms, without perceiving that their lips met while +their uplifted eyes, overflowing with rapture and full of tears, gazed +upon the stars. + +When Marius went forth, the street was deserted. This was the moment +when Éponine was following the ruffians to the boulevard. + +While Marius had been dreaming with his head pressed to the tree, an +idea had crossed his mind; an idea, alas! that he himself judged to be +senseless and impossible. He had come to a desperate decision. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE OLD HEART AND THE YOUNG HEART IN THE PRESENCE OF EACH +OTHER + + +At that epoch, Father Gillenormand was well past his ninety-first +birthday. He still lived with Mademoiselle Gillenormand in the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the old house which he owned. He was, as +the reader will remember, one of those antique old men who await death +perfectly erect, whom age bears down without bending, and whom even +sorrow cannot curve. + +Still, his daughter had been saying for some time: “My father is +sinking.” He no longer boxed the maids’ ears; he no longer thumped the +landing-place so vigorously with his cane when Basque was slow in +opening the door. The Revolution of July had exasperated him for the +space of barely six months. He had viewed, almost tranquilly, that +coupling of words, in the _Moniteur:_ M. Humblot-ContĂ©, peer of France. +The fact is, that the old man was deeply dejected. He did not bend, he +did not yield; this was no more a characteristic of his physical than +of his moral nature, but he felt himself giving way internally. For +four years he had been waiting for Marius, with his foot firmly +planted, that is the exact word, in the conviction that that +good-for-nothing young scamp would ring at his door some day or other; +now he had reached the point, where, at certain gloomy hours, he said +to himself, that if Marius made him wait much longer—It was not death +that was insupportable to him; it was the idea that perhaps he should +never see Marius again. The idea of never seeing Marius again had never +entered his brain until that day; now the thought began to recur to +him, and it chilled him. Absence, as is always the case in genuine and +natural sentiments, had only served to augment the grandfather’s love +for the ungrateful child, who had gone off like a flash. It is during +December nights, when the cold stands at ten degrees, that one thinks +oftenest of the son. + +M. Gillenormand was, or thought himself, above all things, incapable of +taking a single step, he—the grandfather, towards his grandson; “I +would die rather,” he said to himself. He did not consider himself as +the least to blame; but he thought of Marius only with profound +tenderness, and the mute despair of an elderly, kindly old man who is +about to vanish in the dark. + +He began to lose his teeth, which added to his sadness. + +M. Gillenormand, without however acknowledging it to himself, for it +would have rendered him furious and ashamed, had never loved a mistress +as he loved Marius. + +He had had placed in his chamber, opposite the head of his bed, so that +it should be the first thing on which his eyes fell on waking, an old +portrait of his other daughter, who was dead, Madame Pontmercy, a +portrait which had been taken when she was eighteen. He gazed +incessantly at that portrait. One day, he happened to say, as he gazed +upon it:— + +“I think the likeness is strong.” + + +“To my sister?” inquired Mademoiselle Gillenormand. “Yes, certainly.” + + +The old man added:— + +“And to him also.” + + +Once as he sat with his knees pressed together, and his eyes almost +closed, in a despondent attitude, his daughter ventured to say to him:— + +“Father, are you as angry with him as ever?” + + +She paused, not daring to proceed further. + +“With whom?” he demanded. + +“With that poor Marius.” + + +He raised his aged head, laid his withered and emaciated fist on the +table, and exclaimed in his most irritated and vibrating tone:— + +“Poor Marius, do you say! That gentleman is a knave, a wretched +scoundrel, a vain little ingrate, a heartless, soulless, haughty, and +wicked man!” + + +And he turned away so that his daughter might not see the tear that +stood in his eye. + +Three days later he broke a silence which had lasted four hours, to say +to his daughter point-blank:— + +“I had the honor to ask Mademoiselle Gillenormand never to mention him +to me.” + + +Aunt Gillenormand renounced every effort, and pronounced this acute +diagnosis: “My father never cared very much for my sister after her +folly. It is clear that he detests Marius.” + + +“After her folly” meant: “after she had married the colonel.” + + +However, as the reader has been able to conjecture, Mademoiselle +Gillenormand had failed in her attempt to substitute her favorite, the +officer of lancers, for Marius. The substitute, ThĂ©odule, had not been +a success. M. Gillenormand had not accepted the _quid pro quo_. A +vacancy in the heart does not accommodate itself to a stop-gap. +ThĂ©odule, on his side, though he scented the inheritance, was disgusted +at the task of pleasing. The goodman bored the lancer; and the lancer +shocked the goodman. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule was gay, no doubt, but a +chatter-box, frivolous, but vulgar; a high liver, but a frequenter of +bad company; he had mistresses, it is true, and he had a great deal to +say about them, it is true also; but he talked badly. All his good +qualities had a defect. M. Gillenormand was worn out with hearing him +tell about the love affairs that he had in the vicinity of the barracks +in the Rue de Babylone. And then, Lieutenant Gillenormand sometimes +came in his uniform, with the tricolored cockade. This rendered him +downright intolerable. Finally, Father Gillenormand had said to his +daughter: “I’ve had enough of that ThĂ©odule. I haven’t much taste for +warriors in time of peace. Receive him if you choose. I don’t know but +I prefer slashers to fellows that drag their swords. The clash of +blades in battle is less dismal, after all, than the clank of the +scabbard on the pavement. And then, throwing out your chest like a +bully and lacing yourself like a girl, with stays under your cuirass, +is doubly ridiculous. When one is a veritable man, one holds equally +aloof from swagger and from affected airs. He is neither a blusterer +nor a finnicky-hearted man. Keep your ThĂ©odule for yourself.” + + +It was in vain that his daughter said to him: “But he is your +grandnephew, nevertheless,”—it turned out that M. Gillenormand, who was +a grandfather to the very finger-tips, was not in the least a +grand-uncle. + +In fact, as he had good sense, and as he had compared the two, ThĂ©odule +had only served to make him regret Marius all the more. + +One evening,—it was the 24th of June, which did not prevent Father +Gillenormand having a rousing fire on the hearth,—he had dismissed his +daughter, who was sewing in a neighboring apartment. He was alone in +his chamber, amid its pastoral scenes, with his feet propped on the +andirons, half enveloped in his huge screen of coromandel lacquer, with +its nine leaves, with his elbow resting on a table where burned two +candles under a green shade, engulfed in his tapestry armchair, and in +his hand a book which he was not reading. He was dressed, according to +his wont, like an _incroyable_, and resembled an antique portrait by +Garat. This would have made people run after him in the street, had not +his daughter covered him up, whenever he went out, in a vast bishop’s +wadded cloak, which concealed his attire. At home, he never wore a +dressing gown, except when he rose and retired. “It gives one a look of +age,” said he. + +Father Gillenormand was thinking of Marius lovingly and bitterly; and, +as usual, bitterness predominated. His tenderness once soured always +ended by boiling and turning to indignation. He had reached the point +where a man tries to make up his mind and to accept that which rends +his heart. He was explaining to himself that there was no longer any +reason why Marius should return, that if he intended to return, he +should have done it long ago, that he must renounce the idea. He was +trying to accustom himself to the thought that all was over, and that +he should die without having beheld “that gentleman” again. But his +whole nature revolted; his aged paternity would not consent to this. +“Well!” said he,—this was his doleful refrain,—“he will not return!” +His bald head had fallen upon his breast, and he fixed a melancholy and +irritated gaze upon the ashes on his hearth. + +In the very midst of his reverie, his old servant Basque entered, and +inquired:— + +“Can Monsieur receive M. Marius?” + + +The old man sat up erect, pallid, and like a corpse which rises under +the influence of a galvanic shock. All his blood had retreated to his +heart. He stammered:— + +“M. Marius what?” + + +“I don’t know,” replied Basque, intimidated and put out of countenance +by his master’s air; “I have not seen him. Nicolette came in and said +to me: ‘There’s a young man here; say that it is M. Marius.’” + + +Father Gillenormand stammered in a low voice:— + +“Show him in.” + + +And he remained in the same attitude, with shaking head, and his eyes +fixed on the door. It opened once more. A young man entered. It was +Marius. + +Marius halted at the door, as though waiting to be bidden to enter. + +His almost squalid attire was not perceptible in the obscurity caused +by the shade. Nothing could be seen but his calm, grave, but strangely +sad face. + +It was several minutes before Father Gillenormand, dulled with +amazement and joy, could see anything except a brightness as when one +is in the presence of an apparition. He was on the point of swooning; +he saw Marius through a dazzling light. It certainly was he, it +certainly was Marius. + +At last! After the lapse of four years! He grasped him entire, so to +speak, in a single glance. He found him noble, handsome, distinguished, +well-grown, a complete man, with a suitable mien and a charming air. He +felt a desire to open his arms, to call him, to fling himself forward; +his heart melted with rapture, affectionate words swelled and +overflowed his breast; at length all his tenderness came to the light +and reached his lips, and, by a contrast which constituted the very +foundation of his nature, what came forth was harshness. He said +abruptly:— + +“What have you come here for?” + + +Marius replied with embarrassment:— + +“Monsieur—” + + +M. Gillenormand would have liked to have Marius throw himself into his +arms. He was displeased with Marius and with himself. He was conscious +that he was brusque, and that Marius was cold. It caused the goodman +unendurable and irritating anxiety to feel so tender and forlorn +within, and only to be able to be hard outside. Bitterness returned. He +interrupted Marius in a peevish tone:— + +“Then why did you come?” + + +That “then” signified: _If you do not come to embrace me_. Marius +looked at his grandfather, whose pallor gave him a face of marble. + +“Monsieur—” + + +“Have you come to beg my pardon? Do you acknowledge your faults?” + + +He thought he was putting Marius on the right road, and that “the +child” would yield. Marius shivered; it was the denial of his father +that was required of him; he dropped his eyes and replied:— + +“No, sir.” + + +“Then,” exclaimed the old man impetuously, with a grief that was +poignant and full of wrath, “what do you want of me?” + + +Marius clasped his hands, advanced a step, and said in a feeble and +trembling voice:— + +“Sir, have pity on me.” + + +These words touched M. Gillenormand; uttered a little sooner, they +would have rendered him tender, but they came too late. The grandfather +rose; he supported himself with both hands on his cane; his lips were +white, his brow wavered, but his lofty form towered above Marius as he +bowed. + +“Pity on you, sir! It is youth demanding pity of the old man of +ninety-one! You are entering into life, I am leaving it; you go to the +play, to balls, to the cafĂ©, to the billiard-hall; you have wit, you +please the women, you are a handsome fellow; as for me, I spit on my +brands in the heart of summer; you are rich with the only riches that +are really such, I possess all the poverty of age; infirmity, +isolation! You have your thirty-two teeth, a good digestion, bright +eyes, strength, appetite, health, gayety, a forest of black hair; I +have no longer even white hair, I have lost my teeth, I am losing my +legs, I am losing my memory; there are three names of streets that I +confound incessantly, the Rue Charlot, the Rue du Chaume, and the Rue +Saint-Claude, that is what I have come to; you have before you the +whole future, full of sunshine, and I am beginning to lose my sight, so +far am I advancing into the night; you are in love, that is a matter of +course, I am beloved by no one in all the world; and you ask pity of +me! Parbleu! MoliĂšre forgot that. If that is the way you jest at the +courthouse, Messieurs the lawyers, I sincerely compliment you. You are +droll.” + + +And the octogenarian went on in a grave and angry voice:— + +“Come, now, what do you want of me?” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, “I know that my presence is displeasing to you, but +I have come merely to ask one thing of you, and then I shall go away +immediately.” + + +“You are a fool!” said the old man. “Who said that you were to go +away?” + + +This was the translation of the tender words which lay at the bottom of +his heart:— + +“Ask my pardon! Throw yourself on my neck!” + + +M. Gillenormand felt that Marius would leave him in a few moments, that +his harsh reception had repelled the lad, that his hardness was driving +him away; he said all this to himself, and it augmented his grief; and +as his grief was straightway converted into wrath, it increased his +harshness. He would have liked to have Marius understand, and Marius +did not understand, which made the goodman furious. + +He began again:— + +“What! you deserted me, your grandfather, you left my house to go no +one knows whither, you drove your aunt to despair, you went off, it is +easily guessed, to lead a bachelor life; it’s more convenient, to play +the dandy, to come in at all hours, to amuse yourself; you have given +me no signs of life, you have contracted debts without even telling me +to pay them, you have become a smasher of windows and a blusterer, and, +at the end of four years, you come to me, and that is all you have to +say to me!” + + +This violent fashion of driving a grandson to tenderness was productive +only of silence on the part of Marius. M. Gillenormand folded his arms; +a gesture which with him was peculiarly imperious, and apostrophized +Marius bitterly:— + +“Let us make an end of this. You have come to ask something of me, you +say? Well, what? What is it? Speak!” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, with the look of a man who feels that he is falling +over a precipice, “I have come to ask your permission to marry.” + + +M. Gillenormand rang the bell. Basque opened the door half-way. + +“Call my daughter.” + + +A second later, the door was opened once more, Mademoiselle +Gillenormand did not enter, but showed herself; Marius was standing, +mute, with pendant arms and the face of a criminal; M. Gillenormand was +pacing back and forth in the room. He turned to his daughter and said +to her:— + +“Nothing. It is Monsieur Marius. Say good day to him. Monsieur wishes +to marry. That’s all. Go away.” + + +The curt, hoarse sound of the old man’s voice announced a strange +degree of excitement. The aunt gazed at Marius with a frightened air, +hardly appeared to recognize him, did not allow a gesture or a syllable +to escape her, and disappeared at her father’s breath more swiftly than +a straw before the hurricane. + +In the meantime, Father Gillenormand had returned and placed his back +against the chimney-piece once more. + +“You marry! At one and twenty! You have arranged that! You have only a +permission to ask! a formality. Sit down, sir. Well, you have had a +revolution since I had the honor to see you last. The Jacobins got the +upper hand. You must have been delighted. Are you not a Republican +since you are a Baron? You can make that agree. The Republic makes a +good sauce for the barony. Are you one of those decorated by July? Have +you taken the Louvre at all, sir? Quite near here, in the Rue +Saint-Antoine, opposite the Rue des NonamdiĂšres, there is a cannon-ball +incrusted in the wall of the third story of a house with this +inscription: ‘July 28th, 1830.’ Go take a look at that. It produces a +good effect. Ah! those friends of yours do pretty things. By the way, +aren’t they erecting a fountain in the place of the monument of M. le +Duc de Berry? So you want to marry? Whom? Can one inquire without +indiscretion?” + + +He paused, and, before Marius had time to answer, he added violently:— + +“Come now, you have a profession? A fortune made? How much do you earn +at your trade of lawyer?” + + +“Nothing,” said Marius, with a sort of firmness and resolution that was +almost fierce. + +“Nothing? Then all that you have to live upon is the twelve hundred +livres that I allow you?” + + +Marius did not reply. M. Gillenormand continued:— + +“Then I understand the girl is rich?” + + +“As rich as I am.” + + +“What! No dowry?” + + +“No.” + + +“Expectations?” + + +“I think not.” + + +“Utterly naked! What’s the father?” + + +“I don’t know.” + + +“And what’s her name?” + + +“Mademoiselle Fauchelevent.” + + +“Fauchewhat?” + + +“Fauchelevent.” + + +“Pttt!” ejaculated the old gentleman. + +“Sir!” exclaimed Marius. + +M. Gillenormand interrupted him with the tone of a man who is speaking +to himself:— + +“That’s right, one and twenty years of age, no profession, twelve +hundred livres a year, Madame la Baronne de Pontmercy will go and +purchase a couple of sous’ worth of parsley from the fruiterer.” + + +“Sir,” repeated Marius, in the despair at the last hope, which was +vanishing, “I entreat you! I conjure you in the name of Heaven, with +clasped hands, sir, I throw myself at your feet, permit me to marry +her!” + + +The old man burst into a shout of strident and mournful laughter, +coughing and laughing at the same time. + +“Ah! ah! ah! You said to yourself: ‘Pardine! I’ll go hunt up that old +blockhead, that absurd numskull! What a shame that I’m not twenty-five! +How I’d treat him to a nice respectful summons! How nicely I’d get +along without him! It’s nothing to me, I’d say to him: “You’re only too +happy to see me, you old idiot, I want to marry, I desire to wed +Mamselle No-matter-whom, daughter of Monsieur No-matter-what, I have no +shoes, she has no chemise, that just suits; I want to throw my career, +my future, my youth, my life to the dogs; I wish to take a plunge into +wretchedness with a woman around my neck, that’s an idea, and you must +consent to it!” and the old fossil will consent.’ Go, my lad, do as you +like, attach your paving-stone, marry your Pousselevent, your +Coupelevent—Never, sir, never!” + + +“Father—” + + +“Never!” + + +At the tone in which that “never” was uttered, Marius lost all hope. He +traversed the chamber with slow steps, with bowed head, tottering and +more like a dying man than like one merely taking his departure. M. +Gillenormand followed him with his eyes, and at the moment when the +door opened, and Marius was on the point of going out, he advanced four +paces, with the senile vivacity of impetuous and spoiled old gentlemen, +seized Marius by the collar, brought him back energetically into the +room, flung him into an armchair and said to him:— + +“Tell me all about it!” + + +“It was that single word “father” which had effected this revolution. + +Marius stared at him in bewilderment. M. Gillenormand’s mobile face was +no longer expressive of anything but rough and ineffable good-nature. +The grandsire had given way before the grandfather. + +“Come, see here, speak, tell me about your love affairs, jabber, tell +me everything! Sapristi! how stupid young folks are!” + + +“Father—” repeated Marius. + +The old man’s entire countenance lighted up with indescribable +radiance. + +“Yes, that’s right, call me father, and you’ll see!” + + +There was now something so kind, so gentle, so openhearted, and so +paternal in this brusqueness, that Marius, in the sudden transition +from discouragement to hope, was stunned and intoxicated by it, as it +were. He was seated near the table, the light from the candles brought +out the dilapidation of his costume, which Father Gillenormand regarded +with amazement. + +“Well, father—” said Marius. + +“Ah, by the way,” interrupted M. Gillenormand, “you really have not a +penny then? You are dressed like a pickpocket.” + + +He rummaged in a drawer, drew forth a purse, which he laid on the +table: “Here are a hundred louis, buy yourself a hat.” + + +“Father,” pursued Marius, “my good father, if you only knew! I love +her. You cannot imagine it; the first time I saw her was at the +Luxembourg, she came there; in the beginning, I did not pay much heed +to her, and then, I don’t know how it came about, I fell in love with +her. Oh! how unhappy that made me! Now, at last, I see her every day, +at her own home, her father does not know it, just fancy, they are +going away, it is in the garden that we meet, in the evening, her +father means to take her to England, then I said to myself: ‘I’ll go +and see my grandfather and tell him all about the affair. I should go +mad first, I should die, I should fall ill, I should throw myself into +the water. I absolutely must marry her, since I should go mad +otherwise.’ This is the whole truth, and I do not think that I have +omitted anything. She lives in a garden with an iron fence, in the Rue +Plumet. It is in the neighborhood of the Invalides.” + + +Father Gillenormand had seated himself, with a beaming countenance, +beside Marius. As he listened to him and drank in the sound of his +voice, he enjoyed at the same time a protracted pinch of snuff. At the +words “Rue Plumet” he interrupted his inhalation and allowed the +remainder of his snuff to fall upon his knees. + +“The Rue Plumet, the Rue Plumet, did you say?—Let us see!—Are there not +barracks in that vicinity?—Why, yes, that’s it. Your cousin ThĂ©odule +has spoken to me about it. The lancer, the officer. A gay girl, my good +friend, a gay girl!—Pardieu, yes, the Rue Plumet. It is what used to be +called the Rue Blomet.—It all comes back to me now. I have heard of +that little girl of the iron railing in the Rue Plumet. In a garden, a +Pamela. Your taste is not bad. She is said to be a very tidy creature. +Between ourselves, I think that simpleton of a lancer has been courting +her a bit. I don’t know where he did it. However, that’s not to the +purpose. Besides, he is not to be believed. He brags, Marius! I think +it quite proper that a young man like you should be in love. It’s the +right thing at your age. I like you better as a lover than as a +Jacobin. I like you better in love with a petticoat, sapristi! with +twenty petticoats, than with M. de Robespierre. For my part, I will do +myself the justice to say, that in the line of _sans-culottes_, I have +never loved any one but women. Pretty girls are pretty girls, the +deuce! There’s no objection to that. As for the little one, she +receives you without her father’s knowledge. That’s in the established +order of things. I have had adventures of that same sort myself. More +than one. Do you know what is done then? One does not take the matter +ferociously; one does not precipitate himself into the tragic; one does +not make one’s mind to marriage and M. le Maire with his scarf. One +simply behaves like a fellow of spirit. One shows good sense. Slip +along, mortals; don’t marry. You come and look up your grandfather, who +is a good-natured fellow at bottom, and who always has a few rolls of +louis in an old drawer; you say to him: ‘See here, grandfather.’ And +the grandfather says: ‘That’s a simple matter. Youth must amuse itself, +and old age must wear out. I have been young, you will be old. Come, my +boy, you shall pass it on to your grandson. Here are two hundred +pistoles. Amuse yourself, deuce take it!’ Nothing better! That’s the +way the affair should be treated. You don’t marry, but that does no +harm. You understand me?” + + +Marius, petrified and incapable of uttering a syllable, made a sign +with his head that he did not. + +The old man burst out laughing, winked his aged eye, gave him a slap on +the knee, stared him full in the face with a mysterious and beaming +air, and said to him, with the tenderest of shrugs of the shoulder:— + +“Booby! make her your mistress.” + + +Marius turned pale. He had understood nothing of what his grandfather +had just said. This twaddle about the Rue Blomet, Pamela, the barracks, +the lancer, had passed before Marius like a dissolving view. Nothing of +all that could bear any reference to Cosette, who was a lily. The good +man was wandering in his mind. But this wandering terminated in words +which Marius did understand, and which were a mortal insult to Cosette. +Those words, “make her your mistress,” entered the heart of the strict +young man like a sword. + +He rose, picked up his hat which lay on the floor, and walked to the +door with a firm, assured step. There he turned round, bowed deeply to +his grandfather, raised his head erect again, and said:— + +“Five years ago you insulted my father; to-day you have insulted my +wife. I ask nothing more of you, sir. Farewell.” + + +Father Gillenormand, utterly confounded, opened his mouth, extended his +arms, tried to rise, and before he could utter a word, the door closed +once more, and Marius had disappeared. + +The old man remained for several minutes motionless and as though +struck by lightning, without the power to speak or breathe, as though a +clenched fist grasped his throat. At last he tore himself from his +armchair, ran, so far as a man can run at ninety-one, to the door, +opened it, and cried:— + +“Help! Help!” + + +His daughter made her appearance, then the domestics. He began again, +with a pitiful rattle: “Run after him! Bring him back! What have I done +to him? He is mad! He is going away! Ah! my God! Ah! my God! This time +he will not come back!” + + +He went to the window which looked out on the street, threw it open +with his aged and palsied hands, leaned out more than half-way, while +Basque and Nicolette held him behind, and shouted:— + +“Marius! Marius! Marius! Marius!” + + +But Marius could no longer hear him, for at that moment he was turning +the corner of the Rue Saint-Louis. + +The octogenarian raised his hands to his temples two or three times +with an expression of anguish, recoiled tottering, and fell back into +an armchair, pulseless, voiceless, tearless, with quivering head and +lips which moved with a stupid air, with nothing in his eyes and +nothing any longer in his heart except a gloomy and profound something +which resembled night. + + + + +BOOK NINTH—WHITHER ARE THEY GOING? + + + + +CHAPTER I—JEAN VALJEAN + + +That same day, towards four o’clock in the afternoon, Jean Valjean was +sitting alone on the back side of one of the most solitary slopes in +the Champ-de-Mars. Either from prudence, or from a desire to meditate, +or simply in consequence of one of those insensible changes of habit +which gradually introduce themselves into the existence of every one, +he now rarely went out with Cosette. He had on his workman’s waistcoat, +and trousers of gray linen; and his long-visored cap concealed his +countenance. + +He was calm and happy now beside Cosette; that which had, for a time, +alarmed and troubled him had been dissipated; but for the last week or +two, anxieties of another nature had come up. One day, while walking on +the boulevard, he had caught sight of ThĂ©nardier; thanks to his +disguise, ThĂ©nardier had not recognized him; but since that day, Jean +Valjean had seen him repeatedly, and he was now certain that ThĂ©nardier +was prowling about in their neighborhood. + +This had been sufficient to make him come to a decision. + +Moreover, Paris was not tranquil: political troubles presented this +inconvenient feature, for any one who had anything to conceal in his +life, that the police had grown very uneasy and very suspicious, and +that while seeking to ferret out a man like PĂ©pin or Morey, they might +very readily discover a man like Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had made up his mind to quit Paris, and even France, and +go over to England. + +He had warned Cosette. He wished to set out before the end of the week. + +He had seated himself on the slope in the Champ-de-Mars, turning over +all sorts of thoughts in his mind,—ThĂ©nardier, the police, the journey, +and the difficulty of procuring a passport. + +He was troubled from all these points of view. + +Last of all, an inexplicable circumstance which had just attracted his +attention, and from which he had not yet recovered, had added to his +state of alarm. + +On the morning of that very day, when he alone of the household was +stirring, while strolling in the garden before Cosette’s shutters were +open, he had suddenly perceived on the wall, the following line, +engraved, probably with a nail:— + +_16 Rue de la Verrerie_. + +This was perfectly fresh, the grooves in the ancient black mortar were +white, a tuft of nettles at the foot of the wall was powdered with the +fine, fresh plaster. + +This had probably been written on the preceding night. + +What was this? A signal for others? A warning for himself? + +In any case, it was evident that the garden had been violated, and that +strangers had made their way into it. + +He recalled the odd incidents which had already alarmed the household. + +His mind was now filling in this canvas. + +He took good care not to speak to Cosette of the line written on the +wall, for fear of alarming her. + +In the midst of his preoccupations, he perceived, from a shadow cast by +the sun, that some one had halted on the crest of the slope immediately +behind him. + +He was on the point of turning round, when a paper folded in four fell +upon his knees as though a hand had dropped it over his head. + +He took the paper, unfolded it, and read these words written in large +characters, with a pencil:— + +“MOVE AWAY FROM YOUR HOUSE.” + + +Jean Valjean sprang hastily to his feet; there was no one on the slope; +he gazed all around him and perceived a creature larger than a child, +not so large as a man, clad in a gray blouse and trousers of +dust-colored cotton velvet, who was jumping over the parapet and who +slipped into the moat of the Champ-de-Mars. + +Jean Valjean returned home at once, in a very thoughtful mood. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS + + +Marius had left M. Gillenormand in despair. He had entered the house +with very little hope, and quitted it with immense despair. + +However, and those who have observed the depths of the human heart will +understand this, the officer, the lancer, the ninny, Cousin ThĂ©odule, +had left no trace in his mind. Not the slightest. The dramatic poet +might, apparently, expect some complications from this revelation made +point-blank by the grandfather to the grandson. But what the drama +would gain thereby, truth would lose. Marius was at an age when one +believes nothing in the line of evil; later on comes the age when one +believes everything. Suspicions are nothing else than wrinkles. Early +youth has none of them. That which overwhelmed Othello glides innocuous +over Candide. Suspect Cosette! There are hosts of crimes which Marius +could sooner have committed. + +He began to wander about the streets, the resource of those who suffer. +He thought of nothing, so far as he could afterwards remember. At two +o’clock in the morning he returned to Courfeyrac’s quarters and flung +himself, without undressing, on his mattress. The sun was shining +brightly when he sank into that frightful leaden slumber which permits +ideas to go and come in the brain. When he awoke, he saw Courfeyrac, +Enjolras, Feuilly, and Combeferre standing in the room with their hats +on and all ready to go out. + +Courfeyrac said to him:— + +“Are you coming to General Lamarque’s funeral?” + + +It seemed to him that Courfeyrac was speaking Chinese. + +He went out some time after them. He put in his pocket the pistols +which Javert had given him at the time of the adventure on the 3d of +February, and which had remained in his hands. These pistols were still +loaded. It would be difficult to say what vague thought he had in his +mind when he took them with him. + +All day long he prowled about, without knowing where he was going; it +rained at times, he did not perceive it; for his dinner, he purchased a +penny roll at a baker’s, put it in his pocket and forgot it. It appears +that he took a bath in the Seine without being aware of it. There are +moments when a man has a furnace within his skull. Marius was passing +through one of those moments. He no longer hoped for anything; this +step he had taken since the preceding evening. He waited for night with +feverish impatience, he had but one idea clearly before his mind;—this +was, that at nine o’clock he should see Cosette. This last happiness +now constituted his whole future; after that, gloom. At intervals, as +he roamed through the most deserted boulevards, it seemed to him that +he heard strange noises in Paris. He thrust his head out of his reverie +and said: “Is there fighting on hand?” + + +At nightfall, at nine o’clock precisely, as he had promised Cosette, he +was in the Rue Plumet. When he approached the grating he forgot +everything. It was forty-eight hours since he had seen Cosette; he was +about to behold her once more; every other thought was effaced, and he +felt only a profound and unheard-of joy. Those minutes in which one +lives centuries always have this sovereign and wonderful property, that +at the moment when they are passing they fill the heart completely. + +Marius displaced the bar, and rushed headlong into the garden. Cosette +was not at the spot where she ordinarily waited for him. He traversed +the thicket, and approached the recess near the flight of steps: “She +is waiting for me there,” said he. Cosette was not there. He raised his +eyes, and saw that the shutters of the house were closed. He made the +tour of the garden, the garden was deserted. Then he returned to the +house, and, rendered senseless by love, intoxicated, terrified, +exasperated with grief and uneasiness, like a master who returns home +at an evil hour, he tapped on the shutters. He knocked and knocked +again, at the risk of seeing the window open, and her father’s gloomy +face make its appearance, and demand: “What do you want?” This was +nothing in comparison with what he dimly caught a glimpse of. When he +had rapped, he lifted up his voice and called Cosette.—“Cosette!” he +cried; “Cosette!” he repeated imperiously. There was no reply. All was +over. No one in the garden; no one in the house. + +Marius fixed his despairing eyes on that dismal house, which was as +black and as silent as a tomb and far more empty. He gazed at the stone +seat on which he had passed so many adorable hours with Cosette. Then +he seated himself on the flight of steps, his heart filled with +sweetness and resolution, he blessed his love in the depths of his +thought, and he said to himself that, since Cosette was gone, all that +there was left for him was to die. + +All at once he heard a voice which seemed to proceed from the street, +and which was calling to him through the trees:— + +“Mr. Marius!” + + +He started to his feet. + +“Hey?” said he. + +“Mr. Marius, are you there?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Mr. Marius,” went on the voice, “your friends are waiting for you at +the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie.” + + +This voice was not wholly unfamiliar to him. It resembled the hoarse, +rough voice of Éponine. Marius hastened to the gate, thrust aside the +movable bar, passed his head through the aperture, and saw some one who +appeared to him to be a young man, disappearing at a run into the +gloom. + + + + +CHAPTER III—M. MABEUF + + +Jean Valjean’s purse was of no use to M. Mabeuf. M. Mabeuf, in his +venerable, infantile austerity, had not accepted the gift of the stars; +he had not admitted that a star could coin itself into louis d’or. He +had not divined that what had fallen from heaven had come from +Gavroche. He had taken the purse to the police commissioner of the +quarter, as a lost article placed by the finder at the disposal of +claimants. The purse was actually lost. It is unnecessary to say that +no one claimed it, and that it did not succor M. Mabeuf. + +Moreover, M. Mabeuf had continued his downward course. + +His experiments on indigo had been no more successful in the Jardin des +Plantes than in his garden at Austerlitz. The year before he had owed +his housekeeper’s wages; now, as we have seen, he owed three quarters +of his rent. The pawnshop had sold the plates of his _Flora_ after the +expiration of thirteen months. Some coppersmith had made stewpans of +them. His copper plates gone, and being unable to complete even the +incomplete copies of his _Flora_ which were in his possession, he had +disposed of the text, at a miserable price, as waste paper, to a +second-hand bookseller. Nothing now remained to him of his life’s work. +He set to work to eat up the money for these copies. When he saw that +this wretched resource was becoming exhausted, he gave up his garden +and allowed it to run to waste. Before this, a long time before, he had +given up his two eggs and the morsel of beef which he ate from time to +time. He dined on bread and potatoes. He had sold the last of his +furniture, then all duplicates of his bedding, his clothing and his +blankets, then his herbariums and prints; but he still retained his +most precious books, many of which were of the greatest rarity, among +others, _Les Quadrins Historiques de la Bible_, edition of 1560; _La +Concordance des Bibles_, by Pierre de Besse; _Les Marguerites de la +Marguerite_, of Jean de La Haye, with a dedication to the Queen of +Navarre; the book _de la Charge et DignitĂ© de l’Ambassadeur_, by the +Sieur de Villiers Hotman; a _Florilegium Rabbinicum_ of 1644; a +_Tibullus_ of 1567, with this magnificent inscription: _Venetiis, in +ĂŠdibus Manutianis_; and lastly, a Diogenes Laertius, printed at Lyons +in 1644, which contained the famous variant of the manuscript 411, +thirteenth century, of the Vatican, and those of the two manuscripts of +Venice, 393 and 394, consulted with such fruitful results by Henri +Estienne, and all the passages in Doric dialect which are only found in +the celebrated manuscript of the twelfth century belonging to the +Naples Library. M. Mabeuf never had any fire in his chamber, and went +to bed at sundown, in order not to consume any candles. It seemed as +though he had no longer any neighbors: people avoided him when he went +out; he perceived the fact. The wretchedness of a child interests a +mother, the wretchedness of a young man interests a young girl, the +wretchedness of an old man interests no one. It is, of all distresses, +the coldest. Still, Father Mabeuf had not entirely lost his childlike +serenity. His eyes acquired some vivacity when they rested on his +books, and he smiled when he gazed at the Diogenes Laertius, which was +a unique copy. His bookcase with glass doors was the only piece of +furniture which he had kept beyond what was strictly indispensable. + +One day, Mother Plutarque said to him:— + +“I have no money to buy any dinner.” + + +What she called dinner was a loaf of bread and four or five potatoes. + +“On credit?” suggested M. Mabeuf. + +“You know well that people refuse me.” + + +M. Mabeuf opened his bookcase, took a long look at all his books, one +after another, as a father obliged to decimate his children would gaze +upon them before making a choice, then seized one hastily, put it in +under his arm and went out. He returned two hours later, without +anything under his arm, laid thirty sous on the table, and said:— + +“You will get something for dinner.” + + +From that moment forth, Mother Plutarque saw a sombre veil, which was +never more lifted, descend over the old man’s candid face. + +On the following day, on the day after, and on the day after that, it +had to be done again. + +M. Mabeuf went out with a book and returned with a coin. As the +second-hand dealers perceived that he was forced to sell, they +purchased of him for twenty sous that for which he had paid twenty +francs, sometimes at those very shops. Volume by volume, the whole +library went the same road. He said at times: “But I am eighty;” as +though he cherished some secret hope that he should arrive at the end +of his days before reaching the end of his books. His melancholy +increased. Once, however, he had a pleasure. He had gone out with a +Robert Estienne, which he had sold for thirty-five sous under the Quai +Malaquais, and he returned with an Aldus which he had bought for forty +sous in the Rue des GrĂšs.—“I owe five sous,” he said, beaming on Mother +Plutarque. That day he had no dinner. + +He belonged to the Horticultural Society. His destitution became known +there. The president of the society came to see him, promised to speak +to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce about him, and did +so.—“Why, what!” exclaimed the Minister, “I should think so! An old +savant! a botanist! an inoffensive man! Something must be done for +him!” On the following day, M. Mabeuf received an invitation to dine +with the Minister. Trembling with joy, he showed the letter to Mother +Plutarque. “We are saved!” said he. On the day appointed, he went to +the Minister’s house. He perceived that his ragged cravat, his long, +square coat, and his waxed shoes astonished the ushers. No one spoke to +him, not even the Minister. About ten o’clock in the evening, while he +was still waiting for a word, he heard the Minister’s wife, a beautiful +woman in a low-necked gown whom he had not ventured to approach, +inquire: “Who is that old gentleman?” He returned home on foot at +midnight, in a driving rain-storm. He had sold an Elzevir to pay for a +carriage in which to go thither. + +He had acquired the habit of reading a few pages in his Diogenes +Laertius every night, before he went to bed. He knew enough Greek to +enjoy the peculiarities of the text which he owned. He had now no other +enjoyment. Several weeks passed. All at once, Mother Plutarque fell +ill. There is one thing sadder than having no money with which to buy +bread at the baker’s and that is having no money to purchase drugs at +the apothecary’s. One evening, the doctor had ordered a very expensive +potion. And the malady was growing worse; a nurse was required. M. +Mabeuf opened his bookcase; there was nothing there. The last volume +had taken its departure. All that was left to him was Diogenes +Laertius. He put this unique copy under his arm, and went out. It was +the 4th of June, 1832; he went to the Porte Saint-Jacques, to Royal’s +successor, and returned with one hundred francs. He laid the pile of +five-franc pieces on the old serving-woman’s nightstand, and returned +to his chamber without saying a word. + +On the following morning, at dawn, he seated himself on the overturned +post in his garden, and he could be seen over the top of the hedge, +sitting the whole morning motionless, with drooping head, his eyes +vaguely fixed on the withered flower-beds. It rained at intervals; the +old man did not seem to perceive the fact. + +In the afternoon, extraordinary noises broke out in Paris. They +resembled shots and the clamors of a multitude. + +Father Mabeuf raised his head. He saw a gardener passing, and +inquired:— + +“What is it?” + + +The gardener, spade on back, replied in the most unconcerned tone:— + +“It is the riots.” + + +“What riots?” + + +“Yes, they are fighting.” + + +“Why are they fighting?” + + +“Ah, good Heavens!” ejaculated the gardener. + +“In what direction?” went on M. Mabeuf. + +“In the neighborhood of the Arsenal.” + + +Father Mabeuf went to his room, took his hat, mechanically sought for a +book to place under his arm, found none, said: “Ah! truly!” and went +off with a bewildered air. + + + + +BOOK TENTH—THE 5TH OF JUNE, 1832 + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SURFACE OF THE QUESTION + + +Of what is revolt composed? Of nothing and of everything. Of an +electricity disengaged, little by little, of a flame suddenly darting +forth, of a wandering force, of a passing breath. This breath +encounters heads which speak, brains which dream, souls which suffer, +passions which burn, wretchedness which howls, and bears them away. + +Whither? + +At random. Athwart the state, the laws, athwart prosperity and the +insolence of others. + +Irritated convictions, embittered enthusiasms, agitated indignations, +instincts of war which have been repressed, youthful courage which has +been exalted, generous blindness; curiosity, the taste for change, the +thirst for the unexpected, the sentiment which causes one to take +pleasure in reading the posters for the new play, and love, the +prompter’s whistle, at the theatre; the vague hatreds, rancors, +disappointments, every vanity which thinks that destiny has bankrupted +it; discomfort, empty dreams, ambitions that are hedged about, whoever +hopes for a downfall, some outcome, in short, at the very bottom, the +rabble, that mud which catches fire,—such are the elements of revolt. +That which is grandest and that which is basest; the beings who prowl +outside of all bounds, awaiting an occasion, bohemians, vagrants, +vagabonds of the crossroads, those who sleep at night in a desert of +houses with no other roof than the cold clouds of heaven, those who, +each day, demand their bread from chance and not from toil, the unknown +of poverty and nothingness, the bare-armed, the bare-footed, belong to +revolt. Whoever cherishes in his soul a secret revolt against any deed +whatever on the part of the state, of life or of fate, is ripe for +riot, and, as soon as it makes its appearance, he begins to quiver, and +to feel himself borne away with the whirlwind. + +Revolt is a sort of waterspout in the social atmosphere which forms +suddenly in certain conditions of temperature, and which, as it eddies +about, mounts, descends, thunders, tears, razes, crushes, demolishes, +uproots, bearing with it great natures and small, the strong man and +the feeble mind, the tree trunk and the stalk of straw. Woe to him whom +it bears away as well as to him whom it strikes! It breaks the one +against the other. + +It communicates to those whom it seizes an indescribable and +extraordinary power. It fills the firstcomer with the force of events; +it converts everything into projectiles. It makes a cannon-ball of a +rough stone, and a general of a porter. + +If we are to believe certain oracles of crafty political views, a +little revolt is desirable from the point of view of power. System: +revolt strengthens those governments which it does not overthrow. It +puts the army to the test; it consecrates the bourgeoisie, it draws out +the muscles of the police; it demonstrates the force of the social +framework. It is an exercise in gymnastics; it is almost hygiene. Power +is in better health after a revolt, as a man is after a good rubbing +down. + +Revolt, thirty years ago, was regarded from still other points of view. + +There is for everything a theory, which proclaims itself “good sense”; +Philintus against Alcestis; mediation offered between the false and the +true; explanation, admonition, rather haughty extenuation which, +because it is mingled with blame and excuse, thinks itself wisdom, and +is often only pedantry. A whole political school called “the golden +mean” has been the outcome of this. As between cold water and hot +water, it is the lukewarm water party. This school with its false +depth, all on the surface, which dissects effects without going back to +first causes, chides from its height of a demi-science, the agitation +of the public square. + +If we listen to this school, “The riots which complicated the affair of +1830 deprived that great event of a portion of its purity. The +Revolution of July had been a fine popular gale, abruptly followed by +blue sky. They made the cloudy sky reappear. They caused that +revolution, at first so remarkable for its unanimity, to degenerate +into a quarrel. In the Revolution of July, as in all progress +accomplished by fits and starts, there had been secret fractures; these +riots rendered them perceptible. It might have been said: ‘Ah! this is +broken.’ After the Revolution of July, one was sensible only of +deliverance; after the riots, one was conscious of a catastrophe. + +“All revolt closes the shops, depresses the funds, throws the Exchange +into consternation, suspends commerce, clogs business, precipitates +failures; no more money, private fortunes rendered uneasy, public +credit shaken, industry disconcerted, capital withdrawing, work at a +discount, fear everywhere; counter-shocks in every town. Hence gulfs. +It has been calculated that the first day of a riot costs France twenty +millions, the second day forty, the third sixty, a three days’ uprising +costs one hundred and twenty millions, that is to say, if only the +financial result be taken into consideration, it is equivalent to a +disaster, a shipwreck or a lost battle, which should annihilate a fleet +of sixty ships of the line. + +“No doubt, historically, uprisings have their beauty; the war of the +pavements is no less grandiose, and no less pathetic, than the war of +thickets: in the one there is the soul of forests, in the other the +heart of cities; the one has Jean Chouan, the other has a Jeanne. +Revolts have illuminated with a red glare all the most original points +of the Parisian character, generosity, devotion, stormy gayety, +students proving that bravery forms part of intelligence, the National +Guard invincible, bivouacs of shopkeepers, fortresses of street +urchins, contempt of death on the part of passers-by. Schools and +legions clashed together. After all, between the combatants, there was +only a difference of age; the race is the same; it is the same stoical +men who died at the age of twenty for their ideas, at forty for their +families. The army, always a sad thing in civil wars, opposed prudence +to audacity. Uprisings, while proving popular intrepidity, also +educated the courage of the bourgeois. + +“This is well. But is all this worth the bloodshed? And to the +bloodshed add the future darkness, progress compromised, uneasiness +among the best men, honest liberals in despair, foreign absolutism +happy in these wounds dealt to revolution by its own hand, the +vanquished of 1830 triumphing and saying: ‘We told you so!’ Add Paris +enlarged, possibly, but France most assuredly diminished. Add, for all +must needs be told, the massacres which have too often dishonored the +victory of order grown ferocious over liberty gone mad. To sum up all, +uprisings have been disastrous.” + + +Thus speaks that approximation to wisdom with which the bourgeoisie, +that approximation to the people, so willingly contents itself. + +For our parts, we reject this word _uprisings_ as too large, and +consequently as too convenient. We make a distinction between one +popular movement and another popular movement. We do not inquire +whether an uprising costs as much as a battle. Why a battle, in the +first place? Here the question of war comes up. Is war less of a +scourge than an uprising is of a calamity? And then, are all uprisings +calamities? And what if the revolt of July did cost a hundred and +twenty millions? The establishment of Philip V. in Spain cost France +two milliards. Even at the same price, we should prefer the 14th of +July. However, we reject these figures, which appear to be reasons and +which are only words. An uprising being given, we examine it by itself. +In all that is said by the doctrinarian objection above presented, +there is no question of anything but effect, we seek the cause. + +We will be explicit. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE ROOT OF THE MATTER + + +There is such a thing as an uprising, and there is such a thing as +insurrection; these are two separate phases of wrath; one is in the +wrong, the other is in the right. In democratic states, the only ones +which are founded on justice, it sometimes happens that the fraction +usurps; then the whole rises and the necessary claim of its rights may +proceed as far as resort to arms. In all questions which result from +collective sovereignty, the war of the whole against the fraction is +insurrection; the attack of the fraction against the whole is revolt; +according as the Tuileries contain a king or the Convention, they are +justly or unjustly attacked. The same cannon, pointed against the +populace, is wrong on the 10th of August, and right on the 14th of +VendĂ©miaire. Alike in appearance, fundamentally different in reality; +the Swiss defend the false, Bonaparte defends the true. That which +universal suffrage has effected in its liberty and in its sovereignty +cannot be undone by the street. It is the same in things pertaining +purely to civilization; the instinct of the masses, clear-sighted +to-day, may be troubled to-morrow. The same fury legitimate when +directed against Terray and absurd when directed against Turgot. The +destruction of machines, the pillage of warehouses, the breaking of +rails, the demolition of docks, the false routes of multitudes, the +refusal by the people of justice to progress, Ramus assassinated by +students, Rousseau driven out of Switzerland and stoned,—that is +revolt. Israel against Moses, Athens against Phocian, Rome against +Cicero,—that is an uprising; Paris against the Bastille,—that is +insurrection. The soldiers against Alexander, the sailors against +Christopher Columbus,—this is the same revolt; impious revolt; why? +Because Alexander is doing for Asia with the sword that which +Christopher Columbus is doing for America with the compass; Alexander +like Columbus, is finding a world. These gifts of a world to +civilization are such augmentations of light, that all resistance in +that case is culpable. Sometimes the populace counterfeits fidelity to +itself. The masses are traitors to the people. Is there, for example, +anything stranger than that long and bloody protest of dealers in +contraband salt, a legitimate chronic revolt, which, at the decisive +moment, on the day of salvation, at the very hour of popular victory, +espouses the throne, turns into _chouannerie_, and, from having been an +insurrection against, becomes an uprising for, sombre masterpieces of +ignorance! The contraband salt dealer escapes the royal gibbets, and +with a rope’s end round his neck, mounts the white cockade. “Death to +the salt duties,” brings forth, “Long live the King!” The assassins of +Saint-BarthĂ©lemy, the cut-throats of September, the manslaughterers of +Avignon, the assassins of Coligny, the assassins of Madam Lamballe, the +assassins of Brune, Miquelets, Verdets, Cadenettes, the companions of +JĂ©hu, the chevaliers of Brassard,—behold an uprising. La VendĂ©e is a +grand, catholic uprising. The sound of right in movement is +recognizable, it does not always proceed from the trembling of excited +masses; there are mad rages, there are cracked bells, all tocsins do +not give out the sound of bronze. The brawl of passions and ignorances +is quite another thing from the shock of progress. Show me in what +direction you are going. Rise, if you will, but let it be that you may +grow great. There is no insurrection except in a forward direction. Any +other sort of rising is bad; every violent step towards the rear is a +revolt; to retreat is to commit a deed of violence against the human +race. Insurrection is a fit of rage on the part of truth; the pavements +which the uprising disturbs give forth the spark of right. These +pavements bequeath to the uprising only their mud. Danton against Louis +XIV. is insurrection; HĂ©bert against Danton is revolt. + +Hence it results that if insurrection in given cases may be, as +Lafayette says, the most holy of duties, an uprising may be the most +fatal of crimes. + +There is also a difference in the intensity of heat; insurrection is +often a volcano, revolt is often only a fire of straw. + +Revolt, as we have said, is sometimes found among those in power. +Polignac is a rioter; Camille Desmoulins is one of the governing +powers. + +Insurrection is sometimes resurrection. + +The solution of everything by universal suffrage being an absolutely +modern fact, and all history anterior to this fact being, for the space +of four thousand years, filled with violated right, and the suffering +of peoples, each epoch of history brings with it that protest of which +it is capable. Under the CĂŠsars, there was no insurrection, but there +was Juvenal. + +The _facit indignatio_ replaces the Gracchi. + +Under the CĂŠsars, there is the exile to Syene; there is also the man of +the _Annales_. We do not speak of the immense exile of Patmos who, on +his part also, overwhelms the real world with a protest in the name of +the ideal world, who makes of his vision an enormous satire and casts +on Rome-Nineveh, on Rome-Babylon, on Rome-Sodom, the flaming reflection +of the Apocalypse. John on his rock is the sphinx on its pedestal; we +may understand him, he is a Jew, and it is Hebrew; but the man who +writes the _Annales_ is of the Latin race, let us rather say he is a +Roman. + +As the Neros reign in a black way, they should be painted to match. The +work of the graving-tool alone would be too pale; there must be poured +into the channel a concentrated prose which bites. + +Despots count for something in the question of philosophers. A word +that is chained is a terrible word. The writer doubles and trebles his +style when silence is imposed on a nation by its master. From this +silence there arises a certain mysterious plenitude which filters into +thought and there congeals into bronze. The compression of history +produces conciseness in the historian. The granite solidity of such and +such a celebrated prose is nothing but the accumulation effected by the +tyrant. + +Tyranny constrains the writer to conditions of diameter which are +augmentations of force. The Ciceronian period, which hardly sufficed +for Verres, would be blunted on Caligula. The less spread of sail in +the phrase, the more intensity in the blow. Tacitus thinks with all his +might. + +The honesty of a great heart, condensed in justice and truth, +overwhelms as with lightning. + +Be it remarked, in passing, that Tacitus is not historically superposed +upon CĂŠsar. The Tiberii were reserved for him. CĂŠsar and Tacitus are +two successive phenomena, a meeting between whom seems to be +mysteriously avoided, by the One who, when He sets the centuries on the +stage, regulates the entrances and the exits. CĂŠsar is great, Tacitus +is great; God spares these two greatnesses by not allowing them to +clash with one another. The guardian of justice, in striking CĂŠsar, +might strike too hard and be unjust. God does not will it. The great +wars of Africa and Spain, the pirates of Sicily destroyed, civilization +introduced into Gaul, into Britanny, into Germany,—all this glory +covers the Rubicon. There is here a sort of delicacy of the divine +justice, hesitating to let loose upon the illustrious usurper the +formidable historian, sparing CĂŠsar Tacitus, and according extenuating +circumstances to genius. + +Certainly, despotism remains despotism, even under the despot of +genius. There is corruption under all illustrious tyrants, but the +moral pest is still more hideous under infamous tyrants. In such +reigns, nothing veils the shame; and those who make examples, Tacitus +as well as Juvenal, slap this ignominy which cannot reply, in the face, +more usefully in the presence of all humanity. + +Rome smells worse under Vitellius than under Sylla. Under Claudius and +under Domitian, there is a deformity of baseness corresponding to the +repulsiveness of the tyrant. The villainy of slaves is a direct product +of the despot; a miasma exhales from these cowering consciences wherein +the master is reflected; public powers are unclean; hearts are small; +consciences are dull, souls are like vermin; thus it is under +Caracalla, thus it is under Commodus, thus it is under Heliogabalus, +while, from the Roman Senate, under CĂŠsar, there comes nothing but the +odor of the dung which is peculiar to the eyries of the eagles. + +Hence the advent, apparently tardy, of the Tacituses and the Juvenals; +it is in the hour for evidence, that the demonstrator makes his +appearance. + +But Juvenal and Tacitus, like Isaiah in Biblical times, like Dante in +the Middle Ages, is man; riot and insurrection are the multitude, which +is sometimes right and sometimes wrong. + +In the majority of cases, riot proceeds from a material fact; +insurrection is always a moral phenomenon. Riot is Masaniello; +insurrection, Spartacus. Insurrection borders on mind, riot on the +stomach; Gaster grows irritated; but Gaster, assuredly, is not always +in the wrong. In questions of famine, riot, Buzançais, for example, +holds a true, pathetic, and just point of departure. Nevertheless, it +remains a riot. Why? It is because, right at bottom, it was wrong in +form. Shy although in the right, violent although strong, it struck at +random; it walked like a blind elephant; it left behind it the corpses +of old men, of women, and of children; it wished the blood of +inoffensive and innocent persons without knowing why. The nourishment +of the people is a good object; to massacre them is a bad means. + +All armed protests, even the most legitimate, even that of the 10th of +August, even that of July 14th, begin with the same troubles. Before +the right gets set free, there is foam and tumult. In the beginning, +the insurrection is a riot, just as a river is a torrent. Ordinarily it +ends in that ocean: revolution. Sometimes, however, coming from those +lofty mountains which dominate the moral horizon, justice, wisdom, +reason, right, formed of the pure snow of the ideal, after a long fall +from rock to rock, after having reflected the sky in its transparency +and increased by a hundred affluents in the majestic mien of triumph, +insurrection is suddenly lost in some quagmire, as the Rhine is in a +swamp. + +All this is of the past, the future is another thing. Universal +suffrage has this admirable property, that it dissolves riot in its +inception, and, by giving the vote to insurrection, it deprives it of +its arms. The disappearance of wars, of street wars as well as of wars +on the frontiers, such is the inevitable progression. Whatever To-day +may be, To-morrow will be peace. + +However, insurrection, riot, and points of difference between the +former and the latter,—the bourgeois, properly speaking, knows nothing +of such shades. In his mind, all is sedition, rebellion pure and +simple, the revolt of the dog against his master, an attempt to bite +whom must be punished by the chain and the kennel, barking, snapping, +until such day as the head of the dog, suddenly enlarged, is outlined +vaguely in the gloom face to face with the lion. + +Then the bourgeois shouts: “Long live the people!” + + +This explanation given, what does the movement of June, 1832, signify, +so far as history is concerned? Is it a revolt? Is it an insurrection? + +It may happen to us, in placing this formidable event on the stage, to +say revolt now and then, but merely to distinguish superficial facts, +and always preserving the distinction between revolt, the form, and +insurrection, the foundation. + +This movement of 1832 had, in its rapid outbreak and in its melancholy +extinction, so much grandeur, that even those who see in it only an +uprising, never refer to it otherwise than with respect. For them, it +is like a relic of 1830. Excited imaginations, say they, are not to be +calmed in a day. A revolution cannot be cut off short. It must needs +undergo some undulations before it returns to a state of rest, like a +mountain sinking into the plain. There are no Alps without their Jura, +nor Pyrenees without the Asturias. + +This pathetic crisis of contemporary history which the memory of +Parisians calls “the epoch of the riots,” is certainly a characteristic +hour amid the stormy hours of this century. A last word, before we +enter on the recital. + +The facts which we are about to relate belong to that dramatic and +living reality, which the historian sometimes neglects for lack of time +and space. There, nevertheless, we insist upon it, is life, +palpitation, human tremor. Petty details, as we think we have already +said, are, so to speak, the foliage of great events, and are lost in +the distance of history. The epoch, surnamed “of the riots,” abounds in +details of this nature. Judicial inquiries have not revealed, and +perhaps have not sounded the depths, for another reason than history. +We shall therefore bring to light, among the known and published +peculiarities, things which have not heretofore been known, about facts +over which have passed the forgetfulness of some, and the death of +others. The majority of the actors in these gigantic scenes have +disappeared; beginning with the very next day they held their peace; +but of what we shall relate, we shall be able to say: “We have seen +this.” We alter a few names, for history relates and does not inform +against, but the deed which we shall paint will be genuine. In +accordance with the conditions of the book which we are now writing, we +shall show only one side and one episode, and certainly, the least +known at that, of the two days, the 5th and the 6th of June, 1832, but +we shall do it in such wise that the reader may catch a glimpse, +beneath the gloomy veil which we are about to lift, of the real form of +this frightful public adventure. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A BURIAL; AN OCCASION TO BE BORN AGAIN + + +In the spring of 1832, although the cholera had been chilling all minds +for the last three months and had cast over their agitation an +indescribable and gloomy pacification, Paris had already long been ripe +for commotion. As we have said, the great city resembles a piece of +artillery; when it is loaded, it suffices for a spark to fall, and the +shot is discharged. In June, 1832, the spark was the death of General +Lamarque. + +Lamarque was a man of renown and of action. He had had in succession, +under the Empire and under the Restoration, the sorts of bravery +requisite for the two epochs, the bravery of the battle-field and the +bravery of the tribune. He was as eloquent as he had been valiant; a +sword was discernible in his speech. Like Foy, his predecessor, after +upholding the command, he upheld liberty; he sat between the left and +the extreme left, beloved of the people because he accepted the chances +of the future, beloved of the populace because he had served the +Emperor well; he was, in company with Comtes GĂ©rard and Drouet, one of +Napoleon’s marshals _in petto_. The treaties of 1815 removed him as a +personal offence. He hated Wellington with a downright hatred which +pleased the multitude; and, for seventeen years, he majestically +preserved the sadness of Waterloo, paying hardly any attention to +intervening events. In his death agony, at his last hour, he clasped to +his breast a sword which had been presented to him by the officers of +the Hundred Days. Napoleon had died uttering the word _army_, Lamarque +uttering the word _country_. + +His death, which was expected, was dreaded by the people as a loss, and +by the government as an occasion. This death was an affliction. Like +everything that is bitter, affliction may turn to revolt. This is what +took place. + +On the preceding evening, and on the morning of the 5th of June, the +day appointed for Lamarque’s burial, the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, which +the procession was to touch at, assumed a formidable aspect. This +tumultuous network of streets was filled with rumors. They armed +themselves as best they might. Joiners carried off door-weights of +their establishment “to break down doors.” One of them had made himself +a dagger of a stocking-weaver’s hook by breaking off the hook and +sharpening the stump. Another, who was in a fever “to attack,” slept +wholly dressed for three days. A carpenter named Lombier met a comrade, +who asked him: “Whither are you going?” “Eh! well, I have no weapons.” +“What then?” “I’m going to my timber-yard to get my compasses.” “What +for?” “I don’t know,” said Lombier. A certain Jacqueline, an +expeditious man, accosted some passing artisans: “Come here, you!” He +treated them to ten sous’ worth of wine and said: “Have you work?” +“No.” “Go to Filspierre, between the BarriĂšre Charonne and the BarriĂšre +Montreuil, and you will find work.” At Filspierre’s they found +cartridges and arms. Certain well-known leaders were going the rounds, +that is to say, running from one house to another, to collect their +men. At BarthĂ©lemy’s, near the BarriĂšre du TrĂŽne, at Capel’s, near the +Petit-Chapeau, the drinkers accosted each other with a grave air. They +were heard to say: “Have you your pistol?” “Under my blouse.” “And +you?” “Under my shirt.” In the Rue TraversiĂšre, in front of the Bland +workshop, and in the yard of the Maison-BrulĂ©e, in front of tool-maker +Bernier’s, groups whispered together. Among them was observed a certain +Mavot, who never remained more than a week in one shop, as the masters +always discharged him “because they were obliged to dispute with him +every day.” Mavot was killed on the following day at the barricade of +the Rue MĂ©nilmontant. Pretot, who was destined to perish also in the +struggle, seconded Mavot, and to the question: “What is your object?” +he replied: _“Insurrection.”_ Workmen assembled at the corner of the +Rue de Bercy, waited for a certain Lemarin, the revolutionary agent for +the Faubourg Saint-Marceau. Watchwords were exchanged almost publicly. + +On the 5th of June, accordingly, a day of mingled rain and sun, General +Lamarque’s funeral procession traversed Paris with official military +pomp, somewhat augmented through precaution. Two battalions, with +draped drums and reversed arms, ten thousand National Guards, with +their swords at their sides, escorted the coffin. The hearse was drawn +by young men. The officers of the Invalides came immediately behind it, +bearing laurel branches. Then came an innumerable, strange, agitated +multitude, the sectionaries of the Friends of the People, the Law +School, the Medical School, refugees of all nationalities, and Spanish, +Italian, German, and Polish flags, tricolored horizontal banners, every +possible sort of banner, children waving green boughs, stone-cutters +and carpenters who were on strike at the moment, printers who were +recognizable by their paper caps, marching two by two, three by three, +uttering cries, nearly all of them brandishing sticks, some brandishing +sabres, without order and yet with a single soul, now a tumultuous +rout, again a column. Squads chose themselves leaders; a man armed with +a pair of pistols in full view, seemed to pass the host in review, and +the files separated before him. On the side alleys of the boulevards, +in the branches of the trees, on balconies, in windows, on the roofs, +swarmed the heads of men, women, and children; all eyes were filled +with anxiety. An armed throng was passing, and a terrified throng +looked on. + +The Government, on its side, was taking observations. It observed with +its hand on its sword. Four squadrons of carabineers could be seen in +the Place Louis XV. in their saddles, with their trumpets at their +head, cartridge-boxes filled and muskets loaded, all in readiness to +march; in the Latin country and at the Jardin des Plantes, the +Municipal Guard echelonned from street to street; at the +Halle-aux-Vins, a squadron of dragoons; at the GrĂšve half of the 12th +Light Infantry, the other half being at the Bastille; the 6th Dragoons +at the CĂ©lestins; and the courtyard of the Louvre full of artillery. +The remainder of the troops were confined to their barracks, without +reckoning the regiments of the environs of Paris. Power being uneasy, +held suspended over the menacing multitude twenty-four thousand +soldiers in the city and thirty thousand in the banlieue. + +Divers reports were in circulation in the cortĂšge. Legitimist tricks +were hinted at; they spoke of the Duc de Reichstadt, whom God had +marked out for death at that very moment when the populace were +designating him for the Empire. One personage, whose name has remained +unknown, announced that at a given hour two overseers who had been won +over, would throw open the doors of a factory of arms to the people. +That which predominated on the uncovered brows of the majority of those +present was enthusiasm mingled with dejection. Here and there, also, in +that multitude given over to such violent but noble emotions, there +were visible genuine visages of criminals and ignoble mouths which +said: “Let us plunder!” There are certain agitations which stir up the +bottoms of marshes and make clouds of mud rise through the water. A +phenomenon to which “well drilled” policemen are no strangers. + +The procession proceeded, with feverish slowness, from the house of the +deceased, by way of the boulevards as far as the Bastille. It rained +from time to time; the rain mattered nothing to that throng. Many +incidents, the coffin borne round the Vendome column, stones thrown at +the Duc de Fitz-James, who was seen on a balcony with his hat on his +head, the Gallic cock torn from a popular flag and dragged in the mire, +a policeman wounded with a blow from a sword at the Porte Saint-Martin, +an officer of the 12th Light Infantry saying aloud: “I am a +Republican,” the Polytechnic School coming up unexpectedly against +orders to remain at home, the shouts of: “Long live the Polytechnique! +Long live the Republic!” marked the passage of the funeral train. At +the Bastille, long files of curious and formidable people who descended +from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, effected a junction with the +procession, and a certain terrible seething began to agitate the +throng. + +One man was heard to say to another: “Do you see that fellow with a red +beard, he’s the one who will give the word when we are to fire.” It +appears that this red beard was present, at another riot, the QuĂ©nisset +affair, entrusted with this same function. + +The hearse passed the Bastille, traversed the small bridge, and reached +the esplanade of the bridge of Austerlitz. There it halted. The crowd, +surveyed at that moment with a bird’s-eye view, would have presented +the aspect of a comet whose head was on the esplanade and whose tail +spread out over the Quai Bourdon, covered the Bastille, and was +prolonged on the boulevard as far as the Porte Saint-Martin. A circle +was traced around the hearse. The vast rout held their peace. Lafayette +spoke and bade Lamarque farewell. This was a touching and august +instant, all heads uncovered, all hearts beat high. + +All at once, a man on horseback, clad in black, made his appearance in +the middle of the group with a red flag, others say, with a pike +surmounted with a red liberty-cap. Lafayette turned aside his head. +Exelmans quitted the procession. + +This red flag raised a storm, and disappeared in the midst of it. From +the Boulevard Bourdon to the bridge of Austerlitz one of those clamors +which resemble billows stirred the multitude. Two prodigious shouts +went up: “Lamarque to the Pantheon!—Lafayette to the Town-hall!” Some +young men, amid the declamations of the throng, harnessed themselves +and began to drag Lamarque in the hearse across the bridge of +Austerlitz and Lafayette in a hackney-coach along the Quai Morland. + +In the crowd which surrounded and cheered Lafayette, it was noticed +that a German showed himself named Ludwig Snyder, who died a +centenarian afterwards, who had also been in the war of 1776, and who +had fought at Trenton under Washington, and at Brandywine under +Lafayette. + +In the meantime, the municipal cavalry on the left bank had been set in +motion, and came to bar the bridge, on the right bank the dragoons +emerged from the CĂ©lestins and deployed along the Quai Morland. The men +who were dragging Lafayette suddenly caught sight of them at the corner +of the quay and shouted: “The dragoons!” The dragoons advanced at a +walk, in silence, with their pistols in their holsters, their swords in +their scabbards, their guns slung in their leather sockets, with an air +of gloomy expectation. + +They halted two hundred paces from the little bridge. The carriage in +which sat Lafayette advanced to them, their ranks opened and allowed it +to pass, and then closed behind it. At that moment the dragoons and the +crowd touched. The women fled in terror. What took place during that +fatal minute? No one can say. It is the dark moment when two clouds +come together. Some declare that a blast of trumpets sounding the +charge was heard in the direction of the Arsenal, others that a blow +from a dagger was given by a child to a dragoon. The fact is, that +three shots were suddenly discharged: the first killed Cholet, chief of +the squadron, the second killed an old deaf woman who was in the act of +closing her window, the third singed the shoulder of an officer; a +woman screamed: “They are beginning too soon!” and all at once, a +squadron of dragoons which had remained in the barracks up to this +time, was seen to debouch at a gallop with bared swords, through the +Rue Bassompierre and the Boulevard Bourdon, sweeping all before them. + +Then all is said, the tempest is loosed, stones rain down, a fusillade +breaks forth, many precipitate themselves to the bottom of the bank, +and pass the small arm of the Seine, now filled in, the timber-yards of +the Isle Louviers, that vast citadel ready to hand, bristle with +combatants, stakes are torn up, pistol-shots fired, a barricade begun, +the young men who are thrust back pass the Austerlitz bridge with the +hearse at a run, and the municipal guard, the carabineers rush up, the +dragoons ply their swords, the crowd disperses in all directions, a +rumor of war flies to all four quarters of Paris, men shout: “To arms!” +they run, tumble down, flee, resist. Wrath spreads abroad the riot as +wind spreads a fire. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE EBULLITIONS OF FORMER DAYS + + +Nothing is more extraordinary than the first breaking out of a riot. +Everything bursts forth everywhere at once. Was it foreseen? Yes. Was +it prepared? No. Whence comes it? From the pavements. Whence falls it? +From the clouds. Here insurrection assumes the character of a plot; +there of an improvisation. The first comer seizes a current of the +throng and leads it whither he wills. A beginning full of terror, in +which is mingled a sort of formidable gayety. First come clamors, the +shops are closed, the displays of the merchants disappear; then come +isolated shots; people flee; blows from gun-stocks beat against +portes-cochĂšres, servants can be heard laughing in the courtyards of +houses and saying: “There’s going to be a row!” + + +A quarter of an hour had not elapsed when this is what was taking place +at twenty different spots in Paris at once. + +In the Rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie, twenty young men, bearded +and with long hair, entered a dram-shop and emerged a moment later, +carrying a horizontal tricolored flag covered with crape, and having at +their head three men armed, one with a sword, one with a gun, and the +third with a pike. + +In the Rue des NonaindiĂšres, a very well-dressed bourgeois, who had a +prominent belly, a sonorous voice, a bald head, a lofty brow, a black +beard, and one of these stiff moustaches which will not lie flat, +offered cartridges publicly to passers-by. + +In the Rue Saint-Pierre-Montmartre, men with bare arms carried about a +black flag, on which could be read in white letters this inscription: +“Republic or Death!” In the Rue des JeĂ»neurs, Rue du Cadran, Rue +Montorgueil, Rue Mandar, groups appeared waving flags on which could be +distinguished in gold letters, the word _section_ with a number. One of +these flags was red and blue with an almost imperceptible stripe of +white between. + +They pillaged a factory of small-arms on the Boulevard Saint-Martin, +and three armorers’ shops, the first in the Rue Beaubourg, the second +in the Rue Michel-le-Comte, the other in the Rue du Temple. In a few +minutes, the thousand hands of the crowd had seized and carried off two +hundred and thirty guns, nearly all double-barrelled, sixty-four +swords, and eighty-three pistols. In order to provide more arms, one +man took the gun, the other the bayonet. + +Opposite the Quai de la GrĂšve, young men armed with muskets installed +themselves in the houses of some women for the purpose of firing. One +of them had a flint-lock. They rang, entered, and set about making +cartridges. One of these women relates: “I did not know what cartridges +were; it was my husband who told me.” + + +One cluster broke into a curiosity shop in the Rue des +Vieilles-Haudriettes, and seized yataghans and Turkish arms. + +The body of a mason who had been killed by a gun-shot lay in the Rue de +la Perle. + +And then on the right bank, the left bank, on the quays, on the +boulevards, in the Latin country, in the quarter of the Halles, panting +men, artisans, students, members of sections read proclamations and +shouted: “To arms!” broke street lanterns, unharnessed carriages, +unpaved the streets, broke in the doors of houses, uprooted trees, +rummaged cellars, rolled out hogsheads, heaped up paving-stones, rough +slabs, furniture and planks, and made barricades. + +They forced the bourgeois to assist them in this. They entered the +dwellings of women, they forced them to hand over the swords and guns +of their absent husbands, and they wrote on the door, with whiting: +“The arms have been delivered”; some signed “their names” to receipts +for the guns and swords and said: “Send for them to-morrow at the +Mayor’s office.” They disarmed isolated sentinels and National +Guardsmen in the streets on their way to the Townhall. They tore the +epaulets from officers. In the Rue du CimitiĂšre-Saint-Nicholas, an +officer of the National Guard, on being pursued by a crowd armed with +clubs and foils, took refuge with difficulty in a house, whence he was +only able to emerge at nightfall and in disguise. + +In the Quartier Saint-Jacques, the students swarmed out of their hotels +and ascended the Rue Saint-Hyacinthe to the CafĂ© du ProgrĂšss, or +descended to the CafĂ© des Sept-Billards, in the Rue des Mathurins. +There, in front of the door, young men mounted on the stone +corner-posts, distributed arms. They plundered the timber-yard in the +Rue Transnonain in order to obtain material for barricades. On a single +point the inhabitants resisted, at the corner of the Rue Sainte-Avoye +and the Rue Simon-Le-Franc, where they destroyed the barricade with +their own hands. At a single point the insurgents yielded; they +abandoned a barricade begun in the Rue de Temple after having fired on +a detachment of the National Guard, and fled through the Rue de la +Corderie. The detachment picked up in the barricade a red flag, a +package of cartridges, and three hundred pistol-balls. The National +Guardsmen tore up the flag, and carried off its tattered remains on the +points of their bayonets. + +All that we are here relating slowly and successively took place +simultaneously at all points of the city in the midst of a vast tumult, +like a mass of tongues of lightning in one clap of thunder. In less +than an hour, twenty-seven barricades sprang out of the earth in the +quarter of the Halles alone. In the centre was that famous house No. +50, which was the fortress of Jeanne and her six hundred companions, +and which, flanked on the one hand by a barricade at Saint-Merry, and +on the other by a barricade of the Rue MaubuĂ©e, commanded three +streets, the Rue des Arcis, the Rue Saint-Martin, and the Rue +Aubry-le-Boucher, which it faced. The barricades at right angles fell +back, the one of the Rue Montorgueil on the Grande-Truanderie, the +other of the Rue Geoffroy-Langevin on the Rue Sainte-Avoye. Without +reckoning innumerable barricades in twenty other quarters of Paris, in +the Marais, at Mont-Sainte-GeneviĂšve; one in the Rue MĂ©nilmontant, +where was visible a porte-cochĂšre torn from its hinges; another near +the little bridge of the HĂŽtel-Dieu made with an â€œĂ©cossais,” which had +been unharnessed and overthrown, three hundred paces from the +Prefecture of Police. + +At the barricade of the Rue des MĂ©nĂ©triers, a well-dressed man +distributed money to the workmen. At the barricade of the Rue Grenetat, +a horseman made his appearance and handed to the one who seemed to be +the commander of the barricade what had the appearance of a roll of +silver. “Here,” said he, “this is to pay expenses, wine, et cĂŠtera.” A +light-haired young man, without a cravat, went from barricade to +barricade, carrying pass-words. Another, with a naked sword, a blue +police cap on his head, placed sentinels. In the interior, beyond the +barricades, the wine-shops and porters’ lodges were converted into +guard-houses. Otherwise the riot was conducted after the most +scientific military tactics. The narrow, uneven, sinuous streets, full +of angles and turns, were admirably chosen; the neighborhood of the +Halles, in particular, a network of streets more intricate than a +forest. The Society of the Friends of the People had, it was said, +undertaken to direct the insurrection in the Quartier Sainte-Avoye. A +man killed in the Rue du Ponceau who was searched had on his person a +plan of Paris. + +That which had really undertaken the direction of the uprising was a +sort of strange impetuosity which was in the air. The insurrection had +abruptly built barricades with one hand, and with the other seized +nearly all the posts of the garrison. In less than three hours, like a +train of powder catching fire, the insurgents had invaded and occupied, +on the right bank, the Arsenal, the Mayoralty of the Place Royale, the +whole of the Marais, the Popincourt arms manufactory, la Galiote, the +ChĂąteau-d’Eau, and all the streets near the Halles; on the left bank, +the barracks of the Veterans, Sainte-PĂ©lagie, the Place Maubert, the +powder magazine of the Deux-Moulins, and all the barriers. At five +o’clock in the evening, they were masters of the Bastille, of the +Lingerie, of the Blancs-Manteaux; their scouts had reached the Place +des Victoires, and menaced the Bank, the Petits-PĂšres barracks, and the +Post-Office. A third of Paris was in the hands of the rioters. + +The conflict had been begun on a gigantic scale at all points; and, as +a result of the disarming domiciliary visits, and armorers’ shops +hastily invaded, was, that the combat which had begun with the throwing +of stones was continued with gun-shots. + +About six o’clock in the evening, the Passage du Saumon became the +field of battle. The uprising was at one end, the troops were at the +other. They fired from one gate to the other. An observer, a dreamer, +the author of this book, who had gone to get a near view of this +volcano, found himself in the passage between the two fires. All that +he had to protect him from the bullets was the swell of the two +half-columns which separate the shops; he remained in this delicate +situation for nearly half an hour. + +Meanwhile the call to arms was beaten, the National Guard armed in +haste, the legions emerged from the Mayoralities, the regiments from +their barracks. Opposite the passage de l’Ancre a drummer received a +blow from a dagger. Another, in the Rue du Cygne, was assailed by +thirty young men who broke his instrument, and took away his sword. +Another was killed in the Rue Grenier-Saint-Lazare. In the Rue +Michel-le-Comte, three officers fell dead one after the other. Many of +the Municipal Guards, on being wounded, in the Rue des Lombards, +retreated. + +In front of the Cour-Batave, a detachment of National Guards found a +red flag bearing the following inscription: _Republican revolution, No. +127_. Was this a revolution, in fact? + +The insurrection had made of the centre of Paris a sort of +inextricable, tortuous, colossal citadel. + +There was the hearth; there, evidently, was the question. All the rest +was nothing but skirmishes. The proof that all would be decided there +lay in the fact that there was no fighting going on there as yet. + +In some regiments, the soldiers were uncertain, which added to the +fearful uncertainty of the crisis. They recalled the popular ovation +which had greeted the neutrality of the 53d of the Line in July, 1830. +Two intrepid men, tried in great wars, the Marshal Lobau and General +Bugeaud, were in command, Bugeaud under Lobau. Enormous patrols, +composed of battalions of the Line, enclosed in entire companies of the +National Guard, and preceded by a commissary of police wearing his +scarf of office, went to reconnoitre the streets in rebellion. The +insurgents, on their side, placed videttes at the corners of all open +spaces, and audaciously sent their patrols outside the barricades. Each +side was watching the other. The Government, with an army in its hand, +hesitated; the night was almost upon them, and the Saint-Merry tocsin +began to make itself heard. The Minister of War at that time, Marshal +Soult, who had seen Austerlitz, regarded this with a gloomy air. + +These old sailors, accustomed to correct manƓuvres and having as +resource and guide only tactics, that compass of battles, are utterly +disconcerted in the presence of that immense foam which is called +public wrath. + +The National Guards of the suburbs rushed up in haste and disorder. A +battalion of the 12th Light came at a run from Saint-Denis, the 14th of +the Line arrived from Courbevoie, the batteries of the Military School +had taken up their position on the Carrousel; cannons were descending +from Vincennes. + +Solitude was formed around the Tuileries. Louis Philippe was perfectly +serene. + + + + +CHAPTER V—ORIGINALITY OF PARIS + + +During the last two years, as we have said, Paris had witnessed more +than one insurrection. Nothing is, generally, more singularly calm than +the physiognomy of Paris during an uprising beyond the bounds of the +rebellious quarters. Paris very speedily accustoms herself to +anything,—it is only a riot,—and Paris has so many affairs on hand, +that she does not put herself out for so small a matter. These colossal +cities alone can offer such spectacles. These immense enclosures alone +can contain at the same time civil war and an odd and indescribable +tranquillity. Ordinarily, when an insurrection commences, when the +shop-keeper hears the drum, the call to arms, the general alarm, he +contents himself with the remark:— + +“There appears to be a squabble in the Rue Saint-Martin.” + + +Or:— + +“In the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.” + + +Often he adds carelessly:— + +“Or somewhere in that direction.” + + +Later on, when the heart-rending and mournful hubbub of musketry and +firing by platoons becomes audible, the shopkeeper says:— + +“It’s getting hot! Hullo, it’s getting hot!” + + +A moment later, the riot approaches and gains in force, he shuts up his +shop precipitately, hastily dons his uniform, that is to say, he places +his merchandise in safety and risks his own person. + +Men fire in a square, in a passage, in a blind alley; they take and +re-take the barricade; blood flows, the grape-shot riddles the fronts +of the houses, the balls kill people in their beds, corpses encumber +the streets. A few streets away, the shock of billiard-balls can be +heard in the cafĂ©s. + +The theatres open their doors and present vaudevilles; the curious +laugh and chat a couple of paces distant from these streets filled with +war. Hackney-carriages go their way; passers-by are going to a dinner +somewhere in town. Sometimes in the very quarter where the fighting is +going on. + +In 1831, a fusillade was stopped to allow a wedding party to pass. + +At the time of the insurrection of 1839, in the Rue Saint-Martin a +little, infirm old man, pushing a hand-cart surmounted by a tricolored +rag, in which he had carafes filled with some sort of liquid, went and +came from barricade to troops and from troops to the barricade, +offering his glasses of cocoa impartially,—now to the Government, now +to anarchy. + +Nothing can be stranger; and this is the peculiar character of +uprisings in Paris, which cannot be found in any other capital. To this +end, two things are requisite, the size of Paris and its gayety. The +city of Voltaire and Napoleon is necessary. + +On this occasion, however, in the resort to arms of June 5th, 1832, the +great city felt something which was, perhaps, stronger than itself. It +was afraid. + +Closed doors, windows, and shutters were to be seen everywhere, in the +most distant and most “disinterested” quarters. The courageous took to +arms, the poltroons hid. The busy and heedless passer-by disappeared. +Many streets were empty at four o’clock in the morning. + +Alarming details were hawked about, fatal news was disseminated,—that +_they_ were masters of the Bank;—that there were six hundred of them in +the Cloister of Saint-Merry alone, entrenched and embattled in the +church; that the line was not to be depended on; that Armand Carrel had +been to see Marshal Clausel and that the Marshal had said: “Get a +regiment first”; that Lafayette was ill, but that he had said to them, +nevertheless: “I am with you. I will follow you wherever there is room +for a chair”; that one must be on one’s guard; that at night there +would be people pillaging isolated dwellings in the deserted corners of +Paris (there the imagination of the police, that Anne Radcliffe mixed +up with the Government was recognizable); that a battery had been +established in the Rue Aubry le Boucher; that Lobau and Bugeaud were +putting their heads together, and that, at midnight, or at daybreak at +latest, four columns would march simultaneously on the centre of the +uprising, the first coming from the Bastille, the second from the Porte +Saint-Martin, the third from the GrĂšve, the fourth from the Halles; +that perhaps, also, the troops would evacuate Paris and withdraw to the +Champ-de-Mars; that no one knew what would happen, but that this time, +it certainly was serious. + +People busied themselves over Marshal Soult’s hesitations. Why did not +he attack at once? It is certain that he was profoundly absorbed. The +old lion seemed to scent an unknown monster in that gloom. + +Evening came, the theatres did not open; the patrols circulated with an +air of irritation; passers-by were searched; suspicious persons were +arrested. By nine o’clock, more than eight hundred persons had been +arrested, the Prefecture of Police was encumbered with them, so was the +Conciergerie, so was La Force. + +At the Conciergerie in particular, the long vault which is called the +Rue de Paris was littered with trusses of straw upon which lay a heap +of prisoners, whom the man of Lyons, Lagrange, harangued valiantly. All +that straw rustled by all these men, produced the sound of a heavy +shower. Elsewhere prisoners slept in the open air in the meadows, piled +on top of each other. + +Anxiety reigned everywhere, and a certain tremor which was not habitual +with Paris. + +People barricaded themselves in their houses; wives and mothers were +uneasy; nothing was to be heard but this: “Ah! my God! He has not come +home!” There was hardly even the distant rumble of a vehicle to be +heard. + +People listened on their thresholds, to the rumors, the shouts, the +tumult, the dull and indistinct sounds, to the things that were said: +“It is cavalry,” or: “Those are the caissons galloping,” to the +trumpets, the drums, the firing, and, above all, to that lamentable +alarm peal from Saint-Merry. + +They waited for the first cannon-shot. Men sprang up at the corners of +the streets and disappeared, shouting: “Go home!” And people made haste +to bolt their doors. They said: “How will all this end?” From moment to +moment, in proportion as the darkness descended, Paris seemed to take +on a more mournful hue from the formidable flaming of the revolt. + + + + +BOOK ELEVENTH—THE ATOM FRATERNIZES WITH THE HURRICANE + + + + +CHAPTER I—SOME EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF GAVROCHE’S +POETRY. THE INFLUENCE OF AN ACADEMICIAN ON THIS POETRY + + +At the instant when the insurrection, arising from the shock of the +populace and the military in front of the Arsenal, started a movement +in advance and towards the rear in the multitude which was following +the hearse and which, through the whole length of the boulevards, +weighed, so to speak, on the head of the procession, there arose a +frightful ebb. The rout was shaken, their ranks were broken, all ran, +fled, made their escape, some with shouts of attack, others with the +pallor of flight. The great river which covered the boulevards divided +in a twinkling, overflowed to right and left, and spread in torrents +over two hundred streets at once with the roar of a sewer that has +broken loose. + +At that moment, a ragged child who was coming down through the Rue +MĂ©nilmontant, holding in his hand a branch of blossoming laburnum which +he had just plucked on the heights of Belleville, caught sight of an +old holster-pistol in the show-window of a bric-Ă -brac merchant’s shop. + +“Mother What’s-your-name, I’m going to borrow your machine.” + + +And off he ran with the pistol. + +Two minutes later, a flood of frightened bourgeois who were fleeing +through the Rue Amelot and the Rue Basse, encountered the lad +brandishing his pistol and singing:— + +La nuit on ne voit rien, +Le jour on voit trĂšs bien, +D’un Ă©crit apocryphe +Le bourgeois s’ébouriffe, +Pratiquez la vertu, +Tutu, chapeau pointu!44 + + +It was little Gavroche on his way to the wars. + +On the boulevard he noticed that the pistol had no trigger. + +Who was the author of that couplet which served to punctuate his march, +and of all the other songs which he was fond of singing on occasion? We +know not. Who does know? Himself, perhaps. However, Gavroche was well +up in all the popular tunes in circulation, and he mingled with them +his own chirpings. An observing urchin and a rogue, he made a potpourri +of the voices of nature and the voices of Paris. He combined the +repertory of the birds with the repertory of the workshops. He was +acquainted with thieves, a tribe contiguous to his own. He had, it +appears, been for three months apprenticed to a printer. He had one day +executed a commission for M. Baour-Lormian, one of the Forty. Gavroche +was a gamin of letters. + +Moreover, Gavroche had no suspicion of the fact that when he had +offered the hospitality of his elephant to two brats on that +villainously rainy night, it was to his own brothers that he had played +the part of Providence. His brothers in the evening, his father in the +morning; that is what his night had been like. On quitting the Rue des +Ballets at daybreak, he had returned in haste to the elephant, had +artistically extracted from it the two brats, had shared with them some +sort of breakfast which he had invented, and had then gone away, +confiding them to that good mother, the street, who had brought him up, +almost entirely. On leaving them, he had appointed to meet them at the +same spot in the evening, and had left them this discourse by way of a +farewell: “I break a cane, otherwise expressed, I cut my stick, or, as +they say at the court, I file off. If you don’t find papa and mamma, +young ’uns, come back here this evening. I’ll scramble you up some +supper, and I’ll give you a shakedown.” The two children, picked up by +some policeman and placed in the refuge, or stolen by some mountebank, +or having simply strayed off in that immense Chinese puzzle of a Paris, +did not return. The lowest depths of the actual social world are full +of these lost traces. Gavroche did not see them again. Ten or twelve +weeks had elapsed since that night. More than once he had scratched the +back of his head and said: “Where the devil are my two children?” + + +In the meantime, he had arrived, pistol in hand, in the Rue du +Pont-aux-Choux. He noticed that there was but one shop open in that +street, and, a matter worthy of reflection, that was a pastry-cook’s +shop. This presented a providential occasion to eat another +apple-turnover before entering the unknown. Gavroche halted, fumbled in +his fob, turned his pocket inside out, found nothing, not even a sou, +and began to shout: “Help!” + + +It is hard to miss the last cake. + +Nevertheless, Gavroche pursued his way. + +Two minutes later he was in the Rue Saint-Louis. While traversing the +Rue du Parc-Royal, he felt called upon to make good the loss of the +apple-turnover which had been impossible, and he indulged himself in +the immense delight of tearing down the theatre posters in broad +daylight. + +A little further on, on catching sight of a group of +comfortable-looking persons, who seemed to be landed proprietors, he +shrugged his shoulders and spit out at random before him this mouthful +of philosophical bile as they passed: + +“How fat those moneyed men are! They’re drunk! They just wallow in good +dinners. Ask ’em what they do with their money. They don’t know. They +eat it, that’s what they do! As much as their bellies will hold.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—GAVROCHE ON THE MARCH + + +The brandishing of a triggerless pistol, grasped in one’s hand in the +open street, is so much of a public function that Gavroche felt his +fervor increasing with every moment. Amid the scraps of the +Marseillaise which he was singing, he shouted:— + +“All goes well. I suffer a great deal in my left paw, I’m all broken up +with rheumatism, but I’m satisfied, citizens. All that the bourgeois +have to do is to bear themselves well, I’ll sneeze them out subversive +couplets. What are the police spies? Dogs. And I’d just like to have +one of them at the end of my pistol. I’m just from the boulevard, my +friends. It’s getting hot there, it’s getting into a little boil, it’s +simmering. It’s time to skim the pot. Forward march, men! Let an impure +blood inundate the furrows! I give my days to my country, I shall never +see my concubine more, Nini, finished, yes, Nini? But never mind! Long +live joy! Let’s fight, crebleu! I’ve had enough of despotism.” + + +At that moment, the horse of a lancer of the National Guard having +fallen, Gavroche laid his pistol on the pavement, and picked up the +man, then he assisted in raising the horse. After which he picked up +his pistol and resumed his way. In the Rue de Thorigny, all was peace +and silence. This apathy, peculiar to the Marais, presented a contrast +with the vast surrounding uproar. Four gossips were chatting in a +doorway. + +Scotland has trios of witches, Paris has quartettes of old gossiping +hags; and the “Thou shalt be King” could be quite as mournfully hurled +at Bonaparte in the Carrefour Baudoyer as at Macbeth on the heath of +Armuyr. The croak would be almost identical. + +The gossips of the Rue de Thorigny busied themselves only with their +own concerns. Three of them were portresses, and the fourth was a +rag-picker with her basket on her back. + +All four of them seemed to be standing at the four corners of old age, +which are decrepitude, decay, ruin, and sadness. + +The rag-picker was humble. In this open-air society, it is the +rag-picker who salutes and the portress who patronizes. This is caused +by the corner for refuse, which is fat or lean, according to the will +of the portresses, and after the fancy of the one who makes the heap. +There may be kindness in the broom. + +This rag-picker was a grateful creature, and she smiled, with what a +smile! on the three portresses. Things of this nature were said:— + +“Ah, by the way, is your cat still cross?” + + +“Good gracious, cats are naturally the enemies of dogs, you know. It’s +the dogs who complain.” + + +“And people also.” + + +“But the fleas from a cat don’t go after people.” + + +“That’s not the trouble, dogs are dangerous. I remember one year when +there were so many dogs that it was necessary to put it in the +newspapers. That was at the time when there were at the Tuileries great +sheep that drew the little carriage of the King of Rome. Do you +remember the King of Rome?” + + +“I liked the Duc de Bordeau better.” + + +“I knew Louis XVIII. I prefer Louis XVIII.” + + +“Meat is awfully dear, isn’t it, Mother Patagon?” + + +“Ah! don’t mention it, the butcher’s shop is a horror. A horrible +horror—one can’t afford anything but the poor cuts nowadays.” + + +Here the rag-picker interposed:— + +“Ladies, business is dull. The refuse heaps are miserable. No one +throws anything away any more. They eat everything.” + + +“There are poorer people than you, la VargoulĂȘme.” + + +“Ah, that’s true,” replied the rag-picker, with deference, “I have a +profession.” + + +A pause succeeded, and the rag-picker, yielding to that necessity for +boasting which lies at the bottom of man, added:— + +“In the morning, on my return home, I pick over my basket, I sort my +things. This makes heaps in my room. I put the rags in a basket, the +cores and stalks in a bucket, the linen in my cupboard, the woollen +stuff in my commode, the old papers in the corner of the window, the +things that are good to eat in my bowl, the bits of glass in my +fireplace, the old shoes behind my door, and the bones under my bed.” + + +Gavroche had stopped behind her and was listening. + +“Old ladies,” said he, “what do you mean by talking politics?” + + +He was assailed by a broadside, composed of a quadruple howl. + +“Here’s another rascal.” + + +“What’s that he’s got in his paddle? A pistol?” + + +“Well, I’d like to know what sort of a beggar’s brat this is?” + + +“That sort of animal is never easy unless he’s overturning the +authorities.” + + +Gavroche disdainfully contented himself, by way of reprisal, with +elevating the tip of his nose with his thumb and opening his hand wide. + +The rag-picker cried:— + +“You malicious, bare-pawed little wretch!” + + +The one who answered to the name of Patagon clapped her hands together +in horror. + +“There’s going to be evil doings, that’s certain. The errand-boy next +door has a little pointed beard, I have seen him pass every day with a +young person in a pink bonnet on his arm; to-day I saw him pass, and he +had a gun on his arm. Mame Bacheux says, that last week there was a +revolution at—at—at—where’s the calf!—at Pontoise. And then, there you +see him, that horrid scamp, with his pistol! It seems that the +CĂ©lestins are full of pistols. What do you suppose the Government can +do with good-for-nothings who don’t know how to do anything but +contrive ways of upsetting the world, when we had just begun to get a +little quiet after all the misfortunes that have happened, good Lord! +to that poor queen whom I saw pass in the tumbril! And all this is +going to make tobacco dearer. It’s infamous! And I shall certainly go +to see him beheaded on the guillotine, the wretch!” + + +“You’ve got the sniffles, old lady,” said Gavroche. “Blow your +promontory.” + + +And he passed on. When he was in the Rue PavĂ©e, the rag-picker occurred +to his mind, and he indulged in this soliloquy:— + +“You’re in the wrong to insult the revolutionists, Mother +Dust-Heap-Corner. This pistol is in your interests. It’s so that you +may have more good things to eat in your basket.” + + +All at once, he heard a shout behind him; it was the portress Patagon +who had followed him, and who was shaking her fist at him in the +distance and crying:— + +“You’re nothing but a bastard.” + + +“Oh! Come now,” said Gavroche, “I don’t care a brass farthing for +that!” + + +Shortly afterwards, he passed the Hotel Lamoignon. There he uttered +this appeal:— + +“Forward march to the battle!” + + +And he was seized with a fit of melancholy. He gazed at his pistol with +an air of reproach which seemed an attempt to appease it:— + +“I’m going off,” said he, “but you won’t go off!” + + +One dog may distract the attention from another dog.45 A very gaunt +poodle came along at the moment. Gavroche felt compassion for him. + +“My poor doggy,” said he, “you must have gone and swallowed a cask, for +all the hoops are visible.” + + +Then he directed his course towards l’Orme-Saint-Gervais. + + + + +CHAPTER III—JUST INDIGNATION OF A HAIR-DRESSER + + +The worthy hair-dresser who had chased from his shop the two little +fellows to whom Gavroche had opened the paternal interior of the +elephant was at that moment in his shop engaged in shaving an old +soldier of the legion who had served under the Empire. They were +talking. The hair-dresser had, naturally, spoken to the veteran of the +riot, then of General Lamarque, and from Lamarque they had passed to +the Emperor. Thence sprang up a conversation between barber and soldier +which Prudhomme, had he been present, would have enriched with +arabesques, and which he would have entitled: “Dialogue between the +razor and the sword.” + + +“How did the Emperor ride, sir?” said the barber. + +“Badly. He did not know how to fall—so he never fell.” + + +“Did he have fine horses? He must have had fine horses!” + + +“On the day when he gave me my cross, I noticed his beast. It was a +racing mare, perfectly white. Her ears were very wide apart, her saddle +deep, a fine head marked with a black star, a very long neck, strongly +articulated knees, prominent ribs, oblique shoulders and a powerful +crupper. A little more than fifteen hands in height.” + + +“A pretty horse,” remarked the hair-dresser. + +“It was His Majesty’s beast.” + + +The hair-dresser felt, that after this observation, a short silence +would be fitting, so he conformed himself to it, and then went on:— + +“The Emperor was never wounded but once, was he, sir?” + + +The old soldier replied with the calm and sovereign tone of a man who +had been there:— + +“In the heel. At Ratisbon. I never saw him so well dressed as on that +day. He was as neat as a new sou.” + + +“And you, Mr. Veteran, you must have been often wounded?” + + +“I?” said the soldier, “ah! not to amount to anything. At Marengo, I +received two sabre-blows on the back of my neck, a bullet in the right +arm at Austerlitz, another in the left hip at Jena. At Friedland, a +thrust from a bayonet, there,—at the Moskowa seven or eight +lance-thrusts, no matter where, at Lutzen a splinter of a shell crushed +one of my fingers. Ah! and then at Waterloo, a ball from a biscaĂŻen in +the thigh, that’s all.” + + +“How fine that is!” exclaimed the hair-dresser, in Pindaric accents, +“to die on the field of battle! On my word of honor, rather than die in +bed, of an illness, slowly, a bit by bit each day, with drugs, +cataplasms, syringes, medicines, I should prefer to receive a +cannon-ball in my belly!” + + +“You’re not over fastidious,” said the soldier. + +He had hardly spoken when a fearful crash shook the shop. The +show-window had suddenly been fractured. + +The wig-maker turned pale. + +“Ah, good God!” he exclaimed, “it’s one of them!” + + +“What?” + + +“A cannon-ball.” + + +“Here it is,” said the soldier. + +And he picked up something that was rolling about the floor. It was a +pebble. + +The hair-dresser ran to the broken window and beheld Gavroche fleeing +at the full speed, towards the MarchĂ© Saint-Jean. As he passed the +hair-dresser’s shop Gavroche, who had the two brats still in his mind, +had not been able to resist the impulse to say good day to him, and had +flung a stone through his panes. + +“You see!” shrieked the hair-dresser, who from white had turned blue, +“that fellow returns and does mischief for the pure pleasure of it. +What has any one done to that gamin?” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE CHILD IS AMAZED AT THE OLD MAN + + +In the meantime, in the MarchĂ© Saint-Jean, where the post had already +been disarmed, Gavroche had just “effected a junction” with a band led +by Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Combeferre, and Feuilly. They were armed after +a fashion. Bahorel and Jean Prouvaire had found them and swelled the +group. Enjolras had a double-barrelled hunting-gun, Combeferre the gun +of a National Guard bearing the number of his legion, and in his belt, +two pistols which his unbuttoned coat allowed to be seen, Jean +Prouvaire an old cavalry musket, Bahorel a rifle; Courfeyrac was +brandishing an unsheathed sword-cane. Feuilly, with a naked sword in +his hand, marched at their head shouting: “Long live Poland!” + + +They reached the Quai Morland. Cravatless, hatless, breathless, soaked +by the rain, with lightning in their eyes. Gavroche accosted them +calmly:— + +“Where are we going?” + + +“Come along,” said Courfeyrac. + +Behind Feuilly marched, or rather bounded, Bahorel, who was like a fish +in water in a riot. He wore a scarlet waistcoat, and indulged in the +sort of words which break everything. His waistcoat astounded a +passer-by, who cried in bewilderment:— + +“Here are the reds!” + + +“The reds, the reds!” retorted Bahorel. “A queer kind of fear, +bourgeois. For my part I don’t tremble before a poppy, the little red +hat inspires me with no alarm. Take my advice, bourgeois, let’s leave +fear of the red to horned cattle.” + + +He caught sight of a corner of the wall on which was placarded the most +peaceable sheet of paper in the world, a permission to eat eggs, a +Lenten admonition addressed by the Archbishop of Paris to his “flock.” + + +Bahorel exclaimed:— + +“‘Flock’; a polite way of saying geese.” + + +And he tore the charge from the nail. This conquered Gavroche. From +that instant Gavroche set himself to study Bahorel. + +“Bahorel,” observed Enjolras, “you are wrong. You should have let that +charge alone, he is not the person with whom we have to deal, you are +wasting your wrath to no purpose. Take care of your supply. One does +not fire out of the ranks with the soul any more than with a gun.” + + +“Each one in his own fashion, Enjolras,” retorted Bahorel. “This +bishop’s prose shocks me; I want to eat eggs without being permitted. +Your style is the hot and cold; I am amusing myself. Besides, I’m not +wasting myself, I’m getting a start; and if I tore down that charge, +Hercle! ’twas only to whet my appetite.” + + +This word, _Hercle_, struck Gavroche. He sought all occasions for +learning, and that tearer-down of posters possessed his esteem. He +inquired of him:— + +“What does _Hercle_ mean?” + + +Bahorel answered:— + +“It means cursed name of a dog, in Latin.” + + +Here Bahorel recognized at a window a pale young man with a black beard +who was watching them as they passed, probably a Friend of the A B C. +He shouted to him:— + +“Quick, cartridges, _para bellum_.” + + +“A fine man! that’s true,” said Gavroche, who now understood Latin. + +A tumultuous retinue accompanied them,—students, artists, young men +affiliated to the Cougourde of Aix, artisans, longshoremen, armed with +clubs and bayonets; some, like Combeferre, with pistols thrust into +their trousers. + +An old man, who appeared to be extremely aged, was walking in the band. + +He had no arms, and he made great haste, so that he might not be left +behind, although he had a thoughtful air. + +Gavroche caught sight of him:— + +“Keksekça?” said he to Courfeyrac. + +“He’s an old duffer.” + + +It was M. Mabeuf. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE OLD MAN + + +Let us recount what had taken place. + +Enjolras and his friends had been on the Boulevard Bourdon, near the +public storehouses, at the moment when the dragoons had made their +charge. Enjolras, Courfeyrac, and Combeferre were among those who had +taken to the Rue Bassompierre, shouting: “To the barricades!” In the +Rue LesdiguiĂšres they had met an old man walking along. What had +attracted their attention was that the goodman was walking in a +zig-zag, as though he were intoxicated. Moreover, he had his hat in his +hand, although it had been raining all the morning, and was raining +pretty briskly at the very time. Courfeyrac had recognized Father +Mabeuf. He knew him through having many times accompanied Marius as far +as his door. As he was acquainted with the peaceful and more than timid +habits of the old beadle-book-collector, and was amazed at the sight of +him in the midst of that uproar, a couple of paces from the cavalry +charges, almost in the midst of a fusillade, hatless in the rain, and +strolling about among the bullets, he had accosted him, and the +following dialogue had been exchanged between the rioter of fire and +the octogenarian:— + +“M. Mabeuf, go to your home.” + + +“Why?” + + +“There’s going to be a row.” + + +“That’s well.” + + +“Thrusts with the sword and firing, M. Mabeuf.” + + +“That is well.” + + +“Firing from cannon.” + + +“That is good. Where are the rest of you going?” + + +“We are going to fling the government to the earth.” + + +“That is good.” + + +And he had set out to follow them. From that moment forth he had not +uttered a word. His step had suddenly become firm; artisans had offered +him their arms; he had refused with a sign of the head. He advanced +nearly to the front rank of the column, with the movement of a man who +is marching and the countenance of a man who is sleeping. + +“What a fierce old fellow!” muttered the students. The rumor spread +through the troop that he was a former member of the Convention,—an old +regicide. The mob had turned in through the Rue de la Verrerie. + +Little Gavroche marched in front with that deafening song which made of +him a sort of trumpet. + +He sang: + +“Voici la lune qui paraĂźt, +Quand irons-nous dans la forĂȘt? +Demandait Charlot Ă  Charlotte. + +Tou tou tou +Pour Chatou. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“Pour avoir bu de grand matin +La rosĂ©e Ă  mĂȘme le thym, +Deux moineaux Ă©taient en ribotte. + +Zi zi zi +Pour Passy. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“Et ces deux pauvres petits loups, +Comme deux grives Ă©taient soĂ»ls; +Un tigre en riait dans sa grotte. + +Don don don +Pour Meudon. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“L’un jurait et l’autre sacrait. +Quand irons nous dans la forĂȘt? +Demandait Charlot Ă  Charlotte. + +Tin tin tin +Pour Pantin. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte.”46 + + +They directed their course towards Saint-Merry. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—RECRUITS + + +The band augmented every moment. Near the Rue des Billettes, a man of +lofty stature, whose hair was turning gray, and whose bold and daring +mien was remarked by Courfeyrac, Enjolras, and Combeferre, but whom +none of them knew, joined them. Gavroche, who was occupied in singing, +whistling, humming, running on ahead and pounding on the shutters of +the shops with the butt of his triggerless pistol; paid no attention to +this man. + +It chanced that in the Rue de la Verrerie, they passed in front of +Courfeyrac’s door. + +“This happens just right,” said Courfeyrac, “I have forgotten my purse, +and I have lost my hat.” + + +He quitted the mob and ran up to his quarters at full speed. He seized +an old hat and his purse. + +He also seized a large square coffer, of the dimensions of a large +valise, which was concealed under his soiled linen. + +As he descended again at a run, the portress hailed him:— + +“Monsieur de Courfeyrac!” + + +“What’s your name, portress?” + + +The portress stood bewildered. + +“Why, you know perfectly well, I’m the concierge; my name is Mother +Veuvain.” + + +“Well, if you call me Monsieur de Courfeyrac again, I shall call you +Mother de Veuvain. Now speak, what’s the matter? What do you want?” + + +“There is some one who wants to speak with you.” + + +“Who is it?” + + +“I don’t know.” + + +“Where is he?” + + +“In my lodge.” + + +“The devil!” ejaculated Courfeyrac. + +“But the person has been waiting your return for over an hour,” said +the portress. + +At the same time, a sort of pale, thin, small, freckled, and youthful +artisan, clad in a tattered blouse and patched trousers of ribbed +velvet, and who had rather the air of a girl accoutred as a man than of +a man, emerged from the lodge and said to Courfeyrac in a voice which +was not the least in the world like a woman’s voice:— + +“Monsieur Marius, if you please.” + + +“He is not here.” + + +“Will he return this evening?” + + +“I know nothing about it.” + + +And Courfeyrac added:— + +“For my part, I shall not return.” + + +The young man gazed steadily at him and said:— + +“Why not?” + + +“Because.” + + +“Where are you going, then?” + + +“What business is that of yours?” + + +“Would you like to have me carry your coffer for you?” + + +“I am going to the barricades.” + + +“Would you like to have me go with you?” + + +“If you like!” replied Courfeyrac. “The street is free, the pavements +belong to every one.” + + +And he made his escape at a run to join his friends. When he had +rejoined them, he gave the coffer to one of them to carry. It was only +a quarter of an hour after this that he saw the young man, who had +actually followed them. + +A mob does not go precisely where it intends. We have explained that a +gust of wind carries it away. They overshot Saint-Merry and found +themselves, without precisely knowing how, in the Rue Saint-Denis. + + + + +BOOK TWELFTH—CORINTHE + + + + +CHAPTER I—HISTORY OF CORINTHE FROM ITS FOUNDATION + + +The Parisians who nowadays on entering on the Rue Rambuteau at the end +near the Halles, notice on their right, opposite the Rue MondĂ©tour, a +basket-maker’s shop having for its sign a basket in the form of +Napoleon the Great with this inscription:— + +NAPOLEON IS MADE +WHOLLY OF WILLOW, + + +have no suspicion of the terrible scenes which this very spot witnessed +hardly thirty years ago. + +It was there that lay the Rue de la Chanvrerie, which ancient deeds +spell Chanverrerie, and the celebrated public-house called _Corinthe_. + +The reader will remember all that has been said about the barricade +effected at this point, and eclipsed, by the way, by the barricade +Saint-Merry. It was on this famous barricade of the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, now fallen into profound obscurity, that we are about to +shed a little light. + +May we be permitted to recur, for the sake of clearness in the recital, +to the simple means which we have already employed in the case of +Waterloo. Persons who wish to picture to themselves in a tolerably +exact manner the constitution of the houses which stood at that epoch +near the Pointe Saint-Eustache, at the northeast angle of the Halles of +Paris, where to-day lies the embouchure of the Rue Rambuteau, have only +to imagine an N touching the Rue Saint-Denis with its summit and the +Halles with its base, and whose two vertical bars should form the Rue +de la Grande-Truanderie, and the Rue de la Chanvrerie, and whose +transverse bar should be formed by the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie. The +old Rue MondĂ©tour cut the three strokes of the N at the most crooked +angles. So that the labyrinthine confusion of these four streets +sufficed to form, on a space three fathoms square, between the Halles +and the Rue Saint-Denis on the one hand, and between the Rue du Cygne +and the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs on the other, seven islands of houses, oddly +cut up, of varying sizes, placed crosswise and hap-hazard, and barely +separated, like the blocks of stone in a dock, by narrow crannies. + +We say narrow crannies, and we can give no more just idea of those +dark, contracted, many-angled alleys, lined with eight-story buildings. +These buildings were so decrepit that, in the Rue de la Chanvrerie and +the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie, the fronts were shored up with beams +running from one house to another. The street was narrow and the gutter +broad, the pedestrian there walked on a pavement that was always wet, +skirting little stalls resembling cellars, big posts encircled with +iron hoops, excessive heaps of refuse, and gates armed with enormous, +century-old gratings. The Rue Rambuteau has devastated all that. + +The name of MondĂ©tour paints marvellously well the sinuosities of that +whole set of streets. A little further on, they are found still better +expressed by the _Rue Pirouette_, which ran into the Rue MondĂ©tour. + +The passer-by who got entangled from the Rue Saint-Denis in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie beheld it gradually close in before him as though he had +entered an elongated funnel. At the end of this street, which was very +short, he found further passage barred in the direction of the Halles +by a tall row of houses, and he would have thought himself in a blind +alley, had he not perceived on the right and left two dark cuts through +which he could make his escape. This was the Rue MondĂ©tour, which on +one side ran into the Rue de PrĂȘcheurs, and on the other into the Rue +du Cygne and the Petite-Truanderie. At the bottom of this sort of +cul-de-sac, at the angle of the cutting on the right, there was to be +seen a house which was not so tall as the rest, and which formed a sort +of cape in the street. It is in this house, of two stories only, that +an illustrious wine-shop had been merrily installed three hundred years +before. This tavern created a joyous noise in the very spot which old +Theophilus described in the following couplet:— + +LĂ  branle le squelette horrible +D’un pauvre amant qui se pendit.47 + + +The situation was good, and tavern-keepers succeeded each other there, +from father to son. + +In the time of Mathurin Regnier, this cabaret was called the +_Pot-aux-Roses_, and as the rebus was then in fashion, it had for its +sign-board, a post (_poteau_) painted rose-color. In the last century, +the worthy Natoire, one of the fantastic masters nowadays despised by +the stiff school, having got drunk many times in this wine-shop at the +very table where Regnier had drunk his fill, had painted, by way of +gratitude, a bunch of Corinth grapes on the pink post. The keeper of +the cabaret, in his joy, had changed his device and had caused to be +placed in gilt letters beneath the bunch these words: “At the Bunch of +Corinth Grapes” (_“Au Raisin de Corinthe”_). Hence the name of +Corinthe. Nothing is more natural to drunken men than ellipses. The +ellipsis is the zig-zag of the phrase. Corinthe gradually dethroned the +Pot-aux-Roses. The last proprietor of the dynasty, Father Hucheloup, no +longer acquainted even with the tradition, had the post painted blue. + +A room on the ground floor, where the bar was situated, one on the +first floor containing a billiard-table, a wooden spiral staircase +piercing the ceiling, wine on the tables, smoke on the walls, candles +in broad daylight,—this was the style of this cabaret. A staircase with +a trap-door in the lower room led to the cellar. On the second floor +were the lodgings of the Hucheloup family. They were reached by a +staircase which was a ladder rather than a staircase, and had for their +entrance only a private door in the large room on the first floor. +Under the roof, in two mansard attics, were the nests for the servants. +The kitchen shared the ground floor with the tap-room. + +Father Hucheloup had, possibly, been born a chemist, but the fact is +that he was a cook; people did not confine themselves to drinking alone +in his wine-shop, they also ate there. Hucheloup had invented a capital +thing which could be eaten nowhere but in his house, stuffed carps, +which he called _carpes au gras_. These were eaten by the light of a +tallow candle or of a lamp of the time of Louis XVI., on tables to +which were nailed waxed cloths in lieu of table-cloths. People came +thither from a distance. Hucheloup, one fine morning, had seen fit to +notify passers-by of this “specialty”; he had dipped a brush in a pot +of black paint, and as he was an orthographer on his own account, as +well as a cook after his own fashion, he had improvised on his wall +this remarkable inscription:— + +CARPES HO GRAS. + +One winter, the rain-storms and the showers had taken a fancy to +obliterate the S which terminated the first word, and the G which began +the third; this is what remained:— + +CARPE HO RAS. + +Time and rain assisting, a humble gastronomical announcement had become +a profound piece of advice. + +In this way it came about, that though he knew no French, Father +Hucheloup understood Latin, that he had evoked philosophy from his +kitchen, and that, desirous simply of effacing Lent, he had equalled +Horace. And the striking thing about it was, that that also meant: +“Enter my wine-shop.” + + +Nothing of all this is in existence now. The MondĂ©tour labyrinth was +disembowelled and widely opened in 1847, and probably no longer exists +at the present moment. The Rue de la Chanvrerie and Corinthe have +disappeared beneath the pavement of the Rue Rambuteau. + +As we have already said, Corinthe was the meeting-place if not the +rallying-point, of Courfeyrac and his friends. It was Grantaire who had +discovered Corinthe. He had entered it on account of the _Carpe horas_, +and had returned thither on account of the _Carpes au gras_. There they +drank, there they ate, there they shouted; they did not pay much, they +paid badly, they did not pay at all, but they were always welcome. +Father Hucheloup was a jovial host. + +Hucheloup, that amiable man, as was just said, was a wine-shop-keeper +with a moustache; an amusing variety. He always had an ill-tempered +air, seemed to wish to intimidate his customers, grumbled at the people +who entered his establishment, and had rather the mien of seeking a +quarrel with them than of serving them with soup. And yet, we insist +upon the word, people were always welcome there. This oddity had +attracted customers to his shop, and brought him young men, who said to +each other: “Come hear Father Hucheloup growl.” He had been a +fencing-master. All of a sudden, he would burst out laughing. A big +voice, a good fellow. He had a comic foundation under a tragic +exterior, he asked nothing better than to frighten you, very much like +those snuff-boxes which are in the shape of a pistol. The detonation +makes one sneeze. + +Mother Hucheloup, his wife, was a bearded and a very homely creature. + +About 1830, Father Hucheloup died. With him disappeared the secret of +stuffed carps. His inconsolable widow continued to keep the wine-shop. +But the cooking deteriorated, and became execrable; the wine, which had +always been bad, became fearfully bad. Nevertheless, Courfeyrac and his +friends continued to go to Corinthe,—out of pity, as Bossuet said. + +The Widow Hucheloup was breathless and misshapen and given to rustic +recollections. She deprived them of their flatness by her +pronunciation. She had a way of her own of saying things, which spiced +her reminiscences of the village and of her springtime. It had formerly +been her delight, so she affirmed, to hear the _loups-de-gorge_ +(_rouges-gorges_) _chanter dans les ogrepines_ (_aubĂ©pines_)—to hear +the redbreasts sing in the hawthorn-trees. + +The hall on the first floor, where “the restaurant” was situated, was a +large and long apartment encumbered with stools, chairs, benches, and +tables, and with a crippled, lame, old billiard-table. It was reached +by a spiral staircase which terminated in the corner of the room at a +square hole like the hatchway of a ship. + +This room, lighted by a single narrow window, and by a lamp that was +always burning, had the air of a garret. All the four-footed furniture +comported itself as though it had but three legs—the whitewashed walls +had for their only ornament the following quatrain in honor of Mame +Hucheloup:— + +Elle Ă©tonne Ă  dix pas, elle Ă©pouvente Ă  deux, +Une verrue habite en son nez hasardeux; +On tremble Ă  chaque instant qu’elle ne vous la mouche +Et qu’un beau jour son nez ne tombe dans sa bouche.48 + + +This was scrawled in charcoal on the wall. + +Mame Hucheloup, a good likeness, went and came from morning till night +before this quatrain with the most perfect tranquillity. Two +serving-maids, named Matelote and Gibelotte,49 and who had never been +known by any other names, helped Mame Hucheloup to set on the tables +the jugs of poor wine, and the various broths which were served to the +hungry patrons in earthenware bowls. Matelote, large, plump, redhaired, +and noisy, the favorite ex-sultana of the defunct Hucheloup, was +homelier than any mythological monster, be it what it may; still, as it +becomes the servant to always keep in the rear of the mistress, she was +less homely than Mame Hucheloup. Gibelotte, tall, delicate, white with +a lymphatic pallor, with circles round her eyes, and drooping lids, +always languid and weary, afflicted with what may be called chronic +lassitude, the first up in the house and the last in bed, waited on +every one, even the other maid, silently and gently, smiling through +her fatigue with a vague and sleepy smile. + +Before entering the restaurant room, the visitor read on the door the +following line written there in chalk by Courfeyrac:— + +RĂ©gale si tu peux et mange si tu l’oses.50 + + + +CHAPTER II—PRELIMINARY GAYETIES + + +Laigle de Meaux, as the reader knows, lived more with Joly than +elsewhere. He had a lodging, as a bird has one on a branch. The two +friends lived together, ate together, slept together. They had +everything in common, even Musichetta, to some extent. They were, what +the subordinate monks who accompany monks are called, _bini_. On the +morning of the 5th of June, they went to Corinthe to breakfast. Joly, +who was all stuffed up, had a catarrh which Laigle was beginning to +share. Laigle’s coat was threadbare, but Joly was well dressed. + +It was about nine o’clock in the morning, when they opened the door of +Corinthe. + +They ascended to the first floor. + +Matelote and Gibelotte received them. + +“Oysters, cheese, and ham,” said Laigle. + +And they seated themselves at a table. + +The wine-shop was empty; there was no one there but themselves. + +Gibelotte, knowing Joly and Laigle, set a bottle of wine on the table. + +While they were busy with their first oysters, a head appeared at the +hatchway of the staircase, and a voice said:— + +“I am passing by. I smell from the street a delicious odor of Brie +cheese. I enter.” It was Grantaire. + +Grantaire took a stool and drew up to the table. + +At the sight of Grantaire, Gibelotte placed two bottles of wine on the +table. + +That made three. + +“Are you going to drink those two bottles?” Laigle inquired of +Grantaire. + +Grantaire replied:— + +“All are ingenious, thou alone art ingenuous. Two bottles never yet +astonished a man.” + + +The others had begun by eating, Grantaire began by drinking. Half a +bottle was rapidly gulped down. + +“So you have a hole in your stomach?” began Laigle again. + +“You have one in your elbow,” said Grantaire. + +And after having emptied his glass, he added:— + +“Ah, by the way, Laigle of the funeral oration, your coat is old.” + + +“I should hope so,” retorted Laigle. “That’s why we get on well +together, my coat and I. It has acquired all my folds, it does not bind +me anywhere, it is moulded on my deformities, it falls in with all my +movements, I am only conscious of it because it keeps me warm. Old +coats are just like old friends.” + + +“That’s true,” ejaculated Joly, striking into the dialogue, “an old +goat is an old abi” (_ami_, friend). + +“Especially in the mouth of a man whose head is stuffed up,” said +Grantaire. + +“Grantaire,” demanded Laigle, “have you just come from the boulevard?” + + +“No.” + + +“We have just seen the head of the procession pass, Joly and I.” + + +“It’s a marvellous sight,” said Joly. + +“How quiet this street is!” exclaimed Laigle. “Who would suspect that +Paris was turned upside down? How plainly it is to be seen that in +former days there were nothing but convents here! In this neighborhood! +Du Breul and Sauval give a list of them, and so does the AbbĂ© Lebeuf. +They were all round here, they fairly swarmed, booted and barefooted, +shaven, bearded, gray, black, white, Franciscans, Minims, Capuchins, +Carmelites, Little Augustines, Great Augustines, old Augustines—there +was no end of them.” + + +“Don’t let’s talk of monks,” interrupted Grantaire, “it makes one want +to scratch one’s self.” + + +Then he exclaimed:— + +“Bouh! I’ve just swallowed a bad oyster. Now hypochondria is taking +possession of me again. The oysters are spoiled, the servants are ugly. +I hate the human race. I just passed through the Rue Richelieu, in +front of the big public library. That pile of oyster-shells which is +called a library is disgusting even to think of. What paper! What ink! +What scrawling! And all that has been written! What rascal was it who +said that man was a featherless biped?51 And then, I met a pretty girl +of my acquaintance, who is as beautiful as the spring, worthy to be +called FlorĂ©al, and who is delighted, enraptured, as happy as the +angels, because a wretch yesterday, a frightful banker all spotted with +small-pox, deigned to take a fancy to her! Alas! woman keeps on the +watch for a protector as much as for a lover; cats chase mice as well +as birds. Two months ago that young woman was virtuous in an attic, she +adjusted little brass rings in the eyelet-holes of corsets, what do you +call it? She sewed, she had a camp bed, she dwelt beside a pot of +flowers, she was contented. Now here she is a bankeress. This +transformation took place last night. I met the victim this morning in +high spirits. The hideous point about it is, that the jade is as pretty +to-day as she was yesterday. Her financier did not show in her face. +Roses have this advantage or disadvantage over women, that the traces +left upon them by caterpillars are visible. Ah! there is no morality on +earth. I call to witness the myrtle, the symbol of love, the laurel, +the symbol of air, the olive, that ninny, the symbol of peace, the +apple-tree which came nearest rangling Adam with its pips, and the +fig-tree, the grandfather of petticoats. As for right, do you know what +right is? The Gauls covet Clusium, Rome protects Clusium, and demands +what wrong Clusium has done to them. Brennus answers: ‘The wrong that +Alba did to you, the wrong that FidenĂŠ did to you, the wrong that the +Eques, the Volsci, and the Sabines have done to you. They were your +neighbors. The Clusians are ours. We understand neighborliness just as +you do. You have stolen Alba, we shall take Clusium.’ Rome said: ‘You +shall not take Clusium.’ Brennus took Rome. Then he cried: ‘VĂŠ victis!’ +That is what right is. Ah! what beasts of prey there are in this world! +What eagles! It makes my flesh creep.” + + +He held out his glass to Joly, who filled it, then he drank and went +on, having hardly been interrupted by this glass of wine, of which no +one, not even himself, had taken any notice:— + +“Brennus, who takes Rome, is an eagle; the banker who takes the +grisette is an eagle. There is no more modesty in the one case than in +the other. So we believe in nothing. There is but one reality: drink. +Whatever your opinion may be in favor of the lean cock, like the Canton +of Uri, or in favor of the fat cock, like the Canton of Glaris, it +matters little, drink. You talk to me of the boulevard, of that +procession, _et cĂŠtera, et cĂŠtera_. Come now, is there going to be +another revolution? This poverty of means on the part of the good God +astounds me. He has to keep greasing the groove of events every moment. +There is a hitch, it won’t work. Quick, a revolution! The good God has +his hands perpetually black with that cart-grease. If I were in his +place, I’d be perfectly simple about it, I would not wind up my +mechanism every minute, I’d lead the human race in a straightforward +way, I’d weave matters mesh by mesh, without breaking the thread, I +would have no provisional arrangements, I would have no extraordinary +repertory. What the rest of you call progress advances by means of two +motors, men and events. But, sad to say, from time to time, the +exceptional becomes necessary. The ordinary troupe suffices neither for +event nor for men: among men geniuses are required, among events +revolutions. Great accidents are the law; the order of things cannot do +without them; and, judging from the apparition of comets, one would be +tempted to think that Heaven itself finds actors needed for its +performance. At the moment when one expects it the least, God placards +a meteor on the wall of the firmament. Some queer star turns up, +underlined by an enormous tail. And that causes the death of CĂŠsar. +Brutus deals him a blow with a knife, and God a blow with a comet. +_Crac_, and behold an aurora borealis, behold a revolution, behold a +great man; ’93 in big letters, Napoleon on guard, the comet of 1811 at +the head of the poster. Ah! what a beautiful blue theatre all studded +with unexpected flashes! Boum! Boum! extraordinary show! Raise your +eyes, boobies. Everything is in disorder, the star as well as the +drama. Good God, it is too much and not enough. These resources, +gathered from exception, seem magnificence and poverty. My friends, +Providence has come down to expedients. What does a revolution prove? +That God is in a quandry. He effects a _coup d’état_ because he, God, +has not been able to make both ends meet. In fact, this confirms me in +my conjectures as to Jehovah’s fortune; and when I see so much distress +in heaven and on earth, from the bird who has not a grain of millet to +myself without a hundred thousand livres of income, when I see human +destiny, which is very badly worn, and even royal destiny, which is +threadbare, witness the Prince de CondĂ© hung, when I see winter, which +is nothing but a rent in the zenith through which the wind blows, when +I see so many rags even in the perfectly new purple of the morning on +the crests of hills, when I see the drops of dew, those mock pearls, +when I see the frost, that paste, when I see humanity ripped apart and +events patched up, and so many spots on the sun and so many holes in +the moon, when I see so much misery everywhere, I suspect that God is +not rich. The appearance exists, it is true, but I feel that he is hard +up. He gives a revolution as a tradesman whose money-box is empty gives +a ball. God must not be judged from appearances. Beneath the gilding of +heaven I perceive a poverty-stricken universe. Creation is bankrupt. +That is why I am discontented. Here it is the 4th of June, it is almost +night; ever since this morning I have been waiting for daylight to +come; it has not come, and I bet that it won’t come all day. This is +the inexactness of an ill-paid clerk. Yes, everything is badly +arranged, nothing fits anything else, this old world is all warped, I +take my stand on the opposition, everything goes awry; the universe is +a tease. It’s like children, those who want them have none, and those +who don’t want them have them. Total: I’m vexed. Besides, Laigle de +Meaux, that bald-head, offends my sight. It humiliates me to think that +I am of the same age as that baldy. However, I criticise, but I do not +insult. The universe is what it is. I speak here without evil intent +and to ease my conscience. Receive, Eternal Father, the assurance of my +distinguished consideration. Ah! by all the saints of Olympus and by +all the gods of paradise, I was not intended to be a Parisian, that is +to say, to rebound forever, like a shuttlecock between two battledores, +from the group of the loungers to the group of the roysterers. I was +made to be a Turk, watching oriental houris all day long, executing +those exquisite Egyptian dances, as sensuous as the dream of a chaste +man, or a Beauceron peasant, or a Venetian gentleman surrounded by +gentlewoman, or a petty German prince, furnishing the half of a +foot-soldier to the Germanic confederation, and occupying his leisure +with drying his breeches on his hedge, that is to say, his frontier. +Those are the positions for which I was born! Yes, I have said a Turk, +and I will not retract. I do not understand how people can habitually +take Turks in bad part; Mohammed had his good points; respect for the +inventor of seraglios with houris and paradises with odalisques! Let us +not insult Mohammedanism, the only religion which is ornamented with a +hen-roost! Now, I insist on a drink. The earth is a great piece of +stupidity. And it appears that they are going to fight, all those +imbeciles, and to break each other’s profiles and to massacre each +other in the heart of summer, in the month of June, when they might go +off with a creature on their arm, to breathe the immense heaps of +new-mown hay in the meadows! Really, people do commit altogether too +many follies. An old broken lantern which I have just seen at a +bric-Ă -brac merchant’s suggests a reflection to my mind; it is time to +enlighten the human race. Yes, behold me sad again. That’s what comes +of swallowing an oyster and a revolution the wrong way! I am growing +melancholy once more. Oh! frightful old world. People strive, turn each +other out, prostitute themselves, kill each other, and get used to it!” + + +And Grantaire, after this fit of eloquence, had a fit of coughing, +which was well earned. + +“À propos of revolution,” said Joly, “it is decidedly abberent that +Barius is in lub.” + + +“Does any one know with whom?” demanded Laigle. + +“Do.” + + +“No?” + + +“Do! I tell you.” + + +“Marius’ love affairs!” exclaimed Grantaire. “I can imagine it. Marius +is a fog, and he must have found a vapor. Marius is of the race of +poets. He who says poet, says fool, madman, _TymbrĂŠus Apollo_. Marius +and his Marie, or his Marion, or his Maria, or his Mariette. They must +make a queer pair of lovers. I know just what it is like. Ecstasies in +which they forget to kiss. Pure on earth, but joined in heaven. They +are souls possessed of senses. They lie among the stars.” + + +Grantaire was attacking his second bottle and, possibly, his second +harangue, when a new personage emerged from the square aperture of the +stairs. It was a boy less than ten years of age, ragged, very small, +yellow, with an odd phiz, a vivacious eye, an enormous amount of hair +drenched with rain, and wearing a contented air. + +The child unhesitatingly making his choice among the three, addressed +himself to Laigle de Meaux. + +“Are you Monsieur Bossuet?” + + +“That is my nickname,” replied Laigle. “What do you want with me?” + + +“This. A tall blonde fellow on the boulevard said to me: ‘Do you know +Mother Hucheloup?’ I said: ‘Yes, Rue Chanvrerie, the old man’s widow;’ +he said to me: ‘Go there. There you will find M. Bossuet. Tell him from +me: “A B C”.’ It’s a joke that they’re playing on you, isn’t it. He +gave me ten sous.” + + +“Joly, lend me ten sous,” said Laigle; and, turning to Grantaire: +“Grantaire, lend me ten sous.” + + +This made twenty sous, which Laigle handed to the lad. + +“Thank you, sir,” said the urchin. + +“What is your name?” inquired Laigle. + +“Navet, Gavroche’s friend.” + + +“Stay with us,” said Laigle. + +“Breakfast with us,” said Grantaire. + +The child replied:— + +“I can’t, I belong in the procession, I’m the one to shout ‘Down with +Polignac!’” + + +And executing a prolonged scrape of his foot behind him, which is the +most respectful of all possible salutes, he took his departure. + +The child gone, Grantaire took the word:— + +“That is the pure-bred gamin. There are a great many varieties of the +gamin species. The notary’s gamin is called Skip-the-Gutter, the cook’s +gamin is called a scullion, the baker’s gamin is called a _mitron_, the +lackey’s gamin is called a groom, the marine gamin is called the +cabin-boy, the soldier’s gamin is called the drummer-boy, the painter’s +gamin is called paint-grinder, the tradesman’s gamin is called an +errand-boy, the courtesan gamin is called the minion, the kingly gamin +is called the dauphin, the god gamin is called the bambino.” + + +In the meantime, Laigle was engaged in reflection; he said half aloud:— + +“A B C, that is to say: the burial of Lamarque.” + + +“The tall blonde,” remarked Grantaire, “is Enjolras, who is sending you +a warning.” + + +“Shall we go?” ejaculated Bossuet. + +“It’s raiding,” said Joly. “I have sworn to go through fire, but not +through water. I don’t wand to ged a gold.” + + +“I shall stay here,” said Grantaire. “I prefer a breakfast to a +hearse.” + + +“Conclusion: we remain,” said Laigle. “Well, then, let us drink. +Besides, we might miss the funeral without missing the riot.” + + +“Ah! the riot, I am with you!” cried Joly. + +Laigle rubbed his hands. + +“Now we’re going to touch up the revolution of 1830. As a matter of +fact, it does hurt the people along the seams.” + + +“I don’t think much of your revolution,” said Grantaire. “I don’t +execrate this Government. It is the crown tempered by the cotton +night-cap. It is a sceptre ending in an umbrella. In fact, I think that +to-day, with the present weather, Louis Philippe might utilize his +royalty in two directions, he might extend the tip of the sceptre end +against the people, and open the umbrella end against heaven.” + + +The room was dark, large clouds had just finished the extinction of +daylight. There was no one in the wine-shop, or in the street, every +one having gone off “to watch events.” + + +“Is it midday or midnight?” cried Bossuet. “You can’t see your hand +before your face. Gibelotte, fetch a light.” + + +Grantaire was drinking in a melancholy way. + +“Enjolras disdains me,” he muttered. “Enjolras said: ‘Joly is ill, +Grantaire is drunk.’ It was to Bossuet that he sent Navet. If he had +come for me, I would have followed him. So much the worse for Enjolras! +I won’t go to his funeral.” + + +This resolution once arrived at, Bossuet, Joly, and Grantaire did not +stir from the wine-shop. By two o’clock in the afternoon, the table at +which they sat was covered with empty bottles. Two candles were burning +on it, one in a flat copper candlestick which was perfectly green, the +other in the neck of a cracked carafe. Grantaire had seduced Joly and +Bossuet to wine; Bossuet and Joly had conducted Grantaire back towards +cheerfulness. + +As for Grantaire, he had got beyond wine, that merely moderate inspirer +of dreams, ever since midday. Wine enjoys only a conventional +popularity with serious drinkers. There is, in fact, in the matter of +inebriety, white magic and black magic; wine is only white magic. +Grantaire was a daring drinker of dreams. The blackness of a terrible +fit of drunkenness yawning before him, far from arresting him, +attracted him. He had abandoned the bottle and taken to the beerglass. +The beer-glass is the abyss. Having neither opium nor hashish on hand, +and being desirous of filling his brain with twilight, he had had +recourse to that fearful mixture of brandy, stout, absinthe, which +produces the most terrible of lethargies. It is of these three vapors, +beer, brandy, and absinthe, that the lead of the soul is composed. They +are three grooms; the celestial butterfly is drowned in them; and there +are formed there in a membranous smoke, vaguely condensed into the wing +of the bat, three mute furies, Nightmare, Night, and Death, which hover +about the slumbering Psyche. + +Grantaire had not yet reached that lamentable phase; far from it. He +was tremendously gay, and Bossuet and Joly retorted. They clinked +glasses. Grantaire added to the eccentric accentuation of words and +ideas, a peculiarity of gesture; he rested his left fist on his knee +with dignity, his arm forming a right angle, and, with cravat untied, +seated astride a stool, his full glass in his right hand, he hurled +solemn words at the big maid-servant Matelote:— + +“Let the doors of the palace be thrown open! Let every one be a member +of the French Academy and have the right to embrace Madame Hucheloup. +Let us drink.” + + +And turning to Madame Hucheloup, he added:— + +“Woman ancient and consecrated by use, draw near that I may contemplate +thee!” + + +And Joly exclaimed:— + +“Matelote and Gibelotte, dod’t gib Grantaire anything more to drink. He +has already devoured, since this bording, in wild prodigality, two +francs and ninety-five centibes.” + + +And Grantaire began again:— + +“Who has been unhooking the stars without my permission, and putting +them on the table in the guise of candles?” + + +Bossuet, though very drunk, preserved his equanimity. + +He was seated on the sill of the open window, wetting his back in the +falling rain, and gazing at his two friends. + +All at once, he heard a tumult behind him, hurried footsteps, cries of +“To arms!” He turned round and saw in the Rue Saint-Denis, at the end +of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, Enjolras passing, gun in hand, and +Gavroche with his pistol, Feuilly with his sword, Courfeyrac with his +sword, and Jean Prouvaire with his blunderbuss, Combeferre with his +gun, Bahorel with his gun, and the whole armed and stormy rabble which +was following them. + +The Rue de la Chanvrerie was not more than a gunshot long. Bossuet +improvised a speaking-trumpet from his two hands placed around his +mouth, and shouted:— + +“Courfeyrac! Courfeyrac! HohĂ©e!” + + +Courfeyrac heard the shout, caught sight of Bossuet, and advanced a few +paces into the Rue de la Chanvrerie, shouting: “What do you want?” +which crossed a “Where are you going?” + + +“To make a barricade,” replied Courfeyrac. + +“Well, here! This is a good place! Make it here!” + + +“That’s true, Aigle,” said Courfeyrac. + +And at a signal from Courfeyrac, the mob flung themselves into the Rue +de la Chanvrerie. + + + + +CHAPTER III—NIGHT BEGINS TO DESCEND UPON GRANTAIRE + + +The spot was, in fact, admirably adapted, the entrance to the street +widened out, the other extremity narrowed together into a pocket +without exit. Corinthe created an obstacle, the Rue MondĂ©tour was +easily barricaded on the right and the left, no attack was possible +except from the Rue Saint-Denis, that is to say, in front, and in full +sight. Bossuet had the comprehensive glance of a fasting Hannibal. + +Terror had seized on the whole street at the irruption of the mob. +There was not a passer-by who did not get out of sight. In the space of +a flash of lightning, in the rear, to right and left, shops, stables, +area-doors, windows, blinds, attic skylights, shutters of every +description were closed, from the ground floor to the roof. A terrified +old woman fixed a mattress in front of her window on two clothes-poles +for drying linen, in order to deaden the effect of musketry. The +wine-shop alone remained open; and that for a very good reason, that +the mob had rushed into it.—“Ah my God! Ah my God!” sighed Mame +Hucheloup. + +Bossuet had gone down to meet Courfeyrac. + +Joly, who had placed himself at the window, exclaimed:— + +“Courfeyrac, you ought to have brought an umbrella. You will gatch +gold.” + + +In the meantime, in the space of a few minutes, twenty iron bars had +been wrenched from the grated front of the wine-shop, ten fathoms of +street had been unpaved; Gavroche and Bahorel had seized in its +passage, and overturned, the dray of a lime-dealer named Anceau; this +dray contained three barrels of lime, which they placed beneath the +piles of paving-stones: Enjolras raised the cellar trap, and all the +widow Hucheloup’s empty casks were used to flank the barrels of lime; +Feuilly, with his fingers skilled in painting the delicate sticks of +fans, had backed up the barrels and the dray with two massive heaps of +blocks of rough stone. Blocks which were improvised like the rest and +procured no one knows where. The beams which served as props were torn +from the neighboring house-fronts and laid on the casks. When Bossuet +and Courfeyrac turned round, half the street was already barred with a +rampart higher than a man. There is nothing like the hand of the +populace for building everything that is built by demolishing. + +Matelote and Gibelotte had mingled with the workers. Gibelotte went and +came loaded with rubbish. Her lassitude helped on the barricade. She +served the barricade as she would have served wine, with a sleepy air. + +An omnibus with two white horses passed the end of the street. + +Bossuet strode over the paving-stones, ran to it, stopped the driver, +made the passengers alight, offered his hand to “the ladies,” dismissed +the conductor, and returned, leading the vehicle and the horses by the +bridle. + +“Omnibuses,” said he, “do not pass the Corinthe. _Non licet omnibus +adire Corinthum_.” + + +An instant later, the horses were unharnessed and went off at their +will, through the Rue MondĂ©tour, and the omnibus lying on its side +completed the bar across the street. + +Mame Hucheloup, quite upset, had taken refuge in the first story. + +Her eyes were vague, and stared without seeing anything, and she cried +in a low tone. Her terrified shrieks did not dare to emerge from her +throat. + +“The end of the world has come,” she muttered. + +Joly deposited a kiss on Mame Hucheloup’s fat, red, wrinkled neck, and +said to Grantaire: “My dear fellow, I have always regarded a woman’s +neck as an infinitely delicate thing.” + + +But Grantaire attained to the highest regions of dithryamb. Matelote +had mounted to the first floor once more, Grantaire seized her round +her waist, and gave vent to long bursts of laughter at the window. + +“Matelote is homely!” he cried: “Matelote is of a dream of ugliness! +Matelote is a chimĂŠra. This is the secret of her birth: a Gothic +Pygmalion, who was making gargoyles for cathedrals, fell in love with +one of them, the most horrible, one fine morning. He besought Love to +give it life, and this produced Matelote. Look at her, citizens! She +has chromate-of-lead-colored hair, like Titian’s mistress, and she is a +good girl. I guarantee that she will fight well. Every good girl +contains a hero. As for Mother Hucheloup, she’s an old warrior. Look at +her moustaches! She inherited them from her husband. A hussar indeed! +She will fight too. These two alone will strike terror to the heart of +the banlieue. Comrades, we shall overthrow the government as true as +there are fifteen intermediary acids between margaric acid and formic +acid; however, that is a matter of perfect indifference to me. +Gentlemen, my father always detested me because I could not understand +mathematics. I understand only love and liberty. I am Grantaire, the +good fellow. Having never had any money, I never acquired the habit of +it, and the result is that I have never lacked it; but, if I had been +rich, there would have been no more poor people! You would have seen! +Oh, if the kind hearts only had fat purses, how much better things +would go! I picture myself Jesus Christ with Rothschild’s fortune! How +much good he would do! Matelote, embrace me! You are voluptuous and +timid! You have cheeks which invite the kiss of a sister, and lips +which claim the kiss of a lover.” + + +“Hold your tongue, you cask!” said Courfeyrac. + +Grantaire retorted:— + +“I am the capitoul52 and the master of the floral games!” + + +Enjolras, who was standing on the crest of the barricade, gun in hand, +raised his beautiful, austere face. Enjolras, as the reader knows, had +something of the Spartan and of the Puritan in his composition. He +would have perished at ThermopylĂŠ with Leonidas, and burned at Drogheda +with Cromwell. + +“Grantaire,” he shouted, “go get rid of the fumes of your wine +somewhere else than here. This is the place for enthusiasm, not for +drunkenness. Don’t disgrace the barricade!” + + +This angry speech produced a singular effect on Grantaire. One would +have said that he had had a glass of cold water flung in his face. He +seemed to be rendered suddenly sober. + +He sat down, put his elbows on a table near the window, looked at +Enjolras with indescribable gentleness, and said to him:— + +“Let me sleep here.” + + +“Go and sleep somewhere else,” cried Enjolras. + +But Grantaire, still keeping his tender and troubled eyes fixed on him, +replied:— + +“Let me sleep here,—until I die.” + + +Enjolras regarded him with disdainful eyes:— + +“Grantaire, you are incapable of believing, of thinking, of willing, of +living, and of dying.” + + +Grantaire replied in a grave tone:— + +“You will see.” + + +He stammered a few more unintelligible words, then his head fell +heavily on the table, and, as is the usual effect of the second period +of inebriety, into which Enjolras had roughly and abruptly thrust him, +an instant later he had fallen asleep. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AN ATTEMPT TO CONSOLE THE WIDOW HUCHELOUP + + +Bahorel, in ecstasies over the barricade, shouted:— + +“Here’s the street in its low-necked dress! How well it looks!” + + +Courfeyrac, as he demolished the wine-shop to some extent, sought to +console the widowed proprietress. + +“Mother Hucheloup, weren’t you complaining the other day because you +had had a notice served on you for infringing the law, because +Gibelotte shook a counterpane out of your window?” + + +“Yes, my good Monsieur Courfeyrac. Ah! good Heavens, are you going to +put that table of mine in your horror, too? And it was for the +counterpane, and also for a pot of flowers which fell from the attic +window into the street, that the government collected a fine of a +hundred francs. If that isn’t an abomination, what is!” + + +“Well, Mother Hucheloup, we are avenging you.” + + +Mother Hucheloup did not appear to understand very clearly the benefit +which she was to derive from these reprisals made on her account. She +was satisfied after the manner of that Arab woman, who, having received +a box on the ear from her husband, went to complain to her father, and +cried for vengeance, saying: “Father, you owe my husband affront for +affront.” The father asked: “On which cheek did you receive the blow?” +“On the left cheek.” The father slapped her right cheek and said: “Now +you are satisfied. Go tell your husband that he boxed my daughter’s +ears, and that I have accordingly boxed his wife’s.” + + +The rain had ceased. Recruits had arrived. Workmen had brought under +their blouses a barrel of powder, a basket containing bottles of +vitriol, two or three carnival torches, and a basket filled with +fire-pots, “left over from the King’s festival.” This festival was very +recent, having taken place on the 1st of May. It was said that these +munitions came from a grocer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine named PĂ©pin. +They smashed the only street lantern in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the +lantern corresponding to one in the Rue Saint-Denis, and all the +lanterns in the surrounding streets, de MondĂ©tour, du Cygne, des +PrĂȘcheurs, and de la Grande and de la Petite-Truanderie. + +Enjolras, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac directed everything. Two +barricades were now in process of construction at once, both of them +resting on the Corinthe house and forming a right angle; the larger +shut off the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the other closed the Rue MondĂ©tour, +on the side of the Rue de Cygne. This last barricade, which was very +narrow, was constructed only of casks and paving-stones. There were +about fifty workers on it; thirty were armed with guns; for, on their +way, they had effected a wholesale loan from an armorer’s shop. + +Nothing could be more bizarre and at the same time more motley than +this troop. One had a round-jacket, a cavalry sabre, and two +holster-pistols, another was in his shirt-sleeves, with a round hat, +and a powder-horn slung at his side, a third wore a plastron of nine +sheets of gray paper and was armed with a saddler’s awl. There was one +who was shouting: “Let us exterminate them to the last man and die at +the point of our bayonet.” This man had no bayonet. Another spread out +over his coat the cross-belt and cartridge-box of a National Guardsman, +the cover of the cartridge-box being ornamented with this inscription +in red worsted: _Public Order_. There were a great many guns bearing +the numbers of the legions, few hats, no cravats, many bare arms, some +pikes. Add to this, all ages, all sorts of faces, small, pale young +men, and bronzed longshoremen. All were in haste; and as they helped +each other, they discussed the possible chances. That they would +receive succor about three o’clock in the morning—that they were sure +of one regiment, that Paris would rise. Terrible sayings with which was +mingled a sort of cordial joviality. One would have pronounced them +brothers, but they did not know each other’s names. Great perils have +this fine characteristic, that they bring to light the fraternity of +strangers. A fire had been lighted in the kitchen, and there they were +engaged in moulding into bullets, pewter mugs, spoons, forks, and all +the brass table-ware of the establishment. In the midst of it all, they +drank. Caps and buckshot were mixed pell-mell on the tables with +glasses of wine. In the billiard-hall, Mame Hucheloup, Matelote, and +Gibelotte, variously modified by terror, which had stupefied one, +rendered another breathless, and roused the third, were tearing up old +dish-cloths and making lint; three insurgents were assisting them, +three bushy-haired, jolly blades with beards and moustaches, who +plucked away at the linen with the fingers of seamstresses and who made +them tremble. + +The man of lofty stature whom Courfeyrac, Combeferre, and Enjolras had +observed at the moment when he joined the mob at the corner of the Rue +des Billettes, was at work on the smaller barricade and was making +himself useful there. Gavroche was working on the larger one. As for +the young man who had been waiting for Courfeyrac at his lodgings, and +who had inquired for M. Marius, he had disappeared at about the time +when the omnibus had been overturned. + +Gavroche, completely carried away and radiant, had undertaken to get +everything in readiness. He went, came, mounted, descended, re-mounted, +whistled, and sparkled. He seemed to be there for the encouragement of +all. Had he any incentive? Yes, certainly, his poverty; had he wings? +yes, certainly, his joy. Gavroche was a whirlwind. He was constantly +visible, he was incessantly audible. He filled the air, as he was +everywhere at once. He was a sort of almost irritating ubiquity; no +halt was possible with him. The enormous barricade felt him on its +haunches. He troubled the loungers, he excited the idle, he reanimated +the weary, he grew impatient over the thoughtful, he inspired gayety in +some, and breath in others, wrath in others, movement in all, now +pricking a student, now biting an artisan; he alighted, paused, flew +off again, hovered over the tumult, and the effort, sprang from one +party to another, murmuring and humming, and harassed the whole +company; a fly on the immense revolutionary coach. + +Perpetual motion was in his little arms and perpetual clamor in his +little lungs. + +“Courage! more paving-stones! more casks! more machines! Where are you +now? A hod of plaster for me to stop this hole with! Your barricade is +very small. It must be carried up. Put everything on it, fling +everything there, stick it all in. Break down the house. A barricade is +Mother Gibou’s tea. Hullo, here’s a glass door.” + + +This elicited an exclamation from the workers. + +“A glass door? what do you expect us to do with a glass door, +tubercle?” + + +“Hercules yourselves!” retorted Gavroche. “A glass door is an excellent +thing in a barricade. It does not prevent an attack, but it prevents +the enemy taking it. So you’ve never prigged apples over a wall where +there were broken bottles? A glass door cuts the corns of the National +Guard when they try to mount on the barricade. Pardi! glass is a +treacherous thing. Well, you haven’t a very wildly lively imagination, +comrades.” + + +However, he was furious over his triggerless pistol. He went from one +to another, demanding: “A gun, I want a gun! Why don’t you give me a +gun?” + + +“Give you a gun!” said Combeferre. + +“Come now!” said Gavroche, “why not? I had one in 1830 when we had a +dispute with Charles X.” + + +Enjolras shrugged his shoulders. + +“When there are enough for the men, we will give some to the children.” + + +Gavroche wheeled round haughtily, and answered:— + +“If you are killed before me, I shall take yours.” + + +“Gamin!” said Enjolras. + +“Greenhorn!” said Gavroche. + +A dandy who had lost his way and who lounged past the end of the street +created a diversion! Gavroche shouted to him:— + +“Come with us, young fellow! well now, don’t we do anything for this +old country of ours?” + + +The dandy fled. + + + + +CHAPTER V—PREPARATIONS + + +The journals of the day which said that that _nearly impregnable +structure_, of the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, as they call +it, reached to the level of the first floor, were mistaken. The fact +is, that it did not exceed an average height of six or seven feet. It +was built in such a manner that the combatants could, at their will, +either disappear behind it or dominate the barrier and even scale its +crest by means of a quadruple row of paving-stones placed on top of +each other and arranged as steps in the interior. On the outside, the +front of the barricade, composed of piles of paving-stones and casks +bound together by beams and planks, which were entangled in the wheels +of Anceau’s dray and of the overturned omnibus, had a bristling and +inextricable aspect. + +An aperture large enough to allow a man to pass through had been made +between the wall of the houses and the extremity of the barricade which +was furthest from the wine-shop, so that an exit was possible at this +point. The pole of the omnibus was placed upright and held up with +ropes, and a red flag, fastened to this pole, floated over the +barricade. + +The little MondĂ©tour barricade, hidden behind the wine-shop building, +was not visible. The two barricades united formed a veritable redoubt. +Enjolras and Courfeyrac had not thought fit to barricade the other +fragment of the Rue MondĂ©tour which opens through the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs +an issue into the Halles, wishing, no doubt, to preserve a possible +communication with the outside, and not entertaining much fear of an +attack through the dangerous and difficult street of the Rue des +PrĂȘcheurs. + +With the exception of this issue which was left free, and which +constituted what Folard in his strategical style would have termed a +branch and taking into account, also, the narrow cutting arranged on +the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the interior of the barricade, where the +wine-shop formed a salient angle, presented an irregular square, closed +on all sides. There existed an interval of twenty paces between the +grand barrier and the lofty houses which formed the background of the +street, so that one might say that the barricade rested on these +houses, all inhabited, but closed from top to bottom. + +All this work was performed without any hindrance, in less than an +hour, and without this handful of bold men seeing a single bear-skin +cap or a single bayonet make their appearance. The very bourgeois who +still ventured at this hour of riot to enter the Rue Saint-Denis cast a +glance at the Rue de la Chanvrerie, caught sight of the barricade, and +redoubled their pace. + +The two barricades being finished, and the flag run up, a table was +dragged out of the wine-shop; and Courfeyrac mounted on the table. +Enjolras brought the square coffer, and Courfeyrac opened it. This +coffer was filled with cartridges. When the mob saw the cartridges, a +tremor ran through the bravest, and a momentary silence ensued. + +Courfeyrac distributed them with a smile. + +Each one received thirty cartridges. Many had powder, and set about +making others with the bullets which they had run. As for the barrel of +powder, it stood on a table on one side, near the door, and was held in +reserve. + +The alarm beat which ran through all Paris, did not cease, but it had +finally come to be nothing more than a monotonous noise to which they +no longer paid any attention. This noise retreated at times, and again +drew near, with melancholy undulations. + +They loaded the guns and carbines, all together, without haste, with +solemn gravity. Enjolras went and stationed three sentinels outside the +barricades, one in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the second in the Rue des +PrĂȘcheurs, the third at the corner of the Rue de la Petite Truanderie. + +Then, the barricades having been built, the posts assigned, the guns +loaded, the sentinels stationed, they waited, alone in those +redoubtable streets through which no one passed any longer, surrounded +by those dumb houses which seemed dead and in which no human movement +palpitated, enveloped in the deepening shades of twilight which was +drawing on, in the midst of that silence through which something could +be felt advancing, and which had about it something tragic and +terrifying, isolated, armed, determined, and tranquil. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WAITING + + +During those hours of waiting, what did they do? + +We must needs tell, since this is a matter of history. + +While the men made bullets and the women lint, while a large saucepan +of melted brass and lead, destined to the bullet-mould smoked over a +glowing brazier, while the sentinels watched, weapon in hand, on the +barricade, while Enjolras, whom it was impossible to divert, kept an +eye on the sentinels, Combeferre, Courfeyrac, Jean Prouvaire, Feuilly, +Bossuet, Joly, Bahorel, and some others, sought each other out and +united as in the most peaceful days of their conversations in their +student life, and, in one corner of this wine-shop which had been +converted into a casement, a couple of paces distant from the redoubt +which they had built, with their carbines loaded and primed resting +against the backs of their chairs, these fine young fellows, so close +to a supreme hour, began to recite love verses. + +What verses? These:— + +Vous rappelez-vous notre douce vie, +Lorsque nous Ă©tions si jeunes tous deux, +Et que nous n’avions au cƓur d’autre envie +Que d’ĂȘtre bien mis et d’ĂȘtre amoureux, + +Lorsqu’en ajoutant votre Ăąge Ă  mon Ăąge, +Nous ne comptions pas Ă  deux quarante ans, +Et que, dans notre humble et petit mĂ©nage, +Tout, mĂȘme l’hiver, nous Ă©tait printemps? + +Beaux jours! Manuel Ă©tait fier et sage, +Paris s’asseyait Ă  de saints banquets, +Foy lançait la foudre, et votre corsage +Avait une Ă©pingle oĂč je me piquais. + +Tout vous contemplait. Avocat sans causes, +Quand je vous menais au Prado dĂźner, +Vous Ă©tiez jolie au point que les roses +Me faisaient l’effet de se retourner. + +Je les entendais dire: Est elle belle! +Comme elle sent bon! Quels cheveux Ă  flots! +Sous son mantelet elle cache une aile, +Son bonnet charmant est Ă  peine Ă©clos. + +J’errais avec toi, pressant ton bras souple. +Les passants croyaient que l’amour charmĂ© +Avait mariĂ©, dans notre heureux couple, +Le doux mois d’avril au beau mois de mai. + +Nous vivions cachĂ©s, contents, porte close, +DĂ©vorant l’amour, bon fruit dĂ©fendu, +Ma bouche n’avait pas dit une chose +Que dĂ©jĂ  ton cƓur avait rĂ©pondu. + +La Sorbonne Ă©tait l’endroit bucolique +OĂč je t’adorais du soir au matin. +C’est ainsi qu’une Ăąme amoureuse applique +La carte du Tendre au pays Latin. + +O place Maubert! O place Dauphine! +Quand, dans le taudis frais et printanier, +Tu tirais ton bas sur ta jambe fine, +Je voyais un astre au fond du grenier. + +J’ai fort lu Platon, mais rien ne m’en reste; +Mieux que Malebranche et que Lamennais, +Tu me dĂ©montrais la bontĂ© cĂ©leste +Avec une fleur que tu me donnais. + +Je t’obĂ©issais, tu m’étais soumise; +O grenier dorĂ©! te lacer! te voir +Aller et venir dĂšs l’aube en chemise, +Mirant ton jeune front Ă  ton vieux miroir. + +Et qui donc pourrait perdre la mĂ©moire +De ces temps d’aurore et de firmament, +De rubans, de fleurs, de gaze et de moire, +OĂč l’amour bĂ©gaye un argot charmant? + +Nos jardins Ă©taient un pot de tulipe; +Tu masquais la vitre avec un jupon; +Je prenais le bol de terre de pipe, +Et je te donnais le tasse en japon. + +Et ces grands malheurs qui nous faisaient rire! +Ton manchon brĂ»lĂ©, ton boa perdu! +Et ce cher portrait du divin Shakespeare +Qu’un soir pour souper nons avons vendu! + +J’étais mendiant et toi charitable. +Je baisais au vol tes bras frais et ronds. +Dante in folio nous servait de table +Pour manger gaĂźment un cent de marrons. + +La premiĂšre fois qu’en mon joyeux bouge +Je pris un baiser Ă  ta lĂšvre en feu, +Quand tu t’en allais dĂ©coiffĂ©e et rouge, +Je restai tout pĂąle et je crus en Dieu! + +Te rappelles-tu nos bonheurs sans nombre, +Et tous ces fichus changĂ©s en chiffons? +Oh que de soupirs, de nos cƓurs pleins d’ombre, +Se sont envolĂ©s dans les cieux profonds!53 + + +The hour, the spot, these souvenirs of youth recalled, a few stars +which began to twinkle in the sky, the funeral repose of those deserted +streets, the imminence of the inexorable adventure, which was in +preparation, gave a pathetic charm to these verses murmured in a low +tone in the dusk by Jean Prouvaire, who, as we have said, was a gentle +poet. + +In the meantime, a lamp had been lighted in the small barricade, and in +the large one, one of those wax torches such as are to be met with on +Shrove-Tuesday in front of vehicles loaded with masks, on their way to +la Courtille. These torches, as the reader has seen, came from the +Faubourg Saint-Antoine. + +The torch had been placed in a sort of cage of paving-stones closed on +three sides to shelter it from the wind, and disposed in such a fashion +that all the light fell on the flag. The street and the barricade +remained sunk in gloom, and nothing was to be seen except the red flag +formidably illuminated as by an enormous dark-lantern. + +This light enhanced the scarlet of the flag, with an indescribable and +terrible purple. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE MAN RECRUITED IN THE RUE DES BILLETTES + + +Night was fully come, nothing made its appearance. All that they heard +was confused noises, and at intervals, fusillades; but these were rare, +badly sustained and distant. This respite, which was thus prolonged, +was a sign that the Government was taking its time, and collecting its +forces. These fifty men were waiting for sixty thousand. + +Enjolras felt attacked by that impatience which seizes on strong souls +on the threshold of redoubtable events. He went in search of Gavroche, +who had set to making cartridges in the tap-room, by the dubious light +of two candles placed on the counter by way of precaution, on account +of the powder which was scattered on the tables. These two candles cast +no gleam outside. The insurgents had, moreover, taken pains not to have +any light in the upper stories. + +Gavroche was deeply preoccupied at that moment, but not precisely with +his cartridges. The man of the Rue des Billettes had just entered the +tap-room and had seated himself at the table which was the least +lighted. A musket of large model had fallen to his share, and he held +it between his legs. Gavroche, who had been, up to that moment, +distracted by a hundred “amusing” things, had not even seen this man. + +When he entered, Gavroche followed him mechanically with his eyes, +admiring his gun; then, all at once, when the man was seated, the +street urchin sprang to his feet. Any one who had spied upon that man +up to that moment, would have seen that he was observing everything in +the barricade and in the band of insurgents, with singular attention; +but, from the moment when he had entered this room, he had fallen into +a sort of brown study, and no longer seemed to see anything that was +going on. The gamin approached this pensive personage, and began to +step around him on tiptoe, as one walks in the vicinity of a person +whom one is afraid of waking. At the same time, over his childish +countenance which was, at once so impudent and so serious, so giddy and +so profound, so gay and so heart-breaking, passed all those grimaces of +an old man which signify: Ah bah! impossible! My sight is bad! I am +dreaming! can this be? no, it is not! but yes! why, no! etc. Gavroche +balanced on his heels, clenched both fists in his pockets, moved his +neck around like a bird, expended in a gigantic pout all the sagacity +of his lower lip. He was astounded, uncertain, incredulous, convinced, +dazzled. He had the mien of the chief of the eunuchs in the slave mart, +discovering a Venus among the blowsy females, and the air of an amateur +recognizing a Raphael in a heap of daubs. His whole being was at work, +the instinct which scents out, and the intelligence which combines. It +was evident that a great event had happened in Gavroche’s life. + +It was at the most intense point of this preoccupation that Enjolras +accosted him. + +“You are small,” said Enjolras, “you will not be seen. Go out of the +barricade, slip along close to the houses, skirmish about a bit in the +streets, and come back and tell me what is going on.” + + +Gavroche raised himself on his haunches. + +“So the little chaps are good for something! that’s very lucky! I’ll +go! In the meanwhile, trust to the little fellows, and distrust the big +ones.” And Gavroche, raising his head and lowering his voice, added, as +he indicated the man of the Rue des Billettes: “Do you see that big +fellow there?” + + +“Well?” + + +“He’s a police spy.” + + +“Are you sure of it?” + + +“It isn’t two weeks since he pulled me off the cornice of the Port +Royal, where I was taking the air, by my ear.” + + +Enjolras hastily quitted the urchin and murmured a few words in a very +low tone to a longshoreman from the winedocks who chanced to be at +hand. The man left the room, and returned almost immediately, +accompanied by three others. The four men, four porters with broad +shoulders, went and placed themselves without doing anything to attract +his attention, behind the table on which the man of the Rue des +Billettes was leaning with his elbows. They were evidently ready to +hurl themselves upon him. + +Then Enjolras approached the man and demanded of him:— + +“Who are you?” + + +At this abrupt query, the man started. He plunged his gaze deep into +Enjolras’ clear eyes and appeared to grasp the latter’s meaning. He +smiled with a smile than which nothing more disdainful, more energetic, +and more resolute could be seen in the world, and replied with haughty +gravity:— + +“I see what it is. Well, yes!” + + +“You are a police spy?” + + +“I am an agent of the authorities.” + + +“And your name?” + + +“Javert.” + + +Enjolras made a sign to the four men. In the twinkling of an eye, +before Javert had time to turn round, he was collared, thrown down, +pinioned and searched. + +They found on him a little round card pasted between two pieces of +glass, and bearing on one side the arms of France, engraved, and with +this motto: _Supervision and vigilance_, and on the other this note: +“JAVERT, inspector of police, aged fifty-two,” and the signature of the +Prefect of Police of that day, M. Gisquet. + +Besides this, he had his watch and his purse, which contained several +gold pieces. They left him his purse and his watch. Under the watch, at +the bottom of his fob, they felt and seized a paper in an envelope, +which Enjolras unfolded, and on which he read these five lines, written +in the very hand of the Prefect of Police:— + +“As soon as his political mission is accomplished, Inspector Javert +will make sure, by special supervision, whether it is true that the +malefactors have instituted intrigues on the right bank of the Seine, +near the Jena bridge.” + + +The search ended, they lifted Javert to his feet, bound his arms behind +his back, and fastened him to that celebrated post in the middle of the +room which had formerly given the wine-shop its name. + +Gavroche, who had looked on at the whole of this scene and had approved +of everything with a silent toss of his head, stepped up to Javert and +said to him:— + +“It’s the mouse who has caught the cat.” + + +All this was so rapidly executed, that it was all over when those about +the wine-shop noticed it. + +Javert had not uttered a single cry. + +At the sight of Javert bound to the post, Courfeyrac, Bossuet, Joly, +Combeferre, and the men scattered over the two barricades came running +up. + +Javert, with his back to the post, and so surrounded with ropes that he +could not make a movement, raised his head with the intrepid serenity +of the man who has never lied. + +“He is a police spy,” said Enjolras. + +And turning to Javert: “You will be shot ten minutes before the +barricade is taken.” + + +Javert replied in his most imperious tone:— + +“Why not at once?” + + +“We are saving our powder.” + + +“Then finish the business with a blow from a knife.” + + +“Spy,” said the handsome Enjolras, “we are judges and not assassins.” + + +Then he called Gavroche:— + +“Here you! go about your business! Do what I told you!” + + +“I’m going!” cried Gavroche. + +And halting as he was on the point of setting out:— + +“By the way, you will give me his gun!” and he added: “I leave you the +musician, but I want the clarinet.” + + +The gamin made the military salute and passed gayly through the opening +in the large barricade. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MANY INTERROGATION POINTS WITH REGARD TO A CERTAIN LE +CABUC WHOSE NAME MAY NOT HAVE BEEN LE CABUC + + +The tragic picture which we have undertaken would not be complete, the +reader would not see those grand moments of social birth-pangs in a +revolutionary birth, which contain convulsion mingled with effort, in +their exact and real relief, were we to omit, in the sketch here +outlined, an incident full of epic and savage horror which occurred +almost immediately after Gavroche’s departure. + +Mobs, as the reader knows, are like a snowball, and collect as they +roll along, a throng of tumultuous men. These men do not ask each other +whence they come. Among the passers-by who had joined the rabble led by +Enjolras, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac, there had been a person wearing +the jacket of a street porter, which was very threadbare on the +shoulders, who gesticulated and vociferated, and who had the look of a +drunken savage. This man, whose name or nickname was Le Cabuc, and who +was, moreover, an utter stranger to those who pretended to know him, +was very drunk, or assumed the appearance of being so, and had seated +himself with several others at a table which they had dragged outside +of the wine-shop. This Cabuc, while making those who vied with him +drunk seemed to be examining with a thoughtful air the large house at +the extremity of the barricade, whose five stories commanded the whole +street and faced the Rue Saint-Denis. All at once he exclaimed:— + +“Do you know, comrades, it is from that house yonder that we must fire. +When we are at the windows, the deuce is in it if any one can advance +into the street!” + + +“Yes, but the house is closed,” said one of the drinkers. + +“Let us knock!” + + +“They will not open.” + + +“Let us break in the door!” + + +Le Cabuc runs to the door, which had a very massive knocker, and +knocks. The door opens not. He strikes a second blow. No one answers. A +third stroke. The same silence. + +“Is there any one here?” shouts Cabuc. + +Nothing stirs. + +Then he seizes a gun and begins to batter the door with the butt end. + +It was an ancient alley door, low, vaulted, narrow, solid, entirely of +oak, lined on the inside with a sheet of iron and iron stays, a genuine +prison postern. The blows from the butt end of the gun made the house +tremble, but did not shake the door. + +Nevertheless, it is probable that the inhabitants were disturbed, for a +tiny, square window was finally seen to open on the third story, and at +this aperture appeared the reverend and terrified face of a gray-haired +old man, who was the porter, and who held a candle. + +The man who was knocking paused. + +“Gentlemen,” said the porter, “what do you want?” + + +“Open!” said Cabuc. + +“That cannot be, gentlemen.” + + +“Open, nevertheless.” + + +“Impossible, gentlemen.” + + +Le Cabuc took his gun and aimed at the porter; but as he was below, and +as it was very dark, the porter did not see him. + +“Will you open, yes or no?” + + +“No, gentlemen.” + + +“Do you say no?” + + +“I say no, my goo—” + + +The porter did not finish. The shot was fired; the ball entered under +his chin and came out at the nape of his neck, after traversing the +jugular vein. + +The old man fell back without a sigh. The candle fell and was +extinguished, and nothing more was to be seen except a motionless head +lying on the sill of the small window, and a little whitish smoke which +floated off towards the roof. + +“There!” said Le Cabuc, dropping the butt end of his gun to the +pavement. + +He had hardly uttered this word, when he felt a hand laid on his +shoulder with the weight of an eagle’s talon, and he heard a voice +saying to him:— + +“On your knees.” + + +The murderer turned round and saw before him Enjolras’ cold, white +face. + +Enjolras held a pistol in his hand. + +He had hastened up at the sound of the discharge. + +He had seized Cabuc’s collar, blouse, shirt, and suspender with his +left hand. + +“On your knees!” he repeated. + +And, with an imperious motion, the frail young man of twenty years bent +the thickset and sturdy porter like a reed, and brought him to his +knees in the mire. + +Le Cabuc attempted to resist, but he seemed to have been seized by a +superhuman hand. + +Enjolras, pale, with bare neck and dishevelled hair, and his woman’s +face, had about him at that moment something of the antique Themis. His +dilated nostrils, his downcast eyes, gave to his implacable Greek +profile that expression of wrath and that expression of Chastity which, +as the ancient world viewed the matter, befit Justice. + +The whole barricade hastened up, then all ranged themselves in a circle +at a distance, feeling that it was impossible to utter a word in the +presence of the thing which they were about to behold. + +Le Cabuc, vanquished, no longer tried to struggle, and trembled in +every limb. + +Enjolras released him and drew out his watch. + +“Collect yourself,” said he. “Think or pray. You have one minute.” + + +“Mercy!” murmured the murderer; then he dropped his head and stammered +a few inarticulate oaths. + +Enjolras never took his eyes off of him: he allowed a minute to pass, +then he replaced his watch in his fob. That done, he grasped Le Cabuc +by the hair, as the latter coiled himself into a ball at his knees and +shrieked, and placed the muzzle of the pistol to his ear. Many of those +intrepid men, who had so tranquilly entered upon the most terrible of +adventures, turned aside their heads. + +An explosion was heard, the assassin fell to the pavement face +downwards. + +Enjolras straightened himself up, and cast a convinced and severe +glance around him. Then he spurned the corpse with his foot and said:— + +“Throw that outside.” + + +Three men raised the body of the unhappy wretch, which was still +agitated by the last mechanical convulsions of the life that had fled, +and flung it over the little barricade into the Rue MondĂ©tour. + +Enjolras was thoughtful. It is impossible to say what grandiose shadows +slowly spread over his redoubtable serenity. All at once he raised his +voice. + +A silence fell upon them. + +“Citizens,” said Enjolras, “what that man did is frightful, what I have +done is horrible. He killed, therefore I killed him. I had to do it, +because insurrection must have its discipline. Assassination is even +more of a crime here than elsewhere; we are under the eyes of the +Revolution, we are the priests of the Republic, we are the victims of +duty, and must not be possible to slander our combat. I have, +therefore, tried that man, and condemned him to death. As for myself, +constrained as I am to do what I have done, and yet abhorring it, I +have judged myself also, and you shall soon see to what I have +condemned myself.” + + +Those who listened to him shuddered. + +“We will share thy fate,” cried Combeferre. + +“So be it,” replied Enjolras. “One word more. In executing this man, I +have obeyed necessity; but necessity is a monster of the old world, +necessity’s name is Fatality. Now, the law of progress is, that +monsters shall disappear before the angels, and that Fatality shall +vanish before Fraternity. It is a bad moment to pronounce the word +love. No matter, I do pronounce it. And I glorify it. Love, the future +is thine. Death, I make use of thee, but I hate thee. Citizens, in the +future there will be neither darkness nor thunderbolts; neither +ferocious ignorance, nor bloody retaliation. As there will be no more +Satan, there will be no more Michael. In the future no one will kill +any one else, the earth will beam with radiance, the human race will +love. The day will come, citizens, when all will be concord, harmony, +light, joy and life; it will come, and it is in order that it may come +that we are about to die.” + + +Enjolras ceased. His virgin lips closed; and he remained for some time +standing on the spot where he had shed blood, in marble immobility. His +staring eye caused those about him to speak in low tones. + +Jean Prouvaire and Combeferre pressed each other’s hands silently, and, +leaning against each other in an angle of the barricade, they watched +with an admiration in which there was some compassion, that grave young +man, executioner and priest, composed of light, like crystal, and also +of rock. + +Let us say at once that later on, after the action, when the bodies +were taken to the morgue and searched, a police agent’s card was found +on Le Cabuc. The author of this book had in his hands, in 1848, the +special report on this subject made to the Prefect of Police in 1832. + +We will add, that if we are to believe a tradition of the police, which +is strange but probably well founded, Le Cabuc was Claquesous. The fact +is, that dating from the death of Le Cabuc, there was no longer any +question of Claquesous. Claquesous had nowhere left any trace of his +disappearance; he would seem to have amalgamated himself with the +invisible. His life had been all shadows, his end was night. + +The whole insurgent group was still under the influence of the emotion +of that tragic case which had been so quickly tried and so quickly +terminated, when Courfeyrac again beheld on the barricade, the small +young man who had inquired of him that morning for Marius. + +This lad, who had a bold and reckless air, had come by night to join +the insurgents. + + + + +BOOK THIRTEENTH—MARIUS ENTERS THE SHADOW + + + + +CHAPTER I—FROM THE RUE PLUMET TO THE QUARTIER SAINT-DENIS + + +The voice which had summoned Marius through the twilight to the +barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, had produced on him the effect +of the voice of destiny. He wished to die; the opportunity presented +itself; he knocked at the door of the tomb, a hand in the darkness +offered him the key. These melancholy openings which take place in the +gloom before despair, are tempting. Marius thrust aside the bar which +had so often allowed him to pass, emerged from the garden, and said: “I +will go.” + + +Mad with grief, no longer conscious of anything fixed or solid in his +brain, incapable of accepting anything thenceforth of fate after those +two months passed in the intoxication of youth and love, overwhelmed at +once by all the reveries of despair, he had but one desire remaining, +to make a speedy end of all. + +He set out at rapid pace. He found himself most opportunely armed, as +he had Javert’s pistols with him. + +The young man of whom he thought that he had caught a glimpse, had +vanished from his sight in the street. + +Marius, who had emerged from the Rue Plumet by the boulevard, traversed +the Esplanade and the bridge of the Invalides, the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the +Place Louis XV., and reached the Rue de Rivoli. The shops were open +there, the gas was burning under the arcades, women were making their +purchases in the stalls, people were eating ices in the CafĂ© Laiter, +and nibbling small cakes at the English pastry-cook’s shop. Only a few +posting-chaises were setting out at a gallop from the HĂŽtel des Princes +and the HĂŽtel Meurice. + +Marius entered the Rue Saint-HonorĂ© through the Passage Delorme. There +the shops were closed, the merchants were chatting in front of their +half-open doors, people were walking about, the street lanterns were +lighted, beginning with the first floor, all the windows were lighted +as usual. There was cavalry on the Place du Palais-Royal. + +Marius followed the Rue Saint-HonorĂ©. In proportion as he left the +Palais-Royal behind him, there were fewer lighted windows, the shops +were fast shut, no one was chatting on the thresholds, the street grew +sombre, and, at the same time, the crowd increased in density. For the +passers-by now amounted to a crowd. No one could be seen to speak in +this throng, and yet there arose from it a dull, deep murmur. + +Near the fountain of the Arbre-Sec, there were “assemblages”, +motionless and gloomy groups which were to those who went and came as +stones in the midst of running water. + +At the entrance to the Rue des Prouvaires, the crowd no longer walked. +It formed a resisting, massive, solid, compact, almost impenetrable +block of people who were huddled together, and conversing in low tones. +There were hardly any black coats or round hats now, but smock frocks, +blouses, caps, and bristling and cadaverous heads. This multitude +undulated confusedly in the nocturnal gloom. Its whisperings had the +hoarse accent of a vibration. Although not one of them was walking, a +dull trampling was audible in the mire. Beyond this dense portion of +the throng, in the Rue du Roule, in the Rue des Prouvaires, and in the +extension of the Rue Saint-HonorĂ©, there was no longer a single window +in which a candle was burning. Only the solitary and diminishing rows +of lanterns could be seen vanishing into the street in the distance. +The lanterns of that date resembled large red stars, hanging to ropes, +and shed upon the pavement a shadow which had the form of a huge +spider. These streets were not deserted. There could be descried piles +of guns, moving bayonets, and troops bivouacking. No curious observer +passed that limit. There circulation ceased. There the rabble ended and +the army began. + +Marius willed with the will of a man who hopes no more. He had been +summoned, he must go. He found a means to traverse the throng and to +pass the bivouac of the troops, he shunned the patrols, he avoided the +sentinels. He made a circuit, reached the Rue de BĂ©thisy, and directed +his course towards the Halles. At the corner of the Rue des +Bourdonnais, there were no longer any lanterns. + +After having passed the zone of the crowd, he had passed the limits of +the troops; he found himself in something startling. There was no +longer a passer-by, no longer a soldier, no longer a light, there was +no one; solitude, silence, night, I know not what chill which seized +hold upon one. Entering a street was like entering a cellar. + +He continued to advance. + +He took a few steps. Some one passed close to him at a run. Was it a +man? Or a woman? Were there many of them? he could not have told. It +had passed and vanished. + +Proceeding from circuit to circuit, he reached a lane which he judged +to be the Rue de la Poterie; near the middle of this street, he came in +contact with an obstacle. He extended his hands. It was an overturned +wagon; his foot recognized pools of water, gullies, and paving-stones +scattered and piled up. A barricade had been begun there and abandoned. +He climbed over the stones and found himself on the other side of the +barrier. He walked very near the street-posts, and guided himself along +the walls of the houses. A little beyond the barricade, it seemed to +him that he could make out something white in front of him. He +approached, it took on a form. It was two white horses; the horses of +the omnibus harnessed by Bossuet in the morning, who had been straying +at random all day from street to street, and had finally halted there, +with the weary patience of brutes who no more understand the actions of +men, than man understands the actions of Providence. + +Marius left the horses behind him. As he was approaching a street which +seemed to him to be the Rue du Contrat-Social, a shot coming no one +knows whence, and traversing the darkness at random, whistled close by +him, and the bullet pierced a brass shaving-dish suspended above his +head over a hairdresser’s shop. This pierced shaving-dish was still to +be seen in 1848, in the Rue du Contrat-Social, at the corner of the +pillars of the market. + +This shot still betokened life. From that instant forth he encountered +nothing more. + +The whole of this itinerary resembled a descent of black steps. + +Nevertheless, Marius pressed forward. + + + + +CHAPTER II—AN OWL’S VIEW OF PARIS + + +A being who could have hovered over Paris that night with the wing of +the bat or the owl would have had beneath his eyes a gloomy spectacle. + +All that old quarter of the Halles, which is like a city within a city, +through which run the Rues Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin, where a +thousand lanes cross, and of which the insurgents had made their +redoubt and their stronghold, would have appeared to him like a dark +and enormous cavity hollowed out in the centre of Paris. There the +glance fell into an abyss. Thanks to the broken lanterns, thanks to the +closed windows, there all radiance, all life, all sound, all movement +ceased. The invisible police of the insurrection were on the watch +everywhere, and maintained order, that is to say, night. The necessary +tactics of insurrection are to drown small numbers in a vast obscurity, +to multiply every combatant by the possibilities which that obscurity +contains. At dusk, every window where a candle was burning received a +shot. The light was extinguished, sometimes the inhabitant was killed. +Hence nothing was stirring. There was nothing but fright, mourning, +stupor in the houses; and in the streets, a sort of sacred horror. Not +even the long rows of windows and stores, the indentations of the +chimneys, and the roofs, and the vague reflections which are cast back +by the wet and muddy pavements, were visible. An eye cast upward at +that mass of shadows might, perhaps, have caught a glimpse here and +there, at intervals, of indistinct gleams which brought out broken and +eccentric lines, and profiles of singular buildings, something like the +lights which go and come in ruins; it was at such points that the +barricades were situated. The rest was a lake of obscurity, foggy, +heavy, and funereal, above which, in motionless and melancholy +outlines, rose the tower of Saint-Jacques, the church of Saint-Merry, +and two or three more of those grand edifices of which man makes giants +and the night makes phantoms. + +All around this deserted and disquieting labyrinth, in the quarters +where the Parisian circulation had not been annihilated, and where a +few street lanterns still burned, the aerial observer might have +distinguished the metallic gleam of swords and bayonets, the dull +rumble of artillery, and the swarming of silent battalions whose ranks +were swelling from minute to minute; a formidable girdle which was +slowly drawing in and around the insurrection. + +The invested quarter was no longer anything more than a monstrous +cavern; everything there appeared to be asleep or motionless, and, as +we have just seen, any street which one might come to offered nothing +but darkness. + +A wild darkness, full of traps, full of unseen and formidable shocks, +into which it was alarming to penetrate, and in which it was terrible +to remain, where those who entered shivered before those whom they +awaited, where those who waited shuddered before those who were coming. +Invisible combatants were entrenched at every corner of the street; +snares of the sepulchre concealed in the density of night. All was +over. No more light was to be hoped for, henceforth, except the +lightning of guns, no further encounter except the abrupt and rapid +apparition of death. Where? How? When? No one knew, but it was certain +and inevitable. In this place which had been marked out for the +struggle, the Government and the insurrection, the National Guard, and +popular societies, the bourgeois and the uprising, groping their way, +were about to come into contact. The necessity was the same for both. +The only possible issue thenceforth was to emerge thence killed or +conquerors. A situation so extreme, an obscurity so powerful, that the +most timid felt themselves seized with resolution, and the most daring +with terror. + +Moreover, on both sides, the fury, the rage, and the determination were +equal. For the one party, to advance meant death, and no one dreamed of +retreating; for the other, to remain meant death, and no one dreamed of +flight. + +It was indispensable that all should be ended on the following day, +that triumph should rest either here or there, that the insurrection +should prove itself a revolution or a skirmish. The Government +understood this as well as the parties; the most insignificant +bourgeois felt it. Hence a thought of anguish which mingled with the +impenetrable gloom of this quarter where all was at the point of being +decided; hence a redoubled anxiety around that silence whence a +catastrophe was on the point of emerging. Here only one sound was +audible, a sound as heart-rending as the death rattle, as menacing as a +malediction, the tocsin of Saint-Merry. Nothing could be more +blood-curdling than the clamor of that wild and desperate bell, wailing +amid the shadows. + +As it often happens, nature seemed to have fallen into accord with what +men were about to do. Nothing disturbed the harmony of the whole +effect. The stars had disappeared, heavy clouds filled the horizon with +their melancholy folds. A black sky rested on these dead streets, as +though an immense winding-sheet were being outspread over this immense +tomb. + +While a battle that was still wholly political was in preparation in +the same locality which had already witnessed so many revolutionary +events, while youth, the secret associations, the schools, in the name +of principles, and the middle classes, in the name of interests, were +approaching preparatory to dashing themselves together, clasping and +throwing each other, while each one hastened and invited the last and +decisive hour of the crisis, far away and quite outside of this fatal +quarter, in the most profound depths of the unfathomable cavities of +that wretched old Paris which disappears under the splendor of happy +and opulent Paris, the sombre voice of the people could be heard giving +utterance to a dull roar. + +A fearful and sacred voice which is composed of the roar of the brute +and of the word of God, which terrifies the weak and which warns the +wise, which comes both from below like the voice of the lion, and from +on high like the voice of the thunder. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE EXTREME EDGE + + +Marius had reached the Halles. + +There everything was still calmer, more obscure and more motionless +than in the neighboring streets. One would have said that the glacial +peace of the sepulchre had sprung forth from the earth and had spread +over the heavens. + +Nevertheless, a red glow brought out against this black background the +lofty roofs of the houses which barred the Rue de la Chanvrerie on the +Saint-Eustache side. It was the reflection of the torch which was +burning in the Corinthe barricade. Marius directed his steps towards +that red light. It had drawn him to the MarchĂ©-aux-PoirĂ©es, and he +caught a glimpse of the dark mouth of the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs. He entered +it. The insurgents’ sentinel, who was guarding the other end, did not +see him. He felt that he was very close to that which he had come in +search of, and he walked on tiptoe. In this manner he reached the elbow +of that short section of the Rue MondĂ©tour which was, as the reader +will remember, the only communication which Enjolras had preserved with +the outside world. At the corner of the last house, on his left, he +thrust his head forward, and looked into the fragment of the Rue +MondĂ©tour. + +A little beyond the angle of the lane and the Rue de la Chanvrerie +which cast a broad curtain of shadow, in which he was himself engulfed, +he perceived some light on the pavement, a bit of the wine-shop, and +beyond, a flickering lamp within a sort of shapeless wall, and men +crouching down with guns on their knees. All this was ten fathoms +distant from him. It was the interior of the barricade. + +The houses which bordered the lane on the right concealed the rest of +the wine-shop, the large barricade, and the flag from him. + +Marius had but a step more to take. + +Then the unhappy young man seated himself on a post, folded his arms, +and fell to thinking about his father. + +He thought of that heroic Colonel Pontmercy, who had been so proud a +soldier, who had guarded the frontier of France under the Republic, and +had touched the frontier of Asia under Napoleon, who had beheld Genoa, +Alexandria, Milan, Turin, Madrid, Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Moscow, who +had left on all the victorious battle-fields of Europe drops of that +same blood, which he, Marius, had in his veins, who had grown gray +before his time in discipline and command, who had lived with his +sword-belt buckled, his epaulets falling on his breast, his cockade +blackened with powder, his brow furrowed with his helmet, in barracks, +in camp, in the bivouac, in ambulances, and who, at the expiration of +twenty years, had returned from the great wars with a scarred cheek, a +smiling countenance, tranquil, admirable, pure as a child, having done +everything for France and nothing against her. + +He said to himself that his day had also come now, that his hour had +struck, that following his father, he too was about to show himself +brave, intrepid, bold, to run to meet the bullets, to offer his breast +to bayonets, to shed his blood, to seek the enemy, to seek death, that +he was about to wage war in his turn and descend to the field of +battle, and that the field of battle upon which he was to descend was +the street, and that the war in which he was about to engage was civil +war! + +He beheld civil war laid open like a gulf before him, and into this he +was about to fall. Then he shuddered. + +He thought of his father’s sword, which his grandfather had sold to a +second-hand dealer, and which he had so mournfully regretted. He said +to himself that that chaste and valiant sword had done well to escape +from him, and to depart in wrath into the gloom; that if it had thus +fled, it was because it was intelligent and because it had foreseen the +future; that it had had a presentiment of this rebellion, the war of +the gutters, the war of the pavements, fusillades through +cellar-windows, blows given and received in the rear; it was because, +coming from Marengo and Friedland, it did not wish to go to the Rue de +la Chanvrerie; it was because, after what it had done with the father, +it did not wish to do this for the son! He told himself that if that +sword were there, if after taking possession of it at his father’s +pillow, he had dared to take it and carry it off for this combat of +darkness between Frenchmen in the streets, it would assuredly have +scorched his hands and burst out aflame before his eyes, like the sword +of the angel! He told himself that it was fortunate that it was not +there and that it had disappeared, that that was well, that that was +just, that his grandfather had been the true guardian of his father’s +glory, and that it was far better that the colonel’s sword should be +sold at auction, sold to the old-clothes man, thrown among the old +junk, than that it should, to-day, wound the side of his country. + +And then he fell to weeping bitterly. + +This was horrible. But what was he to do? Live without Cosette he could +not. Since she was gone, he must needs die. Had he not given her his +word of honor that he would die? She had gone knowing that; this meant +that it pleased her that Marius should die. And then, it was clear that +she no longer loved him, since she had departed thus without warning, +without a word, without a letter, although she knew his address! What +was the good of living, and why should he live now? And then, what! +should he retreat after going so far? should he flee from danger after +having approached it? should he slip away after having come and peeped +into the barricade? slip away, all in a tremble, saying: “After all, I +have had enough of it as it is. I have seen it, that suffices, this is +civil war, and I shall take my leave!” Should he abandon his friends +who were expecting him? Who were in need of him possibly! who were a +mere handful against an army! Should he be untrue at once to his love, +to country, to his word? Should he give to his cowardice the pretext of +patriotism? But this was impossible, and if the phantom of his father +was there in the gloom, and beheld him retreating, he would beat him on +the loins with the flat of his sword, and shout to him: “March on, you +poltroon!” + + +Thus a prey to the conflicting movements of his thoughts, he dropped +his head. + +All at once he raised it. A sort of splendid rectification had just +been effected in his mind. There is a widening of the sphere of thought +which is peculiar to the vicinity of the grave; it makes one see +clearly to be near death. The vision of the action into which he felt +that he was, perhaps, on the point of entering, appeared to him no more +as lamentable, but as superb. The war of the street was suddenly +transfigured by some unfathomable inward working of his soul, before +the eye of his thought. All the tumultuous interrogation points of +reverie recurred to him in throngs, but without troubling him. He left +none of them unanswered. + +Let us see, why should his father be indignant? Are there not cases +where insurrection rises to the dignity of duty? What was there that +was degrading for the son of Colonel Pontmercy in the combat which was +about to begin? It is no longer Montmirail nor Champaubert; it is +something quite different. The question is no longer one of sacred +territory,—but of a holy idea. The country wails, that may be, but +humanity applauds. But is it true that the country does wail? France +bleeds, but liberty smiles; and in the presence of liberty’s smile, +France forgets her wound. And then if we look at things from a still +more lofty point of view, why do we speak of civil war? + +Civil war—what does that mean? Is there a foreign war? Is not all war +between men, war between brothers? War is qualified only by its object. +There is no such thing as foreign or civil war; there is only just and +unjust war. Until that day when the grand human agreement is concluded, +war, that at least which is the effort of the future, which is +hastening on against the past, which is lagging in the rear, may be +necessary. What have we to reproach that war with? War does not become +a disgrace, the sword does not become a disgrace, except when it is +used for assassinating the right, progress, reason, civilization, +truth. Then war, whether foreign or civil, is iniquitous; it is called +crime. Outside the pale of that holy thing, justice, by what right does +one form of man despise another? By what right should the sword of +Washington disown the pike of Camille Desmoulins? Leonidas against the +stranger, Timoleon against the tyrant, which is the greater? the one is +the defender, the other the liberator. Shall we brand every appeal to +arms within a city’s limits without taking the object into a +consideration? Then note the infamy of Brutus, Marcel, Arnould von +Blankenheim, Coligny, Hedgerow war? War of the streets? Why not? That +was the war of Ambiorix, of Artevelde, of Marnix, of Pelagius. But +Ambiorix fought against Rome, Artevelde against France, Marnix against +Spain, Pelagius against the Moors; all against the foreigner. Well, the +monarchy is a foreigner; oppression is a stranger; the right divine is +a stranger. Despotism violates the moral frontier, an invasion violates +the geographical frontier. Driving out the tyrant or driving out the +English, in both cases, regaining possession of one’s own territory. +There comes an hour when protestation no longer suffices; after +philosophy, action is required; live force finishes what the idea has +sketched out; Prometheus chained begins, Arostogeiton ends; the +encyclopedia enlightens souls, the 10th of August electrifies them. +After Æschylus, Thrasybulus; after Diderot, Danton. Multitudes have a +tendency to accept the master. Their mass bears witness to apathy. A +crowd is easily led as a whole to obedience. Men must be stirred up, +pushed on, treated roughly by the very benefit of their deliverance, +their eyes must be wounded by the true, light must be hurled at them in +terrible handfuls. They must be a little thunderstruck themselves at +their own well-being; this dazzling awakens them. Hence the necessity +of tocsins and wars. Great combatants must rise, must enlighten nations +with audacity, and shake up that sad humanity which is covered with +gloom by the right divine, CĂŠsarian glory, force, fanaticism, +irresponsible power, and absolute majesty; a rabble stupidly occupied +in the contemplation, in their twilight splendor, of these sombre +triumphs of the night. Down with the tyrant! Of whom are you speaking? +Do you call Louis Philippe the tyrant? No; no more than Louis XVI. Both +of them are what history is in the habit of calling good kings; but +principles are not to be parcelled out, the logic of the true is +rectilinear, the peculiarity of truth is that it lacks complaisance; no +concessions, then; all encroachments on man should be repressed. There +is a divine right in Louis XVI., there is _because a Bourbon_ in Louis +Philippe; both represent in a certain measure the confiscation of +right, and, in order to clear away universal insurrection, they must be +combated; it must be done, France being always the one to begin. When +the master falls in France, he falls everywhere. In short, what cause +is more just, and consequently, what war is greater, than that which +re-establishes social truth, restores her throne to liberty, restores +the people to the people, restores sovereignty to man, replaces the +purple on the head of France, restores equity and reason in their +plenitude, suppresses every germ of antagonism by restoring each one to +himself, annihilates the obstacle which royalty presents to the whole +immense universal concord, and places the human race once more on a +level with the right? These wars build up peace. An enormous fortress +of prejudices, privileges, superstitions, lies, exactions, abuses, +violences, iniquities, and darkness still stands erect in this world, +with its towers of hatred. It must be cast down. This monstrous mass +must be made to crumble. To conquer at Austerlitz is grand; to take the +Bastille is immense. + +There is no one who has not noticed it in his own case—the soul,—and +therein lies the marvel of its unity complicated with ubiquity, has a +strange aptitude for reasoning almost coldly in the most violent +extremities, and it often happens that heartbroken passion and profound +despair in the very agony of their blackest monologues, treat subjects +and discuss theses. Logic is mingled with convulsion, and the thread of +the syllogism floats, without breaking, in the mournful storm of +thought. This was the situation of Marius’ mind. + +As he meditated thus, dejected but resolute, hesitating in every +direction, and, in short, shuddering at what he was about to do, his +glance strayed to the interior of the barricade. The insurgents were +here conversing in a low voice, without moving, and there was +perceptible that quasi-silence which marks the last stage of +expectation. Overhead, at the small window in the third story Marius +descried a sort of spectator who appeared to him to be singularly +attentive. This was the porter who had been killed by Le Cabuc. Below, +by the lights of the torch, which was thrust between the paving-stones, +this head could be vaguely distinguished. Nothing could be stranger, in +that sombre and uncertain gleam, than that livid, motionless, +astonished face, with its bristling hair, its eyes fixed and staring, +and its yawning mouth, bent over the street in an attitude of +curiosity. One would have said that the man who was dead was surveying +those who were about to die. A long trail of blood which had flowed +from that head, descended in reddish threads from the window to the +height of the first floor, where it stopped. + + + + +BOOK FOURTEENTH—THE GRANDEURS OF DESPAIR + + + + +[Illustration: The Grandeurs of Despair] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE FLAG: ACT FIRST + + +As yet, nothing had come. Ten o’clock had sounded from Saint-Merry. +Enjolras and Combeferre had gone and seated themselves, carbines in +hand, near the outlet of the grand barricade. They no longer addressed +each other, they listened, seeking to catch even the faintest and most +distant sound of marching. + +Suddenly, in the midst of the dismal calm, a clear, gay, young voice, +which seemed to come from the Rue Saint-Denis, rose and began to sing +distinctly, to the old popular air of “By the Light of the Moon,” this +bit of poetry, terminated by a cry like the crow of a cock:— + +Mon nez est en larmes, +Mon ami Bugeaud, +PrĂȘte moi tes gendarmes +Pour leur dire un mot. +En capote bleue, +La poule au shako, +Voici la banlieue! +Co-cocorico!54 + + +They pressed each other’s hands. + +“That is Gavroche,” said Enjolras. + +“He is warning us,” said Combeferre. + +A hasty rush troubled the deserted street; they beheld a being more +agile than a clown climb over the omnibus, and Gavroche bounded into +the barricade, all breathless, saying:— + +“My gun! Here they are!” + + +An electric quiver shot through the whole barricade, and the sound of +hands seeking their guns became audible. + +“Would you like my carbine?” said Enjolras to the lad. + +“I want a big gun,” replied Gavroche. + +And he seized Javert’s gun. + +Two sentinels had fallen back, and had come in almost at the same +moment as Gavroche. They were the sentinels from the end of the street, +and the vidette of the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie. The vidette of the +Lane des PrĂȘcheurs had remained at his post, which indicated that +nothing was approaching from the direction of the bridges and Halles. + +The Rue de la Chanvrerie, of which a few paving-stones alone were dimly +visible in the reflection of the light projected on the flag, offered +to the insurgents the aspect of a vast black door vaguely opened into a +smoke. + +Each man had taken up his position for the conflict. + +Forty-three insurgents, among whom were Enjolras, Combeferre, +Courfeyrac, Bossuet, Joly, Bahorel, and Gavroche, were kneeling inside +the large barricade, with their heads on a level with the crest of the +barrier, the barrels of their guns and carbines aimed on the stones as +though at loop-holes, attentive, mute, ready to fire. Six, commanded by +Feuilly, had installed themselves, with their guns levelled at their +shoulders, at the windows of the two stories of Corinthe. + +Several minutes passed thus, then a sound of footsteps, measured, +heavy, and numerous, became distinctly audible in the direction of +Saint-Leu. This sound, faint at first, then precise, then heavy and +sonorous, approached slowly, without halt, without intermission, with a +tranquil and terrible continuity. Nothing was to be heard but this. It +was that combined silence and sound, of the statue of the commander, +but this stony step had something indescribably enormous and multiple +about it which awakened the idea of a throng, and, at the same time, +the idea of a spectre. One thought one heard the terrible statue Legion +marching onward. This tread drew near; it drew still nearer, and +stopped. It seemed as though the breathing of many men could be heard +at the end of the street. Nothing was to be seen, however, but at the +bottom of that dense obscurity there could be distinguished a multitude +of metallic threads, as fine as needles and almost imperceptible, which +moved about like those indescribable phosphoric networks which one sees +beneath one’s closed eyelids, in the first mists of slumber at the +moment when one is dropping off to sleep. These were bayonets and +gun-barrels confusedly illuminated by the distant reflection of the +torch. + +A pause ensued, as though both sides were waiting. All at once, from +the depths of this darkness, a voice, which was all the more sinister, +since no one was visible, and which appeared to be the gloom itself +speaking, shouted:— + +“Who goes there?” + + +At the same time, the click of guns, as they were lowered into +position, was heard. + +Enjolras replied in a haughty and vibrating tone:— + +“The French Revolution!” + + +“Fire!” shouted the voice. + +A flash empurpled all the façades in the street as though the door of a +furnace had been flung open, and hastily closed again. + +A fearful detonation burst forth on the barricade. The red flag fell. +The discharge had been so violent and so dense that it had cut the +staff, that is to say, the very tip of the omnibus pole. + +Bullets which had rebounded from the cornices of the houses penetrated +the barricade and wounded several men. + +The impression produced by this first discharge was freezing. The +attack had been rough, and of a nature to inspire reflection in the +boldest. It was evident that they had to deal with an entire regiment +at the very least. + +“Comrades!” shouted Courfeyrac, “let us not waste our powder. Let us +wait until they are in the street before replying.” + + +“And, above all,” said Enjolras, “let us raise the flag again.” + + +He picked up the flag, which had fallen precisely at his feet. + +Outside, the clatter of the ramrods in the guns could be heard; the +troops were re-loading their arms. + +Enjolras went on:— + +“Who is there here with a bold heart? Who will plant the flag on the +barricade again?” + + +Not a man responded. To mount on the barricade at the very moment when, +without any doubt, it was again the object of their aim, was simply +death. The bravest hesitated to pronounce his own condemnation. +Enjolras himself felt a thrill. He repeated:— + +“Does no one volunteer?” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE FLAG: ACT SECOND + + +Since they had arrived at Corinthe, and had begun the construction of +the barricade, no attention had been paid to Father Mabeuf. M. Mabeuf +had not quitted the mob, however; he had entered the ground floor of +the wine-shop and had seated himself behind the counter. There he had, +so to speak, retreated into himself. He no longer seemed to look or to +think. Courfeyrac and others had accosted him two or three times, +warning him of his peril, beseeching him to withdraw, but he did not +hear them. When they were not speaking to him, his mouth moved as +though he were replying to some one, and as soon as he was addressed, +his lips became motionless and his eyes no longer had the appearance of +being alive. + +Several hours before the barricade was attacked, he had assumed an +attitude which he did not afterwards abandon, with both fists planted +on his knees and his head thrust forward as though he were gazing over +a precipice. Nothing had been able to move him from this attitude; it +did not seem as though his mind were in the barricade. When each had +gone to take up his position for the combat, there remained in the +tap-room where Javert was bound to the post, only a single insurgent +with a naked sword, watching over Javert, and himself, Mabeuf. At the +moment of the attack, at the detonation, the physical shock had reached +him and had, as it were, awakened him; he started up abruptly, crossed +the room, and at the instant when Enjolras repeated his appeal: “Does +no one volunteer?” the old man was seen to make his appearance on the +threshold of the wine-shop. His presence produced a sort of commotion +in the different groups. A shout went up:— + +“It is the voter! It is the member of the Convention! It is the +representative of the people!” + + +It is probable that he did not hear them. + +He strode straight up to Enjolras, the insurgents withdrawing before +him with a religious fear; he tore the flag from Enjolras, who recoiled +in amazement and then, since no one dared to stop or to assist him, +this old man of eighty, with shaking head but firm foot, began slowly +to ascend the staircase of paving-stones arranged in the barricade. +This was so melancholy and so grand that all around him cried: “Off +with your hats!” At every step that he mounted, it was a frightful +spectacle; his white locks, his decrepit face, his lofty, bald, and +wrinkled brow, his amazed and open mouth, his aged arm upholding the +red banner, rose through the gloom and were enlarged in the bloody +light of the torch, and the bystanders thought that they beheld the +spectre of ’93 emerging from the earth, with the flag of terror in his +hand. + +When he had reached the last step, when this trembling and terrible +phantom, erect on that pile of rubbish in the presence of twelve +hundred invisible guns, drew himself up in the face of death and as +though he were more powerful than it, the whole barricade assumed amid +the darkness, a supernatural and colossal form. + +There ensued one of those silences which occur only in the presence of +prodigies. In the midst of this silence, the old man waved the red flag +and shouted:— + +“Long live the Revolution! Long live the Republic! Fraternity! +Equality! and Death!” + + +Those in the barricade heard a low and rapid whisper, like the murmur +of a priest who is despatching a prayer in haste. It was probably the +commissary of police who was making the legal summons at the other end +of the street. + +Then the same piercing voice which had shouted: “Who goes there?” +shouted:— + +“Retire!” + + +M. Mabeuf, pale, haggard, his eyes lighted up with the mournful flame +of aberration, raised the flag above his head and repeated:— + +“Long live the Republic!” + + +“Fire!” said the voice. + +A second discharge, similar to the first, rained down upon the +barricade. + +The old man fell on his knees, then rose again, dropped the flag and +fell backwards on the pavement, like a log, at full length, with +outstretched arms. + +Rivulets of blood flowed beneath him. His aged head, pale and sad, +seemed to be gazing at the sky. + +One of those emotions which are superior to man, which make him forget +even to defend himself, seized upon the insurgents, and they approached +the body with respectful awe. + +“What men these regicides were!” said Enjolras. + +Courfeyrac bent down to Enjolras’ ear:— + +“This is for yourself alone, I do not wish to dampen the enthusiasm. +But this man was anything rather than a regicide. I knew him. His name +was Father Mabeuf. I do not know what was the matter with him to-day. +But he was a brave blockhead. Just look at his head.” + + +“The head of a blockhead and the heart of a Brutus,” replied Enjolras. + +Then he raised his voice:— + +“Citizens! This is the example which the old give to the young. We +hesitated, he came! We were drawing back, he advanced! This is what +those who are trembling with age teach to those who tremble with fear! +This aged man is august in the eyes of his country. He has had a long +life and a magnificent death! Now, let us place the body under cover, +that each one of us may defend this old man dead as he would his father +living, and may his presence in our midst render the barricade +impregnable!” + + +A murmur of gloomy and energetic assent followed these words. + +Enjolras bent down, raised the old man’s head, and fierce as he was, he +kissed him on the brow, then, throwing wide his arms, and handling this +dead man with tender precaution, as though he feared to hurt it, he +removed his coat, showed the bloody holes in it to all, and said:— + +“This is our flag now.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—GAVROCHE WOULD HAVE DONE BETTER TO ACCEPT ENJOLRAS’ CARBINE + + +They threw a long black shawl of Widow Hucheloup’s over Father Mabeuf. +Six men made a litter of their guns; on this they laid the body, and +bore it, with bared heads, with solemn slowness, to the large table in +the tap-room. + +These men, wholly absorbed in the grave and sacred task in which they +were engaged, thought no more of the perilous situation in which they +stood. + +When the corpse passed near Javert, who was still impassive, Enjolras +said to the spy:— + +“It will be your turn presently!” + + +During all this time, Little Gavroche, who alone had not quitted his +post, but had remained on guard, thought he espied some men stealthily +approaching the barricade. All at once he shouted:— + +“Look out!” + + +Courfeyrac, Enjolras, Jean Prouvaire, Combeferre, Joly, Bahorel, +Bossuet, and all the rest ran tumultuously from the wine-shop. It was +almost too late. They saw a glistening density of bayonets undulating +above the barricade. Municipal guards of lofty stature were making +their way in, some striding over the omnibus, others through the cut, +thrusting before them the urchin, who retreated, but did not flee. + +The moment was critical. It was that first, redoubtable moment of +inundation, when the stream rises to the level of the levee and when +the water begins to filter through the fissures of dike. A second more +and the barricade would have been taken. + +Bahorel dashed upon the first municipal guard who was entering, and +killed him on the spot with a blow from his gun; the second killed +Bahorel with a blow from his bayonet. Another had already overthrown +Courfeyrac, who was shouting: “Follow me!” The largest of all, a sort +of colossus, marched on Gavroche with his bayonet fixed. The urchin +took in his arms Javert’s immense gun, levelled it resolutely at the +giant, and fired. No discharge followed. Javert’s gun was not loaded. +The municipal guard burst into a laugh and raised his bayonet at the +child. + +Before the bayonet had touched Gavroche, the gun slipped from the +soldier’s grasp, a bullet had struck the municipal guardsman in the +centre of the forehead, and he fell over on his back. A second bullet +struck the other guard, who had assaulted Courfeyrac in the breast, and +laid him low on the pavement. + +This was the work of Marius, who had just entered the barricade. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE BARREL OF POWDER + + +Marius, still concealed in the turn of the Rue MondĂ©tour, had +witnessed, shuddering and irresolute, the first phase of the combat. +But he had not long been able to resist that mysterious and sovereign +vertigo which may be designated as the call of the abyss. In the +presence of the imminence of the peril, in the presence of the death of +M. Mabeuf, that melancholy enigma, in the presence of Bahorel killed, +and Courfeyrac shouting: “Follow me!” of that child threatened, of his +friends to succor or to avenge, all hesitation had vanished, and he had +flung himself into the conflict, his two pistols in hand. With his +first shot he had saved Gavroche, and with the second delivered +Courfeyrac. + +Amid the sound of the shots, amid the cries of the assaulted guards, +the assailants had climbed the entrenchment, on whose summit Municipal +Guards, soldiers of the line and National Guards from the suburbs could +now be seen, gun in hand, rearing themselves to more than half the +height of their bodies. + +They already covered more than two-thirds of the barrier, but they did +not leap into the enclosure, as though wavering in the fear of some +trap. They gazed into the dark barricade as one would gaze into a +lion’s den. The light of the torch illuminated only their bayonets, +their bear-skin caps, and the upper part of their uneasy and angry +faces. + +Marius had no longer any weapons; he had flung away his discharged +pistols after firing them; but he had caught sight of the barrel of +powder in the tap-room, near the door. + +As he turned half round, gazing in that direction, a soldier took aim +at him. At the moment when the soldier was sighting Marius, a hand was +laid on the muzzle of the gun and obstructed it. This was done by some +one who had darted forward,—the young workman in velvet trousers. The +shot sped, traversed the hand and possibly, also, the workman, since he +fell, but the ball did not strike Marius. All this, which was rather to +be apprehended than seen through the smoke, Marius, who was entering +the tap-room, hardly noticed. Still, he had, in a confused way, +perceived that gun-barrel aimed at him, and the hand which had blocked +it, and he had heard the discharge. But in moments like this, the +things which one sees vacillate and are precipitated, and one pauses +for nothing. One feels obscurely impelled towards more darkness still, +and all is cloud. + +The insurgents, surprised but not terrified, had rallied. Enjolras had +shouted: “Wait! Don’t fire at random!” In the first confusion, they +might, in fact, wound each other. The majority of them had ascended to +the window on the first story and to the attic windows, whence they +commanded the assailants. + +The most determined, with Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Jean Prouvaire, and +Combeferre, had proudly placed themselves with their backs against the +houses at the rear, unsheltered and facing the ranks of soldiers and +guards who crowned the barricade. + +All this was accomplished without haste, with that strange and +threatening gravity which precedes engagements. They took aim, point +blank, on both sides: they were so close that they could talk together +without raising their voices. + +When they had reached this point where the spark is on the brink of +darting forth, an officer in a gorget extended his sword and said:— + +“Lay down your arms!” + + +“Fire!” replied Enjolras. + +The two discharges took place at the same moment, and all disappeared +in smoke. + +An acrid and stifling smoke in which dying and wounded lay with weak, +dull groans. When the smoke cleared away, the combatants on both sides +could be seen to be thinned out, but still in the same positions, +reloading in silence. All at once, a thundering voice was heard, +shouting:— + +“Be off with you, or I’ll blow up the barricade!” + + +All turned in the direction whence the voice proceeded. + +Marius had entered the tap-room, and had seized the barrel of powder, +then he had taken advantage of the smoke, and the sort of obscure mist +which filled the entrenched enclosure, to glide along the barricade as +far as that cage of paving-stones where the torch was fixed. To tear it +from the torch, to replace it by the barrel of powder, to thrust the +pile of stones under the barrel, which was instantly staved in, with a +sort of horrible obedience,—all this had cost Marius but the time +necessary to stoop and rise again; and now all, National Guards, +Municipal Guards, officers, soldiers, huddled at the other extremity of +the barricade, gazed stupidly at him, as he stood with his foot on the +stones, his torch in his hand, his haughty face illuminated by a fatal +resolution, drooping the flame of the torch towards that redoubtable +pile where they could make out the broken barrel of powder, and giving +vent to that startling cry:— + +“Be off with you, or I’ll blow up the barricade!” + + +Marius on that barricade after the octogenarian was the vision of the +young revolution after the apparition of the old. + +“Blow up the barricade!” said a sergeant, “and yourself with it!” + + +Marius retorted: “And myself also.” + + +And he dropped the torch towards the barrel of powder. + +But there was no longer any one on the barrier. The assailants, +abandoning their dead and wounded, flowed back pell-mell and in +disorder towards the extremity of the street, and there were again lost +in the night. It was a headlong flight. + +The barricade was free. + + + + +CHAPTER V—END OF THE VERSES OF JEAN PROUVAIRE + + +All flocked around Marius. Courfeyrac flung himself on his neck. + +“Here you are!” + + +“What luck!” said Combeferre. + +“You came in opportunely!” ejaculated Bossuet. + +“If it had not been for you, I should have been dead!” began Courfeyrac +again. + +“If it had not been for you, I should have been gobbled up!” added +Gavroche. + +Marius asked:— + +“Where is the chief?” + + +“You are he!” said Enjolras. + +Marius had had a furnace in his brain all day long; now it was a +whirlwind. This whirlwind which was within him, produced on him the +effect of being outside of him and of bearing him away. It seemed to +him that he was already at an immense distance from life. His two +luminous months of joy and love, ending abruptly at that frightful +precipice, Cosette lost to him, that barricade, M. Mabeuf getting +himself killed for the Republic, himself the leader of the +insurgents,—all these things appeared to him like a tremendous +nightmare. He was obliged to make a mental effort to recall the fact +that all that surrounded him was real. Marius had already seen too much +of life not to know that nothing is more imminent than the impossible, +and that what it is always necessary to foresee is the unforeseen. He +had looked on at his own drama as a piece which one does not +understand. + +In the mists which enveloped his thoughts, he did not recognize Javert, +who, bound to his post, had not so much as moved his head during the +whole of the attack on the barricade, and who had gazed on the revolt +seething around him with the resignation of a martyr and the majesty of +a judge. Marius had not even seen him. + +In the meanwhile, the assailants did not stir, they could be heard +marching and swarming through at the end of the street but they did not +venture into it, either because they were awaiting orders or because +they were awaiting reinforcements before hurling themselves afresh on +this impregnable redoubt. The insurgents had posted sentinels, and some +of them, who were medical students, set about caring for the wounded. + +They had thrown the tables out of the wine-shop, with the exception of +the two tables reserved for lint and cartridges, and of the one on +which lay Father Mabeuf; they had added them to the barricade, and had +replaced them in the tap-room with mattresses from the bed of the widow +Hucheloup and her servants. On these mattresses they had laid the +wounded. As for the three poor creatures who inhabited Corinthe, no one +knew what had become of them. They were finally found, however, hidden +in the cellar. + +A poignant emotion clouded the joy of the disencumbered barricade. + +The roll was called. One of the insurgents was missing. And who was it? +One of the dearest. One of the most valiant. Jean Prouvaire. He was +sought among the wounded, he was not there. He was sought among the +dead, he was not there. He was evidently a prisoner. Combeferre said to +Enjolras:— + +“They have our friend; we have their agent. Are you set on the death of +that spy?” + + +“Yes,” replied Enjolras; “but less so than on the life of Jean +Prouvaire.” + + +This took place in the tap-room near Javert’s post. + +“Well,” resumed Combeferre, “I am going to fasten my handkerchief to my +cane, and go as a flag of truce, to offer to exchange our man for +theirs.” + + +“Listen,” said Enjolras, laying his hand on Combeferre’s arm. + +At the end of the street there was a significant clash of arms. + +They heard a manly voice shout:— + +“Vive la France! Long live France! Long live the future!” + + +They recognized the voice of Prouvaire. + +A flash passed, a report rang out. + +Silence fell again. + +“They have killed him,” exclaimed Combeferre. + +Enjolras glanced at Javert, and said to him:— + +“Your friends have just shot you.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE AGONY OF DEATH AFTER THE AGONY OF LIFE + + +A peculiarity of this species of war is, that the attack of the +barricades is almost always made from the front, and that the +assailants generally abstain from turning the position, either because +they fear ambushes, or because they are afraid of getting entangled in +the tortuous streets. The insurgents’ whole attention had been +directed, therefore, to the grand barricade, which was, evidently, the +spot always menaced, and there the struggle would infallibly +recommence. But Marius thought of the little barricade, and went +thither. It was deserted and guarded only by the fire-pot which +trembled between the paving-stones. Moreover, the MondĂ©tour alley, and +the branches of the Rue de la Petite Truanderie and the Rue du Cygne +were profoundly calm. + +As Marius was withdrawing, after concluding his inspection, he heard +his name pronounced feebly in the darkness. + +“Monsieur Marius!” + + +He started, for he recognized the voice which had called to him two +hours before through the gate in the Rue Plumet. + +Only, the voice now seemed to be nothing more than a breath. + +He looked about him, but saw no one. + +Marius thought he had been mistaken, that it was an illusion added by +his mind to the extraordinary realities which were clashing around him. +He advanced a step, in order to quit the distant recess where the +barricade lay. + +“Monsieur Marius!” repeated the voice. + +This time he could not doubt that he had heard it distinctly; he looked +and saw nothing. + +“At your feet,” said the voice. + +He bent down, and saw in the darkness a form which was dragging itself +towards him. + +It was crawling along the pavement. It was this that had spoken to him. + +The fire-pot allowed him to distinguish a blouse, torn trousers of +coarse velvet, bare feet, and something which resembled a pool of +blood. Marius indistinctly made out a pale head which was lifted +towards him and which was saying to him:— + +“You do not recognize me?” + + +“No.” + + +“Éponine.” + + +Marius bent hastily down. It was, in fact, that unhappy child. She was +dressed in men’s clothes. + +“How come you here? What are you doing here?” + + +“I am dying,” said she. + +There are words and incidents which arouse dejected beings. Marius +cried out with a start:— + +“You are wounded! Wait, I will carry you into the room! They will +attend to you there. Is it serious? How must I take hold of you in +order not to hurt you? Where do you suffer? Help! My God! But why did +you come hither?” + + +And he tried to pass his arm under her, in order to raise her. + +She uttered a feeble cry. + +“Have I hurt you?” asked Marius. + +“A little.” + + +“But I only touched your hand.” + + +She raised her hand to Marius, and in the middle of that hand Marius +saw a black hole. + +“What is the matter with your hand?” said he. + +“It is pierced.” + + +“Pierced?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“What with?” + + +“A bullet.” + + +“How?” + + +“Did you see a gun aimed at you?” + + +“Yes, and a hand stopping it.” + + +“It was mine.” + + +Marius was seized with a shudder. + +“What madness! Poor child! But so much the better, if that is all, it +is nothing, let me carry you to a bed. They will dress your wound; one +does not die of a pierced hand.” + + +She murmured:— + +“The bullet traversed my hand, but it came out through my back. It is +useless to remove me from this spot. I will tell you how you can care +for me better than any surgeon. Sit down near me on this stone.” + + +He obeyed; she laid her head on Marius’ knees, and, without looking at +him, she said:— + +“Oh! How good this is! How comfortable this is! There; I no longer +suffer.” + + +She remained silent for a moment, then she turned her face with an +effort, and looked at Marius. + +“Do you know what, Monsieur Marius? It puzzled me because you entered +that garden; it was stupid, because it was I who showed you that house; +and then, I ought to have said to myself that a young man like you—” + + +She paused, and overstepping the sombre transitions that undoubtedly +existed in her mind, she resumed with a heartrending smile:— + +“You thought me ugly, didn’t you?” + + +She continued:— + +“You see, you are lost! Now, no one can get out of the barricade. It +was I who led you here, by the way! You are going to die, I count upon +that. And yet, when I saw them taking aim at you, I put my hand on the +muzzle of the gun. How queer it is! But it was because I wanted to die +before you. When I received that bullet, I dragged myself here, no one +saw me, no one picked me up, I was waiting for you, I said: ‘So he is +not coming!’ Oh, if you only knew. I bit my blouse, I suffered so! Now +I am well. Do you remember the day I entered your chamber and when I +looked at myself in your mirror, and the day when I came to you on the +boulevard near the washerwomen? How the birds sang! That was a long +time ago. You gave me a hundred sous, and I said to you: ‘I don’t want +your money.’ I hope you picked up your coin? You are not rich. I did +not think to tell you to pick it up. The sun was shining bright, and it +was not cold. Do you remember, Monsieur Marius? Oh! How happy I am! +Every one is going to die.” + + +She had a mad, grave, and heart-breaking air. Her torn blouse disclosed +her bare throat. + +As she talked, she pressed her pierced hand to her breast, where there +was another hole, and whence there spurted from moment to moment a +stream of blood, like a jet of wine from an open bung-hole. + +Marius gazed at this unfortunate creature with profound compassion. + +“Oh!” she resumed, “it is coming again, I am stifling!” + + +She caught up her blouse and bit it, and her limbs stiffened on the +pavement. + +At that moment the young cock’s crow executed by little Gavroche +resounded through the barricade. + +The child had mounted a table to load his gun, and was singing gayly +the song then so popular:— + +“En voyant Lafayette, +Le gendarme rĂ©pĂšte:— +Sauvons nous! sauvons nous! +sauvons nous!” + +“On beholding Lafayette, +The gendarme repeats:— +Let us flee! let us flee! +let us flee! + + +Éponine raised herself and listened; then she murmured:— + +“It is he.” + + +And turning to Marius:— + +“My brother is here. He must not see me. He would scold me.” + + +“Your brother?” inquired Marius, who was meditating in the most bitter +and sorrowful depths of his heart on the duties to the ThĂ©nardiers +which his father had bequeathed to him; “who is your brother?” + + +“That little fellow.” + + +“The one who is singing?” + + +“Yes.” + + +Marius made a movement. + +“Oh! don’t go away,” said she, “it will not be long now.” + + +She was sitting almost upright, but her voice was very low and broken +by hiccoughs. + +At intervals, the death rattle interrupted her. She put her face as +near that of Marius as possible. She added with a strange expression:— + +“Listen, I do not wish to play you a trick. I have a letter in my +pocket for you. I was told to put it in the post. I kept it. I did not +want to have it reach you. But perhaps you will be angry with me for it +when we meet again presently? Take your letter.” + + +She grasped Marius’ hand convulsively with her pierced hand, but she no +longer seemed to feel her sufferings. She put Marius’ hand in the +pocket of her blouse. There, in fact, Marius felt a paper. + +“Take it,” said she. + +Marius took the letter. + +She made a sign of satisfaction and contentment. + +“Now, for my trouble, promise me—” + + +And she stopped. + +“What?” asked Marius. + +“Promise me!” + + +“I promise.” + + +“Promise to give me a kiss on my brow when I am dead.—I shall feel it.” + + +She dropped her head again on Marius’ knees, and her eyelids closed. He +thought the poor soul had departed. Éponine remained motionless. All at +once, at the very moment when Marius fancied her asleep forever, she +slowly opened her eyes in which appeared the sombre profundity of +death, and said to him in a tone whose sweetness seemed already to +proceed from another world:— + +“And by the way, Monsieur Marius, I believe that I was a little bit in +love with you.” + + +She tried to smile once more and expired. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—GAVROCHE AS A PROFOUND CALCULATOR OF DISTANCES + + +Marius kept his promise. He dropped a kiss on that livid brow, where +the icy perspiration stood in beads. + +This was no infidelity to Cosette; it was a gentle and pensive farewell +to an unhappy soul. + +It was not without a tremor that he had taken the letter which Éponine +had given him. He had immediately felt that it was an event of weight. +He was impatient to read it. The heart of man is so constituted that +the unhappy child had hardly closed her eyes when Marius began to think +of unfolding this paper. + +He laid her gently on the ground, and went away. Something told him +that he could not peruse that letter in the presence of that body. + +He drew near to a candle in the tap-room. It was a small note, folded +and sealed with a woman’s elegant care. The address was in a woman’s +hand and ran:— + +“To Monsieur, Monsieur Marius Pontmercy, at M. Courfeyrac’s, Rue de la +Verrerie, No. 16.” + + +He broke the seal and read:— + +“My dearest, alas! my father insists on our setting out immediately. +We shall be this evening in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7. +In a week we shall be in England. COSETTE. June 4th.” + + +Such was the innocence of their love that Marius was not even +acquainted with Cosette’s handwriting. + +What had taken place may be related in a few words. Éponine had been +the cause of everything. After the evening of the 3d of June she had +cherished a double idea, to defeat the projects of her father and the +ruffians on the house of the Rue Plumet, and to separate Marius and +Cosette. She had exchanged rags with the first young scamp she came +across who had thought it amusing to dress like a woman, while Éponine +disguised herself like a man. It was she who had conveyed to Jean +Valjean in the Champ de Mars the expressive warning: “Leave your +house.” Jean Valjean had, in fact, returned home, and had said to +Cosette: “We set out this evening and we go to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© +with Toussaint. Next week, we shall be in London.” Cosette, utterly +overwhelmed by this unexpected blow, had hastily penned a couple of +lines to Marius. But how was she to get the letter to the post? She +never went out alone, and Toussaint, surprised at such a commission, +would certainly show the letter to M. Fauchelevent. In this dilemma, +Cosette had caught sight through the fence of Éponine in man’s clothes, +who now prowled incessantly around the garden. Cosette had called to +“this young workman” and had handed him five francs and the letter, +saying: “Carry this letter immediately to its address.” Éponine had put +the letter in her pocket. The next day, on the 5th of June, she went to +Courfeyrac’s quarters to inquire for Marius, not for the purpose of +delivering the letter, but,—a thing which every jealous and loving soul +will comprehend,—“to see.” There she had waited for Marius, or at least +for Courfeyrac, still for the purpose of _seeing_. When Courfeyrac had +told her: “We are going to the barricades,” an idea flashed through her +mind, to fling herself into that death, as she would have done into any +other, and to thrust Marius into it also. She had followed Courfeyrac, +had made sure of the locality where the barricade was in process of +construction; and, quite certain, since Marius had received no warning, +and since she had intercepted the letter, that he would go at dusk to +his trysting place for every evening, she had betaken herself to the +Rue Plumet, had there awaited Marius, and had sent him, in the name of +his friends, the appeal which would, she thought, lead him to the +barricade. She reckoned on Marius’ despair when he should fail to find +Cosette; she was not mistaken. She had returned to the Rue de la +Chanvrerie herself. What she did there the reader has just seen. She +died with the tragic joy of jealous hearts who drag the beloved being +into their own death, and who say: “No one shall have him!” + + +Marius covered Cosette’s letter with kisses. So she loved him! For one +moment the idea occurred to him that he ought not to die now. Then he +said to himself: “She is going away. Her father is taking her to +England, and my grandfather refuses his consent to the marriage. +Nothing is changed in our fates.” Dreamers like Marius are subject to +supreme attacks of dejection, and desperate resolves are the result. +The fatigue of living is insupportable; death is sooner over with. Then +he reflected that he had still two duties to fulfil: to inform Cosette +of his death and send her a final farewell, and to save from the +impending catastrophe which was in preparation, that poor child, +Éponine’s brother and ThĂ©nardier’s son. + +He had a pocket-book about him; the same one which had contained the +note-book in which he had inscribed so many thoughts of love for +Cosette. He tore out a leaf and wrote on it a few lines in pencil:— + +“Our marriage was impossible. I asked my grandfather, he refused; I +have no fortune, neither hast thou. I hastened to thee, thou wert no +longer there. Thou knowest the promise that I gave thee, I shall keep +it. I die. I love thee. When thou readest this, my soul will be near +thee, and thou wilt smile.” + + +Having nothing wherewith to seal this letter, he contented himself with +folding the paper in four, and added the address:— + +“To Mademoiselle Cosette Fauchelevent, at M. Fauchelevent’s, Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +Having folded the letter, he stood in thought for a moment, drew out +his pocket-book again, opened it, and wrote, with the same pencil, +these four lines on the first page:— + +“My name is Marius Pontmercy. Carry my body to my grandfather, M. +Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the Marais.” + + +He put his pocketbook back in his pocket, then he called Gavroche. + +The gamin, at the sound of Marius’ voice, ran up to him with his merry +and devoted air. + +“Will you do something for me?” + + +“Anything,” said Gavroche. “Good God! if it had not been for you, I +should have been done for.” + + +“Do you see this letter?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Take it. Leave the barricade instantly” (Gavroche began to scratch his +ear uneasily) “and to-morrow morning, you will deliver it at its +address to Mademoiselle Cosette, at M. Fauchelevent’s, Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +The heroic child replied + +“Well, but! in the meanwhile the barricade will be taken, and I shall +not be there.” + + +“The barricade will not be attacked until daybreak, according to all +appearances, and will not be taken before to-morrow noon.” + + +The fresh respite which the assailants were granting to the barricade +had, in fact, been prolonged. It was one of those intermissions which +frequently occur in nocturnal combats, which are always followed by an +increase of rage. + +“Well,” said Gavroche, “what if I were to go and carry your letter +to-morrow?” + + +“It will be too late. The barricade will probably be blockaded, all the +streets will be guarded, and you will not be able to get out. Go at +once.” + + +Gavroche could think of no reply to this, and stood there in +indecision, scratching his ear sadly. + +All at once, he took the letter with one of those birdlike movements +which were common with him. + +“All right,” said he. + +And he started off at a run through MondĂ©tour lane. + +An idea had occurred to Gavroche which had brought him to a decision, +but he had not mentioned it for fear that Marius might offer some +objection to it. + +This was the idea:— + +“It is barely midnight, the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© is not far off; I will +go and deliver the letter at once, and I shall get back in time.” + + + + + +BOOK FIFTEENTH—THE RUE DE L’HOMME ARMÉ + + + + +CHAPTER I—A DRINKER IS A BABBLER + + +What are the convulsions of a city in comparison with the insurrections +of the soul? Man is a depth still greater than the people. Jean Valjean +at that very moment was the prey of a terrible upheaval. Every sort of +gulf had opened again within him. He also was trembling, like Paris, on +the brink of an obscure and formidable revolution. A few hours had +sufficed to bring this about. His destiny and his conscience had +suddenly been covered with gloom. Of him also, as well as of Paris, it +might have been said: “Two principles are face to face. The white angel +and the black angel are about to seize each other on the bridge of the +abyss. Which of the two will hurl the other over? Who will carry the +day?” + + +On the evening preceding this same 5th of June, Jean Valjean, +accompanied by Cosette and Toussaint had installed himself in the Rue +de l’Homme ArmĂ©. A change awaited him there. + +Cosette had not quitted the Rue Plumet without making an effort at +resistance. For the first time since they had lived side by side, +Cosette’s will and the will of Jean Valjean had proved to be distinct, +and had been in opposition, at least, if they had not clashed. There +had been objections on one side and inflexibility on the other. The +abrupt advice: “Leave your house,” hurled at Jean Valjean by a +stranger, had alarmed him to the extent of rendering him peremptory. He +thought that he had been traced and followed. Cosette had been obliged +to give way. + +Both had arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© without opening their lips, +and without uttering a word, each being absorbed in his own personal +preoccupation; Jean Valjean so uneasy that he did not notice Cosette’s +sadness, Cosette so sad that she did not notice Jean Valjean’s +uneasiness. + +Jean Valjean had taken Toussaint with him, a thing which he had never +done in his previous absences. He perceived the possibility of not +returning to the Rue Plumet, and he could neither leave Toussaint +behind nor confide his secret to her. Besides, he felt that she was +devoted and trustworthy. Treachery between master and servant begins in +curiosity. Now Toussaint, as though she had been destined to be Jean +Valjean’s servant, was not curious. She stammered in her peasant +dialect of Barneville: “I am made so; I do my work; the rest is no +affair of mine.” + + +In this departure from the Rue Plumet, which had been almost a flight, +Jean Valjean had carried away nothing but the little embalmed valise, +baptized by Cosette “the inseparable.” Full trunks would have required +porters, and porters are witnesses. A fiacre had been summoned to the +door on the Rue de Babylone, and they had taken their departure. + +It was with difficulty that Toussaint had obtained permission to pack +up a little linen and clothes and a few toilet articles. Cosette had +taken only her portfolio and her blotting-book. + +Jean Valjean, with a view to augmenting the solitude and the mystery of +this departure, had arranged to quit the pavilion of the Rue Plumet +only at dusk, which had allowed Cosette time to write her note to +Marius. They had arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© after night had +fully fallen. + +They had gone to bed in silence. + +The lodgings in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© were situated on a back court, +on the second floor, and were composed of two sleeping-rooms, a +dining-room and a kitchen adjoining the dining-room, with a garret +where there was a folding-bed, and which fell to Toussaint’s share. The +dining-room was an antechamber as well, and separated the two bedrooms. +The apartment was provided with all necessary utensils. + +People re-acquire confidence as foolishly as they lose it; human nature +is so constituted. Hardly had Jean Valjean reached the Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ© when his anxiety was lightened and by degrees dissipated. There +are soothing spots which act in some sort mechanically on the mind. An +obscure street, peaceable inhabitants. Jean Valjean experienced an +indescribable contagion of tranquillity in that alley of ancient Paris, +which is so narrow that it is barred against carriages by a transverse +beam placed on two posts, which is deaf and dumb in the midst of the +clamorous city, dimly lighted at midday, and is, so to speak, incapable +of emotions between two rows of lofty houses centuries old, which hold +their peace like ancients as they are. There was a touch of stagnant +oblivion in that street. Jean Valjean drew his breath once more there. +How could he be found there? + +His first care was to place _the inseparable_ beside him. + +He slept well. Night brings wisdom; we may add, night soothes. On the +following morning he awoke in a mood that was almost gay. He thought +the dining-room charming, though it was hideous, furnished with an old +round table, a long sideboard surmounted by a slanting mirror, a +dilapidated armchair, and several plain chairs which were encumbered +with Toussaint’s packages. In one of these packages Jean Valjean’s +uniform of a National Guard was visible through a rent. + +As for Cosette, she had had Toussaint take some broth to her room, and +did not make her appearance until evening. + +About five o’clock, Toussaint, who was going and coming and busying +herself with the tiny establishment, set on the table a cold chicken, +which Cosette, out of deference to her father, consented to glance at. + +That done, Cosette, under the pretext of an obstinate sick headache, +had bade Jean Valjean good night and had shut herself up in her +chamber. Jean Valjean had eaten a wing of the chicken with a good +appetite, and with his elbows on the table, having gradually recovered +his serenity, had regained possession of his sense of security. + +While he was discussing this modest dinner, he had, twice or thrice, +noticed in a confused way, Toussaint’s stammering words as she said to +him: “Monsieur, there is something going on, they are fighting in +Paris.” But absorbed in a throng of inward calculations, he had paid no +heed to it. To tell the truth, he had not heard her. He rose and began +to pace from the door to the window and from the window to the door, +growing ever more serene. + +With this calm, Cosette, his sole anxiety, recurred to his thoughts. +Not that he was troubled by this headache, a little nervous crisis, a +young girl’s fit of sulks, the cloud of a moment, there would be +nothing left of it in a day or two; but he meditated on the future, +and, as was his habit, he thought of it with pleasure. After all, he +saw no obstacle to their happy life resuming its course. At certain +hours, everything seems impossible, at others everything appears easy; +Jean Valjean was in the midst of one of these good hours. They +generally succeed the bad ones, as day follows night, by virtue of that +law of succession and of contrast which lies at the very foundation of +nature, and which superficial minds call antithesis. In this peaceful +street where he had taken refuge, Jean Valjean got rid of all that had +been troubling him for some time past. This very fact, that he had seen +many shadows, made him begin to perceive a little azure. To have +quitted the Rue Plumet without complications or incidents was one good +step already accomplished. Perhaps it would be wise to go abroad, if +only for a few months, and to set out for London. Well, they would go. +What difference did it make to him whether he was in France or in +England, provided he had Cosette beside him? Cosette was his nation. +Cosette sufficed for his happiness; the idea that he, perhaps, did not +suffice for Cosette’s happiness, that idea which had formerly been the +cause of his fever and sleeplessness, did not even present itself to +his mind. He was in a state of collapse from all his past sufferings, +and he was fully entered on optimism. Cosette was by his side, she +seemed to be his; an optical illusion which every one has experienced. +He arranged in his own mind, with all sorts of felicitous devices, his +departure for England with Cosette, and he beheld his felicity +reconstituted wherever he pleased, in the perspective of his reverie. + +As he paced to and fro with long strides, his glance suddenly +encountered something strange. + +In the inclined mirror facing him which surmounted the sideboard, he +saw the four lines which follow:— + +“My dearest, alas! my father insists on our setting out immediately. We +shall be this evening in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7. In a week we +shall be in England. COSETTE. June 4th.” + + +Jean Valjean halted, perfectly haggard. + +Cosette on her arrival had placed her blotting-book on the sideboard in +front of the mirror, and, utterly absorbed in her agony of grief, had +forgotten it and left it there, without even observing that she had +left it wide open, and open at precisely the page on which she had laid +to dry the four lines which she had penned, and which she had given in +charge of the young workman in the Rue Plumet. The writing had been +printed off on the blotter. + +The mirror reflected the writing. + +The result was, what is called in geometry, _the symmetrical image_; so +that the writing, reversed on the blotter, was righted in the mirror +and presented its natural appearance; and Jean Valjean had beneath his +eyes the letter written by Cosette to Marius on the preceding evening. + +It was simple and withering. + +Jean Valjean stepped up to the mirror. He read the four lines again, +but he did not believe them. They produced on him the effect of +appearing in a flash of lightning. It was a hallucination, it was +impossible. It was not so. + +Little by little, his perceptions became more precise; he looked at +Cosette’s blotting-book, and the consciousness of the reality returned +to him. He caught up the blotter and said: “It comes from there.” He +feverishly examined the four lines imprinted on the blotter, the +reversal of the letters converted into an odd scrawl, and he saw no +sense in it. Then he said to himself: “But this signifies nothing; +there is nothing written here.” And he drew a long breath with +inexpressible relief. Who has not experienced those foolish joys in +horrible instants? The soul does not surrender to despair until it has +exhausted all illusions. + +He held the blotter in his hand and contemplated it in stupid delight, +almost ready to laugh at the hallucination of which he had been the +dupe. All at once his eyes fell upon the mirror again, and again he +beheld the vision. There were the four lines outlined with inexorable +clearness. This time it was no mirage. The recurrence of a vision is a +reality; it was palpable, it was the writing restored in the mirror. He +understood. + +Jean Valjean tottered, dropped the blotter, and fell into the old +armchair beside the buffet, with drooping head, and glassy eyes, in +utter bewilderment. He told himself that it was plain, that the light +of the world had been eclipsed forever, and that Cosette had written +that to some one. Then he heard his soul, which had become terrible +once more, give vent to a dull roar in the gloom. Try then the effect +of taking from the lion the dog which he has in his cage! + +Strange and sad to say, at that very moment, Marius had not yet +received Cosette’s letter; chance had treacherously carried it to Jean +Valjean before delivering it to Marius. Up to that day, Jean Valjean +had not been vanquished by trial. He had been subjected to fearful +proofs; no violence of bad fortune had been spared him; the ferocity of +fate, armed with all vindictiveness and all social scorn, had taken him +for her prey and had raged against him. He had accepted every extremity +when it had been necessary; he had sacrificed his inviolability as a +reformed man, had yielded up his liberty, risked his head, lost +everything, suffered everything, and he had remained disinterested and +stoical to such a point that he might have been thought to be absent +from himself like a martyr. His conscience inured to every assault of +destiny, might have appeared to be forever impregnable. Well, any one +who had beheld his spiritual self would have been obliged to concede +that it weakened at that moment. It was because, of all the tortures +which he had undergone in the course of this long inquisition to which +destiny had doomed him, this was the most terrible. Never had such +pincers seized him hitherto. He felt the mysterious stirring of all his +latent sensibilities. He felt the plucking at the strange chord. Alas! +the supreme trial, let us say rather, the only trial, is the loss of +the beloved being. + +Poor old Jean Valjean certainly did not love Cosette otherwise than as +a father; but we have already remarked, above, that into this paternity +the widowhood of his life had introduced all the shades of love; he +loved Cosette as his daughter, and he loved her as his mother, and he +loved her as his sister; and, as he had never had either a woman to +love or a wife, as nature is a creditor who accepts no protest, that +sentiment also, the most impossible to lose, was mingled with the rest, +vague, ignorant, pure with the purity of blindness, unconscious, +celestial, angelic, divine; less like a sentiment than like an +instinct, less like an instinct than like an imperceptible and +invisible but real attraction; and love, properly speaking, was, in his +immense tenderness for Cosette, like the thread of gold in the +mountain, concealed and virgin. + +Let the reader recall the situation of heart which we have already +indicated. No marriage was possible between them; not even that of +souls; and yet, it is certain that their destinies were wedded. With +the exception of Cosette, that is to say, with the exception of a +childhood, Jean Valjean had never, in the whole of his long life, known +anything of that which may be loved. The passions and loves which +succeed each other had not produced in him those successive green +growths, tender green or dark green, which can be seen in foliage which +passes through the winter and in men who pass fifty. In short, and we +have insisted on it more than once, all this interior fusion, all this +whole, of which the sum total was a lofty virtue, ended in rendering +Jean Valjean a father to Cosette. A strange father, forged from the +grandfather, the son, the brother, and the husband, that existed in +Jean Valjean; a father in whom there was included even a mother; a +father who loved Cosette and adored her, and who held that child as his +light, his home, his family, his country, his paradise. + +Thus when he saw that the end had absolutely come, that she was +escaping from him, that she was slipping from his hands, that she was +gliding from him, like a cloud, like water, when he had before his eyes +this crushing proof: “another is the goal of her heart, another is the +wish of her life; there is a dearest one, I am no longer anything but +her father, I no longer exist”; when he could no longer doubt, when he +said to himself: “She is going away from me!” the grief which he felt +surpassed the bounds of possibility. To have done all that he had done +for the purpose of ending like this! And the very idea of being +nothing! Then, as we have just said, a quiver of revolt ran through him +from head to foot. He felt, even in the very roots of his hair, the +immense reawakening of egotism, and the _I_ in this man’s abyss howled. + +There is such a thing as the sudden giving way of the inward subsoil. A +despairing certainty does not make its way into a man without thrusting +aside and breaking certain profound elements which, in some cases, are +the very man himself. Grief, when it attains this shape, is a headlong +flight of all the forces of the conscience. These are fatal crises. Few +among us emerge from them still like ourselves and firm in duty. When +the limit of endurance is overstepped, the most imperturbable virtue is +disconcerted. Jean Valjean took the blotter again, and convinced +himself afresh; he remained bowed and as though petrified and with +staring eyes, over those four unobjectionable lines; and there arose +within him such a cloud that one might have thought that everything in +this soul was crumbling away. + +He examined this revelation, athwart the exaggerations of reverie, with +an apparent and terrifying calmness, for it is a fearful thing when a +man’s calmness reaches the coldness of the statue. + +He measured the terrible step which his destiny had taken without his +having a suspicion of the fact; he recalled his fears of the preceding +summer, so foolishly dissipated; he recognized the precipice, it was +still the same; only, Jean Valjean was no longer on the brink, he was +at the bottom of it. + +The unprecedented and heart-rending thing about it was that he had +fallen without perceiving it. All the light of his life had departed, +while he still fancied that he beheld the sun. + +His instinct did not hesitate. He put together certain circumstances, +certain dates, certain blushes and certain pallors on Cosette’s part, +and he said to himself: “It is he.” + + +The divination of despair is a sort of mysterious bow which never +misses its aim. He struck Marius with his first conjecture. He did not +know the name, but he found the man instantly. He distinctly perceived, +in the background of the implacable conjuration of his memories, the +unknown prowler of the Luxembourg, that wretched seeker of love +adventures, that idler of romance, that idiot, that coward, for it is +cowardly to come and make eyes at young girls who have beside them a +father who loves them. + +After he had thoroughly verified the fact that this young man was at +the bottom of this situation, and that everything proceeded from that +quarter, he, Jean Valjean, the regenerated man, the man who had so +labored over his soul, the man who had made so many efforts to resolve +all life, all misery, and all unhappiness into love, looked into his +own breast and there beheld a spectre, Hate. + +Great griefs contain something of dejection. They discourage one with +existence. The man into whom they enter feels something within him +withdraw from him. In his youth, their visits are lugubrious; later on +they are sinister. Alas, if despair is a fearful thing when the blood +is hot, when the hair is black, when the head is erect on the body like +the flame on the torch, when the roll of destiny still retains its full +thickness, when the heart, full of desirable love, still possesses +beats which can be returned to it, when one has time for redress, when +all women and all smiles and all the future and all the horizon are +before one, when the force of life is complete, what is it in old age, +when the years hasten on, growing ever paler, to that twilight hour +when one begins to behold the stars of the tomb? + +While he was meditating, Toussaint entered. Jean Valjean rose and asked +her:— + +“In what quarter is it? Do you know?” + + +Toussaint was struck dumb, and could only answer him:— + +“What is it, sir?” + + +Jean Valjean began again: “Did you not tell me that just now that there +is fighting going on?” + + +“Ah! yes, sir,” replied Toussaint. “It is in the direction of +Saint-Merry.” + + +There is a mechanical movement which comes to us, unconsciously, from +the most profound depths of our thought. It was, no doubt, under the +impulse of a movement of this sort, and of which he was hardly +conscious, that Jean Valjean, five minutes later, found himself in the +street. + +Bareheaded, he sat upon the stone post at the door of his house. He +seemed to be listening. + +Night had come. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE STREET URCHIN AN ENEMY OF LIGHT + + +How long did he remain thus? What was the ebb and flow of this tragic +meditation? Did he straighten up? Did he remain bowed? Had he been bent +to breaking? Could he still rise and regain his footing in his +conscience upon something solid? He probably would not have been able +to tell himself. + +The street was deserted. A few uneasy bourgeois, who were rapidly +returning home, hardly saw him. Each one for himself in times of peril. +The lamp-lighter came as usual to light the lantern which was situated +precisely opposite the door of No. 7, and then went away. Jean Valjean +would not have appeared like a living man to any one who had examined +him in that shadow. He sat there on the post of his door, motionless as +a form of ice. There is congealment in despair. The alarm bells and a +vague and stormy uproar were audible. In the midst of all these +convulsions of the bell mingled with the revolt, the clock of +Saint-Paul struck eleven, gravely and without haste; for the tocsin is +man; the hour is God. The passage of the hour produced no effect on +Jean Valjean; Jean Valjean did not stir. Still, at about that moment, a +brusque report burst forth in the direction of the Halles, a second yet +more violent followed; it was probably that attack on the barricade in +the Rue de la Chanvrerie which we have just seen repulsed by Marius. At +this double discharge, whose fury seemed augmented by the stupor of the +night, Jean Valjean started; he rose, turning towards the quarter +whence the noise proceeded; then he fell back upon the post again, +folded his arms, and his head slowly sank on his bosom again. + +He resumed his gloomy dialogue with himself. + +All at once, he raised his eyes; some one was walking in the street, he +heard steps near him. He looked, and by the light of the lanterns, in +the direction of the street which ran into the Rue-aux-Archives, he +perceived a young, livid, and beaming face. + +Gavroche had just arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +Gavroche was staring into the air, apparently in search of something. +He saw Jean Valjean perfectly well but he took no notice of him. + +Gavroche after staring into the air, stared below; he raised himself on +tiptoe, and felt of the doors and windows of the ground floor; they +were all shut, bolted, and padlocked. After having authenticated the +fronts of five or six barricaded houses in this manner, the urchin +shrugged his shoulders, and took himself to task in these terms:— + +“Pardi!” + + +Then he began to stare into the air again. + +Jean Valjean, who, an instant previously, in his then state of mind, +would not have spoken to or even answered any one, felt irresistibly +impelled to accost that child. + +“What is the matter with you, my little fellow?” he said. + +“The matter with me is that I am hungry,” replied Gavroche frankly. And +he added: “Little fellow yourself.” + + +Jean Valjean fumbled in his fob and pulled out a five-franc piece. + +But Gavroche, who was of the wagtail species, and who skipped +vivaciously from one gesture to another, had just picked up a stone. He +had caught sight of the lantern. + +“See here,” said he, “you still have your lanterns here. You are +disobeying the regulations, my friend. This is disorderly. Smash that +for me.” + + +And he flung the stone at the lantern, whose broken glass fell with +such a clatter that the bourgeois in hiding behind their curtains in +the opposite house cried: “There is ‘Ninety-three’ come again.” + + +The lantern oscillated violently, and went out. The street had suddenly +become black. + +“That’s right, old street,” ejaculated Gavroche, “put on your +night-cap.” + + +And turning to Jean Valjean:— + +“What do you call that gigantic monument that you have there at the end +of the street? It’s the Archives, isn’t it? I must crumble up those big +stupids of pillars a bit and make a nice barricade out of them.” + + +Jean Valjean stepped up to Gavroche. + +“Poor creature,” he said in a low tone, and speaking to himself, “he is +hungry.” + + +And he laid the hundred-sou piece in his hand. + +Gavroche raised his face, astonished at the size of this sou; he stared +at it in the darkness, and the whiteness of the big sou dazzled him. He +knew five-franc pieces by hearsay; their reputation was agreeable to +him; he was delighted to see one close to. He said:— + +“Let us contemplate the tiger.” + + +He gazed at it for several minutes in ecstasy; then, turning to Jean +Valjean, he held out the coin to him, and said majestically to him:— + +“Bourgeois, I prefer to smash lanterns. Take back your ferocious beast. +You can’t bribe me. That has got five claws; but it doesn’t scratch +me.” + + +“Have you a mother?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche replied:— + +“More than you have, perhaps.” + + +“Well,” returned Jean Valjean, “keep the money for your mother!” + + +Gavroche was touched. Moreover, he had just noticed that the man who +was addressing him had no hat, and this inspired him with confidence. + +“Truly,” said he, “so it wasn’t to keep me from breaking the lanterns?” + + +“Break whatever you please.” + + +“You’re a fine man,” said Gavroche. + +And he put the five-franc piece into one of his pockets. + +His confidence having increased, he added:— + +“Do you belong in this street?” + + +“Yes, why?” + + +“Can you tell me where No. 7 is?” + + +“What do you want with No. 7?” + + +Here the child paused, he feared that he had said too much; he thrust +his nails energetically into his hair and contented himself with +replying:— + +“Ah! Here it is.” + + +An idea flashed through Jean Valjean’s mind. Anguish does have these +gleams. He said to the lad:— + +“Are you the person who is bringing a letter that I am expecting?” + + +“You?” said Gavroche. “You are not a woman.” + + +“The letter is for Mademoiselle Cosette, is it not?” + + +“Cosette,” muttered Gavroche. “Yes, I believe that is the queer name.” + + +“Well,” resumed Jean Valjean, “I am the person to whom you are to +deliver the letter. Give it here.” + + +“In that case, you must know that I was sent from the barricade.” + + +“Of course,” said Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche engulfed his hand in another of his pockets and drew out a +paper folded in four. + +Then he made the military salute. + +“Respect for despatches,” said he. “It comes from the Provisional +Government.” + + +“Give it to me,” said Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche held the paper elevated above his head. + +“Don’t go and fancy it’s a love letter. It is for a woman, but it’s for +the people. We men fight and we respect the fair sex. We are not as +they are in fine society, where there are lions who send chickens55 to +camels.” + + +“Give it to me.” + + +“After all,” continued Gavroche, “you have the air of an honest man.” + + +“Give it to me quick.” + + +“Catch hold of it.” + + +And he handed the paper to Jean Valjean. + +“And make haste, Monsieur What’s-your-name, for Mamselle Cosette is +waiting.” + + +Gavroche was satisfied with himself for having produced this remark. + +Jean Valjean began again:— + +“Is it to Saint-Merry that the answer is to be sent?” + + +“There you are making some of those bits of pastry vulgarly called +_brioches_ [blunders]. This letter comes from the barricade of the Rue +de la Chanvrerie, and I’m going back there. Good evening, citizen.” + + +That said, Gavroche took himself off, or, to describe it more exactly, +fluttered away in the direction whence he had come with a flight like +that of an escaped bird. He plunged back into the gloom as though he +made a hole in it, with the rigid rapidity of a projectile; the alley +of l’Homme ArmĂ© became silent and solitary once more; in a twinkling, +that strange child, who had about him something of the shadow and of +the dream, had buried himself in the mists of the rows of black houses, +and was lost there, like smoke in the dark; and one might have thought +that he had dissipated and vanished, had there not taken place, a few +minutes after his disappearance, a startling shiver of glass, and had +not the magnificent crash of a lantern rattling down on the pavement +once more abruptly awakened the indignant bourgeois. It was Gavroche +upon his way through the Rue du Chaume. + + + + +CHAPTER III—WHILE COSETTE AND TOUSSAINT ARE ASLEEP + + +Jean Valjean went into the house with Marius’ letter. + +He groped his way up the stairs, as pleased with the darkness as an owl +who grips his prey, opened and shut his door softly, listened to see +whether he could hear any noise,—made sure that, to all appearances, +Cosette and Toussaint were asleep, and plunged three or four matches +into the bottle of the Fumade lighter before he could evoke a spark, so +greatly did his hand tremble. What he had just done smacked of theft. +At last the candle was lighted; he leaned his elbows on the table, +unfolded the paper, and read. + +In violent emotions, one does not read, one flings to the earth, so to +speak, the paper which one holds, one clutches it like a victim, one +crushes it, one digs into it the nails of one’s wrath, or of one’s joy; +one hastens to the end, one leaps to the beginning; attention is at +fever heat; it takes up in the gross, as it were, the essential points; +it seizes on one point, and the rest disappears. In Marius’ note to +Cosette, Jean Valjean saw only these words:— + +“I die. When thou readest this, my soul will be near thee.” + + +In the presence of these two lines, he was horribly dazzled; he +remained for a moment, crushed, as it were, by the change of emotion +which was taking place within him, he stared at Marius’ note with a +sort of intoxicated amazement, he had before his eyes that splendor, +the death of a hated individual. + +He uttered a frightful cry of inward joy. So it was all over. The +catastrophe had arrived sooner than he had dared to hope. The being who +obstructed his destiny was disappearing. That man had taken himself off +of his own accord, freely, willingly. This man was going to his death, +and he, Jean Valjean, had had no hand in the matter, and it was through +no fault of his. Perhaps, even, he is already dead. Here his fever +entered into calculations. No, he is not dead yet. The letter had +evidently been intended for Cosette to read on the following morning; +after the two discharges that were heard between eleven o’clock and +midnight, nothing more has taken place; the barricade will not be +attacked seriously until daybreak; but that makes no difference, from +the moment when “that man” is concerned in this war, he is lost; he is +caught in the gearing. Jean Valjean felt himself delivered. So he was +about to find himself alone with Cosette once more. The rivalry would +cease; the future was beginning again. He had but to keep this note in +his pocket. Cosette would never know what had become of that man. All +that there requires to be done is to let things take their own course. +This man cannot escape. If he is not already dead, it is certain that +he is about to die. What good fortune! + +Having said all this to himself, he became gloomy. + +Then he went downstairs and woke up the porter. + +About an hour later, Jean Valjean went out in the complete costume of a +National Guard, and with his arms. The porter had easily found in the +neighborhood the wherewithal to complete his equipment. He had a loaded +gun and a cartridge-box filled with cartridges. + +He strode off in the direction of the markets. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—GAVROCHE’S EXCESS OF ZEAL + + +In the meantime, Gavroche had had an adventure. + +Gavroche, after having conscientiously stoned the lantern in the Rue du +Chaume, entered the Rue des Vieilles-Haudriettes, and not seeing “even +a cat” there, he thought the opportunity a good one to strike up all +the song of which he was capable. His march, far from being retarded by +his singing, was accelerated by it. He began to sow along the sleeping +or terrified houses these incendiary couplets:— + +“L’oiseau mĂ©dit dans les charmilles, +Et prĂ©tend qu’hier Atala +Avec un Russe s’en alla. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Mon ami Pierrot, tu babilles, +Parce que l’autre jour Mila +Cogna sa vitre et m’appela, +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Les drĂŽlesses sont fort gentilles, +Leur poison qui m’ensorcela +Griserait Monsieur Orfila. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“J’aime l’amour et les bisbilles, +J’aime AgnĂšs, j’aime PamĂ©la, +Lise en m’allumant se brĂ»la. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Jadis, quand je vis les mantilles +De Suzette et de ZĂ©ila, +Mon Ăąme Ă  leurs plis se mĂȘla, +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Amour, quand dans l’ombre oĂč tu brilles, +Tu coiffes de roses Lola, +Je me damnerais pour cela. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Jeanne Ă  ton miroir tu t’habilles! +Mon cƓur un beau jour s’envola. +Je crois que c’est Jeanne qui l’a. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Le soir, en sortant des quadrilles, +Je montre aux Ă©toiles Stella, +Et je leur dis: ‘Regardez-la.’ +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la.”56 + + +Gavroche, as he sang, was lavish of his pantomime. Gesture is the +strong point of the refrain. His face, an inexhaustible repertory of +masks, produced grimaces more convulsing and more fantastic than the +rents of a cloth torn in a high gale. Unfortunately, as he was alone, +and as it was night, this was neither seen nor even visible. Such +wastes of riches do occur. + +All at once, he stopped short. + +“Let us interrupt the romance,” said he. + +His feline eye had just descried, in the recess of a carriage door, +what is called in painting, an _ensemble_, that is to say, a person and +a thing; the thing was a hand-cart, the person was a man from Auvergene +who was sleeping therein. + +The shafts of the cart rested on the pavement, and the Auvergnat’s head +was supported against the front of the cart. His body was coiled up on +this inclined plane and his feet touched the ground. + +Gavroche, with his experience of the things of this world, recognized a +drunken man. He was some corner errand-man who had drunk too much and +was sleeping too much. + +“There now,” thought Gavroche, “that’s what the summer nights are good +for. We’ll take the cart for the Republic, and leave the Auvergnat for +the Monarchy.” + + +His mind had just been illuminated by this flash of light:— + +“How bully that cart would look on our barricade!” + + +The Auvergnat was snoring. + +Gavroche gently tugged at the cart from behind, and at the Auvergnat +from the front, that is to say, by the feet, and at the expiration of +another minute the imperturbable Auvergnat was reposing flat on the +pavement. + +The cart was free. + +Gavroche, habituated to facing the unexpected in all quarters, had +everything about him. He fumbled in one of his pockets, and pulled from +it a scrap of paper and a bit of red pencil filched from some +carpenter. + +He wrote:— + +_“French Republic.”_ + +“Received thy cart.” + +And he signed it: “GAVROCHE.” + + +That done, he put the paper in the pocket of the still snoring +Auvergnat’s velvet vest, seized the cart shafts in both hands, and set +off in the direction of the Halles, pushing the cart before him at a +hard gallop with a glorious and triumphant uproar. + +This was perilous. There was a post at the Royal Printing +Establishment. Gavroche did not think of this. This post was occupied +by the National Guards of the suburbs. The squad began to wake up, and +heads were raised from camp beds. Two street lanterns broken in +succession, that ditty sung at the top of the lungs. This was a great +deal for those cowardly streets, which desire to go to sleep at sunset, +and which put the extinguisher on their candles at such an early hour. +For the last hour, that boy had been creating an uproar in that +peaceable arrondissement, the uproar of a fly in a bottle. The sergeant +of the banlieue lent an ear. He waited. He was a prudent man. + +The mad rattle of the cart, filled to overflowing the possible measure +of waiting, and decided the sergeant to make a reconnaisance. + +“There’s a whole band of them there!” said he, “let us proceed gently.” + + +It was clear that the hydra of anarchy had emerged from its box and +that it was stalking abroad through the quarter. + +And the sergeant ventured out of the post with cautious tread. + +All at once, Gavroche, pushing his cart in front of him, and at the +very moment when he was about to turn into the Rue des +Vieilles-Haudriettes, found himself face to face with a uniform, a +shako, a plume, and a gun. + +For the second time, he stopped short. + +“Hullo,” said he, “it’s him. Good day, public order.” + + +Gavroche’s amazement was always brief and speedily thawed. + +“Where are you going, you rascal?” shouted the sergeant. + +“Citizen,” retorted Gavroche, “I haven’t called you ‘bourgeois’ yet. +Why do you insult me?” + + +“Where are you going, you rogue?” + + +“Monsieur,” retorted Gavroche, “perhaps you were a man of wit +yesterday, but you have degenerated this morning.” + + +“I ask you where are you going, you villain?” + + +Gavroche replied:— + +“You speak prettily. Really, no one would suppose you as old as you +are. You ought to sell all your hair at a hundred francs apiece. That +would yield you five hundred francs.” + + +“Where are you going? Where are you going? Where are you going, +bandit?” + + +Gavroche retorted again:— + +“What villainous words! You must wipe your mouth better the first time +that they give you suck.” + + +The sergeant lowered his bayonet. + +“Will you tell me where you are going, you wretch?” + + +“General,” said Gavroche “I’m on my way to look for a doctor for my +wife who is in labor.” + + +“To arms!” shouted the sergeant. + +The master-stroke of strong men consists in saving themselves by the +very means that have ruined them; Gavroche took in the whole situation +at a glance. It was the cart which had told against him, it was the +cart’s place to protect him. + +At the moment when the sergeant was on the point of making his descent +on Gavroche, the cart, converted into a projectile and launched with +all the latter’s might, rolled down upon him furiously, and the +sergeant, struck full in the stomach, tumbled over backwards into the +gutter while his gun went off in the air. + +The men of the post had rushed out pell-mell at the sergeant’s shout; +the shot brought on a general random discharge, after which they +reloaded their weapons and began again. + +This blind-man’s-buff musketry lasted for a quarter of an hour and +killed several panes of glass. + +In the meanwhile, Gavroche, who had retraced his steps at full speed, +halted five or six streets distant and seated himself, panting, on the +stone post which forms the corner of the Enfants-Rouges. + +He listened. + +After panting for a few minutes, he turned in the direction where the +fusillade was raging, lifted his left hand to a level with his nose and +thrust it forward three times, as he slapped the back of his head with +his right hand; an imperious gesture in which Parisian street-urchindom +has condensed French irony, and which is evidently efficacious, since +it has already lasted half a century. + +This gayety was troubled by one bitter reflection. + +“Yes,” said he, “I’m splitting with laughter, I’m twisting with +delight, I abound in joy, but I’m losing my way, I shall have to take a +roundabout way. If I only reach the barricade in season!” + + +Thereupon he set out again on a run. + +And as he ran:— + +“Ah, by the way, where was I?” said he. + +And he resumed his ditty, as he plunged rapidly through the streets, +and this is what died away in the gloom:— + +“Mais il reste encore des bastilles, +Et je vais mettre le holĂ  +Dans l’ordre public que voilĂ . +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Quelqu’un veut-il jouer aux quilles? +Tout l’ancien monde s’écroula +Quand la grosse boule roula. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Vieux bon peuple, Ă  coups de bĂ©quilles, +Cassons ce Louvre oĂč s’étala +La monarchie en falbala. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Nous en avons forcĂ© les grilles, +Le roi Charles-Dix ce jour-lĂ , +Tenait mal et se dĂ©colla. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la.”57 + + +The post’s recourse to arms was not without result. The cart was +conquered, the drunken man was taken prisoner. The first was put in the +pound, the second was later on somewhat harassed before the councils of +war as an accomplice. The public ministry of the day proved its +indefatigable zeal in the defence of society, in this instance. + +Gavroche’s adventure, which has lingered as a tradition in the quarters +of the Temple, is one of the most terrible souvenirs of the elderly +bourgeois of the Marais, and is entitled in their memories: “The +nocturnal attack by the post of the Royal Printing Establishment.” + + +[THE END OF VOLUME IV “SAINT DENIS”] + + + + +VOLUME V +JEAN VALJEAN + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Five] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Five] + + + + +BOOK FIRST—THE WAR BETWEEN FOUR WALLS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE CHARYBDIS OF THE FAUBOURG SAINT ANTOINE AND THE SCYLLA OF +THE FAUBOURG DU TEMPLE + + +The two most memorable barricades which the observer of social maladies +can name do not belong to the period in which the action of this work +is laid. These two barricades, both of them symbols, under two +different aspects, of a redoubtable situation, sprang from the earth at +the time of the fatal insurrection of June, 1848, the greatest war of +the streets that history has ever beheld. + +It sometimes happens that, even contrary to principles, even contrary +to liberty, equality, and fraternity, even contrary to the universal +vote, even contrary to the government, by all for all, from the depths +of its anguish, of its discouragements and its destitutions, of its +fevers, of its distresses, of its miasmas, of its ignorances, of its +darkness, that great and despairing body, the rabble, protests against, +and that the populace wages battle against, the people. + +Beggars attack the common right; the ochlocracy rises against demos. + +These are melancholy days; for there is always a certain amount of +night even in this madness, there is suicide in this duel, and those +words which are intended to be insults—beggars, canaille, ochlocracy, +populace—exhibit, alas! rather the fault of those who reign than the +fault of those who suffer; rather the fault of the privileged than the +fault of the disinherited. + +For our own part, we never pronounce those words without pain and +without respect, for when philosophy fathoms the facts to which they +correspond, it often finds many a grandeur beside these miseries. +Athens was an ochlocracy; the beggars were the making of Holland; the +populace saved Rome more than once; and the rabble followed Jesus +Christ. + +There is no thinker who has not at times contemplated the magnificences +of the lower classes. + +It was of this rabble that Saint Jerome was thinking, no doubt, and of +all these poor people and all these vagabonds and all these miserable +people whence sprang the apostles and the martyrs, when he uttered this +mysterious saying: _“Fex urbis, lex orbis,”_—the dregs of the city, the +law of the earth. + +The exasperations of this crowd which suffers and bleeds, its violences +contrary to all sense, directed against the principles which are its +life, its masterful deeds against the right, are its popular _coups +d’état_ and should be repressed. The man of probity sacrifices himself, +and out of his very love for this crowd, he combats it. But how +excusable he feels it even while holding out against it! How he +venerates it even while resisting it! This is one of those rare moments +when, while doing that which it is one’s duty to do, one feels +something which disconcerts one, and which would dissuade one from +proceeding further; one persists, it is necessary, but conscience, +though satisfied, is sad, and the accomplishment of duty is complicated +with a pain at the heart. + +June, 1848, let us hasten to say, was an exceptional fact, and almost +impossible of classification, in the philosophy of history. All the +words which we have just uttered, must be discarded, when it becomes a +question of this extraordinary revolt, in which one feels the holy +anxiety of toil claiming its rights. It was necessary to combat it, and +this was a duty, for it attacked the republic. But what was June, 1848, +at bottom? A revolt of the people against itself. + +Where the subject is not lost sight of, there is no digression; may we, +then, be permitted to arrest the reader’s attention for a moment on the +two absolutely unique barricades of which we have just spoken and which +characterized this insurrection. + +One blocked the entrance to the Faubourg Saint Antoine; the other +defended the approach to the Faubourg du Temple; those before whom +these two fearful masterpieces of civil war reared themselves beneath +the brilliant blue sky of June, will never forget them. + +The Saint-Antoine barricade was tremendous; it was three stories high, +and seven hundred feet wide. It barred the vast opening of the +faubourg, that is to say, three streets, from angle to angle; ravined, +jagged, cut up, divided, crenelated, with an immense rent, buttressed +with piles that were bastions in themselves throwing out capes here and +there, powerfully backed up by two great promontories of houses of the +faubourg, it reared itself like a cyclopean dike at the end of the +formidable place which had seen the 14th of July. Nineteen barricades +were ranged, one behind the other, in the depths of the streets behind +this principal barricade. At the very sight of it, one felt the +agonizing suffering in the immense faubourg, which had reached that +point of extremity when a distress may become a catastrophe. Of what +was that barricade made? Of the ruins of three six-story houses +demolished expressly, said some. Of the prodigy of all wraths, said +others. It wore the lamentable aspect of all constructions of hatred, +ruin. It might be asked: Who built this? It might also be said: Who +destroyed this? It was the improvisation of the ebullition. Hold! take +this door! this grating! this penthouse! this chimney-piece! this +broken brazier! this cracked pot! Give all! cast away all! Push this +roll, dig, dismantle, overturn, ruin everything! It was the +collaboration of the pavement, the block of stone, the beam, the bar of +iron, the rag, the scrap, the broken pane, the unseated chair, the +cabbage-stalk, the tatter, the rag, and the malediction. It was grand +and it was petty. It was the abyss parodied on the public place by +hubbub. The mass beside the atom; the strip of ruined wall and the +broken bowl,—threatening fraternization of every sort of rubbish. +Sisyphus had thrown his rock there and Job his potsherd. Terrible, in +short. It was the acropolis of the barefooted. Overturned carts broke +the uniformity of the slope; an immense dray was spread out there +crossways, its axle pointing heavenward, and seemed a scar on that +tumultuous façade; an omnibus hoisted gayly, by main force, to the very +summit of the heap, as though the architects of this bit of savagery +had wished to add a touch of the street urchin humor to their terror, +presented its horseless, unharnessed pole to no one knows what horses +of the air. This gigantic heap, the alluvium of the revolt, figured to +the mind an Ossa on Pelion of all revolutions; ’93 on ’89, the 9th of +Thermidor on the 10th of August, the 18th of Brumaire on the 11th of +January, Vendemiaire on Prairial, 1848 on 1830. The situation deserved +the trouble and this barricade was worthy to figure on the very spot +whence the Bastille had disappeared. If the ocean made dikes, it is +thus that it would build. The fury of the flood was stamped upon this +shapeless mass. What flood? The crowd. One thought one beheld hubbub +petrified. One thought one heard humming above this barricade as though +there had been over their hive, enormous, dark bees of violent +progress. Was it a thicket? Was it a bacchanalia? Was it a fortress? +Vertigo seemed to have constructed it with blows of its wings. There +was something of the cesspool in that redoubt and something Olympian in +that confusion. One there beheld in a pell-mell full of despair, the +rafters of roofs, bits of garret windows with their figured paper, +window sashes with their glass planted there in the ruins awaiting the +cannon, wrecks of chimneys, cupboards, tables, benches, howling +topsyturveydom, and those thousand poverty-stricken things, the very +refuse of the mendicant, which contain at the same time fury and +nothingness. One would have said that it was the tatters of a people, +rags of wood, of iron, of bronze, of stone, and that the Faubourg Saint +Antoine had thrust it there at its door, with a colossal flourish of +the broom making of its misery its barricade. Blocks resembling +headsman’s blocks, dislocated chains, pieces of woodwork with brackets +having the form of gibbets, horizontal wheels projecting from the +rubbish, amalgamated with this edifice of anarchy the sombre figure of +the old tortures endured by the people. The barricade Saint Antoine +converted everything into a weapon; everything that civil war could +throw at the head of society proceeded thence; it was not combat, it +was a paroxysm; the carbines which defended this redoubt, among which +there were some blunderbusses, sent bits of earthenware bones, +coat-buttons, even the casters from night-stands, dangerous projectiles +on account of the brass. This barricade was furious; it hurled to the +clouds an inexpressible clamor; at certain moments, when provoking the +army, it was covered with throngs and tempest; a tumultuous crowd of +flaming heads crowned it; a swarm filled it; it had a thorny crest of +guns, of sabres, of cudgels, of axes, of pikes and of bayonets; a vast +red flag flapped in the wind; shouts of command, songs of attack, the +roll of drums, the sobs of women and bursts of gloomy laughter from the +starving were to be heard there. It was huge and living, and, like the +back of an electric beast, there proceeded from it little flashes of +lightning. The spirit of revolution covered with its cloud this summit +where rumbled that voice of the people which resembles the voice of +God; a strange majesty was emitted by this titanic basket of rubbish. +It was a heap of filth and it was Sinai. + +As we have said previously, it attacked in the name of the +revolution—what? The revolution. It—that barricade, chance, hazard, +disorder, terror, misunderstanding, the unknown—had facing it the +Constituent Assembly, the sovereignty of the people, universal +suffrage, the nation, the republic; and it was the Carmagnole bidding +defiance to the Marseillaise. + +Immense but heroic defiance, for the old faubourg is a hero. + +The faubourg and its redoubt lent each other assistance. The faubourg +shouldered the redoubt, the redoubt took its stand under cover of the +faubourg. The vast barricade spread out like a cliff against which the +strategy of the African generals dashed itself. Its caverns, its +excrescences, its warts, its gibbosities, grimaced, so to speak, and +grinned beneath the smoke. The mitraille vanished in shapelessness; the +bombs plunged into it; bullets only succeeded in making holes in it; +what was the use of cannonading chaos? and the regiments, accustomed to +the fiercest visions of war, gazed with uneasy eyes on that species of +redoubt, a wild beast in its boar-like bristling and a mountain by its +enormous size. + +A quarter of a league away, from the corner of the Rue du Temple which +debouches on the boulevard near the ChĂąteau-d’Eau, if one thrust one’s +head bodily beyond the point formed by the front of the Dallemagne +shop, one perceived in the distance, beyond the canal, in the street +which mounts the slopes of Belleville at the culminating point of the +rise, a strange wall reaching to the second story of the house fronts, +a sort of hyphen between the houses on the right and the houses on the +left, as though the street had folded back on itself its loftiest wall +in order to close itself abruptly. This wall was built of +paving-stones. It was straight, correct, cold, perpendicular, levelled +with the square, laid out by rule and line. Cement was lacking, of +course, but, as in the case of certain Roman walls, without interfering +with its rigid architecture. The entablature was mathematically +parallel with the base. From distance to distance, one could +distinguish on the gray surface, almost invisible loopholes which +resembled black threads. These loopholes were separated from each other +by equal spaces. The street was deserted as far as the eye could reach. +All windows and doors were closed. In the background rose this barrier, +which made a blind thoroughfare of the street, a motionless and +tranquil wall; no one was visible, nothing was audible; not a cry, not +a sound, not a breath. A sepulchre. + +The dazzling sun of June inundated this terrible thing with light. + +It was the barricade of the Faubourg of the Temple. + +As soon as one arrived on the spot, and caught sight of it, it was +impossible, even for the boldest, not to become thoughtful before this +mysterious apparition. It was adjusted, jointed, imbricated, +rectilinear, symmetrical and funereal. Science and gloom met there. One +felt that the chief of this barricade was a geometrician or a spectre. +One looked at it and spoke low. + +From time to time, if some soldier, an officer or representative of the +people, chanced to traverse the deserted highway, a faint, sharp +whistle was heard, and the passer-by fell dead or wounded, or, if he +escaped the bullet, sometimes a biscaĂŻen was seen to ensconce itself in +some closed shutter, in the interstice between two blocks of stone, or +in the plaster of a wall. For the men in the barricade had made +themselves two small cannons out of two cast-iron lengths of gas-pipe, +plugged up at one end with tow and fire-clay. There was no waste of +useless powder. Nearly every shot told. There were corpses here and +there, and pools of blood on the pavement. I remember a white butterfly +which went and came in the street. Summer does not abdicate. + +In the neighborhood, the spaces beneath the portes-cochĂšres were +encumbered with wounded. + +One felt oneself aimed at by some person whom one did not see, and one +understood that guns were levelled at the whole length of the street. + +Massed behind the sort of sloping ridge which the vaulted canal forms +at the entrance to the Faubourg du Temple, the soldiers of the +attacking column, gravely and thoughtfully, watched this dismal +redoubt, this immobility, this passivity, whence sprang death. Some +crawled flat on their faces as far as the crest of the curve of the +bridge, taking care that their shakos did not project beyond it. + +The valiant Colonel Monteynard admired this barricade with a +shudder.—“How that is built!” he said to a Representative. “Not one +paving-stone projects beyond its neighbor. It is made of porcelain.”—At +that moment, a bullet broke the cross on his breast, and he fell. + +“The cowards!” people said. “Let them show themselves. Let us see them! +They dare not! They are hiding!” + + +The barricade of the Faubourg du Temple, defended by eighty men, +attacked by ten thousand, held out for three days. On the fourth, they +did as at Zaatcha, as at Constantine, they pierced the houses, they +came over the roofs, the barricade was taken. Not one of the eighty +cowards thought of flight, all were killed there with the exception of +the leader, BarthĂ©lemy, of whom we shall speak presently. + +The Saint-Antoine barricade was the tumult of thunders; the barricade +of the Temple was silence. The difference between these two redoubts +was the difference between the formidable and the sinister. One seemed +a maw; the other a mask. + +Admitting that the gigantic and gloomy insurrection of June was +composed of a wrath and of an enigma, one divined in the first +barricade the dragon, and behind the second the sphinx. + +These two fortresses had been erected by two men named, the one, +Cournet, the other, BarthĂ©lemy. Cournet made the Saint-Antoine +barricade; BarthĂ©lemy the barricade of the Temple. Each was the image +of the man who had built it. + +Cournet was a man of lofty stature; he had broad shoulders, a red face, +a crushing fist, a bold heart, a loyal soul, a sincere and terrible +eye. Intrepid, energetic, irascible, stormy; the most cordial of men, +the most formidable of combatants. War, strife, conflict, were the very +air he breathed and put him in a good humor. He had been an officer in +the navy, and, from his gestures and his voice, one divined that he +sprang from the ocean, and that he came from the tempest; he carried +the hurricane on into battle. With the exception of the genius, there +was in Cournet something of Danton, as, with the exception of the +divinity, there was in Danton something of Hercules. + +BarthĂ©lemy, thin, feeble, pale, taciturn, was a sort of tragic street +urchin, who, having had his ears boxed by a policeman, lay in wait for +him, and killed him, and at seventeen was sent to the galleys. He came +out and made this barricade. + +Later on, fatal circumstance, in London, proscribed by all, BarthĂ©lemy +slew Cournet. It was a funereal duel. Some time afterwards, caught in +the gearing of one of those mysterious adventures in which passion +plays a part, a catastrophe in which French justice sees extenuating +circumstances, and in which English justice sees only death, BarthĂ©lemy +was hanged. The sombre social construction is so made that, thanks to +material destitution, thanks to moral obscurity, that unhappy being who +possessed an intelligence, certainly firm, possibly great, began in +France with the galleys, and ended in England with the gallows. +BarthĂ©lemy, on occasion, flew but one flag, the black flag. + + + + +CHAPTER II—WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE ABYSS IF ONE DOES NOT CONVERSE + + +Sixteen years count in the subterranean education of insurrection, and +June, 1848, knew a great deal more about it than June, 1832. So the +barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie was only an outline, and an +embryo compared to the two colossal barricades which we have just +sketched; but it was formidable for that epoch. + +The insurgents under the eye of Enjolras, for Marius no longer looked +after anything, had made good use of the night. The barricade had been +not only repaired, but augmented. They had raised it two feet. Bars of +iron planted in the pavement resembled lances in rest. All sorts of +rubbish brought and added from all directions complicated the external +confusion. The redoubt had been cleverly made over, into a wall on the +inside and a thicket on the outside. + +The staircase of paving-stones which permitted one to mount it like the +wall of a citadel had been reconstructed. + +The barricade had been put in order, the tap-room disencumbered, the +kitchen appropriated for the ambulance, the dressing of the wounded +completed, the powder scattered on the ground and on the tables had +been gathered up, bullets run, cartridges manufactured, lint scraped, +the fallen weapons re-distributed, the interior of the redoubt cleaned, +the rubbish swept up, corpses removed. + +They laid the dead in a heap in the MondĂ©tour lane, of which they were +still the masters. The pavement was red for a long time at that spot. +Among the dead there were four National Guardsmen of the suburbs. +Enjolras had their uniforms laid aside. + +Enjolras had advised two hours of sleep. Advice from Enjolras was a +command. Still, only three or four took advantage of it. + +Feuilly employed these two hours in engraving this inscription on the +wall which faced the tavern:— + +LONG LIVE THE PEOPLES! + +These four words, hollowed out in the rough stone with a nail, could be +still read on the wall in 1848. + +The three women had profited by the respite of the night to vanish +definitely; which allowed the insurgents to breathe more freely. + +They had found means of taking refuge in some neighboring house. + +The greater part of the wounded were able, and wished, to fight still. +On a litter of mattresses and trusses of straw in the kitchen, which +had been converted into an ambulance, there were five men gravely +wounded, two of whom were municipal guardsmen. The municipal guardsmen +were attended to first. + +In the tap-room there remained only Mabeuf under his black cloth and +Javert bound to his post. + +“This is the hall of the dead,” said Enjolras. + +In the interior of this hall, barely lighted by a candle at one end, +the mortuary table being behind the post like a horizontal bar, a sort +of vast, vague cross resulted from Javert erect and Mabeuf lying prone. + +The pole of the omnibus, although snapped off by the fusillade, was +still sufficiently upright to admit of their fastening the flag to it. + +Enjolras, who possessed that quality of a leader, of always doing what +he said, attached to this staff the bullet-ridden and bloody coat of +the old man’s. + +No repast had been possible. There was neither bread nor meat. The +fifty men in the barricade had speedily exhausted the scanty provisions +of the wine-shop during the sixteen hours which they had passed there. +At a given moment, every barricade inevitably becomes the raft of _la +MĂ©duse_. They were obliged to resign themselves to hunger. They had +then reached the first hours of that Spartan day of the 6th of June +when, in the barricade Saint-Merry, Jeanne, surrounded by the +insurgents who demanded bread, replied to all combatants crying: +“Something to eat!” with: “Why? It is three o’clock; at four we shall +be dead.” + + +As they could no longer eat, Enjolras forbade them to drink. He +interdicted wine, and portioned out the brandy. + +They had found in the cellar fifteen full bottles hermetically sealed. +Enjolras and Combeferre examined them. Combeferre when he came up again +said:—“It’s the old stock of Father Hucheloup, who began business as a +grocer.”—“It must be real wine,” observed Bossuet. “It’s lucky that +Grantaire is asleep. If he were on foot, there would be a good deal of +difficulty in saving those bottles.”—Enjolras, in spite of all murmurs, +placed his veto on the fifteen bottles, and, in order that no one might +touch them, he had them placed under the table on which Father Mabeuf +was lying. + +About two o’clock in the morning, they reckoned up their strength. +There were still thirty-seven of them. + +The day began to dawn. The torch, which had been replaced in its cavity +in the pavement, had just been extinguished. The interior of the +barricade, that species of tiny courtyard appropriated from the street, +was bathed in shadows, and resembled, athwart the vague, twilight +horror, the deck of a disabled ship. The combatants, as they went and +came, moved about there like black forms. Above that terrible +nesting-place of gloom the stories of the mute houses were lividly +outlined; at the very top, the chimneys stood palely out. The sky was +of that charming, undecided hue, which may be white and may be blue. +Birds flew about in it with cries of joy. The lofty house which formed +the back of the barricade, being turned to the East, had upon its roof +a rosy reflection. The morning breeze ruffled the gray hair on the head +of the dead man at the third-story window. + +“I am delighted that the torch has been extinguished,” said Courfeyrac +to Feuilly. “That torch flickering in the wind annoyed me. It had the +appearance of being afraid. The light of torches resembles the wisdom +of cowards; it gives a bad light because it trembles.” + + +Dawn awakens minds as it does the birds; all began to talk. + +Joly, perceiving a cat prowling on a gutter, extracted philosophy from +it. + +“What is the cat?” he exclaimed. “It is a corrective. The good God, +having made the mouse, said: ‘Hullo! I have committed a blunder.’ And +so he made the cat. The cat is the erratum of the mouse. The mouse, +plus the cat, is the proof of creation revised and corrected.” + + +Combeferre, surrounded by students and artisans, was speaking of the +dead, of Jean Prouvaire, of Bahorel, of Mabeuf, and even of Cabuc, and +of Enjolras’ sad severity. He said:— + +“Harmodius and Aristogiton, Brutus, Chereas, Stephanus, Cromwell, +Charlotte Corday, Sand, have all had their moment of agony when it was +too late. Our hearts quiver so, and human life is such a mystery that, +even in the case of a civic murder, even in a murder for liberation, if +there be such a thing, the remorse for having struck a man surpasses +the joy of having served the human race.” + + +And, such are the windings of the exchange of speech, that, a moment +later, by a transition brought about through Jean Prouvaire’s verses, +Combeferre was comparing the translators of the Georgics, Raux with +Cournand, Cournand with Delille, pointing out the passages translated +by MalfilĂątre, particularly the prodigies of CĂŠsar’s death; and at that +word, CĂŠsar, the conversation reverted to Brutus. + +“CĂŠsar,” said Combeferre, “fell justly. Cicero was severe towards +CĂŠsar, and he was right. That severity is not diatribe. When ZoĂŻlus +insults Homer, when MĂŠvius insults Virgil, when VisĂ© insults MoliĂšre, +when Pope insults Shakspeare, when Frederic insults Voltaire, it is an +old law of envy and hatred which is being carried out; genius attracts +insult, great men are always more or less barked at. But ZoĂŻlus and +Cicero are two different persons. Cicero is an arbiter in thought, just +as Brutus is an arbiter by the sword. For my own part, I blame that +last justice, the blade; but, antiquity admitted it. CĂŠsar, the +violator of the Rubicon, conferring, as though they came from him, the +dignities which emanated from the people, not rising at the entrance of +the senate, committed the acts of a king and almost of a tyrant, _regia +ac pene tyrannica_. He was a great man; so much the worse, or so much +the better; the lesson is but the more exalted. His twenty-three wounds +touch me less than the spitting in the face of Jesus Christ. CĂŠsar is +stabbed by the senators; Christ is cuffed by lackeys. One feels the God +through the greater outrage.” + + +Bossuet, who towered above the interlocutors from the summit of a heap +of paving-stones, exclaimed, rifle in hand:— + +“Oh CydathenĂŠum, Oh Myrrhinus, Oh Probalinthus, Oh graces of the +Æantides! Oh! Who will grant me to pronounce the verses of Homer like a +Greek of Laurium or of Edapteon?” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—LIGHT AND SHADOW + + +Enjolras had been to make a reconnaissance. He had made his way out +through MondĂ©tour lane, gliding along close to the houses. + +The insurgents, we will remark, were full of hope. The manner in which +they had repulsed the attack of the preceding night had caused them to +almost disdain in advance the attack at dawn. They waited for it with a +smile. They had no more doubt as to their success than as to their +cause. Moreover, succor was, evidently, on the way to them. They +reckoned on it. With that facility of triumphant prophecy which is one +of the sources of strength in the French combatant, they divided the +day which was at hand into three distinct phases. At six o’clock in the +morning a regiment “which had been labored with,” would turn; at noon, +the insurrection of all Paris; at sunset, revolution. + +They heard the alarm bell of Saint-Merry, which had not been silent for +an instant since the night before; a proof that the other barricade, +the great one, Jeanne’s, still held out. + +All these hopes were exchanged between the different groups in a sort +of gay and formidable whisper which resembled the warlike hum of a hive +of bees. + +Enjolras reappeared. He returned from his sombre eagle flight into +outer darkness. He listened for a moment to all this joy with folded +arms, and one hand on his mouth. Then, fresh and rosy in the growing +whiteness of the dawn, he said: + +“The whole army of Paris is to strike. A third of the army is bearing +down upon the barricades in which you now are. There is the National +Guard in addition. I have picked out the shakos of the fifth of the +line, and the standard-bearers of the sixth legion. In one hour you +will be attacked. As for the populace, it was seething yesterday, +to-day it is not stirring. There is nothing to expect; nothing to hope +for. Neither from a faubourg nor from a regiment. You are abandoned.” + + +These words fell upon the buzzing of the groups, and produced on them +the effect caused on a swarm of bees by the first drops of a storm. A +moment of indescribable silence ensued, in which death might have been +heard flitting by. + +This moment was brief. + +A voice from the obscurest depths of the groups shouted to Enjolras: + +“So be it. Let us raise the barricade to a height of twenty feet, and +let us all remain in it. Citizens, let us offer the protests of +corpses. Let us show that, if the people abandon the republicans, the +republicans do not abandon the people.” + + +These words freed the thought of all from the painful cloud of +individual anxieties. It was hailed with an enthusiastic acclamation. + +No one ever has known the name of the man who spoke thus; he was some +unknown blouse-wearer, a stranger, a man forgotten, a passing hero, +that great anonymous, always mingled in human crises and in social +geneses who, at a given moment, utters in a supreme fashion the +decisive word, and who vanishes into the shadows after having +represented for a minute, in a lightning flash, the people and God. + +This inexorable resolution so thoroughly impregnated the air of the 6th +of June, 1832, that, almost at the very same hour, on the barricade +Saint-Merry, the insurgents were raising that clamor which has become a +matter of history and which has been consigned to the documents in the +case:—“What matters it whether they come to our assistance or not? Let +us get ourselves killed here, to the very last man.” + + +As the reader sees, the two barricades, though materially isolated, +were in communication with each other. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—MINUS FIVE, PLUS ONE + + +After the man who decreed the “protest of corpses” had spoken, and had +given this formula of their common soul, there issued from all mouths a +strangely satisfied and terrible cry, funereal in sense and triumphant +in tone: + +“Long live death! Let us all remain here!” + + +“Why all?” said Enjolras. + +“All! All!” + + +Enjolras resumed: + +“The position is good; the barricade is fine. Thirty men are enough. +Why sacrifice forty?” + + +They replied: + +“Because not one will go away.” + + +“Citizens,” cried Enjolras, and there was an almost irritated vibration +in his voice, “this republic is not rich enough in men to indulge in +useless expenditure of them. Vain-glory is waste. If the duty of some +is to depart, that duty should be fulfilled like any other.” + + +Enjolras, the man-principle, had over his co-religionists that sort of +omnipotent power which emanates from the absolute. Still, great as was +this omnipotence, a murmur arose. A leader to the very finger-tips, +Enjolras, seeing that they murmured, insisted. He resumed haughtily: + +“Let those who are afraid of not numbering more than thirty say so.” + + +The murmurs redoubled. + +“Besides,” observed a voice in one group, “it is easy enough to talk +about leaving. The barricade is hemmed in.” + + +“Not on the side of the Halles,” said Enjolras. “The Rue MondĂ©tour is +free, and through the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs one can reach the MarchĂ© des +Innocents.” + + +“And there,” went on another voice, “you would be captured. You would +fall in with some grand guard of the line or the suburbs; they will spy +a man passing in blouse and cap. ‘Whence come you?’ ‘Don’t you belong +to the barricade?’ And they will look at your hands. You smell of +powder. Shot.” + + +Enjolras, without making any reply, touched Combeferre’s shoulder, and +the two entered the tap-room. + +They emerged thence a moment later. Enjolras held in his outstretched +hands the four uniforms which he had laid aside. Combeferre followed, +carrying the shoulder-belts and the shakos. + +“With this uniform,” said Enjolras, “you can mingle with the ranks and +escape; here is enough for four.” And he flung on the ground, deprived +of its pavement, the four uniforms. + +No wavering took place in his stoical audience. Combeferre took the +word. + +“Come,” said he, “you must have a little pity. Do you know what the +question is here? It is a question of women. See here. Are there women +or are there not? Are there children or are there not? Are there +mothers, yes or no, who rock cradles with their foot and who have a lot +of little ones around them? Let that man of you who has never beheld a +nurse’s breast raise his hand. Ah! you want to get yourselves killed, +so do I—I, who am speaking to you; but I do not want to feel the +phantoms of women wreathing their arms around me. Die, if you will, but +don’t make others die. Suicides like that which is on the brink of +accomplishment here are sublime; but suicide is narrow, and does not +admit of extension; and as soon as it touches your neighbors, suicide +is murder. Think of the little blond heads; think of the white locks. +Listen, Enjolras has just told me that he saw at the corner of the Rue +du Cygne a lighted casement, a candle in a poor window, on the fifth +floor, and on the pane the quivering shadow of the head of an old +woman, who had the air of having spent the night in watching. Perhaps +she is the mother of some one of you. Well, let that man go, and make +haste, to say to his mother: ‘Here I am, mother!’ Let him feel at ease, +the task here will be performed all the same. When one supports one’s +relatives by one’s toil, one has not the right to sacrifice one’s self. +That is deserting one’s family. And those who have daughters! what are +you thinking of? You get yourselves killed, you are dead, that is well. +And tomorrow? Young girls without bread—that is a terrible thing. Man +begs, woman sells. Ah! those charming and gracious beings, so gracious +and so sweet, who have bonnets of flowers, who fill the house with +purity, who sing and prattle, who are like a living perfume, who prove +the existence of angels in heaven by the purity of virgins on earth, +that Jeanne, that Lise, that Mimi, those adorable and honest creatures +who are your blessings and your pride, ah! good God, they will suffer +hunger! What do you want me to say to you? There is a market for human +flesh; and it is not with your shadowy hands, shuddering around them, +that you will prevent them from entering it! Think of the street, think +of the pavement covered with passers-by, think of the shops past which +women go and come with necks all bare, and through the mire. These +women, too, were pure once. Think of your sisters, those of you who +have them. Misery, prostitution, the police, Saint-Lazare—that is what +those beautiful, delicate girls, those fragile marvels of modesty, +gentleness and loveliness, fresher than lilacs in the month of May, +will come to. Ah! you have got yourselves killed! You are no longer on +hand! That is well; you have wished to release the people from Royalty, +and you deliver over your daughters to the police. Friends, have a +care, have mercy. Women, unhappy women, we are not in the habit of +bestowing much thought on them. We trust to the women not having +received a man’s education, we prevent their reading, we prevent their +thinking, we prevent their occupying themselves with politics; will you +prevent them from going to the dead-house this evening, and recognizing +your bodies? Let us see, those who have families must be tractable, and +shake hands with us and take themselves off, and leave us here alone to +attend to this affair. I know well that courage is required to leave, +that it is hard; but the harder it is, the more meritorious. You say: +‘I have a gun, I am at the barricade; so much the worse, I shall remain +there.’ So much the worse is easily said. My friends, there is a +morrow; you will not be here to-morrow, but your families will; and +what sufferings! See, here is a pretty, healthy child, with cheeks like +an apple, who babbles, prattles, chatters, who laughs, who smells sweet +beneath your kiss,—and do you know what becomes of him when he is +abandoned? I have seen one, a very small creature, no taller than that. +His father was dead. Poor people had taken him in out of charity, but +they had bread only for themselves. The child was always hungry. It was +winter. He did not cry. You could see him approach the stove, in which +there was never any fire, and whose pipe, you know, was of mastic and +yellow clay. His breathing was hoarse, his face livid, his limbs +flaccid, his belly prominent. He said nothing. If you spoke to him, he +did not answer. He is dead. He was taken to the Necker Hospital, where +I saw him. I was house-surgeon in that hospital. Now, if there are any +fathers among you, fathers whose happiness it is to stroll on Sundays +holding their child’s tiny hand in their robust hand, let each one of +those fathers imagine that this child is his own. That poor brat, I +remember, and I seem to see him now, when he lay nude on the dissecting +table, how his ribs stood out on his skin like the graves beneath the +grass in a cemetery. A sort of mud was found in his stomach. There were +ashes in his teeth. Come, let us examine ourselves conscientiously and +take counsel with our heart. Statistics show that the mortality among +abandoned children is fifty-five per cent. I repeat, it is a question +of women, it concerns mothers, it concerns young girls, it concerns +little children. Who is talking to you of yourselves? We know well what +you are; we know well that you are all brave, parbleu! we know well +that you all have in your souls the joy and the glory of giving your +life for the great cause; we know well that you feel yourselves elected +to die usefully and magnificently, and that each one of you clings to +his share in the triumph. Very well. But you are not alone in this +world. There are other beings of whom you must think. You must not be +egoists.” + + +All dropped their heads with a gloomy air. + +Strange contradictions of the human heart at its most sublime moments. +Combeferre, who spoke thus, was not an orphan. He recalled the mothers +of other men, and forgot his own. He was about to get himself killed. +He was “an egoist.” + + +Marius, fasting, fevered, having emerged in succession from all hope, +and having been stranded in grief, the most sombre of shipwrecks, and +saturated with violent emotions and conscious that the end was near, +had plunged deeper and deeper into that visionary stupor which always +precedes the fatal hour voluntarily accepted. + +A physiologist might have studied in him the growing symptoms of that +febrile absorption known to, and classified by, science, and which is +to suffering what voluptuousness is to pleasure. Despair, also, has its +ecstasy. Marius had reached this point. He looked on at everything as +from without; as we have said, things which passed before him seemed +far away; he made out the whole, but did not perceive the details. He +beheld men going and coming as through a flame. He heard voices +speaking as at the bottom of an abyss. + +But this moved him. There was in this scene a point which pierced and +roused even him. He had but one idea now, to die; and he did not wish +to be turned aside from it, but he reflected, in his gloomy +somnambulism, that while destroying himself, he was not prohibited from +saving some one else. + +He raised his voice. + +“Enjolras and Combeferre are right,” said he; “no unnecessary +sacrifice. I join them, and you must make haste. Combeferre has said +convincing things to you. There are some among you who have families, +mothers, sisters, wives, children. Let such leave the ranks.” + + +No one stirred. + +“Married men and the supporters of families, step out of the ranks!” +repeated Marius. + +His authority was great. Enjolras was certainly the head of the +barricade, but Marius was its savior. + +“I order it,” cried Enjolras. + +“I entreat you,” said Marius. + +Then, touched by Combeferre’s words, shaken by Enjolras’ order, touched +by Marius’ entreaty, these heroic men began to denounce each other.—“It +is true,” said one young man to a full grown man, “you are the father +of a family. Go.”—“It is your duty rather,” retorted the man, “you have +two sisters whom you maintain.”—And an unprecedented controversy broke +forth. Each struggled to determine which should not allow himself to be +placed at the door of the tomb. + +“Make haste,” said Courfeyrac, “in another quarter of an hour it will +be too late.” + + +“Citizens,” pursued Enjolras, “this is the Republic, and universal +suffrage reigns. Do you yourselves designate those who are to go.” + + +They obeyed. After the expiration of a few minutes, five were +unanimously selected and stepped out of the ranks. + +“There are five of them!” exclaimed Marius. + +There were only four uniforms. + +“Well,” began the five, “one must stay behind.” + + +And then a struggle arose as to who should remain, and who should find +reasons for the others not remaining. The generous quarrel began +afresh. + +“You have a wife who loves you.”—“You have your aged mother.”—” You +have neither father nor mother, and what is to become of your three +little brothers?”—“You are the father of five children.”—“You have a +right to live, you are only seventeen, it is too early for you to die.” + + +These great revolutionary barricades were assembling points for +heroism. The improbable was simple there. These men did not astonish +each other. + +“Be quick,” repeated Courfeyrac. + +Men shouted to Marius from the groups: + +“Do you designate who is to remain.” + + +“Yes,” said the five, “choose. We will obey you.” + + +Marius did not believe that he was capable of another emotion. Still, +at this idea, that of choosing a man for death, his blood rushed back +to his heart. He would have turned pale, had it been possible for him +to become any paler. + +He advanced towards the five, who smiled upon him, and each, with his +eyes full of that grand flame which one beholds in the depths of +history hovering over ThermopylĂŠ, cried to him: + +“Me! me! me!” + + +And Marius stupidly counted them; there were still five of them! Then +his glance dropped to the four uniforms. + +At that moment, a fifth uniform fell, as if from heaven, upon the other +four. + +The fifth man was saved. + +Marius raised his eyes and recognized M. Fauchelevent. + +Jean Valjean had just entered the barricade. + +He had arrived by way of MondĂ©tour lane, whither by dint of inquiries +made, or by instinct, or chance. Thanks to his dress of a National +Guardsman, he had made his way without difficulty. + +The sentinel stationed by the insurgents in the Rue MondĂ©tour had no +occasion to give the alarm for a single National Guardsman, and he had +allowed the latter to entangle himself in the street, saying to +himself: “Probably it is a reinforcement, in any case it is a +prisoner.” The moment was too grave to admit of the sentinel abandoning +his duty and his post of observation. + +At the moment when Jean Valjean entered the redoubt, no one had noticed +him, all eyes being fixed on the five chosen men and the four uniforms. +Jean Valjean also had seen and heard, and he had silently removed his +coat and flung it on the pile with the rest. + +The emotion aroused was indescribable. + +“Who is this man?” demanded Bossuet. + +“He is a man who saves others,” replied Combeferre. + +Marius added in a grave voice: + +“I know him.” + + +This guarantee satisfied every one. + +Enjolras turned to Jean Valjean. + +“Welcome, citizen.” + + +And he added: + +“You know that we are about to die.” + + +Jean Valjean, without replying, helped the insurgent whom he was saving +to don his uniform. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE HORIZON WHICH ONE BEHOLDS FROM THE SUMMIT OF A BARRICADE + + +The situation of all in that fatal hour and that pitiless place, had as +result and culminating point Enjolras’ supreme melancholy. + +Enjolras bore within him the plenitude of the revolution; he was +incomplete, however, so far as the absolute can be so; he had too much +of Saint-Just about him, and not enough of Anacharsis Cloots; still, +his mind, in the society of the Friends of the A B C, had ended by +undergoing a certain polarization from Combeferre’s ideas; for some +time past, he had been gradually emerging from the narrow form of +dogma, and had allowed himself to incline to the broadening influence +of progress, and he had come to accept, as a definitive and magnificent +evolution, the transformation of the great French Republic, into the +immense human republic. As far as the immediate means were concerned, a +violent situation being given, he wished to be violent; on that point, +he never varied; and he remained of that epic and redoubtable school +which is summed up in the words: “Eighty-three.” Enjolras was standing +erect on the staircase of paving-stones, one elbow resting on the stock +of his gun. He was engaged in thought; he quivered, as at the passage +of prophetic breaths; places where death is have these effects of +tripods. A sort of stifled fire darted from his eyes, which were filled +with an inward look. All at once he threw back his head, his blond +locks fell back like those of an angel on the sombre quadriga made of +stars, they were like the mane of a startled lion in the flaming of an +halo, and Enjolras cried: + +“Citizens, do you picture the future to yourselves? The streets of +cities inundated with light, green branches on the thresholds, nations +sisters, men just, old men blessing children, the past loving the +present, thinkers entirely at liberty, believers on terms of full +equality, for religion heaven, God the direct priest, human conscience +become an altar, no more hatreds, the fraternity of the workshop and +the school, for sole penalty and recompense fame, work for all, right +for all, peace over all, no more bloodshed, no more wars, happy +mothers! To conquer matter is the first step; to realize the ideal is +the second. Reflect on what progress has already accomplished. +Formerly, the first human races beheld with terror the hydra pass +before their eyes, breathing on the waters, the dragon which vomited +flame, the griffin who was the monster of the air, and who flew with +the wings of an eagle and the talons of a tiger; fearful beasts which +were above man. Man, nevertheless, spread his snares, consecrated by +intelligence, and finally conquered these monsters. We have vanquished +the hydra, and it is called the locomotive; we are on the point of +vanquishing the griffin, we already grasp it, and it is called the +balloon. On the day when this Promethean task shall be accomplished, +and when man shall have definitely harnessed to his will the triple +ChimĂŠra of antiquity, the hydra, the dragon and the griffin, he will be +the master of water, fire, and of air, and he will be for the rest of +animated creation that which the ancient gods formerly were to him. +Courage, and onward! Citizens, whither are we going? To science made +government, to the force of things become the sole public force, to the +natural law, having in itself its sanction and its penalty and +promulgating itself by evidence, to a dawn of truth corresponding to a +dawn of day. We are advancing to the union of peoples; we are advancing +to the unity of man. No more fictions; no more parasites. The real +governed by the true, that is the goal. Civilization will hold its +assizes at the summit of Europe, and, later on, at the centre of +continents, in a grand parliament of the intelligence. Something +similar has already been seen. The amphictyons had two sittings a year, +one at Delphos the seat of the gods, the other at ThermopylĂŠ, the place +of heroes. Europe will have her amphictyons; the globe will have its +amphictyons. France bears this sublime future in her breast. This is +the gestation of the nineteenth century. That which Greece sketched out +is worthy of being finished by France. Listen to me, you, Feuilly, +valiant artisan, man of the people. I revere you. Yes, you clearly +behold the future, yes, you are right. You had neither father nor +mother, Feuilly; you adopted humanity for your mother and right for +your father. You are about to die, that is to say to triumph, here. +Citizens, whatever happens to-day, through our defeat as well as +through our victory, it is a revolution that we are about to create. As +conflagrations light up a whole city, so revolutions illuminate the +whole human race. And what is the revolution that we shall cause? I +have just told you, the Revolution of the True. From a political point +of view, there is but a single principle; the sovereignty of man over +himself. This sovereignty of myself over myself is called Liberty. +Where two or three of these sovereignties are combined, the state +begins. But in that association there is no abdication. Each +sovereignty concedes a certain quantity of itself, for the purpose of +forming the common right. This quantity is the same for all of us. This +identity of concession which each makes to all, is called Equality. +Common right is nothing else than the protection of all beaming on the +right of each. This protection of all over each is called Fraternity. +The point of intersection of all these assembled sovereignties is +called society. This intersection being a junction, this point is a +knot. Hence what is called the social bond. Some say social contract; +which is the same thing, the word contract being etymologically formed +with the idea of a bond. Let us come to an understanding about +equality; for, if liberty is the summit, equality is the base. +Equality, citizens, is not wholly a surface vegetation, a society of +great blades of grass and tiny oaks; a proximity of jealousies which +render each other null and void; legally speaking, it is all aptitudes +possessed of the same opportunity; politically, it is all votes +possessed of the same weight; religiously, it is all consciences +possessed of the same right. Equality has an organ: gratuitous and +obligatory instruction. The right to the alphabet, that is where the +beginning must be made. The primary school imposed on all, the +secondary school offered to all, that is the law. From an identical +school, an identical society will spring. Yes, instruction! light! +light! everything comes from light, and to it everything returns. +Citizens, the nineteenth century is great, but the twentieth century +will be happy. Then, there will be nothing more like the history of +old, we shall no longer, as to-day, have to fear a conquest, an +invasion, a usurpation, a rivalry of nations, arms in hand, an +interruption of civilization depending on a marriage of kings, on a +birth in hereditary tyrannies, a partition of peoples by a congress, a +dismemberment because of the failure of a dynasty, a combat of two +religions meeting face to face, like two bucks in the dark, on the +bridge of the infinite; we shall no longer have to fear famine, farming +out, prostitution arising from distress, misery from the failure of +work and the scaffold and the sword, and battles and the ruffianism of +chance in the forest of events. One might almost say: There will be no +more events. We shall be happy. The human race will accomplish its law, +as the terrestrial globe accomplishes its law; harmony will be +re-established between the soul and the star; the soul will gravitate +around the truth, as the planet around the light. Friends, the present +hour in which I am addressing you, is a gloomy hour; but these are +terrible purchases of the future. A revolution is a toll. Oh! the human +race will be delivered, raised up, consoled! We affirm it on this +barrier. Whence should proceed that cry of love, if not from the +heights of sacrifice? Oh my brothers, this is the point of junction, of +those who think and of those who suffer; this barricade is not made of +paving-stones, nor of joists, nor of bits of iron; it is made of two +heaps, a heap of ideas, and a heap of woes. Here misery meets the +ideal. The day embraces the night, and says to it: ‘I am about to die, +and thou shalt be born again with me.’ From the embrace of all +desolations faith leaps forth. Sufferings bring hither their agony and +ideas their immortality. This agony and this immortality are about to +join and constitute our death. Brothers, he who dies here dies in the +radiance of the future, and we are entering a tomb all flooded with the +dawn.” + + +Enjolras paused rather than became silent; his lips continued to move +silently, as though he were talking to himself, which caused them all +to gaze attentively at him, in the endeavor to hear more. There was no +applause; but they whispered together for a long time. Speech being a +breath, the rustling of intelligences resembles the rustling of leaves. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—MARIUS HAGGARD, JAVERT LACONIC + + +Let us narrate what was passing in Marius’ thoughts. + +Let the reader recall the state of his soul. We have just recalled it, +everything was a vision to him now. His judgment was disturbed. Marius, +let us insist on this point, was under the shadow of the great, dark +wings which are spread over those in the death agony. He felt that he +had entered the tomb, it seemed to him that he was already on the other +side of the wall, and he no longer beheld the faces of the living +except with the eyes of one dead. + +How did M. Fauchelevent come there? Why was he there? What had he come +there to do? Marius did not address all these questions to himself. +Besides, since our despair has this peculiarity, that it envelops +others as well as ourselves, it seemed logical to him that all the +world should come thither to die. + +Only, he thought of Cosette with a pang at his heart. + +However, M. Fauchelevent did not speak to him, did not look at him, and +had not even the air of hearing him, when Marius raised his voice to +say: “I know him.” + + +As far as Marius was concerned, this attitude of M. Fauchelevent was +comforting, and, if such a word can be used for such impressions, we +should say that it pleased him. He had always felt the absolute +impossibility of addressing that enigmatical man, who was, in his eyes, +both equivocal and imposing. Moreover, it had been a long time since he +had seen him; and this still further augmented the impossibility for +Marius’ timid and reserved nature. + +The five chosen men left the barricade by way of MondĂ©tour lane; they +bore a perfect resemblance to members of the National Guard. One of +them wept as he took his leave. Before setting out, they embraced those +who remained. + +When the five men sent back to life had taken their departure, Enjolras +thought of the man who had been condemned to death. + +He entered the tap-room. Javert, still bound to the post, was engaged +in meditation. + +“Do you want anything?” Enjolras asked him. + +Javert replied: “When are you going to kill me?” + + +“Wait. We need all our cartridges just at present.” + + +“Then give me a drink,” said Javert. + +Enjolras himself offered him a glass of water, and, as Javert was +pinioned, he helped him to drink. + +“Is that all?” inquired Enjolras. + +“I am uncomfortable against this post,” replied Javert. “You are not +tender to have left me to pass the night here. Bind me as you please, +but you surely might lay me out on a table like that other man.” + + +And with a motion of the head, he indicated the body of M. Mabeuf. + +There was, as the reader will remember, a long, broad table at the end +of the room, on which they had been running bullets and making +cartridges. All the cartridges having been made, and all the powder +used, this table was free. + +At Enjolras’ command, four insurgents unbound Javert from the post. +While they were loosing him, a fifth held a bayonet against his breast. + +Leaving his arms tied behind his back, they placed about his feet a +slender but stout whip-cord, as is done to men on the point of mounting +the scaffold, which allowed him to take steps about fifteen inches in +length, and made him walk to the table at the end of the room, where +they laid him down, closely bound about the middle of the body. + +By way of further security, and by means of a rope fastened to his +neck, they added to the system of ligatures which rendered every +attempt at escape impossible, that sort of bond which is called in +prisons a martingale, which, starting at the neck, forks on the +stomach, and meets the hands, after passing between the legs. + +While they were binding Javert, a man standing on the threshold was +surveying him with singular attention. The shadow cast by this man made +Javert turn his head. He raised his eyes, and recognized Jean Valjean. +He did not even start, but dropped his lids proudly and confined +himself to the remark: “It is perfectly simple.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE SITUATION BECOMES AGGRAVATED + + +The daylight was increasing rapidly. Not a window was opened, not a +door stood ajar; it was the dawn but not the awaking. The end of the +Rue de la Chanvrerie, opposite the barricade, had been evacuated by the +troops, as we have stated, it seemed to be free, and presented itself +to passers-by with a sinister tranquillity. The Rue Saint-Denis was as +dumb as the avenue of Sphinxes at Thebes. Not a living being in the +crossroads, which gleamed white in the light of the sun. Nothing is so +mournful as this light in deserted streets. Nothing was to be seen, but +there was something to be heard. A mysterious movement was going on at +a certain distance. It was evident that the critical moment was +approaching. As on the previous evening, the sentinels had come in; but +this time all had come. + +The barricade was stronger than on the occasion of the first attack. +Since the departure of the five, they had increased its height still +further. + +On the advice of the sentinel who had examined the region of the +Halles, Enjolras, for fear of a surprise in the rear, came to a serious +decision. He had the small gut of the MondĂ©tour lane, which had been +left open up to that time, barricaded. For this purpose, they tore up +the pavement for the length of several houses more. In this manner, the +barricade, walled on three streets, in front on the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, to the left on the Rues du Cygne and de la Petite +Truanderie, to the right on the Rue MondĂ©tour, was really almost +impregnable; it is true that they were fatally hemmed in there. It had +three fronts, but no exit.—“A fortress but a rat hole too,” said +Courfeyrac with a laugh. + +Enjolras had about thirty paving-stones “torn up in excess,” said +Bossuet, piled up near the door of the wine-shop. + +The silence was now so profound in the quarter whence the attack must +needs come, that Enjolras had each man resume his post of battle. + +An allowance of brandy was doled out to each. + +Nothing is more curious than a barricade preparing for an assault. Each +man selects his place as though at the theatre. They jostle, and elbow +and crowd each other. There are some who make stalls of paving-stones. +Here is a corner of the wall which is in the way, it is removed; here +is a redan which may afford protection, they take shelter behind it. +Left-handed men are precious; they take the places that are +inconvenient to the rest. Many arrange to fight in a sitting posture. +They wish to be at ease to kill, and to die comfortably. In the sad war +of June, 1848, an insurgent who was a formidable marksman, and who was +firing from the top of a terrace upon a roof, had a reclining-chair +brought there for his use; a charge of grape-shot found him out there. + +As soon as the leader has given the order to clear the decks for +action, all disorderly movements cease; there is no more pulling from +one another; there are no more coteries; no more asides, there is no +more holding aloof; everything in their spirits converges in, and +changes into, a waiting for the assailants. A barricade before the +arrival of danger is chaos; in danger, it is discipline itself. Peril +produces order. + +As soon as Enjolras had seized his double-barrelled rifle, and had +placed himself in a sort of embrasure which he had reserved for +himself, all the rest held their peace. A series of faint, sharp noises +resounded confusedly along the wall of paving-stones. It was the men +cocking their guns. + +Moreover, their attitudes were prouder, more confident than ever; the +excess of sacrifice strengthens; they no longer cherished any hope, but +they had despair, despair,—the last weapon, which sometimes gives +victory; Virgil has said so. Supreme resources spring from extreme +resolutions. To embark in death is sometimes the means of escaping a +shipwreck; and the lid of the coffin becomes a plank of safety. + +As on the preceding evening, the attention of all was directed, we +might almost say leaned upon, the end of the street, now lighted up and +visible. + +They had not long to wait. A stir began distinctly in the Saint-Leu +quarter, but it did not resemble the movement of the first attack. A +clashing of chains, the uneasy jolting of a mass, the click of brass +skipping along the pavement, a sort of solemn uproar, announced that +some sinister construction of iron was approaching. There arose a +tremor in the bosoms of these peaceful old streets, pierced and built +for the fertile circulation of interests and ideas, and which are not +made for the horrible rumble of the wheels of war. + +The fixity of eye in all the combatants upon the extremity of the +street became ferocious. + +A cannon made its appearance. + +Artillery-men were pushing the piece; it was in firing trim; the +fore-carriage had been detached; two upheld the gun-carriage, four were +at the wheels; others followed with the caisson. They could see the +smoke of the burning lint-stock. + +“Fire!” shouted Enjolras. + +The whole barricade fired, the report was terrible; an avalanche of +smoke covered and effaced both cannon and men; after a few seconds, the +cloud dispersed, and the cannon and men reappeared; the gun-crew had +just finished rolling it slowly, correctly, without haste, into +position facing the barricade. Not one of them had been struck. Then +the captain of the piece, bearing down upon the breech in order to +raise the muzzle, began to point the cannon with the gravity of an +astronomer levelling a telescope. + +“Bravo for the cannoneers!” cried Bossuet. + +And the whole barricade clapped their hands. + +A moment later, squarely planted in the very middle of the street, +astride of the gutter, the piece was ready for action. A formidable +pair of jaws yawned on the barricade. + +“Come, merrily now!” ejaculated Courfeyrac. “That’s the brutal part of +it. After the fillip on the nose, the blow from the fist. The army is +reaching out its big paw to us. The barricade is going to be severely +shaken up. The fusillade tries, the cannon takes.” + + +“It is a piece of eight, new model, brass,” added Combeferre. “Those +pieces are liable to burst as soon as the proportion of ten parts of +tin to one hundred of brass is exceeded. The excess of tin renders them +too tender. Then it comes to pass that they have caves and chambers +when looked at from the vent hole. In order to obviate this danger, and +to render it possible to force the charge, it may become necessary to +return to the process of the fourteenth century, hooping, and to +encircle the piece on the outside with a series of unwelded steel +bands, from the breech to the trunnions. In the meantime, they remedy +this defect as best they may; they manage to discover where the holes +are located in the vent of a cannon, by means of a searcher. But there +is a better method, with Gribeauval’s movable star.” + + +“In the sixteenth century,” remarked Bossuet, “they used to rifle +cannon.” + + +“Yes,” replied Combeferre, “that augments the projectile force, but +diminishes the accuracy of the firing. In firing at short range, the +trajectory is not as rigid as could be desired, the parabola is +exaggerated, the line of the projectile is no longer sufficiently +rectilinear to allow of its striking intervening objects, which is, +nevertheless, a necessity of battle, the importance of which increases +with the proximity of the enemy and the precipitation of the discharge. +This defect of the tension of the curve of the projectile in the rifled +cannon of the sixteenth century arose from the smallness of the charge; +small charges for that sort of engine are imposed by the ballistic +necessities, such, for instance, as the preservation of the +gun-carriage. In short, that despot, the cannon, cannot do all that it +desires; force is a great weakness. A cannon-ball only travels six +hundred leagues an hour; light travels seventy thousand leagues a +second. Such is the superiority of Jesus Christ over Napoleon.” + + +“Reload your guns,” said Enjolras. + +How was the casing of the barricade going to behave under the +cannon-balls? Would they effect a breach? That was the question. While +the insurgents were reloading their guns, the artillery-men were +loading the cannon. + +The anxiety in the redoubt was profound. + +The shot sped the report burst forth. + +“Present!” shouted a joyous voice. + +And Gavroche flung himself into the barricade just as the ball dashed +against it. + +He came from the direction of the Rue du Cygne, and he had nimbly +climbed over the auxiliary barricade which fronted on the labyrinth of +the Rue de la Petite Truanderie. + +Gavroche produced a greater sensation in the barricade than the +cannon-ball. + +The ball buried itself in the mass of rubbish. At the most there was an +omnibus wheel broken, and the old Anceau cart was demolished. On seeing +this, the barricade burst into a laugh. + +“Go on!” shouted Bossuet to the artillerists. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE ARTILLERY-MEN COMPEL PEOPLE TO TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY + + +They flocked round Gavroche. But he had no time to tell anything. +Marius drew him aside with a shudder. + +“What are you doing here?” + + +“Hullo!” said the child, “what are you doing here yourself?” + + +And he stared at Marius intently with his epic effrontery. His eyes +grew larger with the proud light within them. + +It was with an accent of severity that Marius continued: + +“Who told you to come back? Did you deliver my letter at the address?” + + +Gavroche was not without some compunctions in the matter of that +letter. In his haste to return to the barricade, he had got rid of it +rather than delivered it. He was forced to acknowledge to himself that +he had confided it rather lightly to that stranger whose face he had +not been able to make out. It is true that the man was bareheaded, but +that was not sufficient. In short, he had been administering to himself +little inward remonstrances and he feared Marius’ reproaches. In order +to extricate himself from the predicament, he took the simplest course; +he lied abominably. + +“Citizen, I delivered the letter to the porter. The lady was asleep. +She will have the letter when she wakes up.” + + +Marius had had two objects in sending that letter: to bid farewell to +Cosette and to save Gavroche. He was obliged to content himself with +the half of his desire. + +The despatch of his letter and the presence of M. Fauchelevent in the +barricade, was a coincidence which occurred to him. He pointed out M. +Fauchelevent to Gavroche. + +“Do you know that man?” + + +“No,” said Gavroche. + +Gavroche had, in fact, as we have just mentioned, seen Jean Valjean +only at night. + +The troubled and unhealthy conjectures which had outlined themselves in +Marius’ mind were dissipated. Did he know M. Fauchelevent’s opinions? +Perhaps M. Fauchelevent was a republican. Hence his very natural +presence in this combat. + +In the meanwhile, Gavroche was shouting, at the other end of the +barricade: “My gun!” + + +Courfeyrac had it returned to him. + +Gavroche warned “his comrades” as he called them, that the barricade +was blocked. He had had great difficulty in reaching it. A battalion of +the line whose arms were piled in the Rue de la Petite Truanderie was +on the watch on the side of the Rue du Cygne; on the opposite side, the +municipal guard occupied the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs. The bulk of the army +was facing them in front. + +This information given, Gavroche added: + +“I authorize you to hit ’em a tremendous whack.” + + +Meanwhile, Enjolras was straining his ears and watching at his +embrasure. + +The assailants, dissatisfied, no doubt, with their shot, had not +repeated it. + +A company of infantry of the line had come up and occupied the end of +the street behind the piece of ordnance. The soldiers were tearing up +the pavement and constructing with the stones a small, low wall, a sort +of side-work not more than eighteen inches high, and facing the +barricade. In the angle at the left of this epaulement, there was +visible the head of the column of a battalion from the suburbs massed +in the Rue Saint-Denis. + +Enjolras, on the watch, thought he distinguished the peculiar sound +which is produced when the shells of grape-shot are drawn from the +caissons, and he saw the commander of the piece change the elevation +and incline the mouth of the cannon slightly to the left. Then the +cannoneers began to load the piece. The chief seized the lint-stock +himself and lowered it to the vent. + +“Down with your heads, hug the wall!” shouted Enjolras, “and all on +your knees along the barricade!” + + +The insurgents who were straggling in front of the wine-shop, and who +had quitted their posts of combat on Gavroche’s arrival, rushed +pell-mell towards the barricade; but before Enjolras’ order could be +executed, the discharge took place with the terrifying rattle of a +round of grape-shot. This is what it was, in fact. + +The charge had been aimed at the cut in the redoubt, and had there +rebounded from the wall; and this terrible rebound had produced two +dead and three wounded. + +If this were continued, the barricade was no longer tenable. The +grape-shot made its way in. + +A murmur of consternation arose. + +“Let us prevent the second discharge,” said Enjolras. + +And, lowering his rifle, he took aim at the captain of the gun, who, at +that moment, was bearing down on the breach of his gun and rectifying +and definitely fixing its pointing. + +The captain of the piece was a handsome sergeant of artillery, very +young, blond, with a very gentle face, and the intelligent air peculiar +to that predestined and redoubtable weapon which, by dint of perfecting +itself in horror, must end in killing war. + +Combeferre, who was standing beside Enjolras, scrutinized this young +man. + +“What a pity!” said Combeferre. “What hideous things these butcheries +are! Come, when there are no more kings, there will be no more war. +Enjolras, you are taking aim at that sergeant, you are not looking at +him. Fancy, he is a charming young man; he is intrepid; it is evident +that he is thoughtful; those young artillery-men are very well +educated; he has a father, a mother, a family; he is probably in love; +he is not more than five and twenty at the most; he might be your +brother.” + + +“He is,” said Enjolras. + +“Yes,” replied Combeferre, “he is mine too. Well, let us not kill him.” + + +“Let me alone. It must be done.” + + +And a tear trickled slowly down Enjolras’ marble cheek. + +At the same moment, he pressed the trigger of his rifle. The flame +leaped forth. The artillery-man turned round twice, his arms extended +in front of him, his head uplifted, as though for breath, then he fell +with his side on the gun, and lay there motionless. They could see his +back, from the centre of which there flowed directly a stream of blood. +The ball had traversed his breast from side to side. He was dead. + +He had to be carried away and replaced by another. Several minutes were +thus gained, in fact. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—EMPLOYMENT OF THE OLD TALENTS OF A POACHER AND THAT +INFALLIBLE MARKSMANSHIP WHICH INFLUENCED THE CONDEMNATION OF 1796 + + +Opinions were exchanged in the barricade. The firing from the gun was +about to begin again. Against that grape-shot, they could not hold out +a quarter of an hour longer. It was absolutely necessary to deaden the +blows. + +Enjolras issued this command: + +“We must place a mattress there.” + + +“We have none,” said Combeferre, “the wounded are lying on them.” + + +Jean Valjean, who was seated apart on a stone post, at the corner of +the tavern, with his gun between his knees, had, up to that moment, +taken no part in anything that was going on. He did not appear to hear +the combatants saying around him: “Here is a gun that is doing +nothing.” + + +At the order issued by Enjolras, he rose. + +It will be remembered that, on the arrival of the rabble in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie, an old woman, foreseeing the bullets, had placed her +mattress in front of her window. This window, an attic window, was on +the roof of a six-story house situated a little beyond the barricade. +The mattress, placed cross-wise, supported at the bottom on two poles +for drying linen, was upheld at the top by two ropes, which, at that +distance, looked like two threads, and which were attached to two nails +planted in the window frames. These ropes were distinctly visible, like +hairs, against the sky. + +“Can some one lend me a double-barrelled rifle?” said Jean Valjean. + +Enjolras, who had just re-loaded his, handed it to him. + +Jean Valjean took aim at the attic window and fired. + +One of the mattress ropes was cut. + +The mattress now hung by one thread only. + +Jean Valjean fired the second charge. The second rope lashed the panes +of the attic window. The mattress slipped between the two poles and +fell into the street. + +The barricade applauded. + +All voices cried: + +“Here is a mattress!” + + +“Yes,” said Combeferre, “but who will go and fetch it?” + + +The mattress had, in fact, fallen outside the barricade, between +besiegers and besieged. Now, the death of the sergeant of artillery +having exasperated the troop, the soldiers had, for several minutes, +been lying flat on their stomachs behind the line of paving-stones +which they had erected, and, in order to supply the forced silence of +the piece, which was quiet while its service was in course of +reorganization, they had opened fire on the barricade. The insurgents +did not reply to this musketry, in order to spare their ammunition. The +fusillade broke against the barricade; but the street, which it filled, +was terrible. + +Jean Valjean stepped out of the cut, entered the street, traversed the +storm of bullets, walked up to the mattress, hoisted it upon his back, +and returned to the barricade. + +He placed the mattress in the cut with his own hands. He fixed it there +against the wall in such a manner that the artillery-men should not see +it. + +That done, they awaited the next discharge of grape-shot. + +It was not long in coming. + +The cannon vomited forth its package of buckshot with a roar. But there +was no rebound. The effect which they had foreseen had been attained. +The barricade was saved. + +“Citizen,” said Enjolras to Jean Valjean, “the Republic thanks you.” + + +Bossuet admired and laughed. He exclaimed: + +“It is immoral that a mattress should have so much power. Triumph of +that which yields over that which strikes with lightning. But never +mind, glory to the mattress which annuls a cannon!” + + + + + +CHAPTER X—DAWN + + +At that moment, Cosette awoke. + +Her chamber was narrow, neat, unobtrusive, with a long sash-window, +facing the East on the back court-yard of the house. + +Cosette knew nothing of what was going on in Paris. She had not been +there on the preceding evening, and she had already retired to her +chamber when Toussaint had said: + +“It appears that there is a row.” + + +Cosette had slept only a few hours, but soundly. She had had sweet +dreams, which possibly arose from the fact that her little bed was very +white. Some one, who was Marius, had appeared to her in the light. She +awoke with the sun in her eyes, which, at first, produced on her the +effect of being a continuation of her dream. Her first thought on +emerging from this dream was a smiling one. Cosette felt herself +thoroughly reassured. Like Jean Valjean, she had, a few hours +previously, passed through that reaction of the soul which absolutely +will not hear of unhappiness. She began to cherish hope, with all her +might, without knowing why. Then she felt a pang at her heart. It was +three days since she had seen Marius. But she said to herself that he +must have received her letter, that he knew where she was, and that he +was so clever that he would find means of reaching her.—And that +certainly to-day, and perhaps that very morning.—It was broad daylight, +but the rays of light were very horizontal; she thought that it was +very early, but that she must rise, nevertheless, in order to receive +Marius. + +She felt that she could not live without Marius, and that, +consequently, that was sufficient and that Marius would come. No +objection was valid. All this was certain. It was monstrous enough +already to have suffered for three days. Marius absent three days, this +was horrible on the part of the good God. Now, this cruel teasing from +on high had been gone through with. Marius was about to arrive, and he +would bring good news. Youth is made thus; it quickly dries its eyes; +it finds sorrow useless and does not accept it. Youth is the smile of +the future in the presence of an unknown quantity, which is itself. It +is natural to it to be happy. It seems as though its respiration were +made of hope. + +Moreover, Cosette could not remember what Marius had said to her on the +subject of this absence which was to last only one day, and what +explanation of it he had given her. Every one has noticed with what +nimbleness a coin which one has dropped on the ground rolls away and +hides, and with what art it renders itself undiscoverable. There are +thoughts which play us the same trick; they nestle away in a corner of +our brain; that is the end of them; they are lost; it is impossible to +lay the memory on them. Cosette was somewhat vexed at the useless +little effort made by her memory. She told herself, that it was very +naughty and very wicked of her, to have forgotten the words uttered by +Marius. + +She sprang out of bed and accomplished the two ablutions of soul and +body, her prayers and her toilet. + +One may, in a case of exigency, introduce the reader into a nuptial +chamber, not into a virginal chamber. Verse would hardly venture it, +prose must not. + +It is the interior of a flower that is not yet unfolded, it is +whiteness in the dark, it is the private cell of a closed lily, which +must not be gazed upon by man so long as the sun has not gazed upon it. +Woman in the bud is sacred. That innocent bud which opens, that +adorable half-nudity which is afraid of itself, that white foot which +takes refuge in a slipper, that throat which veils itself before a +mirror as though a mirror were an eye, that chemise which makes haste +to rise up and conceal the shoulder for a creaking bit of furniture or +a passing vehicle, those cords tied, those clasps fastened, those laces +drawn, those tremors, those shivers of cold and modesty, that exquisite +affright in every movement, that almost winged uneasiness where there +is no cause for alarm, the successive phases of dressing, as charming +as the clouds of dawn,—it is not fitting that all this should be +narrated, and it is too much to have even called attention to it. + +The eye of man must be more religious in the presence of the rising of +a young girl than in the presence of the rising of a star. The +possibility of hurting should inspire an augmentation of respect. The +down on the peach, the bloom on the plum, the radiated crystal of the +snow, the wing of the butterfly powdered with feathers, are coarse +compared to that chastity which does not even know that it is chaste. +The young girl is only the flash of a dream, and is not yet a statue. +Her bed-chamber is hidden in the sombre part of the ideal. The +indiscreet touch of a glance brutalizes this vague penumbra. Here, +contemplation is profanation. + +We shall, therefore, show nothing of that sweet little flutter of +Cosette’s rising. + +An oriental tale relates how the rose was made white by God, but that +Adam looked upon her when she was unfolding, and she was ashamed and +turned crimson. We are of the number who fall speechless in the +presence of young girls and flowers, since we think them worthy of +veneration. + +Cosette dressed herself very hastily, combed and dressed her hair, +which was a very simple matter in those days, when women did not swell +out their curls and bands with cushions and puffs, and did not put +crinoline in their locks. Then she opened the window and cast her eyes +around her in every direction, hoping to descry some bit of the street, +an angle of the house, an edge of pavement, so that she might be able +to watch for Marius there. But no view of the outside was to be had. +The back court was surrounded by tolerably high walls, and the outlook +was only on several gardens. Cosette pronounced these gardens hideous: +for the first time in her life, she found flowers ugly. The smallest +scrap of the gutter of the street would have met her wishes better. She +decided to gaze at the sky, as though she thought that Marius might +come from that quarter. + +All at once, she burst into tears. Not that this was fickleness of +soul; but hopes cut in twain by dejection—that was her case. She had a +confused consciousness of something horrible. Thoughts were rife in the +air, in fact. She told herself that she was not sure of anything, that +to withdraw herself from sight was to be lost; and the idea that Marius +could return to her from heaven appeared to her no longer charming but +mournful. + +Then, as is the nature of these clouds, calm returned to her, and hope +and a sort of unconscious smile, which yet indicated trust in God. + +Every one in the house was still asleep. A country-like silence +reigned. Not a shutter had been opened. The porter’s lodge was closed. +Toussaint had not risen, and Cosette, naturally, thought that her +father was asleep. She must have suffered much, and she must have still +been suffering greatly, for she said to herself, that her father had +been unkind; but she counted on Marius. The eclipse of such a light was +decidedly impossible. Now and then, she heard sharp shocks in the +distance, and she said: “It is odd that people should be opening and +shutting their carriage gates so early.” They were the reports of the +cannon battering the barricade. + +A few feet below Cosette’s window, in the ancient and perfectly black +cornice of the wall, there was a martin’s nest; the curve of this nest +formed a little projection beyond the cornice, so that from above it +was possible to look into this little paradise. The mother was there, +spreading her wings like a fan over her brood; the father fluttered +about, flew away, then came back, bearing in his beak food and kisses. +The dawning day gilded this happy thing, the great law, “Multiply,” lay +there smiling and august, and that sweet mystery unfolded in the glory +of the morning. Cosette, with her hair in the sunlight, her soul +absorbed in chimĂŠras, illuminated by love within and by the dawn +without, bent over mechanically, and almost without daring to avow to +herself that she was thinking at the same time of Marius, began to gaze +at these birds, at this family, at that male and female, that mother +and her little ones, with the profound trouble which a nest produces on +a virgin. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—THE SHOT WHICH MISSES NOTHING AND KILLS NO ONE + + +The assailants’ fire continued. Musketry and grape-shot alternated, but +without committing great ravages, to tell the truth. The top alone of +the Corinthe façade suffered; the window on the first floor, and the +attic window in the roof, riddled with buckshot and biscaĂŻens, were +slowly losing their shape. The combatants who had been posted there had +been obliged to withdraw. However, this is according to the tactics of +barricades; to fire for a long while, in order to exhaust the +insurgents’ ammunition, if they commit the mistake of replying. When it +is perceived, from the slackening of their fire, that they have no more +powder and ball, the assault is made. Enjolras had not fallen into this +trap; the barricade did not reply. + +At every discharge by platoons, Gavroche puffed out his cheek with his +tongue, a sign of supreme disdain. + +“Good for you,” said he, “rip up the cloth. We want some lint.” + + +Courfeyrac called the grape-shot to order for the little effect which +it produced, and said to the cannon: + +“You are growing diffuse, my good fellow.” + + +One gets puzzled in battle, as at a ball. It is probable that this +silence on the part of the redoubt began to render the besiegers +uneasy, and to make them fear some unexpected incident, and that they +felt the necessity of getting a clear view behind that heap of +paving-stones, and of knowing what was going on behind that impassable +wall which received blows without retorting. The insurgents suddenly +perceived a helmet glittering in the sun on a neighboring roof. A +fireman had placed his back against a tall chimney, and seemed to be +acting as sentinel. His glance fell directly down into the barricade. + +“There’s an embarrassing watcher,” said Enjolras. + +Jean Valjean had returned Enjolras’ rifle, but he had his own gun. + +Without saying a word, he took aim at the fireman, and, a second later, +the helmet, smashed by a bullet, rattled noisily into the street. The +terrified soldier made haste to disappear. A second observer took his +place. This one was an officer. Jean Valjean, who had re-loaded his +gun, took aim at the newcomer and sent the officer’s casque to join the +soldier’s. The officer did not persist, and retired speedily. This time +the warning was understood. No one made his appearance thereafter on +that roof; and the idea of spying on the barricade was abandoned. + +“Why did you not kill the man?” Bossuet asked Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean made no reply. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—DISORDER A PARTISAN OF ORDER + + +Bossuet muttered in Combeferre’s ear: + +“He did not answer my question.” + + +“He is a man who does good by gun-shots,” said Combeferre. + +Those who have preserved some memory of this already distant epoch know +that the National Guard from the suburbs was valiant against +insurrections. It was particularly zealous and intrepid in the days of +June, 1832. A certain good dram-shop keeper of Pantin des Vertus or la +Cunette, whose “establishment” had been closed by the riots, became +leonine at the sight of his deserted dance-hall, and got himself killed +to preserve the order represented by a tea-garden. In that bourgeois +and heroic time, in the presence of ideas which had their knights, +interests had their paladins. The prosiness of the originators +detracted nothing from the bravery of the movement. The diminution of a +pile of crowns made bankers sing the Marseillaise. They shed their +blood lyrically for the counting-house; and they defended the shop, +that immense diminutive of the fatherland, with LacedĂŠmonian +enthusiasm. + +At bottom, we will observe, there was nothing in all this that was not +extremely serious. It was social elements entering into strife, while +awaiting the day when they should enter into equilibrium. + +Another sign of the times was the anarchy mingled with governmentalism +[the barbarous name of the correct party]. People were for order in +combination with lack of discipline. + +The drum suddenly beat capricious calls, at the command of such or such +a Colonel of the National Guard; such and such a captain went into +action through inspiration; such and such National Guardsmen fought, +“for an idea,” and on their own account. At critical moments, on “days” +they took counsel less of their leaders than of their instincts. There +existed in the army of order, veritable guerilleros, some of the sword, +like Fannicot, others of the pen, like Henri FonfrĂšde. + +Civilization, unfortunately, represented at this epoch rather by an +aggregation of interests than by a group of principles, was or thought +itself, in peril; it set up the cry of alarm; each, constituting +himself a centre, defended it, succored it, and protected it with his +own head; and the first comer took it upon himself to save society. + +Zeal sometimes proceeded to extermination. A platoon of the National +Guard would constitute itself on its own authority a private council of +war, and judge and execute a captured insurgent in five minutes. It was +an improvisation of this sort that had slain Jean Prouvaire. Fierce +Lynch law, with which no one party had any right to reproach the rest, +for it has been applied by the Republic in America, as well as by the +monarchy in Europe. This Lynch law was complicated with mistakes. On +one day of rioting, a young poet, named Paul AimĂ© Garnier, was pursued +in the Place Royale, with a bayonet at his loins, and only escaped by +taking refuge under the porte-cochĂšre of No. 6. They shouted:—“There’s +another of those Saint-Simonians!” and they wanted to kill him. Now, he +had under his arm a volume of the memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon. A +National Guard had read the words _Saint-Simon_ on the book, and had +shouted: “Death!” + + +On the 6th of June, 1832, a company of the National Guards from the +suburbs, commanded by the Captain Fannicot, above mentioned, had itself +decimated in the Rue de la Chanvrerie out of caprice and its own good +pleasure. This fact, singular though it may seem, was proved at the +judicial investigation opened in consequence of the insurrection of +1832. Captain Fannicot, a bold and impatient bourgeois, a sort of +condottiere of the order of those whom we have just characterized, a +fanatical and intractable governmentalist, could not resist the +temptation to fire prematurely, and the ambition of capturing the +barricade alone and unaided, that is to say, with his company. +Exasperated by the successive apparition of the red flag and the old +coat which he took for the black flag, he loudly blamed the generals +and chiefs of the corps, who were holding council and did not think +that the moment for the decisive assault had arrived, and who were +allowing “the insurrection to fry in its own fat,” to use the +celebrated expression of one of them. For his part, he thought the +barricade ripe, and as that which is ripe ought to fall, he made the +attempt. + +He commanded men as resolute as himself, “raging fellows,” as a witness +said. His company, the same which had shot Jean Prouvaire the poet, was +the first of the battalion posted at the angle of the street. At the +moment when they were least expecting it, the captain launched his men +against the barricade. This movement, executed with more good will than +strategy, cost the Fannicot company dear. Before it had traversed two +thirds of the street it was received by a general discharge from the +barricade. Four, the most audacious, who were running on in front, were +mown down point-blank at the very foot of the redoubt, and this +courageous throng of National Guards, very brave men but lacking in +military tenacity, were forced to fall back, after some hesitation, +leaving fifteen corpses on the pavement. This momentary hesitation gave +the insurgents time to re-load their weapons, and a second and very +destructive discharge struck the company before it could regain the +corner of the street, its shelter. A moment more, and it was caught +between two fires, and it received the volley from the battery piece +which, not having received the order, had not discontinued its firing. + +The intrepid and imprudent Fannicot was one of the dead from this +grape-shot. He was killed by the cannon, that is to say, by order. + +This attack, which was more furious than serious, irritated +Enjolras.—“The fools!” said he. “They are getting their own men killed +and they are using up our ammunition for nothing.” + + +Enjolras spoke like the real general of insurrection which he was. +Insurrection and repression do not fight with equal weapons. +Insurrection, which is speedily exhausted, has only a certain number of +shots to fire and a certain number of combatants to expend. An empty +cartridge-box, a man killed, cannot be replaced. As repression has the +army, it does not count its men, and, as it has Vincennes, it does not +count its shots. Repression has as many regiments as the barricade has +men, and as many arsenals as the barricade has cartridge-boxes. Thus +they are struggles of one against a hundred, which always end in +crushing the barricade; unless the revolution, uprising suddenly, +flings into the balance its flaming archangel’s sword. This does happen +sometimes. Then everything rises, the pavements begin to seethe, +popular redoubts abound. Paris quivers supremely, the _quid divinum_ is +given forth, a 10th of August is in the air, a 29th of July is in the +air, a wonderful light appears, the yawning maw of force draws back, +and the army, that lion, sees before it, erect and tranquil, that +prophet, France. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—PASSING GLEAMS + + +In the chaos of sentiments and passions which defend a barricade, there +is a little of everything; there is bravery, there is youth, honor, +enthusiasm, the ideal, conviction, the rage of the gambler, and, above +all, intermittences of hope. + +One of these intermittences, one of these vague quivers of hope +suddenly traversed the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie at the +moment when it was least expected. + +“Listen,” suddenly cried Enjolras, who was still on the watch, “it +seems to me that Paris is waking up.” + + +It is certain that, on the morning of the 6th of June, the insurrection +broke out afresh for an hour or two, to a certain extent. The obstinacy +of the alarm peal of Saint-Merry reanimated some fancies. Barricades +were begun in the Rue du Poirier and the Rue des Gravilliers. In front +of the Porte Saint-Martin, a young man, armed with a rifle, attacked +alone a squadron of cavalry. In plain sight, on the open boulevard, he +placed one knee on the ground, shouldered his weapon, fired, killed the +commander of the squadron, and turned away, saying: “There’s another +who will do us no more harm.” + + +He was put to the sword. In the Rue Saint-Denis, a woman fired on the +National Guard from behind a lowered blind. The slats of the blind +could be seen to tremble at every shot. A child fourteen years of age +was arrested in the Rue de la Cossonerie, with his pockets full of +cartridges. Many posts were attacked. At the entrance to the Rue +Bertin-PoirĂ©e, a very lively and utterly unexpected fusillade welcomed +a regiment of cuirrassiers, at whose head marched Marshal General +Cavaignac de Barague. In the Rue Planche-Mibray, they threw old pieces +of pottery and household utensils down on the soldiers from the roofs; +a bad sign; and when this matter was reported to Marshal Soult, +Napoleon’s old lieutenant grew thoughtful, as he recalled Suchet’s +saying at Saragossa: “We are lost when the old women empty their pots +de chambre on our heads.” + + +These general symptoms which presented themselves at the moment when it +was thought that the uprising had been rendered local, this fever of +wrath, these sparks which flew hither and thither above those deep +masses of combustibles which are called the faubourgs of Paris,—all +this, taken together, disturbed the military chiefs. They made haste to +stamp out these beginnings of conflagration. + +They delayed the attack on the barricades MaubuĂ©e, de la Chanvrerie and +Saint-Merry until these sparks had been extinguished, in order that +they might have to deal with the barricades only and be able to finish +them at one blow. Columns were thrown into the streets where there was +fermentation, sweeping the large, sounding the small, right and left, +now slowly and cautiously, now at full charge. The troops broke in the +doors of houses whence shots had been fired; at the same time, +manƓuvres by the cavalry dispersed the groups on the boulevards. This +repression was not effected without some commotion, and without that +tumultuous uproar peculiar to collisions between the army and the +people. This was what Enjolras had caught in the intervals of the +cannonade and the musketry. Moreover, he had seen wounded men passing +the end of the street in litters, and he said to Courfeyrac:—“Those +wounded do not come from us.” + + +Their hope did not last long; the gleam was quickly eclipsed. In less +than half an hour, what was in the air vanished, it was a flash of +lightning unaccompanied by thunder, and the insurgents felt that sort +of leaden cope, which the indifference of the people casts over +obstinate and deserted men, fall over them once more. + +The general movement, which seemed to have assumed a vague outline, had +miscarried; and the attention of the minister of war and the strategy +of the generals could now be concentrated on the three or four +barricades which still remained standing. + +The sun was mounting above the horizon. + +An insurgent hailed Enjolras. + +“We are hungry here. Are we really going to die like this, without +anything to eat?” + + +Enjolras, who was still leaning on his elbows at his embrasure, made an +affirmative sign with his head, but without taking his eyes from the +end of the street. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—WHEREIN WILL APPEAR THE NAME OF ENJOLRAS’ MISTRESS + + +Courfeyrac, seated on a paving-stone beside Enjolras, continued to +insult the cannon, and each time that that gloomy cloud of projectiles +which is called grape-shot passed overhead with its terrible sound he +assailed it with a burst of irony. + +“You are wearing out your lungs, poor, brutal, old fellow, you pain me, +you are wasting your row. That’s not thunder, it’s a cough.” + + +And the bystanders laughed. + +Courfeyrac and Bossuet, whose brave good humor increased with the +peril, like Madame Scarron, replaced nourishment with pleasantry, and, +as wine was lacking, they poured out gayety to all. + +“I admire Enjolras,” said Bossuet. “His impassive temerity astounds me. +He lives alone, which renders him a little sad, perhaps; Enjolras +complains of his greatness, which binds him to widowhood. The rest of +us have mistresses, more or less, who make us crazy, that is to say, +brave. When a man is as much in love as a tiger, the least that he can +do is to fight like a lion. That is one way of taking our revenge for +the capers that mesdames our grisettes play on us. Roland gets himself +killed for AngĂ©lique; all our heroism comes from our women. A man +without a woman is a pistol without a trigger; it is the woman that +sets the man off. Well, Enjolras has no woman. He is not in love, and +yet he manages to be intrepid. It is a thing unheard of that a man +should be as cold as ice and as bold as fire.” + + +Enjolras did not appear to be listening, but had any one been near him, +that person would have heard him mutter in a low voice: “Patria.” + + +Bossuet was still laughing when Courfeyrac exclaimed: + +“News!” + + +And assuming the tone of an usher making an announcement, he added: + +“My name is Eight-Pounder.” + + +In fact, a new personage had entered on the scene. This was a second +piece of ordnance. + +The artillery-men rapidly performed their manƓuvres in force and placed +this second piece in line with the first. + +This outlined the catastrophe. + +A few minutes later, the two pieces, rapidly served, were firing +point-blank at the redoubt; the platoon firing of the line and of the +soldiers from the suburbs sustained the artillery. + +Another cannonade was audible at some distance. At the same time that +the two guns were furiously attacking the redoubt from the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, two other cannons, trained one from the Rue Saint-Denis, +the other from the Rue Aubry-le-Boucher, were riddling the Saint-Merry +barricade. The four cannons echoed each other mournfully. + +The barking of these sombre dogs of war replied to each other. + +One of the two pieces which was now battering the barricade on the Rue +de la Chanvrerie was firing grape-shot, the other balls. + +The piece which was firing balls was pointed a little high, and the aim +was calculated so that the ball struck the extreme edge of the upper +crest of the barricade, and crumbled the stone down upon the +insurgents, mingled with bursts of grape-shot. + +The object of this mode of firing was to drive the insurgents from the +summit of the redoubt, and to compel them to gather close in the +interior, that is to say, this announced the assault. + +The combatants once driven from the crest of the barricade by balls, +and from the windows of the cabaret by grape-shot, the attacking +columns could venture into the street without being picked off, +perhaps, even, without being seen, could briskly and suddenly scale the +redoubt, as on the preceding evening, and, who knows? take it by +surprise. + +“It is absolutely necessary that the inconvenience of those guns should +be diminished,” said Enjolras, and he shouted: “Fire on the +artillery-men!” + + +All were ready. The barricade, which had long been silent, poured forth +a desperate fire; seven or eight discharges followed, with a sort of +rage and joy; the street was filled with blinding smoke, and, at the +end of a few minutes, athwart this mist all streaked with flame, two +thirds of the gunners could be distinguished lying beneath the wheels +of the cannons. Those who were left standing continued to serve the +pieces with severe tranquillity, but the fire had slackened. + +“Things are going well now,” said Bossuet to Enjolras. “Success.” + + +Enjolras shook his head and replied: + +“Another quarter of an hour of this success, and there will not be any +cartridges left in the barricade.” + + +It appears that Gavroche overheard this remark. + + + + +CHAPTER XV—GAVROCHE OUTSIDE + + +Courfeyrac suddenly caught sight of some one at the base of the +barricade, outside in the street, amid the bullets. + +Gavroche had taken a bottle basket from the wine-shop, had made his way +out through the cut, and was quietly engaged in emptying the full +cartridge-boxes of the National Guardsmen who had been killed on the +slope of the redoubt, into his basket. + +“What are you doing there?” asked Courfeyrac. + +Gavroche raised his face:— + +“I’m filling my basket, citizen.” + + +“Don’t you see the grape-shot?” + + +Gavroche replied: + +“Well, it is raining. What then?” + + +Courfeyrac shouted:—“Come in!” + + +“Instanter,” said Gavroche. + +And with a single bound he plunged into the street. + +It will be remembered that Fannicot’s company had left behind it a +trail of bodies. Twenty corpses lay scattered here and there on the +pavement, through the whole length of the street. Twenty cartouches for +Gavroche meant a provision of cartridges for the barricade. + +The smoke in the street was like a fog. Whoever has beheld a cloud +which has fallen into a mountain gorge between two peaked escarpments +can imagine this smoke rendered denser and thicker by two gloomy rows +of lofty houses. It rose gradually and was incessantly renewed; hence a +twilight which made even the broad daylight turn pale. The combatants +could hardly see each other from one end of the street to the other, +short as it was. + +This obscurity, which had probably been desired and calculated on by +the commanders who were to direct the assault on the barricade, was +useful to Gavroche. + +Beneath the folds of this veil of smoke, and thanks to his small size, +he could advance tolerably far into the street without being seen. He +rifled the first seven or eight cartridge-boxes without much danger. + +He crawled flat on his belly, galloped on all fours, took his basket in +his teeth, twisted, glided, undulated, wound from one dead body to +another, and emptied the cartridge-box or cartouche as a monkey opens a +nut. + +They did not dare to shout to him to return from the barricade, which +was quite near, for fear of attracting attention to him. + +On one body, that of a corporal, he found a powder-flask. + +“For thirst,” said he, putting it in his pocket. + +By dint of advancing, he reached a point where the fog of the fusillade +became transparent. So that the sharpshooters of the line ranged on the +outlook behind their paving-stone dike and the sharpshooters of the +banlieue massed at the corner of the street suddenly pointed out to +each other something moving through the smoke. + +At the moment when Gavroche was relieving a sergeant, who was lying +near a stone door-post, of his cartridges, a bullet struck the body. + +“Fichtre!” ejaculated Gavroche. “They are killing my dead men for me.” + + +A second bullet struck a spark from the pavement beside him.—A third +overturned his basket. + +Gavroche looked and saw that this came from the men of the banlieue. + +He sprang to his feet, stood erect, with his hair flying in the wind, +his hands on his hips, his eyes fixed on the National Guardsmen who +were firing, and sang: + +“On est laid Ă  Nanterre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Et bĂȘte Ă  Palaiseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“Men are ugly at Nanterre, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +And dull at Palaiseau, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +Then he picked up his basket, replaced the cartridges which had fallen +from it, without missing a single one, and, advancing towards the +fusillade, set about plundering another cartridge-box. There a fourth +bullet missed him, again. Gavroche sang: + +“Je ne suis pas notaire, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Je suis un petit oiseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“I am not a notary, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +I’m a little bird, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +A fifth bullet only succeeded in drawing from him a third couplet. + +“Joie est mon caractĂšre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +MisĂšre est mon trousseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“Joy is my character, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +Misery is my trousseau, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +Thus it went on for some time. + +It was a charming and terrible sight. Gavroche, though shot at, was +teasing the fusillade. He had the air of being greatly diverted. It was +the sparrow pecking at the sportsmen. To each discharge he retorted +with a couplet. They aimed at him constantly, and always missed him. +The National Guardsmen and the soldiers laughed as they took aim at +him. He lay down, sprang to his feet, hid in the corner of a doorway, +then made a bound, disappeared, reappeared, scampered away, returned, +replied to the grape-shot with his thumb at his nose, and, all the +while, went on pillaging the cartouches, emptying the cartridge-boxes, +and filling his basket. The insurgents, panting with anxiety, followed +him with their eyes. The barricade trembled; he sang. He was not a +child, he was not a man; he was a strange gamin-fairy. He might have +been called the invulnerable dwarf of the fray. The bullets flew after +him, he was more nimble than they. He played a fearful game of hide and +seek with death; every time that the flat-nosed face of the spectre +approached, the urchin administered to it a fillip. + +One bullet, however, better aimed or more treacherous than the rest, +finally struck the will-o’-the-wisp of a child. Gavroche was seen to +stagger, then he sank to the earth. The whole barricade gave vent to a +cry; but there was something of AntĂŠus in that pygmy; for the gamin to +touch the pavement is the same as for the giant to touch the earth; +Gavroche had fallen only to rise again; he remained in a sitting +posture, a long thread of blood streaked his face, he raised both arms +in the air, glanced in the direction whence the shot had come, and +began to sing: + +“Je suis tombĂ© par terre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Le nez dans le ruisseau, +C’est la faute Ă  . . . “ + +“I have fallen to the earth, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +With my nose in the gutter, +’Tis the fault of . . . ” + + +He did not finish. A second bullet from the same marksman stopped him +short. This time he fell face downward on the pavement, and moved no +more. This grand little soul had taken its flight. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—HOW FROM A BROTHER ONE BECOMES A FATHER + + +At that same moment, in the garden of the Luxembourg,—for the gaze of +the drama must be everywhere present,—two children were holding each +other by the hand. One might have been seven years old, the other five. +The rain having soaked them, they were walking along the paths on the +sunny side; the elder was leading the younger; they were pale and +ragged; they had the air of wild birds. The smaller of them said: “I am +very hungry.” + + +The elder, who was already somewhat of a protector, was leading his +brother with his left hand and in his right he carried a small stick. + +They were alone in the garden. The garden was deserted, the gates had +been closed by order of the police, on account of the insurrection. The +troops who had been bivouacking there had departed for the exigencies +of combat. + +How did those children come there? Perhaps they had escaped from some +guard-house which stood ajar; perhaps there was in the vicinity, at the +BarriĂšre d’Enfer; or on the Esplanade de l’Observatoire, or in the +neighboring carrefour, dominated by the pediment on which could be +read: _Invenerunt parvulum pannis involutum_, some mountebank’s booth +from which they had fled; perhaps they had, on the preceding evening, +escaped the eye of the inspectors of the garden at the hour of closing, +and had passed the night in some one of those sentry-boxes where people +read the papers? The fact is, they were stray lambs and they seemed +free. To be astray and to seem free is to be lost. These poor little +creatures were, in fact, lost. + +These two children were the same over whom Gavroche had been put to +some trouble, as the reader will recollect. Children of the +ThĂ©nardiers, leased out to Magnon, attributed to M. Gillenormand, and +now leaves fallen from all these rootless branches, and swept over the +ground by the wind. Their clothing, which had been clean in Magnon’s +day, and which had served her as a prospectus with M. Gillenormand, had +been converted into rags. + +Henceforth these beings belonged to the statistics as “Abandoned +children,” whom the police take note of, collect, mislay and find again +on the pavements of Paris. + +It required the disturbance of a day like that to account for these +miserable little creatures being in that garden. If the superintendents +had caught sight of them, they would have driven such rags forth. Poor +little things do not enter public gardens; still, people should reflect +that, as children, they have a right to flowers. + +These children were there, thanks to the locked gates. They were there +contrary to the regulations. They had slipped into the garden and there +they remained. Closed gates do not dismiss the inspectors, oversight is +supposed to continue, but it grows slack and reposes; and the +inspectors, moved by the public anxiety and more occupied with the +outside than the inside, no longer glanced into the garden, and had not +seen the two delinquents. + +It had rained the night before, and even a little in the morning. But +in June, showers do not count for much. An hour after a storm, it can +hardly be seen that the beautiful blonde day has wept. The earth, in +summer, is as quickly dried as the cheek of a child. At that period of +the solstice, the light of full noonday is, so to speak, poignant. It +takes everything. It applies itself to the earth, and superposes itself +with a sort of suction. One would say that the sun was thirsty. A +shower is but a glass of water; a rainstorm is instantly drunk up. In +the morning everything was dripping, in the afternoon everything is +powdered over. + +Nothing is so worthy of admiration as foliage washed by the rain and +wiped by the rays of sunlight; it is warm freshness. The gardens and +meadows, having water at their roots, and sun in their flowers, become +perfuming-pans of incense, and smoke with all their odors at once. +Everything smiles, sings and offers itself. One feels gently +intoxicated. The springtime is a provisional paradise, the sun helps +man to have patience. + +There are beings who demand nothing further; mortals, who, having the +azure of heaven, say: “It is enough!” dreamers absorbed in the +wonderful, dipping into the idolatry of nature, indifferent to good and +evil, contemplators of cosmos and radiantly forgetful of man, who do +not understand how people can occupy themselves with the hunger of +these, and the thirst of those, with the nudity of the poor in winter, +with the lymphatic curvature of the little spinal column, with the +pallet, the attic, the dungeon, and the rags of shivering young girls, +when they can dream beneath the trees; peaceful and terrible spirits +they, and pitilessly satisfied. Strange to say, the infinite suffices +them. That great need of man, the finite, which admits of embrace, they +ignore. The finite which admits of progress and sublime toil, they do +not think about. The indefinite, which is born from the human and +divine combination of the infinite and the finite, escapes them. +Provided that they are face to face with immensity, they smile. Joy +never, ecstasy forever. Their life lies in surrendering their +personality in contemplation. The history of humanity is for them only +a detailed plan. All is not there; the true All remains without; what +is the use of busying oneself over that detail, man? Man suffers, that +is quite possible; but look at Aldebaran rising! The mother has no more +milk, the new-born babe is dying. I know nothing about that, but just +look at this wonderful rosette which a slice of wood-cells of the pine +presents under the microscope! Compare the most beautiful Mechlin lace +to that if you can! These thinkers forget to love. The zodiac thrives +with them to such a point that it prevents their seeing the weeping +child. God eclipses their souls. This is a family of minds which are, +at once, great and petty. Horace was one of them; so was Goethe. La +Fontaine perhaps; magnificent egoists of the infinite, tranquil +spectators of sorrow, who do not behold Nero if the weather be fair, +for whom the sun conceals the funeral pile, who would look on at an +execution by the guillotine in the search for an effect of light, who +hear neither the cry nor the sob, nor the death rattle, nor the alarm +peal, for whom everything is well, since there is a month of May, who, +so long as there are clouds of purple and gold above their heads, +declare themselves content, and who are determined to be happy until +the radiance of the stars and the songs of the birds are exhausted. + +These are dark radiances. They have no suspicion that they are to be +pitied. Certainly they are so. He who does not weep does not see. They +are to be admired and pitied, as one would both pity and admire a being +at once night and day, without eyes beneath his lashes but with a star +on his brow. + +The indifference of these thinkers, is, according to some, a superior +philosophy. That may be; but in this superiority there is some +infirmity. One may be immortal and yet limp: witness Vulcan. One may be +more than man and less than man. There is incomplete immensity in +nature. Who knows whether the sun is not a blind man? + +But then, what? In whom can we trust? _Solem quis dicere falsum +audeat?_ Who shall dare to say that the sun is false? Thus certain +geniuses, themselves, certain Very-Lofty mortals, man-stars, may be +mistaken? That which is on high at the summit, at the crest, at the +zenith, that which sends down so much light on the earth, sees but +little, sees badly, sees not at all? Is not this a desperate state of +things? No. But what is there, then, above the sun? The god. + +On the 6th of June, 1832, about eleven o’clock in the morning, the +Luxembourg, solitary and depopulated, was charming. The quincunxes and +flower-beds shed forth balm and dazzling beauty into the sunlight. The +branches, wild with the brilliant glow of midday, seemed endeavoring to +embrace. In the sycamores there was an uproar of linnets, sparrows +triumphed, woodpeckers climbed along the chestnut trees, administering +little pecks on the bark. The flower-beds accepted the legitimate +royalty of the lilies; the most august of perfumes is that which +emanates from whiteness. The peppery odor of the carnations was +perceptible. The old crows of Marie de Medici were amorous in the tall +trees. The sun gilded, empurpled, set fire to and lighted up the +tulips, which are nothing but all the varieties of flame made into +flowers. All around the banks of tulips the bees, the sparks of these +flame-flowers, hummed. All was grace and gayety, even the impending +rain; this relapse, by which the lilies of the valley and the +honeysuckles were destined to profit, had nothing disturbing about it; +the swallows indulged in the charming threat of flying low. He who was +there aspired to happiness; life smelled good; all nature exhaled +candor, help, assistance, paternity, caress, dawn. The thoughts which +fell from heaven were as sweet as the tiny hand of a baby when one +kisses it. + +The statues under the trees, white and nude, had robes of shadow +pierced with light; these goddesses were all tattered with sunlight; +rays hung from them on all sides. Around the great fountain, the earth +was already dried up to the point of being burnt. There was sufficient +breeze to raise little insurrections of dust here and there. A few +yellow leaves, left over from the autumn, chased each other merrily, +and seemed to be playing tricks on each other. + +This abundance of light had something indescribably reassuring about +it. Life, sap, heat, odors overflowed; one was conscious, beneath +creation, of the enormous size of the source; in all these breaths +permeated with love, in this interchange of reverberations and +reflections, in this marvellous expenditure of rays, in this infinite +outpouring of liquid gold, one felt the prodigality of the +inexhaustible; and, behind this splendor as behind a curtain of flame, +one caught a glimpse of God, that millionaire of stars. + +Thanks to the sand, there was not a speck of mud; thanks to the rain, +there was not a grain of ashes. The clumps of blossoms had just been +bathed; every sort of velvet, satin, gold and varnish, which springs +from the earth in the form of flowers, was irreproachable. This +magnificence was cleanly. The grand silence of happy nature filled the +garden. A celestial silence that is compatible with a thousand sorts of +music, the cooing of nests, the buzzing of swarms, the flutterings of +the breeze. All the harmony of the season was complete in one gracious +whole; the entrances and exits of spring took place in proper order; +the lilacs ended; the jasmines began; some flowers were tardy, some +insects in advance of their time; the van-guard of the red June +butterflies fraternized with the rear-guard of the white butterflies of +May. The plantain trees were getting their new skins. The breeze +hollowed out undulations in the magnificent enormity of the +chestnut-trees. It was splendid. A veteran from the neighboring +barracks, who was gazing through the fence, said: “Here is the Spring +presenting arms and in full uniform.” + + +All nature was breakfasting; creation was at table; this was its hour; +the great blue cloth was spread in the sky, and the great green cloth +on earth; the sun lighted it all up brilliantly. God was serving the +universal repast. Each creature had his pasture or his mess. The +ring-dove found his hemp-seed, the chaffinch found his millet, the +goldfinch found chickweed, the red-breast found worms, the green finch +found flies, the fly found infusoriĂŠ, the bee found flowers. They ate +each other somewhat, it is true, which is the misery of evil mixed with +good; but not a beast of them all had an empty stomach. + +The two little abandoned creatures had arrived in the vicinity of the +grand fountain, and, rather bewildered by all this light, they tried to +hide themselves, the instinct of the poor and the weak in the presence +of even impersonal magnificence; and they kept behind the swans’ hutch. + +Here and there, at intervals, when the wind blew, shouts, clamor, a +sort of tumultuous death rattle, which was the firing, and dull blows, +which were discharges of cannon, struck the ear confusedly. Smoke hung +over the roofs in the direction of the Halles. A bell, which had the +air of an appeal, was ringing in the distance. + +These children did not appear to notice these noises. The little one +repeated from time to time: “I am hungry.” + + +Almost at the same instant with the children, another couple approached +the great basin. They consisted of a goodman, about fifty years of age, +who was leading by the hand a little fellow of six. No doubt, a father +and his son. The little man of six had a big brioche. + +At that epoch, certain houses abutting on the river, in the Rues Madame +and d’Enfer, had keys to the Luxembourg garden, of which the lodgers +enjoyed the use when the gates were shut, a privilege which was +suppressed later on. This father and son came from one of these houses, +no doubt. + +The two poor little creatures watched “that gentleman” approaching, and +hid themselves a little more thoroughly. + +He was a bourgeois. The same person, perhaps, whom Marius had one day +heard, through his love fever, near the same grand basin, counselling +his son “to avoid excesses.” He had an affable and haughty air, and a +mouth which was always smiling, since it did not shut. This mechanical +smile, produced by too much jaw and too little skin, shows the teeth +rather than the soul. The child, with his brioche, which he had bitten +into but had not finished eating, seemed satiated. The child was +dressed as a National Guardsman, owing to the insurrection, and the +father had remained clad as a bourgeois out of prudence. + +Father and son halted near the fountain where two swans were sporting. +This bourgeois appeared to cherish a special admiration for the swans. +He resembled them in this sense, that he walked like them. + +For the moment, the swans were swimming, which is their principal +talent, and they were superb. + +If the two poor little beings had listened and if they had been of an +age to understand, they might have gathered the words of this grave +man. The father was saying to his son: + +“The sage lives content with little. Look at me, my son. I do not love +pomp. I am never seen in clothes decked with gold lace and stones; I +leave that false splendor to badly organized souls.” + + +Here the deep shouts which proceeded from the direction of the Halles +burst out with fresh force of bell and uproar. + +“What is that?” inquired the child. + +The father replied: + +“It is the Saturnalia.” + + +All at once, he caught sight of the two little ragged boys behind the +green swan-hutch. + +“There is the beginning,” said he. + +And, after a pause, he added: + +“Anarchy is entering this garden.” + + +In the meanwhile, his son took a bite of his brioche, spit it out, and, +suddenly burst out crying. + +“What are you crying about?” demanded his father. + +“I am not hungry any more,” said the child. + +The father’s smile became more accentuated. + +“One does not need to be hungry in order to eat a cake.” + + +“My cake tires me. It is stale.” + + +“Don’t you want any more of it?” + + +“No.” + + +The father pointed to the swans. + +“Throw it to those palmipeds.” + + +The child hesitated. A person may not want any more of his cake; but +that is no reason for giving it away. + +The father went on: + +“Be humane. You must have compassion on animals.” + + +And, taking the cake from his son, he flung it into the basin. + +The cake fell very near the edge. + +The swans were far away, in the centre of the basin, and busy with some +prey. They had seen neither the bourgeois nor the brioche. + +The bourgeois, feeling that the cake was in danger of being wasted, and +moved by this useless shipwreck, entered upon a telegraphic agitation, +which finally attracted the attention of the swans. + +They perceived something floating, steered for the edge like ships, as +they are, and slowly directed their course toward the brioche, with the +stupid majesty which befits white creatures. + +“The swans [_cygnes_] understand signs [_signes_],” said the bourgeois, +delighted to make a jest. + +At that moment, the distant tumult of the city underwent another sudden +increase. This time it was sinister. There are some gusts of wind which +speak more distinctly than others. The one which was blowing at that +moment brought clearly defined drum-beats, clamors, platoon firing, and +the dismal replies of the tocsin and the cannon. This coincided with a +black cloud which suddenly veiled the sun. + +The swans had not yet reached the brioche. + +“Let us return home,” said the father, “they are attacking the +Tuileries.” + + +He grasped his son’s hand again. Then he continued: + +“From the Tuileries to the Luxembourg, there is but the distance which +separates Royalty from the peerage; that is not far. Shots will soon +rain down.” + + +He glanced at the cloud. + +“Perhaps it is rain itself that is about to shower down; the sky is +joining in; the younger branch is condemned. Let us return home +quickly.” + + +“I should like to see the swans eat the brioche,” said the child. + +The father replied: + +“That would be imprudent.” + + +And he led his little bourgeois away. + +The son, regretting the swans, turned his head back toward the basin +until a corner of the quincunxes concealed it from him. + +In the meanwhile, the two little waifs had approached the brioche at +the same time as the swans. It was floating on the water. The smaller +of them stared at the cake, the elder gazed after the retreating +bourgeois. + +Father and son entered the labyrinth of walks which leads to the grand +flight of steps near the clump of trees on the side of the Rue Madame. + +As soon as they had disappeared from view, the elder child hastily +flung himself flat on his stomach on the rounding curb of the basin, +and clinging to it with his left hand, and leaning over the water, on +the verge of falling in, he stretched out his right hand with his stick +towards the cake. The swans, perceiving the enemy, made haste, and in +so doing, they produced an effect of their breasts which was of service +to the little fisher; the water flowed back before the swans, and one +of these gentle concentric undulations softly floated the brioche +towards the child’s wand. Just as the swans came up, the stick touched +the cake. The child gave it a brisk rap, drew in the brioche, +frightened away the swans, seized the cake, and sprang to his feet. The +cake was wet; but they were hungry and thirsty. The elder broke the +cake into two portions, a large one and a small one, took the small one +for himself, gave the large one to his brother, and said to him: + +“Ram that into your muzzle.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—MORTUUS PATER FILIUM MORITURUM EXPECTAT + + +Marius dashed out of the barricade, Combeferre followed him. But he was +too late. Gavroche was dead. Combeferre brought back the basket of +cartridges; Marius bore the child. + +“Alas!” he thought, “that which the father had done for his father, he +was requiting to the son; only, ThĂ©nardier had brought back his father +alive; he was bringing back the child dead.” + + +When Marius re-entered the redoubt with Gavroche in his arms, his face, +like the child, was inundated with blood. + +At the moment when he had stooped to lift Gavroche, a bullet had grazed +his head; he had not noticed it. + +Courfeyrac untied his cravat and with it bandaged Marius’ brow. + +They laid Gavroche on the same table with Mabeuf, and spread over the +two corpses the black shawl. There was enough of it for both the old +man and the child. + +Combeferre distributed the cartridges from the basket which he had +brought in. + +This gave each man fifteen rounds to fire. + +Jean Valjean was still in the same place, motionless on his stone post. +When Combeferre offered him his fifteen cartridges, he shook his head. + +“Here’s a rare eccentric,” said Combeferre in a low voice to Enjolras. +“He finds a way of not fighting in this barricade.” + + +“Which does not prevent him from defending it,” responded Enjolras. + +“Heroism has its originals,” resumed Combeferre. + +And Courfeyrac, who had overheard, added: + +“He is another sort from Father Mabeuf.” + + +One thing which must be noted is, that the fire which was battering the +barricade hardly disturbed the interior. Those who have never traversed +the whirlwind of this sort of war can form no idea of the singular +moments of tranquillity mingled with these convulsions. Men go and +come, they talk, they jest, they lounge. Some one whom we know heard a +combatant say to him in the midst of the grape-shot: “We are here as at +a bachelor breakfast.” The redoubt of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, we +repeat, seemed very calm within. All mutations and all phases had been, +or were about to be, exhausted. The position, from critical, had become +menacing, and, from menacing, was probably about to become desperate. +In proportion as the situation grew gloomy, the glow of heroism +empurpled the barricade more and more. Enjolras, who was grave, +dominated it, in the attitude of a young Spartan sacrificing his naked +sword to the sombre genius, Epidotas. + +Combeferre, wearing an apron, was dressing the wounds: Bossuet and +Feuilly were making cartridges with the powder-flask picked up by +Gavroche on the dead corporal, and Bossuet said to Feuilly: “We are +soon to take the diligence for another planet”; Courfeyrac was +disposing and arranging on some paving-stones which he had reserved for +himself near Enjolras, a complete arsenal, his sword-cane, his gun, two +holster pistols, and a cudgel, with the care of a young girl setting a +small dunkerque in order. Jean Valjean stared silently at the wall +opposite him. An artisan was fastening Mother Hucheloup’s big straw hat +on his head with a string, “for fear of sun-stroke,” as he said. The +young men from the Cougourde d’Aix were chatting merrily among +themselves, as though eager to speak patois for the last time. Joly, +who had taken Widow Hucheloup’s mirror from the wall, was examining his +tongue in it. Some combatants, having discovered a few crusts of rather +mouldy bread, in a drawer, were eagerly devouring them. Marius was +disturbed with regard to what his father was about to say to him. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—THE VULTURE BECOME PREY + + +We must insist upon one psychological fact peculiar to barricades. +Nothing which is characteristic of that surprising war of the streets +should be omitted. + +Whatever may have been the singular inward tranquillity which we have +just mentioned, the barricade, for those who are inside it, remains, +nonetheless, a vision. + +There is something of the apocalypse in civil war, all the mists of the +unknown are commingled with fierce flashes, revolutions are sphinxes, +and any one who has passed through a barricade thinks he has traversed +a dream. + +The feelings to which one is subject in these places we have pointed +out in the case of Marius, and we shall see the consequences; they are +both more and less than life. On emerging from a barricade, one no +longer knows what one has seen there. One has been terrible, but one +knows it not. One has been surrounded with conflicting ideas which had +human faces; one’s head has been in the light of the future. There were +corpses lying prone there, and phantoms standing erect. The hours were +colossal and seemed hours of eternity. One has lived in death. Shadows +have passed by. What were they? + +One has beheld hands on which there was blood; there was a deafening +horror; there was also a frightful silence; there were open mouths +which shouted, and other open mouths which held their peace; one was in +the midst of smoke, of night, perhaps. One fancied that one had touched +the sinister ooze of unknown depths; one stares at something red on +one’s finger nails. One no longer remembers anything. + +Let us return to the Rue de la Chanvrerie. + +All at once, between two discharges, the distant sound of a clock +striking the hour became audible. + +“It is midday,” said Combeferre. + +The twelve strokes had not finished striking when Enjolras sprang to +his feet, and from the summit of the barricade hurled this thundering +shout: + +“Carry stones up into the houses; line the windowsills and the roofs +with them. Half the men to their guns, the other half to the +paving-stones. There is not a minute to be lost.” + + +A squad of sappers and miners, axe on shoulder, had just made their +appearance in battle array at the end of the street. + +This could only be the head of a column; and of what column? The +attacking column, evidently; the sappers charged with the demolition of +the barricade must always precede the soldiers who are to scale it. + +They were, evidently, on the brink of that moment which M. +Clermont-Tonnerre, in 1822, called “the tug of war.” + + +Enjolras’ order was executed with the correct haste which is peculiar +to ships and barricades, the only two scenes of combat where escape is +impossible. In less than a minute, two thirds of the stones which +Enjolras had had piled up at the door of Corinthe had been carried up +to the first floor and the attic, and before a second minute had +elapsed, these stones, artistically set one upon the other, walled up +the sash-window on the first floor and the windows in the roof to half +their height. A few loop-holes carefully planned by Feuilly, the +principal architect, allowed of the passage of the gun-barrels. This +armament of the windows could be effected all the more easily since the +firing of grape-shot had ceased. The two cannons were now discharging +ball against the centre of the barrier in order to make a hole there, +and, if possible, a breach for the assault. + +When the stones destined to the final defence were in place, Enjolras +had the bottles which he had set under the table where Mabeuf lay, +carried to the first floor. + +“Who is to drink that?” Bossuet asked him. + +“They,” replied Enjolras. + +Then they barricaded the window below, and held in readiness the iron +cross-bars which served to secure the door of the wine-shop at night. + +The fortress was complete. The barricade was the rampart, the wine-shop +was the dungeon. With the stones which remained they stopped up the +outlet. + +As the defenders of a barricade are always obliged to be sparing of +their ammunition, and as the assailants know this, the assailants +combine their arrangements with a sort of irritating leisure, expose +themselves to fire prematurely, though in appearance more than in +reality, and take their ease. The preparations for attack are always +made with a certain methodical deliberation; after which, the lightning +strikes. + +This deliberation permitted Enjolras to take a review of everything and +to perfect everything. He felt that, since such men were to die, their +death ought to be a masterpiece. + +He said to Marius: “We are the two leaders. I will give the last orders +inside. Do you remain outside and observe.” + + +Marius posted himself on the lookout upon the crest of the barricade. + +Enjolras had the door of the kitchen, which was the ambulance, as the +reader will remember, nailed up. + +“No splashing of the wounded,” he said. + +He issued his final orders in the tap-room in a curt, but profoundly +tranquil tone; Feuilly listened and replied in the name of all. + +“On the first floor, hold your axes in readiness to cut the staircase. +Have you them?” + + +“Yes,” said Feuilly. + +“How many?” + + +“Two axes and a pole-axe.” + + +“That is good. There are now twenty-six combatants of us on foot. How +many guns are there?” + + +“Thirty-four.” + + +“Eight too many. Keep those eight guns loaded like the rest and at +hand. Swords and pistols in your belts. Twenty men to the barricade. +Six ambushed in the attic windows, and at the window on the first floor +to fire on the assailants through the loop-holes in the stones. Let not +a single worker remain inactive here. Presently, when the drum beats +the assault, let the twenty below stairs rush to the barricade. The +first to arrive will have the best places.” + + +These arrangements made, he turned to Javert and said: + +“I am not forgetting you.” + + +And, laying a pistol on the table, he added: + +“The last man to leave this room will smash the skull of this spy.” + + +“Here?” inquired a voice. + +“No, let us not mix their corpses with our own. The little barricade of +the MondĂ©tour lane can be scaled. It is only four feet high. The man is +well pinioned. He shall be taken thither and put to death.” + + +There was some one who was more impassive at that moment than Enjolras, +it was Javert. Here Jean Valjean made his appearance. + +He had been lost among the group of insurgents. He stepped forth and +said to Enjolras: + +“You are the commander?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You thanked me a while ago.” + + +“In the name of the Republic. The barricade has two saviors, Marius +Pontmercy and yourself.” + + +“Do you think that I deserve a recompense?” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“Well, I request one.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I may blow that man’s brains out.” + + +Javert raised his head, saw Jean Valjean, made an almost imperceptible +movement, and said: + +“That is just.” + + +As for Enjolras, he had begun to re-load his rifle; he cut his eyes +about him: + +“No objections.” + + +And he turned to Jean Valjean: + +“Take the spy.” + + +Jean Valjean did, in fact, take possession of Javert, by seating +himself on the end of the table. He seized the pistol, and a faint +click announced that he had cocked it. + +Almost at the same moment, a blast of trumpets became audible. + +“Take care!” shouted Marius from the top of the barricade. + +Javert began to laugh with that noiseless laugh which was peculiar to +him, and gazing intently at the insurgents, he said to them: + +“You are in no better case than I am.” + + +“All out!” shouted Enjolras. + +The insurgents poured out tumultuously, and, as they went, received in +the back,—may we be permitted the expression,—this sally of Javert’s: + +“We shall meet again shortly!” + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—JEAN VALJEAN TAKES HIS REVENGE + + +When Jean Valjean was left alone with Javert, he untied the rope which +fastened the prisoner across the middle of the body, and the knot of +which was under the table. After this he made him a sign to rise. + +Javert obeyed with that indefinable smile in which the supremacy of +enchained authority is condensed. + +Jean Valjean took Javert by the martingale, as one would take a beast +of burden by the breast-band, and, dragging the latter after him, +emerged from the wine-shop slowly, because Javert, with his impeded +limbs, could take only very short steps. + +Jean Valjean had the pistol in his hand. + +In this manner they crossed the inner trapezium of the barricade. The +insurgents, all intent on the attack, which was imminent, had their +backs turned to these two. + +Marius alone, stationed on one side, at the extreme left of the +barricade, saw them pass. This group of victim and executioner was +illuminated by the sepulchral light which he bore in his own soul. + +Jean Valjean with some difficulty, but without relaxing his hold for a +single instant, made Javert, pinioned as he was, scale the little +entrenchment in the MondĂ©tour lane. + +When they had crossed this barrier, they found themselves alone in the +lane. No one saw them. Among the heap they could distinguish a livid +face, streaming hair, a pierced hand and the half nude breast of a +woman. It was Éponine. The corner of the houses hid them from the +insurgents. The corpses carried away from the barricade formed a +terrible pile a few paces distant. + +Javert gazed askance at this body, and, profoundly calm, said in a low +tone: + +“It strikes me that I know that girl.” + + +Then he turned to Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean thrust the pistol under his arm and fixed on Javert a look +which it required no words to interpret: “Javert, it is I.” + + +Javert replied: + +“Take your revenge.” + + +Jean Valjean drew from his pocket a knife, and opened it. + +“A clasp-knife!” exclaimed Javert, “you are right. That suits you +better.” + + +Jean Valjean cut the martingale which Javert had about his neck, then +he cut the cords on his wrists, then, stooping down, he cut the cord on +his feet; and, straightening himself up, he said to him: + +“You are free.” + + +Javert was not easily astonished. Still, master of himself though he +was, he could not repress a start. He remained open-mouthed and +motionless. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“I do not think that I shall escape from this place. But if, by chance, +I do, I live, under the name of Fauchelevent, in the Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +Javert snarled like a tiger, which made him half open one corner of his +mouth, and he muttered between his teeth: + +“Have a care.” + + +“Go,” said Jean Valjean. + +Javert began again: + +“Thou saidst Fauchelevent, Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©?” + + +“Number 7.” + + +Javert repeated in a low voice:—“Number 7.” + + +He buttoned up his coat once more, resumed the military stiffness +between his shoulders, made a half turn, folded his arms and, +supporting his chin on one of his hands, he set out in the direction of +the Halles. Jean Valjean followed him with his eyes: + +A few minutes later, Javert turned round and shouted to Jean Valjean: + +“You annoy me. Kill me, rather.” + + +Javert himself did not notice that he no longer addressed Jean Valjean +as “thou.” + + +“Be off with you,” said Jean Valjean. + +Javert retreated slowly. A moment later he turned the corner of the Rue +des PrĂȘcheurs. + +When Javert had disappeared, Jean Valjean fired his pistol in the air. + +Then he returned to the barricade and said: + +“It is done.” + + +In the meanwhile, this is what had taken place. + +Marius, more intent on the outside than on the interior, had not, up to +that time, taken a good look at the pinioned spy in the dark background +of the tap-room. + +When he beheld him in broad daylight, striding over the barricade in +order to proceed to his death, he recognized him. Something suddenly +recurred to his mind. He recalled the inspector of the Rue de Pontoise, +and the two pistols which the latter had handed to him and which he, +Marius, had used in this very barricade, and not only did he recall his +face, but his name as well. + +This recollection was misty and troubled, however, like all his ideas. + +It was not an affirmation that he made, but a question which he put to +himself: + +“Is not that the inspector of police who told me that his name was +Javert?” + + +Perhaps there was still time to intervene in behalf of that man. But, +in the first place, he must know whether this was Javert. + +Marius called to Enjolras, who had just stationed himself at the other +extremity of the barricade: + +“Enjolras!” + + +“What?” + + +“What is the name of yonder man?” + + +“What man?” + + +“The police agent. Do you know his name?” + + +“Of course. He told us.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“Javert.” + + +Marius sprang to his feet. + +At that moment, they heard the report of the pistol. + +Jean Valjean reappeared and cried: “It is done.” + + +A gloomy chill traversed Marius’ heart. + + + + +CHAPTER XX—THE DEAD ARE IN THE RIGHT AND THE LIVING ARE NOT IN THE +WRONG + + +The death agony of the barricade was about to begin. + +Everything contributed to its tragic majesty at that supreme moment; a +thousand mysterious crashes in the air, the breath of armed masses set +in movement in the streets which were not visible, the intermittent +gallop of cavalry, the heavy shock of artillery on the march, the +firing by squads, and the cannonades crossing each other in the +labyrinth of Paris, the smokes of battle mounting all gilded above the +roofs, indescribable and vaguely terrible cries, lightnings of menace +everywhere, the tocsin of Saint-Merry, which now had the accents of a +sob, the mildness of the weather, the splendor of the sky filled with +sun and clouds, the beauty of the day, and the alarming silence of the +houses. + +For, since the preceding evening, the two rows of houses in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie had become two walls; ferocious walls, doors closed, +windows closed, shutters closed. + +In those days, so different from those in which we live, when the hour +was come, when the people wished to put an end to a situation, which +had lasted too long, with a charter granted or with a legal country, +when universal wrath was diffused in the atmosphere, when the city +consented to the tearing up of the pavements, when insurrection made +the bourgeoisie smile by whispering its password in its ear, then the +inhabitant, thoroughly penetrated with the revolt, so to speak, was the +auxiliary of the combatant, and the house fraternized with the +improvised fortress which rested on it. When the situation was not +ripe, when the insurrection was not decidedly admitted, when the masses +disowned the movement, all was over with the combatants, the city was +changed into a desert around the revolt, souls grew chilled, refuges +were nailed up, and the street turned into a defile to help the army to +take the barricade. + +A people cannot be forced, through surprise, to walk more quickly than +it chooses. Woe to whomsoever tries to force its hand! A people does +not let itself go at random. Then it abandons the insurrection to +itself. The insurgents become noxious, infected with the plague. A +house is an escarpment, a door is a refusal, a façade is a wall. This +wall hears, sees and will not. It might open and save you. No. This +wall is a judge. It gazes at you and condemns you. What dismal things +are closed houses. They seem dead, they are living. Life which is, as +it were, suspended there, persists there. No one has gone out of them +for four and twenty hours, but no one is missing from them. In the +interior of that rock, people go and come, go to bed and rise again; +they are a family party there; there they eat and drink; they are +afraid, a terrible thing! Fear excuses this fearful lack of +hospitality; terror is mixed with it, an extenuating circumstance. +Sometimes, even, and this has been actually seen, fear turns to +passion; fright may change into fury, as prudence does into rage; hence +this wise saying: “The enraged moderates.” There are outbursts of +supreme terror, whence springs wrath like a mournful smoke.—“What do +these people want? What have they come there to do? Let them get out of +the scrape. So much the worse for them. It is their fault. They are +only getting what they deserve. It does not concern us. Here is our +poor street all riddled with balls. They are a pack of rascals. Above +all things, don’t open the door.”—And the house assumes the air of a +tomb. The insurgent is in the death-throes in front of that house; he +sees the grape-shot and naked swords drawing near; if he cries, he +knows that they are listening to him, and that no one will come; there +stand walls which might protect him, there are men who might save him; +and these walls have ears of flesh, and these men have bowels of stone. + +Whom shall he reproach? + +No one and every one. + +The incomplete times in which we live. + +It is always at its own risk and peril that Utopia is converted into +revolution, and from philosophical protest becomes an armed protest, +and from Minerva turns to Pallas. + +The Utopia which grows impatient and becomes revolt knows what awaits +it; it almost always comes too soon. Then it becomes resigned, and +stoically accepts catastrophe in lieu of triumph. It serves those who +deny it without complaint, even excusing them, and even disculpates +them, and its magnanimity consists in consenting to abandonment. It is +indomitable in the face of obstacles and gentle towards ingratitude. + +Is this ingratitude, however? + +Yes, from the point of view of the human race. + +No, from the point of view of the individual. + +Progress is man’s mode of existence. The general life of the human race +is called Progress, the collective stride of the human race is called +Progress. Progress advances; it makes the great human and terrestrial +journey towards the celestial and the divine; it has its halting places +where it rallies the laggard troop, it has its stations where it +meditates, in the presence of some splendid Canaan suddenly unveiled on +its horizon, it has its nights when it sleeps; and it is one of the +poignant anxieties of the thinker that he sees the shadow resting on +the human soul, and that he gropes in darkness without being able to +awaken that slumbering Progress. + +“God is dead, perhaps,” said Gerard de Nerval one day to the writer of +these lines, confounding progress with God, and taking the interruption +of movement for the death of Being. + +He who despairs is in the wrong. Progress infallibly awakes, and, in +short, we may say that it marches on, even when it is asleep, for it +has increased in size. When we behold it erect once more, we find it +taller. To be always peaceful does not depend on progress any more than +it does on the stream; erect no barriers, cast in no boulders; +obstacles make water froth and humanity boil. Hence arise troubles; but +after these troubles, we recognize the fact that ground has been +gained. Until order, which is nothing else than universal peace, has +been established, until harmony and unity reign, progress will have +revolutions as its halting-places. + +What, then, is progress? We have just enunciated it; the permanent life +of the peoples. + +Now, it sometimes happens, that the momentary life of individuals +offers resistance to the eternal life of the human race. + +Let us admit without bitterness, that the individual has his distinct +interests, and can, without forfeiture, stipulate for his interest, and +defend it; the present has its pardonable dose of egotism; momentary +life has its rights, and is not bound to sacrifice itself constantly to +the future. The generation which is passing in its turn over the earth, +is not forced to abridge it for the sake of the generations, its equal, +after all, who will have their turn later on.—“I exist,” murmurs that +some one whose name is All. “I am young and in love, I am old and I +wish to repose, I am the father of a family, I toil, I prosper, I am +successful in business, I have houses to lease, I have money in the +government funds, I am happy, I have a wife and children, I have all +this, I desire to live, leave me in peace.”—Hence, at certain hours, a +profound cold broods over the magnanimous vanguard of the human race. + +Utopia, moreover, we must admit, quits its radiant sphere when it makes +war. It, the truth of to-morrow, borrows its mode of procedure, battle, +from the lie of yesterday. It, the future, behaves like the past. It, +pure idea, becomes a deed of violence. It complicates its heroism with +a violence for which it is just that it should be held to answer; a +violence of occasion and expedient, contrary to principle, and for +which it is fatally punished. The Utopia, insurrection, fights with the +old military code in its fist; it shoots spies, it executes traitors; +it suppresses living beings and flings them into unknown darkness. It +makes use of death, a serious matter. It seems as though Utopia had no +longer any faith in radiance, its irresistible and incorruptible force. +It strikes with the sword. Now, no sword is simple. Every blade has two +edges; he who wounds with the one is wounded with the other. + +Having made this reservation, and made it with all severity, it is +impossible for us not to admire, whether they succeed or not, those the +glorious combatants of the future, the confessors of Utopia. Even when +they miscarry, they are worthy of veneration; and it is, perhaps, in +failure, that they possess the most majesty. Victory, when it is in +accord with progress, merits the applause of the people; but a heroic +defeat merits their tender compassion. The one is magnificent, the +other sublime. For our own part, we prefer martyrdom to success. John +Brown is greater than Washington, and Pisacane is greater than +Garibaldi. + +It certainly is necessary that some one should take the part of the +vanquished. + +We are unjust towards these great men who attempt the future, when they +fail. + +Revolutionists are accused of sowing fear abroad. Every barricade seems +a crime. Their theories are incriminated, their aim suspected, their +ulterior motive is feared, their conscience denounced. They are +reproached with raising, erecting, and heaping up, against the reigning +social state, a mass of miseries, of griefs, of iniquities, of wrongs, +of despairs, and of tearing from the lowest depths blocks of shadow in +order therein to embattle themselves and to combat. People shout to +them: “You are tearing up the pavements of hell!” They might reply: +“That is because our barricade is made of good intentions.” + + +The best thing, assuredly, is the pacific solution. In short, let us +agree that when we behold the pavement, we think of the bear, and it is +a good will which renders society uneasy. But it depends on society to +save itself, it is to its own good will that we make our appeal. No +violent remedy is necessary. To study evil amiably, to prove its +existence, then to cure it. It is to this that we invite it. + +However that may be, even when fallen, above all when fallen, these +men, who at every point of the universe, with their eyes fixed on +France, are striving for the grand work with the inflexible logic of +the ideal, are august; they give their life a free offering to +progress; they accomplish the will of Providence; they perform a +religious act. At the appointed hour, with as much disinterestedness as +an actor who answers to his cue, in obedience to the divine +stage-manager, they enter the tomb. And this hopeless combat, this +stoical disappearance they accept in order to bring about the supreme +and universal consequences, the magnificent and irresistibly human +movement begun on the 14th of July, 1789; these soldiers are priests. +The French revolution is an act of God. + +Moreover, there are, and it is proper to add this distinction to the +distinctions already pointed out in another chapter,—there are accepted +revolutions, revolutions which are called revolutions; there are +refused revolutions, which are called riots. + +An insurrection which breaks out, is an idea which is passing its +examination before the people. If the people lets fall a black ball, +the idea is dried fruit; the insurrection is a mere skirmish. + +Waging war at every summons and every time that Utopia desires it, is +not the thing for the peoples. Nations have not always and at every +hour the temperament of heroes and martyrs. + +They are positive. _A priori_, insurrection is repugnant to them, in +the first place, because it often results in a catastrophe, in the +second place, because it always has an abstraction as its point of +departure. + +Because, and this is a noble thing, it is always for the ideal, and for +the ideal alone, that those who sacrifice themselves do thus sacrifice +themselves. An insurrection is an enthusiasm. Enthusiasm may wax wroth; +hence the appeal to arms. But every insurrection, which aims at a +government or a rĂ©gime, aims higher. Thus, for instance, and we insist +upon it, what the chiefs of the insurrection of 1832, and, in +particular, the young enthusiasts of the Rue de la Chanvrerie were +combating, was not precisely Louis Philippe. The majority of them, when +talking freely, did justice to this king who stood midway between +monarchy and revolution; no one hated him. But they attacked the +younger branch of the divine right in Louis Philippe as they had +attacked its elder branch in Charles X.; and that which they wished to +overturn in overturning royalty in France, was, as we have explained, +the usurpation of man over man, and of privilege over right in the +entire universe. Paris without a king has as result the world without +despots. This is the manner in which they reasoned. Their aim was +distant no doubt, vague perhaps, and it retreated in the face of their +efforts; but it was great. + +Thus it is. And we sacrifice ourselves for these visions, which are +almost always illusions for the sacrificed, but illusions with which, +after all, the whole of human certainty is mingled. We throw ourselves +into these tragic affairs and become intoxicated with that which we are +about to do. Who knows? We may succeed. We are few in number, we have a +whole army arrayed against us; but we are defending right, the natural +law, the sovereignty of each one over himself from which no abdication +is possible, justice and truth, and in case of need, we die like the +three hundred Spartans. We do not think of Don Quixote but of Leonidas. +And we march straight before us, and once pledged, we do not draw back, +and we rush onwards with head held low, cherishing as our hope an +unprecedented victory, revolution completed, progress set free again, +the aggrandizement of the human race, universal deliverance; and in the +event of the worst, ThermopylĂŠ. + +These passages of arms for the sake of progress often suffer shipwreck, +and we have just explained why. The crowd is restive in the presence of +the impulses of paladins. Heavy masses, the multitudes which are +fragile because of their very weight, fear adventures; and there is a +touch of adventure in the ideal. + +Moreover, and we must not forget this, interests which are not very +friendly to the ideal and the sentimental are in the way. Sometimes the +stomach paralyzes the heart. + +The grandeur and beauty of France lies in this, that she takes less +from the stomach than other nations: she more easily knots the rope +about her loins. She is the first awake, the last asleep. She marches +forwards. She is a seeker. + +This arises from the fact that she is an artist. + +The ideal is nothing but the culminating point of logic, the same as +the beautiful is nothing but the summit of the true. Artistic peoples +are also consistent peoples. To love beauty is to see the light. That +is why the torch of Europe, that is to say of civilization, was first +borne by Greece, who passed it on to Italy, who handed it on to France. +Divine, illuminating nations of scouts! _VitĂŠlampada tradunt_. + +It is an admirable thing that the poetry of a people is the element of +its progress. The amount of civilization is measured by the quantity of +imagination. Only, a civilizing people should remain a manly people. +Corinth, yes; Sybaris, no. Whoever becomes effeminate makes himself a +bastard. He must be neither a dilettante nor a virtuoso: but he must be +artistic. In the matter of civilization, he must not refine, but he +must sublime. On this condition, one gives to the human race the +pattern of the ideal. + +The modern ideal has its type in art, and its means is science. It is +through science that it will realize that august vision of the poets, +the socially beautiful. Eden will be reconstructed by A+B. At the point +which civilization has now reached, the exact is a necessary element of +the splendid, and the artistic sentiment is not only served, but +completed by the scientific organ; dreams must be calculated. Art, +which is the conqueror, should have for support science, which is the +walker; the solidity of the creature which is ridden is of importance. +The modern spirit is the genius of Greece with the genius of India as +its vehicle; Alexander on the elephant. + +Races which are petrified in dogma or demoralized by lucre are unfit to +guide civilization. Genuflection before the idol or before money wastes +away the muscles which walk and the will which advances. Hieratic or +mercantile absorption lessens a people’s power of radiance, lowers its +horizon by lowering its level, and deprives it of that intelligence, at +once both human and divine of the universal goal, which makes +missionaries of nations. Babylon has no ideal; Carthage has no ideal. +Athens and Rome have and keep, throughout all the nocturnal darkness of +the centuries, halos of civilization. + +France is in the same quality of race as Greece and Italy. She is +Athenian in the matter of beauty, and Roman in her greatness. Moreover, +she is good. She gives herself. Oftener than is the case with other +races, is she in the humor for self-devotion and sacrifice. Only, this +humor seizes upon her, and again abandons her. And therein lies the +great peril for those who run when she desires only to walk, or who +walk on when she desires to halt. France has her relapses into +materialism, and, at certain instants, the ideas which obstruct that +sublime brain have no longer anything which recalls French greatness +and are of the dimensions of a Missouri or a South Carolina. What is to +be done in such a case? The giantess plays at being a dwarf; immense +France has her freaks of pettiness. That is all. + +To this there is nothing to say. Peoples, like planets, possess the +right to an eclipse. And all is well, provided that the light returns +and that the eclipse does not degenerate into night. Dawn and +resurrection are synonymous. The reappearance of the light is identical +with the persistence of the _I_. + +Let us state these facts calmly. Death on the barricade or the tomb in +exile, is an acceptable occasion for devotion. The real name of +devotion is disinterestedness. Let the abandoned allow themselves to be +abandoned, let the exiled allow themselves to be exiled, and let us +confine ourselves to entreating great nations not to retreat too far, +when they do retreat. One must not push too far in descent under +pretext of a return to reason. + +Matter exists, the minute exists, interest exists, the stomach exists; +but the stomach must not be the sole wisdom. The life of the moment has +its rights, we admit, but permanent life has its rights also. Alas! the +fact that one is mounted does not preclude a fall. This can be seen in +history more frequently than is desirable: A nation is great, it tastes +the ideal, then it bites the mire, and finds it good; and if it be +asked how it happens that it has abandoned Socrates for Falstaff, it +replies: “Because I love statesmen.” + + +One word more before returning to our subject, the conflict. + +A battle like the one which we are engaged in describing is nothing +else than a convulsion towards the ideal. Progress trammelled is +sickly, and is subject to these tragic epilepsies. With that malady of +progress, civil war, we have been obliged to come in contact in our +passage. This is one of the fatal phases, at once act and entr’acte of +that drama whose pivot is a social condemnation, and whose veritable +title is _Progress_. + +Progress! + +The cry to which we frequently give utterance is our whole thought; +and, at the point of this drama which we have now reached, the idea +which it contains having still more than one trial to undergo, it is, +perhaps, permitted to us, if not to lift the veil from it, to at least +allow its light to shine through. + +The book which the reader has under his eye at this moment is, from one +end to the other, as a whole and in detail, whatever may be its +intermittences, exceptions and faults, the march from evil to good, +from the unjust to the just, from night to day, from appetite to +conscience, from rottenness to life, from hell to heaven, from +nothingness to God. Point of departure: matter; point of arrival: the +soul. The hydra at the beginning, the angel at the end. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI—THE HEROES + + +All at once, the drum beat the charge. + +The attack was a hurricane. On the evening before, in the darkness, the +barricade had been approached silently, as by a boa. Now, in broad +daylight, in that widening street, surprise was decidedly impossible, +rude force had, moreover, been unmasked, the cannon had begun the roar, +the army hurled itself on the barricade. Fury now became skill. A +powerful detachment of infantry of the line, broken at regular +intervals, by the National Guard and the Municipal Guard on foot, and +supported by serried masses which could be heard though not seen, +debauched into the street at a run, with drums beating, trumpets +braying, bayonets levelled, the sappers at their head, and, +imperturbable under the projectiles, charged straight for the barricade +with the weight of a brazen beam against a wall. + +The wall held firm. + +The insurgents fired impetuously. The barricade once scaled had a mane +of lightning flashes. The assault was so furious, that for one moment, +it was inundated with assailants; but it shook off the soldiers as the +lion shakes off the dogs, and it was only covered with besiegers as the +cliff is covered with foam, to reappear, a moment later, beetling, +black and formidable. + +The column, forced to retreat, remained massed in the street, +unprotected but terrible, and replied to the redoubt with a terrible +discharge of musketry. Any one who has seen fireworks will recall the +sheaf formed of interlacing lightnings which is called a bouquet. Let +the reader picture to himself this bouquet, no longer vertical but +horizontal, bearing a bullet, buckshot or a biscaĂŻen at the tip of each +one of its jets of flame, and picking off dead men one after another +from its clusters of lightning. The barricade was underneath it. + +On both sides, the resolution was equal. The bravery exhibited there +was almost barbarous and was complicated with a sort of heroic ferocity +which began by the sacrifice of self. + +This was the epoch when a National Guardsman fought like a Zouave. The +troop wished to make an end of it, insurrection was desirous of +fighting. The acceptance of the death agony in the flower of youth and +in the flush of health turns intrepidity into frenzy. In this fray, +each one underwent the broadening growth of the death hour. The street +was strewn with corpses. + +The barricade had Enjolras at one of its extremities and Marius at the +other. Enjolras, who carried the whole barricade in his head, reserved +and sheltered himself; three soldiers fell, one after the other, under +his embrasure, without having even seen him; Marius fought unprotected. +He made himself a target. He stood with more than half his body above +the breastworks. There is no more violent prodigal than the avaricious +man who takes the bit in his teeth; there is no man more terrible in +action than a dreamer. Marius was formidable and pensive. In battle he +was as in a dream. One would have pronounced him a phantom engaged in +firing a gun. + +The insurgents’ cartridges were giving out; but not their sarcasms. In +this whirlwind of the sepulchre in which they stood, they laughed. + +Courfeyrac was bareheaded. + +“What have you done with your hat?” Bossuet asked him. + +Courfeyrac replied: + +“They have finally taken it away from me with cannon-balls.” + + +Or they uttered haughty comments. + +“Can any one understand,” exclaimed Feuilly bitterly, “those men,—[and +he cited names, well-known names, even celebrated names, some belonging +to the old army]—who had promised to join us, and taken an oath to aid +us, and who had pledged their honor to it, and who are our generals, +and who abandon us!” + + +And Combeferre restricted himself to replying with a grave smile. + +“There are people who observe the rules of honor as one observes the +stars, from a great distance.” + + +The interior of the barricade was so strewn with torn cartridges that +one would have said that there had been a snowstorm. + +The assailants had numbers in their favor; the insurgents had position. +They were at the top of a wall, and they thundered point-blank upon the +soldiers tripping over the dead and wounded and entangled in the +escarpment. This barricade, constructed as it was and admirably +buttressed, was really one of those situations where a handful of men +hold a legion in check. Nevertheless, the attacking column, constantly +recruited and enlarged under the shower of bullets, drew inexorably +nearer, and now, little by little, step by step, but surely, the army +closed in around the barricade as the vice grasps the wine-press. + +One assault followed another. The horror of the situation kept +increasing. + +Then there burst forth on that heap of paving-stones, in that Rue de la +Chanvrerie, a battle worthy of a wall of Troy. These haggard, ragged, +exhausted men, who had had nothing to eat for four and twenty hours, +who had not slept, who had but a few more rounds to fire, who were +fumbling in their pockets which had been emptied of cartridges, nearly +all of whom were wounded, with head or arm bandaged with black and +blood-stained linen, with holes in their clothes from which the blood +trickled, and who were hardly armed with poor guns and notched swords, +became Titans. The barricade was ten times attacked, approached, +assailed, scaled, and never captured. + +In order to form an idea of this struggle, it is necessary to imagine +fire set to a throng of terrible courages, and then to gaze at the +conflagration. It was not a combat, it was the interior of a furnace; +there mouths breathed the flame; there countenances were extraordinary. +The human form seemed impossible there, the combatants flamed forth +there, and it was formidable to behold the going and coming in that red +glow of those salamanders of the fray. + +The successive and simultaneous scenes of this grand slaughter we +renounce all attempts at depicting. The epic alone has the right to +fill twelve thousand verses with a battle. + +One would have pronounced this that hell of Brahmanism, the most +redoubtable of the seventeen abysses, which the Veda calls the Forest +of Swords. + +They fought hand to hand, foot to foot, with pistol shots, with blows +of the sword, with their fists, at a distance, close at hand, from +above, from below, from everywhere, from the roofs of the houses, from +the windows of the wine-shop, from the cellar windows, whither some had +crawled. They were one against sixty. + +The façade of Corinthe, half demolished, was hideous. The window, +tattooed with grape-shot, had lost glass and frame and was nothing now +but a shapeless hole, tumultuously blocked with paving-stones. + +Bossuet was killed; Feuilly was killed; Courfeyrac was killed; +Combeferre, transfixed by three blows from a bayonet in the breast at +the moment when he was lifting up a wounded soldier, had only time to +cast a glance to heaven when he expired. + +Marius, still fighting, was so riddled with wounds, particularly in the +head, that his countenance disappeared beneath the blood, and one would +have said that his face was covered with a red kerchief. + +Enjolras alone was not struck. When he had no longer any weapon, he +reached out his hands to right and left and an insurgent thrust some +arm or other into his fist. All he had left was the stumps of four +swords; one more than François I. at Marignan. Homer says: “Diomedes +cuts the throat of Axylus, son of Teuthranis, who dwelt in happy +Arisba; Euryalus, son of MecistĂŠus, exterminates Dresos and Opheltios, +Esepius, and that Pedasus whom the naiad Abarbarea bore to the +blameless Bucolion; Ulysses overthrows Pidytes of Percosius; +Antilochus, Ablerus; PolypĂŠtes, Astyalus; Polydamas, Otos, of Cyllene; +and Teucer, Aretaon. Meganthios dies under the blows of Euripylus’ +pike. Agamemnon, king of the heroes, flings to earth Elatos, born in +the rocky city which is laved by the sounding river SatnoĂŻs.” In our +old poems of exploits, Esplandian attacks the giant marquis Swantibore +with a cobbler’s shoulder-stick of fire, and the latter defends himself +by stoning the hero with towers which he plucks up by the roots. Our +ancient mural frescoes show us the two Dukes of Bretagne and Bourbon, +armed, emblazoned and crested in war-like guise, on horseback and +approaching each other, their battle-axes in hand, masked with iron, +gloved with iron, booted with iron, the one caparisoned in ermine, the +other draped in azure: Bretagne with his lion between the two horns of +his crown, Bourbon helmeted with a monster fleur de lys on his visor. +But, in order to be superb, it is not necessary to wear, like Yvon, the +ducal morion, to have in the fist, like Esplandian, a living flame, or, +like Phyles, father of Polydamas, to have brought back from Ephyra a +good suit of mail, a present from the king of men, Euphetes; it +suffices to give one’s life for a conviction or a loyalty. This +ingenuous little soldier, yesterday a peasant of Bauce or Limousin, who +prowls with his clasp-knife by his side, around the children’s nurses +in the Luxembourg garden, this pale young student bent over a piece of +anatomy or a book, a blond youth who shaves his beard with +scissors,—take both of them, breathe upon them with a breath of duty, +place them face to face in the Carrefour Boucherat or in the blind +alley Planche-Mibray, and let the one fight for his flag, and the other +for his ideal, and let both of them imagine that they are fighting for +their country; the struggle will be colossal; and the shadow which this +raw recruit and this sawbones in conflict will produce in that grand +epic field where humanity is striving, will equal the shadow cast by +Megaryon, King of Lycia, tiger-filled, crushing in his embrace the +immense body of Ajax, equal to the gods. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII—FOOT TO FOOT + + +When there were no longer any of the leaders left alive, except +Enjolras and Marius at the two extremities of the barricade, the +centre, which had so long sustained Courfeyrac, Joly, Bossuet, Feuilly +and Combeferre, gave way. The cannon, though it had not effected a +practicable breach, had made a rather large hollow in the middle of the +redoubt; there, the summit of the wall had disappeared before the +balls, and had crumbled away; and the rubbish which had fallen, now +inside, now outside, had, as it accumulated, formed two piles in the +nature of slopes on the two sides of the barrier, one on the inside, +the other on the outside. The exterior slope presented an inclined +plane to the attack. + +A final assault was there attempted, and this assault succeeded. The +mass bristling with bayonets and hurled forward at a run, came up with +irresistible force, and the serried front of battle of the attacking +column made its appearance through the smoke on the crest of the +battlements. This time, it was decisive. The group of insurgents who +were defending the centre retreated in confusion. + +Then the gloomy love of life awoke once more in some of them. Many, +finding themselves under the muzzles of this forest of guns, did not +wish to die. This is a moment when the instinct of self-preservation +emits howls, when the beast reappears in men. They were hemmed in by +the lofty, six-story house which formed the background of their +redoubt. This house might prove their salvation. The building was +barricaded, and walled, as it were, from top to bottom. Before the +troops of the line had reached the interior of the redoubt, there was +time for a door to open and shut, the space of a flash of lightning was +sufficient for that, and the door of that house, suddenly opened a +crack and closed again instantly, was life for these despairing men. +Behind this house, there were streets, possible flight, space. They set +to knocking at that door with the butts of their guns, and with kicks, +shouting, calling, entreating, wringing their hands. No one opened. +From the little window on the third floor, the head of the dead man +gazed down upon them. + +But Enjolras and Marius, and the seven or eight rallied about them, +sprang forward and protected them. Enjolras had shouted to the +soldiers: “Don’t advance!” and as an officer had not obeyed, Enjolras +had killed the officer. He was now in the little inner court of the +redoubt, with his back planted against the Corinthe building, a sword +in one hand, a rifle in the other, holding open the door of the +wine-shop which he barred against assailants. He shouted to the +desperate men:—“There is but one door open; this one.”—And shielding +them with his body, and facing an entire battalion alone, he made them +pass in behind him. All precipitated themselves thither. Enjolras, +executing with his rifle, which he now used like a cane, what +single-stick players call a “covered rose” round his head, levelled the +bayonets around and in front of him, and was the last to enter; and +then ensued a horrible moment, when the soldiers tried to make their +way in, and the insurgents strove to bar them out. The door was slammed +with such violence, that, as it fell back into its frame, it showed the +five fingers of a soldier who had been clinging to it, cut off and +glued to the post. + +Marius remained outside. A shot had just broken his collar bone, he +felt that he was fainting and falling. At that moment, with eyes +already shut, he felt the shock of a vigorous hand seizing him, and the +swoon in which his senses vanished, hardly allowed him time for the +thought, mingled with a last memory of Cosette:—“I am taken prisoner. I +shall be shot.” + + +Enjolras, not seeing Marius among those who had taken refuge in the +wine-shop, had the same idea. But they had reached a moment when each +man has not the time to meditate on his own death. Enjolras fixed the +bar across the door, and bolted it, and double-locked it with key and +chain, while those outside were battering furiously at it, the soldiers +with the butts of their muskets, the sappers with their axes. The +assailants were grouped about that door. The siege of the wine-shop was +now beginning. + +The soldiers, we will observe, were full of wrath. + +The death of the artillery-sergeant had enraged them, and then, a still +more melancholy circumstance. During the few hours which had preceded +the attack, it had been reported among them that the insurgents were +mutilating their prisoners, and that there was the headless body of a +soldier in the wine-shop. This sort of fatal rumor is the usual +accompaniment of civil wars, and it was a false report of this kind +which, later on, produced the catastrophe of the Rue Transnonain. + +When the door was barricaded, Enjolras said to the others: + +“Let us sell our lives dearly.” + + +Then he approached the table on which lay Mabeuf and Gavroche. Beneath +the black cloth two straight and rigid forms were visible, one large, +the other small, and the two faces were vaguely outlined beneath the +cold folds of the shroud. A hand projected from beneath the winding +sheet and hung near the floor. It was that of the old man. + +Enjolras bent down and kissed that venerable hand, just as he had +kissed his brow on the preceding evening. + +These were the only two kisses which he had bestowed in the course of +his life. + +Let us abridge the tale. The barricade had fought like a gate of +Thebes; the wine-shop fought like a house of Saragossa. These +resistances are dogged. No quarter. No flag of truce possible. Men are +willing to die, provided their opponent will kill them. + +When Suchet says:—“Capitulate,”—Palafox replies: “After the war with +cannon, the war with knives.” Nothing was lacking in the capture by +assault of the Hucheloup wine-shop; neither paving-stones raining from +the windows and the roof on the besiegers and exasperating the soldiers +by crushing them horribly, nor shots fired from the attic-windows and +the cellar, nor the fury of attack, nor, finally, when the door +yielded, the frenzied madness of extermination. The assailants, rushing +into the wine-shop, their feet entangled in the panels of the door +which had been beaten in and flung on the ground, found not a single +combatant there. The spiral staircase, hewn asunder with the axe, lay +in the middle of the tap-room, a few wounded men were just breathing +their last, every one who was not killed was on the first floor, and +from there, through the hole in the ceiling, which had formed the +entrance of the stairs, a terrific fire burst forth. It was the last of +their cartridges. When they were exhausted, when these formidable men +on the point of death had no longer either powder or ball, each grasped +in his hands two of the bottles which Enjolras had reserved, and of +which we have spoken, and held the scaling party in check with these +frightfully fragile clubs. They were bottles of aquafortis. + +We relate these gloomy incidents of carnage as they occurred. The +besieged man, alas! converts everything into a weapon. Greek fire did +not disgrace Archimedes, boiling pitch did not disgrace Bayard. All war +is a thing of terror, and there is no choice in it. The musketry of the +besiegers, though confined and embarrassed by being directed from below +upwards, was deadly. The rim of the hole in the ceiling was speedily +surrounded by heads of the slain, whence dripped long, red and smoking +streams, the uproar was indescribable; a close and burning smoke almost +produced night over this combat. Words are lacking to express horror +when it has reached this pitch. There were no longer men in this +conflict, which was now infernal. They were no longer giants matched +with colossi. It resembled Milton and Dante rather than Homer. Demons +attacked, spectres resisted. + +It was heroism become monstrous. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII—ORESTES FASTING AND PYLADES DRUNK + + +At length, by dint of mounting on each other’s backs, aiding themselves +with the skeleton of the staircase, climbing up the walls, clinging to +the ceiling, slashing away at the very brink of the trap-door, the last +one who offered resistance, a score of assailants, soldiers, National +Guardsmen, municipal guardsmen, in utter confusion, the majority +disfigured by wounds in the face during that redoubtable ascent, +blinded by blood, furious, rendered savage, made an irruption into the +apartment on the first floor. There they found only one man still on +his feet, Enjolras. Without cartridges, without sword, he had nothing +in his hand now but the barrel of his gun whose stock he had broken +over the head of those who were entering. He had placed the billiard +table between his assailants and himself; he had retreated into the +corner of the room, and there, with haughty eye, and head borne high, +with this stump of a weapon in his hand, he was still so alarming as to +speedily create an empty space around him. A cry arose: + +“He is the leader! It was he who slew the artillery-man. It is well +that he has placed himself there. Let him remain there. Let us shoot +him down on the spot.” + + +“Shoot me,” said Enjolras. + +And flinging away his bit of gun-barrel, and folding his arms, he +offered his breast. + +The audacity of a fine death always affects men. As soon as Enjolras +folded his arms and accepted his end, the din of strife ceased in the +room, and this chaos suddenly stilled into a sort of sepulchral +solemnity. The menacing majesty of Enjolras disarmed and motionless, +appeared to oppress this tumult, and this young man, haughty, bloody, +and charming, who alone had not a wound, who was as indifferent as an +invulnerable being, seemed, by the authority of his tranquil glance, to +constrain this sinister rabble to kill him respectfully. His beauty, at +that moment augmented by his pride, was resplendent, and he was fresh +and rosy after the fearful four and twenty hours which had just +elapsed, as though he could no more be fatigued than wounded. It was of +him, possibly, that a witness spoke afterwards, before the council of +war: “There was an insurgent whom I heard called Apollo.” A National +Guardsman who had taken aim at Enjolras, lowered his gun, saying: “It +seems to me that I am about to shoot a flower.” + + +Twelve men formed into a squad in the corner opposite Enjolras, and +silently made ready their guns. + +Then a sergeant shouted: + +“Take aim!” + + +An officer intervened. + +“Wait.” + + +And addressing Enjolras: + +“Do you wish to have your eyes bandaged?” + + +“No.” + + +“Was it you who killed the artillery sergeant?” + + +“Yes.” + + +Grantaire had waked up a few moments before. + +Grantaire, it will be remembered, had been asleep ever since the +preceding evening in the upper room of the wine-shop, seated on a chair +and leaning on the table. + +He realized in its fullest sense the old metaphor of “dead drunk.” The +hideous potion of absinthe-porter and alcohol had thrown him into a +lethargy. His table being small, and not suitable for the barricade, he +had been left in possession of it. He was still in the same posture, +with his breast bent over the table, his head lying flat on his arms, +surrounded by glasses, beer-jugs and bottles. His was the overwhelming +slumber of the torpid bear and the satiated leech. Nothing had had any +effect upon it, neither the fusillade, nor the cannon-balls, nor the +grape-shot which had made its way through the window into the room +where he was. Nor the tremendous uproar of the assault. He merely +replied to the cannonade, now and then, by a snore. He seemed to be +waiting there for a bullet which should spare him the trouble of +waking. Many corpses were strewn around him; and, at the first glance, +there was nothing to distinguish him from those profound sleepers of +death. + +Noise does not rouse a drunken man; silence awakens him. The fall of +everything around him only augmented Grantaire’s prostration; the +crumbling of all things was his lullaby. The sort of halt which the +tumult underwent in the presence of Enjolras was a shock to this heavy +slumber. It had the effect of a carriage going at full speed, which +suddenly comes to a dead stop. The persons dozing within it wake up. +Grantaire rose to his feet with a start, stretched out his arms, rubbed +his eyes, stared, yawned, and understood. + +A fit of drunkenness reaching its end resembles a curtain which is torn +away. One beholds, at a single glance and as a whole, all that it has +concealed. All suddenly presents itself to the memory; and the drunkard +who has known nothing of what has been taking place during the last +twenty-four hours, has no sooner opened his eyes than he is perfectly +informed. Ideas recur to him with abrupt lucidity; the obliteration of +intoxication, a sort of steam which has obscured the brain, is +dissipated, and makes way for the clear and sharply outlined +importunity of realities. + +Relegated, as he was, to one corner, and sheltered behind the +billiard-table, the soldiers whose eyes were fixed on Enjolras, had not +even noticed Grantaire, and the sergeant was preparing to repeat his +order: “Take aim!” when all at once, they heard a strong voice shout +beside them: + +“Long live the Republic! I’m one of them.” + + +Grantaire had risen. The immense gleam of the whole combat which he had +missed, and in which he had had no part, appeared in the brilliant +glance of the transfigured drunken man. + +He repeated: “Long live the Republic!” crossed the room with a firm +stride and placed himself in front of the guns beside Enjolras. + +“Finish both of us at one blow,” said he. + +And turning gently to Enjolras, he said to him: + +“Do you permit it?” + + +Enjolras pressed his hand with a smile. + +This smile was not ended when the report resounded. + +Enjolras, pierced by eight bullets, remained leaning against the wall, +as though the balls had nailed him there. Only, his head was bowed. + +Grantaire fell at his feet, as though struck by a thunderbolt. + +A few moments later, the soldiers dislodged the last remaining +insurgents, who had taken refuge at the top of the house. They fired +into the attic through a wooden lattice. They fought under the very +roof. They flung bodies, some of them still alive, out through the +windows. Two light-infantrymen, who tried to lift the shattered +omnibus, were slain by two shots fired from the attic. A man in a +blouse was flung down from it, with a bayonet wound in the abdomen, and +breathed his last on the ground. A soldier and an insurgent slipped +together on the sloping slates of the roof, and, as they would not +release each other, they fell, clasped in a ferocious embrace. A +similar conflict went on in the cellar. Shouts, shots, a fierce +trampling. Then silence. The barricade was captured. + +The soldiers began to search the houses round about, and to pursue the +fugitives. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV—PRISONER + + +Marius was, in fact, a prisoner. + +The hand which had seized him from behind and whose grasp he had felt +at the moment of his fall and his loss of consciousness was that of +Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had taken no other part in the combat than to expose +himself in it. Had it not been for him, no one, in that supreme phase +of agony, would have thought of the wounded. Thanks to him, everywhere +present in the carnage, like a providence, those who fell were picked +up, transported to the tap-room, and cared for. In the intervals, he +reappeared on the barricade. But nothing which could resemble a blow, +an attack or even personal defence proceeded from his hands. He held +his peace and lent succor. Moreover, he had received only a few +scratches. The bullets would have none of him. If suicide formed part +of what he had meditated on coming to this sepulchre, to that spot, he +had not succeeded. But we doubt whether he had thought of suicide, an +irreligious act. + +Jean Valjean, in the thick cloud of the combat, did not appear to see +Marius; the truth is, that he never took his eyes from the latter. When +a shot laid Marius low, Jean Valjean leaped forward with the agility of +a tiger, fell upon him as on his prey, and bore him off. + +The whirlwind of the attack was, at that moment, so violently +concentrated upon Enjolras and upon the door of the wine-shop, that no +one saw Jean Valjean sustaining the fainting Marius in his arms, +traverse the unpaved field of the barricade and disappear behind the +angle of the Corinthe building. + +The reader will recall this angle which formed a sort of cape on the +street; it afforded shelter from the bullets, the grape-shot, and all +eyes, and a few square feet of space. There is sometimes a chamber +which does not burn in the midst of a conflagration, and in the midst +of raging seas, beyond a promontory or at the extremity of a blind +alley of shoals, a tranquil nook. It was in this sort of fold in the +interior trapezium of the barricade, that Éponine had breathed her +last. + +There Jean Valjean halted, let Marius slide to the ground, placed his +back against the wall, and cast his eyes about him. + +The situation was alarming. + +For an instant, for two or three perhaps, this bit of wall was a +shelter, but how was he to escape from this massacre? He recalled the +anguish which he had suffered in the Rue Polonceau eight years before, +and in what manner he had contrived to make his escape; it was +difficult then, to-day it was impossible. He had before him that deaf +and implacable house, six stories in height, which appeared to be +inhabited only by a dead man leaning out of his window; he had on his +right the rather low barricade, which shut off the Rue de la Petite +Truanderie; to pass this obstacle seemed easy, but beyond the crest of +the barrier a line of bayonets was visible. The troops of the line were +posted on the watch behind that barricade. It was evident, that to pass +the barricade was to go in quest of the fire of the platoon, and that +any head which should run the risk of lifting itself above the top of +that wall of stones would serve as a target for sixty shots. On his +left he had the field of battle. Death lurked round the corner of that +wall. + +What was to be done? + +Only a bird could have extricated itself from this predicament. + +And it was necessary to decide on the instant, to devise some +expedient, to come to some decision. Fighting was going on a few paces +away; fortunately, all were raging around a single point, the door of +the wine-shop; but if it should occur to one soldier, to one single +soldier, to turn the corner of the house, or to attack him on the +flank, all was over. + +Jean Valjean gazed at the house facing him, he gazed at the barricade +at one side of him, then he looked at the ground, with the violence of +the last extremity, bewildered, and as though he would have liked to +pierce a hole there with his eyes. + +By dint of staring, something vaguely striking in such an agony began +to assume form and outline at his feet, as though it had been a power +of glance which made the thing desired unfold. A few paces distant he +perceived, at the base of the small barrier so pitilessly guarded and +watched on the exterior, beneath a disordered mass of paving-stones +which partly concealed it, an iron grating, placed flat and on a level +with the soil. This grating, made of stout, transverse bars, was about +two feet square. The frame of paving-stones which supported it had been +torn up, and it was, as it were, unfastened. + +Through the bars a view could be had of a dark aperture, something like +the flue of a chimney, or the pipe of a cistern. Jean Valjean darted +forward. His old art of escape rose to his brain like an illumination. +To thrust aside the stones, to raise the grating, to lift Marius, who +was as inert as a dead body, upon his shoulders, to descend, with this +burden on his loins, and with the aid of his elbows and knees into that +sort of well, fortunately not very deep, to let the heavy trap, upon +which the loosened stones rolled down afresh, fall into its place +behind him, to gain his footing on a flagged surface three metres below +the surface,—all this was executed like that which one does in dreams, +with the strength of a giant and the rapidity of an eagle; this took +only a few minutes. + +Jean Valjean found himself with Marius, who was still unconscious, in a +sort of long, subterranean corridor. + +There reigned profound peace, absolute silence, night. + +The impression which he had formerly experienced when falling from the +wall into the convent recurred to him. Only, what he was carrying +to-day was not Cosette; it was Marius. He could barely hear the +formidable tumult in the wine-shop, taken by assault, like a vague +murmur overhead. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE INTESTINE OF THE LEVIATHAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LAND IMPOVERISHED BY THE SEA + + +Paris casts twenty-five millions yearly into the water. And this +without metaphor. How, and in what manner? Day and night. With what +object? With no object. With what intention? With no intention. Why? +For no reason. By means of what organ? By means of its intestine. What +is its intestine? The sewer. + +Twenty-five millions is the most moderate approximative figure which +the valuations of special science have set upon it. + +Science, after having long groped about, now knows that the most +fecundating and the most efficacious of fertilizers is human manure. +The Chinese, let us confess it to our shame, knew it before us. Not a +Chinese peasant—it is Eckberg who says this,—goes to town without +bringing back with him, at the two extremities of his bamboo pole, two +full buckets of what we designate as filth. Thanks to human dung, the +earth in China is still as young as in the days of Abraham. Chinese +wheat yields a hundred fold of the seed. There is no guano comparable +in fertility with the detritus of a capital. A great city is the most +mighty of dung-makers. Certain success would attend the experiment of +employing the city to manure the plain. If our gold is manure, our +manure, on the other hand, is gold. + +What is done with this golden manure? It is swept into the abyss. + +Fleets of vessels are despatched, at great expense, to collect the dung +of petrels and penguins at the South Pole, and the incalculable element +of opulence which we have on hand, we send to the sea. All the human +and animal manure which the world wastes, restored to the land instead +of being cast into the water, would suffice to nourish the world. + +Those heaps of filth at the gate-posts, those tumbrils of mud which +jolt through the street by night, those terrible casks of the street +department, those fetid drippings of subterranean mire, which the +pavements hide from you,—do you know what they are? They are the meadow +in flower, the green grass, wild thyme, thyme and sage, they are game, +they are cattle, they are the satisfied bellows of great oxen in the +evening, they are perfumed hay, they are golden wheat, they are the +bread on your table, they are the warm blood in your veins, they are +health, they are joy, they are life. This is the will of that +mysterious creation which is transformation on earth and +transfiguration in heaven. + +Restore this to the great crucible; your abundance will flow forth from +it. The nutrition of the plains furnishes the nourishment of men. + +You have it in your power to lose this wealth, and to consider me +ridiculous to boot. This will form the master-piece of your ignorance. + +Statisticians have calculated that France alone makes a deposit of half +a milliard every year, in the Atlantic, through the mouths of her +rivers. Note this: with five hundred millions we could pay one quarter +of the expenses of our budget. The cleverness of man is such that he +prefers to get rid of these five hundred millions in the gutter. It is +the very substance of the people that is carried off, here drop by +drop, there wave after wave, the wretched outpour of our sewers into +the rivers, and the gigantic collection of our rivers into the ocean. +Every hiccough of our sewers costs us a thousand francs. From this +spring two results, the land impoverished, and the water tainted. +Hunger arising from the furrow, and disease from the stream. + +It is notorious, for example, that at the present hour, the Thames is +poisoning London. + +So far as Paris is concerned, it has become indispensable of late, to +transport the mouths of the sewers downstream, below the last bridge. + +A double tubular apparatus, provided with valves and sluices, sucking +up and driving back, a system of elementary drainage, simple as the +lungs of a man, and which is already in full working order in many +communities in England, would suffice to conduct the pure water of the +fields into our cities, and to send back to the fields the rich water +of the cities, and this easy exchange, the simplest in the world, would +retain among us the five hundred millions now thrown away. People are +thinking of other things. + +The process actually in use does evil, with the intention of doing +good. The intention is good, the result is melancholy. Thinking to +purge the city, the population is blanched like plants raised in +cellars. A sewer is a mistake. When drainage, everywhere, with its +double function, restoring what it takes, shall have replaced the +sewer, which is a simple impoverishing washing, then, this being +combined with the data of a now social economy, the product of the +earth will be increased tenfold, and the problem of misery will be +singularly lightened. Add the suppression of parasitism, and it will be +solved. + +In the meanwhile, the public wealth flows away to the river, and +leakage takes place. Leakage is the word. Europe is being ruined in +this manner by exhaustion. + +As for France, we have just cited its figures. Now, Paris contains one +twenty-fifth of the total population of France, and Parisian guano +being the richest of all, we understate the truth when we value the +loss on the part of Paris at twenty-five millions in the half milliard +which France annually rejects. These twenty-five millions, employed in +assistance and enjoyment, would double the splendor of Paris. The city +spends them in sewers. So that we may say that Paris’s great +prodigality, its wonderful festival, its Beaujon folly, its orgy, its +stream of gold from full hands, its pomp, its luxury, its magnificence, +is its sewer system. + +It is in this manner that, in the blindness of a poor political +economy, we drown and allow to float downstream and to be lost in the +gulfs the well-being of all. There should be nets at Saint-Cloud for +the public fortune. + +Economically considered, the matter can be summed up thus: Paris is a +spendthrift. Paris, that model city, that patron of well-arranged +capitals, of which every nation strives to possess a copy, that +metropolis of the ideal, that august country of the initiative, of +impulse and of effort, that centre and that dwelling of minds, that +nation-city, that hive of the future, that marvellous combination of +Babylon and Corinth, would make a peasant of the Fo-Kian shrug his +shoulders, from the point of view which we have just indicated. + +Imitate Paris and you will ruin yourselves. + +Moreover, and particularly in this immemorial and senseless waste, +Paris is itself an imitator. + +These surprising exhibitions of stupidity are not novel; this is no +young folly. The ancients did like the moderns. “The sewers of Rome,” +says Liebig, “have absorbed all the well-being of the Roman peasant.” +When the Campagna of Rome was ruined by the Roman sewer, Rome exhausted +Italy, and when she had put Italy in her sewer, she poured in Sicily, +then Sardinia, then Africa. The sewer of Rome has engulfed the world. +This cesspool offered its engulfment to the city and the universe. +_Urbi et orbi_. Eternal city, unfathomable sewer. + +Rome sets the example for these things as well as for others. + +Paris follows this example with all the stupidity peculiar to +intelligent towns. + +For the requirements of the operation upon the subject of which we have +just explained our views, Paris has beneath it another Paris; a Paris +of sewers; which has its streets, its crossroads, its squares, its +blind-alleys, its arteries, and its circulation, which is of mire and +minus the human form. + +For nothing must be flattered, not even a great people; where there is +everything there is also ignominy by the side of sublimity; and, if +Paris contains Athens, the city of light, Tyre, the city of might, +Sparta, the city of virtue, Nineveh, the city of marvels, it also +contains Lutetia, the city of mud. + +However, the stamp of its power is there also, and the Titanic sink of +Paris realizes, among monuments, that strange ideal realized in +humanity by some men like Macchiavelli, Bacon and Mirabeau, grandiose +vileness. + +The sub-soil of Paris, if the eye could penetrate its surface, would +present the aspect of a colossal madrepore. A sponge has no more +partitions and ducts than the mound of earth for a circuit of six +leagues round about, on which rests the great and ancient city. Not to +mention its catacombs, which are a separate cellar, not to mention the +inextricable trellis-work of gas pipes, without reckoning the vast +tubular system for the distribution of fresh water which ends in the +pillar fountains, the sewers alone form a tremendous, shadowy network +under the two banks; a labyrinth which has its slope for its guiding +thread. + +There appears, in the humid mist, the rat which seems the product to +which Paris has given birth. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE SEWER + + +Let the reader imagine Paris lifted off like a cover, the subterranean +network of sewers, from a bird’s-eye view, will outline on the banks a +species of large branch grafted on the river. On the right bank, the +belt sewer will form the trunk of this branch, the secondary ducts will +form the branches, and those without exit the twigs. + +This figure is but a summary one and half exact, the right angle, which +is the customary angle of this species of subterranean ramifications, +being very rare in vegetation. + +A more accurate image of this strange geometrical plan can be formed by +supposing that one is viewing some eccentric oriental alphabet, as +intricate as a thicket, against a background of shadows, and the +misshapen letters should be welded one to another in apparent +confusion, and as at haphazard, now by their angles, again by their +extremities. + +Sinks and sewers played a great part in the Middle Ages, in the Lower +Empire and in the Orient of old. The masses regarded these beds of +decomposition, these monstrous cradles of death, with a fear that was +almost religious. The vermin ditch of Benares is no less conducive to +giddiness than the lions’ ditch of Babylon. Teglath-Phalasar, according +to the rabbinical books, swore by the sink of Nineveh. It was from the +sewer of MĂŒnster that John of Leyden produced his false moon, and it +was from the cesspool of Kekscheb that oriental menalchme, Mokanna, the +veiled prophet of Khorassan, caused his false sun to emerge. + +The history of men is reflected in the history of sewers. The +GermoniĂŠ58 narrated Rome. The sewer of Paris has been an ancient and +formidable thing. It has been a sepulchre, it has served as an asylum. +Crime, intelligence, social protest, liberty of conscience, thought, +theft, all that human laws persecute or have persecuted, is hidden in +that hole; the _maillotins_ in the fourteenth century, the _tire-laine_ +of the fifteenth, the Huguenots in the sixteenth, Morin’s _illuminated_ +in the seventeenth, the _chauffeurs_ [brigands] in the eighteenth. A +hundred years ago, the nocturnal blow of the dagger emerged thence, the +pickpocket in danger slipped thither; the forest had its cave, Paris +had its sewer. Vagrancy, that Gallic _picareria_, accepted the sewer as +the adjunct of the Cour des Miracles, and at evening, it returned +thither, fierce and sly, through the MaubuĂ©e outlet, as into a +bed-chamber. + +It was quite natural, that those who had the blind-alley Vide-Gousset, +[Empty-Pocket] or the Rue Coupe-Gorge [Cut-Throat], for the scene of +their daily labor, should have for their domicile by night the culvert +of the Chemin-Vert, or the catch basin of Hurepoix. Hence a throng of +souvenirs. All sorts of phantoms haunt these long, solitary corridors; +everywhere is putrescence and miasma; here and there are +breathing-holes, where Villon within converses with Rabelais without. + +The sewer in ancient Paris is the rendezvous of all exhaustions and of +all attempts. Political economy therein spies a detritus, social +philosophy there beholds a residuum. + +The sewer is the conscience of the city. Everything there converges and +confronts everything else. In that livid spot there are shades, but +there are no longer any secrets. Each thing bears its true form, or at +least, its definitive form. The mass of filth has this in its favor, +that it is not a liar. Ingenuousness has taken refuge there. The mask +of Basil is to be found there, but one beholds its cardboard and its +strings and the inside as well as the outside, and it is accentuated by +honest mud. Scapin’s false nose is its next-door neighbor. All the +uncleannesses of civilization, once past their use, fall into this +trench of truth, where the immense social sliding ends. They are there +engulfed, but they display themselves there. This mixture is a +confession. There, no more false appearances, no plastering over is +possible, filth removes its shirt, absolute denudation puts to the rout +all illusions and mirages, there is nothing more except what really +exists, presenting the sinister form of that which is coming to an end. +There, the bottom of a bottle indicates drunkenness, a basket-handle +tells a tale of domesticity; there the core of an apple which has +entertained literary opinions becomes an apple-core once more; the +effigy on the big sou becomes frankly covered with verdigris, Caiphas’ +spittle meets Falstaff’s puking, the louis-d’or which comes from the +gaming-house jostles the nail whence hangs the rope’s end of the +suicide. A livid fƓtus rolls along, enveloped in the spangles which +danced at the Opera last Shrove-Tuesday, a cap which has pronounced +judgment on men wallows beside a mass of rottenness which was formerly +Margoton’s petticoat; it is more than fraternization, it is equivalent +to addressing each other as _thou_. All which was formerly rouged, is +washed free. The last veil is torn away. A sewer is a cynic. It tells +everything. + +The sincerity of foulness pleases us, and rests the soul. When one has +passed one’s time in enduring upon earth the spectacle of the great +airs which reasons of state, the oath, political sagacity, human +justice, professional probity, the austerities of situation, +incorruptible robes all assume, it solaces one to enter a sewer and to +behold the mire which befits it. + +This is instructive at the same time. We have just said that history +passes through the sewer. The Saint-BarthĂ©lemys filter through there, +drop by drop, between the paving-stones. Great public assassinations, +political and religious butcheries, traverse this underground passage +of civilization, and thrust their corpses there. For the eye of the +thinker, all historic murderers are to be found there, in that hideous +penumbra, on their knees, with a scrap of their winding-sheet for an +apron, dismally sponging out their work. Louis XI. is there with +Tristan, François I. with Duprat, Charles IX. is there with his mother, +Richelieu is there with Louis XIII., Louvois is there, Letellier is +there, HĂ©bert and Maillard are there, scratching the stones, and trying +to make the traces of their actions disappear. Beneath these vaults one +hears the brooms of spectres. One there breathes the enormous fetidness +of social catastrophes. One beholds reddish reflections in the corners. +There flows a terrible stream, in which bloody hands have been washed. + +The social observer should enter these shadows. They form a part of his +laboratory. Philosophy is the microscope of the thought. Everything +desires to flee from it, but nothing escapes it. Tergiversation is +useless. What side of oneself does one display in evasions? the +shameful side. Philosophy pursues with its glance, probes the evil, and +does not permit it to escape into nothingness. In the obliteration of +things which disappear, in the watching of things which vanish, it +recognizes all. It reconstructs the purple from the rag, and the woman +from the scrap of her dress. From the cesspool, it reconstitutes the +city; from mud, it reconstructs manners; from the potsherd it infers +the amphora or the jug. By the imprint of a finger-nail on a piece of +parchment, it recognizes the difference which separates the Jewry of +the Judengasse from the Jewry of the Ghetto. It re-discovers in what +remains that which has been, good, evil, the true, the blood-stain of +the palace, the ink-blot of the cavern, the drop of sweat from the +brothel, trials undergone, temptations welcomed, orgies cast forth, the +turn which characters have taken as they became abased, the trace of +prostitution in souls of which their grossness rendered them capable, +and on the vesture of the porters of Rome the mark of Messalina’s +elbowing. + + + + +CHAPTER III—BRUNESEAU + + +The sewer of Paris in the Middle Ages was legendary. In the sixteenth +century, Henri II. attempted a bore, which failed. Not a hundred years +ago, the cesspool, Mercier attests the fact, was abandoned to itself, +and fared as best it might. + +Such was this ancient Paris, delivered over to quarrels, to indecision, +and to gropings. It was tolerably stupid for a long time. Later on, ’89 +showed how understanding comes to cities. But in the good, old times, +the capital had not much head. It did not know how to manage its own +affairs either morally or materially, and could not sweep out filth any +better than it could abuses. Everything presented an obstacle, +everything raised a question. The sewer, for example, was refractory to +every itinerary. One could no more find one’s bearings in the sewer +than one could understand one’s position in the city; above the +unintelligible, below the inextricable; beneath the confusion of +tongues there reigned the confusion of caverns; DĂŠdalus backed up +Babel. + +Sometimes the Paris sewer took a notion to overflow, as though this +misunderstood Nile were suddenly seized with a fit of rage. There +occurred, infamous to relate, inundations of the sewer. At times, that +stomach of civilization digested badly, the cesspool flowed back into +the throat of the city, and Paris got an after-taste of her own filth. +These resemblances of the sewer to remorse had their good points; they +were warnings; very badly accepted, however; the city waxed indignant +at the audacity of its mire, and did not admit that the filth should +return. Drive it out better. + +The inundation of 1802 is one of the actual memories of Parisians of +the age of eighty. The mud spread in cross-form over the Place des +Victoires, where stands the statue of Louis XIV.; it entered the Rue +Saint-HonorĂ© by the two mouths to the sewer in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the +Rue Saint-Florentin through the Saint-Florentin sewer, the Rue +Pierre-Ă -Poisson through the sewer de la Sonnerie, the Rue Popincourt, +through the sewer of the Chemin-Vert, the Rue de la Roquette, through +the sewer of the Rue de Lappe; it covered the drain of the Rue des +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es to the height of thirty-five centimetres; and, to the +South, through the vent of the Seine, performing its functions in +inverse sense, it penetrated the Rue Mazarine, the Rue de l’ÉchaudĂ©, +and the Rue des Marais, where it stopped at a distance of one hundred +and nine metres, a few paces distant from the house in which Racine had +lived, respecting, in the seventeenth century, the poet more than the +King. It attained its maximum depth in the Rue Saint-Pierre, where it +rose to the height of three feet above the flag-stones of the +water-spout, and its maximum length in the Rue Saint-Sabin, where it +spread out over a stretch two hundred and thirty-eight metres in +length. + +At the beginning of this century, the sewer of Paris was still a +mysterious place. Mud can never enjoy a good fame; but in this case its +evil renown reached the verge of the terrible. Paris knew, in a +confused way, that she had under her a terrible cavern. People talked +of it as of that monstrous bed of Thebes in which swarmed centipedes +fifteen long feet in length, and which might have served Behemoth for a +bathtub. The great boots of the sewermen never ventured further than +certain well-known points. We were then very near the epoch when the +scavenger’s carts, from the summit of which Sainte-Foix fraternized +with the Marquis de CrĂ©qui, discharged their loads directly into the +sewer. As for cleaning out,—that function was entrusted to the pouring +rains which encumbered rather than swept away. Rome left some poetry to +her sewer, and called it the GemoniĂŠ; Paris insulted hers, and entitled +it the Polypus-Hole. Science and superstition were in accord, in +horror. The Polypus hole was no less repugnant to hygiene than to +legend. The goblin was developed under the fetid covering of the +Mouffetard sewer; the corpses of the Marmousets had been cast into the +sewer de la Barillerie; Fagon attributed the redoubtable malignant +fever of 1685 to the great hiatus of the sewer of the Marais, which +remained yawning until 1833 in the Rue Saint-Louis, almost opposite the +sign of the _Gallant Messenger_. The mouth of the sewer of the Rue de +la Mortellerie was celebrated for the pestilences which had their +source there; with its grating of iron, with points simulating a row of +teeth, it was like a dragon’s maw in that fatal street, breathing forth +hell upon men. The popular imagination seasoned the sombre Parisian +sink with some indescribably hideous intermixture of the infinite. The +sewer had no bottom. The sewer was the lower world. The idea of +exploring these leprous regions did not even occur to the police. To +try that unknown thing, to cast the plummet into that shadow, to set +out on a voyage of discovery in that abyss—who would have dared? It was +alarming. Nevertheless, some one did present himself. The cesspool had +its Christopher Columbus. + +One day, in 1805, during one of the rare apparitions which the Emperor +made in Paris, the Minister of the Interior, some DecrĂšs or CrĂ©tet or +other, came to the master’s intimate levee. In the Carrousel there was +audible the clanking of swords of all those extraordinary soldiers of +the great Republic, and of the great Empire; then Napoleon’s door was +blocked with heroes; men from the Rhine, from the Escaut, from the +Adige, and from the Nile; companions of Joubert, of Desaix, of Marceau, +of Hoche, of KlĂ©ber; the aĂ©rostiers of Fleurus, the grenadiers of +Mayence, the pontoon-builders of Genoa, hussars whom the Pyramids had +looked down upon, artillerists whom Junot’s cannon-ball had spattered +with mud, cuirassiers who had taken by assault the fleet lying at +anchor in the Zuyderzee; some had followed Bonaparte upon the bridge of +Lodi, others had accompanied Murat in the trenches of Mantua, others +had preceded Lannes in the hollow road of Montebello. The whole army of +that day was present there, in the court-yard of the Tuileries, +represented by a squadron or a platoon, and guarding Napoleon in +repose; and that was the splendid epoch when the grand army had Marengo +behind it and Austerlitz before it.—“Sire,” said the Minister of the +Interior to Napoleon, “yesterday I saw the most intrepid man in your +Empire.”—“What man is that?” said the Emperor brusquely, “and what has +he done?”—“He wants to do something, Sire.”—“What is it?”—“To visit the +sewers of Paris.” + + +This man existed and his name was Bruneseau. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The visit took place. It was a formidable campaign; a nocturnal battle +against pestilence and suffocation. It was, at the same time, a voyage +of discovery. One of the survivors of this expedition, an intelligent +workingman, who was very young at the time, related curious details +with regard to it, several years ago, which Bruneseau thought himself +obliged to omit in his report to the prefect of police, as unworthy of +official style. The processes of disinfection were, at that epoch, +extremely rudimentary. Hardly had Bruneseau crossed the first +articulations of that subterranean network, when eight laborers out of +the twenty refused to go any further. The operation was complicated; +the visit entailed the necessity of cleaning; hence it was necessary to +cleanse and at the same time, to proceed; to note the entrances of +water, to count the gratings and the vents, to lay out in detail the +branches, to indicate the currents at the point where they parted, to +define the respective bounds of the divers basins, to sound the small +sewers grafted on the principal sewer, to measure the height under the +key-stone of each drain, and the width, at the spring of the vaults as +well as at the bottom, in order to determine the arrangements with +regard to the level of each water-entrance, either of the bottom of the +arch, or on the soil of the street. They advanced with toil. The +lanterns pined away in the foul atmosphere. From time to time, a +fainting sewerman was carried out. At certain points, there were +precipices. The soil had given away, the pavement had crumbled, the +sewer had changed into a bottomless well; they found nothing solid; a +man disappeared suddenly; they had great difficulty in getting him out +again. On the advice of Fourcroy, they lighted large cages filled with +tow steeped in resin, from time to time, in spots which had been +sufficiently disinfected. In some places, the wall was covered with +misshapen fungi,—one would have said tumors; the very stone seemed +diseased within this unbreathable atmosphere. + +Bruneseau, in his exploration, proceeded down hill. At the point of +separation of the two water-conduits of the Grand-Hurleur, he +deciphered upon a projecting stone the date of 1550; this stone +indicated the limits where Philibert Delorme, charged by Henri II. with +visiting the subterranean drains of Paris, had halted. This stone was +the mark of the sixteenth century on the sewer; Bruneseau found the +handiwork of the seventeenth century once more in the Ponceau drain of +the old Rue Vieille-du-Temple, vaulted between 1600 and 1650; and the +handiwork of the eighteenth in the western section of the collecting +canal, walled and vaulted in 1740. These two vaults, especially the +less ancient, that of 1740, were more cracked and decrepit than the +masonry of the belt sewer, which dated from 1412, an epoch when the +brook of fresh water of MĂ©nilmontant was elevated to the dignity of the +Grand Sewer of Paris, an advancement analogous to that of a peasant who +should become first _valet de chambre_ to the King; something like +Gros-Jean transformed into Lebel. + +Here and there, particularly beneath the Court-House, they thought they +recognized the hollows of ancient dungeons, excavated in the very sewer +itself. Hideous _in-pace_. An iron neck-collar was hanging in one of +these cells. They walled them all up. Some of their finds were +singular; among others, the skeleton of an ourang-outan, who had +disappeared from the Jardin des Plantes in 1800, a disappearance +probably connected with the famous and indisputable apparition of the +devil in the Rue des Bernardins, in the last year of the eighteenth +century. The poor devil had ended by drowning himself in the sewer. + +Beneath this long, arched drain which terminated at the Arche-Marion, a +perfectly preserved rag-picker’s basket excited the admiration of all +connoisseurs. Everywhere, the mire, which the sewermen came to handle +with intrepidity, abounded in precious objects, jewels of gold and +silver, precious stones, coins. If a giant had filtered this cesspool, +he would have had the riches of centuries in his lair. At the point +where the two branches of the Rue du Temple and of the Rue Sainte-Avoye +separate, they picked up a singular Huguenot medal in copper, bearing +on one side the pig hooded with a cardinal’s hat, and on the other, a +wolf with a tiara on his head. + +The most surprising rencounter was at the entrance to the Grand Sewer. +This entrance had formerly been closed by a grating of which nothing +but the hinges remained. From one of these hinges hung a dirty and +shapeless rag which, arrested there in its passage, no doubt, had +floated there in the darkness and finished its process of being torn +apart. Bruneseau held his lantern close to this rag and examined it. It +was of very fine batiste, and in one of the corners, less frayed than +the rest, they made out a heraldic coronet and embroidered above these +seven letters: LAVBESP. The crown was the coronet of a Marquis, and the +seven letters signified _Laubespine_. They recognized the fact, that +what they had before their eyes was a morsel of the shroud of Marat. +Marat in his youth had had amorous intrigues. This was when he was a +member of the household of the Comte d’Artois, in the capacity of +physician to the Stables. From these love affairs, historically proved, +with a great lady, he had retained this sheet. As a waif or a souvenir. +At his death, as this was the only linen of any fineness which he had +in his house, they buried him in it. Some old women had shrouded him +for the tomb in that swaddling-band in which the tragic Friend of the +people had enjoyed voluptuousness. Bruneseau passed on. They left that +rag where it hung; they did not put the finishing touch to it. Did this +arise from scorn or from respect? Marat deserved both. And then, +destiny was there sufficiently stamped to make them hesitate to touch +it. Besides, the things of the sepulchre must be left in the spot which +they select. In short, the relic was a strange one. A Marquise had +slept in it; Marat had rotted in it; it had traversed the Pantheon to +end with the rats of the sewer. This chamber rag, of which Watteau +would formerly have joyfully sketched every fold, had ended in becoming +worthy of the fixed gaze of Dante. + +The whole visit to the subterranean stream of filth of Paris lasted +seven years, from 1805 to 1812. As he proceeded, Bruneseau drew, +directed, and completed considerable works; in 1808 he lowered the arch +of the Ponceau, and, everywhere creating new lines, he pushed the +sewer, in 1809, under the Rue Saint-Denis as far as the fountain of the +Innocents; in 1810, under the Rue Froidmanteau and under the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre; in 1811 under the Rue Neuve-des-Petits-PĂšres, under the +Rue du Mail, under the Rue de l’Écharpe, under the Place Royale; in +1812, under the Rue de la Paix, and under the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin. At the +same time, he had the whole network disinfected and rendered healthful. +In the second year of his work, Bruneseau engaged the assistance of his +son-in-law Nargaud. + +It was thus that, at the beginning of the century, ancient society +cleansed its double bottom, and performed the toilet of its sewer. +There was that much clean, at all events. + +Tortuous, cracked, unpaved, full of fissures, intersected by gullies, +jolted by eccentric elbows, mounting and descending illogically, fetid, +wild, fierce, submerged in obscurity, with cicatrices on its pavements +and scars on its walls, terrible,—such was, retrospectively viewed, the +antique sewer of Paris. Ramifications in every direction, crossings, of +trenches, branches, goose-feet, stars, as in military mines, cƓcum, +blind alleys, vaults lined with saltpetre, pestiferous pools, scabby +sweats, on the walls, drops dripping from the ceilings, darkness; +nothing could equal the horror of this old, waste crypt, the digestive +apparatus of Babylon, a cavern, ditch, gulf pierced with streets, a +titanic mole-burrow, where the mind seems to behold that enormous blind +mole, the past, prowling through the shadows, in the filth which has +been splendor. + +This, we repeat, was the sewer of the past. + + + + +CHAPTER V—PRESENT PROGRESS + + +To-day the sewer is clean, cold, straight, correct. It almost realizes +the ideal of what is understood in England by the word “respectable.” +It is proper and grayish; laid out by rule and line; one might almost +say as though it came out of a bandbox. It resembles a tradesman who +has become a councillor of state. One can almost see distinctly there. +The mire there comports itself with decency. At first, one might +readily mistake it for one of those subterranean corridors, which were +so common in former days, and so useful in flights of monarchs and +princes, in those good old times, “when the people loved their kings.” +The present sewer is a beautiful sewer; the pure style reigns there; +the classical rectilinear alexandrine which, driven out of poetry, +appears to have taken refuge in architecture, seems mingled with all +the stones of that long, dark and whitish vault; each outlet is an +arcade; the Rue de Rivoli serves as pattern even in the sewer. However, +if the geometrical line is in place anywhere, it is certainly in the +drainage trench of a great city. There, everything should be +subordinated to the shortest road. The sewer has, nowadays, assumed a +certain official aspect. The very police reports, of which it sometimes +forms the subject, no longer are wanting in respect towards it. The +words which characterize it in administrative language are sonorous and +dignified. What used to be called a gut is now called a gallery; what +used to be called a hole is now called a surveying orifice. Villon +would no longer meet with his ancient temporary provisional lodging. +This network of cellars has its immemorial population of prowlers, +rodents, swarming in greater numbers than ever; from time to time, an +aged and veteran rat risks his head at the window of the sewer and +surveys the Parisians; but even these vermin grow tame, so satisfied +are they with their subterranean palace. The cesspool no longer retains +anything of its primitive ferocity. The rain, which in former days +soiled the sewer, now washes it. Nevertheless, do not trust yourself +too much to it. Miasmas still inhabit it. It is more hypocritical than +irreproachable. The prefecture of police and the commission of health +have done their best. But, in spite of all the processes of +disinfection, it exhales, a vague, suspicious odor like Tartuffe after +confession. + +Let us confess, that, taking it all in all, this sweeping is a homage +which the sewer pays to civilization, and as, from this point of view, +Tartuffe’s conscience is a progress over the Augean stables, it is +certain that the sewers of Paris have been improved. + +It is more than progress; it is transmutation. Between the ancient and +the present sewer there is a revolution. What has effected this +revolution? + +The man whom all the world forgets, and whom we have mentioned, +Bruneseau. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FUTURE PROGRESS + + +The excavation of the sewer of Paris has been no slight task. The last +ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to bring it to a +termination, any more than they have been able to finish Paris. The +sewer, in fact, receives all the counter-shocks of the growth of Paris. +Within the bosom of the earth, it is a sort of mysterious polyp with a +thousand antennĂŠ, which expands below as the city expands above. Every +time that the city cuts a street, the sewer stretches out an arm. The +old monarchy had constructed only twenty-three thousand three hundred +metres of sewers; that was where Paris stood in this respect on the +first of January, 1806. Beginning with this epoch, of which we shall +shortly speak, the work was usefully and energetically resumed and +prosecuted; Napoleon built—the figures are curious—four thousand eight +hundred and four metres; Louis XVIII., five thousand seven hundred and +nine; Charles X., ten thousand eight hundred and thirty-six; +Louis-Philippe, eighty-nine thousand and twenty; the Republic of 1848, +twenty-three thousand three hundred and eighty-one; the present +government, seventy thousand five hundred; in all, at the present time, +two hundred and twenty-six thousand six hundred and ten metres; sixty +leagues of sewers; the enormous entrails of Paris. An obscure +ramification ever at work; a construction which is immense and ignored. + +As the reader sees, the subterranean labyrinth of Paris is to-day more +than ten times what it was at the beginning of the century. It is +difficult to form any idea of all the perseverance and the efforts +which have been required to bring this cesspool to the point of +relative perfection in which it now is. It was with great difficulty +that the ancient monarchical provostship and, during the last ten years +of the eighteenth century, the revolutionary mayoralty, had succeeded +in perforating the five leagues of sewer which existed previous to +1806. All sorts of obstacles hindered this operation, some peculiar to +the soil, others inherent in the very prejudices of the laborious +population of Paris. Paris is built upon a soil which is singularly +rebellious to the pick, the hoe, the bore, and to human manipulation. +There is nothing more difficult to pierce and to penetrate than the +geological formation upon which is superposed the marvellous historical +formation called Paris; as soon as work in any form whatsoever is begun +and adventures upon this stretch of alluvium, subterranean resistances +abound. There are liquid clays, springs, hard rocks, and those soft and +deep quagmires which special science calls _moutardes_.59 The pick +advances laboriously through the calcareous layers alternating with +very slender threads of clay, and schistose beds in plates incrusted +with oyster-shells, the contemporaries of the pre-Adamite oceans. +Sometimes a rivulet suddenly bursts through a vault that has been +begun, and inundates the laborers; or a layer of marl is laid bare, and +rolls down with the fury of a cataract, breaking the stoutest +supporting beams like glass. Quite recently, at Villette, when it +became necessary to pass the collecting sewer under the Saint-Martin +canal without interrupting navigation or emptying the canal, a fissure +appeared in the basin of the canal, water suddenly became abundant in +the subterranean tunnel, which was beyond the power of the pumping +engines; it was necessary to send a diver to explore the fissure which +had been made in the narrow entrance of the grand basin, and it was not +without great difficulty that it was stopped up. Elsewhere near the +Seine, and even at a considerable distance from the river, as for +instance, at Belleville, Grand-Rue and LumiĂšre Passage, quicksands are +encountered in which one sticks fast, and in which a man sinks visibly. +Add suffocation by miasmas, burial by slides, and sudden crumbling of +the earth. Add the typhus, with which the workmen become slowly +impregnated. In our own day, after having excavated the gallery of +Clichy, with a banquette to receive the principal water-conduit of +Ourcq, a piece of work which was executed in a trench ten metres deep; +after having, in the midst of land-slides, and with the aid of +excavations often putrid, and of shoring up, vaulted the BiĂšvre from +the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, as far as the Seine; after having, in order +to deliver Paris from the floods of Montmartre and in order to provide +an outlet for that river-like pool nine hectares in extent, which +crouched near the BarriĂšre des Martyrs, after having, let us state, +constructed the line of sewers from the BarriĂšre Blanche to the road of +Aubervilliers, in four months, working day and night, at a depth of +eleven metres; after having—a thing heretofore unseen—made a +subterranean sewer in the Rue Barre-du-Bec, without a trench, six +metres below the surface, the superintendent, Monnot, died. After +having vaulted three thousand metres of sewer in all quarters of the +city, from the Rue TraversiĂšre-Saint-Antoine to the Rue de l’Ourcine, +after having freed the Carrefour Censier-Mouffetard from inundations of +rain by means of the branch of the ArbalĂšte, after having built the +Saint-Georges sewer, on rock and concrete in the fluid sands, after +having directed the formidable lowering of the flooring of the vault +timber in the Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth branch, Duleau the engineer died. +There are no bulletins for such acts of bravery as these, which are +more useful, nevertheless, than the brutal slaughter of the field of +battle. + +The sewers of Paris in 1832 were far from being what they are to-day. +Bruneseau had given the impulse, but the cholera was required to bring +about the vast reconstruction which took place later on. It is +surprising to say, for example, that in 1821, a part of the belt sewer, +called the Grand Canal, as in Venice, still stood stagnating uncovered +to the sky, in the Rue des Gourdes. It was only in 1821 that the city +of Paris found in its pocket the two hundred and sixty-thousand eighty +francs and six centimes required for covering this mass of filth. The +three absorbing wells, of the Combat, the Cunette, and Saint-MandĂ©, +with their discharging mouths, their apparatus, their cesspools, and +their depuratory branches, only date from 1836. The intestinal sewer of +Paris has been made over anew, and, as we have said, it has been +extended more than tenfold within the last quarter of a century. + +Thirty years ago, at the epoch of the insurrection of the 5th and 6th +of June, it was still, in many localities, nearly the same ancient +sewer. A very great number of streets which are now convex were then +sunken causeways. At the end of a slope, where the tributaries of a +street or crossroads ended, there were often to be seen large, square +gratings with heavy bars, whose iron, polished by the footsteps of the +throng, gleamed dangerous and slippery for vehicles, and caused horses +to fall. The official language of the Roads and Bridges gave to these +gratings the expressive name of _Cassis_.60 + +In 1832, in a number of streets, in the Rue de l’Étoile, the Rue +Saint-Louis, the Rue du Temple, the Rue Vieille-du-Temple, the Rue +Notre-Dame de Nazareth, the Rue Folie-MĂ©ricourt, the Quai aux Fleurs, +the Rue du Petit-Musc, the Rue du Normandie, the Rue Pont-Aux-Biches, +the Rue des Marais, the Faubourg Saint-Martin, the Rue Notre Dame +des-Victoires, the Faubourg Montmartre, the Rue Grange-BateliĂšre, in +the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the Rue Jacob, the Rue de Tournon, the ancient +gothic sewer still cynically displayed its maw. It consisted of +enormous voids of stone catch-basins sometimes surrounded by stone +posts, with monumental effrontery. + +Paris in 1806 still had nearly the same sewers numerically as stated in +1663; five thousand three hundred fathoms. After Bruneseau, on the 1st +of January, 1832, it had forty thousand three hundred metres. Between +1806 and 1831, there had been built, on an average, seven hundred and +fifty metres annually, afterwards eight and even ten thousand metres of +galleries were constructed every year, in masonry, of small stones, +with hydraulic mortar which hardens under water, on a cement +foundation. At two hundred francs the metre, the sixty leagues of +Paris’ sewers of the present day represent forty-eight millions. + +In addition to the economic progress which we have indicated at the +beginning, grave problems of public hygiene are connected with that +immense question: the sewers of Paris. + +Paris is the centre of two sheets, a sheet of water and a sheet of air. +The sheet of water, lying at a tolerably great depth underground, but +already sounded by two bores, is furnished by the layer of green clay +situated between the chalk and the Jurassic lime-stone; this layer may +be represented by a disk five and twenty leagues in circumference; a +multitude of rivers and brooks ooze there; one drinks the Seine, the +Marne, the Yonne, the Oise, the Aisne, the Cher, the Vienne and the +Loire in a glass of water from the well of Grenelle. The sheet of water +is healthy, it comes from heaven in the first place and next from the +earth; the sheet of air is unhealthy, it comes from the sewer. All the +miasms of the cesspool are mingled with the breath of the city; hence +this bad breath. The air taken from above a dung-heap, as has been +scientifically proved, is purer than the air taken from above Paris. In +a given time, with the aid of progress, mechanisms become perfected, +and as light increases, the sheet of water will be employed to purify +the sheet of air; that is to say, to wash the sewer. The reader knows, +that by “washing the sewer” we mean: the restitution of the filth to +the earth; the return to the soil of dung and of manure to the fields. +Through this simple act, the entire social community will experience a +diminution of misery and an augmentation of health. At the present +hour, the radiation of diseases from Paris extends to fifty leagues +around the Louvre, taken as the hub of this pestilential wheel. + +We might say that, for ten centuries, the cesspool has been the disease +of Paris. The sewer is the blemish which Paris has in her blood. The +popular instinct has never been deceived in it. The occupation of +sewermen was formerly almost as perilous, and almost as repugnant to +the people, as the occupation of knacker, which was so long held in +horror and handed over to the executioner. High wages were necessary to +induce a mason to disappear in that fetid mine; the ladder of the +cesspool cleaner hesitated to plunge into it; it was said, in +proverbial form: “to descend into the sewer is to enter the grave;” and +all sorts of hideous legends, as we have said, covered this colossal +sink with terror; a dread sink-hole which bears the traces of the +revolutions of the globe as of the revolutions of man, and where are to +be found vestiges of all cataclysms from the shells of the Deluge to +the rag of Marat. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—MUD BUT THE SOUL + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SEWER AND ITS SURPRISES + + +It was in the sewers of Paris that Jean Valjean found himself. + +Still another resemblance between Paris and the sea. As in the ocean, +the diver may disappear there. + +The transition was an unheard-of one. In the very heart of the city, +Jean Valjean had escaped from the city, and, in the twinkling of an +eye, in the time required to lift the cover and to replace it, he had +passed from broad daylight to complete obscurity, from midday to +midnight, from tumult to silence, from the whirlwind of thunders to the +stagnation of the tomb, and, by a vicissitude far more tremendous even +than that of the Rue Polonceau, from the most extreme peril to the most +absolute obscurity. + +An abrupt fall into a cavern; a disappearance into the secret trap-door +of Paris; to quit that street where death was on every side, for that +sort of sepulchre where there was life, was a strange instant. He +remained for several seconds as though bewildered; listening, +stupefied. The waste-trap of safety had suddenly yawned beneath him. +Celestial goodness had, in a manner, captured him by treachery. +Adorable ambuscades of providence! + +Only, the wounded man did not stir, and Jean Valjean did not know +whether that which he was carrying in that grave was a living being or +a dead corpse. + +His first sensation was one of blindness. All of a sudden, he could see +nothing. It seemed to him too, that, in one instant, he had become +deaf. He no longer heard anything. The frantic storm of murder which +had been let loose a few feet above his head did not reach him, thanks +to the thickness of the earth which separated him from it, as we have +said, otherwise than faintly and indistinctly, and like a rumbling, in +the depths. He felt that the ground was solid under his feet; that was +all; but that was enough. He extended one arm and then the other, +touched the walls on both sides, and perceived that the passage was +narrow; he slipped, and thus perceived that the pavement was wet. He +cautiously put forward one foot, fearing a hole, a sink, some gulf; he +discovered that the paving continued. A gust of fetidness informed him +of the place in which he stood. + +After the lapse of a few minutes, he was no longer blind. A little +light fell through the man-hole through which he had descended, and his +eyes became accustomed to this cavern. He began to distinguish +something. The passage in which he had burrowed—no other word can +better express the situation—was walled in behind him. It was one of +those blind alleys, which the special jargon terms branches. In front +of him there was another wall, a wall like night. The light of the +air-hole died out ten or twelve paces from the point where Jean Valjean +stood, and barely cast a wan pallor on a few metres of the damp walls +of the sewer. Beyond, the opaqueness was massive; to penetrate thither +seemed horrible, an entrance into it appeared like an engulfment. A man +could, however, plunge into that wall of fog and it was necessary so to +do. Haste was even requisite. It occurred to Jean Valjean that the +grating which he had caught sight of under the flag-stones might also +catch the eye of the soldiery, and that everything hung upon this +chance. They also might descend into that well and search it. There was +not a minute to be lost. He had deposited Marius on the ground, he +picked him up again,—that is the real word for it,—placed him on his +shoulders once more, and set out. He plunged resolutely into the gloom. + +The truth is, that they were less safe than Jean Valjean fancied. +Perils of another sort and no less serious were awaiting them, +perchance. After the lightning-charged whirlwind of the combat, the +cavern of miasmas and traps; after chaos, the sewer. Jean Valjean had +fallen from one circle of hell into another. + +When he had advanced fifty paces, he was obliged to halt. A problem +presented itself. The passage terminated in another gut which he +encountered across his path. There two ways presented themselves. Which +should he take? Ought he to turn to the left or to the right? How was +he to find his bearings in that black labyrinth? This labyrinth, to +which we have already called the reader’s attention, has a clue, which +is its slope. To follow to the slope is to arrive at the river. + +This Jean Valjean instantly comprehended. + +He said to himself that he was probably in the sewer des Halles; that +if he were to choose the path to the left and follow the slope, he +would arrive, in less than a quarter of an hour, at some mouth on the +Seine between the Pont au Change and the Pont-Neuf, that is to say, he +would make his appearance in broad daylight on the most densely peopled +spot in Paris. Perhaps he would come out on some man-hole at the +intersection of streets. Amazement of the passers-by at beholding two +bleeding men emerge from the earth at their feet. Arrival of the +police, a call to arms of the neighboring post of guards. Thus they +would be seized before they had even got out. It would be better to +plunge into that labyrinth, to confide themselves to that black gloom, +and to trust to Providence for the outcome. + +He ascended the incline, and turned to the right. + +When he had turned the angle of the gallery, the distant glimmer of an +air-hole disappeared, the curtain of obscurity fell upon him once more, +and he became blind again. Nevertheless, he advanced as rapidly as +possible. Marius’ two arms were passed round his neck, and the former’s +feet dragged behind him. He held both these arms with one hand, and +groped along the wall with the other. Marius’ cheek touched his, and +clung there, bleeding. He felt a warm stream which came from Marius +trickling down upon him and making its way under his clothes. But a +humid warmth near his ear, which the mouth of the wounded man touched, +indicated respiration, and consequently, life. The passage along which +Jean Valjean was now proceeding was not so narrow as the first. Jean +Valjean walked through it with considerable difficulty. The rain of the +preceding day had not, as yet, entirely run off, and it created a +little torrent in the centre of the bottom, and he was forced to hug +the wall in order not to have his feet in the water. + +Thus he proceeded in the gloom. He resembled the beings of the night +groping in the invisible and lost beneath the earth in veins of shadow. + +Still, little by little, whether it was that the distant air-holes +emitted a little wavering light in this opaque gloom, or whether his +eyes had become accustomed to the obscurity, some vague vision returned +to him, and he began once more to gain a confused idea, now of the wall +which he touched, now of the vault beneath which he was passing. The +pupil dilates in the dark, and the soul dilates in misfortune and ends +by finding God there. + +It was not easy to direct his course. + +The line of the sewer re-echoes, so to speak, the line of the streets +which lie above it. There were then in Paris two thousand two hundred +streets. Let the reader imagine himself beneath that forest of gloomy +branches which is called the sewer. The system of sewers existing at +that epoch, placed end to end, would have given a length of eleven +leagues. We have said above, that the actual network, thanks to the +special activity of the last thirty years, was no less than sixty +leagues in extent. + +Jean Valjean began by committing a blunder. He thought that he was +beneath the Rue Saint-Denis, and it was a pity that it was not so. +Under the Rue Saint-Denis there is an old stone sewer which dates from +Louis XIII. and which runs straight to the collecting sewer, called the +Grand Sewer, with but a single elbow, on the right, on the elevation of +the ancient Cour des Miracles, and a single branch, the Saint-Martin +sewer, whose four arms describe a cross. But the gut of the +Petite-Truanderie the entrance to which was in the vicinity of the +Corinthe wine-shop has never communicated with the sewer of the Rue +Saint-Denis; it ended at the Montmartre sewer, and it was in this that +Jean Valjean was entangled. There opportunities of losing oneself +abound. The Montmartre sewer is one of the most labyrinthine of the +ancient network. Fortunately, Jean Valjean had left behind him the +sewer of the markets whose geometrical plan presents the appearance of +a multitude of parrots’ roosts piled on top of each other; but he had +before him more than one embarrassing encounter and more than one +street corner—for they are streets—presenting itself in the gloom like +an interrogation point; first, on his left, the vast sewer of the +PlĂątriĂšre, a sort of Chinese puzzle, thrusting out and entangling its +chaos of Ts and Zs under the Post-Office and under the rotunda of the +Wheat Market, as far as the Seine, where it terminates in a Y; +secondly, on his right, the curving corridor of the Rue du Cadran with +its three teeth, which are also blind courts; thirdly, on his left, the +branch of the Mail, complicated, almost at its inception, with a sort +of fork, and proceeding from zig-zag to zig-zag until it ends in the +grand crypt of the outlet of the Louvre, truncated and ramified in +every direction; and lastly, the blind alley of a passage of the Rue +des JeĂ»neurs, without counting little ducts here and there, before +reaching the belt sewer, which alone could conduct him to some issue +sufficiently distant to be safe. + +Had Jean Valjean had any idea of all that we have here pointed out, he +would speedily have perceived, merely by feeling the wall, that he was +not in the subterranean gallery of the Rue Saint-Denis. Instead of the +ancient stone, instead of the antique architecture, haughty and royal +even in the sewer, with pavement and string courses of granite and +mortar costing eight hundred livres the fathom, he would have felt +under his hand contemporary cheapness, economical expedients, porous +stone filled with mortar on a concrete foundation, which costs two +hundred francs the metre, and the bourgeoise masonry known as _Ă  petits +matĂ©riaux_—small stuff; but of all this he knew nothing. + +He advanced with anxiety, but with calmness, seeing nothing, knowing +nothing, buried in chance, that is to say, engulfed in providence. + +By degrees, we will admit, a certain horror seized upon him. The gloom +which enveloped him penetrated his spirit. He walked in an enigma. This +aqueduct of the sewer is formidable; it interlaces in a dizzy fashion. +It is a melancholy thing to be caught in this Paris of shadows. Jean +Valjean was obliged to find and even to invent his route without seeing +it. In this unknown, every step that he risked might be his last. How +was he to get out? should he find an issue? should he find it in time? +would that colossal subterranean sponge with its stone cavities, allow +itself to be penetrated and pierced? should he there encounter some +unexpected knot in the darkness? should he arrive at the inextricable +and the impassable? would Marius die there of hemorrhage and he of +hunger? should they end by both getting lost, and by furnishing two +skeletons in a nook of that night? He did not know. He put all these +questions to himself without replying to them. The intestines of Paris +form a precipice. Like the prophet, he was in the belly of the monster. + +All at once, he had a surprise. At the most unforeseen moment, and +without having ceased to walk in a straight line, he perceived that he +was no longer ascending; the water of the rivulet was beating against +his heels, instead of meeting him at his toes. The sewer was now +descending. Why? Was he about to arrive suddenly at the Seine? This +danger was a great one, but the peril of retreating was still greater. +He continued to advance. + +It was not towards the Seine that he was proceeding. The ridge which +the soil of Paris forms on its right bank empties one of its watersheds +into the Seine and the other into the Grand Sewer. The crest of this +ridge which determines the division of the waters describes a very +capricious line. The culminating point, which is the point of +separation of the currents, is in the Sainte-Avoye sewer, beyond the +Rue Michel-le-Comte, in the sewer of the Louvre, near the boulevards, +and in the Montmartre sewer, near the Halles. It was this culminating +point that Jean Valjean had reached. He was directing his course +towards the belt sewer; he was on the right path. But he did not know +it. + +Every time that he encountered a branch, he felt of its angles, and if +he found that the opening which presented itself was smaller than the +passage in which he was, he did not enter but continued his route, +rightly judging that every narrower way must needs terminate in a blind +alley, and could only lead him further from his goal, that is to say, +the outlet. Thus he avoided the quadruple trap which was set for him in +the darkness by the four labyrinths which we have just enumerated. + +At a certain moment, he perceived that he was emerging from beneath the +Paris which was petrified by the uprising, where the barricades had +suppressed circulation, and that he was entering beneath the living and +normal Paris. Overhead he suddenly heard a noise as of thunder, distant +but continuous. It was the rumbling of vehicles. + +He had been walking for about half an hour, at least according to the +calculation which he made in his own mind, and he had not yet thought +of rest; he had merely changed the hand with which he was holding +Marius. The darkness was more profound than ever, but its very depth +reassured him. + +All at once, he saw his shadow in front of him. It was outlined on a +faint, almost indistinct reddish glow, which vaguely empurpled the +flooring vault underfoot, and the vault overhead, and gilded to his +right and to his left the two viscous walls of the passage. Stupefied, +he turned round. + +Behind him, in the portion of the passage which he had just passed +through, at a distance which appeared to him immense, piercing the +dense obscurity, flamed a sort of horrible star which had the air of +surveying him. + +It was the gloomy star of the police which was rising in the sewer. + +In the rear of that star eight or ten forms were moving about in a +confused way, black, upright, indistinct, horrible. + + + + +CHAPTER II—EXPLANATION + + +On the day of the sixth of June, a battue of the sewers had been +ordered. It was feared that the vanquished might have taken to them for +refuge, and Prefect Gisquet was to search occult Paris while General +Bugeaud swept public Paris; a double and connected operation which +exacted a double strategy on the part of the public force, represented +above by the army and below by the police. Three squads of agents and +sewermen explored the subterranean drain of Paris, the first on the +right bank, the second on the left bank, the third in the city. The +agents of police were armed with carabines, with bludgeons, swords and +poignards. + +That which was directed at Jean Valjean at that moment, was the lantern +of the patrol of the right bank. + +This patrol had just visited the curving gallery and the three blind +alleys which lie beneath the Rue du Cadran. While they were passing +their lantern through the depths of these blind alleys, Jean Valjean +had encountered on his path the entrance to the gallery, had perceived +that it was narrower than the principal passage and had not penetrated +thither. He had passed on. The police, on emerging from the gallery du +Cadran, had fancied that they heard the sound of footsteps in the +direction of the belt sewer. They were, in fact, the steps of Jean +Valjean. The sergeant in command of the patrol had raised his lantern, +and the squad had begun to gaze into the mist in the direction whence +the sound proceeded. + +This was an indescribable moment for Jean Valjean. + +Happily, if he saw the lantern well, the lantern saw him but ill. It +was light and he was shadow. He was very far off, and mingled with the +darkness of the place. He hugged the wall and halted. Moreover, he did +not understand what it was that was moving behind him. The lack of +sleep and food, and his emotions had caused him also to pass into the +state of a visionary. He beheld a gleam, and around that gleam, forms. +What was it? He did not comprehend. + +Jean Valjean having paused, the sound ceased. + +The men of the patrol listened, and heard nothing, they looked and saw +nothing. They held a consultation. + +There existed at that epoch at this point of the Montmartre sewer a +sort of crossroads called _de service_, which was afterwards +suppressed, on account of the little interior lake which formed there, +swallowing up the torrent of rain in heavy storms. The patrol could +form a cluster in this open space. Jean Valjean saw these spectres form +a sort of circle. These bull-dogs’ heads approached each other closely +and whispered together. + +The result of this council held by the watch dogs was, that they had +been mistaken, that there had been no noise, that it was useless to get +entangled in the belt sewer, that it would only be a waste of time, but +that they ought to hasten towards Saint-Merry; that if there was +anything to do, and any “bousingot” to track out, it was in that +quarter. + +From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word +bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become +obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such +excellent service. + +The sergeant gave orders to turn to the left, towards the watershed of +the Seine. + +If it had occurred to them to separate into two squads, and to go in +both directions, Jean Valjean would have been captured. All hung on +that thread. It is probable that the instructions of the prefecture, +foreseeing a possibility of combat and insurgents in force, had +forbidden the patrol to part company. The patrol resumed its march, +leaving Jean Valjean behind it. Of all this movement, Jean Valjean +perceived nothing, except the eclipse of the lantern which suddenly +wheeled round. + +Before taking his departure, the sergeant, in order to acquit his +policeman’s conscience, discharged his gun in the direction of Jean +Valjean. The detonation rolled from echo to echo in the crypt, like the +rumbling of that titanic entrail. A bit of plaster which fell into the +stream and splashed up the water a few paces away from Jean Valjean, +warned him that the ball had struck the arch over his head. + +Slow and measured steps resounded for some time on the timber work, +gradually dying away as they retreated to a greater distance; the group +of black forms vanished, a glimmer of light oscillated and floated, +communicating to the vault a reddish glow which grew fainter, then +disappeared; the silence became profound once more, the obscurity +became complete, blindness and deafness resumed possession of the +shadows; and Jean Valjean, not daring to stir as yet, remained for a +long time leaning with his back against the wall, with straining ears, +and dilated pupils, watching the disappearance of that phantom patrol. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE “SPUN” MAN + + +This justice must be rendered to the police of that period, that even +in the most serious public junctures, it imperturbably fulfilled its +duties connected with the sewers and surveillance. A revolt was, in its +eyes, no pretext for allowing malefactors to take the bit in their own +mouths, and for neglecting society for the reason that the government +was in peril. The ordinary service was performed correctly in company +with the extraordinary service, and was not troubled by the latter. In +the midst of an incalculable political event already begun, under the +pressure of a possible revolution, a police agent, “spun” a thief +without allowing himself to be distracted by insurrection and +barricades. + +It was something precisely parallel which took place on the afternoon +of the 6th of June on the banks of the Seine, on the slope of the right +shore, a little beyond the Pont des Invalides. + +There is no longer any bank there now. The aspect of the locality has +changed. + +On that bank, two men, separated by a certain distance, seemed to be +watching each other while mutually avoiding each other. The one who was +in advance was trying to get away, the one in the rear was trying to +overtake the other. + +It was like a game of checkers played at a distance and in silence. +Neither seemed to be in any hurry, and both walked slowly, as though +each of them feared by too much haste to make his partner redouble his +pace. + +One would have said that it was an appetite following its prey, and +purposely without wearing the air of doing so. The prey was crafty and +on its guard. + +The proper relations between the hunted pole-cat and the hunting dog +were observed. The one who was seeking to escape had an insignificant +mien and not an impressive appearance; the one who was seeking to seize +him was rude of aspect, and must have been rude to encounter. + +The first, conscious that he was the more feeble, avoided the second; +but he avoided him in a manner which was deeply furious; any one who +could have observed him would have discerned in his eyes the sombre +hostility of flight, and all the menace that fear contains. + +The shore was deserted; there were no passers-by; not even a boatman +nor a lighter-man was in the skiffs which were moored here and there. + +It was not easy to see these two men, except from the quay opposite, +and to any person who had scrutinized them at that distance, the man +who was in advance would have appeared like a bristling, tattered, and +equivocal being, who was uneasy and trembling beneath a ragged blouse, +and the other like a classic and official personage, wearing the +frock-coat of authority buttoned to the chin. + +Perchance the reader might recognize these two men, if he were to see +them closer at hand. + +What was the object of the second man? + +Probably to succeed in clothing the first more warmly. + +When a man clothed by the state pursues a man in rags, it is in order +to make of him a man who is also clothed by the state. Only, the whole +question lies in the color. To be dressed in blue is glorious; to be +dressed in red is disagreeable. + +There is a purple from below. + +It is probably some unpleasantness and some purple of this sort which +the first man is desirous of shirking. + +If the other allowed him to walk on, and had not seized him as yet, it +was, judging from all appearances, in the hope of seeing him lead up to +some significant meeting-place and to some group worth catching. This +delicate operation is called “spinning.” + + +What renders this conjecture entirely probable is that the buttoned-up +man, on catching sight from the shore of a hackney-coach on the quay as +it was passing along empty, made a sign to the driver; the driver +understood, evidently recognized the person with whom he had to deal, +turned about and began to follow the two men at the top of the quay, at +a foot-pace. This was not observed by the slouching and tattered +personage who was in advance. + +The hackney-coach rolled along the trees of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. The +bust of the driver, whip in hand, could be seen moving along above the +parapet. + +One of the secret instructions of the police authorities to their +agents contains this article: “Always have on hand a hackney-coach, in +case of emergency.” + + +While these two men were manƓuvring, each on his own side, with +irreproachable strategy, they approached an inclined plane on the quay +which descended to the shore, and which permitted cab-drivers arriving +from Passy to come to the river and water their horses. This inclined +plane was suppressed later on, for the sake of symmetry; horses may die +of thirst, but the eye is gratified. + +It is probable that the man in the blouse had intended to ascend this +inclined plane, with a view to making his escape into the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, a place ornamented with trees, but, in return, much +infested with policemen, and where the other could easily exercise +violence. + +This point on the quay is not very far distant from the house brought +to Paris from Moret in 1824, by Colonel Brack, and designated as “the +house of François I.” A guard house is situated close at hand. + +To the great surprise of his watcher, the man who was being tracked did +not mount by the inclined plane for watering. He continued to advance +along the quay on the shore. + +His position was visibly becoming critical. + +What was he intending to do, if not to throw himself into the Seine? + +Henceforth, there existed no means of ascending to the quay; there was +no other inclined plane, no staircase; and they were near the spot, +marked by the bend in the Seine towards the Pont de JĂ©na, where the +bank, growing constantly narrower, ended in a slender tongue, and was +lost in the water. There he would inevitably find himself blocked +between the perpendicular wall on his right, the river on his left and +in front of him, and the authorities on his heels. + +It is true that this termination of the shore was hidden from sight by +a heap of rubbish six or seven feet in height, produced by some +demolition or other. But did this man hope to conceal himself +effectually behind that heap of rubbish, which one need but skirt? The +expedient would have been puerile. He certainly was not dreaming of +such a thing. The innocence of thieves does not extend to that point. + +The pile of rubbish formed a sort of projection at the water’s edge, +which was prolonged in a promontory as far as the wall of the quay. + +The man who was being followed arrived at this little mound and went +round it, so that he ceased to be seen by the other. + +The latter, as he did not see, could not be seen; he took advantage of +this fact to abandon all dissimulation and to walk very rapidly. In a +few moments, he had reached the rubbish heap and passed round it. There +he halted in sheer amazement. The man whom he had been pursuing was no +longer there. + +Total eclipse of the man in the blouse. + +The shore, beginning with the rubbish heap, was only about thirty paces +long, then it plunged into the water which beat against the wall of the +quay. The fugitive could not have thrown himself into the Seine without +being seen by the man who was following him. What had become of him? + +The man in the buttoned-up coat walked to the extremity of the shore, +and remained there in thought for a moment, his fists clenched, his +eyes searching. All at once he smote his brow. He had just perceived, +at the point where the land came to an end and the water began, a large +iron grating, low, arched, garnished with a heavy lock and with three +massive hinges. This grating, a sort of door pierced at the base of the +quay, opened on the river as well as on the shore. A blackish stream +passed under it. This stream discharged into the Seine. + +Beyond the heavy, rusty iron bars, a sort of dark and vaulted corridor +could be descried. The man folded his arms and stared at the grating +with an air of reproach. + +As this gaze did not suffice, he tried to thrust it aside; he shook it, +it resisted solidly. It is probable that it had just been opened, +although no sound had been heard, a singular circumstance in so rusty a +grating; but it is certain that it had been closed again. This +indicated that the man before whom that door had just opened had not a +hook but a key. + +This evidence suddenly burst upon the mind of the man who was trying to +move the grating, and evoked from him this indignant ejaculation: + +“That is too much! A government key!” + + +Then, immediately regaining his composure, he expressed a whole world +of interior ideas by this outburst of monosyllables accented almost +ironically: “Come! Come! Come! Come!” + + +That said, and in the hope of something or other, either that he should +see the man emerge or other men enter, he posted himself on the watch +behind a heap of rubbish, with the patient rage of a pointer. + +The hackney-coach, which regulated all its movements on his, had, in +its turn, halted on the quay above him, close to the parapet. The +coachman, foreseeing a prolonged wait, encased his horses’ muzzles in +the bag of oats which is damp at the bottom, and which is so familiar +to Parisians, to whom, be it said in parenthesis, the Government +sometimes applies it. The rare passers-by on the Pont de JĂ©na turned +their heads, before they pursued their way, to take a momentary glance +at these two motionless items in the landscape, the man on the shore, +the carriage on the quay. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—HE ALSO BEARS HIS CROSS + + +Jean Valjean had resumed his march and had not again paused. + +This march became more and more laborious. The level of these vaults +varies; the average height is about five feet, six inches, and has been +calculated for the stature of a man; Jean Valjean was forced to bend +over, in order not to strike Marius against the vault; at every step he +had to bend, then to rise, and to feel incessantly of the wall. The +moisture of the stones, and the viscous nature of the timber framework +furnished but poor supports to which to cling, either for hand or foot. +He stumbled along in the hideous dung-heap of the city. The +intermittent gleams from the air-holes only appeared at very long +intervals, and were so wan that the full sunlight seemed like the light +of the moon; all the rest was mist, miasma, opaqueness, blackness. Jean +Valjean was both hungry and thirsty; especially thirsty; and this, like +the sea, was a place full of water where a man cannot drink. His +strength, which was prodigious, as the reader knows, and which had been +but little decreased by age, thanks to his chaste and sober life, began +to give way, nevertheless. Fatigue began to gain on him; and as his +strength decreased, it made the weight of his burden increase. Marius, +who was, perhaps, dead, weighed him down as inert bodies weigh. Jean +Valjean held him in such a manner that his chest was not oppressed, and +so that respiration could proceed as well as possible. Between his legs +he felt the rapid gliding of the rats. One of them was frightened to +such a degree that he bit him. From time to time, a breath of fresh air +reached him through the vent-holes of the mouths of the sewer, and +reanimated him. + +It might have been three hours past midday when he reached the +belt-sewer. + +He was, at first, astonished at this sudden widening. He found himself, +all at once, in a gallery where his outstretched hands could not reach +the two walls, and beneath a vault which his head did not touch. The +Grand Sewer is, in fact, eight feet wide and seven feet high. + +At the point where the Montmartre sewer joins the Grand Sewer, two +other subterranean galleries, that of the Rue de Provence, and that of +the Abattoir, form a square. Between these four ways, a less sagacious +man would have remained undecided. Jean Valjean selected the broadest, +that is to say, the belt-sewer. But here the question again came +up—should he descend or ascend? He thought that the situation required +haste, and that he must now gain the Seine at any risk. In other terms, +he must descend. He turned to the left. + +It was well that he did so, for it is an error to suppose that the +belt-sewer has two outlets, the one in the direction of Bercy, the +other towards Passy, and that it is, as its name indicates, the +subterranean girdle of the Paris on the right bank. The Grand Sewer, +which is, it must be remembered, nothing else than the old brook of +MĂ©nilmontant, terminates, if one ascends it, in a blind sack, that is +to say, at its ancient point of departure which was its source, at the +foot of the knoll of MĂ©nilmontant. There is no direct communication +with the branch which collects the waters of Paris beginning with the +Quartier Popincourt, and which falls into the Seine through the Amelot +sewer above the ancient Isle Louviers. This branch, which completes the +collecting sewer, is separated from it, under the Rue MĂ©nilmontant +itself, by a pile which marks the dividing point of the waters, between +upstream and downstream. If Jean Valjean had ascended the gallery he +would have arrived, after a thousand efforts, and broken down with +fatigue, and in an expiring condition, in the gloom, at a wall. He +would have been lost. + +In case of necessity, by retracing his steps a little way, and entering +the passage of the Filles-du-Calvaire, on condition that he did not +hesitate at the subterranean crossing of the Carrefour Boucherat, and +by taking the corridor Saint-Louis, then the Saint-Gilles gut on the +left, then turning to the right and avoiding the Saint-Sebastian +gallery, he might have reached the Amelot sewer, and thence, provided +that he did not go astray in the sort of F which lies under the +Bastille, he might have attained the outlet on the Seine near the +Arsenal. But in order to do this, he must have been thoroughly familiar +with the enormous madrepore of the sewer in all its ramifications and +in all its openings. Now, we must again insist that he knew nothing of +that frightful drain which he was traversing; and had any one asked him +in what he was, he would have answered: “In the night.” + + +His instinct served him well. To descend was, in fact, possible safety. + +He left on his right the two narrow passages which branch out in the +form of a claw under the Rue Laffitte and the Rue Saint-Georges and the +long, bifurcated corridor of the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin. + +A little beyond an affluent, which was, probably, the Madeleine branch, +he halted. He was extremely weary. A passably large air-hole, probably +the man-hole in the Rue d’Anjou, furnished a light that was almost +vivid. Jean Valjean, with the gentleness of movement which a brother +would exercise towards his wounded brother, deposited Marius on the +banquette of the sewer. Marius’ blood-stained face appeared under the +wan light of the air-hole like the ashes at the bottom of a tomb. His +eyes were closed, his hair was plastered down on his temples like a +painter’s brushes dried in red wash; his hands hung limp and dead. A +clot of blood had collected in the knot of his cravat; his limbs were +cold, and blood was clotted at the corners of his mouth; his shirt had +thrust itself into his wounds, the cloth of his coat was chafing the +yawning gashes in the living flesh. Jean Valjean, pushing aside the +garments with the tips of his fingers, laid his hand upon Marius’ +breast; his heart was still beating. Jean Valjean tore up his shirt, +bandaged the young man’s wounds as well as he was able and stopped the +flowing blood; then bending over Marius, who still lay unconscious and +almost without breathing, in that half light, he gazed at him with +inexpressible hatred. + +On disarranging Marius’ garments, he had found two things in his +pockets, the roll which had been forgotten there on the preceding +evening, and Marius’ pocketbook. He ate the roll and opened the +pocketbook. On the first page he found the four lines written by +Marius. The reader will recall them: + +“My name is Marius Pontmercy. Carry my body to my grandfather, M. +Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the Marais.” + + +Jean Valjean read these four lines by the light of the air-hole, and +remained for a moment as though absorbed in thought, repeating in a low +tone: “Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, number 6, Monsieur Gillenormand.” He +replaced the pocketbook in Marius’ pocket. He had eaten, his strength +had returned to him; he took Marius up once more upon his back, placed +the latter’s head carefully on his right shoulder, and resumed his +descent of the sewer. + +The Grand Sewer, directed according to the course of the valley of +MĂ©nilmontant, is about two leagues long. It is paved throughout a +notable portion of its extent. + +This torch of the names of the streets of Paris, with which we are +illuminating for the reader Jean Valjean’s subterranean march, Jean +Valjean himself did not possess. Nothing told him what zone of the city +he was traversing, nor what way he had made. Only the growing pallor of +the pools of light which he encountered from time to time indicated to +him that the sun was withdrawing from the pavement, and that the day +would soon be over; and the rolling of vehicles overhead, having become +intermittent instead of continuous, then having almost ceased, he +concluded that he was no longer under central Paris, and that he was +approaching some solitary region, in the vicinity of the outer +boulevards, or the extreme outer quays. Where there are fewer houses +and streets, the sewer has fewer air-holes. The gloom deepened around +Jean Valjean. Nevertheless, he continued to advance, groping his way in +the dark. + +Suddenly this darkness became terrible. + + + + +CHAPTER V—IN THE CASE OF SAND AS IN THAT OF WOMAN, THERE IS A FINENESS +WHICH IS TREACHEROUS + + +He felt that he was entering the water, and that he no longer had a +pavement under his feet, but only mud. + +It sometimes happens, that on certain shores of Bretagne or Scotland a +man, either a traveller or a fisherman, while walking at low tide on +the beach far from shore, suddenly notices that for several minutes +past, he has been walking with some difficulty. The beach under foot is +like pitch; his soles stick fast to it; it is no longer sand, it is +bird-lime. The strand is perfectly dry, but at every step that he +takes, as soon as the foot is raised, the print is filled with water. +The eye, however, has perceived no change; the immense beach is smooth +and tranquil, all the sand has the same aspect, nothing distinguishes +the soil that is solid from that which is not solid; the joyous little +cloud of sand-lice continues to leap tumultuously under the feet of the +passer-by. + +The man pursues his way, he walks on, turns towards the land, endeavors +to approach the shore. He is not uneasy. Uneasy about what? Only he is +conscious that the heaviness of his feet seems to be increasing at +every step that he takes. All at once he sinks in. He sinks in two or +three inches. Decidedly, he is not on the right road; he halts to get +his bearings. Suddenly he glances at his feet; his feet have +disappeared. The sand has covered them. He draws his feet out of the +sand, he tries to retrace his steps, he turns back, he sinks in more +deeply than before. The sand is up to his ankles, he tears himself free +from it and flings himself to the left, the sand reaches to mid-leg, he +flings himself to the right, the sand comes up to his knees. Then, with +indescribable terror, he recognizes the fact that he is caught in a +quicksand, and that he has beneath him that frightful medium in which +neither man can walk nor fish can swim. He flings away his burden, if +he have one, he lightens himself, like a ship in distress; it is too +late, the sand is above his knees. + +He shouts, he waves his hat, or his handkerchief, the sand continually +gains on him; if the beach is deserted, if the land is too far away, if +the bank of sand is too ill-famed, there is no hero in the +neighborhood, all is over, he is condemned to be engulfed. He is +condemned to that terrible interment, long, infallible, implacable, +which it is impossible to either retard or hasten, which lasts for +hours, which will not come to an end, which seizes you erect, free, in +the flush of health, which drags you down by the feet, which, at every +effort that you attempt, at every shout that you utter, draws you a +little lower, which has the air of punishing you for your resistance by +a redoubled grasp, which forces a man to return slowly to earth, while +leaving him time to survey the horizon, the trees, the verdant country, +the smoke of the villages on the plain, the sails of the ships on the +sea, the birds which fly and sing, the sun and the sky. This engulfment +is the sepulchre which assumes a tide, and which mounts from the depths +of the earth towards a living man. Each minute is an inexorable +layer-out of the dead. The wretched man tries to sit down, to lie down, +to climb; every movement that he makes buries him deeper; he +straightens himself up, he sinks; he feels that he is being swallowed +up; he shrieks, implores, cries to the clouds, wrings his hands, grows +desperate. Behold him in the sand up to his belly, the sand reaches to +his breast, he is only a bust now. He uplifts his hands, utters furious +groans, clenches his nails on the beach, tries to cling fast to that +ashes, supports himself on his elbows in order to raise himself from +that soft sheath, and sobs frantically; the sand mounts higher. The +sand has reached his shoulders, the sand reaches to his throat; only +his face is visible now. His mouth cries aloud, the sand fills it; +silence. His eyes still gaze forth, the sand closes them, night. Then +his brow decreases, a little hair quivers above the sand; a hand +projects, pierces the surface of the beach, waves and disappears. +Sinister obliteration of a man. + +Sometimes a rider is engulfed with his horse; sometimes the carter is +swallowed up with his cart; all founders in that strand. It is +shipwreck elsewhere than in the water. It is the earth drowning a man. +The earth, permeated with the ocean, becomes a pitfall. It presents +itself in the guise of a plain, and it yawns like a wave. The abyss is +subject to these treacheries. + +This melancholy fate, always possible on certain sea beaches, was also +possible, thirty years ago, in the sewers of Paris. + +Before the important works, undertaken in 1833, the subterranean drain +of Paris was subject to these sudden slides. + +The water filtered into certain subjacent strata, which were +particularly friable; the foot-way, which was of flag-stones, as in the +ancient sewers, or of cement on concrete, as in the new galleries, +having no longer an underpinning, gave way. A fold in a flooring of +this sort means a crack, means crumbling. The framework crumbled away +for a certain length. This crevice, the hiatus of a gulf of mire, was +called a _fontis_, in the special tongue. What is a _fontis?_ It is the +quicksands of the seashore suddenly encountered under the surface of +the earth; it is the beach of Mont Saint-Michel in a sewer. The soaked +soil is in a state of fusion, as it were; all its molecules are in +suspension in soft medium; it is not earth and it is not water. The +depth is sometimes very great. Nothing can be more formidable than such +an encounter. If the water predominates, death is prompt, the man is +swallowed up; if earth predominates, death is slow. + +Can any one picture to himself such a death? If being swallowed by the +earth is terrible on the seashore, what is it in a cesspool? Instead of +the open air, the broad daylight, the clear horizon, those vast sounds, +those free clouds whence rains life, instead of those barks descried in +the distance, of that hope under all sorts of forms, of probable +passers-by, of succor possible up to the very last moment,—instead of +all this, deafness, blindness, a black vault, the inside of a tomb +already prepared, death in the mire beneath a cover! slow suffocation +by filth, a stone box where asphyxia opens its claw in the mire and +clutches you by the throat; fetidness mingled with the death-rattle; +slime instead of the strand, sulfuretted hydrogen in place of the +hurricane, dung in place of the ocean! And to shout, to gnash one’s +teeth, and to writhe, and to struggle, and to agonize, with that +enormous city which knows nothing of it all, over one’s head! + +Inexpressible is the horror of dying thus! Death sometimes redeems his +atrocity by a certain terrible dignity. On the funeral pile, in +shipwreck, one can be great; in the flames as in the foam, a superb +attitude is possible; one there becomes transfigured as one perishes. +But not here. Death is filthy. It is humiliating to expire. The supreme +floating visions are abject. Mud is synonymous with shame. It is petty, +ugly, infamous. To die in a butt of Malvoisie, like Clarence, is +permissible; in the ditch of a scavenger, like Escoubleau, is horrible. +To struggle therein is hideous; at the same time that one is going +through the death agony, one is floundering about. There are shadows +enough for hell, and mire enough to render it nothing but a slough, and +the dying man knows not whether he is on the point of becoming a +spectre or a frog. + +Everywhere else the sepulchre is sinister; here it is deformed. + +The depth of the _fontis_ varied, as well as their length and their +density, according to the more or less bad quality of the sub-soil. +Sometimes a _fontis_ was three or four feet deep, sometimes eight or +ten; sometimes the bottom was unfathomable. Here the mire was almost +solid, there almost liquid. In the LuniĂšre fontis, it would have taken +a man a day to disappear, while he would have been devoured in five +minutes by the Philippeaux slough. The mire bears up more or less, +according to its density. A child can escape where a man will perish. +The first law of safety is to get rid of every sort of load. Every +sewerman who felt the ground giving way beneath him began by flinging +away his sack of tools, or his back-basket, or his hod. + +The fontis were due to different causes: the friability of the soil; +some landslip at a depth beyond the reach of man; the violent summer +rains; the incessant flooding of winter; long, drizzling showers. +Sometimes the weight of the surrounding houses on a marly or sandy soil +forced out the vaults of the subterranean galleries and caused them to +bend aside, or it chanced that a flooring vault burst and split under +this crushing thrust. In this manner, the heaping up of the ParthĂ©non, +obliterated, a century ago, a portion of the vaults of Saint-GeneviĂšve +hill. When a sewer was broken in under the pressure of the houses, the +mischief was sometimes betrayed in the street above by a sort of space, +like the teeth of a saw, between the paving-stones; this crevice was +developed in an undulating line throughout the entire length of the +cracked vault, and then, the evil being visible, the remedy could be +promptly applied. It also frequently happened, that the interior +ravages were not revealed by any external scar, and in that case, woe +to the sewermen. When they entered without precaution into the sewer, +they were liable to be lost. Ancient registers make mention of several +scavengers who were buried in fontis in this manner. They give many +names; among others, that of the sewerman who was swallowed up in a +quagmire under the man-hole of the Rue CarĂȘme-Prenant, a certain Blaise +Poutrain; this Blaise Poutrain was the brother of Nicholas Poutrain, +who was the last grave-digger of the cemetery called the Charnier des +Innocents, in 1785, the epoch when that cemetery expired. + +There was also that young and charming Vicomte d’Escoubleau, of whom we +have just spoken, one of the heroes of the siege of LĂ©rida, where they +delivered the assault in silk stockings, with violins at their head. +D’Escoubleau, surprised one night at his cousin’s, the Duchesse de +Sourdis’, was drowned in a quagmire of the Beautreillis sewer, in which +he had taken refuge in order to escape from the Duke. Madame de +Sourdis, when informed of his death, demanded her smelling-bottle, and +forgot to weep, through sniffling at her salts. In such cases, there is +no love which holds fast; the sewer extinguishes it. Hero refuses to +wash the body of Leander. Thisbe stops her nose in the presence of +Pyramus and says: “Phew!” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE FONTIS + + +Jean Valjean found himself in the presence of a fontis. + +This sort of quagmire was common at that period in the subsoil of the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, difficult to handle in the hydraulic works and a bad +preservative of the subterranean constructions, on account of its +excessive fluidity. This fluidity exceeds even the inconsistency of the +sands of the Quartier Saint-Georges, which could only be conquered by a +stone construction on a concrete foundation, and the clayey strata, +infected with gas, of the Quartier des Martyrs, which are so liquid +that the only way in which a passage was effected under the gallery des +Martyrs was by means of a cast-iron pipe. When, in 1836, the old stone +sewer beneath the Faubourg Saint-HonorĂ©, in which we now see Jean +Valjean, was demolished for the purpose of reconstructing it, the +quicksand, which forms the subsoil of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es as far as the +Seine, presented such an obstacle, that the operation lasted nearly six +months, to the great clamor of the dwellers on the riverside, +particularly those who had hotels and carriages. The work was more than +unhealthy; it was dangerous. It is true that they had four months and a +half of rain, and three floods of the Seine. + +The fontis which Jean Valjean had encountered was caused by the +downpour of the preceding day. The pavement, badly sustained by the +subjacent sand, had given way and had produced a stoppage of the water. +Infiltration had taken place, a slip had followed. The dislocated +bottom had sunk into the ooze. To what extent? Impossible to say. The +obscurity was more dense there than elsewhere. It was a pit of mire in +a cavern of night. + +Jean Valjean felt the pavement vanishing beneath his feet. He entered +this slime. There was water on the surface, slime at the bottom. He +must pass it. To retrace his steps was impossible. Marius was dying, +and Jean Valjean exhausted. Besides, where was he to go? Jean Valjean +advanced. Moreover, the pit seemed, for the first few steps, not to be +very deep. But in proportion as he advanced, his feet plunged deeper. +Soon he had the slime up to his calves and water above his knees. He +walked on, raising Marius in his arms, as far above the water as he +could. The mire now reached to his knees, and the water to his waist. +He could no longer retreat. This mud, dense enough for one man, could +not, obviously, uphold two. Marius and Jean Valjean would have stood a +chance of extricating themselves singly. Jean Valjean continued to +advance, supporting the dying man, who was, perhaps, a corpse. + +The water came up to his arm-pits; he felt that he was sinking; it was +only with difficulty that he could move in the depth of ooze which he +had now reached. The density, which was his support, was also an +obstacle. He still held Marius on high, and with an unheard-of +expenditure of force, he advanced still; but he was sinking. He had +only his head above the water now and his two arms holding up Marius. +In the old paintings of the deluge there is a mother holding her child +thus. + +He sank still deeper, he turned his face to the rear, to escape the +water, and in order that he might be able to breathe; anyone who had +seen him in that gloom would have thought that what he beheld was a +mask floating on the shadows; he caught a faint glimpse above him of +the drooping head and livid face of Marius; he made a desperate effort +and launched his foot forward; his foot struck something solid; a point +of support. It was high time. + +He straightened himself up, and rooted himself upon that point of +support with a sort of fury. This produced upon him the effect of the +first step in a staircase leading back to life. + +The point of support, thus encountered in the mire at the supreme +moment, was the beginning of the other watershed of the pavement, which +had bent but had not given way, and which had curved under the water +like a plank and in a single piece. Well built pavements form a vault +and possess this sort of firmness. This fragment of the vaulting, +partly submerged, but solid, was a veritable inclined plane, and, once +on this plane, he was safe. Jean Valjean mounted this inclined plane +and reached the other side of the quagmire. + +As he emerged from the water, he came in contact with a stone and fell +upon his knees. He reflected that this was but just, and he remained +there for some time, with his soul absorbed in words addressed to God. + +He rose to his feet, shivering, chilled, foul-smelling, bowed beneath +the dying man whom he was dragging after him, all dripping with slime, +and his soul filled with a strange light. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—ONE SOMETIMES RUNS AGROUND WHEN ONE FANCIES THAT ONE IS +DISEMBARKING + + +He set out on his way once more. + +However, although he had not left his life in the fontis, he seemed to +have left his strength behind him there. That supreme effort had +exhausted him. His lassitude was now such that he was obliged to pause +for breath every three or four steps, and lean against the wall. Once +he was forced to seat himself on the banquette in order to alter +Marius’ position, and he thought that he should have to remain there. +But if his vigor was dead, his energy was not. He rose again. + +He walked on desperately, almost fast, proceeded thus for a hundred +paces, almost without drawing breath, and suddenly came in contact with +the wall. He had reached an elbow of the sewer, and, arriving at the +turn with head bent down, he had struck the wall. He raised his eyes, +and at the extremity of the vault, far, very far away in front of him, +he perceived a light. This time it was not that terrible light; it was +good, white light. It was daylight. Jean Valjean saw the outlet. + +A damned soul, who, in the midst of the furnace, should suddenly +perceive the outlet of Gehenna, would experience what Jean Valjean +felt. It would fly wildly with the stumps of its burned wings towards +that radiant portal. Jean Valjean was no longer conscious of fatigue, +he no longer felt Marius’ weight, he found his legs once more of steel, +he ran rather than walked. As he approached, the outlet became more and +more distinctly defined. It was a pointed arch, lower than the vault, +which gradually narrowed, and narrower than the gallery, which closed +in as the vault grew lower. The tunnel ended like the interior of a +funnel; a faulty construction, imitated from the wickets of +penitentiaries, logical in a prison, illogical in a sewer, and which +has since been corrected. + +Jean Valjean reached the outlet. + +There he halted. + +It certainly was the outlet, but he could not get out. + +The arch was closed by a heavy grating, and the grating, which, to all +appearance, rarely swung on its rusty hinges, was clamped to its stone +jamb by a thick lock, which, red with rust, seemed like an enormous +brick. The keyhole could be seen, and the robust latch, deeply sunk in +the iron staple. The door was plainly double-locked. It was one of +those prison locks which old Paris was so fond of lavishing. + +Beyond the grating was the open air, the river, the daylight, the +shore, very narrow but sufficient for escape. The distant quays, Paris, +that gulf in which one so easily hides oneself, the broad horizon, +liberty. On the right, downstream, the bridge of JĂ©na was discernible, +on the left, upstream, the bridge of the Invalides; the place would +have been a propitious one in which to await the night and to escape. +It was one of the most solitary points in Paris; the shore which faces +the Grand-Caillou. Flies were entering and emerging through the bars of +the grating. + +It might have been half-past eight o’clock in the evening. The day was +declining. + +Jean Valjean laid Marius down along the wall, on the dry portion of the +vaulting, then he went to the grating and clenched both fists round the +bars; the shock which he gave it was frenzied, but it did not move. The +grating did not stir. Jean Valjean seized the bars one after the other, +in the hope that he might be able to tear away the least solid, and to +make of it a lever wherewith to raise the door or to break the lock. +Not a bar stirred. The teeth of a tiger are not more firmly fixed in +their sockets. No lever; no prying possible. The obstacle was +invincible. There was no means of opening the gate. + +Must he then stop there? What was he to do? What was to become of him? +He had not the strength to retrace his steps, to recommence the journey +which he had already taken. Besides, how was he to again traverse that +quagmire whence he had only extricated himself as by a miracle? And +after the quagmire, was there not the police patrol, which assuredly +could not be twice avoided? And then, whither was he to go? What +direction should he pursue? To follow the incline would not conduct him +to his goal. If he were to reach another outlet, he would find it +obstructed by a plug or a grating. Every outlet was, undoubtedly, +closed in that manner. Chance had unsealed the grating through which he +had entered, but it was evident that all the other sewer mouths were +barred. He had only succeeded in escaping into a prison. + +All was over. Everything that Jean Valjean had done was useless. +Exhaustion had ended in failure. + +They were both caught in the immense and gloomy web of death, and Jean +Valjean felt the terrible spider running along those black strands and +quivering in the shadows. He turned his back to the grating, and fell +upon the pavement, hurled to earth rather than seated, close to Marius, +who still made no movement, and with his head bent between his knees. +This was the last drop of anguish. + +Of what was he thinking during this profound depression? Neither of +himself nor of Marius. He was thinking of Cosette. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE TORN COAT-TAIL + + +In the midst of this prostration, a hand was laid on his shoulder, and +a low voice said to him: + +“Half shares.” + + +Some person in that gloom? Nothing so closely resembles a dream as +despair. Jean Valjean thought that he was dreaming. He had heard no +footsteps. Was it possible? He raised his eyes. + +A man stood before him. + +This man was clad in a blouse; his feet were bare; he held his shoes in +his left hand; he had evidently removed them in order to reach Jean +Valjean, without allowing his steps to be heard. + +Jean Valjean did not hesitate for an instant. Unexpected as was this +encounter, this man was known to him. The man was ThĂ©nardier. + +Although awakened, so to speak, with a start, Jean Valjean, accustomed +to alarms, and steeled to unforeseen shocks that must be promptly +parried, instantly regained possession of his presence of mind. +Moreover, the situation could not be made worse, a certain degree of +distress is no longer capable of a crescendo, and ThĂ©nardier himself +could add nothing to this blackness of this night. + +A momentary pause ensued. + +ThĂ©nardier, raising his right hand to a level with his forehead, formed +with it a shade, then he brought his eyelashes together, by screwing up +his eyes, a motion which, in connection with a slight contraction of +the mouth, characterizes the sagacious attention of a man who is +endeavoring to recognize another man. He did not succeed. Jean Valjean, +as we have just stated, had his back turned to the light, and he was, +moreover, so disfigured, so bemired, so bleeding that he would have +been unrecognizable in full noonday. On the contrary, illuminated by +the light from the grating, a cellar light, it is true, livid, yet +precise in its lividness, ThĂ©nardier, as the energetic popular metaphor +expresses it, immediately “leaped into” Jean Valjean’s eyes. This +inequality of conditions sufficed to assure some advantage to Jean +Valjean in that mysterious duel which was on the point of beginning +between the two situations and the two men. The encounter took place +between Jean Valjean veiled and ThĂ©nardier unmasked. + +Jean Valjean immediately perceived that ThĂ©nardier did not recognize +him. + +They surveyed each other for a moment in that half-gloom, as though +taking each other’s measure. ThĂ©nardier was the first to break the +silence. + +“How are you going to manage to get out?” + + +Jean Valjean made no reply. ThĂ©nardier continued: + +“It’s impossible to pick the lock of that gate. But still you must get +out of this.” + + +“That is true,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Well, half shares then.” + + +“What do you mean by that?” + + +“You have killed that man; that’s all right. I have the key.” + + +ThĂ©nardier pointed to Marius. He went on: + +“I don’t know you, but I want to help you. You must be a friend.” + + +Jean Valjean began to comprehend. ThĂ©nardier took him for an assassin. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed: + +“Listen, comrade. You didn’t kill that man without looking to see what +he had in his pockets. Give me my half. I’ll open the door for you.” + + +And half drawing from beneath his tattered blouse a huge key, he added: + +“Do you want to see how a key to liberty is made? Look here.” + + +Jean Valjean “remained stupid”—the expression belongs to the elder +Corneille—to such a degree that he doubted whether what he beheld was +real. It was Providence appearing in horrible guise, and his good angel +springing from the earth in the form of ThĂ©nardier. + +ThĂ©nardier thrust his fist into a large pocket concealed under his +blouse, drew out a rope and offered it to Jean Valjean. + +“Hold on,” said he, “I’ll give you the rope to boot.” + + +“What is the rope for?” + + +“You will need a stone also, but you can find one outside. There’s a +heap of rubbish.” + + +“What am I to do with a stone?” + + +“Idiot, you’ll want to sling that stiff into the river, you’ll need a +stone and a rope, otherwise it would float on the water.” + + +Jean Valjean took the rope. There is no one who does not occasionally +accept in this mechanical way. + +ThĂ©nardier snapped his fingers as though an idea had suddenly occurred +to him. + +“Ah, see here, comrade, how did you contrive to get out of that slough +yonder? I haven’t dared to risk myself in it. Phew! you don’t smell +good.” + + +After a pause he added: + +“I’m asking you questions, but you’re perfectly right not to answer. +It’s an apprenticeship against that cursed quarter of an hour before +the examining magistrate. And then, when you don’t talk at all, you run +no risk of talking too loud. That’s no matter, as I can’t see your face +and as I don’t know your name, you are wrong in supposing that I don’t +know who you are and what you want. I twig. You’ve broken up that +gentleman a bit; now you want to tuck him away somewhere. The river, +that great hider of folly, is what you want. I’ll get you out of your +scrape. Helping a good fellow in a pinch is what suits me to a hair.” + + +While expressing his approval of Jean Valjean’s silence, he endeavored +to force him to talk. He jostled his shoulder in an attempt to catch a +sight of his profile, and he exclaimed, without, however, raising his +tone: + +“Apropos of that quagmire, you’re a hearty animal. Why didn’t you toss +the man in there?” + + +Jean Valjean preserved silence. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed, pushing the rag which served him as a cravat to the +level of his Adam’s apple, a gesture which completes the capable air of +a serious man: + +“After all, you acted wisely. The workmen, when they come to-morrow to +stop up that hole, would certainly have found the stiff abandoned +there, and it might have been possible, thread by thread, straw by +straw, to pick up the scent and reach you. Some one has passed through +the sewer. Who? Where did he get out? Was he seen to come out? The +police are full of cleverness. The sewer is treacherous and tells tales +of you. Such a find is a rarity, it attracts attention, very few people +make use of the sewers for their affairs, while the river belongs to +everybody. The river is the true grave. At the end of a month they fish +up your man in the nets at Saint-Cloud. Well, what does one care for +that? It’s carrion! Who killed that man? Paris. And justice makes no +inquiries. You have done well.” + + +The more loquacious ThĂ©nardier became, the more mute was Jean Valjean. + +Again ThĂ©nardier shook him by the shoulder. + +“Now let’s settle this business. Let’s go shares. You have seen my key, +show me your money.” + + +ThĂ©nardier was haggard, fierce, suspicious, rather menacing, yet +amicable. + +There was one singular circumstance; ThĂ©nardier’s manners were not +simple; he had not the air of being wholly at his ease; while affecting +an air of mystery, he spoke low; from time to time he laid his finger +on his mouth, and muttered, “hush!” It was difficult to divine why. +There was no one there except themselves. Jean Valjean thought that +other ruffians might possibly be concealed in some nook, not very far +off, and that ThĂ©nardier did not care to share with them. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed: + +“Let’s settle up. How much did the stiff have in his bags?” + + +Jean Valjean searched his pockets. + +It was his habit, as the reader will remember, to always have some +money about him. The mournful life of expedients to which he had been +condemned imposed this as a law upon him. On this occasion, however, he +had been caught unprepared. When donning his uniform of a National +Guardsman on the preceding evening, he had forgotten, dolefully +absorbed as he was, to take his pocket-book. He had only some small +change in his fob. He turned out his pocket, all soaked with ooze, and +spread out on the banquette of the vault one louis d’or, two five-franc +pieces, and five or six large sous. + +ThĂ©nardier thrust out his lower lip with a significant twist of the +neck. + +“You knocked him over cheap,” said he. + +He set to feeling the pockets of Jean Valjean and Marius, with the +greatest familiarity. Jean Valjean, who was chiefly concerned in +keeping his back to the light, let him have his way. + +While handling Marius’ coat, ThĂ©nardier, with the skill of a +pickpocket, and without being noticed by Jean Valjean, tore off a strip +which he concealed under his blouse, probably thinking that this morsel +of stuff might serve, later on, to identify the assassinated man and +the assassin. However, he found no more than the thirty francs. + +“That’s true,” said he, “both of you together have no more than that.” + + +And, forgetting his motto: “half shares,” he took all. + +He hesitated a little over the large sous. After due reflection, he +took them also, muttering: + +“Never mind! You cut folks’ throats too cheap altogether.” + + +That done, he once more drew the big key from under his blouse. + +“Now, my friend, you must leave. It’s like the fair here, you pay when +you go out. You have paid, now clear out.” + + +And he began to laugh. + +Had he, in lending to this stranger the aid of his key, and in making +some other man than himself emerge from that portal, the pure and +disinterested intention of rescuing an assassin? We may be permitted to +doubt this. + +ThĂ©nardier helped Jean Valjean to replace Marius on his shoulders, then +he betook himself to the grating on tiptoe, and barefooted, making Jean +Valjean a sign to follow him, looked out, laid his finger on his mouth, +and remained for several seconds, as though in suspense; his inspection +finished, he placed the key in the lock. The bolt slipped back and the +gate swung open. It neither grated nor squeaked. It moved very softly. + +It was obvious that this gate and those hinges, carefully oiled, were +in the habit of opening more frequently than was supposed. This +softness was suspicious; it hinted at furtive goings and comings, +silent entrances and exits of nocturnal men, and the wolf-like tread of +crime. + +The sewer was evidently an accomplice of some mysterious band. This +taciturn grating was a receiver of stolen goods. + +ThĂ©nardier opened the gate a little way, allowing just sufficient space +for Jean Valjean to pass out, closed the grating again, gave the key a +double turn in the lock and plunged back into the darkness, without +making any more noise than a breath. He seemed to walk with the velvet +paws of a tiger. + +A moment later, that hideous providence had retreated into the +invisibility. + +Jean Valjean found himself in the open air. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—MARIUS PRODUCES ON SOME ONE WHO IS A JUDGE OF THE MATTER, +THE EFFECT OF BEING DEAD + + +He allowed Marius to slide down upon the shore. + +They were in the open air! + +The miasmas, darkness, horror lay behind him. The pure, healthful, +living, joyous air that was easy to breathe inundated him. Everywhere +around him reigned silence, but that charming silence when the sun has +set in an unclouded azure sky. Twilight had descended; night was +drawing on, the great deliverer, the friend of all those who need a +mantle of darkness that they may escape from an anguish. The sky +presented itself in all directions like an enormous calm. The river +flowed to his feet with the sound of a kiss. The aerial dialogue of the +nests bidding each other good night in the elms of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es +was audible. A few stars, daintily piercing the pale blue of the +zenith, and visible to reverie alone, formed imperceptible little +splendors amid the immensity. Evening was unfolding over the head of +Jean Valjean all the sweetness of the infinite. + +It was that exquisite and undecided hour which says neither yes nor no. +Night was already sufficiently advanced to render it possible to lose +oneself at a little distance and yet there was sufficient daylight to +permit of recognition at close quarters. + +For several seconds, Jean Valjean was irresistibly overcome by that +august and caressing serenity; such moments of oblivion do come to men; +suffering refrains from harassing the unhappy wretch; everything is +eclipsed in the thoughts; peace broods over the dreamer like night; +and, beneath the twilight which beams and in imitation of the sky which +is illuminated, the soul becomes studded with stars. Jean Valjean could +not refrain from contemplating that vast, clear shadow which rested +over him; thoughtfully he bathed in the sea of ecstasy and prayer in +the majestic silence of the eternal heavens. Then he bent down swiftly +to Marius, as though the sentiment of duty had returned to him, and, +dipping up water in the hollow of his hand, he gently sprinkled a few +drops on the latter’s face. Marius’ eyelids did not open; but his +half-open mouth still breathed. + +Jean Valjean was on the point of dipping his hand in the river once +more, when, all at once, he experienced an indescribable embarrassment, +such as a person feels when there is some one behind him whom he does +not see. + +We have already alluded to this impression, with which everyone is +familiar. + +He turned round. + +Some one was, in fact, behind him, as there had been a short while +before. + +A man of lofty stature, enveloped in a long coat, with folded arms, and +bearing in his right fist a bludgeon of which the leaden head was +visible, stood a few paces in the rear of the spot where Jean Valjean +was crouching over Marius. + +With the aid of the darkness, it seemed a sort of apparition. An +ordinary man would have been alarmed because of the twilight, a +thoughtful man on account of the bludgeon. Jean Valjean recognized +Javert. + +The reader has divined, no doubt, that ThĂ©nardier’s pursuer was no +other than Javert. Javert, after his unlooked-for escape from the +barricade, had betaken himself to the prefecture of police, had +rendered a verbal account to the Prefect in person in a brief audience, +had then immediately gone on duty again, which implied—the note, the +reader will recollect, which had been captured on his person—a certain +surveillance of the shore on the right bank of the Seine near the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, which had, for some time past, aroused the attention of +the police. There he had caught sight of ThĂ©nardier and had followed +him. The reader knows the rest. + +Thus it will be easily understood that that grating, so obligingly +opened to Jean Valjean, was a bit of cleverness on ThĂ©nardier’s part. +ThĂ©nardier intuitively felt that Javert was still there; the man spied +upon has a scent which never deceives him; it was necessary to fling a +bone to that sleuth-hound. An assassin, what a godsend! Such an +opportunity must never be allowed to slip. ThĂ©nardier, by putting Jean +Valjean outside in his stead, provided a prey for the police, forced +them to relinquish his scent, made them forget him in a bigger +adventure, repaid Javert for his waiting, which always flatters a spy, +earned thirty francs, and counted with certainty, so far as he himself +was concerned, on escaping with the aid of this diversion. + +Jean Valjean had fallen from one danger upon another. + +These two encounters, this falling one after the other, from ThĂ©nardier +upon Javert, was a rude shock. + +Javert did not recognize Jean Valjean, who, as we have stated, no +longer looked like himself. He did not unfold his arms, he made sure of +his bludgeon in his fist, by an imperceptible movement, and said in a +curt, calm voice: + +“Who are you?” + + +“I.” + + +“Who is ‘I’?” + + +“Jean Valjean.” + + +Javert thrust his bludgeon between his teeth, bent his knees, inclined +his body, laid his two powerful hands on the shoulders of Jean Valjean, +which were clamped within them as in a couple of vices, scrutinized +him, and recognized him. Their faces almost touched. Javert’s look was +terrible. + +Jean Valjean remained inert beneath Javert’s grasp, like a lion +submitting to the claws of a lynx. + +“Inspector Javert,” said he, “you have me in your power. Moreover, I +have regarded myself as your prisoner ever since this morning. I did +not give you my address with any intention of escaping from you. Take +me. Only grant me one favor.” + + +Javert did not appear to hear him. He kept his eyes riveted on Jean +Valjean. His chin being contracted, thrust his lips upwards towards his +nose, a sign of savage reverie. At length he released Jean Valjean, +straightened himself stiffly up without bending, grasped his bludgeon +again firmly, and, as though in a dream, he murmured rather than +uttered this question: + +“What are you doing here? And who is this man?” + + +He still abstained from addressing Jean Valjean as _thou_. + +Jean Valjean replied, and the sound of his voice appeared to rouse +Javert: + +“It is with regard to him that I desire to speak to you. Dispose of me +as you see fit; but first help me to carry him home. That is all that I +ask of you.” + + +Javert’s face contracted as was always the case when any one seemed to +think him capable of making a concession. Nevertheless, he did not say +“no.” + + +Again he bent over, drew from his pocket a handkerchief which he +moistened in the water and with which he then wiped Marius’ +blood-stained brow. + +“This man was at the barricade,” said he in a low voice and as though +speaking to himself. “He is the one they called Marius.” + + +A spy of the first quality, who had observed everything, listened to +everything, and taken in everything, even when he thought that he was +to die; who had played the spy even in his agony, and who, with his +elbows leaning on the first step of the sepulchre, had taken notes. + +He seized Marius’ hand and felt his pulse. + +“He is wounded,” said Jean Valjean. + +“He is a dead man,” said Javert. + +Jean Valjean replied: + +“No. Not yet.” + + +“So you have brought him thither from the barricade?” remarked Javert. + +His preoccupation must indeed have been very profound for him not to +insist on this alarming rescue through the sewer, and for him not to +even notice Jean Valjean’s silence after his question. + +Jean Valjean, on his side, seemed to have but one thought. He resumed: + +“He lives in the Marais, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, with his +grandfather. I do not recollect his name.” + + +Jean Valjean fumbled in Marius’ coat, pulled out his pocket-book, +opened it at the page which Marius had pencilled, and held it out to +Javert. + +There was still sufficient light to admit of reading. Besides this, +Javert possessed in his eye the feline phosphorescence of night birds. +He deciphered the few lines written by Marius, and muttered: +“Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du Calvaire, No. 6.” + + +Then he exclaimed: “Coachman!” + + +The reader will remember that the hackney-coach was waiting in case of +need. + +Javert kept Marius’ pocket-book. + +A moment later, the carriage, which had descended by the inclined plane +of the watering-place, was on the shore. Marius was laid upon the back +seat, and Javert seated himself on the front seat beside Jean Valjean. + +The door slammed, and the carriage drove rapidly away, ascending the +quays in the direction of the Bastille. + +They quitted the quays and entered the streets. The coachman, a black +form on his box, whipped up his thin horses. A glacial silence reigned +in the carriage. Marius, motionless, with his body resting in the +corner, and his head drooping on his breast, his arms hanging, his legs +stiff, seemed to be awaiting only a coffin; Jean Valjean seemed made of +shadow, and Javert of stone, and in that vehicle full of night, whose +interior, every time that it passed in front of a street lantern, +appeared to be turned lividly wan, as by an intermittent flash of +lightning, chance had united and seemed to be bringing face to face the +three forms of tragic immobility, the corpse, the spectre, and the +statue. + + + + +CHAPTER X—RETURN OF THE SON WHO WAS PRODIGAL OF HIS LIFE + + +At every jolt over the pavement, a drop of blood trickled from Marius’ +hair. + +Night had fully closed in when the carriage arrived at No. 6, Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire. + +Javert was the first to alight; he made sure with one glance of the +number on the carriage gate, and, raising the heavy knocker of beaten +iron, embellished in the old style, with a male goat and a satyr +confronting each other, he gave a violent peal. The gate opened a +little way and Javert gave it a push. The porter half made his +appearance yawning, vaguely awake, and with a candle in his hand. + +Everyone in the house was asleep. People go to bed betimes in the +Marais, especially on days when there is a revolt. This good, old +quarter, terrified at the Revolution, takes refuge in slumber, as +children, when they hear the Bugaboo coming, hide their heads hastily +under their coverlet. + +In the meantime Jean Valjean and the coachman had taken Marius out of +the carriage, Jean Valjean supporting him under the armpits, and the +coachman under the knees. + +As they thus bore Marius, Jean Valjean slipped his hand under the +latter’s clothes, which were broadly rent, felt his breast, and assured +himself that his heart was still beating. It was even beating a little +less feebly, as though the movement of the carriage had brought about a +certain fresh access of life. + +Javert addressed the porter in a tone befitting the government, and the +presence of the porter of a factious person. + +“Some person whose name is Gillenormand?” + + +“Here. What do you want with him?” + + +“His son is brought back.” + + +“His son?” said the porter stupidly. + +“He is dead.” + + +Jean Valjean, who, soiled and tattered, stood behind Javert, and whom +the porter was surveying with some horror, made a sign to him with his +head that this was not so. + +The porter did not appear to understand either Javert’s words or Jean +Valjean’s sign. + +Javert continued: + +“He went to the barricade, and here he is.” + + +“To the barricade?” ejaculated the porter. + +“He has got himself killed. Go waken his father.” + + +The porter did not stir. + +“Go along with you!” repeated Javert. + +And he added: + +“There will be a funeral here to-morrow.” + + +For Javert, the usual incidents of the public highway were +categorically classed, which is the beginning of foresight and +surveillance, and each contingency had its own compartment; all +possible facts were arranged in drawers, as it were, whence they +emerged on occasion, in variable quantities; in the street, uproar, +revolt, carnival, and funeral. + +The porter contented himself with waking Basque. Basque woke Nicolette; +Nicolette roused great-aunt Gillenormand. + +As for the grandfather, they let him sleep on, thinking that he would +hear about the matter early enough in any case. + +Marius was carried up to the first floor, without any one in the other +parts of the house being aware of the fact, and deposited on an old +sofa in M. Gillenormand’s antechamber; and while Basque went in search +of a physician, and while Nicolette opened the linen-presses, Jean +Valjean felt Javert touch him on the shoulder. He understood and +descended the stairs, having behind him the step of Javert who was +following him. + +The porter watched them take their departure as he had watched their +arrival, in terrified somnolence. + +They entered the carriage once more, and the coachman mounted his box. + +“Inspector Javert,” said Jean, “grant me yet another favor.” + + +“What is it?” demanded Javert roughly. + +“Let me go home for one instant. Then you shall do whatever you like +with me.” + + +Javert remained silent for a few moments, with his chin drawn back into +the collar of his great-coat, then he lowered the glass and front: + +“Driver,” said he, “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CONCUSSION IN THE ABSOLUTE + + +They did not open their lips again during the whole space of their +ride. + +What did Jean Valjean want? To finish what he had begun; to warn +Cosette, to tell her where Marius was, to give her, possibly, some +other useful information, to take, if he could, certain final measures. +As for himself, so far as he was personally concerned, all was over; he +had been seized by Javert and had not resisted; any other man than +himself in like situation would, perhaps, have had some vague thoughts +connected with the rope which ThĂ©nardier had given him, and of the bars +of the first cell that he should enter; but, let us impress it upon the +reader, after the Bishop, there had existed in Jean Valjean a profound +hesitation in the presence of any violence, even when directed against +himself. + +Suicide, that mysterious act of violence against the unknown which may +contain, in a measure, the death of the soul, was impossible to Jean +Valjean. + +At the entrance to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, the carriage halted, the +way being too narrow to admit of the entrance of vehicles. Javert and +Jean Valjean alighted. + +The coachman humbly represented to “monsieur l’Inspecteur,” that the +Utrecht velvet of his carriage was all spotted with the blood of the +assassinated man, and with mire from the assassin. That is the way he +understood it. He added that an indemnity was due him. At the same +time, drawing his certificate book from his pocket, he begged the +inspector to have the goodness to write him “a bit of an attestation.” + + +Javert thrust aside the book which the coachman held out to him, and +said: + +“How much do you want, including your time of waiting and the drive?” + + +“It comes to seven hours and a quarter,” replied the man, “and my +velvet was perfectly new. Eighty francs, Mr. Inspector.” + + +Javert drew four napoleons from his pocket and dismissed the carriage. + +Jean Valjean fancied that it was Javert’s intention to conduct him on +foot to the post of the Blancs-Manteaux or to the post of the Archives, +both of which are close at hand. + +They entered the street. It was deserted as usual. Javert followed Jean +Valjean. They reached No. 7. Jean Valjean knocked. The door opened. + +“It is well,” said Javert. “Go upstairs.” + + +He added with a strange expression, and as though he were exerting an +effort in speaking in this manner: + +“I will wait for you here.” + + +Jean Valjean looked at Javert. This mode of procedure was but little in +accord with Javert’s habits. However, he could not be greatly surprised +that Javert should now have a sort of haughty confidence in him, the +confidence of the cat which grants the mouse liberty to the length of +its claws, seeing that Jean Valjean had made up his mind to surrender +himself and to make an end of it. He pushed open the door, entered the +house, called to the porter who was in bed and who had pulled the cord +from his couch: “It is I!” and ascended the stairs. + +On arriving at the first floor, he paused. All sorrowful roads have +their stations. The window on the landing-place, which was a +sash-window, was open. As in many ancient houses, the staircase got its +light from without and had a view on the street. The street-lantern, +situated directly opposite, cast some light on the stairs, and thus +effected some economy in illumination. + +Jean Valjean, either for the sake of getting the air, or mechanically, +thrust his head out of this window. He leaned out over the street. It +is short, and the lantern lighted it from end to end. Jean Valjean was +overwhelmed with amazement; there was no longer any one there. + +Javert had taken his departure. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE GRANDFATHER + + +Basque and the porter had carried Marius into the drawing-room, as he +still lay stretched out, motionless, on the sofa upon which he had been +placed on his arrival. The doctor who had been sent for had hastened +thither. Aunt Gillenormand had risen. + +Aunt Gillenormand went and came, in affright, wringing her hands and +incapable of doing anything but saying: “Heavens! is it possible?” At +times she added: “Everything will be covered with blood.” When her +first horror had passed off, a certain philosophy of the situation +penetrated her mind, and took form in the exclamation: “It was bound to +end in this way!” She did not go so far as: “I told you so!” which is +customary on this sort of occasion. At the physician’s orders, a camp +bed had been prepared beside the sofa. The doctor examined Marius, and +after having found that his pulse was still beating, that the wounded +man had no very deep wound on his breast, and that the blood on the +corners of his lips proceeded from his nostrils, he had him placed flat +on the bed, without a pillow, with his head on the same level as his +body, and even a trifle lower, and with his bust bare in order to +facilitate respiration. Mademoiselle Gillenormand, on perceiving that +they were undressing Marius, withdrew. She set herself to telling her +beads in her own chamber. + +The trunk had not suffered any internal injury; a bullet, deadened by +the pocket-book, had turned aside and made the tour of his ribs with a +hideous laceration, which was of no great depth, and consequently, not +dangerous. The long, underground journey had completed the dislocation +of the broken collar-bone, and the disorder there was serious. The arms +had been slashed with sabre cuts. Not a single scar disfigured his +face; but his head was fairly covered with cuts; what would be the +result of these wounds on the head? Would they stop short at the hairy +cuticle, or would they attack the brain? As yet, this could not be +decided. A grave symptom was that they had caused a swoon, and that +people do not always recover from such swoons. Moreover, the wounded +man had been exhausted by hemorrhage. From the waist down, the +barricade had protected the lower part of the body from injury. + +Basque and Nicolette tore up linen and prepared bandages; Nicolette +sewed them, Basque rolled them. As lint was lacking, the doctor, for +the time being, arrested the bleeding with layers of wadding. Beside +the bed, three candles burned on a table where the case of surgical +instruments lay spread out. The doctor bathed Marius’ face and hair +with cold water. A full pail was reddened in an instant. The porter, +candle in hand, lighted them. + +The doctor seemed to be pondering sadly. From time to time, he made a +negative sign with his head, as though replying to some question which +he had inwardly addressed to himself. + +A bad sign for the sick man are these mysterious dialogues of the +doctor with himself. + +At the moment when the doctor was wiping Marius’ face, and lightly +touching his still closed eyes with his finger, a door opened at the +end of the drawing-room, and a long, pallid figure made its appearance. + +This was the grandfather. + +The revolt had, for the past two days, deeply agitated, enraged and +engrossed the mind of M. Gillenormand. He had not been able to sleep on +the previous night, and he had been in a fever all day long. In the +evening, he had gone to bed very early, recommending that everything in +the house should be well barred, and he had fallen into a doze through +sheer fatigue. + +Old men sleep lightly; M. Gillenormand’s chamber adjoined the +drawing-room, and in spite of all the precautions that had been taken, +the noise had awakened him. Surprised at the rift of light which he saw +under his door, he had risen from his bed, and had groped his way +thither. + +He stood astonished on the threshold, one hand on the handle of the +half-open door, with his head bent a little forward and quivering, his +body wrapped in a white dressing-gown, which was straight and as +destitute of folds as a winding-sheet; and he had the air of a phantom +who is gazing into a tomb. + +He saw the bed, and on the mattress that young man, bleeding, white +with a waxen whiteness, with closed eyes and gaping mouth, and pallid +lips, stripped to the waist, slashed all over with crimson wounds, +motionless and brilliantly lighted up. + +The grandfather trembled from head to foot as powerfully as ossified +limbs can tremble, his eyes, whose corneĂŠ were yellow on account of his +great age, were veiled in a sort of vitreous glitter, his whole face +assumed in an instant the earthy angles of a skull, his arms fell +pendent, as though a spring had broken, and his amazement was betrayed +by the outspreading of the fingers of his two aged hands, which +quivered all over, his knees formed an angle in front, allowing, +through the opening in his dressing-gown, a view of his poor bare legs, +all bristling with white hairs, and he murmured: + +“Marius!” + + +“Sir,” said Basque, “Monsieur has just been brought back. He went to +the barricade, and....” + + +“He is dead!” cried the old man in a terrible voice. “Ah! The rascal!” + + +Then a sort of sepulchral transformation straightened up this +centenarian as erect as a young man. + +“Sir,” said he, “you are the doctor. Begin by telling me one thing. He +is dead, is he not?” + + +The doctor, who was at the highest pitch of anxiety, remained silent. + +M. Gillenormand wrung his hands with an outburst of terrible laughter. + +“He is dead! He is dead! He is dead! He has got himself killed on the +barricades! Out of hatred to me! He did that to spite me! Ah! You +blood-drinker! This is the way he returns to me! Misery of my life, he +is dead!” + + +He went to the window, threw it wide open as though he were stifling, +and, erect before the darkness, he began to talk into the street, to +the night: + +“Pierced, sabred, exterminated, slashed, hacked in pieces! Just look at +that, the villain! He knew well that I was waiting for him, and that I +had had his room arranged, and that I had placed at the head of my bed +his portrait taken when he was a little child! He knew well that he had +only to come back, and that I had been recalling him for years, and +that I remained by my fireside, with my hands on my knees, not knowing +what to do, and that I was mad over it! You knew well, that you had but +to return and to say: ‘It is I,’ and you would have been the master of +the house, and that I should have obeyed you, and that you could have +done whatever you pleased with your old numskull of a grandfather! you +knew that well, and you said: + +“No, he is a Royalist, I will not go! And you went to the barricades, +and you got yourself killed out of malice! To revenge yourself for what +I said to you about Monsieur le Duc de Berry. It is infamous! Go to bed +then and sleep tranquilly! he is dead, and this is my awakening.” + + +The doctor, who was beginning to be uneasy in both quarters, quitted +Marius for a moment, went to M. Gillenormand, and took his arm. The +grandfather turned round, gazed at him with eyes which seemed +exaggerated in size and bloodshot, and said to him calmly: + +“I thank you, sir. I am composed, I am a man, I witnessed the death of +Louis XVI., I know how to bear events. One thing is terrible and that +is to think that it is your newspapers which do all the mischief. You +will have scribblers, chatterers, lawyers, orators, tribunes, +discussions, progress, enlightenment, the rights of man, the liberty of +the press, and this is the way that your children will be brought home +to you. Ah! Marius! It is abominable! Killed! Dead before me! A +barricade! Ah, the scamp! Doctor, you live in this quarter, I believe? +Oh! I know you well. I see your cabriolet pass my window. I am going to +tell you. You are wrong to think that I am angry. One does not fly into +a rage against a dead man. That would be stupid. This is a child whom I +have reared. I was already old while he was very young. He played in +the Tuileries garden with his little shovel and his little chair, and +in order that the inspectors might not grumble, I stopped up the holes +that he made in the earth with his shovel, with my cane. One day he +exclaimed: Down with Louis XVIII.! and off he went. It was no fault of +mine. He was all rosy and blond. His mother is dead. Have you ever +noticed that all little children are blond? Why is it so? He is the son +of one of those brigands of the Loire, but children are innocent of +their fathers’ crimes. I remember when he was no higher than that. He +could not manage to pronounce his Ds. He had a way of talking that was +so sweet and indistinct that you would have thought it was a bird +chirping. I remember that once, in front of the Hercules Farnese, +people formed a circle to admire him and marvel at him, he was so +handsome, was that child! He had a head such as you see in pictures. I +talked in a deep voice, and I frightened him with my cane, but he knew +very well that it was only to make him laugh. In the morning, when he +entered my room, I grumbled, but he was like the sunlight to me, all +the same. One cannot defend oneself against those brats. They take hold +of you, they hold you fast, they never let you go again. The truth is, +that there never was a cupid like that child. Now, what can you say for +your Lafayettes, your Benjamin Constants, and your Tirecuir de +Corcelles who have killed him? This cannot be allowed to pass in this +fashion.” + + +He approached Marius, who still lay livid and motionless, and to whom +the physician had returned, and began once more to wring his hands. The +old man’s pallid lips moved as though mechanically, and permitted the +passage of words that were barely audible, like breaths in the death +agony: + +“Ah! heartless lad! Ah! clubbist! Ah! wretch! Ah! Septembrist!” + + +Reproaches in the low voice of an agonizing man, addressed to a corpse. + +Little by little, as it is always indispensable that internal eruptions +should come to the light, the sequence of words returned, but the +grandfather appeared no longer to have the strength to utter them, his +voice was so weak, and extinct, that it seemed to come from the other +side of an abyss: + +“It is all the same to me, I am going to die too, that I am. And to +think that there is not a hussy in Paris who would not have been +delighted to make this wretch happy! A scamp who, instead of amusing +himself and enjoying life, went off to fight and get himself shot down +like a brute! And for whom? Why? For the Republic! Instead of going to +dance at the ChaumiĂšre, as it is the duty of young folks to do! What’s +the use of being twenty years old? The Republic, a cursed pretty folly! +Poor mothers, beget fine boys, do! Come, he is dead. That will make two +funerals under the same carriage gate. So you have got yourself +arranged like this for the sake of General Lamarque’s handsome eyes! +What had that General Lamarque done to you? A slasher! A chatter-box! +To get oneself killed for a dead man! If that isn’t enough to drive any +one mad! Just think of it! At twenty! And without so much as turning +his head to see whether he was not leaving something behind him! That’s +the way poor, good old fellows are forced to die alone, nowadays. +Perish in your corner, owl! Well, after all, so much the better, that +is what I was hoping for, this will kill me on the spot. I am too old, +I am a hundred years old, I am a hundred thousand years old, I ought, +by rights, to have been dead long ago. This blow puts an end to it. So +all is over, what happiness! What is the good of making him inhale +ammonia and all that parcel of drugs? You are wasting your trouble, you +fool of a doctor! Come, he’s dead, completely dead. I know all about +it, I am dead myself too. He hasn’t done things by half. Yes, this age +is infamous, infamous and that’s what I think of you, of your ideas, of +your systems, of your masters, of your oracles, of your doctors, of +your scape-graces of writers, of your rascally philosophers, and of all +the revolutions which, for the last sixty years, have been frightening +the flocks of crows in the Tuileries! But you were pitiless in getting +yourself killed like this, I shall not even grieve over your death, do +you understand, you assassin?” + + +At that moment, Marius slowly opened his eyes, and his glance, still +dimmed by lethargic wonder, rested on M. Gillenormand. + +“Marius!” cried the old man. “Marius! My little Marius! my child! my +well-beloved son! You open your eyes, you gaze upon me, you are alive, +thanks!” + + +And he fell fainting. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—JAVERT DERAILED + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Javert passed slowly down the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +He walked with drooping head for the first time in his life, and +likewise, for the first time in his life, with his hands behind his +back. + +Up to that day, Javert had borrowed from Napoleon’s attitudes, only +that which is expressive of resolution, with arms folded across the +chest; that which is expressive of uncertainty—with the hands behind +the back—had been unknown to him. Now, a change had taken place; his +whole person, slow and sombre, was stamped with anxiety. + +He plunged into the silent streets. + +Nevertheless, he followed one given direction. + +He took the shortest cut to the Seine, reached the Quai des Ormes, +skirted the quay, passed the GrĂšve, and halted at some distance from +the post of the Place du ChĂątelet, at the angle of the Pont Notre-Dame. +There, between the Notre-Dame and the Pont au Change on the one hand, +and the Quai de la MĂ©gisserie and the Quai aux Fleurs on the other, the +Seine forms a sort of square lake, traversed by a rapid. + +This point of the Seine is dreaded by mariners. Nothing is more +dangerous than this rapid, hemmed in, at that epoch, and irritated by +the piles of the mill on the bridge, now demolished. The two bridges, +situated thus close together, augment the peril; the water hurries in +formidable wise through the arches. It rolls in vast and terrible +waves; it accumulates and piles up there; the flood attacks the piles +of the bridges as though in an effort to pluck them up with great +liquid ropes. Men who fall in there never reappear; the best of +swimmers are drowned there. + +Javert leaned both elbows on the parapet, his chin resting in both +hands, and, while his nails were mechanically twined in the abundance +of his whiskers, he meditated. + +A novelty, a revolution, a catastrophe had just taken place in the +depths of his being; and he had something upon which to examine +himself. + +Javert was undergoing horrible suffering. + +For several hours, Javert had ceased to be simple. He was troubled; +that brain, so limpid in its blindness, had lost its transparency; that +crystal was clouded. Javert felt duty divided within his conscience, +and he could not conceal the fact from himself. When he had so +unexpectedly encountered Jean Valjean on the banks of the Seine, there +had been in him something of the wolf which regains his grip on his +prey, and of the dog who finds his master again. + +He beheld before him two paths, both equally straight, but he beheld +two; and that terrified him; him, who had never in all his life known +more than one straight line. And, the poignant anguish lay in this, +that the two paths were contrary to each other. One of these straight +lines excluded the other. Which of the two was the true one? + +His situation was indescribable. + +To owe his life to a malefactor, to accept that debt and to repay it; +to be, in spite of himself, on a level with a fugitive from justice, +and to repay his service with another service; to allow it to be said +to him, “Go,” and to say to the latter in his turn: “Be free”; to +sacrifice to personal motives duty, that general obligation, and to be +conscious, in those personal motives, of something that was also +general, and, perchance, superior, to betray society in order to remain +true to his conscience; that all these absurdities should be realized +and should accumulate upon him,—this was what overwhelmed him. + +One thing had amazed him,—this was that Jean Valjean should have done +him a favor, and one thing petrified him,—that he, Javert, should have +done Jean Valjean a favor. + +Where did he stand? He sought to comprehend his position, and could no +longer find his bearings. + +What was he to do now? To deliver up Jean Valjean was bad; to leave +Jean Valjean at liberty was bad. In the first case, the man of +authority fell lower than the man of the galleys, in the second, a +convict rose above the law, and set his foot upon it. In both cases, +dishonor for him, Javert. There was disgrace in any resolution at which +he might arrive. Destiny has some extremities which rise +perpendicularly from the impossible, and beyond which life is no longer +anything but a precipice. Javert had reached one of those extremities. + +One of his anxieties consisted in being constrained to think. The very +violence of all these conflicting emotions forced him to it. Thought +was something to which he was unused, and which was peculiarly painful. + +In thought there always exists a certain amount of internal rebellion; +and it irritated him to have that within him. + +Thought on any subject whatever, outside of the restricted circle of +his functions, would have been for him in any case useless and a +fatigue; thought on the day which had just passed was a torture. +Nevertheless, it was indispensable that he should take a look into his +conscience, after such shocks, and render to himself an account of +himself. + +What he had just done made him shudder. He, Javert, had seen fit to +decide, contrary to all the regulations of the police, contrary to the +whole social and judicial organization, contrary to the entire code, +upon a release; this had suited him; he had substituted his own affairs +for the affairs of the public; was not this unjustifiable? Every time +that he brought himself face to face with this deed without a name +which he had committed, he trembled from head to foot. Upon what should +he decide? One sole resource remained to him; to return in all haste to +the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, and commit Jean Valjean to prison. It was +clear that that was what he ought to do. He could not. + +Something barred his way in that direction. + +Something? What? Is there in the world, anything outside of the +tribunals, executory sentences, the police and the authorities? Javert +was overwhelmed. + +A galley-slave sacred! A convict who could not be touched by the law! +And that the deed of Javert! + +Was it not a fearful thing that Javert and Jean Valjean, the man made +to proceed with vigor, the man made to submit,—that these two men who +were both the things of the law, should have come to such a pass, that +both of them had set themselves above the law? What then! such +enormities were to happen and no one was to be punished! Jean Valjean, +stronger than the whole social order, was to remain at liberty, and he, +Javert, was to go on eating the government’s bread! + +His reverie gradually became terrible. + +He might, athwart this reverie, have also reproached himself on the +subject of that insurgent who had been taken to the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire; but he never even thought of that. The lesser fault +was lost in the greater. Besides, that insurgent was, obviously, a dead +man, and, legally, death puts an end to pursuit. + +Jean Valjean was the load which weighed upon his spirit. + +Jean Valjean disconcerted him. All the axioms which had served him as +points of support all his life long, had crumbled away in the presence +of this man. Jean Valjean’s generosity towards him, Javert, crushed +him. Other facts which he now recalled, and which he had formerly +treated as lies and folly, now recurred to him as realities. M. +Madeleine reappeared behind Jean Valjean, and the two figures were +superposed in such fashion that they now formed but one, which was +venerable. Javert felt that something terrible was penetrating his +soul—admiration for a convict. Respect for a galley-slave—is that a +possible thing? He shuddered at it, yet could not escape from it. In +vain did he struggle, he was reduced to confess, in his inmost heart, +the sublimity of that wretch. This was odious. + +A benevolent malefactor, merciful, gentle, helpful, clement, a convict, +returning good for evil, giving back pardon for hatred, preferring pity +to vengeance, preferring to ruin himself rather than to ruin his enemy, +saving him who had smitten him, kneeling on the heights of virtue, more +nearly akin to an angel than to a man. Javert was constrained to admit +to himself that this monster existed. + +Things could not go on in this manner. + +Certainly, and we insist upon this point, he had not yielded without +resistance to that monster, to that infamous angel, to that hideous +hero, who enraged almost as much as he amazed him. Twenty times, as he +sat in that carriage face to face with Jean Valjean, the legal tiger +had roared within him. A score of times he had been tempted to fling +himself upon Jean Valjean, to seize him and devour him, that is to say, +to arrest him. What more simple, in fact? To cry out at the first post +that they passed:—“Here is a fugitive from justice, who has broken his +ban!” to summon the gendarmes and say to them: “This man is yours!” +then to go off, leaving that condemned man there, to ignore the rest +and not to meddle further in the matter. This man is forever a prisoner +of the law; the law may do with him what it will. What could be more +just? Javert had said all this to himself; he had wished to pass +beyond, to act, to apprehend the man, and then, as at present, he had +not been able to do it; and every time that his arm had been raised +convulsively towards Jean Valjean’s collar, his hand had fallen back +again, as beneath an enormous weight, and in the depths of his thought +he had heard a voice, a strange voice crying to him:—“It is well. +Deliver up your savior. Then have the basin of Pontius Pilate brought +and wash your claws.” + + +Then his reflections reverted to himself and beside Jean Valjean +glorified he beheld himself, Javert, degraded. + +A convict was his benefactor! + +But then, why had he permitted that man to leave him alive? He had the +right to be killed in that barricade. He should have asserted that +right. It would have been better to summon the other insurgents to his +succor against Jean Valjean, to get himself shot by force. + +His supreme anguish was the loss of certainty. He felt that he had been +uprooted. The code was no longer anything more than a stump in his +hand. He had to deal with scruples of an unknown species. There had +taken place within him a sentimental revelation entirely distinct from +legal affirmation, his only standard of measurement hitherto. To remain +in his former uprightness did not suffice. A whole order of unexpected +facts had cropped up and subjugated him. A whole new world was dawning +on his soul: kindness accepted and repaid, devotion, mercy, indulgence, +violences committed by pity on austerity, respect for persons, no more +definitive condemnation, no more conviction, the possibility of a tear +in the eye of the law, no one knows what justice according to God, +running in inverse sense to justice according to men. He perceived amid +the shadows the terrible rising of an unknown moral sun; it horrified +and dazzled him. An owl forced to the gaze of an eagle. + +He said to himself that it was true that there were exceptional cases, +that authority might be put out of countenance, that the rule might be +inadequate in the presence of a fact, that everything could not be +framed within the text of the code, that the unforeseen compelled +obedience, that the virtue of a convict might set a snare for the +virtue of the functionary, that destiny did indulge in such ambushes, +and he reflected with despair that he himself had not even been +fortified against a surprise. + +He was forced to acknowledge that goodness did exist. This convict had +been good. And he himself, unprecedented circumstance, had just been +good also. So he was becoming depraved. + +He found that he was a coward. He conceived a horror of himself. + +Javert’s ideal, was not to be human, to be grand, to be sublime; it was +to be irreproachable. + +Now, he had just failed in this. + +How had he come to such a pass? How had all this happened? He could not +have told himself. He clasped his head in both hands, but in spite of +all that he could do, he could not contrive to explain it to himself. + +He had certainly always entertained the intention of restoring Jean +Valjean to the law of which Jean Valjean was the captive, and of which +he, Javert, was the slave. Not for a single instant while he held him +in his grasp had he confessed to himself that he entertained the idea +of releasing him. It was, in some sort, without his consciousness, that +his hand had relaxed and had let him go free. + +All sorts of interrogation points flashed before his eyes. He put +questions to himself, and made replies to himself, and his replies +frightened him. He asked himself: “What has that convict done, that +desperate fellow, whom I have pursued even to persecution, and who has +had me under his foot, and who could have avenged himself, and who owed +it both to his rancor and to his safety, in leaving me my life, in +showing mercy upon me? His duty? No. Something more. And I in showing +mercy upon him in my turn—what have I done? My duty? No. Something +more. So there is something beyond duty?” Here he took fright; his +balance became disjointed; one of the scales fell into the abyss, the +other rose heavenward, and Javert was no less terrified by the one +which was on high than by the one which was below. Without being in the +least in the world what is called Voltairian or a philosopher, or +incredulous, being, on the contrary, respectful by instinct, towards +the established church, he knew it only as an august fragment of the +social whole; order was his dogma, and sufficed for him; ever since he +had attained to man’s estate and the rank of a functionary, he had +centred nearly all his religion in the police. Being,—and here we +employ words without the least irony and in their most serious +acceptation, being, as we have said, a spy as other men are priests. He +had a superior, M. Gisquet; up to that day he had never dreamed of that +other superior, God. + +This new chief, God, he became unexpectedly conscious of, and he felt +embarrassed by him. This unforeseen presence threw him off his +bearings; he did not know what to do with this superior, he, who was +not ignorant of the fact that the subordinate is bound always to bow, +that he must not disobey, nor find fault, nor discuss, and that, in the +presence of a superior who amazes him too greatly, the inferior has no +other resource than that of handing in his resignation. + +But how was he to set about handing in his resignation to God? + +However things might stand,—and it was to this point that he reverted +constantly,—one fact dominated everything else for him, and that was, +that he had just committed a terrible infraction of the law. He had +just shut his eyes on an escaped convict who had broken his ban. He had +just set a galley-slave at large. He had just robbed the laws of a man +who belonged to them. That was what he had done. He no longer +understood himself. The very reasons for his action escaped him; only +their vertigo was left with him. Up to that moment he had lived with +that blind faith which gloomy probity engenders. This faith had quitted +him, this probity had deserted him. All that he had believed in melted +away. Truths which he did not wish to recognize were besieging him, +inexorably. Henceforth, he must be a different man. He was suffering +from the strange pains of a conscience abruptly operated on for the +cataract. He saw that which it was repugnant to him to behold. He felt +himself emptied, useless, put out of joint with his past life, turned +out, dissolved. Authority was dead within him. He had no longer any +reason for existing. + +A terrible situation! to be touched. + +To be granite and to doubt! to be the statue of Chastisement cast in +one piece in the mould of the law, and suddenly to become aware of the +fact that one cherishes beneath one’s breast of bronze something absurd +and disobedient which almost resembles a heart! To come to the pass of +returning good for good, although one has said to oneself up to that +day that that good is evil! to be the watch-dog, and to lick the +intruder’s hand! to be ice and melt! to be the pincers and to turn into +a hand! to suddenly feel one’s fingers opening! to relax one’s +grip,—what a terrible thing! + +The man-projectile no longer acquainted with his route and retreating! + +To be obliged to confess this to oneself: infallibility is not +infallible, there may exist error in the dogma, all has not been said +when a code speaks, society is not perfect, authority is complicated +with vacillation, a crack is possible in the immutable, judges are but +men, the law may err, tribunals may make a mistake! to behold a rift in +the immense blue pane of the firmament! + +That which was passing in Javert was the Fampoux of a rectilinear +conscience, the derailment of a soul, the crushing of a probity which +had been irresistibly launched in a straight line and was breaking +against God. It certainly was singular that the stoker of order, that +the engineer of authority, mounted on the blind iron horse with its +rigid road, could be unseated by a flash of light! that the immovable, +the direct, the correct, the geometrical, the passive, the perfect, +could bend! that there should exist for the locomotive a road to +Damascus! + +God, always within man, and refractory, He, the true conscience, to the +false; a prohibition to the spark to die out; an order to the ray to +remember the sun; an injunction to the soul to recognize the veritable +absolute when confronted with the fictitious absolute, humanity which +cannot be lost; the human heart indestructible; that splendid +phenomenon, the finest, perhaps, of all our interior marvels, did +Javert understand this? Did Javert penetrate it? Did Javert account for +it to himself? Evidently he did not. But beneath the pressure of that +incontestable incomprehensibility he felt his brain bursting. + +He was less the man transfigured than the victim of this prodigy. In +all this he perceived only the tremendous difficulty of existence. It +seemed to him that, henceforth, his respiration was repressed forever. +He was not accustomed to having something unknown hanging over his +head. + +Up to this point, everything above him had been, to his gaze, merely a +smooth, limpid and simple surface; there was nothing incomprehensible, +nothing obscure; nothing that was not defined, regularly disposed, +linked, precise, circumscribed, exact, limited, closed, fully provided +for; authority was a plane surface; there was no fall in it, no +dizziness in its presence. Javert had never beheld the unknown except +from below. The irregular, the unforeseen, the disordered opening of +chaos, the possible slip over a precipice—this was the work of the +lower regions, of rebels, of the wicked, of wretches. Now Javert threw +himself back, and he was suddenly terrified by this unprecedented +apparition: a gulf on high. + +What! one was dismantled from top to bottom! one was disconcerted, +absolutely! In what could one trust! That which had been agreed upon +was giving way! What! the defect in society’s armor could be discovered +by a magnanimous wretch! What! an honest servitor of the law could +suddenly find himself caught between two crimes—the crime of allowing a +man to escape and the crime of arresting him! everything was not +settled in the orders given by the State to the functionary! There +might be blind alleys in duty! What,—all this was real! was it true +that an ex-ruffian, weighed down with convictions, could rise erect and +end by being in the right? Was this credible? were there cases in which +the law should retire before transfigured crime, and stammer its +excuses?—Yes, that was the state of the case! and Javert saw it! and +Javert had touched it! and not only could he not deny it, but he had +taken part in it. These were realities. It was abominable that actual +facts could reach such deformity. If facts did their duty, they would +confine themselves to being proofs of the law; facts—it is God who +sends them. Was anarchy, then, on the point of now descending from on +high? + +Thus,—and in the exaggeration of anguish, and the optical illusion of +consternation, all that might have corrected and restrained this +impression was effaced, and society, and the human race, and the +universe were, henceforth, summed up in his eyes, in one simple and +terrible feature,—thus the penal laws, the thing judged, the force due +to legislation, the decrees of the sovereign courts, the magistracy, +the government, prevention, repression, official cruelty, wisdom, legal +infallibility, the principle of authority, all the dogmas on which rest +political and civil security, sovereignty, justice, public truth, all +this was rubbish, a shapeless mass, chaos; he himself, Javert, the spy +of order, incorruptibility in the service of the police, the bull-dog +providence of society, vanquished and hurled to earth; and, erect, at +the summit of all that ruin, a man with a green cap on his head and a +halo round his brow; this was the astounding confusion to which he had +come; this was the fearful vision which he bore within his soul. + +Was this to be endured? No. + +A violent state, if ever such existed. There were only two ways of +escaping from it. One was to go resolutely to Jean Valjean, and restore +to his cell the convict from the galleys. The other.... + +Javert quitted the parapet, and, with head erect this time, betook +himself, with a firm tread, towards the station-house indicated by a +lantern at one of the corners of the Place du ChĂątelet. + +On arriving there, he saw through the window a sergeant of police, and +he entered. Policemen recognize each other by the very way in which +they open the door of a station-house. Javert mentioned his name, +showed his card to the sergeant, and seated himself at the table of the +post on which a candle was burning. On a table lay a pen, a leaden +inkstand and paper, provided in the event of possible reports and the +orders of the night patrols. This table, still completed by its +straw-seated chair, is an institution; it exists in all police +stations; it is invariably ornamented with a box-wood saucer filled +with sawdust and a wafer box of cardboard filled with red wafers, and +it forms the lowest stage of official style. It is there that the +literature of the State has its beginning. + +Javert took a pen and a sheet of paper, and began to write. This is +what he wrote: + +A FEW OBSERVATIONS FOR THE GOOD OF THE SERVICE. + +“In the first place: I beg Monsieur le PrĂ©fet to cast his eyes on +this. + +“Secondly: prisoners, on arriving after examination, take off their +shoes and stand barefoot on the flagstones while they are being +searched. Many of them cough on their return to prison. This entails +hospital expenses. + +“Thirdly: the mode of keeping track of a man with relays of police +agents from distance to distance, is good, but, on important occasions, +it is requisite that at least two agents should never lose sight of +each other, so that, in case one agent should, for any cause, grow weak +in his service, the other may supervise him and take his place. + +“Fourthly: it is inexplicable why the special regulation of the prison +of the Madelonettes interdicts the prisoner from having a chair, even +by paying for it. + +“Fifthly: in the Madelonettes there are only two bars to the canteen, +so that the canteen woman can touch the prisoners with her hand. + +“Sixthly: the prisoners called barkers, who summon the other prisoners +to the parlor, force the prisoner to pay them two sous to call his name +distinctly. This is a theft. + +“Seventhly: for a broken thread ten sous are withheld in the weaving +shop; this is an abuse of the contractor, since the cloth is none the +worse for it. + +“Eighthly: it is annoying for visitors to La Force to be obliged to +traverse the boys’ court in order to reach the parlor of +Sainte-Marie-l’Égyptienne. + +“Ninthly: it is a fact that any day gendarmes can be overheard +relating in the court-yard of the prefecture the interrogations put by +the magistrates to prisoners. For a gendarme, who should be sworn to +secrecy, to repeat what he has heard in the examination room is a grave +disorder. + +“Tenthly: Mme. Henry is an honest woman; her canteen is very neat; but +it is bad to have a woman keep the wicket to the mouse-trap of the +secret cells. This is unworthy of the Conciergerie of a great +civilization.” + + +Javert wrote these lines in his calmest and most correct chirography, +not omitting a single comma, and making the paper screech under his +pen. Below the last line he signed: + +“JAVERT, + +“Inspector of the 1st class. + +“The Post of the Place du ChĂątelet. + +“June 7th, 1832, about one o’clock in the morning.” + + + +Javert dried the fresh ink on the paper, folded it like a letter, +sealed it, wrote on the back: _Note for the administration_, left it on +the table, and quitted the post. The glazed and grated door fell to +behind him. + +Again he traversed the Place du ChĂątelet diagonally, regained the quay, +and returned with automatic precision to the very point which he had +abandoned a quarter of an hour previously, leaned on his elbows and +found himself again in the same attitude on the same paving-stone of +the parapet. He did not appear to have stirred. + +The darkness was complete. It was the sepulchral moment which follows +midnight. A ceiling of clouds concealed the stars. Not a single light +burned in the houses of the city; no one was passing; all of the +streets and quays which could be seen were deserted; Notre-Dame and the +towers of the Court-House seemed features of the night. A street +lantern reddened the margin of the quay. The outlines of the bridges +lay shapeless in the mist one behind the other. Recent rains had +swollen the river. + +The spot where Javert was leaning was, it will be remembered, situated +precisely over the rapids of the Seine, perpendicularly above that +formidable spiral of whirlpools which loose and knot themselves again +like an endless screw. + +Javert bent his head and gazed. All was black. Nothing was to be +distinguished. A sound of foam was audible; but the river could not be +seen. At moments, in that dizzy depth, a gleam of light appeared, and +undulated vaguely, water possessing the power of taking light, no one +knows whence, and converting it into a snake. The light vanished, and +all became indistinct once more. Immensity seemed thrown open there. +What lay below was not water, it was a gulf. The wall of the quay, +abrupt, confused, mingled with the vapors, instantly concealed from +sight, produced the effect of an escarpment of the infinite. Nothing +was to be seen, but the hostile chill of the water and the stale odor +of the wet stones could be felt. A fierce breath rose from this abyss. +The flood in the river, divined rather than perceived, the tragic +whispering of the waves, the melancholy vastness of the arches of the +bridge, the imaginable fall into that gloomy void, into all that shadow +was full of horror. + +Javert remained motionless for several minutes, gazing at this opening +of shadow; he considered the invisible with a fixity that resembled +attention. The water roared. All at once he took off his hat and placed +it on the edge of the quay. A moment later, a tall black figure, which +a belated passer-by in the distance might have taken for a phantom, +appeared erect upon the parapet of the quay, bent over towards the +Seine, then drew itself up again, and fell straight down into the +shadows; a dull splash followed; and the shadow alone was in the secret +of the convulsions of that obscure form which had disappeared beneath +the water. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—GRANDSON AND GRANDFATHER + + + + +CHAPTER I—IN WHICH THE TREE WITH THE ZINC PLASTER APPEARS AGAIN + + +Some time after the events which we have just recorded, Sieur +Boulatruelle experienced a lively emotion. + +Sieur Boulatruelle was that road-mender of Montfermeil whom the reader +has already seen in the gloomy parts of this book. + +Boulatruelle, as the reader may, perchance, recall, was a man who was +occupied with divers and troublesome matters. He broke stones and +damaged travellers on the highway. + +Road-mender and thief as he was, he cherished one dream; he believed in +the treasures buried in the forest of Montfermeil. He hoped some day to +find the money in the earth at the foot of a tree; in the meanwhile, he +lived to search the pockets of passers-by. + +Nevertheless, for an instant, he was prudent. He had just escaped +neatly. He had been, as the reader is aware, picked up in Jondrette’s +garret in company with the other ruffians. Utility of a vice: his +drunkenness had been his salvation. The authorities had never been able +to make out whether he had been there in the quality of a robber or a +man who had been robbed. An order of _nolle prosequi_, founded on his +well authenticated state of intoxication on the evening of the ambush, +had set him at liberty. He had taken to his heels. He had returned to +his road from Gagny to Lagny, to make, under administrative +supervision, broken stone for the good of the state, with downcast +mien, in a very pensive mood, his ardor for theft somewhat cooled; but +he was addicted nonetheless tenderly to the wine which had recently +saved him. + +As for the lively emotion which he had experienced a short time after +his return to his road-mender’s turf-thatched cot, here it is: + +One morning, Boulatruelle, while on his way as was his wont, to his +work, and possibly also to his ambush, a little before daybreak caught +sight, through the branches of the trees, of a man, whose back alone he +saw, but the shape of whose shoulders, as it seemed to him at that +distance and in the early dusk, was not entirely unfamiliar to him. +Boulatruelle, although intoxicated, had a correct and lucid memory, a +defensive arm that is indispensable to any one who is at all in +conflict with legal order. + +“Where the deuce have I seen something like that man yonder?” he said +to himself. But he could make himself no answer, except that the man +resembled some one of whom his memory preserved a confused trace. + +However, apart from the identity which he could not manage to catch, +Boulatruelle put things together and made calculations. This man did +not belong in the country-side. He had just arrived there. On foot, +evidently. No public conveyance passes through Montfermeil at that +hour. He had walked all night. Whence came he? Not from a very great +distance; for he had neither haversack, nor bundle. From Paris, no +doubt. Why was he in these woods? why was he there at such an hour? +what had he come there for? + +Boulatruelle thought of the treasure. By dint of ransacking his memory, +he recalled in a vague way that he had already, many years before, had +a similar alarm in connection with a man who produced on him the effect +that he might well be this very individual. + +“By the deuce,” said Boulatruelle, “I’ll find him again. I’ll discover +the parish of that parishioner. This prowler of Patron-Minette has a +reason, and I’ll know it. People can’t have secrets in my forest if I +don’t have a finger in the pie.” + + +He took his pick-axe which was very sharply pointed. + +“There now,” he grumbled, “is something that will search the earth and +a man.” + + +And, as one knots one thread to another thread, he took up the line of +march at his best pace in the direction which the man must follow, and +set out across the thickets. + +When he had compassed a hundred strides, the day, which was already +beginning to break, came to his assistance. Footprints stamped in the +sand, weeds trodden down here and there, heather crushed, young +branches in the brushwood bent and in the act of straightening +themselves up again with the graceful deliberation of the arms of a +pretty woman who stretches herself when she wakes, pointed out to him a +sort of track. He followed it, then lost it. Time was flying. He +plunged deeper into the woods and came to a sort of eminence. An early +huntsman who was passing in the distance along a path, whistling the +air of Guillery, suggested to him the idea of climbing a tree. Old as +he was, he was agile. There stood close at hand a beech-tree of great +size, worthy of Tityrus and of Boulatruelle. Boulatruelle ascended the +beech as high as he was able. + +The idea was a good one. On scrutinizing the solitary waste on the side +where the forest is thoroughly entangled and wild, Boulatruelle +suddenly caught sight of his man. + +Hardly had he got his eye upon him when he lost sight of him. + +The man entered, or rather, glided into, an open glade, at a +considerable distance, masked by large trees, but with which +Boulatruelle was perfectly familiar, on account of having noticed, near +a large pile of porous stones, an ailing chestnut-tree bandaged with a +sheet of zinc nailed directly upon the bark. This glade was the one +which was formerly called the Blaru-bottom. The heap of stones, +destined for no one knows what employment, which was visible there +thirty years ago, is doubtless still there. Nothing equals a heap of +stones in longevity, unless it is a board fence. They are temporary +expedients. What a reason for lasting! + +Boulatruelle, with the rapidity of joy, dropped rather than descended +from the tree. The lair was unearthed, the question now was to seize +the beast. That famous treasure of his dreams was probably there. + +It was no small matter to reach that glade. By the beaten paths, which +indulge in a thousand teasing zigzags, it required a good quarter of an +hour. In a bee-line, through the underbrush, which is peculiarly dense, +very thorny, and very aggressive in that locality, a full half hour was +necessary. Boulatruelle committed the error of not comprehending this. +He believed in the straight line; a respectable optical illusion which +ruins many a man. The thicket, bristling as it was, struck him as the +best road. + +“Let’s take to the wolves’ Rue de Rivoli,” said he. + +Boulatruelle, accustomed to taking crooked courses, was on this +occasion guilty of the fault of going straight. + +He flung himself resolutely into the tangle of undergrowth. + +He had to deal with holly bushes, nettles, hawthorns, eglantines, +thistles, and very irascible brambles. He was much lacerated. + +At the bottom of the ravine he found water which he was obliged to +traverse. + +At last he reached the Blaru-bottom, after the lapse of forty minutes, +sweating, soaked, breathless, scratched, and ferocious. + +There was no one in the glade. Boulatruelle rushed to the heap of +stones. It was in its place. It had not been carried off. + +As for the man, he had vanished in the forest. He had made his escape. +Where? in what direction? into what thicket? Impossible to guess. + +And, heartrending to say, there, behind the pile of stones, in front of +the tree with the sheet of zinc, was freshly turned earth, a pick-axe, +abandoned or forgotten, and a hole. + +The hole was empty. + +“Thief!” shrieked Boulatruelle, shaking his fist at the horizon. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS, EMERGING FROM CIVIL WAR, MAKES READY FOR DOMESTIC +WAR + + +For a long time, Marius was neither dead nor alive. For many weeks he +lay in a fever accompanied by delirium, and by tolerably grave cerebral +symptoms, caused more by the shocks of the wounds on the head than by +the wounds themselves. + +He repeated Cosette’s name for whole nights in the melancholy loquacity +of fever, and with the sombre obstinacy of agony. The extent of some of +the lesions presented a serious danger, the suppuration of large wounds +being always liable to become re-absorbed, and consequently, to kill +the sick man, under certain atmospheric conditions; at every change of +weather, at the slightest storm, the physician was uneasy. + +“Above all things,” he repeated, “let the wounded man be subjected to +no emotion.” The dressing of the wounds was complicated and difficult, +the fixation of apparatus and bandages by cerecloths not having been +invented as yet, at that epoch. Nicolette used up a sheet “as big as +the ceiling,” as she put it, for lint. It was not without difficulty +that the chloruretted lotions and the nitrate of silver overcame the +gangrene. As long as there was any danger, M. Gillenormand, seated in +despair at his grandson’s pillow, was, like Marius, neither alive nor +dead. + +Every day, sometimes twice a day, a very well dressed gentleman with +white hair,—such was the description given by the porter,—came to +inquire about the wounded man, and left a large package of lint for the +dressings. + +Finally, on the 7th of September, four months to a day, after the +sorrowful night when he had been brought back to his grandfather in a +dying condition, the doctor declared that he would answer for Marius. +Convalescence began. But Marius was forced to remain for two months +more stretched out on a long chair, on account of the results called up +by the fracture of his collar-bone. There always is a last wound like +that which will not close, and which prolongs the dressings +indefinitely, to the great annoyance of the sick person. + +However, this long illness and this long convalescence saved him from +all pursuit. In France, there is no wrath, not even of a public +character, which six months will not extinguish. Revolts, in the +present state of society, are so much the fault of every one, that they +are followed by a certain necessity of shutting the eyes. + +Let us add, that the inexcusable Gisquet order, which enjoined doctors +to lodge information against the wounded, having outraged public +opinion, and not opinion alone, but the King first of all, the wounded +were covered and protected by this indignation; and, with the exception +of those who had been made prisoners in the very act of combat, the +councils of war did not dare to trouble any one. So Marius was left in +peace. + +M. Gillenormand first passed through all manner of anguish, and then +through every form of ecstasy. It was found difficult to prevent his +passing every night beside the wounded man; he had his big armchair +carried to Marius’ bedside; he required his daughter to take the finest +linen in the house for compresses and bandages. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, like a sage and elderly person, contrived to spare the +fine linen, while allowing the grandfather to think that he was obeyed. +M. Gillenormand would not permit any one to explain to him, that for +the preparation of lint batiste is not nearly so good as coarse linen, +nor new linen as old linen. He was present at all the dressings of the +wounds from which Mademoiselle Gillenormand modestly absented herself. +When the dead flesh was cut away with scissors, he said: “AĂŻe! aĂŻe!” +Nothing was more touching than to see him with his gentle, senile +palsy, offer the wounded man a cup of his cooling-draught. He +overwhelmed the doctor with questions. He did not observe that he asked +the same ones over and over again. + +On the day when the doctor announced to him that Marius was out of +danger, the good man was in a delirium. He made his porter a present of +three louis. That evening, on his return to his own chamber, he danced +a gavotte, using his thumb and forefinger as castanets, and he sang the +following song: + +“Jeanne est nĂ©e Ă  FougĂšre “Amour, tu vis en elle; +Vrai nid d’une bergĂšre; Car c’est dans sa prunelle +J’adore son jupon, Que tu mets ton carquois. +Fripon. Narquois! + +“Moi, je la chante, et j’aime, +Plus que Diane mĂȘme, +Jeanne et ses durs tetons +Bretons.”61 + + +Then he knelt upon a chair, and Basque, who was watching him through +the half-open door, made sure that he was praying. + +Up to that time, he had not believed in God. + +At each succeeding phase of improvement, which became more and more +pronounced, the grandfather raved. He executed a multitude of +mechanical actions full of joy; he ascended and descended the stairs, +without knowing why. A pretty female neighbor was amazed one morning at +receiving a big bouquet; it was M. Gillenormand who had sent it to her. +The husband made a jealous scene. M. Gillenormand tried to draw +Nicolette upon his knees. He called Marius, “M. le Baron.” He shouted: +“Long live the Republic!” + + +Every moment, he kept asking the doctor: “Is he no longer in danger?” +He gazed upon Marius with the eyes of a grandmother. He brooded over +him while he ate. He no longer knew himself, he no longer rendered +himself an account of himself. Marius was the master of the house, +there was abdication in his joy, he was the grandson of his grandson. + +In the state of joy in which he then was, he was the most venerable of +children. In his fear lest he might fatigue or annoy the convalescent, +he stepped behind him to smile. He was content, joyous, delighted, +charming, young. His white locks added a gentle majesty to the gay +radiance of his visage. When grace is mingled with wrinkles, it is +adorable. There is an indescribable aurora in beaming old age. + +As for Marius, as he allowed them to dress his wounds and care for him, +he had but one fixed idea: Cosette. + +After the fever and delirium had left him, he did not again pronounce +her name, and it might have been supposed that he no longer thought of +her. He held his peace, precisely because his soul was there. + +He did not know what had become of Cosette; the whole affair of the Rue +de la Chanvrerie was like a cloud in his memory; shadows that were +almost indistinct, floated through his mind, Éponine, Gavroche, Mabeuf, +the ThĂ©nardiers, all his friends gloomily intermingled with the smoke +of the barricade; the strange passage of M. Fauchelevent through that +adventure produced on him the effect of a puzzle in a tempest; he +understood nothing connected with his own life, he did not know how nor +by whom he had been saved, and no one of those around him knew this; +all that they had been able to tell him was, that he had been brought +home at night in a hackney-coach, to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; +past, present, future were nothing more to him than the mist of a vague +idea; but in that fog there was one immovable point, one clear and +precise outline, something made of granite, a resolution, a will; to +find Cosette once more. For him, the idea of life was not distinct from +the idea of Cosette. He had decreed in his heart that he would not +accept the one without the other, and he was immovably resolved to +exact of any person whatever, who should desire to force him to +live,—from his grandfather, from fate, from hell,—the restitution of +his vanished Eden. + +He did not conceal from himself the fact that obstacles existed. + +Let us here emphasize one detail, he was not won over and was but +little softened by all the solicitude and tenderness of his +grandfather. In the first place, he was not in the secret; then, in his +reveries of an invalid, which were still feverish, possibly, he +distrusted this tenderness as a strange and novel thing, which had for +its object his conquest. He remained cold. The grandfather absolutely +wasted his poor old smile. Marius said to himself that it was all right +so long as he, Marius, did not speak, and let things take their course; +but that when it became a question of Cosette, he would find another +face, and that his grandfather’s true attitude would be unmasked. Then +there would be an unpleasant scene; a recrudescence of family +questions, a confrontation of positions, every sort of sarcasm and all +manner of objections at one and the same time, Fauchelevent, +Coupelevent, fortune, poverty, a stone about his neck, the future. +Violent resistance; conclusion: a refusal. Marius stiffened himself in +advance. + +And then, in proportion as he regained life, the old ulcers of his +memory opened once more, he reflected again on the past, Colonel +Pontmercy placed himself once more between M. Gillenormand and him, +Marius, he told himself that he had no true kindness to expect from a +person who had been so unjust and so hard to his father. And with +health, there returned to him a sort of harshness towards his +grandfather. The old man was gently pained by this. M. Gillenormand, +without however allowing it to appear, observed that Marius, ever since +the latter had been brought back to him and had regained consciousness, +had not once called him father. It is true that he did not say +“monsieur” to him; but he contrived not to say either the one or the +other, by means of a certain way of turning his phrases. Obviously, a +crisis was approaching. + +As almost always happens in such cases, Marius skirmished before giving +battle, by way of proving himself. This is called “feeling the ground.” +One morning it came to pass that M. Gillenormand spoke slightingly of +the Convention, apropos of a newspaper which had fallen into his hands, +and gave vent to a Royalist harangue on Danton, Saint-Juste and +Robespierre.—“The men of ’93 were giants,” said Marius with severity. +The old man held his peace, and uttered not a sound during the +remainder of that day. + +Marius, who had always present to his mind the inflexible grandfather +of his early years, interpreted this silence as a profound +concentration of wrath, augured from it a hot conflict, and augmented +his preparations for the fray in the inmost recesses of his mind. + +He decided that, in case of a refusal, he would tear off his bandages, +dislocate his collar-bone, that he would lay bare all the wounds which +he had left, and would reject all food. His wounds were his munitions +of war. He would have Cosette or die. + +He awaited the propitious moment with the crafty patience of the sick. + +That moment arrived. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS ATTACKED + + +One day, M. Gillenormand, while his daughter was putting in order the +phials and cups on the marble of the commode, bent over Marius and said +to him in his tenderest accents: “Look here, my little Marius, if I +were in your place, I would eat meat now in preference to fish. A fried +sole is excellent to begin a convalescence with, but a good cutlet is +needed to put a sick man on his feet.” + + +Marius, who had almost entirely recovered his strength, collected the +whole of it, drew himself up into a sitting posture, laid his two +clenched fists on the sheets of his bed, looked his grandfather in the +face, assumed a terrible air, and said: + +“This leads me to say something to you.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I wish to marry.” + + +“Agreed,” said his grandfather.—And he burst out laughing. + +“How agreed?” + + +“Yes, agreed. You shall have your little girl.” + + +Marius, stunned and overwhelmed with the dazzling shock, trembled in +every limb. + +M. Gillenormand went on: + +“Yes, you shall have her, that pretty little girl of yours. She comes +every day in the shape of an old gentleman to inquire after you. Ever +since you were wounded, she has passed her time in weeping and making +lint. I have made inquiries. She lives in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. +7. Ah! There we have it! Ah! so you want her! Well, you shall have her. +You’re caught. You had arranged your little plot, you had said to +yourself:—‘I’m going to signify this squarely to my grandfather, to +that mummy of the Regency and of the Directory, to that ancient beau, +to that Dorante turned GĂ©ronte; he has indulged in his frivolities +also, that he has, and he has had his love affairs, and his grisettes +and his Cosettes; he has made his rustle, he has had his wings, he has +eaten of the bread of spring; he certainly must remember it.’ Ah! you +take the cockchafer by the horns. That’s good. I offer you a cutlet and +you answer me: ‘By the way, I want to marry.’ There’s a transition for +you! Ah! you reckoned on a bickering! You do not know that I am an old +coward. What do you say to that? You are vexed? You did not expect to +find your grandfather still more foolish than yourself, you are wasting +the discourse which you meant to bestow upon me, Mr. Lawyer, and that’s +vexatious. Well, so much the worse, rage away. I’ll do whatever you +wish, and that cuts you short, imbecile! Listen. I have made my +inquiries, I’m cunning too; she is charming, she is discreet, it is not +true about the lancer, she has made heaps of lint, she’s a jewel, she +adores you, if you had died, there would have been three of us, her +coffin would have accompanied mine. I have had an idea, ever since you +have been better, of simply planting her at your bedside, but it is +only in romances that young girls are brought to the bedsides of +handsome young wounded men who interest them. It is not done. What +would your aunt have said to it? You were nude three quarters of the +time, my good fellow. Ask Nicolette, who has not left you for a moment, +if there was any possibility of having a woman here. And then, what +would the doctor have said? A pretty girl does not cure a man of fever. +In short, it’s all right, let us say no more about it, all’s said, +all’s done, it’s all settled, take her. Such is my ferocity. You see, I +perceived that you did not love me. I said to myself: ‘Here now, I have +my little Cosette right under my hand, I’m going to give her to him, he +will be obliged to love me a little then, or he must tell the reason +why.’ Ah! so you thought that the old man was going to storm, to put on +a big voice, to shout no, and to lift his cane at all that aurora. Not +a bit of it. Cosette, so be it; love, so be it; I ask nothing better. +Pray take the trouble of getting married, sir. Be happy, my +well-beloved child.” + + +That said, the old man burst forth into sobs. + +And he seized Marius’ head, and pressed it with both arms against his +breast, and both fell to weeping. This is one of the forms of supreme +happiness. + +“Father!” cried Marius. + +“Ah, so you love me!” said the old man. + +An ineffable moment ensued. They were choking and could not speak. + +At length the old man stammered: + +“Come! his mouth is unstopped at last. He has said: ‘Father’ to me.” + + +Marius disengaged his head from his grandfather’s arms, and said +gently: + +“But, father, now that I am quite well, it seems to me that I might see +her.” + + +“Agreed again, you shall see her to-morrow.” + + +“Father!” + + +“What?” + + +“Why not to-day?” + + +“Well, to-day then. Let it be to-day. You have called me ‘father’ three +times, and it is worth it. I will attend to it. She shall be brought +hither. Agreed, I tell you. It has already been put into verse. This is +the ending of the elegy of the ‘Jeune Malade’ by AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier, by +AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier whose throat was cut by the ras . . . by the giants of +’93.” + + +M. Gillenormand fancied that he detected a faint frown on the part of +Marius, who, in truth, as we must admit, was no longer listening to +him, and who was thinking far more of Cosette than of 1793. + +The grandfather, trembling at having so inopportunely introduced AndrĂ© +ChĂ©nier, resumed precipitately: + +“Cut his throat is not the word. The fact is that the great +revolutionary geniuses, who were not malicious, that is incontestable, +who were heroes, pardi! found that AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier embarrassed them +somewhat, and they had him guillot . . . that is to say, those great +men on the 7th of Thermidor, besought AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier, in the interests +of public safety, to be so good as to go....” + + +M. Gillenormand, clutched by the throat by his own phrase, could not +proceed. Being able neither to finish it nor to retract it, while his +daughter arranged the pillow behind Marius, who was overwhelmed with so +many emotions, the old man rushed headlong, with as much rapidity as +his age permitted, from the bed-chamber, shut the door behind him, and, +purple, choking and foaming at the mouth, his eyes starting from his +head, he found himself nose to nose with honest Basque, who was +blacking boots in the anteroom. He seized Basque by the collar, and +shouted full in his face in fury:—“By the hundred thousand Javottes of +the devil, those ruffians did assassinate him!” + + +“Who, sir?” + + +“AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier!” + + +“Yes, sir,” said Basque in alarm. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—MADEMOISELLE GILLENORMAND ENDS BY NO LONGER THINKING IT A +BAD THING THAT M. FAUCHELEVENT SHOULD HAVE ENTERED WITH SOMETHING UNDER +HIS ARM + + +Cosette and Marius beheld each other once more. + +What that interview was like we decline to say. There are things which +one must not attempt to depict; the sun is one of them. + +The entire family, including Basque and Nicolette, were assembled in +Marius’ chamber at the moment when Cosette entered it. + +Precisely at that moment, the grandfather was on the point of blowing +his nose; he stopped short, holding his nose in his handkerchief, and +gazing over it at Cosette. + +She appeared on the threshold; it seemed to him that she was surrounded +by a glory. + +“Adorable!” he exclaimed. + +Then he blew his nose noisily. + +Cosette was intoxicated, delighted, frightened, in heaven. She was as +thoroughly alarmed as any one can be by happiness. She stammered all +pale, yet flushed, she wanted to fling herself into Marius’ arms, and +dared not. Ashamed of loving in the presence of all these people. +People are pitiless towards happy lovers; they remain when the latter +most desire to be left alone. Lovers have no need of any people +whatever. + +With Cosette, and behind her, there had entered a man with white hair +who was grave yet smiling, though with a vague and heartrending smile. +It was “Monsieur Fauchelevent”; it was Jean Valjean. + +He was very well dressed, as the porter had said, entirely in black, in +perfectly new garments, and with a white cravat. + +The porter was a thousand leagues from recognizing in this correct +bourgeois, in this probable notary, the fear-inspiring bearer of the +corpse, who had sprung up at his door on the night of the 7th of June, +tattered, muddy, hideous, haggard, his face masked in blood and mire, +supporting in his arms the fainting Marius; still, his porter’s scent +was aroused. When M. Fauchelevent arrived with Cosette, the porter had +not been able to refrain from communicating to his wife this aside: “I +don’t know why it is, but I can’t help fancying that I’ve seen that +face before.” + + +M. Fauchelevent in Marius’ chamber, remained apart near the door. He +had under his arm, a package which bore considerable resemblance to an +octavo volume enveloped in paper. The enveloping paper was of a +greenish hue, and appeared to be mouldy. + +“Does the gentleman always have books like that under his arm?” +Mademoiselle Gillenormand, who did not like books, demanded in a low +tone of Nicolette. + +“Well,” retorted M. Gillenormand, who had overheard her, in the same +tone, “he’s a learned man. What then? Is that his fault? Monsieur +Boulard, one of my acquaintances, never walked out without a book under +his arm either, and he always had some old volume hugged to his heart +like that.” + + +And, with a bow, he said aloud: + +“Monsieur Tranchelevent....” + + +Father Gillenormand did not do it intentionally, but inattention to +proper names was an aristocratic habit of his. + +“Monsieur Tranchelevent, I have the honor of asking you, on behalf of +my grandson, Baron Marius Pontmercy, for the hand of Mademoiselle.” + + +Monsieur Tranchelevent bowed. + +“That’s settled,” said the grandfather. + +And, turning to Marius and Cosette, with both arms extended in +blessing, he cried: + +“Permission to adore each other!” + + +They did not require him to repeat it twice. So much the worse! the +chirping began. They talked low. Marius, resting on his elbow on his +reclining chair, Cosette standing beside him. “Oh, heavens!” murmured +Cosette, “I see you once again! it is thou! it is you! The idea of +going and fighting like that! But why? It is horrible. I have been dead +for four months. Oh! how wicked it was of you to go to that battle! +What had I done to you? I pardon you, but you will never do it again. A +little while ago, when they came to tell us to come to you, I still +thought that I was about to die, but it was from joy. I was so sad! I +have not taken the time to dress myself, I must frighten people with my +looks! What will your relatives say to see me in a crumpled collar? Do +speak! You let me do all the talking. We are still in the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. It seems that your shoulder was terrible. They told me +that you could put your fist in it. And then, it seems that they cut +your flesh with the scissors. That is frightful. I have cried till I +have no eyes left. It is queer that a person can suffer like that. Your +grandfather has a very kindly air. Don’t disturb yourself, don’t rise +on your elbow, you will injure yourself. Oh! how happy I am! So our +unhappiness is over! I am quite foolish. I had things to say to you, +and I no longer know in the least what they were. Do you still love me? +We live in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. There is no garden. I made lint all +the time; stay, sir, look, it is your fault, I have a callous on my +fingers.” + + +“Angel!” said Marius. + +_Angel_ is the only word in the language which cannot be worn out. No +other word could resist the merciless use which lovers make of it. + +Then as there were spectators, they paused and said not a word more, +contenting themselves with softly touching each other’s hands. + +M. Gillenormand turned towards those who were in the room and cried: + +“Talk loud, the rest of you. Make a noise, you people behind the +scenes. Come, a little uproar, the deuce! so that the children can +chatter at their ease.” + + +And, approaching Marius and Cosette, he said to them in a very low +voice: + +“Call each other _thou_. Don’t stand on ceremony.” + + +Aunt Gillenormand looked on in amazement at this irruption of light in +her elderly household. There was nothing aggressive about this +amazement; it was not the least in the world like the scandalized and +envious glance of an owl at two turtledoves, it was the stupid eye of a +poor innocent seven and fifty years of age; it was a life which had +been a failure gazing at that triumph, love. + +“Mademoiselle Gillenormand senior,” said her father to her, “I told you +that this is what would happen to you.” + + +He remained silent for a moment, and then added: + +“Look at the happiness of others.” + + +Then he turned to Cosette. + +“How pretty she is! how pretty she is! She’s a Greuze. So you are going +to have that all to yourself, you scamp! Ah! my rogue, you are getting +off nicely with me, you are happy; if I were not fifteen years too old, +we would fight with swords to see which of us should have her. Come +now! I am in love with you, mademoiselle. It’s perfectly simple. It is +your right. You are in the right. Ah! what a sweet, charming little +wedding this will make! Our parish is Saint-Denis du Saint Sacrament, +but I will get a dispensation so that you can be married at Saint-Paul. +The church is better. It was built by the Jesuits. It is more +coquettish. It is opposite the fountain of Cardinal de Birague. The +masterpiece of Jesuit architecture is at Namur. It is called +Saint-Loup. You must go there after you are married. It is worth the +journey. Mademoiselle, I am quite of your mind, I think girls ought to +marry; that is what they are made for. There is a certain +Sainte-Catherine whom I should always like to see uncoiffed.62 It’s a +fine thing to remain a spinster, but it is chilly. The Bible says: +Multiply. In order to save the people, Jeanne d’Arc is needed; but in +order to make people, what is needed is Mother Goose. So, marry, my +beauties. I really do not see the use in remaining a spinster! I know +that they have their chapel apart in the church, and that they fall +back on the Society of the Virgin; but, sapristi, a handsome husband, a +fine fellow, and at the expiration of a year, a big, blond brat who +nurses lustily, and who has fine rolls of fat on his thighs, and who +musses up your breast in handfuls with his little rosy paws, laughing +the while like the dawn,—that’s better than holding a candle at +vespers, and chanting _Turris Eburnea!_” + + +The grandfather executed a pirouette on his eighty-year-old heels, and +began to talk again like a spring that has broken loose once more: + +“Ainsi, bornant les cours de tes rĂȘvasseries, +Alcippe, il est donc vrai, dans peu tu te maries.”63 + + +“By the way!” + + +“What is it, father?” + + +“Have not you an intimate friend?” + + +“Yes, Courfeyrac.” + + +“What has become of him?” + + +“He is dead.” + + +“That is good.” + + +He seated himself near them, made Cosette sit down, and took their four +hands in his aged and wrinkled hands: + +“She is exquisite, this darling. She’s a masterpiece, this Cosette! She +is a very little girl and a very great lady. She will only be a +Baroness, which is a come down for her; she was born a Marquise. What +eyelashes she has! Get it well fixed in your noddles, my children, that +you are in the true road. Love each other. Be foolish about it. Love is +the folly of men and the wit of God. Adore each other. Only,” he added, +suddenly becoming gloomy, “what a misfortune! It has just occurred to +me! More than half of what I possess is swallowed up in an annuity; so +long as I live, it will not matter, but after my death, a score of +years hence, ah! my poor children, you will not have a sou! Your +beautiful white hands, Madame la Baronne, will do the devil the honor +of pulling him by the tail.”64 + +At this point they heard a grave and tranquil voice say: + +“Mademoiselle Euphrasie Fauchelevent possesses six hundred thousand +francs.” + + +It was the voice of Jean Valjean. + +So far he had not uttered a single word, no one seemed to be aware that +he was there, and he had remained standing erect and motionless, behind +all these happy people. + +“What has Mademoiselle Euphrasie to do with the question?” inquired the +startled grandfather. + +“I am she,” replied Cosette. + +“Six hundred thousand francs?” resumed M. Gillenormand. + +“Minus fourteen or fifteen thousand francs, possibly,” said Jean +Valjean. + +And he laid on the table the package which Mademoiselle Gillenormand +had mistaken for a book. + +Jean Valjean himself opened the package; it was a bundle of bank-notes. +They were turned over and counted. There were five hundred notes for a +thousand francs each, and one hundred and sixty-eight of five hundred. +In all, five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs. + +“This is a fine book,” said M. Gillenormand. + +“Five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs!” murmured the aunt. + +“This arranges things well, does it not, Mademoiselle Gillenormand +senior?” said the grandfather. “That devil of a Marius has ferreted out +the nest of a millionaire grisette in his tree of dreams! Just trust to +the love affairs of young folks now, will you! Students find +studentesses with six hundred thousand francs. Cherubino works better +than Rothschild.” + + +“Five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs!” repeated Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, in a low tone. “Five hundred and eighty-four! one might +as well say six hundred thousand!” + + +As for Marius and Cosette, they were gazing at each other while this +was going on; they hardly heeded this detail. + + + + +CHAPTER V—DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY IN A FOREST RATHER THAN WITH A NOTARY + + +The reader has, no doubt, understood, without necessitating a lengthy +explanation, that Jean Valjean, after the Champmathieu affair, had been +able, thanks to his first escape of a few days’ duration, to come to +Paris and to withdraw in season, from the hands of Laffitte, the sum +earned by him, under the name of Monsieur Madeleine, at +Montreuil-sur-Mer; and that fearing that he might be recaptured,—which +eventually happened—he had buried and hidden that sum in the forest of +Montfermeil, in the locality known as the Blaru-bottom. The sum, six +hundred and thirty thousand francs, all in bank-bills, was not very +bulky, and was contained in a box; only, in order to preserve the box +from dampness, he had placed it in a coffer filled with chestnut +shavings. In the same coffer he had placed his other treasures, the +Bishop’s candlesticks. It will be remembered that he had carried off +the candlesticks when he made his escape from Montreuil-sur-Mer. The +man seen one evening for the first time by Boulatruelle, was Jean +Valjean. Later on, every time that Jean Valjean needed money, he went +to get it in the Blaru-bottom. Hence the absences which we have +mentioned. He had a pickaxe somewhere in the heather, in a hiding-place +known to himself alone. When he beheld Marius convalescent, feeling +that the hour was at hand, when that money might prove of service, he +had gone to get it; it was he again, whom Boulatruelle had seen in the +woods, but on this occasion, in the morning instead of in the evening. +Boulatreulle inherited his pickaxe. + +The actual sum was five hundred and eighty-four thousand, five hundred +francs. Jean Valjean withdrew the five hundred francs for himself.—“We +shall see hereafter,” he thought. + +The difference between that sum and the six hundred and thirty thousand +francs withdrawn from Laffitte represented his expenditure in ten +years, from 1823 to 1833. The five years of his stay in the convent had +cost only five thousand francs. + +Jean Valjean set the two candlesticks on the chimney-piece, where they +glittered to the great admiration of Toussaint. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean knew that he was delivered from Javert. The +story had been told in his presence, and he had verified the fact in +the _Moniteur_, how a police inspector named Javert had been found +drowned under a boat belonging to some laundresses, between the Pont au +Change and the Pont-Neuf, and that a writing left by this man, +otherwise irreproachable and highly esteemed by his superiors, pointed +to a fit of mental aberration and a suicide.—“In fact,” thought Jean +Valjean, “since he left me at liberty, once having got me in his power, +he must have been already mad.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE TWO OLD MEN DO EVERYTHING, EACH ONE AFTER HIS OWN +FASHION, TO RENDER COSETTE HAPPY + + +Everything was made ready for the wedding. The doctor, on being +consulted, declared that it might take place in February. It was then +December. A few ravishing weeks of perfect happiness passed. + +The grandfather was not the least happy of them all. He remained for a +quarter of an hour at a time gazing at Cosette. + +“The wonderful, beautiful girl!” he exclaimed. “And she has so sweet +and good an air! she is, without exception, the most charming girl that +I have ever seen in my life. Later on, she’ll have virtues with an odor +of violets. How graceful! one cannot live otherwise than nobly with +such a creature. Marius, my boy, you are a Baron, you are rich, don’t +go to pettifogging, I beg of you.” + + +Cosette and Marius had passed abruptly from the sepulchre to paradise. +The transition had not been softened, and they would have been stunned, +had they not been dazzled by it. + +“Do you understand anything about it?” said Marius to Cosette. + +“No,” replied Cosette, “but it seems to me that the good God is caring +for us.” + + +Jean Valjean did everything, smoothed away every difficulty, arranged +everything, made everything easy. He hastened towards Cosette’s +happiness with as much ardor, and, apparently with as much joy, as +Cosette herself. + +As he had been a mayor, he understood how to solve that delicate +problem, with the secret of which he alone was acquainted, Cosette’s +civil status. If he were to announce her origin bluntly, it might +prevent the marriage, who knows? He extricated Cosette from all +difficulties. He concocted for her a family of dead people, a sure +means of not encountering any objections. Cosette was the only scion of +an extinct family; Cosette was not his own daughter, but the daughter +of the other Fauchelevent. Two brothers Fauchelevent had been gardeners +to the convent of the Petit-Picpus. Inquiry was made at that convent; +the very best information and the most respectable references abounded; +the good nuns, not very apt and but little inclined to fathom questions +of paternity, and not attaching any importance to the matter, had never +understood exactly of which of the two Fauchelevents Cosette was the +daughter. They said what was wanted and they said it with zeal. An +_acte de notoriĂ©tĂ©_ was drawn up. Cosette became in the eyes of the +law, Mademoiselle Euphrasie Fauchelevent. She was declared an orphan, +both father and mother being dead. Jean Valjean so arranged it that he +was appointed, under the name of Fauchelevent, as Cosette’s guardian, +with M. Gillenormand as supervising guardian over him. + +As for the five hundred and eighty thousand francs, they constituted a +legacy bequeathed to Cosette by a dead person, who desired to remain +unknown. The original legacy had consisted of five hundred and +ninety-four thousand francs; but ten thousand francs had been expended +on the education of Mademoiselle Euphrasie, five thousand francs of +that amount having been paid to the convent. This legacy, deposited in +the hands of a third party, was to be turned over to Cosette at her +majority, or at the date of her marriage. This, taken as a whole, was +very acceptable, as the reader will perceive, especially when the sum +due was half a million. There were some peculiarities here and there, +it is true, but they were not noticed; one of the interested parties +had his eyes blindfolded by love, the others by the six hundred +thousand francs. + +Cosette learned that she was not the daughter of that old man whom she +had so long called father. He was merely a kinsman; another +Fauchelevent was her real father. At any other time this would have +broken her heart. But at the ineffable moment which she was then +passing through, it cast but a slight shadow, a faint cloud, and she +was so full of joy that the cloud did not last long. She had Marius. +The young man arrived, the old man was effaced; such is life. + +And then, Cosette had, for long years, been habituated to seeing +enigmas around her; every being who has had a mysterious childhood is +always prepared for certain renunciations. + +Nevertheless, she continued to call Jean Valjean: Father. + +Cosette, happy as the angels, was enthusiastic over Father +Gillenormand. It is true that he overwhelmed her with gallant +compliments and presents. While Jean Valjean was building up for +Cosette a normal situation in society and an unassailable status, M. +Gillenormand was superintending the basket of wedding gifts. Nothing so +amused him as being magnificent. He had given to Cosette a robe of +Binche guipure which had descended to him from his own grandmother. + +“These fashions come up again,” said he, “ancient things are the rage, +and the young women of my old age dress like the old women of my +childhood.” + + +He rifled his respectable chests of drawers in Coromandel lacquer, with +swelling fronts, which had not been opened for years.—“Let us hear the +confession of these dowagers,” he said, “let us see what they have in +their paunches.” He noisily violated the pot-bellied drawers of all his +wives, of all his mistresses and of all his grandmothers. Pekins, +damasks, lampas, painted moires, robes of shot gros de Tours, India +kerchiefs embroidered in gold that could be washed, dauphines without a +right or wrong side, in the piece, Genoa and Alençon point lace, +parures in antique goldsmith’s work, ivory bon-bon boxes ornamented +with microscopic battles, gewgaws and ribbons—he lavished everything on +Cosette. Cosette, amazed, desperately in love with Marius, and wild +with gratitude towards M. Gillenormand, dreamed of a happiness without +limit clothed in satin and velvet. Her wedding basket seemed to her to +be upheld by seraphim. Her soul flew out into the azure depths, with +wings of Mechlin lace. + +The intoxication of the lovers was only equalled, as we have already +said, by the ecstasy of the grandfather. A sort of flourish of trumpets +went on in the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. + +Every morning, a fresh offering of bric-Ă -brac from the grandfather to +Cosette. All possible knickknacks glittered around her. + +One day Marius, who was fond of talking gravely in the midst of his +bliss, said, apropos of I know not what incident: + +“The men of the revolution are so great, that they have the prestige of +the ages, like Cato and like Phocion, and each one of them seems to me +an antique memory.” + + +“Moire antique!” exclaimed the old gentleman. “Thanks, Marius. That is +precisely the idea of which I was in search.” + + +And on the following day, a magnificent dress of tea-rose colored moire +antique was added to Cosette’s wedding presents. + +From these fripperies, the grandfather extracted a bit of wisdom. + +“Love is all very well; but there must be something else to go with it. +The useless must be mingled with happiness. Happiness is only the +necessary. Season that enormously with the superfluous for me. A palace +and her heart. Her heart and the Louvre. Her heart and the grand +waterworks of Versailles. Give me my shepherdess and try to make her a +duchess. Fetch me Phyllis crowned with corn-flowers, and add a hundred +thousand francs income. Open for me a bucolic perspective as far as you +can see, beneath a marble colonnade. I consent to the bucolic and also +to the fairy spectacle of marble and gold. Dry happiness resembles dry +bread. One eats, but one does not dine. I want the superfluous, the +useless, the extravagant, excess, that which serves no purpose. I +remember to have seen, in the Cathedral of Strasburg, a clock, as tall +as a three-story house which marked the hours, which had the kindness +to indicate the hour, but which had not the air of being made for that; +and which, after having struck midday, or midnight,—midday, the hour of +the sun, or midnight, the hour of love,—or any other hour that you +like, gave you the moon and the stars, the earth and the sea, birds and +fishes, PhƓbus and PhƓbe, and a host of things which emerged from a +niche, and the twelve apostles, and the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and +Éponine, and Sabinus, and a throng of little gilded goodmen, who played +on the trumpet to boot. Without reckoning delicious chimes which it +sprinkled through the air, on every occasion, without any one’s knowing +why. Is a petty bald clock-face which merely tells the hour equal to +that? For my part, I am of the opinion of the big clock of Strasburg, +and I prefer it to the cuckoo clock from the Black Forest.” + + +M. Gillenormand talked nonsense in connection with the wedding, and all +the fripperies of the eighteenth century passed pell-mell through his +dithyrambs. + +“You are ignorant of the art of festivals. You do not know how to +organize a day of enjoyment in this age,” he exclaimed. “Your +nineteenth century is weak. It lacks excess. It ignores the rich, it +ignores the noble. In everything it is clean-shaven. Your third estate +is insipid, colorless, odorless, and shapeless. The dreams of your +bourgeois who set up, as they express it: a pretty boudoir freshly +decorated, violet, ebony and calico. Make way! Make way! the Sieur +Curmudgeon is marrying Mademoiselle Clutch-penny. Sumptuousness and +splendor. A louis d’or has been stuck to a candle. There’s the epoch +for you. My demand is that I may flee from it beyond the Sarmatians. +Ah! in 1787, I predict that all was lost, from the day when I beheld +the Duc de Rohan, Prince de LĂ©on, Duc de Chabot, Duc de Montbazon, +Marquis de Soubise, Vicomte de Thouars, peer of France, go to +Longchamps in a tapecu! That has borne its fruits. In this century, men +attend to business, they gamble on ’Change, they win money, they are +stingy. People take care of their surfaces and varnish them; every one +is dressed as though just out of a bandbox, washed, soaped, scraped, +shaved, combed, waked, smoothed, rubbed, brushed, cleaned on the +outside, irreproachable, polished as a pebble, discreet, neat, and at +the same time, death of my life, in the depths of their consciences +they have dung-heaps and cesspools that are enough to make a cow-herd +who blows his nose in his fingers, recoil. I grant to this age the +device: ‘Dirty Cleanliness.’ Don’t be vexed, Marius, give me permission +to speak; I say no evil of the people as you see, I am always harping +on your people, but do look favorably on my dealing a bit of a slap to +the bourgeoisie. I belong to it. He who loves well lashes well. +Thereupon, I say plainly, that nowadays people marry, but that they no +longer know how to marry. Ah! it is true, I regret the grace of the +ancient manners. I regret everything about them, their elegance, their +chivalry, those courteous and delicate ways, that joyous luxury which +every one possessed, music forming part of the wedding, a symphony +above stairs, a beating of drums below stairs, the dances, the joyous +faces round the table, the fine-spun gallant compliments, the songs, +the fireworks, the frank laughter, the devil’s own row, the huge knots +of ribbon. I regret the bride’s garter. The bride’s garter is cousin to +the girdle of Venus. On what does the war of Troy turn? On Helen’s +garter, parbleu! Why did they fight, why did Diomed the divine break +over the head of Meriones that great brazen helmet of ten points? why +did Achilles and Hector hew each other up with vast blows of their +lances? Because Helen allowed Paris to take her garter. With Cosette’s +garter, Homer would construct the _Iliad_. He would put in his poem, a +loquacious old fellow, like me, and he would call him Nestor. My +friends, in bygone days, in those amiable days of yore, people married +wisely; they had a good contract, and then they had a good carouse. As +soon as Cujas had taken his departure, Gamacho entered. But, in sooth! +the stomach is an agreeable beast which demands its due, and which +wants to have its wedding also. People supped well, and had at table a +beautiful neighbor without a guimpe so that her throat was only +moderately concealed. Oh! the large laughing mouths, and how gay we +were in those days! youth was a bouquet; every young man terminated in +a branch of lilacs or a tuft of roses; whether he was a shepherd or a +warrior; and if, by chance, one was a captain of dragoons, one found +means to call oneself Florian. People thought much of looking well. +They embroidered and tinted themselves. A bourgeois had the air of a +flower, a Marquis had the air of a precious stone. People had no straps +to their boots, they had no boots. They were spruce, shining, waved, +lustrous, fluttering, dainty, coquettish, which did not at all prevent +their wearing swords by their sides. The humming-bird has beak and +claws. That was the day of the _Galland Indies_. One of the sides of +that century was delicate, the other was magnificent; and by the green +cabbages! people amused themselves. To-day, people are serious. The +bourgeois is avaricious, the bourgeoise is a prude; your century is +unfortunate. People would drive away the Graces as being too low in the +neck. Alas! beauty is concealed as though it were ugliness. Since the +revolution, everything, including the ballet-dancers, has had its +trousers; a mountebank dancer must be grave; your rigadoons are +doctrinarian. It is necessary to be majestic. People would be greatly +annoyed if they did not carry their chins in their cravats. The ideal +of an urchin of twenty when he marries, is to resemble M. +Royer-Collard. And do you know what one arrives at with that majesty? +at being petty. Learn this: joy is not only joyous; it is great. But be +in love gayly then, what the deuce! marry, when you marry, with fever +and giddiness, and tumult, and the uproar of happiness! Be grave in +church, well and good. But, as soon as the mass is finished, sarpejou! +you must make a dream whirl around the bride. A marriage should be +royal and chimerical; it should promenade its ceremony from the +cathedral of Rheims to the pagoda of Chanteloup. I have a horror of a +paltry wedding. Ventregoulette! be in Olympus for that one day, at +least. Be one of the gods. Ah! people might be sylphs. Games and +Laughter, argiraspides; they are stupids. My friends, every recently +made bridegroom ought to be Prince Aldobrandini. Profit by that unique +minute in life to soar away to the empyrean with the swans and the +eagles, even if you do have to fall back on the morrow into the +bourgeoisie of the frogs. Don’t economize on the nuptials, do not prune +them of their splendors; don’t scrimp on the day when you beam. The +wedding is not the housekeeping. Oh! if I were to carry out my fancy, +it would be gallant, violins would be heard under the trees. Here is my +programme: sky-blue and silver. I would mingle with the festival the +rural divinities, I would convoke the Dryads and the Nereids. The +nuptials of Amphitrite, a rosy cloud, nymphs with well dressed locks +and entirely naked, an Academician offering quatrains to the goddess, a +chariot drawn by marine monsters. + +“Triton trottait devant, et tirait de sa conque +Des sons si ravissants qu’il ravissait quiconque!”65 + + +—there’s a festive programme, there’s a good one, or else I know +nothing of such matters, deuce take it!” + + +While the grandfather, in full lyrical effusion, was listening to +himself, Cosette and Marius grew intoxicated as they gazed freely at +each other. + +Aunt Gillenormand surveyed all this with her imperturbable placidity. +Within the last five or six months she had experienced a certain amount +of emotions. Marius returned, Marius brought back bleeding, Marius +brought back from a barricade, Marius dead, then living, Marius +reconciled, Marius betrothed, Marius wedding a poor girl, Marius +wedding a millionairess. The six hundred thousand francs had been her +last surprise. Then, her indifference of a girl taking her first +communion returned to her. She went regularly to service, told her +beads, read her euchology, mumbled _Aves_ in one corner of the house, +while _I love you_ was being whispered in the other, and she beheld +Marius and Cosette in a vague way, like two shadows. The shadow was +herself. + +There is a certain state of inert asceticism in which the soul, +neutralized by torpor, a stranger to that which may be designated as +the business of living, receives no impressions, either human, or +pleasant or painful, with the exception of earthquakes and +catastrophes. This devotion, as Father Gillenormand said to his +daughter, corresponds to a cold in the head. You smell nothing of life. +Neither any bad, nor any good odor. + +Moreover, the six hundred thousand francs had settled the elderly +spinster’s indecision. Her father had acquired the habit of taking her +so little into account, that he had not consulted her in the matter of +consent to Marius’ marriage. He had acted impetuously, according to his +wont, having, a despot-turned slave, but a single thought,—to satisfy +Marius. As for the aunt,—it had not even occurred to him that the aunt +existed, and that she could have an opinion of her own, and, sheep as +she was, this had vexed her. Somewhat resentful in her inmost soul, but +impassible externally, she had said to herself: “My father has settled +the question of the marriage without reference to me; I shall settle +the question of the inheritance without consulting him.” She was rich, +in fact, and her father was not. She had reserved her decision on this +point. It is probable that, had the match been a poor one, she would +have left him poor. “So much the worse for my nephew! he is wedding a +beggar, let him be a beggar himself!” But Cosette’s half-million +pleased the aunt, and altered her inward situation so far as this pair +of lovers were concerned. One owes some consideration to six hundred +thousand francs, and it was evident that she could not do otherwise +than leave her fortune to these young people, since they did not need +it. + +It was arranged that the couple should live with the grandfather—M. +Gillenormand insisted on resigning to them his chamber, the finest in +the house. “That will make me young again,” he said. “It’s an old plan +of mine. I have always entertained the idea of having a wedding in my +chamber.” + + +He furnished this chamber with a multitude of elegant trifles. He had +the ceiling and walls hung with an extraordinary stuff, which he had by +him in the piece, and which he believed to have emanated from Utrecht +with a buttercup-colored satin ground, covered with velvet auricula +blossoms.—“It was with that stuff,” said he, “that the bed of the +Duchesse d’Anville at la Roche-Guyon was draped.”—On the chimney-piece, +he set a little figure in Saxe porcelain, carrying a muff against her +nude stomach. + +M. Gillenormand’s library became the lawyer’s study, which Marius +needed; a study, it will be remembered, being required by the council +of the order. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE EFFECTS OF DREAMS MINGLED WITH HAPPINESS + + +The lovers saw each other every day. Cosette came with M. +Fauchelevent.—“This is reversing things,” said Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, “to have the bride come to the house to do the courting +like this.” But Marius’ convalescence had caused the habit to become +established, and the armchairs of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, +better adapted to interviews than the straw chairs of the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, had rooted it. Marius and M. Fauchelevent saw each other, +but did not address each other. It seemed as though this had been +agreed upon. Every girl needs a chaperon. Cosette could not have come +without M. Fauchelevent. In Marius’ eyes, M. Fauchelevent was the +condition attached to Cosette. He accepted it. By dint of discussing +political matters, vaguely and without precision, from the point of +view of the general amelioration of the fate of all men, they came to +say a little more than “yes” and “no.” Once, on the subject of +education, which Marius wished to have free and obligatory, multiplied +under all forms lavished on every one, like the air and the sun in a +word, respirable for the entire population, they were in unison, and +they almost conversed. M. Fauchelevent talked well, and even with a +certain loftiness of language—still he lacked something indescribable. +M. Fauchelevent possessed something less and also something more, than +a man of the world. + +Marius, inwardly, and in the depths of his thought, surrounded with all +sorts of mute questions this M. Fauchelevent, who was to him simply +benevolent and cold. There were moments when doubts as to his own +recollections occurred to him. There was a void in his memory, a black +spot, an abyss excavated by four months of agony.—Many things had been +lost therein. He had come to the point of asking himself whether it +were really a fact that he had seen M. Fauchelevent, so serious and so +calm a man, in the barricade. + +This was not, however, the only stupor which the apparitions and the +disappearances of the past had left in his mind. It must not be +supposed that he was delivered from all those obsessions of the memory +which force us, even when happy, even when satisfied, to glance sadly +behind us. The head which does not turn backwards towards horizons that +have vanished contains neither thought nor love. At times, Marius +clasped his face between his hands, and the vague and tumultuous past +traversed the twilight which reigned in his brain. Again he beheld +Mabeuf fall, he heard Gavroche singing amid the grape-shot, he felt +beneath his lips the cold brow of Éponine; Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Jean +Prouvaire, Combeferre, Bossuet, Grantaire, all his friends rose erect +before him, then dispersed into thin air. Were all those dear, +sorrowful, valiant, charming or tragic beings merely dreams? had they +actually existed? The revolt had enveloped everything in its smoke. +These great fevers create great dreams. He questioned himself; he felt +himself; all these vanished realities made him dizzy. Where were they +all then? was it really true that all were dead? A fall into the +shadows had carried off all except himself. It all seemed to him to +have disappeared as though behind the curtain of a theatre. There are +curtains like this which drop in life. God passes on to the following +act. + +And he himself—was he actually the same man? He, the poor man, was +rich; he, the abandoned, had a family; he, the despairing, was to marry +Cosette. It seemed to him that he had traversed a tomb, and that he had +entered into it black and had emerged from it white, and in that tomb +the others had remained. At certain moments, all these beings of the +past, returned and present, formed a circle around him, and +overshadowed him; then he thought of Cosette, and recovered his +serenity; but nothing less than this felicity could have sufficed to +efface that catastrophe. + +M. Fauchelevent almost occupied a place among these vanished beings. +Marius hesitated to believe that the Fauchelevent of the barricade was +the same as this Fauchelevent in flesh and blood, sitting so gravely +beside Cosette. The first was, probably, one of those nightmares +occasioned and brought back by his hours of delirium. However, the +natures of both men were rigid, no question from Marius to M. +Fauchelevent was possible. Such an idea had not even occurred to him. +We have already indicated this characteristic detail. + +Two men who have a secret in common, and who, by a sort of tacit +agreement, exchange not a word on the subject, are less rare than is +commonly supposed. + +Once only, did Marius make the attempt. He introduced into the +conversation the Rue de la Chanvrerie, and, turning to M. Fauchelevent, +he said to him: + +“Of course, you are acquainted with that street?” + + +“What street?” + + +“The Rue de la Chanvrerie.” + + +“I have no idea of the name of that street,” replied M. Fauchelevent, +in the most natural manner in the world. + +The response which bore upon the name of the street and not upon the +street itself, appeared to Marius to be more conclusive than it really +was. + +“Decidedly,” thought he, “I have been dreaming. I have been subject to +a hallucination. It was some one who resembled him. M. Fauchelevent was +not there.”’ + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—TWO MEN IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND + + +Marius’ enchantment, great as it was, could not efface from his mind +other pre-occupations. + +While the wedding was in preparation, and while awaiting the date fixed +upon, he caused difficult and scrupulous retrospective researches to be +made. + +He owed gratitude in various quarters; he owed it on his father’s +account, he owed it on his own. + +There was ThĂ©nardier; there was the unknown man who had brought him, +Marius, back to M. Gillenormand. + +Marius endeavored to find these two men, not intending to marry, to be +happy, and to forget them, and fearing that, were these debts of +gratitude not discharged, they would leave a shadow on his life, which +promised so brightly for the future. + +It was impossible for him to leave all these arrears of suffering +behind him, and he wished, before entering joyously into the future, to +obtain a quittance from the past. + +That ThĂ©nardier was a villain detracted nothing from the fact that he +had saved Colonel Pontmercy. ThĂ©nardier was a ruffian in the eyes of +all the world except Marius. + +And Marius, ignorant of the real scene in the battle field of Waterloo, +was not aware of the peculiar detail, that his father, so far as +ThĂ©nardier was concerned was in the strange position of being indebted +to the latter for his life, without being indebted to him for any +gratitude. + +None of the various agents whom Marius employed succeeded in +discovering any trace of ThĂ©nardier. Obliteration appeared to be +complete in that quarter. Madame ThĂ©nardier had died in prison pending +the trial. ThĂ©nardier and his daughter Azelma, the only two remaining +of that lamentable group, had plunged back into the gloom. The gulf of +the social unknown had silently closed above those beings. On the +surface there was not visible so much as that quiver, that trembling, +those obscure concentric circles which announce that something has +fallen in, and that the plummet may be dropped. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier being dead, Boulatruelle being eliminated from the +case, Claquesous having disappeared, the principal persons accused +having escaped from prison, the trial connected with the ambush in the +Gorbeau house had come to nothing. + +That affair had remained rather obscure. The bench of Assizes had been +obliged to content themselves with two subordinates. Panchaud, alias +Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, and Demi-Liard, alias Deux-Milliards, +who had been inconsistently condemned, after a hearing of both sides of +the case, to ten years in the galleys. Hard labor for life had been the +sentence pronounced against the escaped and contumacious accomplices. + +ThĂ©nardier, the head and leader, had been, through contumacy, likewise +condemned to death. + +This sentence was the only information remaining about ThĂ©nardier, +casting upon that buried name its sinister light like a candle beside a +bier. + +Moreover, by thrusting ThĂ©nardier back into the very remotest depths, +through a fear of being re-captured, this sentence added to the density +of the shadows which enveloped this man. + +As for the other person, as for the unknown man who had saved Marius, +the researches were at first to some extent successful, then came to an +abrupt conclusion. They succeeded in finding the carriage which had +brought Marius to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire on the evening of the +6th of June. + +The coachman declared that, on the 6th of June, in obedience to the +commands of a police-agent, he had stood from three o’clock in the +afternoon until nightfall on the Quai des Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, above the +outlet of the Grand Sewer; that, towards nine o’clock in the evening, +the grating of the sewer, which abuts on the bank of the river, had +opened; that a man had emerged therefrom, bearing on his shoulders +another man, who seemed to be dead; that the agent, who was on the +watch at that point, had arrested the living man and had seized the +dead man; that, at the order of the police-agent, he, the coachman, had +taken “all those folks” into his carriage; that they had first driven +to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; that they had there deposited the +dead man; that the dead man was Monsieur Marius, and that he, the +coachman, recognized him perfectly, although he was alive “this time”; +that afterwards, they had entered the vehicle again, that he had +whipped up his horses; a few paces from the gate of the Archives, they +had called to him to halt; that there, in the street, they had paid him +and left him, and that the police-agent had led the other man away; +that he knew nothing more; that the night had been very dark. + +Marius, as we have said, recalled nothing. He only remembered that he +had been seized from behind by an energetic hand at the moment when he +was falling backwards into the barricade; then, everything vanished so +far as he was concerned. + +He had only regained consciousness at M. Gillenormand’s. + +He was lost in conjectures. + +He could not doubt his own identity. Still, how had it come to pass +that, having fallen in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, he had been picked up +by the police-agent on the banks of the Seine, near the Pont des +Invalides? + +Some one had carried him from the Quartier des Halles to the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. And how? Through the sewer. Unheard-of devotion! + +Some one? Who? + +This was the man for whom Marius was searching. + +Of this man, who was his savior, nothing; not a trace; not the faintest +indication. + +Marius, although forced to preserve great reserve, in that direction, +pushed his inquiries as far as the prefecture of police. There, no more +than elsewhere, did the information obtained lead to any enlightenment. + +The prefecture knew less about the matter than did the +hackney-coachman. They had no knowledge of any arrest having been made +on the 6th of June at the mouth of the Grand Sewer. + +No report of any agent had been received there upon this matter, which +was regarded at the prefecture as a fable. The invention of this fable +was attributed to the coachman. + +A coachman who wants a gratuity is capable of anything, even of +imagination. The fact was assured, nevertheless, and Marius could not +doubt it, unless he doubted his own identity, as we have just said. + +Everything about this singular enigma was inexplicable. + +What had become of that man, that mysterious man, whom the coachman had +seen emerge from the grating of the Grand Sewer bearing upon his back +the unconscious Marius, and whom the police-agent on the watch had +arrested in the very act of rescuing an insurgent? What had become of +the agent himself? + +Why had this agent preserved silence? Had the man succeeded in making +his escape? Had he bribed the agent? Why did this man give no sign of +life to Marius, who owed everything to him? His disinterestedness was +no less tremendous than his devotion. Why had not that man appeared +again? Perhaps he was above compensation, but no one is above +gratitude. Was he dead? Who was the man? What sort of a face had he? No +one could tell him this. + +The coachman answered: “The night was very dark.” Basque and Nicolette, +all in a flutter, had looked only at their young master all covered +with blood. + +The porter, whose candle had lighted the tragic arrival of Marius, had +been the only one to take note of the man in question, and this is the +description that he gave: + +“That man was terrible.” + + +Marius had the blood-stained clothing which he had worn when he had +been brought back to his grandfather preserved, in the hope that it +would prove of service in his researches. + +On examining the coat, it was found that one skirt had been torn in a +singular way. A piece was missing. + +One evening, Marius was speaking in the presence of Cosette and Jean +Valjean of the whole of that singular adventure, of the innumerable +inquiries which he had made, and of the fruitlessness of his efforts. +The cold countenance of “Monsieur Fauchelevent” angered him. + +He exclaimed, with a vivacity which had something of wrath in it: + +“Yes, that man, whoever he may have been, was sublime. Do you know what +he did, sir? He intervened like an archangel. He must have flung +himself into the midst of the battle, have stolen me away, have opened +the sewer, have dragged me into it and have carried me through it! He +must have traversed more than a league and a half in those frightful +subterranean galleries, bent over, weighed down, in the dark, in the +cesspool,—more than a league and a half, sir, with a corpse upon his +back! And with what object? With the sole object of saving the corpse. +And that corpse I was. He said to himself: ‘There may still be a +glimpse of life there, perchance; I will risk my own existence for that +miserable spark!’ And his existence he risked not once but twenty +times! And every step was a danger. The proof of it is, that on +emerging from the sewer, he was arrested. Do you know, sir, that that +man did all this? And he had no recompense to expect. What was I? An +insurgent. What was I? One of the conquered. Oh! if Cosette’s six +hundred thousand francs were mine
.” + + +“They are yours,” interrupted Jean Valjean. + +“Well,” resumed Marius, “I would give them all to find that man once +more.” + + +Jean Valjean remained silent. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—THE SLEEPLESS NIGHT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE 16TH OF FEBRUARY, 1833 + + +The night of the 16th to the 17th of February, 1833, was a blessed +night. Above its shadows heaven stood open. It was the wedding night of +Marius and Cosette. + +The day had been adorable. + +It had not been the grand festival dreamed by the grandfather, a fairy +spectacle, with a confusion of cherubim and Cupids over the heads of +the bridal pair, a marriage worthy to form the subject of a painting to +be placed over a door; but it had been sweet and smiling. + +The manner of marriage in 1833 was not the same as it is to-day. France +had not yet borrowed from England that supreme delicacy of carrying off +one’s wife, of fleeing, on coming out of church, of hiding oneself with +shame from one’s happiness, and of combining the ways of a bankrupt +with the delights of the Song of Songs. People had not yet grasped to +the full the chastity, exquisiteness, and decency of jolting their +paradise in a posting-chaise, of breaking up their mystery with +clic-clacs, of taking for a nuptial bed the bed of an inn, and of +leaving behind them, in a commonplace chamber, at so much a night, the +most sacred of the souvenirs of life mingled pell-mell with the +tĂȘte-Ă -tĂȘte of the conductor of the diligence and the maid-servant of +the inn. + +In this second half of the nineteenth century in which we are now +living, the mayor and his scarf, the priest and his chasuble, the law +and God no longer suffice; they must be eked out by the Postilion de +Lonjumeau; a blue waistcoat turned up with red, and with bell buttons, +a plaque like a vantbrace, knee-breeches of green leather, oaths to the +Norman horses with their tails knotted up, false galloons, varnished +hat, long powdered locks, an enormous whip and tall boots. France does +not yet carry elegance to the length of doing like the English +nobility, and raining down on the post-chaise of the bridal pair a hail +storm of slippers trodden down at heel and of worn-out shoes, in memory +of Churchill, afterwards Marlborough, or Malbrouck, who was assailed on +his wedding-day by the wrath of an aunt which brought him good luck. +Old shoes and slippers do not, as yet, form a part of our nuptial +celebrations; but patience, as good taste continues to spread, we shall +come to that. + +In 1833, a hundred years ago, marriage was not conducted at a full +trot. + +Strange to say, at that epoch, people still imagined that a wedding was +a private and social festival, that a patriarchal banquet does not +spoil a domestic solemnity, that gayety, even in excess, provided it be +honest, and decent, does happiness no harm, and that, in short, it is a +good and a venerable thing that the fusion of these two destinies +whence a family is destined to spring, should begin at home, and that +the household should thenceforth have its nuptial chamber as its +witness. + +And people were so immodest as to marry in their own homes. + +The marriage took place, therefore, in accordance with this now +superannuated fashion, at M. Gillenormand’s house. + +Natural and commonplace as this matter of marrying is, the banns to +publish, the papers to be drawn up, the mayoralty, and the church +produce some complication. They could not get ready before the 16th of +February. + +Now, we note this detail, for the pure satisfaction of being exact, it +chanced that the 16th fell on Shrove Tuesday. Hesitations, scruples, +particularly on the part of Aunt Gillenormand. + +“Shrove Tuesday!” exclaimed the grandfather, “so much the better. There +is a proverb: + +“‘Mariage un Mardi gras +N’aura point enfants ingrats.’66 + + +Let us proceed. Here goes for the 16th! Do you want to delay, Marius?” + + +“No, certainly not!” replied the lover. + +“Let us marry, then,” cried the grandfather. + +Accordingly, the marriage took place on the 16th, notwithstanding the +public merrymaking. It rained that day, but there is always in the sky +a tiny scrap of blue at the service of happiness, which lovers see, +even when the rest of creation is under an umbrella. + +On the preceding evening, Jean Valjean handed to Marius, in the +presence of M. Gillenormand, the five hundred and eighty-four thousand +francs. + +As the marriage was taking place under the rĂ©gime of community of +property, the papers had been simple. + +Henceforth, Toussaint was of no use to Jean Valjean; Cosette inherited +her and promoted her to the rank of lady’s maid. + +As for Jean Valjean, a beautiful chamber in the Gillenormand house had +been furnished expressly for him, and Cosette had said to him in such +an irresistible manner: “Father, I entreat you,” that she had almost +persuaded him to promise that he would come and occupy it. + +A few days before that fixed on for the marriage, an accident happened +to Jean Valjean; he crushed the thumb of his right hand. This was not a +serious matter; and he had not allowed any one to trouble himself about +it, nor to dress it, nor even to see his hurt, not even Cosette. +Nevertheless, this had forced him to swathe his hand in a linen +bandage, and to carry his arm in a sling, and had prevented his +signing. M. Gillenormand, in his capacity of Cosette’s +supervising-guardian, had supplied his place. + +We will not conduct the reader either to the mayor’s office or to the +church. One does not follow a pair of lovers to that extent, and one is +accustomed to turn one’s back on the drama as soon as it puts a wedding +nosegay in its buttonhole. We will confine ourselves to noting an +incident which, though unnoticed by the wedding party, marked the +transit from the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire to the church of +Saint-Paul. + +At that epoch, the northern extremity of the Rue Saint-Louis was in +process of repaving. It was barred off, beginning with the Rue du +Parc-Royal. It was impossible for the wedding carriages to go directly +to Saint-Paul. They were obliged to alter their course, and the +simplest way was to turn through the boulevard. One of the invited +guests observed that it was Shrove Tuesday, and that there would be a +jam of vehicles.—“Why?” asked M. Gillenormand—“Because of the +maskers.”—“Capital,” said the grandfather, “let us go that way. These +young folks are on the way to be married; they are about to enter the +serious part of life. This will prepare them for seeing a bit of the +masquerade.” + + +They went by way of the boulevard. The first wedding coach held Cosette +and Aunt Gillenormand, M. Gillenormand and Jean Valjean. Marius, still +separated from his betrothed according to usage, did not come until the +second. The nuptial train, on emerging from the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire, became entangled in a long procession of vehicles +which formed an endless chain from the Madeleine to the Bastille, and +from the Bastille to the Madeleine. Maskers abounded on the boulevard. +In spite of the fact that it was raining at intervals, Merry-Andrew, +Pantaloon and Clown persisted. In the good humor of that winter of +1833, Paris had disguised itself as Venice. Such Shrove Tuesdays are no +longer to be seen nowadays. Everything which exists being a scattered +Carnival, there is no longer any Carnival. + +The sidewalks were overflowing with pedestrians and the windows with +curious spectators. The terraces which crown the peristyles of the +theatres were bordered with spectators. Besides the maskers, they +stared at that procession—peculiar to Shrove Tuesday as to +Longchamps,—of vehicles of every description, citadines, tapissiĂšres, +carioles, cabriolets marching in order, rigorously riveted to each +other by the police regulations, and locked into rails, as it were. Any +one in these vehicles is at once a spectator and a spectacle. Police +sergeants maintained, on the sides of the boulevard, these two +interminable parallel files, moving in contrary directions, and saw to +it that nothing interfered with that double current, those two brooks +of carriages, flowing, the one downstream, the other upstream, the one +towards the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin, the other towards the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. The carriages of the peers of France and of the +Ambassadors, emblazoned with coats of arms, held the middle of the way, +going and coming freely. Certain joyous and magnificent trains, notably +that of the BƓuf Gras, had the same privilege. In this gayety of Paris, +England cracked her whip; Lord Seymour’s post-chaise, harassed by a +nickname from the populace, passed with great noise. + +In the double file, along which the municipal guards galloped like +sheep-dogs, honest family coaches, loaded down with great-aunts and +grandmothers, displayed at their doors fresh groups of children in +disguise, Clowns of seven years of age, Columbines of six, ravishing +little creatures, who felt that they formed an official part of the +public mirth, who were imbued with the dignity of their harlequinade, +and who possessed the gravity of functionaries. + +From time to time, a hitch arose somewhere in the procession of +vehicles; one or other of the two lateral files halted until the knot +was disentangled; one carriage delayed sufficed to paralyze the whole +line. Then they set out again on the march. + +The wedding carriages were in the file proceeding towards the Bastille, +and skirting the right side of the Boulevard. At the top of the +Pont-aux-Choux, there was a stoppage. Nearly at the same moment, the +other file, which was proceeding towards the Madeleine, halted also. At +that point of the file there was a carriage-load of maskers. + +These carriages, or to speak more correctly, these wagon-loads of +maskers are very familiar to Parisians. If they were missing on a +Shrove Tuesday, or at the Mid-Lent, it would be taken in bad part, and +people would say: “There’s something behind that. Probably the ministry +is about to undergo a change.” A pile of Cassandras, Harlequins and +Columbines, jolted along high above the passers-by, all possible +grotesquenesses, from the Turk to the savage, Hercules supporting +Marquises, fishwives who would have made Rabelais stop up his ears just +as the MĂŠnads made Aristophanes drop his eyes, tow wigs, pink tights, +dandified hats, spectacles of a grimacer, three-cornered hats of Janot +tormented with a butterfly, shouts directed at pedestrians, fists on +hips, bold attitudes, bare shoulders, immodesty unchained; a chaos of +shamelessness driven by a coachman crowned with flowers; this is what +that institution was like. + +Greece stood in need of the chariot of Thespis, France stands in need +of the hackney-coach of VadĂ©. + +Everything can be parodied, even parody. The Saturnalia, that grimace +of antique beauty, ends, through exaggeration after exaggeration, in +Shrove Tuesday; and the Bacchanal, formerly crowned with sprays of vine +leaves and grapes, inundated with sunshine, displaying her marble +breast in a divine semi-nudity, having at the present day lost her +shape under the soaked rags of the North, has finally come to be called +the Jack-pudding. + +The tradition of carriage-loads of maskers runs back to the most +ancient days of the monarchy. The accounts of Louis XI. allot to the +bailiff of the palace “twenty sous, Tournois, for three coaches of +mascarades in the crossroads.” In our day, these noisy heaps of +creatures are accustomed to have themselves driven in some ancient +cuckoo carriage, whose imperial they load down, or they overwhelm a +hired landau, with its top thrown back, with their tumultuous groups. +Twenty of them ride in a carriage intended for six. They cling to the +seats, to the rumble, on the cheeks of the hood, on the shafts. They +even bestride the carriage lamps. They stand, sit, lie, with their +knees drawn up in a knot, and their legs hanging. The women sit on the +men’s laps. Far away, above the throng of heads, their wild pyramid is +visible. These carriage-loads form mountains of mirth in the midst of +the rout. CollĂ©, Panard and Piron flow from it, enriched with slang. +This carriage which has become colossal through its freight, has an air +of conquest. Uproar reigns in front, tumult behind. People vociferate, +shout, howl, there they break forth and writhe with enjoyment; gayety +roars; sarcasm flames forth, joviality is flaunted like a red flag; two +jades there drag farce blossomed forth into an apotheosis; it is the +triumphal car of laughter. + +A laughter that is too cynical to be frank. In truth, this laughter is +suspicious. This laughter has a mission. It is charged with proving the +Carnival to the Parisians. + +These fishwife vehicles, in which one feels one knows not what shadows, +set the philosopher to thinking. There is government therein. There one +lays one’s finger on a mysterious affinity between public men and +public women. + +It certainly is sad that turpitude heaped up should give a sum total of +gayety, that by piling ignominy upon opprobrium the people should be +enticed, that the system of spying, and serving as caryatids to +prostitution should amuse the rabble when it confronts them, that the +crowd loves to behold that monstrous living pile of tinsel rags, half +dung, half light, roll by on four wheels howling and laughing, that +they should clap their hands at this glory composed of all shames, that +there would be no festival for the populace, did not the police +promenade in their midst these sorts of twenty-headed hydras of joy. +But what can be done about it? These be-ribboned and be-flowered +tumbrils of mire are insulted and pardoned by the laughter of the +public. The laughter of all is the accomplice of universal degradation. +Certain unhealthy festivals disaggregate the people and convert them +into the populace. And populaces, like tyrants, require buffoons. The +King has Roquelaure, the populace has the Merry-Andrew. Paris is a +great, mad city on every occasion that it is a great sublime city. +There the Carnival forms part of politics. Paris,—let us confess +it—willingly allows infamy to furnish it with comedy. She only demands +of her masters—when she has masters—one thing: “Paint me the mud.” Rome +was of the same mind. She loved Nero. Nero was a titanic lighterman. + +Chance ordained, as we have just said, that one of these shapeless +clusters of masked men and women, dragged about on a vast calash, +should halt on the left of the boulevard, while the wedding train +halted on the right. The carriage-load of masks caught sight of the +wedding carriage containing the bridal party opposite them on the other +side of the boulevard. + +“Hullo!” said a masker, “here’s a wedding.” + + +“A sham wedding,” retorted another. “We are the genuine article.” + + +And, being too far off to accost the wedding party, and fearing also, +the rebuke of the police, the two maskers turned their eyes elsewhere. + +At the end of another minute, the carriage-load of maskers had their +hands full, the multitude set to yelling, which is the crowd’s caress +to masquerades; and the two maskers who had just spoken had to face the +throng with their comrades, and did not find the entire repertory of +projectiles of the fishmarkets too extensive to retort to the enormous +verbal attacks of the populace. A frightful exchange of metaphors took +place between the maskers and the crowd. + +In the meanwhile, two other maskers in the same carriage, a Spaniard +with an enormous nose, an elderly air, and huge black moustache, and a +gaunt fishwife, who was quite a young girl, masked with a _loup_,67 had +also noticed the wedding, and while their companions and the passers-by +were exchanging insults, they had held a dialogue in a low voice. + +Their aside was covered by the tumult and was lost in it. The gusts of +rain had drenched the front of the vehicle, which was wide open; the +breezes of February are not warm; as the fishwife, clad in a low-necked +gown, replied to the Spaniard, she shivered, laughed and coughed. + +Here is their dialogue: + +“Say, now.” + + +“What, daddy?” + + +“Do you see that old cove?” + + +“What old cove?” + + +“Yonder, in the first wedding-cart, on our side.” + + +“The one with his arm hung up in a black cravat?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well?” + + +“I’m sure that I know him.” + + +“Ah!” + + +“I’m willing that they should cut my throat, and I’m ready to swear +that I never said either you, thou, or I, in my life, if I don’t know +that Parisian.” [_pantinois_.] + +“Paris in Pantin to-day.” + + +“Can you see the bride if you stoop down?” + + +“No.” + + +“And the bridegroom?” + + +“There’s no bridegroom in that trap.” + + +“Bah!” + + +“Unless it’s the old fellow.” + + +“Try to get a sight of the bride by stooping very low.” + + +“I can’t.” + + +“Never mind, that old cove who has something the matter with his paw I +know, and that I’m positive.” + + +“And what good does it do to know him?” + + +“No one can tell. Sometimes it does!” + + +“I don’t care a hang for old fellows, that I don’t!” + + +“I know him.” + + +“Know him, if you want to.” + + +“How the devil does he come to be one of the wedding party?” + + +“We are in it, too.” + + +“Where does that wedding come from?” + + +“How should I know?” + + +“Listen.” + + +“Well, what?” + + +“There’s one thing you ought to do.” + + +“What’s that?” + + +“Get off of our trap and spin that wedding.” + + +“What for?” + + +“To find out where it goes, and what it is. Hurry up and jump down, +trot, my girl, your legs are young.” + + +“I can’t quit the vehicle.” + + +“Why not?” + + +“I’m hired.” + + +“Ah, the devil!” + + +“I owe my fishwife day to the prefecture.” + + +“That’s true.” + + +“If I leave the cart, the first inspector who gets his eye on me will +arrest me. You know that well enough.” + + +“Yes, I do.” + + +“I’m bought by the government for to-day.” + + +“All the same, that old fellow bothers me.” + + +“Do the old fellows bother you? But you’re not a young girl.” + + +“He’s in the first carriage.” + + +“Well?” + + +“In the bride’s trap.” + + +“What then?” + + +“So he is the father.” + + +“What concern is that of mine?” + + +“I tell you that he’s the father.” + + +“As if he were the only father.” + + +“Listen.” + + +“What?” + + +“I can’t go out otherwise than masked. Here I’m concealed, no one knows +that I’m here. But to-morrow, there will be no more maskers. It’s Ash +Wednesday. I run the risk of being nabbed. I must sneak back into my +hole. But you are free.” + + +“Not particularly.” + + +“More than I am, at any rate.” + + +“Well, what of that?” + + +“You must try to find out where that wedding party went to.” + + +“Where it went?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I know.” + + +“Where is it going then?” + + +“To the Cadran-Bleu.” + + +“In the first place, it’s not in that direction.” + + +“Well! to la RapĂ©e.” + + +“Or elsewhere.” + + +“It’s free. Wedding parties are at liberty.” + + +“That’s not the point at all. I tell you that you must try to learn for +me what that wedding is, who that old cove belongs to, and where that +wedding pair lives.” + + +“I like that! that would be queer. It’s so easy to find out a wedding +party that passed through the street on a Shrove Tuesday, a week +afterwards. A pin in a hay-mow! It ain’t possible!” + + +“That don’t matter. You must try. You understand me, Azelma.” + + +The two files resumed their movement on both sides of the boulevard, in +opposite directions, and the carriage of the maskers lost sight of the +“trap” of the bride. + + + + +CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN STILL WEARS HIS ARM IN A SLING + + +To realize one’s dream. To whom is this accorded? There must be +elections for this in heaven; we are all candidates, unknown to +ourselves; the angels vote. Cosette and Marius had been elected. + +Cosette, both at the mayor’s office and at church, was dazzling and +touching. Toussaint, assisted by Nicolette, had dressed her. + +Cosette wore over a petticoat of white taffeta, her robe of Binche +guipure, a veil of English point, a necklace of fine pearls, a wreath +of orange flowers; all this was white, and, from the midst of that +whiteness she beamed forth. It was an exquisite candor expanding and +becoming transfigured in the light. One would have pronounced her a +virgin on the point of turning into a goddess. + +Marius’ handsome hair was lustrous and perfumed; here and there, +beneath the thick curls, pale lines—the scars of the barricade—were +visible. + +The grandfather, haughty, with head held high, amalgamating more than +ever in his toilet and his manners all the elegances of the epoch of +Barras, escorted Cosette. He took the place of Jean Valjean, who, on +account of his arm being still in a sling, could not give his hand to +the bride. + +Jean Valjean, dressed in black, followed them with a smile. + +“Monsieur Fauchelevent,” said the grandfather to him, “this is a fine +day. I vote for the end of afflictions and sorrows. Henceforth, there +must be no sadness anywhere. Pardieu, I decree joy! Evil has no right +to exist. That there should be any unhappy men is, in sooth, a disgrace +to the azure of the sky. Evil does not come from man, who is good at +bottom. All human miseries have for their capital and central +government hell, otherwise, known as the Devil’s Tuileries. Good, here +I am uttering demagogical words! As far as I am concerned, I have no +longer any political opinions; let all men be rich, that is to say, +mirthful, and I confine myself to that.” + + +When, at the conclusion of all the ceremonies, after having pronounced +before the mayor and before the priest all possible “yesses,” after +having signed the registers at the municipality and at the sacristy, +after having exchanged their rings, after having knelt side by side +under the pall of white moire in the smoke of the censer, they arrived, +hand in hand, admired and envied by all, Marius in black, she in white, +preceded by the suisse, with the epaulets of a colonel, tapping the +pavement with his halberd, between two rows of astonished spectators, +at the portals of the church, both leaves of which were thrown wide +open, ready to enter their carriage again, and all being finished, +Cosette still could not believe that it was real. She looked at Marius, +she looked at the crowd, she looked at the sky: it seemed as though she +feared that she should wake up from her dream. Her amazed and uneasy +air added something indescribably enchanting to her beauty. They +entered the same carriage to return home, Marius beside Cosette; M. +Gillenormand and Jean Valjean sat opposite them; Aunt Gillenormand had +withdrawn one degree, and was in the second vehicle. + +“My children,” said the grandfather, “here you are, Monsieur le Baron +and Madame la Baronne, with an income of thirty thousand livres.” + + +And Cosette, nestling close to Marius, caressed his ear with an angelic +whisper: “So it is true. My name is Marius. I am Madame Thou.” + + +These two creatures were resplendent. They had reached that irrevocable +and irrecoverable moment, at the dazzling intersection of all youth and +all joy. They realized the verses of Jean Prouvaire; they were forty +years old taken together. It was marriage sublimated; these two +children were two lilies. They did not see each other, they did not +contemplate each other. Cosette perceived Marius in the midst of a +glory; Marius perceived Cosette on an altar. And on that altar, and in +that glory, the two apotheoses mingling, in the background, one knows +not how, behind a cloud for Cosette, in a flash for Marius, there was +the ideal thing, the real thing, the meeting of the kiss and the dream, +the nuptial pillow. All the torments through which they had passed came +back to them in intoxication. It seemed to them that their sorrows, +their sleepless nights, their tears, their anguish, their terrors, +their despair, converted into caresses and rays of light, rendered +still more charming the charming hour which was approaching; and that +their griefs were but so many handmaidens who were preparing the toilet +of joy. How good it is to have suffered! Their unhappiness formed a +halo round their happiness. The long agony of their love was +terminating in an ascension. + +It was the same enchantment in two souls, tinged with voluptuousness in +Marius, and with modesty in Cosette. They said to each other in low +tones: “We will go back to take a look at our little garden in the Rue +Plumet.” The folds of Cosette’s gown lay across Marius. + +Such a day is an ineffable mixture of dream and of reality. One +possesses and one supposes. One still has time before one to divine. +The emotion on that day, of being at midday and of dreaming of midnight +is indescribable. The delights of these two hearts overflowed upon the +crowd, and inspired the passers-by with cheerfulness. + +People halted in the Rue Saint-Antoine, in front of Saint-Paul, to gaze +through the windows of the carriage at the orange-flowers quivering on +Cosette’s head. + +Then they returned home to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. Marius, +triumphant and radiant, mounted side by side with Cosette the staircase +up which he had been borne in a dying condition. The poor, who had +trooped to the door, and who shared their purses, blessed them. There +were flowers everywhere. The house was no less fragrant than the +church; after the incense, roses. They thought they heard voices +carolling in the infinite; they had God in their hearts; destiny +appeared to them like a ceiling of stars; above their heads they beheld +the light of a rising sun. All at once, the clock struck. Marius +glanced at Cosette’s charming bare arm, and at the rosy things which +were vaguely visible through the lace of her bodice, and Cosette, +intercepting Marius’ glance, blushed to her very hair. + +Quite a number of old family friends of the Gillenormand family had +been invited; they pressed about Cosette. Each one vied with the rest +in saluting her as Madame la Baronne. + +The officer, ThĂ©odule Gillenormand, now a captain, had come from +Chartres, where he was stationed in garrison, to be present at the +wedding of his cousin Pontmercy. Cosette did not recognize him. + +He, on his side, habituated as he was to have women consider him +handsome, retained no more recollection of Cosette than of any other +woman. + +“How right I was not to believe in that story about the lancer!” said +Father Gillenormand, to himself. + +Cosette had never been more tender with Jean Valjean. She was in unison +with Father Gillenormand; while he erected joy into aphorisms and +maxims, she exhaled goodness like a perfume. Happiness desires that all +the world should be happy. + +She regained, for the purpose of addressing Jean Valjean, inflections +of voice belonging to the time when she was a little girl. She caressed +him with her smile. + +A banquet had been spread in the dining-room. + +Illumination as brilliant as the daylight is the necessary seasoning of +a great joy. Mist and obscurity are not accepted by the happy. They do +not consent to be black. The night, yes; the shadows, no. If there is +no sun, one must be made. + +The dining-room was full of gay things. In the centre, above the white +and glittering table, was a Venetian lustre with flat plates, with all +sorts of colored birds, blue, violet, red, and green, perched amid the +candles; around the chandelier, girandoles, on the walls, sconces with +triple and quintuple branches; mirrors, silverware, glassware, plate, +porcelain, faĂŻence, pottery, gold and silversmith’s work, all was +sparkling and gay. The empty spaces between the candelabra were filled +in with bouquets, so that where there was not a light, there was a +flower. + +In the antechamber, three violins and a flute softly played quartettes +by Haydn. + +Jean Valjean had seated himself on a chair in the drawing-room, behind +the door, the leaf of which folded back upon him in such a manner as to +nearly conceal him. A few moments before they sat down to table, +Cosette came, as though inspired by a sudden whim, and made him a deep +courtesy, spreading out her bridal toilet with both hands, and with a +tenderly roguish glance, she asked him: + +“Father, are you satisfied?” + + +“Yes,” said Jean Valjean, “I am content!” + + +“Well, then, laugh.” + + +Jean Valjean began to laugh. + +A few moments later, Basque announced that dinner was served. + +The guests, preceded by M. Gillenormand with Cosette on his arm, +entered the dining-room, and arranged themselves in the proper order +around the table. + +Two large armchairs figured on the right and left of the bride, the +first for M. Gillenormand, the other for Jean Valjean. M. Gillenormand +took his seat. The other armchair remained empty. + +They looked about for M. Fauchelevent. + +He was no longer there. + +M. Gillenormand questioned Basque. + +“Do you know where M. Fauchelevent is?” + + +“Sir,” replied Basque, “I do, precisely. M. Fauchelevent told me to say +to you, sir, that he was suffering, his injured hand was paining him +somewhat, and that he could not dine with Monsieur le Baron and Madame +la Baronne. That he begged to be excused, that he would come to-morrow. +He has just taken his departure.” + + +That empty armchair chilled the effusion of the wedding feast for a +moment. But, if M. Fauchelevent was absent, M. Gillenormand was +present, and the grandfather beamed for two. He affirmed that M. +Fauchelevent had done well to retire early, if he were suffering, but +that it was only a slight ailment. This declaration sufficed. Moreover, +what is an obscure corner in such a submersion of joy? Cosette and +Marius were passing through one of those egotistical and blessed +moments when no other faculty is left to a person than that of +receiving happiness. And then, an idea occurred to M. +Gillenormand.—“Pardieu, this armchair is empty. Come hither, Marius. +Your aunt will permit it, although she has a right to you. This +armchair is for you. That is legal and delightful. Fortunatus beside +Fortunata.”—Applause from the whole table. Marius took Jean Valjean’s +place beside Cosette, and things fell out so that Cosette, who had, at +first, been saddened by Jean Valjean’s absence, ended by being +satisfied with it. From the moment when Marius took his place, and was +the substitute, Cosette would not have regretted God himself. She set +her sweet little foot, shod in white satin, on Marius’ foot. + +The armchair being occupied, M. Fauchelevent was obliterated; and +nothing was lacking. + +And, five minutes afterward, the whole table from one end to the other, +was laughing with all the animation of forgetfulness. + +At dessert, M. Gillenormand, rising to his feet, with a glass of +champagne in his hand—only half full so that the palsy of his eighty +years might not cause an overflow,—proposed the health of the married +pair. + +“You shall not escape two sermons,” he exclaimed. “This morning you had +one from the curĂ©, this evening you shall have one from your +grandfather. Listen to me; I will give you a bit of advice: Adore each +other. I do not make a pack of gyrations, I go straight to the mark, be +happy. In all creation, only the turtledoves are wise. Philosophers +say: ‘Moderate your joys.’ I say: ‘Give rein to your joys.’ Be as much +smitten with each other as fiends. Be in a rage about it. The +philosophers talk stuff and nonsense. I should like to stuff their +philosophy down their gullets again. Can there be too many perfumes, +too many open rose-buds, too many nightingales singing, too many green +leaves, too much aurora in life? can people love each other too much? +can people please each other too much? Take care, Estelle, thou art too +pretty! Have a care, Nemorin, thou art too handsome! Fine stupidity, in +sooth! Can people enchant each other too much, cajole each other too +much, charm each other too much? Can one be too much alive, too happy? +Moderate your joys. Ah, indeed! Down with the philosophers! Wisdom +consists in jubilation. Make merry, let us make merry. Are we happy +because we are good, or are we good because we are happy? Is the Sancy +diamond called the Sancy because it belonged to Harley de Sancy, or +because it weighs six hundred carats? I know nothing about it, life is +full of such problems; the important point is to possess the Sancy and +happiness. Let us be happy without quibbling and quirking. Let us obey +the sun blindly. What is the sun? It is love. He who says love, says +woman. Ah! ah! behold omnipotence—women. Ask that demagogue of a Marius +if he is not the slave of that little tyrant of a Cosette. And of his +own free will, too, the coward! Woman! There is no Robespierre who +keeps his place but woman reigns. I am no longer Royalist except +towards that royalty. What is Adam? The kingdom of Eve. No ’89 for Eve. +There has been the royal sceptre surmounted by a fleur-de-lys, there +has been the imperial sceptre surmounted by a globe, there has been the +sceptre of Charlemagne, which was of iron, there has been the sceptre +of Louis the Great, which was of gold,—the revolution twisted them +between its thumb and forefinger, ha’penny straws; it is done with, it +is broken, it lies on the earth, there is no longer any sceptre, but +make me a revolution against that little embroidered handkerchief, +which smells of patchouli! I should like to see you do it. Try. Why is +it so solid? Because it is a gewgaw. Ah! you are the nineteenth +century? Well, what then? And we have been as foolish as you. Do not +imagine that you have effected much change in the universe, because +your trip-gallant is called the cholera-morbus, and because your +_pourrĂ©e_ is called the cachuca. In fact, the women must always be +loved. I defy you to escape from that. These friends are our angels. +Yes, love, woman, the kiss forms a circle from which I defy you to +escape; and, for my own part, I should be only too happy to re-enter +it. Which of you has seen the planet Venus, the coquette of the abyss, +the CĂ©limĂšne of the ocean, rise in the infinite, calming all here +below? The ocean is a rough Alcestis. Well, grumble as he will, when +Venus appears he is forced to smile. That brute beast submits. We are +all made so. Wrath, tempest, claps of thunder, foam to the very +ceiling. A woman enters on the scene, a planet rises; flat on your +face! Marius was fighting six months ago; to-day he is married. That is +well. Yes, Marius, yes, Cosette, you are in the right. Exist boldly for +each other, make us burst with rage that we cannot do the same, +idealize each other, catch in your beaks all the tiny blades of +felicity that exist on earth, and arrange yourselves a nest for life. +Pardi, to love, to be loved, what a fine miracle when one is young! +Don’t imagine that you have invented that. I, too, have had my dream, +I, too, have meditated, I, too, have sighed; I, too, have had a +moonlight soul. Love is a child six thousand years old. Love has the +right to a long white beard. Methusalem is a street arab beside Cupid. +For sixty centuries men and women have got out of their scrape by +loving. The devil, who is cunning, took to hating man; man, who is +still more cunning, took to loving woman. In this way he does more good +than the devil does him harm. This craft was discovered in the days of +the terrestrial paradise. The invention is old, my friends, but it is +perfectly new. Profit by it. Be Daphnis and Chloe, while waiting to +become Philemon and Baucis. Manage so that, when you are with each +other, nothing shall be lacking to you, and that Cosette may be the sun +for Marius, and that Marius may be the universe to Cosette. Cosette, +let your fine weather be the smile of your husband; Marius, let your +rain be your wife’s tears. And let it never rain in your household. You +have filched the winning number in the lottery; you have gained the +great prize, guard it well, keep it under lock and key, do not squander +it, adore each other and snap your fingers at all the rest. Believe +what I say to you. It is good sense. And good sense cannot lie. Be a +religion to each other. Each man has his own fashion of adoring God. +Saperlotte! the best way to adore God is to love one’s wife. _I love +thee!_ that’s my catechism. He who loves is orthodox. The oath of Henri +IV. places sanctity somewhere between feasting and drunkenness. +Ventre-saint-gris! I don’t belong to the religion of that oath. Woman +is forgotten in it. This astonishes me on the part of Henri IV. My +friends, long live women! I am old, they say; it’s astonishing how much +I feel in the mood to be young. I should like to go and listen to the +bagpipes in the woods. Children who contrive to be beautiful and +contented,—that intoxicates me. I would like greatly to get married, if +any one would have me. It is impossible to imagine that God could have +made us for anything but this: to idolize, to coo, to preen ourselves, +to be dove-like, to be dainty, to bill and coo our loves from morn to +night, to gaze at one’s image in one’s little wife, to be proud, to be +triumphant, to plume oneself; that is the aim of life. There, let not +that displease you which we used to think in our day, when we were +young folks. Ah! vertu-bamboche! what charming women there were in +those days, and what pretty little faces and what lovely lasses! I +committed my ravages among them. Then love each other. If people did +not love each other, I really do not see what use there would be in +having any springtime; and for my own part, I should pray the good God +to shut up all the beautiful things that he shows us, and to take away +from us and put back in his box, the flowers, the birds, and the pretty +maidens. My children, receive an old man’s blessing.” + + +The evening was gay, lively and agreeable. The grandfather’s sovereign +good humor gave the key-note to the whole feast, and each person +regulated his conduct on that almost centenarian cordiality. They +danced a little, they laughed a great deal; it was an amiable wedding. +Goodman Days of Yore might have been invited to it. However, he was +present in the person of Father Gillenormand. + +There was a tumult, then silence. + +The married pair disappeared. + +A little after midnight, the Gillenormand house became a temple. + +Here we pause. On the threshold of wedding nights stands a smiling +angel with his finger on his lips. + +The soul enters into contemplation before that sanctuary where the +celebration of love takes place. + +There should be flashes of light athwart such houses. The joy which +they contain ought to make its escape through the stones of the walls +in brilliancy, and vaguely illuminate the gloom. It is impossible that +this sacred and fatal festival should not give off a celestial radiance +to the infinite. Love is the sublime crucible wherein the fusion of the +man and the woman takes place; the being one, the being triple, the +being final, the human trinity proceeds from it. This birth of two +souls into one, ought to be an emotion for the gloom. The lover is the +priest; the ravished virgin is terrified. Something of that joy ascends +to God. Where true marriage is, that is to say, where there is love, +the ideal enters in. A nuptial bed makes a nook of dawn amid the +shadows. If it were given to the eye of the flesh to scan the +formidable and charming visions of the upper life, it is probable that +we should behold the forms of night, the winged unknowns, the blue +passers of the invisible, bend down, a throng of sombre heads, around +the luminous house, satisfied, showering benedictions, pointing out to +each other the virgin wife gently alarmed, sweetly terrified, and +bearing the reflection of human bliss upon their divine countenances. +If at that supreme hour, the wedded pair, dazzled with voluptuousness +and believing themselves alone, were to listen, they would hear in +their chamber a confused rustling of wings. Perfect happiness implies a +mutual understanding with the angels. That dark little chamber has all +heaven for its ceiling. When two mouths, rendered sacred by love, +approach to create, it is impossible that there should not be, above +that ineffable kiss, a quivering throughout the immense mystery of +stars. + +These felicities are the true ones. There is no joy outside of these +joys. Love is the only ecstasy. All the rest weeps. + +To love, or to have loved,—this suffices. Demand nothing more. There is +no other pearl to be found in the shadowy folds of life. To love is a +fulfilment. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE INSEPARABLE + + +What had become of Jean Valjean? + +Immediately after having laughed, at Cosette’s graceful command, when +no one was paying any heed to him, Jean Valjean had risen and had +gained the antechamber unperceived. This was the very room which, eight +months before, he had entered black with mud, with blood and powder, +bringing back the grandson to the grandfather. The old wainscoting was +garlanded with foliage and flowers; the musicians were seated on the +sofa on which they had laid Marius down. Basque, in a black coat, +knee-breeches, white stockings and white gloves, was arranging roses +round all of the dishes that were to be served. Jean Valjean pointed to +his arm in its sling, charged Basque to explain his absence, and went +away. + +The long windows of the dining-room opened on the street. Jean Valjean +stood for several minutes, erect and motionless in the darkness, +beneath those radiant windows. He listened. The confused sounds of the +banquet reached his ear. He heard the loud, commanding tones of the +grandfather, the violins, the clatter of the plates, the bursts of +laughter, and through all that merry uproar, he distinguished Cosette’s +sweet and joyous voice. + +He quitted the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, and returned to the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +In order to return thither, he took the Rue Saint-Louis, the Rue +Culture-Sainte-Catherine, and the Blancs-Manteaux; it was a little +longer, but it was the road through which, for the last three months, +he had become accustomed to pass every day on his way from the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ© to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, in order to avoid the +obstructions and the mud in the Rue Vieille-du-Temple. + +This road, through which Cosette had passed, excluded for him all +possibility of any other itinerary. + +Jean Valjean entered his lodgings. He lighted his candle and mounted +the stairs. The apartment was empty. Even Toussaint was no longer +there. Jean Valjean’s step made more noise than usual in the chambers. +All the cupboards stood open. He penetrated to Cosette’s bedroom. There +were no sheets on the bed. The pillow, covered with ticking, and +without a case or lace, was laid on the blankets folded up on the foot +of the mattress, whose covering was visible, and on which no one was +ever to sleep again. All the little feminine objects which Cosette was +attached to had been carried away; nothing remained except the heavy +furniture and the four walls. Toussaint’s bed was despoiled in like +manner. One bed only was made up, and seemed to be waiting some one, +and this was Jean Valjean’s bed. + +Jean Valjean looked at the walls, closed some of the cupboard doors, +and went and came from one room to another. + +Then he sought his own chamber once more, and set his candle on a +table. + +He had disengaged his arm from the sling, and he used his right hand as +though it did not hurt him. + +He approached his bed, and his eyes rested, was it by chance? was it +intentionally? on the _inseparable_ of which Cosette had been jealous, +on the little portmanteau which never left him. On his arrival in the +Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, on the 4th of June, he had deposited it on a round +table near the head of his bed. He went to this table with a sort of +vivacity, took a key from his pocket, and opened the valise. + +From it he slowly drew forth the garments in which, ten years before, +Cosette had quitted Montfermeil; first the little gown, then the black +fichu, then the stout, coarse child’s shoes which Cosette might almost +have worn still, so tiny were her feet, then the fustian bodice, which +was very thick, then the knitted petticoat, next the apron with +pockets, then the woollen stockings. These stockings, which still +preserved the graceful form of a tiny leg, were no longer than Jean +Valjean’s hand. All this was black of hue. It was he who had brought +those garments to Montfermeil for her. As he removed them from the +valise, he laid them on the bed. He fell to thinking. He called up +memories. It was in winter, in a very cold month of December, she was +shivering, half-naked, in rags, her poor little feet were all red in +their wooden shoes. He, Jean Valjean, had made her abandon those rags +to clothe herself in these mourning habiliments. The mother must have +felt pleased in her grave, to see her daughter wearing mourning for +her, and, above all, to see that she was properly clothed, and that she +was warm. He thought of that forest of Montfermeil; they had traversed +it together, Cosette and he; he thought of what the weather had been, +of the leafless trees, of the wood destitute of birds, of the sunless +sky; it mattered not, it was charming. He arranged the tiny garments on +the bed, the fichu next to the petticoat, the stockings beside the +shoes, and he looked at them, one after the other. She was no taller +than that, she had her big doll in her arms, she had put her louis d’or +in the pocket of that apron, she had laughed, they walked hand in hand, +she had no one in the world but him. + +Then his venerable, white head fell forward on the bed, that stoical +old heart broke, his face was engulfed, so to speak, in Cosette’s +garments, and if any one had passed up the stairs at that moment, he +would have heard frightful sobs. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE IMMORTAL LIVER 68 + + +The old and formidable struggle, of which we have already witnessed so +many phases, began once more. + +Jacob struggled with the angel but one night. Alas! how many times have +we beheld Jean Valjean seized bodily by his conscience, in the +darkness, and struggling desperately against it! + +Unheard-of conflict! At certain moments the foot slips; at other +moments the ground crumbles away underfoot. How many times had that +conscience, mad for the good, clasped and overthrown him! How many +times had the truth set her knee inexorably upon his breast! How many +times, hurled to earth by the light, had he begged for mercy! How many +times had that implacable spark, lighted within him, and upon him by +the Bishop, dazzled him by force when he had wished to be blind! How +many times had he risen to his feet in the combat, held fast to the +rock, leaning against sophism, dragged in the dust, now getting the +upper hand of his conscience, again overthrown by it! How many times, +after an equivoque, after the specious and treacherous reasoning of +egotism, had he heard his irritated conscience cry in his ear: “A trip! +you wretch!” How many times had his refractory thoughts rattled +convulsively in his throat, under the evidence of duty! Resistance to +God. Funereal sweats. What secret wounds which he alone felt bleed! +What excoriations in his lamentable existence! How many times he had +risen bleeding, bruised, broken, enlightened, despair in his heart, +serenity in his soul! and, vanquished, he had felt himself the +conqueror. And, after having dislocated, broken, and rent his +conscience with red-hot pincers, it had said to him, as it stood over +him, formidable, luminous, and tranquil: “Now, go in peace!” + + +But on emerging from so melancholy a conflict, what a lugubrious peace, +alas! + +Nevertheless, that night Jean Valjean felt that he was passing through +his final combat. + +A heart-rending question presented itself. + +Predestinations are not all direct; they do not open out in a straight +avenue before the predestined man; they have blind courts, impassable +alleys, obscure turns, disturbing crossroads offering the choice of +many ways. Jean Valjean had halted at that moment at the most perilous +of these crossroads. + +He had come to the supreme crossing of good and evil. He had that +gloomy intersection beneath his eyes. On this occasion once more, as +had happened to him already in other sad vicissitudes, two roads opened +out before him, the one tempting, the other alarming. + +Which was he to take? + +He was counselled to the one which alarmed him by that mysterious index +finger which we all perceive whenever we fix our eyes on the darkness. + +Once more, Jean Valjean had the choice between the terrible port and +the smiling ambush. + +Is it then true? the soul may recover; but not fate. Frightful thing! +an incurable destiny! + +This is the problem which presented itself to him: + +In what manner was Jean Valjean to behave in relation to the happiness +of Cosette and Marius? It was he who had willed that happiness, it was +he who had brought it about; he had, himself, buried it in his +entrails, and at that moment, when he reflected on it, he was able to +enjoy the sort of satisfaction which an armorer would experience on +recognizing his factory mark on a knife, on withdrawing it, all +smoking, from his own breast. + +Cosette had Marius, Marius possessed Cosette. They had everything, even +riches. And this was his doing. + +But what was he, Jean Valjean, to do with this happiness, now that it +existed, now that it was there? Should he force himself on this +happiness? Should he treat it as belonging to him? No doubt, Cosette +did belong to another; but should he, Jean Valjean, retain of Cosette +all that he could retain? Should he remain the sort of father, half +seen but respected, which he had hitherto been? Should he, without +saying a word, bring his past to that future? Should he present himself +there, as though he had a right, and should he seat himself, veiled, at +that luminous fireside? Should he take those innocent hands into his +tragic hands, with a smile? Should he place upon the peaceful fender of +the Gillenormand drawing-room those feet of his, which dragged behind +them the disgraceful shadow of the law? Should he enter into +participation in the fair fortunes of Cosette and Marius? Should he +render the obscurity on his brow and the cloud upon theirs still more +dense? Should he place his catastrophe as a third associate in their +felicity? Should he continue to hold his peace? In a word, should he be +the sinister mute of destiny beside these two happy beings? + +We must have become habituated to fatality and to encounters with it, +in order to have the daring to raise our eyes when certain questions +appear to us in all their horrible nakedness. Good or evil stands +behind this severe interrogation point. What are you going to do? +demands the sphinx. + +This habit of trial Jean Valjean possessed. He gazed intently at the +sphinx. + +He examined the pitiless problem under all its aspects. + +Cosette, that charming existence, was the raft of this shipwreck. What +was he to do? To cling fast to it, or to let go his hold? + +If he clung to it, he should emerge from disaster, he should ascend +again into the sunlight, he should let the bitter water drip from his +garments and his hair, he was saved, he should live. + +And if he let go his hold? + +Then the abyss. + +Thus he took sad council with his thoughts. Or, to speak more +correctly, he fought; he kicked furiously internally, now against his +will, now against his conviction. + +Happily for Jean Valjean that he had been able to weep. That relieved +him, possibly. But the beginning was savage. A tempest, more furious +than the one which had formerly driven him to Arras, broke loose within +him. The past surged up before him facing the present; he compared them +and sobbed. The silence of tears once opened, the despairing man +writhed. + +He felt that he had been stopped short. + +Alas! in this fight to the death between our egotism and our duty, when +we thus retreat step by step before our immutable ideal, bewildered, +furious, exasperated at having to yield, disputing the ground, hoping +for a possible flight, seeking an escape, what an abrupt and sinister +resistance does the foot of the wall offer in our rear! + +To feel the sacred shadow which forms an obstacle! + +The invisible inexorable, what an obsession! + +Then, one is never done with conscience. Make your choice, Brutus; make +your choice, Cato. It is fathomless, since it is God. One flings into +that well the labor of one’s whole life, one flings in one’s fortune, +one flings in one’s riches, one flings in one’s success, one flings in +one’s liberty or fatherland, one flings in one’s well-being, one flings +in one’s repose, one flings in one’s joy! More! more! more! Empty the +vase! tip the urn! One must finish by flinging in one’s heart. + +Somewhere in the fog of the ancient hells, there is a tun like that. + +Is not one pardonable, if one at last refuses! Can the inexhaustible +have any right? Are not chains which are endless above human strength? +Who would blame Sisyphus and Jean Valjean for saying: “It is enough!” + + +The obedience of matter is limited by friction; is there no limit to +the obedience of the soul? If perpetual motion is impossible, can +perpetual self-sacrifice be exacted? + +The first step is nothing, it is the last which is difficult. What was +the Champmathieu affair in comparison with Cosette’s marriage and of +that which it entailed? What is a re-entrance into the galleys, +compared to entrance into the void? + +Oh, first step that must be descended, how sombre art thou! Oh, second +step, how black art thou! + +How could he refrain from turning aside his head this time? + +Martyrdom is sublimation, corrosive sublimation. It is a torture which +consecrates. One can consent to it for the first hour; one seats +oneself on the throne of glowing iron, one places on one’s head the +crown of hot iron, one accepts the globe of red hot iron, one takes the +sceptre of red hot iron, but the mantle of flame still remains to be +donned, and comes there not a moment when the miserable flesh revolts +and when one abdicates from suffering? + +At length, Jean Valjean entered into the peace of exhaustion. + +He weighed, he reflected, he considered the alternatives, the +mysterious balance of light and darkness. + +Should he impose his galleys on those two dazzling children, or should +he consummate his irremediable engulfment by himself? On one side lay +the sacrifice of Cosette, on the other that of himself. + +At what solution should he arrive? What decision did he come to? + +What resolution did he take? What was his own inward definitive +response to the unbribable interrogatory of fatality? What door did he +decide to open? Which side of his life did he resolve upon closing and +condemning? Among all the unfathomable precipices which surrounded him, +which was his choice? What extremity did he accept? To which of the +gulfs did he nod his head? + +His dizzy reverie lasted all night long. + +He remained there until daylight, in the same attitude, bent double +over that bed, prostrate beneath the enormity of fate, crushed, +perchance, alas! with clenched fists, with arms outspread at right +angles, like a man crucified who has been un-nailed, and flung face +down on the earth. There he remained for twelve hours, the twelve long +hours of a long winter’s night, ice-cold, without once raising his +head, and without uttering a word. He was as motionless as a corpse, +while his thoughts wallowed on the earth and soared, now like the +hydra, now like the eagle. Any one to behold him thus motionless would +have pronounced him dead; all at once he shuddered convulsively, and +his mouth, glued to Cosette’s garments, kissed them; then it could be +seen that he was alive. + +Who could see? Since Jean Valjean was alone, and there was no one +there. + +The One who is in the shadows. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—THE LAST DRAUGHT FROM THE CUP + + + + +[Illustration: Last Drop from the Cup] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SEVENTH CIRCLE AND THE EIGHTH HEAVEN + + +The days that follow weddings are solitary. People respect the +meditations of the happy pair. And also, their tardy slumbers, to some +degree. The tumult of visits and congratulations only begins later on. +On the morning of the 17th of February, it was a little past midday +when Basque, with napkin and feather-duster under his arm, busy in +setting his antechamber to rights, heard a light tap at the door. There +had been no ring, which was discreet on such a day. Basque opened the +door, and beheld M. Fauchelevent. He introduced him into the +drawing-room, still encumbered and topsy-turvy, and which bore the air +of a field of battle after the joys of the preceding evening. + +“_Dame_, sir,” remarked Basque, “we all woke up late.” + + +“Is your master up?” asked Jean Valjean. + +“How is Monsieur’s arm?” replied Basque. + +“Better. Is your master up?” + + +“Which one? the old one or the new one?” + + +“Monsieur Pontmercy.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron,” said Basque, drawing himself up. + +A man is a Baron most of all to his servants. He counts for something +with them; they are what a philosopher would call, bespattered with the +title, and that flatters them. Marius, be it said in passing, a +militant republican as he had proved, was now a Baron in spite of +himself. A small revolution had taken place in the family in connection +with this title. It was now M. Gillenormand who clung to it, and Marius +who detached himself from it. But Colonel Pontmercy had written: “My +son will bear my title.” Marius obeyed. And then, Cosette, in whom the +woman was beginning to dawn, was delighted to be a Baroness. + +“Monsieur le Baron?” repeated Basque. “I will go and see. I will tell +him that M. Fauchelevent is here.” + + +“No. Do not tell him that it is I. Tell him that some one wishes to +speak to him in private, and mention no name.” + + +“Ah!” ejaculated Basque. + +“I wish to surprise him.” + + +“Ah!” ejaculated Basque once more, emitting his second “ah!” as an +explanation of the first. + +And he left the room. + +Jean Valjean remained alone. + +The drawing-room, as we have just said, was in great disorder. It +seemed as though, by lending an ear, one might still hear the vague +noise of the wedding. On the polished floor lay all sorts of flowers +which had fallen from garlands and head-dresses. The wax candles, +burned to stumps, added stalactites of wax to the crystal drops of the +chandeliers. Not a single piece of furniture was in its place. In the +corners, three or four armchairs, drawn close together in a circle, had +the appearance of continuing a conversation. The whole effect was +cheerful. A certain grace still lingers round a dead feast. It has been +a happy thing. On the chairs in disarray, among those fading flowers, +beneath those extinct lights, people have thought of joy. The sun had +succeeded to the chandelier, and made its way gayly into the +drawing-room. + +Several minutes elapsed. Jean Valjean stood motionless on the spot +where Basque had left him. He was very pale. His eyes were hollow, and +so sunken in his head by sleeplessness that they nearly disappeared in +their orbits. His black coat bore the weary folds of a garment that has +been up all night. The elbows were whitened with the down which the +friction of cloth against linen leaves behind it. + +Jean Valjean stared at the window outlined on the polished floor at his +feet by the sun. + +There came a sound at the door, and he raised his eyes. + +Marius entered, his head well up, his mouth smiling, an indescribable +light on his countenance, his brow expanded, his eyes triumphant. He +had not slept either. + +“It is you, father!” he exclaimed, on catching sight of Jean Valjean; +“that idiot of a Basque had such a mysterious air! But you have come +too early. It is only half past twelve. Cosette is asleep.” + + +That word: “Father,” said to M. Fauchelevent by Marius, signified: +supreme felicity. There had always existed, as the reader knows, a +lofty wall, a coldness and a constraint between them; ice which must be +broken or melted. Marius had reached that point of intoxication when +the wall was lowered, when the ice dissolved, and when M. Fauchelevent +was to him, as to Cosette, a father. + +He continued: his words poured forth, as is the peculiarity of divine +paroxysms of joy. + +“How glad I am to see you! If you only knew how we missed you +yesterday! Good morning, father. How is your hand? Better, is it not?” + + +And, satisfied with the favorable reply which he had made to himself, +he pursued: + +“We have both been talking about you. Cosette loves you so dearly! You +must not forget that you have a chamber here, We want nothing more to +do with the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. We will have no more of it at all. How +could you go to live in a street like that, which is sickly, which is +disagreeable, which is ugly, which has a barrier at one end, where one +is cold, and into which one cannot enter? You are to come and install +yourself here. And this very day. Or you will have to deal with +Cosette. She means to lead us all by the nose, I warn you. You have +your own chamber here, it is close to ours, it opens on the garden; the +trouble with the clock has been attended to, the bed is made, it is all +ready, you have only to take possession of it. Near your bed Cosette +has placed a huge, old, easy-chair covered with Utrecht velvet and she +has said to it: ‘Stretch out your arms to him.’ A nightingale comes to +the clump of acacias opposite your windows, every spring. In two months +more you will have it. You will have its nest on your left and ours on +your right. By night it will sing, and by day Cosette will prattle. +Your chamber faces due South. Cosette will arrange your books for you, +your Voyages of Captain Cook and the other,—Vancouver’s and all your +affairs. I believe that there is a little valise to which you are +attached, I have fixed upon a corner of honor for that. You have +conquered my grandfather, you suit him. We will live together. Do you +play whist? you will overwhelm my grandfather with delight if you play +whist. It is you who shall take Cosette to walk on the days when I am +at the courts, you shall give her your arm, you know, as you used to, +in the Luxembourg. We are absolutely resolved to be happy. And you +shall be included in it, in our happiness, do you hear, father? Come, +will you breakfast with us to-day?” + + +“Sir,” said Jean Valjean, “I have something to say to you. I am an +ex-convict.” + + +The limit of shrill sounds perceptible can be overleaped, as well in +the case of the mind as in that of the ear. These words: “I am an +ex-convict,” proceeding from the mouth of M. Fauchelevent and entering +the ear of Marius overshot the possible. It seemed to him that +something had just been said to him; but he did not know what. He stood +with his mouth wide open. + +Then he perceived that the man who was addressing him was frightful. +Wholly absorbed in his own dazzled state, he had not, up to that +moment, observed the other man’s terrible pallor. + +Jean Valjean untied the black cravat which supported his right arm, +unrolled the linen from around his hand, bared his thumb and showed it +to Marius. + +“There is nothing the matter with my hand,” said he. + +Marius looked at the thumb. + +“There has not been anything the matter with it,” went on Jean Valjean. + +There was, in fact, no trace of any injury. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“It was fitting that I should be absent from your marriage. I absented +myself as much as was in my power. So I invented this injury in order +that I might not commit a forgery, that I might not introduce a flaw +into the marriage documents, in order that I might escape from +signing.” + + +Marius stammered. + +“What is the meaning of this?” + + +“The meaning of it is,” replied Jean Valjean, “that I have been in the +galleys.” + + +“You are driving me mad!” exclaimed Marius in terror. + +“Monsieur Pontmercy,” said Jean Valjean, “I was nineteen years in the +galleys. For theft. Then, I was condemned for life for theft, for a +second offence. At the present moment, I have broken my ban.” + + +In vain did Marius recoil before the reality, refuse the fact, resist +the evidence, he was forced to give way. He began to understand, and, +as always happens in such cases, he understood too much. An inward +shudder of hideous enlightenment flashed through him; an idea which +made him quiver traversed his mind. He caught a glimpse of a wretched +destiny for himself in the future. + +“Say all, say all!” he cried. “You are Cosette’s father!” + + +And he retreated a couple of paces with a movement of indescribable +horror. + +Jean Valjean elevated his head with so much majesty of attitude that he +seemed to grow even to the ceiling. + +“It is necessary that you should believe me here, sir; although our +oath to others may not be received in law . . .” + + +Here he paused, then, with a sort of sovereign and sepulchral +authority, he added, articulating slowly, and emphasizing the +syllables: + +“. . . You will believe me. I the father of Cosette! before God, no. +Monsieur le Baron Pontmercy, I am a peasant of Faverolles. I earned my +living by pruning trees. My name is not Fauchelevent, but Jean Valjean. +I am not related to Cosette. Reassure yourself.” + + +Marius stammered: + +“Who will prove that to me?” + + +“I. Since I tell you so.” + + +Marius looked at the man. He was melancholy yet tranquil. No lie could +proceed from such a calm. That which is icy is sincere. The truth could +be felt in that chill of the tomb. + +“I believe you,” said Marius. + +Jean Valjean bent his head, as though taking note of this, and +continued: + +“What am I to Cosette? A passer-by. Ten years ago, I did not know that +she was in existence. I love her, it is true. One loves a child whom +one has seen when very young, being old oneself. When one is old, one +feels oneself a grandfather towards all little children. You may, it +seems to me, suppose that I have something which resembles a heart. She +was an orphan. Without either father or mother. She needed me. That is +why I began to love her. Children are so weak that the first comer, +even a man like me, can become their protector. I have fulfilled this +duty towards Cosette. I do not think that so slight a thing can be +called a good action; but if it be a good action, well, say that I have +done it. Register this attenuating circumstance. To-day, Cosette passes +out of my life; our two roads part. Henceforth, I can do nothing for +her. She is Madame Pontmercy. Her providence has changed. And Cosette +gains by the change. All is well. As for the six hundred thousand +francs, you do not mention them to me, but I forestall your thought, +they are a deposit. How did that deposit come into my hands? What does +that matter? I restore the deposit. Nothing more can be demanded of me. +I complete the restitution by announcing my true name. That concerns +me. I have a reason for desiring that you should know who I am.” + + +And Jean Valjean looked Marius full in the face. + +All that Marius experienced was tumultuous and incoherent. Certain +gusts of destiny produce these billows in our souls. + +We have all undergone moments of trouble in which everything within us +is dispersed; we say the first things that occur to us, which are not +always precisely those which should be said. There are sudden +revelations which one cannot bear, and which intoxicate like baleful +wine. Marius was stupefied by the novel situation which presented +itself to him, to the point of addressing that man almost like a person +who was angry with him for this avowal. + +“But why,” he exclaimed, “do you tell me all this? Who forces you to do +so? You could have kept your secret to yourself. You are neither +denounced, nor tracked nor pursued. You have a reason for wantonly +making such a revelation. Conclude. There is something more. In what +connection do you make this confession? What is your motive?” + + +“My motive?” replied Jean Valjean in a voice so low and dull that one +would have said that he was talking to himself rather than to Marius. +“From what motive, in fact, has this convict just said ‘I am a +convict’? Well, yes! the motive is strange. It is out of honesty. Stay, +the unfortunate point is that I have a thread in my heart, which keeps +me fast. It is when one is old that that sort of thread is particularly +solid. All life falls in ruin around one; one resists. Had I been able +to tear out that thread, to break it, to undo the knot or to cut it, to +go far away, I should have been safe. I had only to go away; there are +diligences in the Rue Bouloy; you are happy; I am going. I have tried +to break that thread, I have jerked at it, it would not break, I tore +my heart with it. Then I said: ‘I cannot live anywhere else than here.’ +I must stay. Well, yes, you are right, I am a fool, why not simply +remain here? You offer me a chamber in this house, Madame Pontmercy is +sincerely attached to me, she said to the armchair: ‘Stretch out your +arms to him,’ your grandfather demands nothing better than to have me, +I suit him, we shall live together, and take our meals in common, I +shall give Cosette my arm . . . Madame Pontmercy, excuse me, it is a +habit, we shall have but one roof, one table, one fire, the same +chimney-corner in winter, the same promenade in summer, that is joy, +that is happiness, that is everything. We shall live as one family. One +family!” + + +At that word, Jean Valjean became wild. He folded his arms, glared at +the floor beneath his feet as though he would have excavated an abyss +therein, and his voice suddenly rose in thundering tones: + +“As one family! No. I belong to no family. I do not belong to yours. I +do not belong to any family of men. In houses where people are among +themselves, I am superfluous. There are families, but there is nothing +of the sort for me. I am an unlucky wretch; I am left outside. Did I +have a father and mother? I almost doubt it. On the day when I gave +that child in marriage, all came to an end. I have seen her happy, and +that she is with a man whom she loves, and that there exists here a +kind old man, a household of two angels, and all joys in that house, +and that it was well, I said to myself: ‘Enter thou not.’ I could have +lied, it is true, have deceived you all, and remained Monsieur +Fauchelevent. So long as it was for her, I could lie; but now it would +be for myself, and I must not. It was sufficient for me to hold my +peace, it is true, and all would go on. You ask me what has forced me +to speak? a very odd thing; my conscience. To hold my peace was very +easy, however. I passed the night in trying to persuade myself to it; +you questioned me, and what I have just said to you is so extraordinary +that you have the right to do it; well, yes, I have passed the night in +alleging reasons to myself, and I gave myself very good reasons, I have +done what I could. But there are two things in which I have not +succeeded; in breaking the thread that holds me fixed, riveted and +sealed here by the heart, or in silencing some one who speaks softly to +me when I am alone. That is why I have come hither to tell you +everything this morning. Everything or nearly everything. It is useless +to tell you that which concerns only myself; I keep that to myself. You +know the essential points. So I have taken my mystery and have brought +it to you. And I have disembowelled my secret before your eyes. It was +not a resolution that was easy to take. I struggled all night long. Ah! +you think that I did not tell myself that this was no Champmathieu +affair, that by concealing my name I was doing no one any injury, that +the name of Fauchelevent had been given to me by Fauchelevent himself, +out of gratitude for a service rendered to him, and that I might +assuredly keep it, and that I should be happy in that chamber which you +offer me, that I should not be in any one’s way, that I should be in my +own little corner, and that, while you would have Cosette, I should +have the idea that I was in the same house with her. Each one of us +would have had his share of happiness. If I continued to be Monsieur +Fauchelevent, that would arrange everything. Yes, with the exception of +my soul. There was joy everywhere upon my surface, but the bottom of my +soul remained black. It is not enough to be happy, one must be content. +Thus I should have remained Monsieur Fauchelevent, thus I should have +concealed my true visage, thus, in the presence of your expansion, I +should have had an enigma, thus, in the midst of your full noonday, I +should have had shadows, thus, without crying ‘’ware,’ I should have +simply introduced the galleys to your fireside, I should have taken my +seat at your table with the thought that if you knew who I was, you +would drive me from it, I should have allowed myself to be served by +domestics who, had they known, would have said: ‘How horrible!’ I +should have touched you with my elbow, which you have a right to +dislike, I should have filched your clasps of the hand! There would +have existed in your house a division of respect between venerable +white locks and tainted white locks; at your most intimate hours, when +all hearts thought themselves open to the very bottom to all the rest, +when we four were together, your grandfather, you two and myself, a +stranger would have been present! I should have been side by side with +you in your existence, having for my only care not to disarrange the +cover of my dreadful pit. Thus, I, a dead man, should have thrust +myself upon you who are living beings. I should have condemned her to +myself forever. You and Cosette and I would have had all three of our +heads in the green cap! Does it not make you shudder? I am only the +most crushed of men; I should have been the most monstrous of men. And +I should have committed that crime every day! And I should have had +that face of night upon my visage every day! every day! And I should +have communicated to you a share in my taint every day! every day! to +you, my dearly beloved, my children, to you, my innocent creatures! Is +it nothing to hold one’s peace? is it a simple matter to keep silence? +No, it is not simple. There is a silence which lies. And my lie, and my +fraud and my indignity, and my cowardice and my treason and my crime, I +should have drained drop by drop, I should have spit it out, then +swallowed it again, I should have finished at midnight and have begun +again at midday, and my ‘good morning’ would have lied, and my ‘good +night’ would have lied, and I should have slept on it, I should have +eaten it, with my bread, and I should have looked Cosette in the face, +and I should have responded to the smile of the angel by the smile of +the damned soul, and I should have been an abominable villain! Why +should I do it? in order to be happy. In order to be happy. Have I the +right to be happy? I stand outside of life, sir.” + + +Jean Valjean paused. Marius listened. Such chains of ideas and of +anguishes cannot be interrupted. Jean Valjean lowered his voice once +more, but it was no longer a dull voice—it was a sinister voice. + +“You ask why I speak? I am neither denounced, nor pursued, nor tracked, +you say. Yes! I am denounced! yes! I am tracked! By whom? By myself. It +is I who bar the passage to myself, and I drag myself, and I push +myself, and I arrest myself, and I execute myself, and when one holds +oneself, one is firmly held.” + + +And, seizing a handful of his own coat by the nape of the neck and +extending it towards Marius: + +“Do you see that fist?” he continued. “Don’t you think that it holds +that collar in such a wise as not to release it? Well! conscience is +another grasp! If one desires to be happy, sir, one must never +understand duty; for, as soon as one has comprehended it, it is +implacable. One would say that it punished you for comprehending it; +but no, it rewards you; for it places you in a hell, where you feel God +beside you. One has no sooner lacerated his own entrails than he is at +peace with himself.” + + +And, with a poignant accent, he added: + +“Monsieur Pontmercy, this is not common sense, I am an honest man. It +is by degrading myself in your eyes that I elevate myself in my own. +This has happened to me once before, but it was less painful then; it +was a mere nothing. Yes, an honest man. I should not be so if, through +my fault, you had continued to esteem me; now that you despise me, I am +so. I have that fatality hanging over me that, not being able to ever +have anything but stolen consideration, that consideration humiliates +me, and crushes me inwardly, and, in order that I may respect myself, +it is necessary that I should be despised. Then I straighten up again. +I am a galley-slave who obeys his conscience. I know well that that is +most improbable. But what would you have me do about it? it is the +fact. I have entered into engagements with myself; I keep them. There +are encounters which bind us, there are chances which involve us in +duties. You see, Monsieur Pontmercy, various things have happened to me +in the course of my life.” + + +Again Jean Valjean paused, swallowing his saliva with an effort, as +though his words had a bitter after-taste, and then he went on: + +“When one has such a horror hanging over one, one has not the right to +make others share it without their knowledge, one has not the right to +make them slip over one’s own precipice without their perceiving it, +one has not the right to let one’s red blouse drag upon them, one has +no right to slyly encumber with one’s misery the happiness of others. +It is hideous to approach those who are healthy, and to touch them in +the dark with one’s ulcer. In spite of the fact that Fauchelevent lent +me his name, I have no right to use it; he could give it to me, but I +could not take it. A name is an _I_. You see, sir, that I have thought +somewhat, I have read a little, although I am a peasant; and you see +that I express myself properly. I understand things. I have procured +myself an education. Well, yes, to abstract a name and to place oneself +under it is dishonest. Letters of the alphabet can be filched, like a +purse or a watch. To be a false signature in flesh and blood, to be a +living false key, to enter the house of honest people by picking their +lock, never more to look straightforward, to forever eye askance, to be +infamous within the _I_, no! no! no! no! no! It is better to suffer, to +bleed, to weep, to tear one’s skin from the flesh with one’s nails, to +pass nights writhing in anguish, to devour oneself body and soul. That +is why I have just told you all this. Wantonly, as you say.” + + +He drew a painful breath, and hurled this final word: + +“In days gone by, I stole a loaf of bread in order to live; to-day, in +order to live, I will not steal a name.” + + +“To live!” interrupted Marius. “You do not need that name in order to +live?” + + +“Ah! I understand the matter,” said Jean Valjean, raising and lowering +his head several times in succession. + +A silence ensued. Both held their peace, each plunged in a gulf of +thoughts. Marius was sitting near a table and resting the corner of his +mouth on one of his fingers, which was folded back. Jean Valjean was +pacing to and fro. He paused before a mirror, and remained motionless. +Then, as though replying to some inward course of reasoning, he said, +as he gazed at the mirror, which he did not see: + +“While, at present, I am relieved.” + + +He took up his march again, and walked to the other end of the +drawing-room. At the moment when he turned round, he perceived that +Marius was watching his walk. Then he said, with an inexpressible +intonation: + +“I drag my leg a little. Now you understand why!” + + +Then he turned fully round towards Marius: + +“And now, sir, imagine this: I have said nothing, I have remained +Monsieur Fauchelevent, I have taken my place in your house, I am one of +you, I am in my chamber, I come to breakfast in the morning in +slippers, in the evening all three of us go to the play, I accompany +Madame Pontmercy to the Tuileries, and to the Place Royale, we are +together, you think me your equal; one fine day you are there, and I am +there, we are conversing, we are laughing; all at once, you hear a +voice shouting this name: ‘Jean Valjean!’ and behold, that terrible +hand, the police, darts from the darkness, and abruptly tears off my +mask!” + + +Again he paused; Marius had sprung to his feet with a shudder. Jean +Valjean resumed: + +“What do you say to that?” + + +Marius’ silence answered for him. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“You see that I am right in not holding my peace. Be happy, be in +heaven, be the angel of an angel, exist in the sun, be content +therewith, and do not trouble yourself about the means which a poor +damned wretch takes to open his breast and force his duty to come +forth; you have before you, sir, a wretched man.” + + +Marius slowly crossed the room, and, when he was quite close to Jean +Valjean, he offered the latter his hand. + +But Marius was obliged to step up and take that hand which was not +offered, Jean Valjean let him have his own way, and it seemed to Marius +that he pressed a hand of marble. + +“My grandfather has friends,” said Marius; “I will procure your +pardon.” + + +“It is useless,” replied Jean Valjean. “I am believed to be dead, and +that suffices. The dead are not subjected to surveillance. They are +supposed to rot in peace. Death is the same thing as pardon.” + + +And, disengaging the hand which Marius held, he added, with a sort of +inexorable dignity: + +“Moreover, the friend to whom I have recourse is the doing of my duty; +and I need but one pardon, that of my conscience.” + + +At that moment, a door at the other end of the drawing-room opened +gently half way, and in the opening Cosette’s head appeared. They saw +only her sweet face, her hair was in charming disorder, her eyelids +were still swollen with sleep. She made the movement of a bird, which +thrusts its head out of its nest, glanced first at her husband, then at +Jean Valjean, and cried to them with a smile, so that they seemed to +behold a smile at the heart of a rose: + +“I will wager that you are talking politics. How stupid that is, +instead of being with me!” + + +Jean Valjean shuddered. + +“Cosette! . . .” stammered Marius. + +And he paused. One would have said that they were two criminals. + +Cosette, who was radiant, continued to gaze at both of them. There was +something in her eyes like gleams of paradise. + +“I have caught you in the very act,” said Cosette. “Just now, I heard +my father Fauchelevent through the door saying: ‘Conscience . . . doing +my duty . . .’ That is politics, indeed it is. I will not have it. +People should not talk politics the very next day. It is not right.” + + +“You are mistaken. Cosette,” said Marius, “we are talking business. We +are discussing the best investment of your six hundred thousand francs +. . .” + + +“That is not it at all,” interrupted Cosette. “I am coming. Does +anybody want me here?” + + +And, passing resolutely through the door, she entered the drawing-room. +She was dressed in a voluminous white dressing-gown, with a thousand +folds and large sleeves which, starting from the neck, fell to her +feet. In the golden heavens of some ancient gothic pictures, there are +these charming sacks fit to clothe the angels. + +She contemplated herself from head to foot in a long mirror, then +exclaimed, in an outburst of ineffable ecstasy: + +“There was once a King and a Queen. Oh! how happy I am!” + + +That said, she made a curtsey to Marius and to Jean Valjean. + +“There,” said she, “I am going to install myself near you in an +easy-chair, we breakfast in half an hour, you shall say anything you +like, I know well that men must talk, and I will be very good.” + + +Marius took her by the arm and said lovingly to her: + +“We are talking business.” + + +“By the way,” said Cosette, “I have opened my window, a flock of +pierrots has arrived in the garden,—Birds, not maskers. To-day is +Ash-Wednesday; but not for the birds.” + + +“I tell you that we are talking business, go, my little Cosette, leave +us alone for a moment. We are talking figures. That will bore you.” + + +“You have a charming cravat on this morning, Marius. You are very +dandified, monseigneur. No, it will not bore me.” + + +“I assure you that it will bore you.” + + +“No. Since it is you. I shall not understand you, but I shall listen to +you. When one hears the voices of those whom one loves, one does not +need to understand the words that they utter. That we should be here +together—that is all that I desire. I shall remain with you, bah!” + + +“You are my beloved Cosette! Impossible.” + + +“Impossible!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Very good,” said Cosette. “I was going to tell you some news. I could +have told you that your grandfather is still asleep, that your aunt is +at mass, that the chimney in my father Fauchelevent’s room smokes, that +Nicolette has sent for the chimney-sweep, that Toussaint and Nicolette +have already quarrelled, that Nicolette makes sport of Toussaint’s +stammer. Well, you shall know nothing. Ah! it is impossible? you shall +see, gentlemen, that I, in my turn, can say: It is impossible. Then who +will be caught? I beseech you, my little Marius, let me stay here with +you two.” + + +“I swear to you, that it is indispensable that we should be alone.” + + +“Well, am I anybody?” + + +Jean Valjean had not uttered a single word. Cosette turned to him: + +“In the first place, father, I want you to come and embrace me. What do +you mean by not saying anything instead of taking my part? who gave me +such a father as that? You must perceive that my family life is very +unhappy. My husband beats me. Come, embrace me instantly.” + + +Jean Valjean approached. + +Cosette turned toward Marius. + +“As for you, I shall make a face at you.” + + +Then she presented her brow to Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean advanced a step toward her. + +Cosette recoiled. + +“Father, you are pale. Does your arm hurt you?” + + +“It is well,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Did you sleep badly?” + + +“No.” + + +“Are you sad?” + + +“No.” + + +“Embrace me if you are well, if you sleep well, if you are content, I +will not scold you.” + + +And again she offered him her brow. + +Jean Valjean dropped a kiss upon that brow whereon rested a celestial +gleam. + +“Smile.” + + +Jean Valjean obeyed. It was the smile of a spectre. + +“Now, defend me against my husband.” + + +“Cosette! . . .” ejaculated Marius. + +“Get angry, father. Say that I must stay. You can certainly talk before +me. So you think me very silly. What you say is astonishing! business, +placing money in a bank a great matter truly. Men make mysteries out of +nothing. I am very pretty this morning. Look at me, Marius.” + + +And with an adorable shrug of the shoulders, and an indescribably +exquisite pout, she glanced at Marius. + +“I love you!” said Marius. + +“I adore you!” said Cosette. + +And they fell irresistibly into each other’s arms. + +“Now,” said Cosette, adjusting a fold of her dressing-gown, with a +triumphant little grimace, “I shall stay.” + + +“No, not that,” said Marius, in a supplicating tone. “We have to finish +something.” + + +“Still no?” + + +Marius assumed a grave tone: + +“I assure you, Cosette, that it is impossible.” + + +“Ah! you put on your man’s voice, sir. That is well, I go. You, father, +have not upheld me. Monsieur my father, monsieur my husband, you are +tyrants. I shall go and tell grandpapa. If you think that I am going to +return and talk platitudes to you, you are mistaken. I am proud. I +shall wait for you now. You shall see, that it is you who are going to +be bored without me. I am going, it is well.” + + +And she left the room. + +Two seconds later, the door opened once more, her fresh and rosy head +was again thrust between the two leaves, and she cried to them: + +“I am very angry indeed.” + + +The door closed again, and the shadows descended once more. + +It was as though a ray of sunlight should have suddenly traversed the +night, without itself being conscious of it. + +Marius made sure that the door was securely closed. + +“Poor Cosette!” he murmured, “when she finds out . . .” + + +At that word Jean Valjean trembled in every limb. He fixed on Marius a +bewildered eye. + +“Cosette! oh yes, it is true, you are going to tell Cosette about this. +That is right. Stay, I had not thought of that. One has the strength +for one thing, but not for another. Sir, I conjure you, I entreat now, +sir, give me your most sacred word of honor, that you will not tell +her. Is it not enough that you should know it? I have been able to say +it myself without being forced to it, I could have told it to the +universe, to the whole world,—it was all one to me. But she, she does +not know what it is, it would terrify her. What, a convict! we should +be obliged to explain matters to her, to say to her: ‘He is a man who +has been in the galleys.’ She saw the chain-gang pass by one day. Oh! +My God!” . . . He dropped into an armchair and hid his face in his +hands. + +His grief was not audible, but from the quivering of his shoulders it +was evident that he was weeping. Silent tears, terrible tears. + +There is something of suffocation in the sob. He was seized with a sort +of convulsion, he threw himself against the back of the chair as though +to gain breath, letting his arms fall, and allowing Marius to see his +face inundated with tears, and Marius heard him murmur, so low that his +voice seemed to issue from fathomless depths: + +“Oh! would that I could die!” + + +“Be at your ease,” said Marius, “I will keep your secret for myself +alone.” + + +And, less touched, perhaps, than he ought to have been, but forced, for +the last hour, to familiarize himself with something as unexpected as +it was dreadful, gradually beholding the convict superposed before his +very eyes, upon M. Fauchelevent, overcome, little by little, by that +lugubrious reality, and led, by the natural inclination of the +situation, to recognize the space which had just been placed between +that man and himself, Marius added: + +“It is impossible that I should not speak a word to you with regard to +the deposit which you have so faithfully and honestly remitted. That is +an act of probity. It is just that some recompense should be bestowed +on you. Fix the sum yourself, it shall be counted out to you. Do not +fear to set it very high.” + + +“I thank you, sir,” replied Jean Valjean, gently. + +He remained in thought for a moment, mechanically passing the tip of +his fore-finger across his thumb-nail, then he lifted up his voice: + +“All is nearly over. But one last thing remains for me . . .” + + +“What is it?” + + +Jean Valjean struggled with what seemed a last hesitation, and, without +voice, without breath, he stammered rather than said: + +“Now that you know, do you think, sir, you, who are the master, that I +ought not to see Cosette any more?” + + +“I think that would be better,” replied Marius coldly. + +“I shall never see her more,” murmured Jean Valjean. And he directed +his steps towards the door. + +He laid his hand on the knob, the latch yielded, the door opened. Jean +Valjean pushed it open far enough to pass through, stood motionless for +a second, then closed the door again and turned to Marius. + +He was no longer pale, he was livid. There were no longer any tears in +his eyes, but only a sort of tragic flame. His voice had regained a +strange composure. + +“Stay, sir,” he said. “If you will allow it, I will come to see her. I +assure you that I desire it greatly. If I had not cared to see Cosette, +I should not have made to you the confession that I have made, I should +have gone away; but, as I desired to remain in the place where Cosette +is, and to continue to see her, I had to tell you about it honestly. +You follow my reasoning, do you not? it is a matter easily understood. +You see, I have had her with me for more than nine years. We lived +first in that hut on the boulevard, then in the convent, then near the +Luxembourg. That was where you saw her for the first time. You remember +her blue plush hat. Then we went to the Quartier des Invalides, where +there was a railing on a garden, the Rue Plumet. I lived in a little +back court-yard, whence I could hear her piano. That was my life. We +never left each other. That lasted for nine years and some months. I +was like her own father, and she was my child. I do not know whether +you understand, Monsieur Pontmercy, but to go away now, never to see +her again, never to speak to her again, to no longer have anything, +would be hard. If you do not disapprove of it, I will come to see +Cosette from time to time. I will not come often. I will not remain +long. You shall give orders that I am to be received in the little +waiting-room. On the ground floor. I could enter perfectly well by the +back door, but that might create surprise perhaps, and it would be +better, I think, for me to enter by the usual door. Truly, sir, I +should like to see a little more of Cosette. As rarely as you please. +Put yourself in my place, I have nothing left but that. And then, we +must be cautious. If I no longer come at all, it would produce a bad +effect, it would be considered singular. What I can do, by the way, is +to come in the afternoon, when night is beginning to fall.” + + +“You shall come every evening,” said Marius, “and Cosette will be +waiting for you.” + + +“You are kind, sir,” said Jean Valjean. + +Marius saluted Jean Valjean, happiness escorted despair to the door, +and these two men parted. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE OBSCURITIES WHICH A REVELATION CAN CONTAIN + + +Marius was quite upset. + +The sort of estrangement which he had always felt towards the man +beside whom he had seen Cosette, was now explained to him. There was +something enigmatic about that person, of which his instinct had warned +him. + +This enigma was the most hideous of disgraces, the galleys. This M. +Fauchelevent was the convict Jean Valjean. + +To abruptly find such a secret in the midst of one’s happiness +resembles the discovery of a scorpion in a nest of turtledoves. + +Was the happiness of Marius and Cosette thenceforth condemned to such a +neighborhood? Was this an accomplished fact? Did the acceptance of that +man form a part of the marriage now consummated? Was there nothing to +be done? + +Had Marius wedded the convict as well? + +In vain may one be crowned with light and joy, in vain may one taste +the grand purple hour of life, happy love, such shocks would force even +the archangel in his ecstasy, even the demigod in his glory, to +shudder. + +As is always the case in changes of view of this nature, Marius asked +himself whether he had nothing with which to reproach himself. Had he +been wanting in divination? Had he been wanting in prudence? Had he +involuntarily dulled his wits? A little, perhaps. Had he entered upon +this love affair, which had ended in his marriage to Cosette, without +taking sufficient precautions to throw light upon the surroundings? He +admitted,—it is thus, by a series of successive admissions of ourselves +in regard to ourselves, that life amends us, little by little,—he +admitted the chimerical and visionary side of his nature, a sort of +internal cloud peculiar to many organizations, and which, in paroxysms +of passion and sorrow, dilates as the temperature of the soul changes, +and invades the entire man, to such a degree as to render him nothing +more than a conscience bathed in a mist. We have more than once +indicated this characteristic element of Marius’ individuality. + +He recalled that, in the intoxication of his love, in the Rue Plumet, +during those six or seven ecstatic weeks, he had not even spoken to +Cosette of that drama in the Gorbeau hovel, where the victim had taken +up such a singular line of silence during the struggle and the ensuing +flight. How had it happened that he had not mentioned this to Cosette? +Yet it was so near and so terrible! How had it come to pass that he had +not even named the ThĂ©nardiers, and, particularly, on the day when he +had encountered Éponine? He now found it almost difficult to explain +his silence of that time. Nevertheless, he could account for it. He +recalled his benumbed state, his intoxication with Cosette, love +absorbing everything, that catching away of each other into the ideal, +and perhaps also, like the imperceptible quantity of reason mingled +with this violent and charming state of the soul, a vague, dull +instinct impelling him to conceal and abolish in his memory that +redoubtable adventure, contact with which he dreaded, in which he did +not wish to play any part, his agency in which he had kept secret, and +in which he could be neither narrator nor witness without being an +accuser. + +Moreover, these few weeks had been a flash of lightning; there had been +no time for anything except love. + +In short, having weighed everything, turned everything over in his +mind, examined everything, whatever might have been the consequences if +he had told Cosette about the Gorbeau ambush, even if he had discovered +that Jean Valjean was a convict, would that have changed him, Marius? +Would that have changed her, Cosette? Would he have drawn back? Would +he have adored her any the less? Would he have refrained from marrying +her? No. Then there was nothing to regret, nothing with which he need +reproach himself. All was well. There is a deity for those drunken men +who are called lovers. Marius blind, had followed the path which he +would have chosen had he been in full possession of his sight. Love had +bandaged his eyes, in order to lead him whither? To paradise. + +But this paradise was henceforth complicated with an infernal +accompaniment. + +Marius’ ancient estrangement towards this man, towards this +Fauchelevent who had turned into Jean Valjean, was at present mingled +with horror. + +In this horror, let us state, there was some pity, and even a certain +surprise. + +This thief, this thief guilty of a second offence, had restored that +deposit. And what a deposit! Six hundred thousand francs. + +He alone was in the secret of that deposit. He might have kept it all, +he had restored it all. + +Moreover, he had himself revealed his situation. Nothing forced him to +this. If any one learned who he was, it was through himself. In this +avowal there was something more than acceptance of humiliation, there +was acceptance of peril. For a condemned man, a mask is not a mask, it +is a shelter. A false name is security, and he had rejected that false +name. He, the galley-slave, might have hidden himself forever in an +honest family; he had withstood this temptation. And with what motive? +Through a conscientious scruple. He himself explained this with the +irresistible accents of truth. In short, whatever this Jean Valjean +might be, he was, undoubtedly, a conscience which was awakening. There +existed some mysterious re-habilitation which had begun; and, to all +appearances, scruples had for a long time already controlled this man. +Such fits of justice and goodness are not characteristic of vulgar +natures. An awakening of conscience is grandeur of soul. + +Jean Valjean was sincere. This sincerity, visible, palpable, +irrefragable, evident from the very grief that it caused him, rendered +inquiries useless, and conferred authority on all that that man had +said. + +Here, for Marius, there was a strange reversal of situations. What +breathed from M. Fauchelevent? distrust. What did Jean Valjean inspire? +confidence. + +In the mysterious balance of this Jean Valjean which the pensive Marius +struck, he admitted the active principle, he admitted the passive +principle, and he tried to reach a balance. + +But all this went on as in a storm. Marius, while endeavoring to form a +clear idea of this man, and while pursuing Jean Valjean, so to speak, +in the depths of his thought, lost him and found him again in a fatal +mist. + +The deposit honestly restored, the probity of the confession—these were +good. This produced a lightening of the cloud, then the cloud became +black once more. + +Troubled as were Marius’ memories, a shadow of them returned to him. + +After all, what was that adventure in the Jondrette attic? Why had that +man taken to flight on the arrival of the police, instead of entering a +complaint? + +Here Marius found the answer. Because that man was a fugitive from +justice, who had broken his ban. + +Another question: Why had that man come to the barricade? + +For Marius now once more distinctly beheld that recollection which had +reappeared in his emotions like sympathetic ink at the application of +heat. This man had been in the barricade. He had not fought there. What +had he come there for? In the presence of this question a spectre +sprang up and replied: “Javert.” + + +Marius recalled perfectly now that funereal sight of Jean Valjean +dragging the pinioned Javert out of the barricade, and he still heard +behind the corner of the little Rue MondĂ©tour that frightful pistol +shot. Obviously, there was hatred between that police spy and the +galley-slave. The one was in the other’s way. Jean Valjean had gone to +the barricade for the purpose of revenging himself. He had arrived +late. He probably knew that Javert was a prisoner there. The Corsican +vendetta has penetrated to certain lower strata and has become the law +there; it is so simple that it does not astonish souls which are but +half turned towards good; and those hearts are so constituted that a +criminal, who is in the path of repentance, may be scrupulous in the +matter of theft and unscrupulous in the matter of vengeance. Jean +Valjean had killed Javert. At least, that seemed to be evident. + +This was the final question, to be sure; but to this there was no +reply. This question Marius felt like pincers. How had it come to pass +that Jean Valjean’s existence had elbowed that of Cosette for so long a +period? + +What melancholy sport of Providence was that which had placed that +child in contact with that man? Are there then chains for two which are +forged on high? and does God take pleasure in coupling the angel with +the demon? So a crime and an innocence can be room-mates in the +mysterious galleys of wretchedness? In that defiling of condemned +persons which is called human destiny, can two brows pass side by side, +the one ingenuous, the other formidable, the one all bathed in the +divine whiteness of dawn, the other forever blemished by the flash of +an eternal lightning? Who could have arranged that inexplicable pairing +off? In what manner, in consequence of what prodigy, had any community +of life been established between this celestial little creature and +that old criminal? + +Who could have bound the lamb to the wolf, and, what was still more +incomprehensible, have attached the wolf to the lamb? For the wolf +loved the lamb, for the fierce creature adored the feeble one, for, +during the space of nine years, the angel had had the monster as her +point of support. Cosette’s childhood and girlhood, her advent in the +daylight, her virginal growth towards life and light, had been +sheltered by that hideous devotion. Here questions exfoliated, so to +speak, into innumerable enigmas, abysses yawned at the bottoms of +abysses, and Marius could no longer bend over Jean Valjean without +becoming dizzy. What was this man-precipice? + +The old symbols of Genesis are eternal; in human society, such as it +now exists, and until a broader day shall effect a change in it, there +will always be two men, the one superior, the other subterranean; the +one which is according to good is Abel; the other which is according to +evil is Cain. What was this tender Cain? What was this ruffian +religiously absorbed in the adoration of a virgin, watching over her, +rearing her, guarding her, dignifying her, and enveloping her, impure +as he was himself, with purity? + +What was that cesspool which had venerated that innocence to such a +point as not to leave upon it a single spot? What was this Jean Valjean +educating Cosette? What was this figure of the shadows which had for +its only object the preservation of the rising of a star from every +shadow and from every cloud? + +That was Jean Valjean’s secret; that was also God’s secret. + +In the presence of this double secret, Marius recoiled. The one, in +some sort, reassured him as to the other. God was as visible in this +affair as was Jean Valjean. God has his instruments. He makes use of +the tool which he wills. He is not responsible to men. Do we know how +God sets about the work? Jean Valjean had labored over Cosette. He had, +to some extent, made that soul. That was incontestable. Well, what +then? The workman was horrible; but the work was admirable. God +produces his miracles as seems good to him. He had constructed that +charming Cosette, and he had employed Jean Valjean. It had pleased him +to choose this strange collaborator for himself. What account have we +to demand of him? Is this the first time that the dung-heap has aided +the spring to create the rose? + +Marius made himself these replies, and declared to himself that they +were good. He had not dared to press Jean Valjean on all the points +which we have just indicated, but he did not confess to himself that he +did not dare to do it. He adored Cosette, he possessed Cosette, Cosette +was splendidly pure. That was sufficient for him. What enlightenment +did he need? Cosette was a light. Does light require enlightenment? He +had everything; what more could he desire? All,—is not that enough? +Jean Valjean’s personal affairs did not concern him. + +And bending over the fatal shadow of that man, he clung fast, +convulsively, to the solemn declaration of that unhappy wretch: “I am +nothing to Cosette. Ten years ago I did not know that she was in +existence.” + + +Jean Valjean was a passer-by. He had said so himself. Well, he had +passed. Whatever he was, his part was finished. + +Henceforth, there remained Marius to fulfil the part of Providence to +Cosette. Cosette had sought the azure in a person like herself, in her +lover, her husband, her celestial male. Cosette, as she took her +flight, winged and transfigured, left behind her on the earth her +hideous and empty chrysalis, Jean Valjean. + +In whatever circle of ideas Marius revolved, he always returned to a +certain horror for Jean Valjean. A sacred horror, perhaps, for, as we +have just pointed out, he felt a _quid divinum_ in that man. But do +what he would, and seek what extenuation he would, he was certainly +forced to fall back upon this: the man was a convict; that is to say, a +being who has not even a place in the social ladder, since he is lower +than the very lowest rung. After the very last of men comes the +convict. The convict is no longer, so to speak, in the semblance of the +living. The law has deprived him of the entire quantity of humanity of +which it can deprive a man. + +Marius, on penal questions, still held to the inexorable system, though +he was a democrat and he entertained all the ideas of the law on the +subject of those whom the law strikes. He had not yet accomplished all +progress, we admit. He had not yet come to distinguish between that +which is written by man and that which is written by God, between law +and right. He had not examined and weighed the right which man takes to +dispose of the irrevocable and the irreparable. He was not shocked by +the word _vindicte_. He found it quite simple that certain breaches of +the written law should be followed by eternal suffering, and he +accepted, as the process of civilization, social damnation. He still +stood at this point, though safe to advance infallibly later on, since +his nature was good, and, at bottom, wholly formed of latent progress. + +In this stage of his ideas, Jean Valjean appeared to him hideous and +repulsive. He was a man reproved, he was the convict. That word was for +him like the sound of the trump on the Day of Judgment; and, after +having reflected upon Jean Valjean for a long time, his final gesture +had been to turn away his head. _Vade retro_. + +Marius, if we must recognize and even insist upon the fact, while +interrogating Jean Valjean to such a point that Jean Valjean had said: +“You are confessing me,” had not, nevertheless, put to him two or three +decisive questions. + +It was not that they had not presented themselves to his mind, but that +he had been afraid of them. The Jondrette attic? The barricade? Javert? +Who knows where these revelations would have stopped? Jean Valjean did +not seem like a man who would draw back, and who knows whether Marius, +after having urged him on, would not have himself desired to hold him +back? + +Has it not happened to all of us, in certain supreme conjunctures, to +stop our ears in order that we may not hear the reply, after we have +asked a question? It is especially when one loves that one gives way to +these exhibitions of cowardice. It is not wise to question sinister +situations to the last point, particularly when the indissoluble side +of our life is fatally intermingled with them. What a terrible light +might have proceeded from the despairing explanations of Jean Valjean, +and who knows whether that hideous glare would not have darted forth as +far as Cosette? Who knows whether a sort of infernal glow would not +have lingered behind it on the brow of that angel? The spattering of a +lightning-flash is of the thunder also. Fatality has points of juncture +where innocence itself is stamped with crime by the gloomy law of the +reflections which give color. The purest figures may forever preserve +the reflection of a horrible association. Rightly or wrongly, Marius +had been afraid. He already knew too much. He sought to dull his senses +rather than to gain further light. + +In dismay he bore off Cosette in his arms and shut his eyes to Jean +Valjean. + +That man was the night, the living and horrible night. How should he +dare to seek the bottom of it? It is a terrible thing to interrogate +the shadow. Who knows what its reply will be? The dawn may be blackened +forever by it. + +In this state of mind the thought that that man would, henceforth, come +into any contact whatever with Cosette was a heartrending perplexity to +Marius. + +He now almost reproached himself for not having put those formidable +questions, before which he had recoiled, and from which an implacable +and definitive decision might have sprung. He felt that he was too +good, too gentle, too weak, if we must say the word. This weakness had +led him to an imprudent concession. He had allowed himself to be +touched. He had been in the wrong. He ought to have simply and purely +rejected Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean played the part of fire, and that +is what he should have done, and have freed his house from that man. + +He was vexed with himself, he was angry with that whirlwind of emotions +which had deafened, blinded, and carried him away. He was displeased +with himself. + +What was he to do now? Jean Valjean’s visits were profoundly repugnant +to him. What was the use in having that man in his house? What did the +man want? Here, he became dismayed, he did not wish to dig down, he did +not wish to penetrate deeply; he did not wish to sound himself. He had +promised, he had allowed himself to be drawn into a promise; Jean +Valjean held his promise; one must keep one’s word even to a convict, +above all to a convict. Still, his first duty was to Cosette. In short, +he was carried away by the repugnance which dominated him. + +Marius turned over all this confusion of ideas in his mind, passing +from one to the other, and moved by all of them. Hence arose a profound +trouble. + +It was not easy for him to hide this trouble from Cosette, but love is +a talent, and Marius succeeded in doing it. + +However, without any apparent object, he questioned Cosette, who was as +candid as a dove is white and who suspected nothing; he talked of her +childhood and her youth, and he became more and more convinced that +that convict had been everything good, paternal and respectable that a +man can be towards Cosette. All that Marius had caught a glimpse of and +had surmised was real. That sinister nettle had loved and protected +that lily. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—FADING AWAY OF THE TWILIGHT + + + + +[Illustration: The Twilight Decline] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LOWER CHAMBER + + +On the following day, at nightfall, Jean Valjean knocked at the +carriage gate of the Gillenormand house. It was Basque who received +him. Basque was in the courtyard at the appointed hour, as though he +had received his orders. It sometimes happens that one says to a +servant: “You will watch for Mr. So and So, when he arrives.” + + +Basque addressed Jean Valjean without waiting for the latter to +approach him: + +“Monsieur le Baron has charged me to inquire whether monsieur desires +to go upstairs or to remain below?” + + +“I will remain below,” replied Jean Valjean. + +Basque, who was perfectly respectful, opened the door of the +waiting-room and said: + +“I will go and inform Madame.” + + +The room which Jean Valjean entered was a damp, vaulted room on the +ground floor, which served as a cellar on occasion, which opened on the +street, was paved with red squares and was badly lighted by a grated +window. + +This chamber was not one of those which are harassed by the +feather-duster, the pope’s head brush, and the broom. The dust rested +tranquilly there. Persecution of the spiders was not organized there. A +fine web, which spread far and wide, and was very black and ornamented +with dead flies, formed a wheel on one of the window-panes. The room, +which was small and low-ceiled, was furnished with a heap of empty +bottles piled up in one corner. + +The wall, which was daubed with an ochre yellow wash, was scaling off +in large flakes. At one end there was a chimney-piece painted in black +with a narrow shelf. A fire was burning there; which indicated that +Jean Valjean’s reply: “I will remain below,” had been foreseen. + +Two armchairs were placed at the two corners of the fireplace. Between +the chairs an old bedside rug, which displayed more foundation thread +than wool, had been spread by way of a carpet. + +The chamber was lighted by the fire on the hearth and the twilight +falling through the window. + +Jean Valjean was fatigued. For days he had neither eaten nor slept. He +threw himself into one of the armchairs. + +Basque returned, set a lighted candle on the chimney-piece and retired. +Jean Valjean, his head drooping and his chin resting on his breast, +perceived neither Basque nor the candle. + +All at once, he drew himself up with a start. Cosette was standing +beside him. + +He had not seen her enter, but he had felt that she was there. + +He turned round. He gazed at her. She was adorably lovely. But what he +was contemplating with that profound gaze was not her beauty but her +soul. + +“Well,” exclaimed Cosette, “father, I knew that you were peculiar, but +I never should have expected this. What an idea! Marius told me that +you wish me to receive you here.” + + +“Yes, it is my wish.” + + +“I expected that reply. Good. I warn you that I am going to make a +scene for you. Let us begin at the beginning. Embrace me, father.” + + +And she offered him her cheek. + +Jean Valjean remained motionless. + +“You do not stir. I take note of it. Attitude of guilt. But never mind, +I pardon you. Jesus Christ said: Offer the other cheek. Here it is.” + + +And she presented her other cheek. + +Jean Valjean did not move. It seemed as though his feet were nailed to +the pavement. + +“This is becoming serious,” said Cosette. “What have I done to you? I +declare that I am perplexed. You owe me reparation. You will dine with +us.” + + +“I have dined.” + + +“That is not true. I will get M. Gillenormand to scold you. +Grandfathers are made to reprimand fathers. Come. Go upstairs with me +to the drawing-room. Immediately.” + + +“Impossible.” + + +Here Cosette lost ground a little. She ceased to command and passed to +questioning. + +“But why? and you choose the ugliest chamber in the house in which to +see me. It’s horrible here.” + + +“Thou knowest . . .” + + +Jean Valjean caught himself up. + +“You know, madame, that I am peculiar, I have my freaks.” + + +Cosette struck her tiny hands together. + +“Madame! . . . You know! . . . more novelties! What is the meaning of +this?” + + +Jean Valjean directed upon her that heartrending smile to which he +occasionally had recourse: + +“You wished to be Madame. You are so.” + + +“Not for you, father.” + + +“Do not call me father.” + + +“What?” + + +“Call me ‘Monsieur Jean.’ ‘Jean,’ if you like.” + + +“You are no longer my father? I am no longer Cosette? ‘Monsieur Jean’? +What does this mean? why, these are revolutions, aren’t they? what has +taken place? come, look me in the face. And you won’t live with us! And +you won’t have my chamber! What have I done to you? Has anything +happened?” + + +“Nothing.” + + +“Well then?” + + +“Everything is as usual.” + + +“Why do you change your name?” + + +“You have changed yours, surely.” + + +He smiled again with the same smile as before and added: + +“Since you are Madame Pontmercy, I certainly can be Monsieur Jean.” + + +“I don’t understand anything about it. All this is idiotic. I shall ask +permission of my husband for you to be ‘Monsieur Jean.’ I hope that he +will not consent to it. You cause me a great deal of pain. One does +have freaks, but one does not cause one’s little Cosette grief. That is +wrong. You have no right to be wicked, you who are so good.” + + +He made no reply. + +She seized his hands with vivacity, and raising them to her face with +an irresistible movement, she pressed them against her neck beneath her +chin, which is a gesture of profound tenderness. + +“Oh!” she said to him, “be good!” + + +And she went on: + +“This is what I call being good: being nice and coming and living +here,—there are birds here as there are in the Rue Plumet,—living with +us, quitting that hole of a Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, not giving us riddles +to guess, being like all the rest of the world, dining with us, +breakfasting with us, being my father.” + + +He loosed her hands. + +“You no longer need a father, you have a husband.” + + +Cosette became angry. + +“I no longer need a father! One really does not know what to say to +things like that, which are not common sense!” + + +“If Toussaint were here,” resumed Jean Valjean, like a person who is +driven to seek authorities, and who clutches at every branch, “she +would be the first to agree that it is true that I have always had ways +of my own. There is nothing new in this. I always have loved my black +corner.” + + +“But it is cold here. One cannot see distinctly. It is abominable, that +it is, to wish to be Monsieur Jean! I will not have you say ‘you’ to +me. + +“Just now, as I was coming hither,” replied Jean Valjean, “I saw a +piece of furniture in the Rue Saint Louis. It was at a cabinet-maker’s. +If I were a pretty woman, I would treat myself to that bit of +furniture. A very neat toilet table in the reigning style. What you +call rosewood, I think. It is inlaid. The mirror is quite large. There +are drawers. It is pretty.” + + +“Hou! the villainous bear!” replied Cosette. + +And with supreme grace, setting her teeth and drawing back her lips, +she blew at Jean Valjean. She was a Grace copying a cat. + +“I am furious,” she resumed. “Ever since yesterday, you have made me +rage, all of you. I am greatly vexed. I don’t understand. You do not +defend me against Marius. Marius will not uphold me against you. I am +all alone. I arrange a chamber prettily. If I could have put the good +God there I would have done it. My chamber is left on my hands. My +lodger sends me into bankruptcy. I order a nice little dinner of +Nicolette. We will have nothing to do with your dinner, Madame. And my +father Fauchelevent wants me to call him ‘Monsieur Jean,’ and to +receive him in a frightful, old, ugly cellar, where the walls have +beards, and where the crystal consists of empty bottles, and the +curtains are of spiders’ webs! You are singular, I admit, that is your +style, but people who get married are granted a truce. You ought not to +have begun being singular again instantly. So you are going to be +perfectly contented in your abominable Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. I was very +desperate indeed there, that I was. What have you against me? You cause +me a great deal of grief. Fi!” + + +And, becoming suddenly serious, she gazed intently at Jean Valjean and +added: + +“Are you angry with me because I am happy?” + + +Ingenuousness sometimes unconsciously penetrates deep. This question, +which was simple for Cosette, was profound for Jean Valjean. Cosette +had meant to scratch, and she lacerated. + +Jean Valjean turned pale. + +He remained for a moment without replying, then, with an inexpressible +intonation, and speaking to himself, he murmured: + +“Her happiness was the object of my life. Now God may sign my +dismissal. Cosette, thou art happy; my day is over.” + + +“Ah, you have said _thou_ to me!” exclaimed Cosette. + +And she sprang to his neck. + +Jean Valjean, in bewilderment, strained her wildly to his breast. It +almost seemed to him as though he were taking her back. + +“Thanks, father!” said Cosette. + +This enthusiastic impulse was on the point of becoming poignant for +Jean Valjean. He gently removed Cosette’s arms, and took his hat. + +“Well?” said Cosette. + +“I leave you, Madame, they are waiting for you.” + + +And, from the threshold, he added: + +“I have said _thou_ to you. Tell your husband that this shall not +happen again. Pardon me.” + + +Jean Valjean quitted the room, leaving Cosette stupefied at this +enigmatical farewell. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ANOTHER STEP BACKWARDS + + +On the following day, at the same hour, Jean Valjean came. + +Cosette asked him no questions, was no longer astonished, no longer +exclaimed that she was cold, no longer spoke of the drawing-room, she +avoided saying either “father” or “Monsieur Jean.” She allowed herself +to be addressed as _you_. She allowed herself to be called Madame. +Only, her joy had undergone a certain diminution. She would have been +sad, if sadness had been possible to her. + +It is probable that she had had with Marius one of those conversations +in which the beloved man says what he pleases, explains nothing, and +satisfies the beloved woman. The curiosity of lovers does not extend +very far beyond their own love. + +The lower room had made a little toilet. Basque had suppressed the +bottles, and Nicolette the spiders. + +All the days which followed brought Jean Valjean at the same hour. He +came every day, because he had not the strength to take Marius’ words +otherwise than literally. Marius arranged matters so as to be absent at +the hours when Jean Valjean came. The house grew accustomed to the +novel ways of M. Fauchelevent. Toussaint helped in this direction: +“Monsieur has always been like that,” she repeated. The grandfather +issued this decree:—“He’s an original.” And all was said. Moreover, at +the age of ninety-six, no bond is any longer possible, all is merely +juxtaposition; a newcomer is in the way. There is no longer any room; +all habits are acquired. M. Fauchelevent, M. Tranchelevent, Father +Gillenormand asked nothing better than to be relieved from “that +gentleman.” He added:—“Nothing is more common than those originals. +They do all sorts of queer things. They have no reason. The Marquis de +Canaples was still worse. He bought a palace that he might lodge in the +garret. These are fantastic appearances that people affect.” + + +No one caught a glimpse of the sinister foundation. And moreover, who +could have guessed such a thing? There are marshes of this description +in India. The water seems extraordinary, inexplicable, rippling though +there is no wind, and agitated where it should be calm. One gazes at +the surface of these causeless ebullitions; one does not perceive the +hydra which crawls on the bottom. + +Many men have a secret monster in this same manner, a dragon which +gnaws them, a despair which inhabits their night. Such a man resembles +other men, he goes and comes. No one knows that he bears within him a +frightful parasitic pain with a thousand teeth, which lives within the +unhappy man, and of which he is dying. No one knows that this man is a +gulf. He is stagnant but deep. From time to time, a trouble of which +the onlooker understands nothing appears on his surface. A mysterious +wrinkle is formed, then vanishes, then reappears; an air-bubble rises +and bursts. It is the breathing of the unknown beast. + +Certain strange habits: arriving at the hour when other people are +taking their leave, keeping in the background when other people are +displaying themselves, preserving on all occasions what may be +designated as the wall-colored mantle, seeking the solitary walk, +preferring the deserted street, avoiding any share in conversation, +avoiding crowds and festivals, seeming at one’s ease and living poorly, +having one’s key in one’s pocket, and one’s candle at the porter’s +lodge, however rich one may be, entering by the side door, ascending +the private staircase,—all these insignificant singularities, fugitive +folds on the surface, often proceed from a formidable foundation. + +Many weeks passed in this manner. A new life gradually took possession +of Cosette: the relations which marriage creates, visits, the care of +the house, pleasures, great matters. Cosette’s pleasures were not +costly, they consisted in one thing: being with Marius. The great +occupation of her life was to go out with him, to remain with him. It +was for them a joy that was always fresh, to go out arm in arm, in the +face of the sun, in the open street, without hiding themselves, before +the whole world, both of them completely alone. + +Cosette had one vexation. Toussaint could not get on with Nicolette, +the soldering of two elderly maids being impossible, and she went away. +The grandfather was well; Marius argued a case here and there; Aunt +Gillenormand peacefully led that life aside which sufficed for her, +beside the new household. Jean Valjean came every day. + +The address as _thou_ disappeared, the _you_, the “Madame,” the +“Monsieur Jean,” rendered him another person to Cosette. The care which +he had himself taken to detach her from him was succeeding. She became +more and more gay and less and less tender. Yet she still loved him +sincerely, and he felt it. + +One day she said to him suddenly: “You used to be my father, you are no +longer my father, you were my uncle, you are no longer my uncle, you +were Monsieur Fauchelevent, you are Jean. Who are you then? I don’t +like all this. If I did not know how good you are, I should be afraid +of you.” + + +He still lived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, because he could not make up +his mind to remove to a distance from the quarter where Cosette dwelt. + +At first, he only remained a few minutes with Cosette, and then went +away. + +Little by little he acquired the habit of making his visits less brief. +One would have said that he was taking advantage of the authorization +of the days which were lengthening, he arrived earlier and departed +later. + +One day Cosette chanced to say “father” to him. A flash of joy +illuminated Jean Valjean’s melancholy old countenance. He caught her +up: “Say Jean.”—“Ah! truly,” she replied with a burst of laughter, +“Monsieur Jean.”—“That is right,” said he. And he turned aside so that +she might not see him wipe his eyes. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THEY RECALL THE GARDEN OF THE RUE PLUMET + + +This was the last time. After that last flash of light, complete +extinction ensued. No more familiarity, no more good-morning with a +kiss, never more that word so profoundly sweet: “My father!” He was at +his own request and through his own complicity driven out of all his +happinesses one after the other; and he had this sorrow, that after +having lost Cosette wholly in one day, he was afterwards obliged to +lose her again in detail. + +The eye eventually becomes accustomed to the light of a cellar. In +short, it sufficed for him to have an apparition of Cosette every day. +His whole life was concentrated in that one hour. + +He seated himself close to her, he gazed at her in silence, or he +talked to her of years gone by, of her childhood, of the convent, of +her little friends of those bygone days. + +One afternoon,—it was on one of those early days in April, already warm +and fresh, the moment of the sun’s great gayety, the gardens which +surrounded the windows of Marius and Cosette felt the emotion of +waking, the hawthorn was on the point of budding, a jewelled garniture +of gillyflowers spread over the ancient walls, snapdragons yawned +through the crevices of the stones, amid the grass there was a charming +beginning of daisies, and buttercups, the white butterflies of the year +were making their first appearance, the wind, that minstrel of the +eternal wedding, was trying in the trees the first notes of that grand, +auroral symphony which the old poets called the springtide,—Marius said +to Cosette:—“We said that we would go back to take a look at our garden +in the Rue Plumet. Let us go thither. We must not be ungrateful.”—And +away they flitted, like two swallows towards the spring. This garden of +the Rue Plumet produced on them the effect of the dawn. They already +had behind them in life something which was like the springtime of +their love. The house in the Rue Plumet being held on a lease, still +belonged to Cosette. They went to that garden and that house. There +they found themselves again, there they forgot themselves. That +evening, at the usual hour, Jean Valjean came to the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire.—“Madame went out with Monsieur and has not yet +returned,” Basque said to him. He seated himself in silence, and waited +an hour. Cosette did not return. He departed with drooping head. + +Cosette was so intoxicated with her walk to “their garden,” and so +joyous at having “lived a whole day in her past,” that she talked of +nothing else on the morrow. She did not notice that she had not seen +Jean Valjean. + +“In what way did you go thither?” Jean Valjean asked her.” + + +“On foot.” + + +“And how did you return?” + + +“In a hackney carriage.” + + +For some time, Jean Valjean had noticed the economical life led by the +young people. He was troubled by it. Marius’ economy was severe, and +that word had its absolute meaning for Jean Valjean. He hazarded a +query: + +“Why do you not have a carriage of your own? A pretty coupĂ© would only +cost you five hundred francs a month. You are rich.” + + +“I don’t know,” replied Cosette. + +“It is like Toussaint,” resumed Jean Valjean. “She is gone. You have +not replaced her. Why?” + + +“Nicolette suffices.” + + +“But you ought to have a maid.” + + +“Have I not Marius?” + + +“You ought to have a house of your own, your own servants, a carriage, +a box at the theatre. There is nothing too fine for you. Why not profit +by your riches? Wealth adds to happiness.” + + +Cosette made no reply. + +Jean Valjean’s visits were not abridged. Far from it. When it is the +heart which is slipping, one does not halt on the downward slope. + +When Jean Valjean wished to prolong his visit and to induce +forgetfulness of the hour, he sang the praises of Marius; he pronounced +him handsome, noble, courageous, witty, eloquent, good. Cosette outdid +him. Jean Valjean began again. They were never weary. Marius—that word +was inexhaustible; those six letters contained volumes. In this manner, +Jean Valjean contrived to remain a long time. + +It was so sweet to see Cosette, to forget by her side! It alleviated +his wounds. It frequently happened that Basque came twice to announce: +“M. Gillenormand sends me to remind Madame la Baronne that dinner is +served.” + + +On those days, Jean Valjean was very thoughtful on his return home. + +Was there, then, any truth in that comparison of the chrysalis which +had presented itself to the mind of Marius? Was Jean Valjean really a +chrysalis who would persist, and who would come to visit his butterfly? + +One day he remained still longer than usual. On the following day he +observed that there was no fire on the hearth.—“Hello!” he thought. “No +fire.”—And he furnished the explanation for himself.—“It is perfectly +simple. It is April. The cold weather has ceased.” + + +“Heavens! how cold it is here!” exclaimed Cosette when she entered. + +“Why, no,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Was it you who told Basque not to make a fire then?” + + +“Yes, since we are now in the month of May.” + + +“But we have a fire until June. One is needed all the year in this +cellar.” + + +“I thought that a fire was unnecessary.” + + +“That is exactly like one of your ideas!” retorted Cosette. + +On the following day there was a fire. But the two armchairs were +arranged at the other end of the room near the door. “—What is the +meaning of this?” thought Jean Valjean. + +He went for the armchairs and restored them to their ordinary place +near the hearth. + +This fire lighted once more encouraged him, however. He prolonged the +conversation even beyond its customary limits. As he rose to take his +leave, Cosette said to him: + +“My husband said a queer thing to me yesterday.” + + +“What was it?” + + +“He said to me: ‘Cosette, we have an income of thirty thousand livres. +Twenty-seven that you own, and three that my grandfather gives me.’ I +replied: ‘That makes thirty.’ He went on: ‘Would you have the courage +to live on the three thousand?’ I answered: ‘Yes, on nothing. Provided +that it was with you.’ And then I asked: ‘Why do you say that to me?’ +He replied: ‘I wanted to know.’” + + +Jean Valjean found not a word to answer. Cosette probably expected some +explanation from him; he listened in gloomy silence. He went back to +the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©; he was so deeply absorbed that he mistook the +door and instead of entering his own house, he entered the adjoining +dwelling. It was only after having ascended nearly two stories that he +perceived his error and went down again. + +His mind was swarming with conjectures. It was evident that Marius had +his doubts as to the origin of the six hundred thousand francs, that he +feared some source that was not pure, who knows? that he had even, +perhaps, discovered that the money came from him, Jean Valjean, that he +hesitated before this suspicious fortune, and was disinclined to take +it as his own,—preferring that both he and Cosette should remain poor, +rather than that they should be rich with wealth that was not clean. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean began vaguely to surmise that he was being shown +the door. + +On the following day, he underwent something like a shock on entering +the ground-floor room. The armchairs had disappeared. There was not a +single chair of any sort. + +“Ah, what’s this!” exclaimed Cosette as she entered, “no chairs! Where +are the armchairs?” + + +“They are no longer here,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“This is too much!” + + +Jean Valjean stammered: + +“It was I who told Basque to remove them.” + + +“And your reason?” + + +“I have only a few minutes to stay to-day.” + + +“A brief stay is no reason for remaining standing.” + + +“I think that Basque needed the chairs for the drawing-room.” + + +“Why?” + + +“You have company this evening, no doubt.” + + +“We expect no one.” + + +Jean Valjean had not another word to say. + +Cosette shrugged her shoulders. + +“To have the chairs carried off! The other day you had the fire put +out. How odd you are!” + + +“Adieu!” murmured Jean Valjean. + +He did not say: “Adieu, Cosette.” But he had not the strength to say: +“Adieu, Madame.” + + +He went away utterly overwhelmed. + +This time he had understood. + +On the following day he did not come. Cosette only observed the fact in +the evening. + +“Why,” said she, “Monsieur Jean has not been here today.” + + +And she felt a slight twinge at her heart, but she hardly perceived it, +being immediately diverted by a kiss from Marius. + +On the following day he did not come. + +Cosette paid no heed to this, passed her evening and slept well that +night, as usual, and thought of it only when she woke. She was so +happy! She speedily despatched Nicolette to M. Jean’s house to inquire +whether he were ill, and why he had not come on the previous evening. +Nicolette brought back the reply of M. Jean that he was not ill. He was +busy. He would come soon. As soon as he was able. Moreover, he was on +the point of taking a little journey. Madame must remember that it was +his custom to take trips from time to time. They were not to worry +about him. They were not to think of him. + +Nicolette on entering M. Jean’s had repeated to him her mistress’ very +words. That Madame had sent her to inquire why M. Jean had not come on +the preceding evening. ”—It is two days since I have been there,” said +Jean Valjean gently. + +But the remark passed unnoticed by Nicolette, who did not report it to +Cosette. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—ATTRACTION AND EXTINCTION + + +During the last months of spring and the first months of summer in +1833, the rare passers-by in the Marais, the petty shopkeepers, the +loungers on thresholds, noticed an old man neatly clad in black, who +emerged every day at the same hour, towards nightfall, from the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, on the side of the Rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie, +passed in front of the Blancs Manteaux, gained the Rue +Culture-Sainte-Catherine, and, on arriving at the Rue de l’Écharpe, +turned to the left, and entered the Rue Saint-Louis. + +There he walked at a slow pace, with his head strained forward, seeing +nothing, hearing nothing, his eye immovably fixed on a point which +seemed to be a star to him, which never varied, and which was no other +than the corner of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. The nearer he +approached the corner of the street the more his eye lighted up; a sort +of joy illuminated his pupils like an inward aurora, he had a +fascinated and much affected air, his lips indulged in obscure +movements, as though he were talking to some one whom he did not see, +he smiled vaguely and advanced as slowly as possible. One would have +said that, while desirous of reaching his destination, he feared the +moment when he should be close at hand. When only a few houses remained +between him and that street which appeared to attract him his pace +slackened, to such a degree that, at times, one might have thought that +he was no longer advancing at all. The vacillation of his head and the +fixity of his eyeballs suggested the thought of the magnetic needle +seeking the pole. Whatever time he spent on arriving, he was obliged to +arrive at last; he reached the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; then he +halted, he trembled, he thrust his head with a sort of melancholy +timidity round the corner of the last house, and gazed into that +street, and there was in that tragic look something which resembled the +dazzling light of the impossible, and the reflection from a paradise +that was closed to him. Then a tear, which had slowly gathered in the +corner of his lids, and had become large enough to fall, trickled down +his cheek, and sometimes stopped at his mouth. The old man tasted its +bitter flavor. Thus he remained for several minutes as though made of +stone, then he returned by the same road and with the same step, and, +in proportion as he retreated, his glance died out. + +Little by little, this old man ceased to go as far as the corner of the +Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; he halted half way in the Rue Saint-Louis; +sometimes a little further off, sometimes a little nearer. + +One day he stopped at the corner of the Rue Culture-Sainte-Catherine +and looked at the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire from a distance. Then he +shook his head slowly from right to left, as though refusing himself +something, and retraced his steps. + +Soon he no longer came as far as the Rue Saint-Louis. He got as far as +the Rue PavĂ©e, shook his head and turned back; then he went no further +than the Rue des Trois-Pavillons; then he did not overstep the +Blancs-Manteaux. One would have said that he was a pendulum which was +no longer wound up, and whose oscillations were growing shorter before +ceasing altogether. + +Every day he emerged from his house at the same hour, he undertook the +same trip, but he no longer completed it, and, perhaps without himself +being aware of the fact, he constantly shortened it. His whole +countenance expressed this single idea: What is the use?—His eye was +dim; no more radiance. His tears were also exhausted; they no longer +collected in the corner of his eye-lid; that thoughtful eye was dry. +The old man’s head was still craned forward; his chin moved at times; +the folds in his gaunt neck were painful to behold. Sometimes, when the +weather was bad, he had an umbrella under his arm, but he never opened +it. + +The good women of the quarter said: “He is an innocent.” The children +followed him and laughed. + + + + +BOOK NINTH—SUPREME SHADOW, SUPREME DAWN + + + + +CHAPTER I—PITY FOR THE UNHAPPY, BUT INDULGENCE FOR THE HAPPY + + +It is a terrible thing to be happy! How content one is! How +all-sufficient one finds it! How, being in possession of the false +object of life, happiness, one forgets the true object, duty! + +Let us say, however, that the reader would do wrong were he to blame +Marius. + +Marius, as we have explained, before his marriage, had put no questions +to M. Fauchelevent, and, since that time, he had feared to put any to +Jean Valjean. He had regretted the promise into which he had allowed +himself to be drawn. He had often said to himself that he had done +wrong in making that concession to despair. He had confined himself to +gradually estranging Jean Valjean from his house and to effacing him, +as much as possible, from Cosette’s mind. He had, in a manner, always +placed himself between Cosette and Jean Valjean, sure that, in this +way, she would not perceive nor think of the latter. It was more than +effacement, it was an eclipse. + +Marius did what he considered necessary and just. He thought that he +had serious reasons which the reader has already seen, and others which +will be seen later on, for getting rid of Jean Valjean without +harshness, but without weakness. + +Chance having ordained that he should encounter, in a case which he had +argued, a former employee of the Laffitte establishment, he had +acquired mysterious information, without seeking it, which he had not +been able, it is true, to probe, out of respect for the secret which he +had promised to guard, and out of consideration for Jean Valjean’s +perilous position. He believed at that moment that he had a grave duty +to perform: the restitution of the six hundred thousand francs to some +one whom he sought with all possible discretion. In the meanwhile, he +abstained from touching that money. + +As for Cosette, she had not been initiated into any of these secrets; +but it would be harsh to condemn her also. + +There existed between Marius and her an all-powerful magnetism, which +caused her to do, instinctively and almost mechanically, what Marius +wished. She was conscious of Marius’ will in the direction of “Monsieur +Jean,” she conformed to it. Her husband had not been obliged to say +anything to her; she yielded to the vague but clear pressure of his +tacit intentions, and obeyed blindly. Her obedience in this instance +consisted in not remembering what Marius forgot. She was not obliged to +make any effort to accomplish this. Without her knowing why herself, +and without his having any cause to accuse her of it, her soul had +become so wholly her husband’s that that which was shrouded in gloom in +Marius’ mind became overcast in hers. + +Let us not go too far, however; in what concerns Jean Valjean, this +forgetfulness and obliteration were merely superficial. She was rather +heedless than forgetful. At bottom, she was sincerely attached to the +man whom she had so long called her father; but she loved her husband +still more dearly. This was what had somewhat disturbed the balance of +her heart, which leaned to one side only. + +It sometimes happened that Cosette spoke of Jean Valjean and expressed +her surprise. Then Marius calmed her: “He is absent, I think. Did not +he say that he was setting out on a journey?”—“That is true,” thought +Cosette. “He had a habit of disappearing in this fashion. But not for +so long.” Two or three times she despatched Nicolette to inquire in the +Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© whether M. Jean had returned from his journey. Jean +Valjean caused the answer “no” to be given. + +Cosette asked nothing more, since she had but one need on earth, +Marius. + +Let us also say that, on their side, Cosette and Marius had also been +absent. They had been to Vernon. Marius had taken Cosette to his +father’s grave. + +Marius gradually won Cosette away from Jean Valjean. Cosette allowed +it. + +Moreover that which is called, far too harshly in certain cases, the +ingratitude of children, is not always a thing so deserving of reproach +as it is supposed. It is the ingratitude of nature. Nature, as we have +elsewhere said, “looks before her.” Nature divides living beings into +those who are arriving and those who are departing. Those who are +departing are turned towards the shadows, those who are arriving +towards the light. Hence a gulf which is fatal on the part of the old, +and involuntary on the part of the young. This breach, at first +insensible, increases slowly, like all separations of branches. The +boughs, without becoming detached from the trunk, grow away from it. It +is no fault of theirs. Youth goes where there is joy, festivals, vivid +lights, love. Old age goes towards the end. They do not lose sight of +each other, but there is no longer a close connection. Young people +feel the cooling off of life; old people, that of the tomb. Let us not +blame these poor children. + + + + +CHAPTER II—LAST FLICKERINGS OF A LAMP WITHOUT OIL + + +One day, Jean Valjean descended his staircase, took three steps in the +street, seated himself on a post, on that same stone post where +Gavroche had found him meditating on the night between the 5th and the +6th of June; he remained there a few moments, then went upstairs again. +This was the last oscillation of the pendulum. On the following day he +did not leave his apartment. On the day after that, he did not leave +his bed. + +His portress, who prepared his scanty repasts, a few cabbages or +potatoes with bacon, glanced at the brown earthenware plate and +exclaimed: + +“But you ate nothing yesterday, poor, dear man!” + + +“Certainly I did,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“The plate is quite full.” + + +“Look at the water jug. It is empty.” + + +“That proves that you have drunk; it does not prove that you have +eaten.” + + +“Well,” said Jean Valjean, “what if I felt hungry only for water?” + + +“That is called thirst, and, when one does not eat at the same time, it +is called fever.” + + +“I will eat to-morrow.” + + +“Or at Trinity day. Why not to-day? Is it the thing to say: ‘I will eat +to-morrow’? The idea of leaving my platter without even touching it! My +lady-finger potatoes were so good!” + + +Jean Valjean took the old woman’s hand: + +“I promise you that I will eat them,” he said, in his benevolent voice. + +“I am not pleased with you,” replied the portress. + +Jean Valjean saw no other human creature than this good woman. There +are streets in Paris through which no one ever passes, and houses to +which no one ever comes. He was in one of those streets and one of +those houses. + +While he still went out, he had purchased of a coppersmith, for a few +sous, a little copper crucifix which he had hung up on a nail opposite +his bed. That gibbet is always good to look at. + +A week passed, and Jean Valjean had not taken a step in his room. He +still remained in bed. The portress said to her husband:—“The good man +upstairs yonder does not get up, he no longer eats, he will not last +long. That man has his sorrows, that he has. You won’t get it out of my +head that his daughter has made a bad marriage.” + + +The porter replied, with the tone of marital sovereignty: + +“If he’s rich, let him have a doctor. If he is not rich, let him go +without. If he has no doctor he will die.” + + +“And if he has one?” + + +“He will die,” said the porter. + +The portress set to scraping away the grass from what she called her +pavement, with an old knife, and, as she tore out the blades, she +grumbled: + +“It’s a shame. Such a neat old man! He’s as white as a chicken.” + + +She caught sight of the doctor of the quarter as he passed the end of +the street; she took it upon herself to request him to come upstairs. + +“It’s on the second floor,” said she. “You have only to enter. As the +good man no longer stirs from his bed, the door is always unlocked.” + + +The doctor saw Jean Valjean and spoke with him. + +When he came down again the portress interrogated him: + +“Well, doctor?” + + +“Your sick man is very ill indeed.” + + +“What is the matter with him?” + + +“Everything and nothing. He is a man who, to all appearances, has lost +some person who is dear to him. People die of that.” + + +“What did he say to you?” + + +“He told me that he was in good health.” + + +“Shall you come again, doctor?” + + +“Yes,” replied the doctor. “But some one else besides must come.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—A PEN IS HEAVY TO THE MAN WHO LIFTED THE FAUCHELEVENT’S +CART + + +One evening Jean Valjean found difficulty in raising himself on his +elbow; he felt of his wrist and could not find his pulse; his breath +was short and halted at times; he recognized the fact that he was +weaker than he had ever been before. Then, no doubt under the pressure +of some supreme preoccupation, he made an effort, drew himself up into +a sitting posture and dressed himself. He put on his old workingman’s +clothes. As he no longer went out, he had returned to them and +preferred them. He was obliged to pause many times while dressing +himself; merely putting his arms through his waistcoat made the +perspiration trickle from his forehead. + +Since he had been alone, he had placed his bed in the antechamber, in +order to inhabit that deserted apartment as little as possible. + +He opened the valise and drew from it Cosette’s outfit. + +He spread it out on his bed. + +The Bishop’s candlesticks were in their place on the chimney-piece. He +took from a drawer two wax candles and put them in the candlesticks. +Then, although it was still broad daylight,—it was summer,—he lighted +them. In the same way candles are to be seen lighted in broad daylight +in chambers where there is a corpse. + +Every step that he took in going from one piece of furniture to another +exhausted him, and he was obliged to sit down. It was not ordinary +fatigue which expends the strength only to renew it; it was the remnant +of all movement possible to him, it was life drained which flows away +drop by drop in overwhelming efforts and which will never be renewed. + +The chair into which he allowed himself to fall was placed in front of +that mirror, so fatal for him, so providential for Marius, in which he +had read Cosette’s reversed writing on the blotting book. He caught +sight of himself in this mirror, and did not recognize himself. He was +eighty years old; before Marius’ marriage, he would have hardly been +taken for fifty; that year had counted for thirty. What he bore on his +brow was no longer the wrinkles of age, it was the mysterious mark of +death. The hollowing of that pitiless nail could be felt there. His +cheeks were pendulous; the skin of his face had the color which would +lead one to think that it already had earth upon it; the corners of his +mouth drooped as in the mask which the ancients sculptured on tombs. He +gazed into space with an air of reproach; one would have said that he +was one of those grand tragic beings who have cause to complain of some +one. + +He was in that condition, the last phase of dejection, in which sorrow +no longer flows; it is coagulated, so to speak; there is something on +the soul like a clot of despair. + +Night had come. He laboriously dragged a table and the old armchair to +the fireside, and placed upon the table a pen, some ink and some paper. + +That done, he had a fainting fit. When he recovered consciousness, he +was thirsty. As he could not lift the jug, he tipped it over painfully +towards his mouth, and swallowed a draught. + +As neither the pen nor the ink had been used for a long time, the point +of the pen had curled up, the ink had dried away, he was forced to rise +and put a few drops of water in the ink, which he did not accomplish +without pausing and sitting down two or three times, and he was +compelled to write with the back of the pen. He wiped his brow from +time to time. + +Then he turned towards the bed, and, still seated, for he could not +stand, he gazed at the little black gown and all those beloved objects. + +These contemplations lasted for hours which seemed minutes. + +All at once he shivered, he felt that a child was taking possession of +him; he rested his elbows on the table, which was illuminated by the +Bishop’s candles and took up the pen. His hand trembled. He wrote +slowly the few following lines: + +“Cosette, I bless thee. I am going to explain to thee. Thy husband was +right in giving me to understand that I ought to go away; but there is +a little error in what he believed, though he was in the right. He is +excellent. Love him well even after I am dead. Monsieur Pontmercy, love +my darling child well. Cosette, this paper will be found; this is what +I wish to say to thee, thou wilt see the figures, if I have the +strength to recall them, listen well, this money is really thine. Here +is the whole matter: White jet comes from Norway, black jet comes from +England, black glass jewellery comes from Germany. Jet is the lightest, +the most precious, the most costly. Imitations can be made in France as +well as in Germany. What is needed is a little anvil two inches square, +and a lamp burning spirits of wine to soften the wax. The wax was +formerly made with resin and lampblack, and cost four livres the pound. +I invented a way of making it with gum shellac and turpentine. It does +not cost more than thirty sous, and is much better. Buckles are made +with a violet glass which is stuck fast, by means of this wax, to a +little framework of black iron. The glass must be violet for iron +jewellery, and black for gold jewellery. Spain buys a great deal of it. +It is the country of jet . . .” + + +Here he paused, the pen fell from his fingers, he was seized by one of +those sobs which at times welled up from the very depths of his being; +the poor man clasped his head in both hands, and meditated. + +“Oh!” he exclaimed within himself [lamentable cries, heard by God +alone], “all is over. I shall never see her more. She is a smile which +passed over me. I am about to plunge into the night without even seeing +her again. Oh! one minute, one instant, to hear her voice, to touch her +dress, to gaze upon her, upon her, the angel! and then to die! It is +nothing to die, what is frightful is to die without seeing her. She +would smile on me, she would say a word to me, would that do any harm +to any one? No, all is over, and forever. Here I am all alone. My God! +My God! I shall never see her again!” At that moment there came a knock +at the door. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A BOTTLE OF INK WHICH ONLY SUCCEEDED IN WHITENING + + +That same day, or to speak more accurately, that same evening, as +Marius left the table, and was on the point of withdrawing to his +study, having a case to look over, Basque handed him a letter saying: +“The person who wrote the letter is in the antechamber.” + + +Cosette had taken the grandfather’s arm and was strolling in the +garden. + +A letter, like a man, may have an unprepossessing exterior. Coarse +paper, coarsely folded—the very sight of certain missives is +displeasing. + +The letter which Basque had brought was of this sort. + +Marius took it. It smelled of tobacco. Nothing evokes a memory like an +odor. Marius recognized that tobacco. He looked at the superscription: +“To Monsieur, Monsieur le Baron Pommerci. At his hotel.” The +recognition of the tobacco caused him to recognize the writing as well. +It may be said that amazement has its lightning flashes. + +Marius was, as it were, illuminated by one of these flashes. + +The sense of smell, that mysterious aid to memory, had just revived a +whole world within him. This was certainly the paper, the fashion of +folding, the dull tint of ink; it was certainly the well-known +handwriting, especially was it the same tobacco. + +The Jondrette garret rose before his mind. + +Thus, strange freak of chance! one of the two scents which he had so +diligently sought, the one in connection with which he had lately again +exerted so many efforts and which he supposed to be forever lost, had +come and presented itself to him of its own accord. + +He eagerly broke the seal, and read: + +“Monsieur le Baron:—If the Supreme Being had given me the talents, I +might have been baron ThĂ©nard, member of the Institute [acadenmy of +ciences], but I am not. I only bear the same as him, happy if this +memory recommends me to the eccellence of your kindnesses. The benefit +with which you will honor me will be reciprocle. I am in possession of +a secret concerning an individual. This individual concerns you. I +hold the secret at your disposal desiring to have the honor to be +huseful to you. I will furnish you with the simple means of driving +from your honorabel family that individual who has no right there, +madame la baronne being of lofty birth. The sanctuary of virtue cannot +cohabit longer with crime without abdicating. + +“I awate in the entichamber the orders of monsieur le baron. + +“With respect.” + + +The letter was signed “ThĂ©nard.” + + +This signature was not false. It was merely a trifle abridged. + +Moreover, the rigmarole and the orthography completed the revelation. +The certificate of origin was complete. + +Marius’ emotion was profound. After a start of surprise, he underwent a +feeling of happiness. If he could now but find that other man of whom +he was in search, the man who had saved him, Marius, there would be +nothing left for him to desire. + +He opened the drawer of his secretary, took out several bank-notes, put +them in his pocket, closed the secretary again, and rang the bell. +Basque half opened the door. + +“Show the man in,” said Marius. + +Basque announced: + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nard.” + + +A man entered. + +A fresh surprise for Marius. The man who entered was an utter stranger +to him. + +This man, who was old, moreover, had a thick nose, his chin swathed in +a cravat, green spectacles with a double screen of green taffeta over +his eyes, and his hair was plastered and flattened down on his brow on +a level with his eyebrows like the wigs of English coachmen in “high +life.” His hair was gray. He was dressed in black from head to foot, in +garments that were very threadbare but clean; a bunch of seals +depending from his fob suggested the idea of a watch. He held in his +hand an old hat! He walked in a bent attitude, and the curve in his +spine augmented the profundity of his bow. + +The first thing that struck the observer was, that this personage’s +coat, which was too ample although carefully buttoned, had not been +made for him. + +Here a short digression becomes necessary. + +There was in Paris at that epoch, in a low-lived old lodging in the Rue +Beautreillis, near the Arsenal, an ingenious Jew whose profession was +to change villains into honest men. Not for too long, which might have +proved embarrassing for the villain. The change was on sight, for a day +or two, at the rate of thirty sous a day, by means of a costume which +resembled the honesty of the world in general as nearly as possible. +This costumer was called “the Changer”; the pickpockets of Paris had +given him this name and knew him by no other. He had a tolerably +complete wardrobe. The rags with which he tricked out people were +almost probable. He had specialties and categories; on each nail of his +shop hung a social status, threadbare and worn; here the suit of a +magistrate, there the outfit of a CurĂ©, beyond the outfit of a banker, +in one corner the costume of a retired military man, elsewhere the +habiliments of a man of letters, and further on the dress of a +statesman. + +This creature was the costumer of the immense drama which knavery plays +in Paris. His lair was the green-room whence theft emerged, and into +which roguery retreated. A tattered knave arrived at this +dressing-room, deposited his thirty sous and selected, according to the +part which he wished to play, the costume which suited him, and on +descending the stairs once more, the knave was a somebody. On the +following day, the clothes were faithfully returned, and the Changer, +who trusted the thieves with everything, was never robbed. There was +one inconvenience about these clothes, they “did not fit”; not having +been made for those who wore them, they were too tight for one, too +loose for another and did not adjust themselves to any one. Every +pickpocket who exceeded or fell short of the human average was ill at +his ease in the Changer’s costumes. It was necessary that one should +not be either too fat or too lean. The Changer had foreseen only +ordinary men. He had taken the measure of the species from the first +rascal who came to hand, who is neither stout nor thin, neither tall +nor short. Hence adaptations which were sometimes difficult and from +which the Changer’s clients extricated themselves as best they might. +So much the worse for the exceptions! The suit of the statesman, for +instance, black from head to foot, and consequently proper, would have +been too large for Pitt and too small for Castelcicala. The costume of +a statesman was designated as follows in the Changer’s catalogue; we +copy: + +“A coat of black cloth, trowsers of black wool, a silk waistcoat, boots +and linen.” On the margin there stood: _ex-ambassador_, and a note +which we also copy: “In a separate box, a neatly frizzed peruke, green +glasses, seals, and two small quills an inch long, wrapped in cotton.” +All this belonged to the statesman, the ex-ambassador. This whole +costume was, if we may so express ourselves, debilitated; the seams +were white, a vague button-hole yawned at one of the elbows; moreover, +one of the coat buttons was missing on the breast; but this was only +detail; as the hand of the statesman should always be thrust into his +coat and laid upon his heart, its function was to conceal the absent +button. + +If Marius had been familiar with the occult institutions of Paris, he +would instantly have recognized upon the back of the visitor whom +Basque had just shown in, the statesman’s suit borrowed from the +pick-me-down-that shop of the Changer. + +Marius’ disappointment on beholding another man than the one whom he +expected to see turned to the newcomer’s disadvantage. + +He surveyed him from head to foot, while that personage made +exaggerated bows, and demanded in a curt tone: + +“What do you want?” + + +The man replied with an amiable grin of which the caressing smile of a +crocodile will furnish some idea: + +“It seems to me impossible that I should not have already had the honor +of seeing Monsieur le Baron in society. I think I actually did meet +monsieur personally, several years ago, at the house of Madame la +Princesse Bagration and in the drawing-rooms of his Lordship the +Vicomte Dambray, peer of France.” + + +It is always a good bit of tactics in knavery to pretend to recognize +some one whom one does not know. + +Marius paid attention to the manner of this man’s speech. He spied on +his accent and gesture, but his disappointment increased; the +pronunciation was nasal and absolutely unlike the dry, shrill tone +which he had expected. + +He was utterly routed. + +“I know neither Madame Bagration nor M. Dambray,” said he. “I have +never set foot in the house of either of them in my life.” + + +The reply was ungracious. The personage, determined to be gracious at +any cost, insisted. + +“Then it must have been at Chateaubriand’s that I have seen Monsieur! I +know Chateaubriand very well. He is very affable. He sometimes says to +me: ‘ThĂ©nard, my friend . . . won’t you drink a glass of wine with +me?’” + + +Marius’ brow grew more and more severe: + +“I have never had the honor of being received by M. de Chateaubriand. +Let us cut it short. What do you want?” + + +The man bowed lower at that harsh voice. + +“Monsieur le Baron, deign to listen to me. There is in America, in a +district near Panama, a village called la Joya. That village is +composed of a single house, a large, square house of three stories, +built of bricks dried in the sun, each side of the square five hundred +feet in length, each story retreating twelve feet back of the story +below, in such a manner as to leave in front a terrace which makes the +circuit of the edifice, in the centre an inner court where the +provisions and munitions are kept; no windows, loopholes, no doors, +ladders, ladders to mount from the ground to the first terrace, and +from the first to the second, and from the second to the third, ladders +to descend into the inner court, no doors to the chambers, trap-doors, +no staircases to the chambers, ladders; in the evening the traps are +closed, the ladders are withdrawn, carbines and blunderbusses trained +from the loopholes; no means of entering, a house by day, a citadel by +night, eight hundred inhabitants,—that is the village. Why so many +precautions? because the country is dangerous; it is full of cannibals. +Then why do people go there? because the country is marvellous; gold is +found there.” + + +“What are you driving at?” interrupted Marius, who had passed from +disappointment to impatience. + +“At this, Monsieur le Baron. I am an old and weary diplomat. Ancient +civilization has thrown me on my own devices. I want to try savages.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, egotism is the law of the world. The proletarian +peasant woman, who toils by the day, turns round when the diligence +passes by, the peasant proprietress, who toils in her field, does not +turn round. The dog of the poor man barks at the rich man, the dog of +the rich man barks at the poor man. Each one for himself. +Self-interest—that’s the object of men. Gold, that’s the loadstone.” + + +“What then? Finish.” + + +“I should like to go and establish myself at la Joya. There are three +of us. I have my spouse and my young lady; a very beautiful girl. The +journey is long and costly. I need a little money.” + + +“What concern is that of mine?” demanded Marius. + +The stranger stretched his neck out of his cravat, a gesture +characteristic of the vulture, and replied with an augmented smile. + +“Has not Monsieur le Baron perused my letter?” + + +There was some truth in this. The fact is, that the contents of the +epistle had slipped Marius’ mind. He had seen the writing rather than +read the letter. He could hardly recall it. But a moment ago a fresh +start had been given him. He had noted that detail: “my spouse and my +young lady.” + + +He fixed a penetrating glance on the stranger. An examining judge could +not have done the look better. He almost lay in wait for him. + +He confined himself to replying: + +“State the case precisely.” + + +The stranger inserted his two hands in both his fobs, drew himself up +without straightening his dorsal column, but scrutinizing Marius in his +turn, with the green gaze of his spectacles. + +“So be it, Monsieur le Baron. I will be precise. I have a secret to +sell to you.” + + +“A secret?” + + +“A secret.” + + +“Which concerns me?” + + +“Somewhat.” + + +“What is the secret?” + + +Marius scrutinized the man more and more as he listened to him. + +“I commence gratis,” said the stranger. “You will see that I am +interesting.” + + +“Speak.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, you have in your house a thief and an assassin.” + + +Marius shuddered. + +“In my house? no,” said he. + +The imperturbable stranger brushed his hat with his elbow and went on: + +“An assassin and a thief. Remark, Monsieur le Baron, that I do not here +speak of ancient deeds, deeds of the past which have lapsed, which can +be effaced by limitation before the law and by repentance before God. I +speak of recent deeds, of actual facts as still unknown to justice at +this hour. I continue. This man has insinuated himself into your +confidence, and almost into your family under a false name. I am about +to tell you his real name. And to tell it to you for nothing.” + + +“I am listening.” + + +“His name is Jean Valjean.” + + +“I know it.” + + +“I am going to tell you, equally for nothing, who he is.” + + +“Say on.” + + +“He is an ex-convict.” + + +“I know it.” + + +“You know it since I have had the honor of telling you.” + + +“No. I knew it before.” + + +Marius’ cold tone, that double reply of “I know it,” his laconicism, +which was not favorable to dialogue, stirred up some smouldering wrath +in the stranger. He launched a furious glance on the sly at Marius, +which was instantly extinguished. Rapid as it was, this glance was of +the kind which a man recognizes when he has once beheld it; it did not +escape Marius. Certain flashes can only proceed from certain souls; the +eye, that vent-hole of the thought, glows with it; spectacles hide +nothing; try putting a pane of glass over hell! + +The stranger resumed with a smile: + +“I will not permit myself to contradict Monsieur le Baron. In any case, +you ought to perceive that I am well informed. Now what I have to tell +you is known to myself alone. This concerns the fortune of Madame la +Baronne. It is an extraordinary secret. It is for sale—I make you the +first offer of it. Cheap. Twenty thousand francs.” + + +“I know that secret as well as the others,” said Marius. + +The personage felt the necessity of lowering his price a trifle. + +“Monsieur le Baron, say ten thousand francs and I will speak.” + + +“I repeat to you that there is nothing which you can tell me. I know +what you wish to say to me.” + + +A fresh flash gleamed in the man’s eye. He exclaimed: + +“But I must dine to-day, nevertheless. It is an extraordinary secret, I +tell you. Monsieur le Baron, I will speak. I speak. Give me twenty +francs.” + + +Marius gazed intently at him: + +“I know your extraordinary secret, just as I knew Jean Valjean’s name, +just as I know your name.” + + +“My name?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That is not difficult, Monsieur le Baron. I had the honor to write to +you and to tell it to you. ThĂ©nard.” + + +“—Dier.” + + +“Hey?” + + +“ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“Who’s that?” + + +In danger the porcupine bristles up, the beetle feigns death, the old +guard forms in a square; this man burst into laughter. + +Then he flicked a grain of dust from the sleeve of his coat with a +fillip. + +Marius continued: + +“You are also Jondrette the workman, Fabantou the comedian, Genflot the +poet, Don AlvarĂšs the Spaniard, and Mistress Balizard.” + + +“Mistress what?” + + +“And you kept a pot-house at Montfermeil.” + + +“A pot-house! Never.” + + +“And I tell you that your name is ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“I deny it.” + + +“And that you are a rascal. Here.” + + +And Marius drew a bank-note from his pocket and flung it in his face. + +“Thanks! Pardon me! five hundred francs! Monsieur le Baron!” + + +And the man, overcome, bowed, seized the note and examined it. + +“Five hundred francs!” he began again, taken aback. And he stammered in +a low voice: “An honest rustler.”69 + +Then brusquely: + +“Well, so be it!” he exclaimed. “Let us put ourselves at our ease.” + + +And with the agility of a monkey, flinging back his hair, tearing off +his spectacles, and withdrawing from his nose by sleight of hand the +two quills of which mention was recently made, and which the reader has +also met with on another page of this book, he took off his face as the +man takes off his hat. + +His eye lighted up; his uneven brow, with hollows in some places and +bumps in others, hideously wrinkled at the top, was laid bare, his nose +had become as sharp as a beak; the fierce and sagacious profile of the +man of prey reappeared. + +“Monsieur le Baron is infallible,” he said in a clear voice whence all +nasal twang had disappeared, “I am ThĂ©nardier.” + + +And he straightened up his crooked back. + +ThĂ©nardier, for it was really he, was strangely surprised; he would +have been troubled, had he been capable of such a thing. He had come to +bring astonishment, and it was he who had received it. This humiliation +had been worth five hundred francs to him, and, taking it all in all, +he accepted it; but he was nonetheless bewildered. + +He beheld this Baron Pontmercy for the first time, and, in spite of his +disguise, this Baron Pontmercy recognized him, and recognized him +thoroughly. And not only was this Baron perfectly informed as to +ThĂ©nardier, but he seemed well posted as to Jean Valjean. Who was this +almost beardless young man, who was so glacial and so generous, who +knew people’s names, who knew all their names, and who opened his purse +to them, who bullied rascals like a judge, and who paid them like a +dupe? + +ThĂ©nardier, the reader will remember, although he had been Marius’ +neighbor, had never seen him, which is not unusual in Paris; he had +formerly, in a vague way, heard his daughters talk of a very poor young +man named Marius who lived in the house. He had written to him, without +knowing him, the letter with which the reader is acquainted. + +No connection between that Marius and M. le Baron Pontmercy was +possible in his mind. + +As for the name Pontmercy, it will be recalled that, on the battlefield +of Waterloo, he had only heard the last two syllables, for which he +always entertained the legitimate scorn which one owes to what is +merely an expression of thanks. + +However, through his daughter Azelma, who had started on the scent of +the married pair on the 16th of February, and through his own personal +researches, he had succeeded in learning many things, and, from the +depths of his own gloom, he had contrived to grasp more than one +mysterious clew. He had discovered, by dint of industry, or, at least, +by dint of induction, he had guessed who the man was whom he had +encountered on a certain day in the Grand Sewer. From the man he had +easily reached the name. He knew that Madame la Baronne Pontmercy was +Cosette. But he meant to be discreet in that quarter. + +Who was Cosette? He did not know exactly himself. He did, indeed, catch +an inkling of illegitimacy, the history of Fantine had always seemed to +him equivocal; but what was the use of talking about that? in order to +cause himself to be paid for his silence? He had, or thought he had, +better wares than that for sale. And, according to all appearances, if +he were to come and make to the Baron Pontmercy this revelation—and +without proof: “Your wife is a bastard,” the only result would be to +attract the boot of the husband towards the loins of the revealer. + +From ThĂ©nardier’s point of view, the conversation with Marius had not +yet begun. He ought to have drawn back, to have modified his strategy, +to have abandoned his position, to have changed his front; but nothing +essential had been compromised as yet, and he had five hundred francs +in his pocket. Moreover, he had something decisive to say, and, even +against this very well-informed and well-armed Baron Pontmercy, he felt +himself strong. For men of ThĂ©nardier’s nature, every dialogue is a +combat. In the one in which he was about to engage, what was his +situation? He did not know to whom he was speaking, but he did know of +what he was speaking, he made this rapid review of his inner forces, +and after having said: “I am ThĂ©nardier,” he waited. + +Marius had become thoughtful. So he had hold of ThĂ©nardier at last. +That man whom he had so greatly desired to find was before him. He +could honor Colonel Pontmercy’s recommendation. + +He felt humiliated that that hero should have owned anything to this +villain, and that the letter of change drawn from the depths of the +tomb by his father upon him, Marius, had been protested up to that day. +It also seemed to him, in the complex state of his mind towards +ThĂ©nardier, that there was occasion to avenge the Colonel for the +misfortune of having been saved by such a rascal. In any case, he was +content. He was about to deliver the Colonel’s shade from this unworthy +creditor at last, and it seemed to him that he was on the point of +rescuing his father’s memory from the debtors’ prison. By the side of +this duty there was another—to elucidate, if possible, the source of +Cosette’s fortune. The opportunity appeared to present itself. Perhaps +ThĂ©nardier knew something. It might prove useful to see the bottom of +this man. + +He commenced with this. + +ThĂ©nardier had caused the “honest rustler” to disappear in his fob, and +was gazing at Marius with a gentleness that was almost tender. + +Marius broke the silence. + +“ThĂ©nardier, I have told you your name. Now, would you like to have me +tell you your secret—the one that you came here to reveal to me? I have +information of my own, also. You shall see that I know more about it +than you do. Jean Valjean, as you have said, is an assassin and a +thief. A thief, because he robbed a wealthy manufacturer, whose ruin he +brought about. An assassin, because he assassinated police-agent +Javert.” + + +“I don’t understand, sir,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will make myself intelligible. In a certain arrondissement of the +Pas de Calais, there was, in 1822, a man who had fallen out with +justice, and who, under the name of M. Madeleine, had regained his +status and rehabilitated himself. This man had become a just man in the +full force of the term. In a trade, the manufacture of black glass +goods, he made the fortune of an entire city. As far as his personal +fortune was concerned he made that also, but as a secondary matter, and +in some sort, by accident. He was the foster-father of the poor. He +founded hospitals, opened schools, visited the sick, dowered young +girls, supported widows, and adopted orphans; he was like the guardian +angel of the country. He refused the cross, he was appointed Mayor. A +liberated convict knew the secret of a penalty incurred by this man in +former days; he denounced him, and had him arrested, and profited by +the arrest to come to Paris and cause the banker Laffitte,—I have the +fact from the cashier himself,—by means of a false signature, to hand +over to him the sum of over half a million which belonged to M. +Madeleine. This convict who robbed M. Madeleine was Jean Valjean. As +for the other fact, you have nothing to tell me about it either. Jean +Valjean killed the agent Javert; he shot him with a pistol. I, the +person who is speaking to you, was present.” + + +ThĂ©nardier cast upon Marius the sovereign glance of a conquered man who +lays his hand once more upon the victory, and who has just regained, in +one instant, all the ground which he has lost. But the smile returned +instantly. The inferior’s triumph in the presence of his superior must +be wheedling. + +ThĂ©nardier contented himself with saying to Marius: + +“Monsieur le Baron, we are on the wrong track.” + + +And he emphasized this phrase by making his bunch of seals execute an +expressive whirl. + +“What!” broke forth Marius, “do you dispute that? These are facts.” + + +“They are chimĂŠras. The confidence with which Monsieur le Baron honors +me renders it my duty to tell him so. Truth and justice before all +things. I do not like to see folks accused unjustly. Monsieur le Baron, +Jean Valjean did not rob M. Madeleine and Jean Valjean did not kill +Javert.” + + +“This is too much! How is this?” + + +“For two reasons.” + + +“What are they? Speak.” + + +“This is the first: he did not rob M. Madeleine, because it is Jean +Valjean himself who was M. Madeleine.” + + +“What tale are you telling me?” + + +“And this is the second: he did not assassinate Javert, because the +person who killed Javert was Javert.” + + +“What do you mean to say?” + + +“That Javert committed suicide.” + + +“Prove it! prove it!” cried Marius beside himself. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed, scanning his phrase after the manner of the ancient +Alexandrine measure: + +“Police-agent-Ja-vert-was-found-drowned-un-der-a-boat-of-the-Pont-au- +Change.” + + +“But prove it!” + + +ThĂ©nardier drew from his pocket a large envelope of gray paper, which +seemed to contain sheets folded in different sizes. + +“I have my papers,” he said calmly. + +And he added: + +“Monsieur le Baron, in your interests I desired to know Jean Valjean +thoroughly. I say that Jean Valjean and M. Madeleine are one and the +same man, and I say that Javert had no other assassin than Javert. If I +speak, it is because I have proofs. Not manuscript proofs—writing is +suspicious, handwriting is complaisant,—but printed proofs.” + + +As he spoke, ThĂ©nardier extracted from the envelope two copies of +newspapers, yellow, faded, and strongly saturated with tobacco. One of +these two newspapers, broken at every fold and falling into rags, +seemed much older than the other. + +“Two facts, two proofs,” remarked ThĂ©nardier. And he offered the two +newspapers, unfolded, to Marius. + +The reader is acquainted with these two papers. One, the most ancient, +a number of the _Drapeau Blanc_ of the 25th of July, 1823, the text of +which can be seen in the first volume, established the identity of M. +Madeleine and Jean Valjean. + +The other, a _Moniteur_ of the 15th of June, 1832, announced the +suicide of Javert, adding that it appeared from a verbal report of +Javert to the prefect that, having been taken prisoner in the barricade +of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, he had owed his life to the magnanimity of +an insurgent who, holding him under his pistol, had fired into the air, +instead of blowing out his brains. + +Marius read. He had evidence, a certain date, irrefragable proof, these +two newspapers had not been printed expressly for the purpose of +backing up ThĂ©nardier’s statements; the note printed in the _Moniteur_ +had been an administrative communication from the Prefecture of Police. +Marius could not doubt. + +The information of the cashier-clerk had been false, and he himself had +been deceived. + +Jean Valjean, who had suddenly grown grand, emerged from his cloud. +Marius could not repress a cry of joy. + +“Well, then this unhappy wretch is an admirable man! the whole of that +fortune really belonged to him! he is Madeleine, the providence of a +whole countryside! he is Jean Valjean, Javert’s savior! he is a hero! +he is a saint!” + + +“He’s not a saint, and he’s not a hero!” said ThĂ©nardier. “He’s an +assassin and a robber.” + + +And he added, in the tone of a man who begins to feel that he possesses +some authority: + +“Let us be calm.” + + +Robber, assassin—those words which Marius thought had disappeared and +which returned, fell upon him like an ice-cold shower-bath. + +“Again!” said he. + +“Always,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. “Jean Valjean did not rob Madeleine, +but he is a thief. He did not kill Javert, but he is a murderer.” + + +“Will you speak,” retorted Marius, “of that miserable theft, committed +forty years ago, and expiated, as your own newspapers prove, by a whole +life of repentance, of self-abnegation and of virtue?” + + +“I say assassination and theft, Monsieur le Baron, and I repeat that I +am speaking of actual facts. What I have to reveal to you is absolutely +unknown. It belongs to unpublished matter. And perhaps you will find in +it the source of the fortune so skilfully presented to Madame la +Baronne by Jean Valjean. I say skilfully, because, by a gift of that +nature it would not be so very unskilful to slip into an honorable +house whose comforts one would then share, and, at the same stroke, to +conceal one’s crime, and to enjoy one’s theft, to bury one’s name and +to create for oneself a family.” + + +“I might interrupt you at this point,” said Marius, “but go on.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, I will tell you all, leaving the recompense to your +generosity. This secret is worth massive gold. You will say to me: ‘Why +do not you apply to Jean Valjean?’ For a very simple reason; I know +that he has stripped himself, and stripped himself in your favor, and I +consider the combination ingenious; but he has no longer a son, he +would show me his empty hands, and, since I am in need of some money +for my trip to la Joya, I prefer you, you who have it all, to him who +has nothing. I am a little fatigued, permit me to take a chair.” + + +Marius seated himself and motioned to him to do the same. + +ThĂ©nardier installed himself on a tufted chair, picked up his two +newspapers, thrust them back into their envelope, and murmured as he +pecked at the _Drapeau Blanc_ with his nail: “It cost me a good deal of +trouble to get this one.” + + +That done he crossed his legs and stretched himself out on the back of +the chair, an attitude characteristic of people who are sure of what +they are saying, then he entered upon his subject gravely, emphasizing +his words: + +“Monsieur le Baron, on the 6th of June, 1832, about a year ago, on the +day of the insurrection, a man was in the Grand Sewer of Paris, at the +point where the sewer enters the Seine, between the Pont des Invalides +and the Pont de JĂ©na.” + + +Marius abruptly drew his chair closer to that of ThĂ©nardier. ThĂ©nardier +noticed this movement and continued with the deliberation of an orator +who holds his interlocutor and who feels his adversary palpitating +under his words: + +“This man, forced to conceal himself, and for reasons, moreover, which +are foreign to politics, had adopted the sewer as his domicile and had +a key to it. It was, I repeat, on the 6th of June; it might have been +eight o’clock in the evening. The man hears a noise in the sewer. +Greatly surprised, he hides himself and lies in wait. It was the sound +of footsteps, some one was walking in the dark, and coming in his +direction. Strange to say, there was another man in the sewer besides +himself. The grating of the outlet from the sewer was not far off. A +little light which fell through it permitted him to recognize the +newcomer, and to see that the man was carrying something on his back. +He was walking in a bent attitude. The man who was walking in a bent +attitude was an ex-convict, and what he was dragging on his shoulders +was a corpse. Assassination caught in the very act, if ever there was +such a thing. As for the theft, that is understood; one does not kill a +man gratis. This convict was on his way to fling the body into the +river. One fact is to be noticed, that before reaching the exit +grating, this convict, who had come a long distance in the sewer, must, +necessarily, have encountered a frightful quagmire where it seems as +though he might have left the body, but the sewermen would have found +the assassinated man the very next day, while at work on the quagmire, +and that did not suit the assassin’s plans. He had preferred to +traverse that quagmire with his burden, and his exertions must have +been terrible, for it is impossible to risk one’s life more completely; +I don’t understand how he could have come out of that alive.” + + +Marius’ chair approached still nearer. ThĂ©nardier took advantage of +this to draw a long breath. He went on: + +“Monsieur le Baron, a sewer is not the Champ de Mars. One lacks +everything there, even room. When two men are there, they must meet. +That is what happened. The man domiciled there and the passer-by were +forced to bid each other good-day, greatly to the regret of both. The +passer-by said to the inhabitant:—“You see what I have on my back, I +must get out, you have the key, give it to me.” That convict was a man +of terrible strength. There was no way of refusing. Nevertheless, the +man who had the key parleyed, simply to gain time. He examined the dead +man, but he could see nothing, except that the latter was young, well +dressed, with the air of being rich, and all disfigured with blood. +While talking, the man contrived to tear and pull off behind, without +the assassin perceiving it, a bit of the assassinated man’s coat. A +document for conviction, you understand; a means of recovering the +trace of things and of bringing home the crime to the criminal. He put +this document for conviction in his pocket. After which he opened the +grating, made the man go out with his embarrassment on his back, closed +the grating again, and ran off, not caring to be mixed up with the +remainder of the adventure and above all, not wishing to be present +when the assassin threw the assassinated man into the river. Now you +comprehend. The man who was carrying the corpse was Jean Valjean; the +one who had the key is speaking to you at this moment; and the piece of +the coat . . .” + + +ThĂ©nardier completed his phrase by drawing from his pocket, and +holding, on a level with his eyes, nipped between his two thumbs and +his two forefingers, a strip of torn black cloth, all covered with dark +spots. + +Marius had sprung to his feet, pale, hardly able to draw his breath, +with his eyes riveted on the fragment of black cloth, and, without +uttering a word, without taking his eyes from that fragment, he +retreated to the wall and fumbled with his right hand along the wall +for a key which was in the lock of a cupboard near the chimney. + +He found the key, opened the cupboard, plunged his arm into it without +looking, and without his frightened gaze quitting the rag which +ThĂ©nardier still held outspread. + +But ThĂ©nardier continued: + +“Monsieur le Baron, I have the strongest of reasons for believing that +the assassinated young man was an opulent stranger lured into a trap by +Jean Valjean, and the bearer of an enormous sum of money.” + + +“The young man was myself, and here is the coat!” cried Marius, and he +flung upon the floor an old black coat all covered with blood. + +Then, snatching the fragment from the hands of ThĂ©nardier, he crouched +down over the coat, and laid the torn morsel against the tattered +skirt. The rent fitted exactly, and the strip completed the coat. + +ThĂ©nardier was petrified. + +This is what he thought: “I’m struck all of a heap.” + + +Marius rose to his feet trembling, despairing, radiant. + +He fumbled in his pocket and stalked furiously to ThĂ©nardier, +presenting to him and almost thrusting in his face his fist filled with +bank-notes for five hundred and a thousand francs. + +“You are an infamous wretch! you are a liar, a calumniator, a villain. +You came to accuse that man, you have only justified him; you wanted to +ruin him, you have only succeeded in glorifying him. And it is you who +are the thief! And it is you who are the assassin! I saw you, +ThĂ©nardier Jondrette, in that lair on the Rue de l’HĂŽpital. I know +enough about you to send you to the galleys and even further if I +choose. Here are a thousand francs, bully that you are!” + + +And he flung a thousand franc note at ThĂ©nardier. + +“Ah! Jondrette ThĂ©nardier, vile rascal! Let this serve you as a lesson, +you dealer in second-hand secrets, merchant of mysteries, rummager of +the shadows, wretch! Take these five hundred francs and get out of +here! Waterloo protects you.” + + +“Waterloo!” growled ThĂ©nardier, pocketing the five hundred francs along +with the thousand. + +“Yes, assassin! You there saved the life of a Colonel. . .” + + +“Of a General,” said ThĂ©nardier, elevating his head. + +“Of a Colonel!” repeated Marius in a rage. “I wouldn’t give a ha’penny +for a general. And you come here to commit infamies! I tell you that +you have committed all crimes. Go! disappear! Only be happy, that is +all that I desire. Ah! monster! here are three thousand francs more. +Take them. You will depart to-morrow, for America, with your daughter; +for your wife is dead, you abominable liar. I shall watch over your +departure, you ruffian, and at that moment I will count out to you +twenty thousand francs. Go get yourself hung elsewhere!” + + +“Monsieur le Baron!” replied ThĂ©nardier, bowing to the very earth, +“eternal gratitude.” And ThĂ©nardier left the room, understanding +nothing, stupefied and delighted with this sweet crushing beneath sacks +of gold, and with that thunder which had burst forth over his head in +bank-bills. + +Struck by lightning he was, but he was also content; and he would have +been greatly angered had he had a lightning rod to ward off such +lightning as that. + +Let us finish with this man at once. + +Two days after the events which we are at this moment narrating, he set +out, thanks to Marius’ care, for America under a false name, with his +daughter Azelma, furnished with a draft on New York for twenty thousand +francs. + +The moral wretchedness of ThĂ©nardier, the bourgeois who had missed his +vocation, was irremediable. He was in America what he had been in +Europe. Contact with an evil man sometimes suffices to corrupt a good +action and to cause evil things to spring from it. With Marius’ money, +ThĂ©nardier set up as a slave-dealer. + +As soon as ThĂ©nardier had left the house, Marius rushed to the garden, +where Cosette was still walking. + +“Cosette! Cosette!” he cried. “Come! come quick! Let us go. Basque, a +carriage! Cosette, come. Ah! My God! It was he who saved my life! Let +us not lose a minute! Put on your shawl.” + + +Cosette thought him mad and obeyed. + +He could not breathe, he laid his hand on his heart to restrain its +throbbing. He paced back and forth with huge strides, he embraced +Cosette: + +“Ah! Cosette! I am an unhappy wretch!” said he. + +Marius was bewildered. He began to catch a glimpse in Jean Valjean of +some indescribably lofty and melancholy figure. An unheard-of virtue, +supreme and sweet, humble in its immensity, appeared to him. The +convict was transfigured into Christ. + +Marius was dazzled by this prodigy. He did not know precisely what he +beheld, but it was grand. + +In an instant, a hackney-carriage stood in front of the door. + +Marius helped Cosette in and darted in himself. + +“Driver,” said he, “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, Number 7.” + + +The carriage drove off. + +“Ah! what happiness!” ejaculated Cosette. “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, I did +not dare to speak to you of that. We are going to see M. Jean.” + + +“Thy father! Cosette, thy father more than ever. Cosette, I guess it. +You told me that you had never received the letter that I sent you by +Gavroche. It must have fallen into his hands. Cosette, he went to the +barricade to save me. As it is a necessity with him to be an angel, he +saved others also; he saved Javert. He rescued me from that gulf to +give me to you. He carried me on his back through that frightful sewer. +Ah! I am a monster of ingratitude. Cosette, after having been your +providence, he became mine. Just imagine, there was a terrible quagmire +enough to drown one a hundred times over, to drown one in mire. +Cosette! he made me traverse it. I was unconscious; I saw nothing, I +heard nothing, I could know nothing of my own adventure. We are going +to bring him back, to take him with us, whether he is willing or not, +he shall never leave us again. If only he is at home! Provided only +that we can find him, I will pass the rest of my life in venerating +him. Yes, that is how it should be, do you see, Cosette? Gavroche must +have delivered my letter to him. All is explained. You understand.” + + +Cosette did not understand a word. + +“You are right,” she said to him. + +Meanwhile the carriage rolled on. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A NIGHT BEHIND WHICH THERE IS DAY + + +Jean Valjean turned round at the knock which he heard on his door. + +“Come in,” he said feebly. + +The door opened. + +Cosette and Marius made their appearance. + +Cosette rushed into the room. + +Marius remained on the threshold, leaning against the jamb of the door. + +“Cosette!” said Jean Valjean. + +And he sat erect in his chair, his arms outstretched and trembling, +haggard, livid, gloomy, an immense joy in his eyes. + +Cosette, stifling with emotion, fell upon Jean Valjean’s breast. + +“Father!” said she. + +Jean Valjean, overcome, stammered: + +“Cosette! she! you! Madame! it is thou! Ah! my God!” + + +And, pressed close in Cosette’s arms, he exclaimed: + +“It is thou! thou art here! Thou dost pardon me then!” + + +Marius, lowering his eyelids, in order to keep his tears from flowing, +took a step forward and murmured between lips convulsively contracted +to repress his sobs: + +“My father!” + + +“And you also, you pardon me!” Jean Valjean said to him. + +Marius could find no words, and Jean Valjean added: + +“Thanks.” + + +Cosette tore off her shawl and tossed her hat on the bed. + +“It embarrasses me,” said she. + +And, seating herself on the old man’s knees, she put aside his white +locks with an adorable movement, and kissed his brow. + +Jean Valjean, bewildered, let her have her own way. + +Cosette, who only understood in a very confused manner, redoubled her +caresses, as though she desired to pay Marius’ debt. + +Jean Valjean stammered: + +“How stupid people are! I thought that I should never see her again. +Imagine, Monsieur Pontmercy, at the very moment when you entered, I was +saying to myself: ‘All is over. Here is her little gown, I am a +miserable man, I shall never see Cosette again,’ and I was saying that +at the very moment when you were mounting the stairs. Was not I an +idiot? Just see how idiotic one can be! One reckons without the good +God. The good God says: + +“‘You fancy that you are about to be abandoned, stupid! No. No, things +will not go so. Come, there is a good man yonder who is in need of an +angel.’ And the angel comes, and one sees one’s Cosette again! and one +sees one’s little Cosette once more! Ah! I was very unhappy.” + + +For a moment he could not speak, then he went on: + +“I really needed to see Cosette a little bit now and then. A heart +needs a bone to gnaw. But I was perfectly conscious that I was in the +way. I gave myself reasons: ‘They do not want you, keep in your own +course, one has not the right to cling eternally.’ Ah! God be praised, +I see her once more! Dost thou know, Cosette, thy husband is very +handsome? Ah! what a pretty embroidered collar thou hast on, luckily. I +am fond of that pattern. It was thy husband who chose it, was it not? +And then, thou shouldst have some cashmere shawls. Let me call her +thou, Monsieur Pontmercy. It will not be for long.” + + +And Cosette began again: + +“How wicked of you to have left us like that! Where did you go? Why +have you stayed away so long? Formerly your journeys only lasted three +or four days. I sent Nicolette, the answer always was: ‘He is absent.’ +How long have you been back? Why did you not let us know? Do you know +that you are very much changed? Ah! what a naughty father! he has been +ill, and we have not known it! Stay, Marius, feel how cold his hand +is!” + + +“So you are here! Monsieur Pontmercy, you pardon me!” repeated Jean +Valjean. + +At that word which Jean Valjean had just uttered once more, all that +was swelling Marius’ heart found vent. + +He burst forth: + +“Cosette, do you hear? he has come to that! he asks my forgiveness! And +do you know what he has done for me, Cosette? He has saved my life. He +has done more—he has given you to me. And after having saved me, and +after having given you to me, Cosette, what has he done with himself? +He has sacrificed himself. Behold the man. And he says to me the +ingrate, to me the forgetful, to me the pitiless, to me the guilty one: +Thanks! Cosette, my whole life passed at the feet of this man would be +too little. That barricade, that sewer, that furnace, that +cesspool,—all that he traversed for me, for thee, Cosette! He carried +me away through all the deaths which he put aside before me, and +accepted for himself. Every courage, every virtue, every heroism, every +sanctity he possesses! Cosette, that man is an angel!” + + +“Hush! hush!” said Jean Valjean in a low voice. “Why tell all that?” + + +“But you!” cried Marius with a wrath in which there was veneration, +“why did you not tell it to me? It is your own fault, too. You save +people’s lives, and you conceal it from them! You do more, under the +pretext of unmasking yourself, you calumniate yourself. It is +frightful.” + + +“I told the truth,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“No,” retorted Marius, “the truth is the whole truth; and that you did +not tell. You were Monsieur Madeleine, why not have said so? You saved +Javert, why not have said so? I owed my life to you, why not have said +so?” + + +“Because I thought as you do. I thought that you were in the right. It +was necessary that I should go away. If you had known about that +affair, of the sewer, you would have made me remain near you. I was +therefore forced to hold my peace. If I had spoken, it would have +caused embarrassment in every way.” + + +“It would have embarrassed what? embarrassed whom?” retorted Marius. +“Do you think that you are going to stay here? We shall carry you off. +Ah! good heavens! when I reflect that it was by an accident that I have +learned all this. You form a part of ourselves. You are her father, and +mine. You shall not pass another day in this dreadful house. Do not +imagine that you will be here to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow,” said Jean Valjean, “I shall not be here, but I shall not +be with you.” + + +“What do you mean?” replied Marius. “Ah! come now, we are not going to +permit any more journeys. You shall never leave us again. You belong to +us. We shall not loose our hold of you.” + + +“This time it is for good,” added Cosette. “We have a carriage at the +door. I shall run away with you. If necessary, I shall employ force.” + + +And she laughingly made a movement to lift the old man in her arms. + +“Your chamber still stands ready in our house,” she went on. “If you +only knew how pretty the garden is now! The azaleas are doing very well +there. The walks are sanded with river sand; there are tiny violet +shells. You shall eat my strawberries. I water them myself. And no more +‘madame,’ no more ‘Monsieur Jean,’ we are living under a Republic, +everybody says _thou_, don’t they, Marius? The programme is changed. If +you only knew, father, I have had a sorrow, there was a robin redbreast +which had made her nest in a hole in the wall, and a horrible cat ate +her. My poor, pretty, little robin red-breast which used to put her +head out of her window and look at me! I cried over it. I should have +liked to kill the cat. But now nobody cries any more. Everybody laughs, +everybody is happy. You are going to come with us. How delighted +grandfather will be! You shall have your plot in the garden, you shall +cultivate it, and we shall see whether your strawberries are as fine as +mine. And, then, I shall do everything that you wish, and then, you +will obey me prettily.” + + +Jean Valjean listened to her without hearing her. He heard the music of +her voice rather than the sense of her words; one of those large tears +which are the sombre pearls of the soul welled up slowly in his eyes. + +He murmured: + +“The proof that God is good is that she is here.” + + +“Father!” said Cosette. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“It is quite true that it would be charming for us to live together. +Their trees are full of birds. I would walk with Cosette. It is sweet +to be among living people who bid each other ‘good-day,’ who call to +each other in the garden. People see each other from early morning. We +should each cultivate our own little corner. She would make me eat her +strawberries. I would make her gather my roses. That would be charming. +Only . . .” + + +He paused and said gently: + +“It is a pity.” + + +The tear did not fall, it retreated, and Jean Valjean replaced it with +a smile. + +Cosette took both the old man’s hands in hers. + +“My God!” said she, “your hands are still colder than before. Are you +ill? Do you suffer?” + + +“I? No,” replied Jean Valjean. “I am very well. Only . . .” + + +He paused. + +“Only what?” + + +“I am going to die presently.” + + +Cosette and Marius shuddered. + +“To die!” exclaimed Marius. + +“Yes, but that is nothing,” said Jean Valjean. + +He took breath, smiled and resumed: + +“Cosette, thou wert talking to me, go on, so thy little robin +red-breast is dead? Speak, so that I may hear thy voice.” + + +Marius gazed at the old man in amazement. + +Cosette uttered a heartrending cry. + +“Father! my father! you will live. You are going to live. I insist upon +your living, do you hear?” + + +Jean Valjean raised his head towards her with adoration. + +“Oh! yes, forbid me to die. Who knows? Perhaps I shall obey. I was on +the verge of dying when you came. That stopped me, it seemed to me that +I was born again.” + + +“You are full of strength and life,” cried Marius. “Do you imagine that +a person can die like this? You have had sorrow, you shall have no +more. It is I who ask your forgiveness, and on my knees! You are going +to live, and to live with us, and to live a long time. We take +possession of you once more. There are two of us here who will +henceforth have no other thought than your happiness.” + + +“You see,” resumed Cosette, all bathed in tears, “that Marius says that +you shall not die.” + + +Jean Valjean continued to smile. + +“Even if you were to take possession of me, Monsieur Pontmercy, would +that make me other than I am? No, God has thought like you and myself, +and he does not change his mind; it is useful for me to go. Death is a +good arrangement. God knows better than we what we need. May you be +happy, may Monsieur Pontmercy have Cosette, may youth wed the morning, +may there be around you, my children, lilacs and nightingales; may your +life be a beautiful, sunny lawn, may all the enchantments of heaven +fill your souls, and now let me, who am good for nothing, die; it is +certain that all this is right. Come, be reasonable, nothing is +possible now, I am fully conscious that all is over. And then, last +night, I drank that whole jug of water. How good thy husband is, +Cosette! Thou art much better off with him than with me.” + + +A noise became audible at the door. + +It was the doctor entering. + +“Good-day, and farewell, doctor,” said Jean Valjean. “Here are my poor +children.” + + +Marius stepped up to the doctor. He addressed to him only this single +word: “Monsieur? . . .” But his manner of pronouncing it contained a +complete question. + +The doctor replied to the question by an expressive glance. + +“Because things are not agreeable,” said Jean Valjean, “that is no +reason for being unjust towards God.” + + +A silence ensued. + +All breasts were oppressed. + +Jean Valjean turned to Cosette. He began to gaze at her as though he +wished to retain her features for eternity. + +In the depths of the shadow into which he had already descended, +ecstasy was still possible to him when gazing at Cosette. The +reflection of that sweet face lighted up his pale visage. + +The doctor felt of his pulse. + +“Ah! it was you that he wanted!” he murmured, looking at Cosette and +Marius. + +And bending down to Marius’ ear, he added in a very low voice: + +“Too late.” + + +Jean Valjean surveyed the doctor and Marius serenely, almost without +ceasing to gaze at Cosette. + +These barely articulate words were heard to issue from his mouth: + +“It is nothing to die; it is dreadful not to live.” + + +All at once he rose to his feet. These accesses of strength are +sometimes the sign of the death agony. He walked with a firm step to +the wall, thrusting aside Marius and the doctor who tried to help him, +detached from the wall a little copper crucifix which was suspended +there, and returned to his seat with all the freedom of movement of +perfect health, and said in a loud voice, as he laid the crucifix on +the table: + +“Behold the great martyr.” + + +Then his chest sank in, his head wavered, as though the intoxication of +the tomb were seizing hold upon him. + +His hands, which rested on his knees, began to press their nails into +the stuff of his trousers. + +Cosette supported his shoulders, and sobbed, and tried to speak to him, +but could not. + +Among the words mingled with that mournful saliva which accompanies +tears, they distinguished words like the following: + +“Father, do not leave us. Is it possible that we have found you only to +lose you again?” + + +It might be said that agony writhes. It goes, comes, advances towards +the sepulchre, and returns towards life. There is groping in the action +of dying. + +Jean Valjean rallied after this semi-swoon, shook his brow as though to +make the shadows fall away from it and became almost perfectly lucid +once more. + +He took a fold of Cosette’s sleeve and kissed it. + +“He is coming back! doctor, he is coming back,” cried Marius. + +“You are good, both of you,” said Jean Valjean. “I am going to tell you +what has caused me pain. What has pained me, Monsieur Pontmercy, is +that you have not been willing to touch that money. That money really +belongs to your wife. I will explain to you, my children, and for that +reason, also, I am glad to see you. Black jet comes from England, white +jet comes from Norway. All this is in this paper, which you will read. +For bracelets, I invented a way of substituting for slides of soldered +sheet iron, slides of iron laid together. It is prettier, better and +less costly. You will understand how much money can be made in that +way. So Cosette’s fortune is really hers. I give you these details, in +order that your mind may be set at rest.” + + +The portress had come upstairs and was gazing in at the half-open door. +The doctor dismissed her. + +But he could not prevent this zealous woman from exclaiming to the +dying man before she disappeared: “Would you like a priest?” + + +“I have had one,” replied Jean Valjean. + +And with his finger he seemed to indicate a point above his head where +one would have said that he saw some one. + +It is probable, in fact, that the Bishop was present at this death +agony. + +Cosette gently slipped a pillow under his loins. + +Jean Valjean resumed: + +“Have no fear, Monsieur Pontmercy, I adjure you. The six hundred +thousand francs really belong to Cosette. My life will have been wasted +if you do not enjoy them! We managed to do very well with those glass +goods. We rivalled what is called Berlin jewellery. However, we could +not equal the black glass of England. A gross, which contains twelve +hundred very well cut grains, only costs three francs.” + + +When a being who is dear to us is on the point of death, we gaze upon +him with a look which clings convulsively to him and which would fain +hold him back. + +Cosette gave her hand to Marius, and both, mute with anguish, not +knowing what to say to the dying man, stood trembling and despairing +before him. + +Jean Valjean sank moment by moment. He was failing; he was drawing near +to the gloomy horizon. + +His breath had become intermittent; a little rattling interrupted it. +He found some difficulty in moving his forearm, his feet had lost all +movement, and in proportion as the wretchedness of limb and feebleness +of body increased, all the majesty of his soul was displayed and spread +over his brow. The light of the unknown world was already visible in +his eyes. + +His face paled and smiled. Life was no longer there, it was something +else. + +His breath sank, his glance grew grander. He was a corpse on which the +wings could be felt. + +He made a sign to Cosette to draw near, then to Marius; the last minute +of the last hour had, evidently, arrived. + +He began to speak to them in a voice so feeble that it seemed to come +from a distance, and one would have said that a wall now rose between +them and him. + +“Draw near, draw near, both of you. I love you dearly. Oh! how good it +is to die like this! And thou lovest me also, my Cosette. I knew well +that thou still felt friendly towards thy poor old man. How kind it was +of thee to place that pillow under my loins! Thou wilt weep for me a +little, wilt thou not? Not too much. I do not wish thee to have any +real griefs. You must enjoy yourselves a great deal, my children. I +forgot to tell you that the profit was greater still on the buckles +without tongues than on all the rest. A gross of a dozen dozens cost +ten francs and sold for sixty. It really was a good business. So there +is no occasion for surprise at the six hundred thousand francs, +Monsieur Pontmercy. It is honest money. You may be rich with a tranquil +mind. Thou must have a carriage, a box at the theatres now and then, +and handsome ball dresses, my Cosette, and then, thou must give good +dinners to thy friends, and be very happy. I was writing to Cosette a +while ago. She will find my letter. I bequeath to her the two +candlesticks which stand on the chimney-piece. They are of silver, but +to me they are gold, they are diamonds; they change candles which are +placed in them into wax-tapers. I do not know whether the person who +gave them to me is pleased with me yonder on high. I have done what I +could. My children, you will not forget that I am a poor man, you will +have me buried in the first plot of earth that you find, under a stone +to mark the spot. This is my wish. No name on the stone. If Cosette +cares to come for a little while now and then, it will give me +pleasure. And you too, Monsieur Pontmercy. I must admit that I have not +always loved you. I ask your pardon for that. Now she and you form but +one for me. I feel very grateful to you. I am sure that you make +Cosette happy. If you only knew, Monsieur Pontmercy, her pretty rosy +cheeks were my delight; when I saw her in the least pale, I was sad. In +the chest of drawers, there is a bank-bill for five hundred francs. I +have not touched it. It is for the poor. Cosette, dost thou see thy +little gown yonder on the bed? dost thou recognize it? That was ten +years ago, however. How time flies! We have been very happy. All is +over. Do not weep, my children, I am not going very far, I shall see +you from there, you will only have to look at night, and you will see +me smile. Cosette, dost thou remember Montfermeil? Thou wert in the +forest, thou wert greatly terrified; dost thou remember how I took hold +of the handle of the water-bucket? That was the first time that I +touched thy poor, little hand. It was so cold! Ah! your hands were red +then, mademoiselle, they are very white now. And the big doll! dost +thou remember? Thou didst call her Catherine. Thou regrettedest not +having taken her to the convent! How thou didst make me laugh +sometimes, my sweet angel! When it had been raining, thou didst float +bits of straw on the gutters, and watch them pass away. One day I gave +thee a willow battledore and a shuttlecock with yellow, blue and green +feathers. Thou hast forgotten it. Thou wert roguish so young! Thou +didst play. Thou didst put cherries in thy ears. Those are things of +the past. The forests through which one has passed with one’s child, +the trees under which one has strolled, the convents where one has +concealed oneself, the games, the hearty laughs of childhood, are +shadows. I imagined that all that belonged to me. In that lay my +stupidity. Those ThĂ©nardiers were wicked. Thou must forgive them. +Cosette, the moment has come to tell thee the name of thy mother. She +was called Fantine. Remember that name—Fantine. Kneel whenever thou +utterest it. She suffered much. She loved thee dearly. She had as much +unhappiness as thou hast had happiness. That is the way God apportions +things. He is there on high, he sees us all, and he knows what he does +in the midst of his great stars. I am on the verge of departure, my +children. Love each other well and always. There is nothing else but +that in the world: love for each other. You will think sometimes of the +poor old man who died here. Oh my Cosette, it is not my fault, indeed, +that I have not seen thee all this time, it cut me to the heart; I went +as far as the corner of the street, I must have produced a queer effect +on the people who saw me pass, I was like a madman, I once went out +without my hat. I no longer see clearly, my children, I had still other +things to say, but never mind. Think a little of me. Come still nearer. +I die happy. Give me your dear and well-beloved heads, so that I may +lay my hands upon them.” + + +Cosette and Marius fell on their knees, in despair, suffocating with +tears, each beneath one of Jean Valjean’s hands. Those august hands no +longer moved. + +He had fallen backwards, the light of the candles illuminated him. + +His white face looked up to heaven, he allowed Cosette and Marius to +cover his hands with kisses. + +He was dead. + +The night was starless and extremely dark. No doubt, in the gloom, some +immense angel stood erect with wings outspread, awaiting that soul. + +[Illustration: Darkness] + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE GRASS COVERS AND THE RAIN EFFACES + + +In the cemetery of PĂšre-Lachaise, in the vicinity of the common grave, +far from the elegant quarter of that city of sepulchres, far from all +the tombs of fancy which display in the presence of eternity all the +hideous fashions of death, in a deserted corner, beside an old wall, +beneath a great yew tree over which climbs the wild convolvulus, amid +dandelions and mosses, there lies a stone. That stone is no more exempt +than others from the leprosy of time, of dampness, of the lichens and +from the defilement of the birds. The water turns it green, the air +blackens it. It is not near any path, and people are not fond of +walking in that direction, because the grass is high and their feet are +immediately wet. When there is a little sunshine, the lizards come +thither. All around there is a quivering of weeds. In the spring, +linnets warble in the trees. + +This stone is perfectly plain. In cutting it the only thought was the +requirements of the tomb, and no other care was taken than to make the +stone long enough and narrow enough to cover a man. + +No name is to be read there. + +Only, many years ago, a hand wrote upon it in pencil these four lines, +which have become gradually illegible beneath the rain and the dust, +and which are, to-day, probably effaced: + +Il dort. Quoique le sort fĂ»t pour lui bien Ă©trange, +Il vivait. Il mourut quand il n’eut plus son ange. +La chose simplement d’elle-mĂȘme arriva, +Comme la nuit se fait lorsque le jour s’en va.70 + + + +LETTER TO M. DAELLI + + +Publisher of the Italian translation of _Les MisĂ©rables_ in Milan. + +HAUTEVILLE-HOUSE, October 18, 1862. + +You are right, sir, when you tell me that _Les MisĂ©rables_ is written +for all nations. I do not know whether it will be read by all, but I +wrote it for all. It is addressed to England as well as to Spain, to +Italy as well as to France, to Germany as well as to Ireland, to +Republics which have slaves as well as to Empires which have serfs. +Social problems overstep frontiers. The sores of the human race, those +great sores which cover the globe, do not halt at the red or blue lines +traced upon the map. In every place where man is ignorant and +despairing, in every place where woman is sold for bread, wherever the +child suffers for lack of the book which should instruct him and of the +hearth which should warm him, the book of _Les MisĂ©rables_ knocks at +the door and says: “Open to me, I come for you.” + + +At the hour of civilization through which we are now passing, and which +is still so sombre, the _miserable’s_ name is Man; he is agonizing in +all climes, and he is groaning in all languages. + +Your Italy is no more exempt from the evil than is our France. Your +admirable Italy has all miseries on the face of it. Does not banditism, +that raging form of pauperism, inhabit your mountains? Few nations are +more deeply eaten by that ulcer of convents which I have endeavored to +fathom. In spite of your possessing Rome, Milan, Naples, Palermo, +Turin, Florence, Sienna, Pisa, Mantua, Bologna, Ferrara, Genoa, Venice, +a heroic history, sublime ruins, magnificent ruins, and superb cities, +you are, like ourselves, poor. You are covered with marvels and vermin. +Assuredly, the sun of Italy is splendid, but, alas, azure in the sky +does not prevent rags on man. + +Like us, you have prejudices, superstitions, tyrannies, fanaticisms, +blind laws lending assistance to ignorant customs. You taste nothing of +the present nor of the future without a flavor of the past being +mingled with it. You have a barbarian, the monk, and a savage, the +lazzarone. The social question is the same for you as for us. There are +a few less deaths from hunger with you, and a few more from fever; your +social hygiene is not much better than ours; shadows, which are +Protestant in England, are Catholic in Italy; but, under different +names, the _vescovo_ is identical with the _bishop_, and it always +means night, and of pretty nearly the same quality. To explain the +Bible badly amounts to the same thing as to understand the Gospel +badly. + +Is it necessary to emphasize this? Must this melancholy parallelism be +yet more completely verified? Have you not indigent persons? Glance +below. Have you not parasites? Glance up. Does not that hideous +balance, whose two scales, pauperism and parasitism, so mournfully +preserve their mutual equilibrium, oscillate before you as it does +before us? Where is your army of schoolmasters, the only army which +civilization acknowledges? + +Where are your free and compulsory schools? Does every one know how to +read in the land of Dante and of Michael Angelo? Have you made public +schools of your barracks? Have you not, like ourselves, an opulent +war-budget and a paltry budget of education? Have not you also that +passive obedience which is so easily converted into soldierly +obedience? military establishment which pushes the regulations to the +extreme of firing upon Garibaldi; that is to say, upon the living honor +of Italy? Let us subject your social order to examination, let us take +it where it stands and as it stands, let us view its flagrant offences, +show me the woman and the child. It is by the amount of protection with +which these two feeble creatures are surrounded that the degree of +civilization is to be measured. Is prostitution less heartrending in +Naples than in Paris? What is the amount of truth that springs from +your laws, and what amount of justice springs from your tribunals? Do +you chance to be so fortunate as to be ignorant of the meaning of those +gloomy words: public prosecution, legal infamy, prison, the scaffold, +the executioner, the death penalty? Italians, with you as with us, +Beccaria is dead and Farinace is alive. And then, let us scrutinize +your state reasons. Have you a government which comprehends the +identity of morality and politics? You have reached the point where you +grant amnesty to heroes! Something very similar has been done in +France. Stay, let us pass miseries in review, let each one contribute +his pile, you are as rich as we. Have you not, like ourselves, two +condemnations, religious condemnation pronounced by the priest, and +social condemnation decreed by the judge? Oh, great nation of Italy, +thou resemblest the great nation of France! Alas! our brothers, you +are, like ourselves, _Miserables_. + +From the depths of the gloom wherein you dwell, you do not see much +more distinctly than we the radiant and distant portals of Eden. Only, +the priests are mistaken. These holy portals are before and not behind +us. + +I resume. This book, _Les MisĂ©rables_, is no less your mirror than +ours. Certain men, certain castes, rise in revolt against this book,—I +understand that. Mirrors, those revealers of the truth, are hated; that +does not prevent them from being of use. + +As for myself, I have written for all, with a profound love for my own +country, but without being engrossed by France more than by any other +nation. In proportion as I advance in life, I grow more simple, and I +become more and more patriotic for humanity. + +This is, moreover, the tendency of our age, and the law of radiance of +the French Revolution; books must cease to be exclusively French, +Italian, German, Spanish, or English, and become European, I say more, +human, if they are to correspond to the enlargement of civilization. + +Hence a new logic of art, and of certain requirements of composition +which modify everything, even the conditions, formerly narrow, of taste +and language, which must grow broader like all the rest. + +In France, certain critics have reproached me, to my great delight, +with having transgressed the bounds of what they call “French taste”; I +should be glad if this eulogium were merited. + +In short, I am doing what I can, I suffer with the same universal +suffering, and I try to assuage it, I possess only the puny forces of a +man, and I cry to all: “Help me!” + + +This, sir, is what your letter prompts me to say; I say it for you and +for your country. If I have insisted so strongly, it is because of one +phrase in your letter. You write:— + +“There are Italians, and they are numerous, who say: ‘This book, _Les +MisĂ©rables_, is a French book. It does not concern us. Let the French +read it as a history, we read it as a romance.’”—Alas! I repeat, +whether we be Italians or Frenchmen, misery concerns us all. Ever since +history has been written, ever since philosophy has meditated, misery +has been the garment of the human race; the moment has at length +arrived for tearing off that rag, and for replacing, upon the naked +limbs of the Man-People, the sinister fragment of the past with the +grand purple robe of the dawn. + +If this letter seems to you of service in enlightening some minds and +in dissipating some prejudices, you are at liberty to publish it, sir. +Accept, I pray you, a renewed assurance of my very distinguished +sentiments. + +VICTOR HUGO. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +1 (return) [ Patois of the French Alps: _chat de maraude_, rascally +marauder.] + +2 (return) [ LiĂšge: a cork-tree. Pau: a jest on _peau_, skin.] + +3 (return) [ She belonged to that circle where cuckoos and carriages +share the same fate; and a jade herself, she lived, as jades live, for +the space of a morning (or jade).] + +4 (return) [ An ex-convict.] + +5 (return) [ This parenthesis is due to Jean Valjean.] + +6 (return) [ A bullet as large as an egg.] + +7 (return) [ Walter Scott, Lamartine, Vaulabelle, Charras, Quinet, +Thiers.] + +8 (return) [ This is the inscription:—D. O. M. CY A ETE ÉCRASÉ PAR +MALHEUR SOUS UN CHARIOT, MONSIEUR BERNARD DE BRYE MARCHAND A BRUXELLE +LE [illegible] FEVRIER 1637.] + +9 (return) [ A heavy rifled gun.] + +10 (return) [ “A battle terminated, a day finished, false measures +repaired, greater successes assured for the morrow,—all was lost by a +moment of panic, terror.”—Napoleon, DictĂ©es de Sainte HĂ©lĂšne.] + +11 (return) [ Five winning numbers in a lottery] + +12 (return) [ Literally “made cuirs”; _i. e._, pronounced a _t_ or an +_s_ at the end of words where the opposite letter should occur, or used +either one of them where neither exists.] + +13 (return) [ Lawyer Corbeau, perched on a docket, held in his beak a +writ of execution; Lawyer Renard, attracted by the smell, addressed him +nearly as follows, etc.] + +14 (return) [ This is the factory of Goblet Junior: Come choose your +jugs and crocks, Flower-pots, pipes, bricks. The Heart sells Diamonds +to every comer.] + +15 (return) [ On the boughs hang three bodies of unequal merits: Dismas +and Gesmas, between is the divine power. Dismas seeks the heights, +Gesmas, unhappy man, the lowest regions; the highest power will +preserve us and our effects. If you repeat this verse, you will not +lose your things by theft.] + +16 (return) [ Instead of _porte cochĂšre_ and _porte bĂ tarde_.] + +17 (return) [ Jesus-my-God-bandy-leg—down with the moon!] + +18 (return) [ _Chicken: _ slang allusion to the noise made in calling +poultry.] + +19 (return) [ Louis XVIII. is represented in comic pictures of that day +as having a pear-shaped head.] + +20 (return) [ Tuck into your trousers the shirt-tail that is hanging +out. Let it not be said that patriots have hoisted the white flag.] + +21 (return) [ In order to re-establish the shaken throne firmly on its +base, soil (Des solles), greenhouse and house (Decazes) must be +changed.] + +22 (return) [ _Suspendu_, suspended; _pendu_, hung.] + +23 (return) [ _L’Aile_, wing.] + +24 (return) [ The slang term for a painter’s assistant.] + +25 (return) [ If CĂŠsar had given me glory and war, and I were obliged +to quit my mother’s love, I would say to great CĂŠsar, “Take back thy +sceptre and thy chariot; I prefer the love of my mother.”] + +26 (return) [ Whether the sun shines brightly or dim, the bear returns +to his cave.] + +27 (return) [ The peep-hole is a _Judas_ in French. Hence the +half-punning allusion.] + +28 (return) [ Our love has lasted a whole week, but how short are the +instants of happiness! To adore each other for eight days was hardly +worth the while! The time of love should last forever.] + +29 (return) [ You leave me to go to glory; my sad heart will follow you +everywhere.] + +30 (return) [ A democrat.] + +31 (return) [ King Bootkick went a-hunting after crows, mounted on two +stilts. When one passed beneath them, one paid him two sous.] + +32 (return) [ In olden times, fouriers were the officials who preceded +the Court and allotted the lodgings.] + +33 (return) [ A game of ninepins, in which one side of the ball is +smaller than the other, so that it does not roll straight, but +describes a curve on the ground.] + +34 (return) [ From April 19 to May 20.] + +35 (return) [ _Merlan:_ a sobriquet given to hairdressers because they +are white with powder.] + +36 (return) [ The scaffold.] + +37 (return) [ Argot of the Temple.] + +38 (return) [ Argot of the barriers.] + +39 (return) [ The Last Day of a Condemned Man.] + +40 (return) [ “Vous trouverez dans ces potains-lĂ , une foultitude de +raisons pour que je me libertise.”] + +41 (return) [ It must be observed, however, that _mac_ in Celtic means +_son_.] + +42 (return) [ Smoke puffed in the face of a person asleep.] + +43 (return) [ Je n’entrave que le dail comment meck, le daron des +orgues, peut atiger ses mĂŽmes et ses momignards et les locher criblant +sans ĂȘtre agitĂ© lui-meme.] + +44 (return) [ At night one sees nothing, by day one sees very well; the +bourgeois gets flurried over an apocryphal scrawl, practice virtue, +tutu, pointed hat!] + +45 (return) [ _Chien_, dog, trigger.] + +46 (return) [ Here is the morn appearing. When shall we go to the +forest, Charlot asked Charlotte. Tou, tou, tou, for Chatou, I have but +one God, one King, one half-farthing, and one boot. And these two poor +little wolves were as tipsy as sparrows from having drunk dew and thyme +very early in the morning. And these two poor little things were as +drunk as thrushes in a vineyard; a tiger laughed at them in his cave. +The one cursed, the other swore. When shall we go to the forest? +Charlot asked Charlotte.] + +47 (return) [ There swings the horrible skeleton of a poor lover who +hung himself.] + +48 (return) [ She astounds at ten paces, she frightens at two, a wart +inhabits her hazardous nose; you tremble every instant lest she should +blow it at you, and lest, some fine day, her nose should tumble into +her mouth.] + +49 (return) [ _Matelote:_ a culinary preparation of various fishes. +_Gibelotte:_ stewed rabbits.] + +50 (return) [ Treat if you can, and eat if you dare.] + +51 (return) [ _BipĂšde sans plume:_ biped without feathers—pen.] + +52 (return) [ Municipal officer of Toulouse.] + +53 (return) [ Do you remember our sweet life, when we were both so +young, and when we had no other desire in our hearts than to be well +dressed and in love? When, by adding your age to my age, we could not +count forty years between us, and when, in our humble and tiny +household, everything was spring to us even in winter. Fair days! +Manuel was proud and wise, Paris sat at sacred banquets, Foy launched +thunderbolts, and your corsage had a pin on which I pricked myself. +Everything gazed upon you. A briefless lawyer, when I took you to the +Prado to dine, you were so beautiful that the roses seemed to me to +turn round, and I heard them say: Is she not beautiful! How good she +smells! What billowing hair! Beneath her mantle she hides a wing. Her +charming bonnet is hardly unfolded. I wandered with thee, pressing thy +supple arm. The passers-by thought that love bewitched had wedded, in +our happy couple, the gentle month of April to the fair month of May. +We lived concealed, content, with closed doors, devouring love, that +sweet forbidden fruit. My mouth had not uttered a thing when thy heart +had already responded. The Sorbonne was the bucolic spot where I adored +thee from eve till morn. ’Tis thus that an amorous soul applies the +chart of the Tender to the Latin country. O Place Maubert! O Place +Dauphine! When in the fresh spring-like hut thou didst draw thy +stocking on thy delicate leg, I saw a star in the depths of the garret. +I have read a great deal of Plato, but nothing of it remains by me; +better than Malebranche and then Lamennais thou didst demonstrate to me +celestial goodness with a flower which thou gavest to me, I obeyed +thee, thou didst submit to me; oh gilded garret! to lace thee! to +behold thee going and coming from dawn in thy chemise, gazing at thy +young brow in thine ancient mirror! And who, then, would forego the +memory of those days of aurora and the firmament, of flowers, of gauze +and of moire, when love stammers a charming slang? Our gardens +consisted of a pot of tulips; thou didst mask the window with thy +petticoat; I took the earthenware bowl and I gave thee the Japanese +cup. And those great misfortunes which made us laugh! Thy cuff +scorched, thy boa lost! And that dear portrait of the divine +Shakespeare which we sold one evening that we might sup! I was a beggar +and thou wert charitable. I kissed thy fresh round arms in haste. A +folio Dante served us as a table on which to eat merrily a centime’s +worth of chestnuts. The first time that, in my joyous den, I snatched a +kiss from thy fiery lip, when thou wentest forth, dishevelled and +blushing, I turned deathly pale and I believed in God. Dost thou recall +our innumerable joys, and all those fichus changed to rags? Oh! what +sighs from our hearts full of gloom fluttered forth to the heavenly +depths!] + +54 (return) [ My nose is in tears, my friend Bugeaud, lend me thy +gendarmes that I may say a word to them. With a blue capote and a +chicken in his shako, here’s the banlieue, co-cocorico.] + +55 (return) [ Love letters.] + +56 (return) [ + +“The bird slanders in the elms, +And pretends that yesterday, Atala +Went off with a Russian, +Where fair maids go. +Lon la. + + +My friend Pierrot, thou pratest, because Mila knocked at her pane the +other day and called me. The jades are very charming, their poison +which bewitched me would intoxicate Monsieur Orfila. I’m fond of love +and its bickerings, I love Agnes, I love Pamela, Lise burned herself in +setting me aflame. In former days when I saw the mantillas of Suzette +and of ZĂ©ila, my soul mingled with their folds. Love, when thou +gleamest in the dark thou crownest Lola with roses, I would lose my +soul for that. Jeanne, at thy mirror thou deckest thyself! One fine +day, my heart flew forth. I think that it is Jeanne who has it. At +night, when I come from the quadrilles, I show Stella to the stars, and +I say to them: “Behold her.” Where fair maids go, lon la.] + +57 (return) [ But some prisons still remain, and I am going to put a +stop to this sort of public order. Does any one wish to play at +skittles? The whole ancient world fell in ruin, when the big ball +rolled. Good old folks, let us smash with our crutches that Louvre +where the monarchy displayed itself in furbelows. We have forced its +gates. On that day, King Charles X. did not stick well and came +unglued.] + +58 (return) [ Steps on the Aventine Hill, leading to the Tiber, to +which the bodies of executed criminals were dragged by hooks to be +thrown into the Tiber.] + +59 (return) [ Mustards.] + +60 (return) [ From _casser_, to break: break-necks.] + +61 (return) [ “Jeanne was born at FougĂšre, a true shepherd’s nest; I +adore her petticoat, the rogue.” “Love, thou dwellest in her; For ’tis +in her eyes that thou placest thy quiver, sly scamp!” “As for me, I +sing her, and I love, more than Diana herself, Jeanne and her firm +Breton breasts.”] + +62 (return) [ In allusion to the expression, _coiffer +Sainte-Catherine_, “to remain unmarried.”] + +63 (return) [ “Thus, hemming in the course of thy musings, Alcippus, it +is true that thou wilt wed ere long.”] + +64 (return) [ _Tirer le diable par la queue_, “to live from hand to +mouth.”] + +65 (return) [ “Triton trotted on before, and drew from his conch-shell +sounds so ravishing that he delighted everyone!”] + +66 (return) [ “A Shrove-Tuesday marriage will have no ungrateful +children.”] + +67 (return) [ A short mask.] + +68 (return) [ In allusion to the story of Prometheus.] + +69 (return) [ _Un fafiot sĂ©rieux. Fafiot_ is the slang term for a +bank-bill, derived from its rustling noise.] + +70 (return) [ He sleeps. Although his fate was very strange, he lived. +He died when he had no longer his angel. The thing came to pass simply, +of itself, as the night comes when day is gone.] + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LES MISÉRABLES *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our website which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + diff --git a/cchuffmancompression/index.js b/cchuffmancompression/index.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7fa6a235 --- /dev/null +++ b/cchuffmancompression/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +const fs = require("fs"); + +const [filename, command] = process.argv.slice(2); + +class PriorityQueue { + constructor() { + this.heap = []; + } + + _parent(i) { + return Math.floor((i - 1) / 2); + } + _left(i) { + return 2 * i + 1; + } + _right(i) { + return 2 * i + 2; + } + + _heapifyUp() { + let i = this.heap.length - 1; + while (i > 0 && this.heap[this._parent(i)].freq > this.heap[i].freq) { + [this.heap[i], this.heap[this._parent(i)]] = [ + this.heap[this._parent(i)], + this.heap[i], + ]; + i = this._parent(i); + } + } + + _heapifyDown() { + let i = 0; + while (this._left(i) < this.heap.length) { + let smaller = this._left(i); + if ( + this._right(i) < this.heap.length && + this.heap[this._right(i)].freq < this.heap[smaller].freq + ) { + smaller = this._right(i); + } + if (this.heap[i].freq <= this.heap[smaller].freq) break; + [this.heap[i], this.heap[smaller]] = [this.heap[smaller], this.heap[i]]; + i = smaller; + } + } + + enqueue(node) { + this.heap.push(node); + this._heapifyUp(); + } + + dequeue() { + if (this.heap.length === 1) return this.heap.pop(); + const min = this.heap[0]; + this.heap[0] = this.heap.pop(); + this._heapifyDown(); + return min; + } + + size() { + return this.heap.length; + } +} + +class Node { + constructor(char = "", freq = 0, left = null, right = null) { + this.char = char; + this.freq = freq; + this.left = left; + this.right = right; + } +} + +const generateCodes = (node, path = "", codes = {}) => { + if (!node.left && !node.right) { + codes[node.char] = path || "0"; // Handle edge case for single character + return codes; + } + if (node.left) generateCodes(node.left, path + "0", codes); + if (node.right) generateCodes(node.right, path + "1", codes); + return codes; +}; + +const serialize = (node) => { + if (!node.left && !node.right) return `1${node.char}`; + return `0${serialize(node.left)}${serialize(node.right)}`; +}; + +const deserialize = (data) => { + let index = 0; + const traverse = () => { + if (index >= data.length) return null; + const bit = data[index++]; + if (bit === "1") { + return new Node(data[index++]); + } + return new Node("", 0, traverse(), traverse()); + }; + return traverse(); +}; + +const compress = (content) => { + const freqMap = {}; + for (const char of content) freqMap[char] = (freqMap[char] || 0) + 1; + + const pq = new PriorityQueue(); + for (const char in freqMap) { + pq.enqueue(new Node(char, freqMap[char])); + } + + while (pq.size() > 1) { + const n1 = pq.dequeue(), + n2 = pq.dequeue(); + pq.enqueue(new Node("", n1.freq + n2.freq, n1, n2)); + } + + const tree = pq.dequeue(); + const codes = generateCodes(tree); + const encoded = content + .split("") + .map((c) => codes[c]) + .join(""); + const serializedTree = serialize(tree); + + fs.writeFileSync( + "compressed.txt", + `${serializedTree}---END---${encoded}`, + "utf-8" + ); + console.log("Compression complete. Output: compressed.txt"); +}; + +const decompress = (content) => { + const [serializedTree, encoded] = content.split("---END---"); + const tree = deserialize(serializedTree); + + let decoded = ""; + let node = tree; + for (const bit of encoded) { + node = bit === "0" ? node.left : node.right; + if (!node.left && !node.right) { + decoded += node.char; + node = tree; + } + } + + fs.writeFileSync("decompressed.txt", decoded, "utf-8"); + console.log("Decompression complete. Output: decompressed.txt"); +}; + +// Read file and execute command +fs.readFile(filename, "utf-8", (err, content) => { + if (err) return console.error("Error reading file:", err); + if (command === "--compress") compress(content); + else if (command === "--decompress") decompress(content); + else console.error("Invalid command. Use --compress or --decompress"); +}); diff --git a/cchuffmancompression/test.txt b/cchuffmancompression/test.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4cd39f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/cchuffmancompression/test.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73589 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Les MisĂ©rables, by Victor Hugo + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Les MisĂ©rables +Complete in Five Volumes + +Author: Victor Hugo + +Translator: Isabel F. Hapgood + +Release Date: May, 1994 [eBook #135] +[Most recently updated: July 20, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Judith Boss and David Widger + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LES MISÉRABLES *** + + + + +LES MISÉRABLES + +By Victor Hugo + + +Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood + + +Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. + No. 13, Astor Place + +New York +Copyright 1887 + + + +[Illustration: Bookshelf spines] + +[Illustration: Bookcover] + +[Illustration: Frontpapers] + +[Illustration: Frontispiece] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume One] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Verso] + + + + +Contents + + LES MISÉRABLES + + PREFACE + + + VOLUME I—FANTINE + + + BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN + + CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL + + CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME + + CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP + + CHAPTER IV—WORKS CORRESPONDING TO WORDS + + CHAPTER V—MONSEIGNEUR BIENVENU MADE HIS CASSOCKS LAST TOO LONG + + CHAPTER VI—WHO GUARDED HIS HOUSE FOR HIM + + CHAPTER VII—CRAVATTE + + CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING + + CHAPTER IX—THE BROTHER AS DEPICTED BY THE SISTER + + CHAPTER X—THE BISHOP IN THE PRESENCE OF AN UNKNOWN LIGHT + + CHAPTER XI—A RESTRICTION + + CHAPTER XII—THE SOLITUDE OF MONSEIGNEUR WELCOME + + CHAPTER XIII—WHAT HE BELIEVED + + CHAPTER XIV—WHAT HE THOUGHT + + + BOOK SECOND—THE FALL + + CHAPTER I—THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING + + CHAPTER II—PRUDENCE COUNSELLED TO WISDOM + + CHAPTER III—THE HEROISM OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE + + CHAPTER IV—DETAILS CONCERNING THE CHEESE-DAIRIES OF PONTARLIER + + CHAPTER V—TRANQUILLITY + + CHAPTER VI—JEAN VALJEAN + + CHAPTER VII—THE INTERIOR OF DESPAIR + + CHAPTER VIII—BILLOWS AND SHADOWS + + CHAPTER IX—NEW TROUBLES + + CHAPTER X—THE MAN AROUSED + + CHAPTER XI—WHAT HE DOES + + CHAPTER XII—THE BISHOP WORKS + + CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GERVAIS + + + BOOK THIRD—IN THE YEAR 1817 + + CHAPTER I—THE YEAR 1817 + + CHAPTER II—A DOUBLE QUARTETTE + + CHAPTER III—FOUR AND FOUR + + CHAPTER IV—THOLOMYÈS IS SO MERRY THAT HE SINGS A SPANISH DITTY + + CHAPTER V—AT BOMBARDA’S + + CHAPTER VI—A CHAPTER IN WHICH THEY ADORE EACH OTHER + + CHAPTER VII—THE WISDOM OF THOLOMYÈS + + CHAPTER VIII—THE DEATH OF A HORSE + + CHAPTER IX—A MERRY END TO MIRTH + + + BOOK FOURTH—TO CONFIDE IS SOMETIMES TO DELIVER INTO A PERSON’S POWER + + CHAPTER I—ONE MOTHER MEETS ANOTHER MOTHER + + CHAPTER II—FIRST SKETCH OF TWO UNPREPOSSESSING FIGURES + + CHAPTER III—THE LARK + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE DESCENT + + CHAPTER I—THE HISTORY OF A PROGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS + + CHAPTER II—MADELEINE + + CHAPTER III—SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE + + CHAPTER IV—M. MADELEINE IN MOURNING + + CHAPTER V—VAGUE FLASHES ON THE HORIZON + + CHAPTER VI—FATHER FAUCHELEVENT + + CHAPTER VII—FAUCHELEVENT BECOMES A GARDENER IN PARIS + + CHAPTER VIII—MADAME VICTURNIEN EXPENDS THIRTY FRANCS ON MORALITY + + CHAPTER IX—MADAME VICTURNIEN’S SUCCESS + + CHAPTER X—RESULT OF THE SUCCESS + + CHAPTER XI—CHRISTUS NOS LIBERAVIT + + CHAPTER XII—M. BAMATABOIS’S INACTIVITY + + CHAPTER XIII—THE SOLUTION OF SOME QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE + MUNICIPAL POLICE + + + BOOK SIXTH—JAVERT + + CHAPTER I—THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE + + CHAPTER II—HOW JEAN MAY BECOME CHAMP + + + BOOK SEVENTH—THE CHAMPMATHIEU AFFAIR + + CHAPTER I—SISTER SIMPLICE + + CHAPTER II—THE PERSPICACITY OF MASTER SCAUFFLAIRE + + CHAPTER III—A TEMPEST IN A SKULL + + CHAPTER IV—FORMS ASSUMED BY SUFFERING DURING SLEEP + + CHAPTER V—HINDRANCES + + CHAPTER VI—SISTER SIMPLICE PUT TO THE PROOF + + CHAPTER VII—THE TRAVELLER ON HIS ARRIVAL TAKES PRECAUTIONS FOR + DEPARTURE + + CHAPTER VIII—AN ENTRANCE BY FAVOR + + CHAPTER IX—A PLACE WHERE CONVICTIONS ARE IN PROCESS OF FORMATION + + CHAPTER X—THE SYSTEM OF DENIALS + + CHAPTER XI—CHAMPMATHIEU MORE AND MORE ASTONISHED + + + BOOK EIGHTH—A COUNTER-BLOW + + CHAPTER I—IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR + + CHAPTER II—FANTINE HAPPY + + CHAPTER III—JAVERT SATISFIED + + CHAPTER IV—AUTHORITY REASSERTS ITS RIGHTS + + CHAPTER V—A SUITABLE TOMB + + + + VOLUME II—COSETTE + + BOOK FIRST—WATERLOO + + CHAPTER I—WHAT IS MET WITH ON THE WAY FROM NIVELLES + + CHAPTER II—HOUGOMONT + + CHAPTER III—THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, 1815 + + CHAPTER IV—A + + CHAPTER V—THE QUID OBSCURUM OF BATTLES + + CHAPTER VI—FOUR O’CLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON + + CHAPTER VII—NAPOLEON IN A GOOD HUMOR + + CHAPTER VIII—THE EMPEROR PUTS A QUESTION TO THE GUIDE LACOSTE + + CHAPTER IX—THE UNEXPECTED + + CHAPTER X—THE PLATEAU OF MONT-SAINT-JEAN + + CHAPTER XI—A BAD GUIDE TO NAPOLEON; A GOOD GUIDE TO BÜLOW + + CHAPTER XII—THE GUARD + + CHAPTER XIII—THE CATASTROPHE + + CHAPTER XIV—THE LAST SQUARE + + CHAPTER XV—CAMBRONNE + + CHAPTER XVI—QUOT LIBRAS IN DUCE? + + CHAPTER XVII—IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD? + + CHAPTER XVIII—A RECRUDESCENCE OF DIVINE RIGHT + + CHAPTER XIX—THE BATTLE-FIELD AT NIGHT + + + BOOK SECOND—THE SHIP ORION + + CHAPTER I—NUMBER 24,601 BECOMES NUMBER 9,430 + + CHAPTER II—IN WHICH THE READER WILL PERUSE TWO VERSES, WHICH ARE OF + THE DEVIL’S COMPOSITION, POSSIBLY + + CHAPTER III—THE ANKLE-CHAIN MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A CERTAIN PREPARATORY + MANIPULATION TO BE THUS BROKEN WITH A BLOW FROM A HAMMER + + + BOOK THIRD—ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE PROMISE MADE TO THE DEAD WOMAN + + CHAPTER I—THE WATER QUESTION AT MONTFERMEIL + + CHAPTER II—TWO COMPLETE PORTRAITS + + CHAPTER III—MEN MUST HAVE WINE, AND HORSES MUST HAVE WATER + + CHAPTER IV—ENTRANCE ON THE SCENE OF A DOLL + + CHAPTER V—THE LITTLE ONE ALL ALONE + + CHAPTER VI—WHICH POSSIBLY PROVES BOULATRUELLE’S INTELLIGENCE + + CHAPTER VII—COSETTE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE STRANGER IN THE DARK + + CHAPTER VIII—THE UNPLEASANTNESS OF RECEIVING INTO ONE’S HOUSE A POOR + MAN WHO MAY BE A RICH MAN + + CHAPTER IX—THÉNARDIER AND HIS MANƒUVRES + + CHAPTER X—HE WHO SEEKS TO BETTER HIMSELF MAY RENDER HIS SITUATION + WORSE + + CHAPTER XI—NUMBER 9,430 REAPPEARS, AND COSETTE WINS IT IN THE LOTTERY + + + BOOK FOURTH—THE GORBEAU HOVEL + + CHAPTER I—MASTER GORBEAU + + CHAPTER II—A NEST FOR OWL AND A WARBLER + + CHAPTER III—TWO MISFORTUNES MAKE ONE PIECE OF GOOD FORTUNE + + CHAPTER IV—THE REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL TENANT + + CHAPTER V—A FIVE-FRANC PIECE FALLS ON THE GROUND AND PRODUCES A TUMULT + + + BOOK FIFTH—FOR A BLACK HUNT, A MUTE PACK + + CHAPTER I—THE ZIGZAGS OF STRATEGY + + CHAPTER II—IT IS LUCKY THAT THE PONT D’AUSTERLITZ BEARS CARRIAGES + + CHAPTER III—TO WIT, THE PLAN OF PARIS IN 1727 + + CHAPTER IV—THE GROPINGS OF FLIGHT + + CHAPTER V—WHICH WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE WITH GAS LANTERNS + + CHAPTER VI—THE BEGINNING OF AN ENIGMA + + CHAPTER VII—CONTINUATION OF THE ENIGMA + + CHAPTER VIII—THE ENIGMA BECOMES DOUBLY MYSTERIOUS + + CHAPTER IX—THE MAN WITH THE BELL + + CHAPTER X—WHICH EXPLAINS HOW JAVERT GOT ON THE SCENT + + + BOOK SIXTH—LE PETIT-PICPUS + + CHAPTER I—NUMBER 62 RUE PETIT-PICPUS + + CHAPTER II—THE OBEDIENCE OF MARTIN VERGA + + CHAPTER III—AUSTERITIES + + CHAPTER IV—GAYETIES + + CHAPTER V—DISTRACTIONS + + CHAPTER VI—THE LITTLE CONVENT + + CHAPTER VII—SOME SILHOUETTES OF THIS DARKNESS + + CHAPTER VIII—POST CORDA LAPIDES + + CHAPTER IX—A CENTURY UNDER A GUIMPE + + CHAPTER X—ORIGIN OF THE PERPETUAL ADORATION + + CHAPTER XI—END OF THE PETIT-PICPUS + + + BOOK SEVENTH—PARENTHESIS + + CHAPTER I—THE CONVENT AS AN ABSTRACT IDEA + + CHAPTER II—THE CONVENT AS AN HISTORICAL FACT + + CHAPTER III—ON WHAT CONDITIONS ONE CAN RESPECT THE PAST + + CHAPTER IV—THE CONVENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PRINCIPLES + + CHAPTER V—PRAYER + + CHAPTER VI—THE ABSOLUTE GOODNESS OF PRAYER + + CHAPTER VII—PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAME + + CHAPTER VIII—FAITH, LAW + + + BOOK EIGHTH—CEMETERIES TAKE THAT WHICH IS COMMITTED THEM + + CHAPTER I—WHICH TREATS OF THE MANNER OF ENTERING A CONVENT + + CHAPTER II—FAUCHELEVENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A DIFFICULTY + + CHAPTER III—MOTHER INNOCENTE + + CHAPTER IV—IN WHICH JEAN VALJEAN HAS QUITE THE AIR OF HAVING READ + AUSTIN CASTILLEJO + + CHAPTER V—IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BE DRUNK IN ORDER TO BE IMMORTAL + + CHAPTER VI—BETWEEN FOUR PLANKS + + CHAPTER VII—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE ORIGIN OF THE SAYING: DON’T + LOSE THE CARD + + CHAPTER VIII—A SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATORY + + CHAPTER IX—CLOISTERED + + + + VOLUME III—MARIUS + + BOOK FIRST—PARIS STUDIED IN ITS ATOM + + CHAPTER I—PARVULUS + + CHAPTER II—SOME OF HIS PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS + + CHAPTER III—HE IS AGREEABLE + + CHAPTER IV—HE MAY BE OF USE + + CHAPTER V—HIS FRONTIERS + + CHAPTER VI—A BIT OF HISTORY + + CHAPTER VII—THE GAMIN SHOULD HAVE HIS PLACE IN THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF + INDIA + + CHAPTER VIII—IN WHICH THE READER WILL FIND A CHARMING SAYING OF THE + LAST KING + + CHAPTER IX—THE OLD SOUL OF GAUL + + CHAPTER X—ECCE PARIS, ECCE HOMO + + CHAPTER XI—TO SCOFF, TO REIGN + + CHAPTER XII—THE FUTURE LATENT IN THE PEOPLE + + CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + BOOK SECOND—THE GREAT BOURGEOIS + + CHAPTER I—NINETY YEARS AND THIRTY-TWO TEETH + + CHAPTER II—LIKE MASTER, LIKE HOUSE + + CHAPTER III—LUC-ESPRIT + + CHAPTER IV—A CENTENARIAN ASPIRANT + + CHAPTER V—BASQUE AND NICOLETTE + + CHAPTER VI—IN WHICH MAGNON AND HER TWO CHILDREN ARE SEEN + + CHAPTER VII—RULE: RECEIVE NO ONE EXCEPT IN THE EVENING + + CHAPTER VIII—TWO DO NOT MAKE A PAIR + + + BOOK THIRD—THE GRANDFATHER AND THE GRANDSON + + CHAPTER I—AN ANCIENT SALON + + CHAPTER II—ONE OF THE RED SPECTRES OF THAT EPOCH + + CHAPTER III—REQUIESCANT + + CHAPTER IV—END OF THE BRIGAND + + CHAPTER V—THE UTILITY OF GOING TO MASS, IN ORDER TO BECOME A + REVOLUTIONIST + + CHAPTER VI—THE CONSEQUENCES OF HAVING MET A WARDEN + + CHAPTER VII—SOME PETTICOAT + + CHAPTER VIII—MARBLE AGAINST GRANITE + + + BOOK FOURTH—THE FRIENDS OF THE A B C + + CHAPTER I—A GROUP WHICH BARELY MISSED BECOMING HISTORIC + + CHAPTER II—BLONDEAU’S FUNERAL ORATION BY BOSSUET + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS’ ASTONISHMENTS + + CHAPTER IV—THE BACK ROOM OF THE CAFÉ MUSAIN + + CHAPTER V—ENLARGEMENT OF HORIZON + + CHAPTER VI—RES ANGUSTA + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE EXCELLENCE OF MISFORTUNE + + CHAPTER I—MARIUS INDIGENT + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS POOR + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS GROWN UP + + CHAPTER IV—M. MABEUF + + CHAPTER V—POVERTY A GOOD NEIGHBOR FOR MISERY + + CHAPTER VI—THE SUBSTITUTE + + + BOOK SIXTH—THE CONJUNCTION OF TWO STARS + + CHAPTER I—THE SOBRIQUET: MODE OF FORMATION OF FAMILY NAMES + + CHAPTER II—LUX FACTA EST + + CHAPTER III—EFFECT OF THE SPRING + + CHAPTER IV—BEGINNING OF A GREAT MALADY + + CHAPTER V—DIVERS CLAPS OF THUNDER FALL ON MA’AM BOUGON + + CHAPTER VI—TAKEN PRISONER + + CHAPTER VII—ADVENTURES OF THE LETTER U DELIVERED OVER TO CONJECTURES + + CHAPTER VIII—THE VETERANS THEMSELVES CAN BE HAPPY + + CHAPTER IX—ECLIPSE + + + BOOK SEVENTH—PATRON MINETTE + + CHAPTER I—MINES AND MINERS + + CHAPTER II—THE LOWEST DEPTHS + + CHAPTER III—BABET, GUEULEMER, CLAQUESOUS, AND MONTPARNASSE + + CHAPTER IV—COMPOSITION OF THE TROUPE + + + BOOK EIGHTH—THE WICKED POOR MAN + + CHAPTER I—MARIUS, WHILE SEEKING A GIRL IN A BONNET, ENCOUNTERS A MAN + IN A CAP + + CHAPTER II—TREASURE TROVE + + CHAPTER III—QUADRIFRONS + + CHAPTER IV—A ROSE IN MISERY + + CHAPTER V—A PROVIDENTIAL PEEP-HOLE + + CHAPTER VI—THE WILD MAN IN HIS LAIR + + CHAPTER VII—STRATEGY AND TACTICS + + CHAPTER VIII—THE RAY OF LIGHT IN THE HOVEL + + CHAPTER IX—JONDRETTE COMES NEAR WEEPING + + CHAPTER X—TARIFF OF LICENSED CABS: TWO FRANCS AN HOUR + + CHAPTER XI—OFFERS OF SERVICE FROM MISERY TO WRETCHEDNESS + + CHAPTER XII—THE USE MADE OF M. LEBLANC’S FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + CHAPTER XIII—SOLUS CUM SOLO, IN LOCO REMOTO, NON COGITABUNTUR ORARE + PATER NOSTER + + CHAPTER XIV—IN WHICH A POLICE AGENT BESTOWS TWO FISTFULS ON A LAWYER + + CHAPTER XV—JONDRETTE MAKES HIS PURCHASES + + CHAPTER XVI—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE WORDS TO AN ENGLISH AIR WHICH + WAS IN FASHION IN 1832 + + CHAPTER XVII—THE USE MADE OF MARIUS’ FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + CHAPTER XVIII—MARIUS’ TWO CHAIRS FORM A VIS-A-VIS + + CHAPTER XIX—OCCUPYING ONE’S SELF WITH OBSCURE DEPTHS + + CHAPTER XX—THE TRAP + + CHAPTER XXI—ONE SHOULD ALWAYS BEGIN BY ARRESTING THE VICTIMS + + CHAPTER XXII—THE LITTLE ONE WHO WAS CRYING IN VOLUME TWO + + + + VOLUME IV—SAINT-DENIS + + BOOK FIRST—A FEW PAGES OF HISTORY + + CHAPTER I—WELL CUT + + CHAPTER II—BADLY SEWED + + CHAPTER III—LOUIS PHILIPPE + + CHAPTER IV—CRACKS BENEATH THE FOUNDATION + + CHAPTER V—FACTS WHENCE HISTORY SPRINGS AND WHICH HISTORY IGNORES + + CHAPTER VI—ENJOLRAS AND HIS LIEUTENANTS + + + BOOK SECOND—ÉPONINE + + CHAPTER I—THE LARK’S MEADOW + + CHAPTER II—EMBRYONIC FORMATION OF CRIMES IN THE INCUBATION OF PRISONS + + CHAPTER III—APPARITION TO FATHER MABEUF + + CHAPTER IV—AN APPARITION TO MARIUS + + + BOOK THIRD—THE HOUSE IN THE RUE PLUMET + + CHAPTER I—THE HOUSE WITH A SECRET + + CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN AS A NATIONAL GUARD + + CHAPTER III—FOLIIS AC FRONDIBUS + + CHAPTER IV—CHANGE OF GATE + + CHAPTER V—THE ROSE PERCEIVES THAT IT IS AN ENGINE OF WAR + + CHAPTER VI—THE BATTLE BEGUN + + CHAPTER VII—TO ONE SADNESS OPPOSE A SADNESS AND A HALF + + CHAPTER VIII—THE CHAIN-GANG + + + BOOK FOURTH—SUCCOR FROM BELOW MAY TURN OUT TO BE SUCCOR FROM ON HIGH + + CHAPTER I—A WOUND WITHOUT, HEALING WITHIN + + CHAPTER II—MOTHER PLUTARQUE FINDS NO DIFFICULTY IN EXPLAINING A + PHENOMENON + + + BOOK FIFTH—THE END OF WHICH DOES NOT RESEMBLE THE BEGINNING + + CHAPTER I—SOLITUDE AND THE BARRACKS COMBINED + + CHAPTER II—COSETTE’S APPREHENSIONS + + CHAPTER III—ENRICHED WITH COMMENTARIES BY TOUSSAINT + + CHAPTER IV—A HEART BENEATH A STONE + + CHAPTER V—COSETTE AFTER THE LETTER + + CHAPTER VI—OLD PEOPLE ARE MADE TO GO OUT OPPORTUNELY + + + BOOK SIXTH—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + CHAPTER I—THE MALICIOUS PLAYFULNESS OF THE WIND + + CHAPTER II—IN WHICH LITTLE GAVROCHE EXTRACTS PROFIT FROM NAPOLEON THE + GREAT + + CHAPTER III—THE VICISSITUDES OF FLIGHT + + + BOOK SEVENTH—SLANG + + CHAPTER I—ORIGIN + + CHAPTER II—ROOTS + + CHAPTER III—SLANG WHICH WEEPS AND SLANG WHICH LAUGHS + + CHAPTER IV—THE TWO DUTIES: TO WATCH AND TO HOPE + + + BOOK EIGHTH—ENCHANTMENTS AND DESOLATIONS + + CHAPTER I—FULL LIGHT + + CHAPTER II—THE BEWILDERMENT OF PERFECT HAPPINESS + + CHAPTER III—THE BEGINNING OF SHADOW + + CHAPTER IV—A CAB RUNS IN ENGLISH AND BARKS IN SLANG + + CHAPTER V—THINGS OF THE NIGHT + + CHAPTER VI—MARIUS BECOMES PRACTICAL ONCE MORE TO THE EXTENT OF GIVING + COSETTE HIS ADDRESS + + CHAPTER VII—THE OLD HEART AND THE YOUNG HEART IN THE PRESENCE OF EACH + OTHER + + + BOOK NINTH—WHITHER ARE THEY GOING? + + CHAPTER I—JEAN VALJEAN + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS + + CHAPTER III—M. MABEUF + + + BOOK TENTH—THE 5TH OF JUNE, 1832 + + CHAPTER I—THE SURFACE OF THE QUESTION + + CHAPTER II—THE ROOT OF THE MATTER + + CHAPTER III—A BURIAL; AN OCCASION TO BE BORN AGAIN + + CHAPTER IV—THE EBULLITIONS OF FORMER DAYS + + CHAPTER V—ORIGINALITY OF PARIS + + + BOOK ELEVENTH—THE ATOM FRATERNIZES WITH THE HURRICANE + + CHAPTER I—SOME EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF GAVROCHE’S + POETRY. + + CHAPTER II—GAVROCHE ON THE MARCH + + CHAPTER III—JUST INDIGNATION OF A HAIR-DRESSER + + CHAPTER IV—THE CHILD IS AMAZED AT THE OLD MAN + + CHAPTER V—THE OLD MAN + + CHAPTER VI—RECRUITS + + + BOOK TWELFTH—CORINTHE + + CHAPTER I—HISTORY OF CORINTHE FROM ITS FOUNDATION + + CHAPTER II—PRELIMINARY GAYETIES + + CHAPTER III—NIGHT BEGINS TO DESCEND UPON GRANTAIRE + + CHAPTER IV—AN ATTEMPT TO CONSOLE THE WIDOW HUCHELOUP + + CHAPTER V—PREPARATIONS + + CHAPTER VI—WAITING + + CHAPTER VII—THE MAN RECRUITED IN THE RUE DES BILLETTES + + CHAPTER VIII—MANY INTERROGATION POINTS WITH REGARD TO A CERTAIN LE + CABUC + + + BOOK THIRTEENTH—MARIUS ENTERS THE SHADOW + + CHAPTER I—FROM THE RUE PLUMET TO THE QUARTIER SAINT-DENIS + + CHAPTER II—AN OWL’S VIEW OF PARIS + + CHAPTER III—THE EXTREME EDGE + + + BOOK FOURTEENTH—THE GRANDEURS OF DESPAIR + + CHAPTER I—THE FLAG: ACT FIRST + + CHAPTER II—THE FLAG: ACT SECOND + + CHAPTER III—GAVROCHE WOULD HAVE DONE BETTER TO ACCEPT ENJOLRAS’ + CARBINE + + CHAPTER IV—THE BARREL OF POWDER + + CHAPTER V—END OF THE VERSES OF JEAN PROUVAIRE + + CHAPTER VI—THE AGONY OF DEATH AFTER THE AGONY OF LIFE + + CHAPTER VII—GAVROCHE AS A PROFOUND CALCULATOR OF DISTANCES + + + BOOK FIFTEENTH—THE RUE DE L’HOMME ARMÉ + + CHAPTER I—A DRINKER IS A BABBLER + + CHAPTER II—THE STREET URCHIN AN ENEMY OF LIGHT + + CHAPTER III—WHILE COSETTE AND TOUSSAINT ARE ASLEEP + + CHAPTER IV—GAVROCHE’S EXCESS OF ZEAL + + + + VOLUME V—JEAN VALJEAN + + BOOK FIRST—THE WAR BETWEEN FOUR WALLS + + CHAPTER I—THE CHARYBDIS OF THE FAUBOURG SAINT ANTOINE AND THE SCYLLA + + CHAPTER II—WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE ABYSS IF ONE DOES NOT CONVERSE + + CHAPTER III—LIGHT AND SHADOW + + CHAPTER IV—MINUS FIVE, PLUS ONE + + CHAPTER V—THE HORIZON WHICH ONE BEHOLDS FROM THE SUMMIT OF A BARRICADE + + CHAPTER VI—MARIUS HAGGARD, JAVERT LACONIC + + CHAPTER VII—THE SITUATION BECOMES AGGRAVATED + + CHAPTER VIII—THE ARTILLERY-MEN COMPEL PEOPLE TO TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY + + CHAPTER IX—EMPLOYMENT OF THE OLD TALENTS OF A POACHER AND THAT + INFALLIBLE MARKSMANSHIP WHICH INFLUENCED THE CONDEMNATION OF 1796 + + CHAPTER X—DAWN + + CHAPTER XI—THE SHOT WHICH MISSES NOTHING AND KILLS NO ONE + + CHAPTER XII—DISORDER A PARTISAN OF ORDER + + CHAPTER XIII—PASSING GLEAMS + + CHAPTER XIV—WHEREIN WILL APPEAR THE NAME OF ENJOLRAS’ MISTRESS + + CHAPTER XV—GAVROCHE OUTSIDE + + CHAPTER XVI—HOW FROM A BROTHER ONE BECOMES A FATHER + + CHAPTER XVII—MORTUUS PATER FILIUM MORITURUM EXPECTAT + + CHAPTER XVIII—THE VULTURE BECOME PREY + + CHAPTER XIX—JEAN VALJEAN TAKES HIS REVENGE + + CHAPTER XX—THE DEAD ARE IN THE RIGHT AND THE LIVING ARE NOT IN THE + WRONG + + CHAPTER XXI—THE HEROES + + CHAPTER XXII—FOOT TO FOOT + + CHAPTER XXIII—ORESTES FASTING AND PYLADES DRUNK + + CHAPTER XXIV—PRISONER + + + BOOK SECOND—THE INTESTINE OF THE LEVIATHAN + + CHAPTER I—THE LAND IMPOVERISHED BY THE SEA + + CHAPTER II—ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE SEWER + + CHAPTER III—BRUNESEAU + + CHAPTER IV + + CHAPTER V—PRESENT PROGRESS + + CHAPTER VI—FUTURE PROGRESS + + + BOOK THIRD—MUD BUT THE SOUL + + CHAPTER I—THE SEWER AND ITS SURPRISES + + CHAPTER II—EXPLANATION + + CHAPTER III—THE “SPUN” MAN + + CHAPTER IV—HE ALSO BEARS HIS CROSS + + CHAPTER V—IN THE CASE OF SAND AS IN THAT OF WOMAN, THERE IS A FINENESS + WHICH IS TREACHEROUS + + CHAPTER VI—THE FONTIS + + CHAPTER VII—ONE SOMETIMES RUNS AGROUND WHEN ONE FANCIES THAT ONE IS + DISEMBARKING + + CHAPTER VIII—THE TORN COAT-TAIL + + CHAPTER IX—MARIUS PRODUCES ON SOME ONE WHO IS A JUDGE OF THE MATTER, + THE EFFECT OF BEING DEAD + + CHAPTER X—RETURN OF THE SON WHO WAS PRODIGAL OF HIS LIFE + + CHAPTER XI—CONCUSSION IN THE ABSOLUTE + + CHAPTER XII—THE GRANDFATHER + + + BOOK FOURTH—JAVERT DERAILED + + CHAPTER I + + + BOOK FIFTH—GRANDSON AND GRANDFATHER + + CHAPTER I—IN WHICH THE TREE WITH THE ZINC PLASTER APPEARS AGAIN + + CHAPTER II—MARIUS, EMERGING FROM CIVIL WAR, MAKES READY FOR DOMESTIC + WAR + + CHAPTER III—MARIUS ATTACKED + + CHAPTER IV—MADEMOISELLE GILLENORMAND ENDS BY NO LONGER THINKING IT A + BAD THING THAT M. FAUCHELEVENT SHOULD HAVE ENTERED WITH SOMETHING + UNDER HIS ARM + + CHAPTER V—DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY IN A FOREST RATHER THAN WITH A NOTARY + + CHAPTER VI—THE TWO OLD MEN DO EVERYTHING, EACH ONE AFTER HIS OWN + FASHION, TO RENDER COSETTE HAPPY + + CHAPTER VII—THE EFFECTS OF DREAMS MINGLED WITH HAPPINESS + + CHAPTER VIII—TWO MEN IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND + + + BOOK SIXTH—THE SLEEPLESS NIGHT + + CHAPTER I—THE 16TH OF FEBRUARY, 1833 + + CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN STILL WEARS HIS ARM IN A SLING + + CHAPTER III—THE INSEPARABLE + + CHAPTER IV—THE IMMORTAL LIVER + + + BOOK SEVENTH—THE LAST DRAUGHT FROM THE CUP + + CHAPTER I—THE SEVENTH CIRCLE AND THE EIGHTH HEAVEN + + CHAPTER II—THE OBSCURITIES WHICH A REVELATION CAN CONTAIN + + + BOOK EIGHTH—FADING AWAY OF THE TWILIGHT + + CHAPTER I—THE LOWER CHAMBER + + CHAPTER II—ANOTHER STEP BACKWARDS + + CHAPTER III—THEY RECALL THE GARDEN OF THE RUE PLUMET + + CHAPTER IV—ATTRACTION AND EXTINCTION + + + BOOK NINTH—SUPREME SHADOW, SUPREME DAWN + + CHAPTER I—PITY FOR THE UNHAPPY, BUT INDULGENCE FOR THE HAPPY + + CHAPTER II—LAST FLICKERINGS OF A LAMP WITHOUT OIL + + CHAPTER III—A PEN IS HEAVY TO THE MAN WHO LIFTED THE FAUCHELEVENT’S + CART + + CHAPTER IV—A BOTTLE OF INK WHICH ONLY SUCCEEDED IN WHITENING + + CHAPTER V—A NIGHT BEHIND WHICH THERE IS DAY + + CHAPTER VI—THE GRASS COVERS AND THE RAIN EFFACES + + + LETTER TO M. DAELLI + + FOOTNOTES: + + + + +List of Illustrations + + + Bookshelf + + Bookcover + + Frontpapers + + Frontispiece Volume One + + Titlepage Volume One + + Titlepage Verso + + The Comforter + + The Fall + + Awakened + + Cossette Sweeping + + Candlesticks Into the Fire + + Father Champmathieu on Trial + + Frontispiece Volume Two + + Titlepage Volume Two + + The Ship Orion, an Accident + + The Gorbeau Hovel + + The Black Hunt + + Javert on the Hunt + + The Resurrection + + Royalist Bank-note + + Frontispiece Volume Three + + Titlepage Volume Three + + Little Gavroche + + Friends of the A B C + + Excellence of Misfortune + + Rose in Misery + + Red Hot Chisel + + Snatched up a Paving Stone + + Frontispiece Volume Four + + Titlepage Volume Four + + A Street Orator + + Code Table + + Succor from Below + + Cosette With Letter + + Slang + + The Grandeurs of Despair + + Frontispiece Volume Five + + Titlepage Volume Five + + Last Drop from the Cup + + The Twilight Decline + + Darkness + + + +LES MISÉRABLES + + + + +PREFACE + + +So long as there shall exist, by virtue of law and custom, decrees of +damnation pronounced by society, artificially creating hells amid the +civilization of earth, and adding the element of human fate to divine +destiny; so long as the three great problems of the century—the +degradation of man through pauperism, the corruption of woman through +hunger, the crippling of children through lack of light—are unsolved; +so long as social asphyxia is possible in any part of the world;—in +other words, and with a still wider significance, so long as ignorance +and poverty exist on earth, books of the nature of Les MisĂ©rables +cannot fail to be of use. + +HAUTEVILLE HOUSE, 1862. + + + + +VOLUME I +FANTINE + + + + +BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN + + + +CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL + + +In 1815, M. Charles-François-Bienvenu Myriel was Bishop of D—— He was +an old man of about seventy-five years of age; he had occupied the see +of D—— since 1806. + +Although this detail has no connection whatever with the real substance +of what we are about to relate, it will not be superfluous, if merely +for the sake of exactness in all points, to mention here the various +rumors and remarks which had been in circulation about him from the +very moment when he arrived in the diocese. True or false, that which +is said of men often occupies as important a place in their lives, and +above all in their destinies, as that which they do. M. Myriel was the +son of a councillor of the Parliament of Aix; hence he belonged to the +nobility of the bar. It was said that his father, destining him to be +the heir of his own post, had married him at a very early age, eighteen +or twenty, in accordance with a custom which is rather widely prevalent +in parliamentary families. In spite of this marriage, however, it was +said that Charles Myriel created a great deal of talk. He was well +formed, though rather short in stature, elegant, graceful, intelligent; +the whole of the first portion of his life had been devoted to the +world and to gallantry. + +The Revolution came; events succeeded each other with precipitation; +the parliamentary families, decimated, pursued, hunted down, were +dispersed. M. Charles Myriel emigrated to Italy at the very beginning +of the Revolution. There his wife died of a malady of the chest, from +which she had long suffered. He had no children. What took place next +in the fate of M. Myriel? The ruin of the French society of the olden +days, the fall of his own family, the tragic spectacles of ’93, which +were, perhaps, even more alarming to the emigrants who viewed them from +a distance, with the magnifying powers of terror,—did these cause the +ideas of renunciation and solitude to germinate in him? Was he, in the +midst of these distractions, these affections which absorbed his life, +suddenly smitten with one of those mysterious and terrible blows which +sometimes overwhelm, by striking to his heart, a man whom public +catastrophes would not shake, by striking at his existence and his +fortune? No one could have told: all that was known was, that when he +returned from Italy he was a priest. + +In 1804, M. Myriel was the CurĂ© of B—— [Brignolles]. He was already +advanced in years, and lived in a very retired manner. + +About the epoch of the coronation, some petty affair connected with his +curacy—just what, is not precisely known—took him to Paris. Among other +powerful persons to whom he went to solicit aid for his parishioners +was M. le Cardinal Fesch. One day, when the Emperor had come to visit +his uncle, the worthy CurĂ©, who was waiting in the anteroom, found +himself present when His Majesty passed. Napoleon, on finding himself +observed with a certain curiosity by this old man, turned round and +said abruptly:— + +“Who is this good man who is staring at me?” + + +“Sire,” said M. Myriel, “you are looking at a good man, and I at a +great man. Each of us can profit by it.” + + +That very evening, the Emperor asked the Cardinal the name of the CurĂ©, +and some time afterwards M. Myriel was utterly astonished to learn that +he had been appointed Bishop of D—— + +What truth was there, after all, in the stories which were invented as +to the early portion of M. Myriel’s life? No one knew. Very few +families had been acquainted with the Myriel family before the +Revolution. + +M. Myriel had to undergo the fate of every newcomer in a little town, +where there are many mouths which talk, and very few heads which think. +He was obliged to undergo it although he was a bishop, and because he +was a bishop. But after all, the rumors with which his name was +connected were rumors only,—noise, sayings, words; less than +words—_palabres_, as the energetic language of the South expresses it. + +However that may be, after nine years of episcopal power and of +residence in D——, all the stories and subjects of conversation which +engross petty towns and petty people at the outset had fallen into +profound oblivion. No one would have dared to mention them; no one +would have dared to recall them. + +M. Myriel had arrived at D—— accompanied by an elderly spinster, +Mademoiselle Baptistine, who was his sister, and ten years his junior. + +Their only domestic was a female servant of the same age as +Mademoiselle Baptistine, and named Madame Magloire, who, after having +been _the servant of M. le CurĂ©_, now assumed the double title of maid +to Mademoiselle and housekeeper to Monseigneur. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine was a long, pale, thin, gentle creature; she +realized the ideal expressed by the word “respectable”; for it seems +that a woman must needs be a mother in order to be venerable. She had +never been pretty; her whole life, which had been nothing but a +succession of holy deeds, had finally conferred upon her a sort of +pallor and transparency; and as she advanced in years she had acquired +what may be called the beauty of goodness. What had been leanness in +her youth had become transparency in her maturity; and this diaphaneity +allowed the angel to be seen. She was a soul rather than a virgin. Her +person seemed made of a shadow; there was hardly sufficient body to +provide for sex; a little matter enclosing a light; large eyes forever +drooping;—a mere pretext for a soul’s remaining on the earth. + +Madame Magloire was a little, fat, white old woman, corpulent and +bustling; always out of breath,—in the first place, because of her +activity, and in the next, because of her asthma. + +On his arrival, M. Myriel was installed in the episcopal palace with +the honors required by the Imperial decrees, which class a bishop +immediately after a major-general. The mayor and the president paid the +first call on him, and he, in turn, paid the first call on the general +and the prefect. + +The installation over, the town waited to see its bishop at work. + + + +CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME + + +The episcopal palace of D—— adjoins the hospital. + +The episcopal palace was a huge and beautiful house, built of stone at +the beginning of the last century by M. Henri Puget, Doctor of Theology +of the Faculty of Paris, AbbĂ© of Simore, who had been Bishop of D—— in +1712. This palace was a genuine seignorial residence. Everything about +it had a grand air,—the apartments of the Bishop, the drawing-rooms, +the chambers, the principal courtyard, which was very large, with walks +encircling it under arcades in the old Florentine fashion, and gardens +planted with magnificent trees. In the dining-room, a long and superb +gallery which was situated on the ground floor and opened on the +gardens, M. Henri Puget had entertained in state, on July 29, 1714, My +Lords Charles BrĂ»lart de Genlis, archbishop; Prince d’Embrun; Antoine +de Mesgrigny, the capuchin, Bishop of Grasse; Philippe de VendĂŽme, +Grand Prior of France, AbbĂ© of Saint HonorĂ© de LĂ©rins; François de +Berton de Crillon, bishop, Baron de Vence; CĂ©sar de Sabran de +Forcalquier, bishop, Seignor of GlandĂšve; and Jean Soanen, Priest of +the Oratory, preacher in ordinary to the king, bishop, Seignor of +Senez. The portraits of these seven reverend personages decorated this +apartment; and this memorable date, the 29th of July, 1714, was there +engraved in letters of gold on a table of white marble. + +The hospital was a low and narrow building of a single story, with a +small garden. + +Three days after his arrival, the Bishop visited the hospital. The +visit ended, he had the director requested to be so good as to come to +his house. + +“Monsieur the director of the hospital,” said he to him, “how many sick +people have you at the present moment?” + + +“Twenty-six, Monseigneur.” + + +“That was the number which I counted,” said the Bishop. + +“The beds,” pursued the director, “are very much crowded against each +other.” + + +“That is what I observed.” + + +“The halls are nothing but rooms, and it is with difficulty that the +air can be changed in them.” + + +“So it seems to me.” + + +“And then, when there is a ray of sun, the garden is very small for the +convalescents.” + + +“That was what I said to myself.” + + +“In case of epidemics,—we have had the typhus fever this year; we had +the sweating sickness two years ago, and a hundred patients at +times,—we know not what to do.” + + +“That is the thought which occurred to me.” + + +“What would you have, Monseigneur?” said the director. “One must resign +one’s self.” + + +This conversation took place in the gallery dining-room on the ground +floor. + +The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he turned abruptly to the +director of the hospital. + +“Monsieur,” said he, “how many beds do you think this hall alone would +hold?” + + +“Monseigneur’s dining-room?” exclaimed the stupefied director. + +The Bishop cast a glance round the apartment, and seemed to be taking +measures and calculations with his eyes. + +“It would hold full twenty beds,” said he, as though speaking to +himself. Then, raising his voice:— + +“Hold, Monsieur the director of the hospital, I will tell you +something. There is evidently a mistake here. There are thirty-six of +you, in five or six small rooms. There are three of us here, and we +have room for sixty. There is some mistake, I tell you; you have my +house, and I have yours. Give me back my house; you are at home here.” + + +On the following day the thirty-six patients were installed in the +Bishop’s palace, and the Bishop was settled in the hospital. + +M. Myriel had no property, his family having been ruined by the +Revolution. His sister was in receipt of a yearly income of five +hundred francs, which sufficed for her personal wants at the vicarage. +M. Myriel received from the State, in his quality of bishop, a salary +of fifteen thousand francs. On the very day when he took up his abode +in the hospital, M. Myriel settled on the disposition of this sum once +for all, in the following manner. We transcribe here a note made by his +own hand:— + +NOTE ON THE REGULATION OF MY HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES. + +For the little seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 livres +Society of the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ” + For the Lazarists of Montdidier . . . . . . . . . . 100 ” + Seminary for foreign missions in Paris . . . . . . 200 ” + Congregation of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . 150 ” + Religious establishments of the Holy Land . . . . . 100 ” + Charitable maternity societies . . . . . . . . . . 300 ” + Extra, for that of Arles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ” + Work for the amelioration of prisons . . . . . . . 400 ” + Work for the relief and delivery of prisoners . . . 500 ” + To liberate fathers of families incarcerated for debt 1,000 ” + Addition to the salary of the poor teachers of the +diocese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 ” + Public granary of the Hautes-Alpes . . . . . . . . 100 ” + Congregation of the ladies of D——, of Manosque, and of +Sisteron, for the gratuitous instruction of poor +girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 ” + For the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 ” + My personal expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 ” + ——— +Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 ” + + +M. Myriel made no change in this arrangement during the entire period +that he occupied the see of D—— As has been seen, he called it +_regulating his household expenses_. + +This arrangement was accepted with absolute submission by Mademoiselle +Baptistine. This holy woman regarded Monseigneur of D—— as at one and +the same time her brother and her bishop, her friend according to the +flesh and her superior according to the Church. She simply loved and +venerated him. When he spoke, she bowed; when he acted, she yielded her +adherence. Their only servant, Madame Magloire, grumbled a little. It +will be observed that Monsieur the Bishop had reserved for himself only +one thousand livres, which, added to the pension of Mademoiselle +Baptistine, made fifteen hundred francs a year. On these fifteen +hundred francs these two old women and the old man subsisted. + +And when a village curate came to D——, the Bishop still found means to +entertain him, thanks to the severe economy of Madame Magloire, and to +the intelligent administration of Mademoiselle Baptistine. + +One day, after he had been in D—— about three months, the Bishop said:— + +“And still I am quite cramped with it all!” + + +“I should think so!” exclaimed Madame Magloire. “Monseigneur has not +even claimed the allowance which the department owes him for the +expense of his carriage in town, and for his journeys about the +diocese. It was customary for bishops in former days.” + + +“Hold!” cried the Bishop, “you are quite right, Madame Magloire.” + + +And he made his demand. + +Some time afterwards the General Council took this demand under +consideration, and voted him an annual sum of three thousand francs, +under this heading: _Allowance to M. the Bishop for expenses of +carriage, expenses of posting, and expenses of pastoral visits._ + +This provoked a great outcry among the local burgesses; and a senator +of the Empire, a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred which +favored the 18 Brumaire, and who was provided with a magnificent +senatorial office in the vicinity of the town of D——, wrote to M. Bigot +de PrĂ©ameneu, the minister of public worship, a very angry and +confidential note on the subject, from which we extract these authentic +lines:— + +“Expenses of carriage? What can be done with it in a town of less than +four thousand inhabitants? Expenses of journeys? What is the use of +these trips, in the first place? Next, how can the posting be +accomplished in these mountainous parts? There are no roads. No one +travels otherwise than on horseback. Even the bridge between Durance +and ChĂąteau-Arnoux can barely support ox-teams. These priests are all +thus, greedy and avaricious. This man played the good priest when he +first came. Now he does like the rest; he must have a carriage and a +posting-chaise, he must have luxuries, like the bishops of the olden +days. Oh, all this priesthood! Things will not go well, M. le Comte, +until the Emperor has freed us from these black-capped rascals. Down +with the Pope! [Matters were getting embroiled with Rome.] For my part, +I am for CĂŠsar alone.” Etc., etc. + +On the other hand, this affair afforded great delight to Madame +Magloire. “Good,” said she to Mademoiselle Baptistine; “Monseigneur +began with other people, but he has had to wind up with himself, after +all. He has regulated all his charities. Now here are three thousand +francs for us! At last!” + + +That same evening the Bishop wrote out and handed to his sister a +memorandum conceived in the following terms:— + +EXPENSES OF CARRIAGE AND CIRCUIT. + +For furnishing meat soup to the patients in the hospital. 1,500 livres +For the maternity charitable society of Aix . . . . . . . 250 ” + For the maternity charitable society of Draguignan . . . 250 ” + For foundlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 ” + For orphans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 ” + ——- +Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 ” + + +Such was M. Myriel’s budget. + +As for the chance episcopal perquisites, the fees for marriage bans, +dispensations, private baptisms, sermons, benedictions, of churches or +chapels, marriages, etc., the Bishop levied them on the wealthy with +all the more asperity, since he bestowed them on the needy. + +After a time, offerings of money flowed in. Those who had and those who +lacked knocked at M. Myriel’s door,—the latter in search of the alms +which the former came to deposit. In less than a year the Bishop had +become the treasurer of all benevolence and the cashier of all those in +distress. Considerable sums of money passed through his hands, but +nothing could induce him to make any change whatever in his mode of +life, or add anything superfluous to his bare necessities. + +Far from it. As there is always more wretchedness below than there is +brotherhood above, all was given away, so to speak, before it was +received. It was like water on dry soil; no matter how much money he +received, he never had any. Then he stripped himself. + +The usage being that bishops shall announce their baptismal names at +the head of their charges and their pastoral letters, the poor people +of the country-side had selected, with a sort of affectionate instinct, +among the names and prenomens of their bishop, that which had a meaning +for them; and they never called him anything except Monseigneur +Bienvenu [Welcome]. We will follow their example, and will also call +him thus when we have occasion to name him. Moreover, this appellation +pleased him. + +“I like that name,” said he. “Bienvenu makes up for the Monseigneur.” + + +We do not claim that the portrait herewith presented is probable; we +confine ourselves to stating that it resembles the original. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP + + +The Bishop did not omit his pastoral visits because he had converted +his carriage into alms. The diocese of D—— is a fatiguing one. There +are very few plains and a great many mountains; hardly any roads, as we +have just seen; thirty-two curacies, forty-one vicarships, and two +hundred and eighty-five auxiliary chapels. To visit all these is quite +a task. + +The Bishop managed to do it. He went on foot when it was in the +neighborhood, in a tilted spring-cart when it was on the plain, and on +a donkey in the mountains. The two old women accompanied him. When the +trip was too hard for them, he went alone. + +One day he arrived at Senez, which is an ancient episcopal city. He was +mounted on an ass. His purse, which was very dry at that moment, did +not permit him any other equipage. The mayor of the town came to +receive him at the gate of the town, and watched him dismount from his +ass, with scandalized eyes. Some of the citizens were laughing around +him. “Monsieur the Mayor,” said the Bishop, “and Messieurs Citizens, I +perceive that I shock you. You think it very arrogant in a poor priest +to ride an animal which was used by Jesus Christ. I have done so from +necessity, I assure you, and not from vanity.” + + +In the course of these trips he was kind and indulgent, and talked +rather than preached. He never went far in search of his arguments and +his examples. He quoted to the inhabitants of one district the example +of a neighboring district. In the cantons where they were harsh to the +poor, he said: “Look at the people of Briançon! They have conferred on +the poor, on widows and orphans, the right to have their meadows mown +three days in advance of every one else. They rebuild their houses for +them gratuitously when they are ruined. Therefore it is a country which +is blessed by God. For a whole century, there has not been a single +murderer among them.” + + +In villages which were greedy for profit and harvest, he said: “Look at +the people of Embrun! If, at the harvest season, the father of a family +has his son away on service in the army, and his daughters at service +in the town, and if he is ill and incapacitated, the curĂ© recommends +him to the prayers of the congregation; and on Sunday, after the mass, +all the inhabitants of the village—men, women, and children—go to the +poor man’s field and do his harvesting for him, and carry his straw and +his grain to his granary.” To families divided by questions of money +and inheritance he said: “Look at the mountaineers of Devolny, a +country so wild that the nightingale is not heard there once in fifty +years. Well, when the father of a family dies, the boys go off to seek +their fortunes, leaving the property to the girls, so that they may +find husbands.” To the cantons which had a taste for lawsuits, and +where the farmers ruined themselves in stamped paper, he said: “Look at +those good peasants in the valley of Queyras! There are three thousand +souls of them. Mon Dieu! it is like a little republic. Neither judge +nor bailiff is known there. The mayor does everything. He allots the +imposts, taxes each person conscientiously, judges quarrels for +nothing, divides inheritances without charge, pronounces sentences +gratuitously; and he is obeyed, because he is a just man among simple +men.” To villages where he found no schoolmaster, he quoted once more +the people of Queyras: “Do you know how they manage?” he said. “Since a +little country of a dozen or fifteen hearths cannot always support a +teacher, they have schoolmasters who are paid by the whole valley, who +make the round of the villages, spending a week in this one, ten days +in that, and instruct them. These teachers go to the fairs. I have seen +them there. They are to be recognized by the quill pens which they wear +in the cord of their hat. Those who teach reading only have one pen; +those who teach reading and reckoning have two pens; those who teach +reading, reckoning, and Latin have three pens. But what a disgrace to +be ignorant! Do like the people of Queyras!” + + +Thus he discoursed gravely and paternally; in default of examples, he +invented parables, going directly to the point, with few phrases and +many images, which characteristic formed the real eloquence of Jesus +Christ. And being convinced himself, he was persuasive. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—WORKS CORRESPONDING TO WORDS + + +His conversation was gay and affable. He put himself on a level with +the two old women who had passed their lives beside him. When he +laughed, it was the laugh of a schoolboy. Madame Magloire liked to call +him Your Grace [_Votre Grandeur_]. One day he rose from his armchair, +and went to his library in search of a book. This book was on one of +the upper shelves. As the bishop was rather short of stature, he could +not reach it. “Madame Magloire,” said he, “fetch me a chair. My +greatness [_grandeur_] does not reach as far as that shelf.” + + +One of his distant relatives, Madame la Comtesse de LĂŽ, rarely allowed +an opportunity to escape of enumerating, in his presence, what she +designated as “the expectations” of her three sons. She had numerous +relatives, who were very old and near to death, and of whom her sons +were the natural heirs. The youngest of the three was to receive from a +grandaunt a good hundred thousand livres of income; the second was the +heir by entail to the title of the Duke, his uncle; the eldest was to +succeed to the peerage of his grandfather. The Bishop was accustomed to +listen in silence to these innocent and pardonable maternal boasts. On +one occasion, however, he appeared to be more thoughtful than usual, +while Madame de LĂŽ was relating once again the details of all these +inheritances and all these “expectations.” She interrupted herself +impatiently: “Mon Dieu, cousin! What are you thinking about?” “I am +thinking,” replied the Bishop, “of a singular remark, which is to be +found, I believe, in St. Augustine,—‘Place your hopes in the man from +whom you do not inherit.’” + + +At another time, on receiving a notification of the decease of a +gentleman of the country-side, wherein not only the dignities of the +dead man, but also the feudal and noble qualifications of all his +relatives, spread over an entire page: “What a stout back Death has!” +he exclaimed. “What a strange burden of titles is cheerfully imposed on +him, and how much wit must men have, in order thus to press the tomb +into the service of vanity!” + + +He was gifted, on occasion, with a gentle raillery, which almost always +concealed a serious meaning. In the course of one Lent, a youthful +vicar came to D——, and preached in the cathedral. He was tolerably +eloquent. The subject of his sermon was charity. He urged the rich to +give to the poor, in order to avoid hell, which he depicted in the most +frightful manner of which he was capable, and to win paradise, which he +represented as charming and desirable. Among the audience there was a +wealthy retired merchant, who was somewhat of a usurer, named M. +GĂ©borand, who had amassed two millions in the manufacture of coarse +cloth, serges, and woollen galloons. Never in his whole life had M. +GĂ©borand bestowed alms on any poor wretch. After the delivery of that +sermon, it was observed that he gave a sou every Sunday to the poor old +beggar-women at the door of the cathedral. There were six of them to +share it. One day the Bishop caught sight of him in the act of +bestowing this charity, and said to his sister, with a smile, “There is +M. GĂ©borand purchasing paradise for a sou.” + + +When it was a question of charity, he was not to be rebuffed even by a +refusal, and on such occasions he gave utterance to remarks which +induced reflection. Once he was begging for the poor in a drawing-room +of the town; there was present the Marquis de Champtercier, a wealthy +and avaricious old man, who contrived to be, at one and the same time, +an ultra-royalist and an ultra-Voltairian. This variety of man has +actually existed. When the Bishop came to him, he touched his arm, +_“You must give me something, M. le Marquis.”_ The Marquis turned round +and answered dryly, _“I have poor people of my own, Monseigneur.” “Give +them to me,”_ replied the Bishop. + +One day he preached the following sermon in the cathedral:— + +“My very dear brethren, my good friends, there are thirteen hundred and +twenty thousand peasants’ dwellings in France which have but three +openings; eighteen hundred and seventeen thousand hovels which have but +two openings, the door and one window; and three hundred and forty-six +thousand cabins besides which have but one opening, the door. And this +arises from a thing which is called the tax on doors and windows. Just +put poor families, old women and little children, in those buildings, +and behold the fevers and maladies which result! Alas! God gives air to +men; the law sells it to them. I do not blame the law, but I bless God. +In the department of the IsĂšre, in the Var, in the two departments of +the Alpes, the Hautes, and the Basses, the peasants have not even +wheelbarrows; they transport their manure on the backs of men; they +have no candles, and they burn resinous sticks, and bits of rope dipped +in pitch. That is the state of affairs throughout the whole of the +hilly country of DauphinĂ©. They make bread for six months at one time; +they bake it with dried cow-dung. In the winter they break this bread +up with an axe, and they soak it for twenty-four hours, in order to +render it eatable. My brethren, have pity! behold the suffering on all +sides of you!” + + +Born a Provençal, he easily familiarized himself with the dialect of +the south. He said, _“En bĂ©! moussu, sĂ©s sagĂ©?”_ as in lower Languedoc; +_“OntĂ© anaras passa?”_ as in the Basses-Alpes; _“Puerte un bouen moutu +embe un bouen fromage grase,”_ as in upper DauphinĂ©. This pleased the +people extremely, and contributed not a little to win him access to all +spirits. He was perfectly at home in the thatched cottage and in the +mountains. He understood how to say the grandest things in the most +vulgar of idioms. As he spoke all tongues, he entered into all hearts. + +Moreover, he was the same towards people of the world and towards the +lower classes. He condemned nothing in haste and without taking +circumstances into account. He said, “Examine the road over which the +fault has passed.” + + +Being, as he described himself with a smile, an _ex-sinner_, he had +none of the asperities of austerity, and he professed, with a good deal +of distinctness, and without the frown of the ferociously virtuous, a +doctrine which may be summed up as follows:— + +“Man has upon him his flesh, which is at once his burden and his +temptation. He drags it with him and yields to it. He must watch it, +check it, repress it, and obey it only at the last extremity. There may +be some fault even in this obedience; but the fault thus committed is +venial; it is a fall, but a fall on the knees which may terminate in +prayer. + +“To be a saint is the exception; to be an upright man is the rule. Err, +fall, sin if you will, but be upright. + +“The least possible sin is the law of man. No sin at all is the dream +of the angel. All which is terrestrial is subject to sin. Sin is a +gravitation.” + + +When he saw everyone exclaiming very loudly, and growing angry very +quickly, “Oh! oh!” he said, with a smile; “to all appearance, this is a +great crime which all the world commits. These are hypocrisies which +have taken fright, and are in haste to make protest and to put +themselves under shelter.” + + +He was indulgent towards women and poor people, on whom the burden of +human society rest. He said, “The faults of women, of children, of the +feeble, the indigent, and the ignorant, are the fault of the husbands, +the fathers, the masters, the strong, the rich, and the wise.” + + +He said, moreover, “Teach those who are ignorant as many things as +possible; society is culpable, in that it does not afford instruction +gratis; it is responsible for the night which it produces. This soul is +full of shadow; sin is therein committed. The guilty one is not the +person who has committed the sin, but the person who has created the +shadow.” + + +It will be perceived that he had a peculiar manner of his own of +judging things: I suspect that he obtained it from the Gospel. + +One day he heard a criminal case, which was in preparation and on the +point of trial, discussed in a drawing-room. A wretched man, being at +the end of his resources, had coined counterfeit money, out of love for +a woman, and for the child which he had had by her. Counterfeiting was +still punishable with death at that epoch. The woman had been arrested +in the act of passing the first false piece made by the man. She was +held, but there were no proofs except against her. She alone could +accuse her lover, and destroy him by her confession. She denied; they +insisted. She persisted in her denial. Thereupon an idea occurred to +the attorney for the crown. He invented an infidelity on the part of +the lover, and succeeded, by means of fragments of letters cunningly +presented, in persuading the unfortunate woman that she had a rival, +and that the man was deceiving her. Thereupon, exasperated by jealousy, +she denounced her lover, confessed all, proved all. + +The man was ruined. He was shortly to be tried at Aix with his +accomplice. They were relating the matter, and each one was expressing +enthusiasm over the cleverness of the magistrate. By bringing jealousy +into play, he had caused the truth to burst forth in wrath, he had +educed the justice of revenge. The Bishop listened to all this in +silence. When they had finished, he inquired,— + +“Where are this man and woman to be tried?” + + +“At the Court of Assizes.” + + +He went on, “And where will the advocate of the crown be tried?” + + +A tragic event occurred at D—— A man was condemned to death for murder. +He was a wretched fellow, not exactly educated, not exactly ignorant, +who had been a mountebank at fairs, and a writer for the public. The +town took a great interest in the trial. On the eve of the day fixed +for the execution of the condemned man, the chaplain of the prison fell +ill. A priest was needed to attend the criminal in his last moments. +They sent for the curĂ©. It seems that he refused to come, saying, “That +is no affair of mine. I have nothing to do with that unpleasant task, +and with that mountebank: I, too, am ill; and besides, it is not my +place.” This reply was reported to the Bishop, who said, _“Monsieur le +CurĂ© is right: it is not his place; it is mine.”_ + +He went instantly to the prison, descended to the cell of the +“mountebank,” called him by name, took him by the hand, and spoke to +him. He passed the entire day with him, forgetful of food and sleep, +praying to God for the soul of the condemned man, and praying the +condemned man for his own. He told him the best truths, which are also +the most simple. He was father, brother, friend; he was bishop only to +bless. He taught him everything, encouraged and consoled him. The man +was on the point of dying in despair. Death was an abyss to him. As he +stood trembling on its mournful brink, he recoiled with horror. He was +not sufficiently ignorant to be absolutely indifferent. His +condemnation, which had been a profound shock, had, in a manner, broken +through, here and there, that wall which separates us from the mystery +of things, and which we call life. He gazed incessantly beyond this +world through these fatal breaches, and beheld only darkness. The +Bishop made him see light. + +On the following day, when they came to fetch the unhappy wretch, the +Bishop was still there. He followed him, and exhibited himself to the +eyes of the crowd in his purple camail and with his episcopal cross +upon his neck, side by side with the criminal bound with cords. + +He mounted the tumbril with him, he mounted the scaffold with him. The +sufferer, who had been so gloomy and cast down on the preceding day, +was radiant. He felt that his soul was reconciled, and he hoped in God. +The Bishop embraced him, and at the moment when the knife was about to +fall, he said to him: “God raises from the dead him whom man slays; he +whom his brothers have rejected finds his Father once more. Pray, +believe, enter into life: the Father is there.” When he descended from +the scaffold, there was something in his look which made the people +draw aside to let him pass. They did not know which was most worthy of +admiration, his pallor or his serenity. On his return to the humble +dwelling, which he designated, with a smile, as _his palace_, he said +to his sister, _“I have just officiated pontifically.”_ + +Since the most sublime things are often those which are the least +understood, there were people in the town who said, when commenting on +this conduct of the Bishop, _“It is affectation.”_ + +This, however, was a remark which was confined to the drawing-rooms. +The populace, which perceives no jest in holy deeds, was touched, and +admired him. + +As for the Bishop, it was a shock to him to have beheld the guillotine, +and it was a long time before he recovered from it. + +In fact, when the scaffold is there, all erected and prepared, it has +something about it which produces hallucination. One may feel a certain +indifference to the death penalty, one may refrain from pronouncing +upon it, from saying yes or no, so long as one has not seen a +guillotine with one’s own eyes: but if one encounters one of them, the +shock is violent; one is forced to decide, and to take part for or +against. Some admire it, like de Maistre; others execrate it, like +Beccaria. The guillotine is the concretion of the law; it is called +_vindicate_; it is not neutral, and it does not permit you to remain +neutral. He who sees it shivers with the most mysterious of shivers. +All social problems erect their interrogation point around this +chopping-knife. The scaffold is a vision. The scaffold is not a piece +of carpentry; the scaffold is not a machine; the scaffold is not an +inert bit of mechanism constructed of wood, iron and cords. + +It seems as though it were a being, possessed of I know not what sombre +initiative; one would say that this piece of carpenter’s work saw, that +this machine heard, that this mechanism understood, that this wood, +this iron, and these cords were possessed of will. In the frightful +meditation into which its presence casts the soul the scaffold appears +in terrible guise, and as though taking part in what is going on. The +scaffold is the accomplice of the executioner; it devours, it eats +flesh, it drinks blood; the scaffold is a sort of monster fabricated by +the judge and the carpenter, a spectre which seems to live with a +horrible vitality composed of all the death which it has inflicted. + +Therefore, the impression was terrible and profound; on the day +following the execution, and on many succeeding days, the Bishop +appeared to be crushed. The almost violent serenity of the funereal +moment had disappeared; the phantom of social justice tormented him. +He, who generally returned from all his deeds with a radiant +satisfaction, seemed to be reproaching himself. At times he talked to +himself, and stammered lugubrious monologues in a low voice. This is +one which his sister overheard one evening and preserved: “I did not +think that it was so monstrous. It is wrong to become absorbed in the +divine law to such a degree as not to perceive human law. Death belongs +to God alone. By what right do men touch that unknown thing?” + + +In course of time these impressions weakened and probably vanished. +Nevertheless, it was observed that the Bishop thenceforth avoided +passing the place of execution. + +M. Myriel could be summoned at any hour to the bedside of the sick and +dying. He did not ignore the fact that therein lay his greatest duty +and his greatest labor. Widowed and orphaned families had no need to +summon him; he came of his own accord. He understood how to sit down +and hold his peace for long hours beside the man who had lost the wife +of his love, of the mother who had lost her child. As he knew the +moment for silence he knew also the moment for speech. Oh, admirable +consoler! He sought not to efface sorrow by forgetfulness, but to +magnify and dignify it by hope. He said:— + +“Have a care of the manner in which you turn towards the dead. Think +not of that which perishes. Gaze steadily. You will perceive the living +light of your well-beloved dead in the depths of heaven.” He knew that +faith is wholesome. He sought to counsel and calm the despairing man, +by pointing out to him the resigned man, and to transform the grief +which gazes upon a grave by showing him the grief which fixes its gaze +upon a star. + + + + +CHAPTER V—MONSEIGNEUR BIENVENU MADE HIS CASSOCKS LAST TOO LONG + + +The private life of M. Myriel was filled with the same thoughts as his +public life. The voluntary poverty in which the Bishop of D—— lived, +would have been a solemn and charming sight for any one who could have +viewed it close at hand. + +Like all old men, and like the majority of thinkers, he slept little. +This brief slumber was profound. In the morning he meditated for an +hour, then he said his mass, either at the cathedral or in his own +house. His mass said, he broke his fast on rye bread dipped in the milk +of his own cows. Then he set to work. + +A Bishop is a very busy man: he must every day receive the secretary of +the bishopric, who is generally a canon, and nearly every day his +vicars-general. He has congregations to reprove, privileges to grant, a +whole ecclesiastical library to examine,—prayer-books, diocesan +catechisms, books of hours, etc.,—charges to write, sermons to +authorize, curĂ©s and mayors to reconcile, a clerical correspondence, an +administrative correspondence; on one side the State, on the other the +Holy See; and a thousand matters of business. + +What time was left to him, after these thousand details of business, +and his offices and his breviary, he bestowed first on the necessitous, +the sick, and the afflicted; the time which was left to him from the +afflicted, the sick, and the necessitous, he devoted to work. Sometimes +he dug in his garden; again, he read or wrote. He had but one word for +both these kinds of toil; he called them _gardening_. “The mind is a +garden,” said he. + +Towards midday, when the weather was fine, he went forth and took a +stroll in the country or in town, often entering lowly dwellings. He +was seen walking alone, buried in his own thoughts, his eyes cast down, +supporting himself on his long cane, clad in his wadded purple garment +of silk, which was very warm, wearing purple stockings inside his +coarse shoes, and surmounted by a flat hat which allowed three golden +tassels of large bullion to droop from its three points. + +It was a perfect festival wherever he appeared. One would have said +that his presence had something warming and luminous about it. The +children and the old people came out to the doorsteps for the Bishop as +for the sun. He bestowed his blessing, and they blessed him. They +pointed out his house to any one who was in need of anything. + +[Illustration: The Comforter] + +Here and there he halted, accosted the little boys and girls, and +smiled upon the mothers. He visited the poor so long as he had any +money; when he no longer had any, he visited the rich. + +As he made his cassocks last a long while, and did not wish to have it +noticed, he never went out in the town without his wadded purple cloak. +This inconvenienced him somewhat in summer. + +On his return, he dined. The dinner resembled his breakfast. + +At half-past eight in the evening he supped with his sister, Madame +Magloire standing behind them and serving them at table. Nothing could +be more frugal than this repast. If, however, the Bishop had one of his +curĂ©s to supper, Madame Magloire took advantage of the opportunity to +serve Monseigneur with some excellent fish from the lake, or with some +fine game from the mountains. Every curĂ© furnished the pretext for a +good meal: the Bishop did not interfere. With that exception, his +ordinary diet consisted only of vegetables boiled in water, and oil +soup. Thus it was said in the town, _when the Bishop does not indulge +in the cheer of a curĂ©, he indulges in the cheer of a trappist_. + +After supper he conversed for half an hour with Mademoiselle Baptistine +and Madame Magloire; then he retired to his own room and set to +writing, sometimes on loose sheets, and again on the margin of some +folio. He was a man of letters and rather learned. He left behind him +five or six very curious manuscripts; among others, a dissertation on +this verse in Genesis, _In the beginning, the spirit of God floated +upon the waters_. With this verse he compares three texts: the Arabic +verse which says, _The winds of God blew;_ Flavius Josephus who says, +_A wind from above was precipitated upon the earth;_ and finally, the +Chaldaic paraphrase of Onkelos, which renders it, _A wind coming from +God blew upon the face of the waters_. In another dissertation, he +examines the theological works of Hugo, Bishop of PtolemaĂŻs, +great-grand-uncle to the writer of this book, and establishes the fact, +that to this bishop must be attributed the divers little works +published during the last century, under the pseudonym of Barleycourt. + +Sometimes, in the midst of his reading, no matter what the book might +be which he had in his hand, he would suddenly fall into a profound +meditation, whence he only emerged to write a few lines on the pages of +the volume itself. These lines have often no connection whatever with +the book which contains them. We now have under our eyes a note written +by him on the margin of a quarto entitled _Correspondence of Lord +Germain with Generals Clinton, Cornwallis, and the Admirals on the +American station. Versailles, Poinçot, book-seller; and Paris, Pissot, +bookseller, Quai des Augustins._ + +Here is the note:— + +“Oh, you who are! + +“Ecclesiastes calls you the All-powerful; the Maccabees call you the +Creator; the Epistle to the Ephesians calls you liberty; Baruch calls +you Immensity; the Psalms call you Wisdom and Truth; John calls you +Light; the Books of Kings call you Lord; Exodus calls you Providence; +Leviticus, Sanctity; Esdras, Justice; the creation calls you God; man +calls you Father; but Solomon calls you Compassion, and that is the +most beautiful of all your names.” + + +Toward nine o’clock in the evening the two women retired and betook +themselves to their chambers on the first floor, leaving him alone +until morning on the ground floor. + +It is necessary that we should, in this place, give an exact idea of +the dwelling of the Bishop of D—— + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WHO GUARDED HIS HOUSE FOR HIM + + +The house in which he lived consisted, as we have said, of a ground +floor, and one story above; three rooms on the ground floor, three +chambers on the first, and an attic above. Behind the house was a +garden, a quarter of an acre in extent. The two women occupied the +first floor; the Bishop was lodged below. The first room, opening on +the street, served him as dining-room, the second was his bedroom, and +the third his oratory. There was no exit possible from this oratory, +except by passing through the bedroom, nor from the bedroom, without +passing through the dining-room. At the end of the suite, in the +oratory, there was a detached alcove with a bed, for use in cases of +hospitality. The Bishop offered this bed to country curates whom +business or the requirements of their parishes brought to D—— + +The pharmacy of the hospital, a small building which had been added to +the house, and abutted on the garden, had been transformed into a +kitchen and cellar. In addition to this, there was in the garden a +stable, which had formerly been the kitchen of the hospital, and in +which the Bishop kept two cows. No matter what the quantity of milk +they gave, he invariably sent half of it every morning to the sick +people in the hospital. + +_“I am paying my tithes,”_ he said. + +His bedroom was tolerably large, and rather difficult to warm in bad +weather. As wood is extremely dear at D——, he hit upon the idea of +having a compartment of boards constructed in the cow-shed. Here he +passed his evenings during seasons of severe cold: he called it his +_winter salon_. + +In this winter salon, as in the dining-room, there was no other +furniture than a square table in white wood, and four straw-seated +chairs. In addition to this the dining-room was ornamented with an +antique sideboard, painted pink, in water colors. Out of a similar +sideboard, properly draped with white napery and imitation lace, the +Bishop had constructed the altar which decorated his oratory. + +His wealthy penitents and the sainted women of D—— had more than once +assessed themselves to raise the money for a new altar for +Monseigneur’s oratory; on each occasion he had taken the money and had +given it to the poor. “The most beautiful of altars,” he said, “is the +soul of an unhappy creature consoled and thanking God.” + + +In his oratory there were two straw prie-Dieu, and there was an +armchair, also in straw, in his bedroom. When, by chance, he received +seven or eight persons at one time, the prefect, or the general, or the +staff of the regiment in garrison, or several pupils from the little +seminary, the chairs had to be fetched from the winter salon in the +stable, the prie-Dieu from the oratory, and the armchair from the +bedroom: in this way as many as eleven chairs could be collected for +the visitors. A room was dismantled for each new guest. + +It sometimes happened that there were twelve in the party; the Bishop +then relieved the embarrassment of the situation by standing in front +of the chimney if it was winter, or by strolling in the garden if it +was summer. + +There was still another chair in the detached alcove, but the straw was +half gone from it, and it had but three legs, so that it was of service +only when propped against the wall. Mademoiselle Baptistine had also in +her own room a very large easy-chair of wood, which had formerly been +gilded, and which was covered with flowered pekin; but they had been +obliged to hoist this bergĂšre up to the first story through the window, +as the staircase was too narrow; it could not, therefore, be reckoned +among the possibilities in the way of furniture. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine’s ambition had been to be able to purchase a +set of drawing-room furniture in yellow Utrecht velvet, stamped with a +rose pattern, and with mahogany in swan’s neck style, with a sofa. But +this would have cost five hundred francs at least, and in view of the +fact that she had only been able to lay by forty-two francs and ten +sous for this purpose in the course of five years, she had ended by +renouncing the idea. However, who is there who has attained his ideal? + +Nothing is more easy to present to the imagination than the Bishop’s +bedchamber. A glazed door opened on the garden; opposite this was the +bed,—a hospital bed of iron, with a canopy of green serge; in the +shadow of the bed, behind a curtain, were the utensils of the toilet, +which still betrayed the elegant habits of the man of the world: there +were two doors, one near the chimney, opening into the oratory; the +other near the bookcase, opening into the dining-room. The bookcase was +a large cupboard with glass doors filled with books; the chimney was of +wood painted to represent marble, and habitually without fire. In the +chimney stood a pair of firedogs of iron, ornamented above with two +garlanded vases, and flutings which had formerly been silvered with +silver leaf, which was a sort of episcopal luxury; above the +chimney-piece hung a crucifix of copper, with the silver worn off, +fixed on a background of threadbare velvet in a wooden frame from which +the gilding had fallen; near the glass door a large table with an +inkstand, loaded with a confusion of papers and with huge volumes; +before the table an armchair of straw; in front of the bed a prie-Dieu, +borrowed from the oratory. + +Two portraits in oval frames were fastened to the wall on each side of +the bed. Small gilt inscriptions on the plain surface of the cloth at +the side of these figures indicated that the portraits represented, one +the AbbĂ© of Chaliot, bishop of Saint Claude; the other, the AbbĂ© +Tourteau, vicar-general of Agde, abbĂ© of Grand-Champ, order of CĂźteaux, +diocese of Chartres. When the Bishop succeeded to this apartment, after +the hospital patients, he had found these portraits there, and had left +them. They were priests, and probably donors—two reasons for respecting +them. All that he knew about these two persons was, that they had been +appointed by the king, the one to his bishopric, the other to his +benefice, on the same day, the 27th of April, 1785. Madame Magloire +having taken the pictures down to dust, the Bishop had discovered these +particulars written in whitish ink on a little square of paper, +yellowed by time, and attached to the back of the portrait of the AbbĂ© +of Grand-Champ with four wafers. + +At his window he had an antique curtain of a coarse woollen stuff, +which finally became so old, that, in order to avoid the expense of a +new one, Madame Magloire was forced to take a large seam in the very +middle of it. This seam took the form of a cross. The Bishop often +called attention to it: “How delightful that is!” he said. + +All the rooms in the house, without exception, those on the ground +floor as well as those on the first floor, were white-washed, which is +a fashion in barracks and hospitals. + +However, in their latter years, Madame Magloire discovered beneath the +paper which had been washed over, paintings, ornamenting the apartment +of Mademoiselle Baptistine, as we shall see further on. Before becoming +a hospital, this house had been the ancient parliament house of the +Bourgeois. Hence this decoration. The chambers were paved in red +bricks, which were washed every week, with straw mats in front of all +the beds. Altogether, this dwelling, which was attended to by the two +women, was exquisitely clean from top to bottom. This was the sole +luxury which the Bishop permitted. He said, _“That takes nothing from +the poor.”_ + +It must be confessed, however, that he still retained from his former +possessions six silver knives and forks and a soup-ladle, which Madame +Magloire contemplated every day with delight, as they glistened +splendidly upon the coarse linen cloth. And since we are now painting +the Bishop of D—— as he was in reality, we must add that he had said +more than once, “I find it difficult to renounce eating from silver +dishes.” + + +To this silverware must be added two large candlesticks of massive +silver, which he had inherited from a great-aunt. These candlesticks +held two wax candles, and usually figured on the Bishop’s +chimney-piece. When he had any one to dinner, Madame Magloire lighted +the two candles and set the candlesticks on the table. + +In the Bishop’s own chamber, at the head of his bed, there was a small +cupboard, in which Madame Magloire locked up the six silver knives and +forks and the big spoon every night. But it is necessary to add, that +the key was never removed. + +The garden, which had been rather spoiled by the ugly buildings which +we have mentioned, was composed of four alleys in cross-form, radiating +from a tank. Another walk made the circuit of the garden, and skirted +the white wall which enclosed it. These alleys left behind them four +square plots rimmed with box. In three of these, Madame Magloire +cultivated vegetables; in the fourth, the Bishop had planted some +flowers; here and there stood a few fruit-trees. Madame Magloire had +once remarked, with a sort of gentle malice: “Monseigneur, you who turn +everything to account, have, nevertheless, one useless plot. It would +be better to grow salads there than bouquets.” “Madame Magloire,” +retorted the Bishop, “you are mistaken. The beautiful is as useful as +the useful.” He added after a pause, “More so, perhaps.” + + +This plot, consisting of three or four beds, occupied the Bishop almost +as much as did his books. He liked to pass an hour or two there, +trimming, hoeing, and making holes here and there in the earth, into +which he dropped seeds. He was not as hostile to insects as a gardener +could have wished to see him. Moreover, he made no pretensions to +botany; he ignored groups and consistency; he made not the slightest +effort to decide between Tournefort and the natural method; he took +part neither with the buds against the cotyledons, nor with Jussieu +against LinnĂŠus. He did not study plants; he loved flowers. He +respected learned men greatly; he respected the ignorant still more; +and, without ever failing in these two respects, he watered his +flower-beds every summer evening with a tin watering-pot painted green. + +The house had not a single door which could be locked. The door of the +dining-room, which, as we have said, opened directly on the cathedral +square, had formerly been ornamented with locks and bolts like the door +of a prison. The Bishop had had all this ironwork removed, and this +door was never fastened, either by night or by day, with anything +except the latch. All that the first passer-by had to do at any hour, +was to give it a push. At first, the two women had been very much tried +by this door, which was never fastened, but Monsieur de D—— had said to +them, “Have bolts put on your rooms, if that will please you.” They had +ended by sharing his confidence, or by at least acting as though they +shared it. Madame Magloire alone had frights from time to time. As for +the Bishop, his thought can be found explained, or at least indicated, +in the three lines which he wrote on the margin of a Bible, “This is +the shade of difference: the door of the physician should never be +shut, the door of the priest should always be open.” + + +On another book, entitled _Philosophy of the Medical Science_, he had +written this other note: “Am not I a physician like them? I also have +my patients, and then, too, I have some whom I call my unfortunates.” + + +Again he wrote: “Do not inquire the name of him who asks a shelter of +you. The very man who is embarrassed by his name is the one who needs +shelter.” + + +It chanced that a worthy curĂ©, I know not whether it was the curĂ© of +Couloubroux or the curĂ© of Pompierry, took it into his head to ask him +one day, probably at the instigation of Madame Magloire, whether +Monsieur was sure that he was not committing an indiscretion, to a +certain extent, in leaving his door unfastened day and night, at the +mercy of any one who should choose to enter, and whether, in short, he +did not fear lest some misfortune might occur in a house so little +guarded. The Bishop touched his shoulder, with gentle gravity, and said +to him, _“Nisi Dominus custodierit domum, in vanum vigilant qui +custodiunt eam,” Unless the Lord guard the house, in vain do they watch +who guard it._ + +Then he spoke of something else. + +He was fond of saying, “There is a bravery of the priest as well as the +bravery of a colonel of dragoons,—only,” he added, “ours must be +tranquil.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—CRAVATTE + + +It is here that a fact falls naturally into place, which we must not +omit, because it is one of the sort which show us best what sort of a +man the Bishop of D—— was. + +After the destruction of the band of Gaspard BĂšs, who had infested the +gorges of Ollioules, one of his lieutenants, Cravatte, took refuge in +the mountains. He concealed himself for some time with his bandits, the +remnant of Gaspard BĂšs’s troop, in the county of Nice; then he made his +way to PiĂ©dmont, and suddenly reappeared in France, in the vicinity of +Barcelonette. He was first seen at Jauziers, then at Tuiles. He hid +himself in the caverns of the Joug-de-l’Aigle, and thence he descended +towards the hamlets and villages through the ravines of Ubaye and +Ubayette. + +He even pushed as far as Embrun, entered the cathedral one night, and +despoiled the sacristy. His highway robberies laid waste the +country-side. The gendarmes were set on his track, but in vain. He +always escaped; sometimes he resisted by main force. He was a bold +wretch. In the midst of all this terror the Bishop arrived. He was +making his circuit to Chastelar. The mayor came to meet him, and urged +him to retrace his steps. Cravatte was in possession of the mountains +as far as Arche, and beyond; there was danger even with an escort; it +merely exposed three or four unfortunate gendarmes to no purpose. + +“Therefore,” said the Bishop, “I intend to go without escort.” + + +“You do not really mean that, Monseigneur!” exclaimed the mayor. + +“I do mean it so thoroughly that I absolutely refuse any gendarmes, and +shall set out in an hour.” + + +“Set out?” + + +“Set out.” + + +“Alone?” + + +“Alone.” + + +“Monseigneur, you will not do that!” + + +“There exists yonder in the mountains,” said the Bishop, “a tiny +community no bigger than that, which I have not seen for three years. +They are my good friends, those gentle and honest shepherds. They own +one goat out of every thirty that they tend. They make very pretty +woollen cords of various colors, and they play the mountain airs on +little flutes with six holes. They need to be told of the good God now +and then. What would they say to a bishop who was afraid? What would +they say if I did not go?” + + +“But the brigands, Monseigneur?” + + +“Hold,” said the Bishop, “I must think of that. You are right. I may +meet them. They, too, need to be told of the good God.” + + +“But, Monseigneur, there is a band of them! A flock of wolves!” + + +“Monsieur le maire, it may be that it is of this very flock of wolves +that Jesus has constituted me the shepherd. Who knows the ways of +Providence?” + + +“They will rob you, Monseigneur.” + + +“I have nothing.” + + +“They will kill you.” + + +“An old goodman of a priest, who passes along mumbling his prayers? +Bah! To what purpose?” + + +“Oh, mon Dieu! what if you should meet them!” + + +“I should beg alms of them for my poor.” + + +“Do not go, Monseigneur. In the name of Heaven! You are risking your +life!” + + +“Monsieur le maire,” said the Bishop, “is that really all? I am not in +the world to guard my own life, but to guard souls.” + + +They had to allow him to do as he pleased. He set out, accompanied only +by a child who offered to serve as a guide. His obstinacy was bruited +about the country-side, and caused great consternation. + +He would take neither his sister nor Madame Magloire. He traversed the +mountain on mule-back, encountered no one, and arrived safe and sound +at the residence of his “good friends,” the shepherds. He remained +there for a fortnight, preaching, administering the sacrament, +teaching, exhorting. When the time of his departure approached, he +resolved to chant a _Te Deum_ pontifically. He mentioned it to the +curĂ©. But what was to be done? There were no episcopal ornaments. They +could only place at his disposal a wretched village sacristy, with a +few ancient chasubles of threadbare damask adorned with imitation lace. + +“Bah!” said the Bishop. “Let us announce our _Te Deum_ from the pulpit, +nevertheless, Monsieur le CurĂ©. Things will arrange themselves.” + + +They instituted a search in the churches of the neighborhood. All the +magnificence of these humble parishes combined would not have sufficed +to clothe the chorister of a cathedral properly. + +While they were thus embarrassed, a large chest was brought and +deposited in the presbytery for the Bishop, by two unknown horsemen, +who departed on the instant. The chest was opened; it contained a cope +of cloth of gold, a mitre ornamented with diamonds, an archbishop’s +cross, a magnificent crosier,—all the pontifical vestments which had +been stolen a month previously from the treasury of Notre Dame +d’Embrun. In the chest was a paper, on which these words were written, +_“From Cravatte to Monseigneur Bienvenu.”_ + +“Did not I say that things would come right of themselves?” said the +Bishop. Then he added, with a smile, “To him who contents himself with +the surplice of a curate, God sends the cope of an archbishop.” + + +“Monseigneur,” murmured the curĂ©, throwing back his head with a smile. +“God—or the Devil.” + + +The Bishop looked steadily at the curĂ©, and repeated with authority, +“God!” + + +When he returned to Chastelar, the people came out to stare at him as +at a curiosity, all along the road. At the priest’s house in Chastelar +he rejoined Mademoiselle Baptistine and Madame Magloire, who were +waiting for him, and he said to his sister: “Well! was I in the right? +The poor priest went to his poor mountaineers with empty hands, and he +returns from them with his hands full. I set out bearing only my faith +in God; I have brought back the treasure of a cathedral.” + + +That evening, before he went to bed, he said again: “Let us never fear +robbers nor murderers. Those are dangers from without, petty dangers. +Let us fear ourselves. Prejudices are the real robbers; vices are the +real murderers. The great dangers lie within ourselves. What matters it +what threatens our head or our purse! Let us think only of that which +threatens our soul.” + + +Then, turning to his sister: “Sister, never a precaution on the part of +the priest, against his fellow-man. That which his fellow does, God +permits. Let us confine ourselves to prayer, when we think that a +danger is approaching us. Let us pray, not for ourselves, but that our +brother may not fall into sin on our account.” + + +However, such incidents were rare in his life. We relate those of which +we know; but generally he passed his life in doing the same things at +the same moment. One month of his year resembled one hour of his day. + +As to what became of “the treasure” of the cathedral of Embrun, we +should be embarrassed by any inquiry in that direction. It consisted of +very handsome things, very tempting things, and things which were very +well adapted to be stolen for the benefit of the unfortunate. Stolen +they had already been elsewhere. Half of the adventure was completed; +it only remained to impart a new direction to the theft, and to cause +it to take a short trip in the direction of the poor. However, we make +no assertions on this point. Only, a rather obscure note was found +among the Bishop’s papers, which may bear some relation to this matter, +and which is couched in these terms, _“The question is, to decide +whether this should be turned over to the cathedral or to the +hospital.”_ + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING + + +The senator above mentioned was a clever man, who had made his own way, +heedless of those things which present obstacles, and which are called +conscience, sworn faith, justice, duty: he had marched straight to his +goal, without once flinching in the line of his advancement and his +interest. He was an old attorney, softened by success; not a bad man by +any means, who rendered all the small services in his power to his +sons, his sons-in-law, his relations, and even to his friends, having +wisely seized upon, in life, good sides, good opportunities, good +windfalls. Everything else seemed to him very stupid. He was +intelligent, and just sufficiently educated to think himself a disciple +of Epicurus; while he was, in reality, only a product of +Pigault-Lebrun. He laughed willingly and pleasantly over infinite and +eternal things, and at the “crotchets of that good old fellow the +Bishop.” He even sometimes laughed at him with an amiable authority in +the presence of M. Myriel himself, who listened to him. + +On some semi-official occasion or other, I do not recollect what, +Count*** [this senator] and M. Myriel were to dine with the prefect. At +dessert, the senator, who was slightly exhilarated, though still +perfectly dignified, exclaimed:— + +“Egad, Bishop, let’s have a discussion. It is hard for a senator and a +bishop to look at each other without winking. We are two augurs. I am +going to make a confession to you. I have a philosophy of my own.” + + +“And you are right,” replied the Bishop. “As one makes one’s +philosophy, so one lies on it. You are on the bed of purple, senator.” + + +The senator was encouraged, and went on:— + +“Let us be good fellows.” + + +“Good devils even,” said the Bishop. + +“I declare to you,” continued the senator, “that the Marquis d’Argens, +Pyrrhon, Hobbes, and M. Naigeon are no rascals. I have all the +philosophers in my library gilded on the edges.” + + +“Like yourself, Count,” interposed the Bishop. + +The senator resumed:— + +“I hate Diderot; he is an ideologist, a declaimer, and a revolutionist, +a believer in God at bottom, and more bigoted than Voltaire. Voltaire +made sport of Needham, and he was wrong, for Needham’s eels prove that +God is useless. A drop of vinegar in a spoonful of flour paste supplies +the _fiat lux_. Suppose the drop to be larger and the spoonful bigger; +you have the world. Man is the eel. Then what is the good of the +Eternal Father? The Jehovah hypothesis tires me, Bishop. It is good for +nothing but to produce shallow people, whose reasoning is hollow. Down +with that great All, which torments me! Hurrah for Zero which leaves me +in peace! Between you and me, and in order to empty my sack, and make +confession to my pastor, as it behooves me to do, I will admit to you +that I have good sense. I am not enthusiastic over your Jesus, who +preaches renunciation and sacrifice to the last extremity. ’Tis the +counsel of an avaricious man to beggars. Renunciation; why? Sacrifice; +to what end? I do not see one wolf immolating himself for the happiness +of another wolf. Let us stick to nature, then. We are at the top; let +us have a superior philosophy. What is the advantage of being at the +top, if one sees no further than the end of other people’s noses? Let +us live merrily. Life is all. That man has another future elsewhere, on +high, below, anywhere, I don’t believe; not one single word of it. Ah! +sacrifice and renunciation are recommended to me; I must take heed to +everything I do; I must cudgel my brains over good and evil, over the +just and the unjust, over the _fas_ and the _nefas_. Why? Because I +shall have to render an account of my actions. When? After death. What +a fine dream! After my death it will be a very clever person who can +catch me. Have a handful of dust seized by a shadow-hand, if you can. +Let us tell the truth, we who are initiated, and who have raised the +veil of Isis: there is no such thing as either good or evil; there is +vegetation. Let us seek the real. Let us get to the bottom of it. Let +us go into it thoroughly. What the deuce! let us go to the bottom of +it! We must scent out the truth; dig in the earth for it, and seize it. +Then it gives you exquisite joys. Then you grow strong, and you laugh. +I am square on the bottom, I am. Immortality, Bishop, is a chance, a +waiting for dead men’s shoes. Ah! what a charming promise! trust to it, +if you like! What a fine lot Adam has! We are souls, and we shall be +angels, with blue wings on our shoulder-blades. Do come to my +assistance: is it not Tertullian who says that the blessed shall travel +from star to star? Very well. We shall be the grasshoppers of the +stars. And then, besides, we shall see God. Ta, ta, ta! What twaddle +all these paradises are! God is a nonsensical monster. I would not say +that in the _Moniteur_, egad! but I may whisper it among friends. +_Inter pocula_. To sacrifice the world to paradise is to let slip the +prey for the shadow. Be the dupe of the infinite! I’m not such a fool. +I am a nought. I call myself Monsieur le Comte Nought, senator. Did I +exist before my birth? No. Shall I exist after death? No. What am I? A +little dust collected in an organism. What am I to do on this earth? +The choice rests with me: suffer or enjoy. Whither will suffering lead +me? To nothingness; but I shall have suffered. Whither will enjoyment +lead me? To nothingness; but I shall have enjoyed myself. My choice is +made. One must eat or be eaten. I shall eat. It is better to be the +tooth than the grass. Such is my wisdom. After which, go whither I push +thee, the grave-digger is there; the Pantheon for some of us: all falls +into the great hole. End. _Finis_. Total liquidation. This is the +vanishing-point. Death is death, believe me. I laugh at the idea of +there being any one who has anything to tell me on that subject. Fables +of nurses; bugaboo for children; Jehovah for men. No; our to-morrow is +the night. Beyond the tomb there is nothing but equal nothingness. You +have been Sardanapalus, you have been Vincent de Paul—it makes no +difference. That is the truth. Then live your life, above all things. +Make use of your _I_ while you have it. In truth, Bishop, I tell you +that I have a philosophy of my own, and I have my philosophers. I don’t +let myself be taken in with that nonsense. Of course, there must be +something for those who are down,—for the barefooted beggars, +knife-grinders, and miserable wretches. Legends, chimĂŠras, the soul, +immortality, paradise, the stars, are provided for them to swallow. +They gobble it down. They spread it on their dry bread. He who has +nothing else has the good God. That is the least he can have. I oppose +no objection to that; but I reserve Monsieur Naigeon for myself. The +good God is good for the populace.” + + +The Bishop clapped his hands. + +“That’s talking!” he exclaimed. “What an excellent and really +marvellous thing is this materialism! Not every one who wants it can +have it. Ah! when one does have it, one is no longer a dupe, one does +not stupidly allow one’s self to be exiled like Cato, nor stoned like +Stephen, nor burned alive like Jeanne d’Arc. Those who have succeeded +in procuring this admirable materialism have the joy of feeling +themselves irresponsible, and of thinking that they can devour +everything without uneasiness,—places, sinecures, dignities, power, +whether well or ill acquired, lucrative recantations, useful +treacheries, savory capitulations of conscience,—and that they shall +enter the tomb with their digestion accomplished. How agreeable that +is! I do not say that with reference to you, senator. Nevertheless, it +is impossible for me to refrain from congratulating you. You great +lords have, so you say, a philosophy of your own, and for yourselves, +which is exquisite, refined, accessible to the rich alone, good for all +sauces, and which seasons the voluptuousness of life admirably. This +philosophy has been extracted from the depths, and unearthed by special +seekers. But you are good-natured princes, and you do not think it a +bad thing that belief in the good God should constitute the philosophy +of the people, very much as the goose stuffed with chestnuts is the +truffled turkey of the poor.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE BROTHER AS DEPICTED BY THE SISTER + + +In order to furnish an idea of the private establishment of the Bishop +of D——, and of the manner in which those two sainted women subordinated +their actions, their thoughts, their feminine instincts even, which are +easily alarmed, to the habits and purposes of the Bishop, without his +even taking the trouble of speaking in order to explain them, we cannot +do better than transcribe in this place a letter from Mademoiselle +Baptistine to Madame the Vicomtess de Boischevron, the friend of her +childhood. This letter is in our possession. + +D——, Dec. 16, 18—. MY GOOD MADAM: Not a day passes without our speaking +of you. It is our established custom; but there is another reason +besides. Just imagine, while washing and dusting the ceilings and +walls, Madam Magloire has made some discoveries; now our two chambers +hung with antique paper whitewashed over, would not discredit a chĂąteau +in the style of yours. Madam Magloire has pulled off all the paper. +There were things beneath. My drawing-room, which contains no +furniture, and which we use for spreading out the linen after washing, +is fifteen feet in height, eighteen square, with a ceiling which was +formerly painted and gilded, and with beams, as in yours. This was +covered with a cloth while this was the hospital. And the woodwork was +of the era of our grandmothers. But my room is the one you ought to +see. Madam Magloire has discovered, under at least ten thicknesses of +paper pasted on top, some paintings, which without being good are very +tolerable. The subject is Telemachus being knighted by Minerva in some +gardens, the name of which escapes me. In short, where the Roman ladies +repaired on one single night. What shall I say to you? I have Romans, +and Roman ladies [here occurs an illegible word], and the whole train. +Madam Magloire has cleaned it all off; this summer she is going to have +some small injuries repaired, and the whole revarnished, and my chamber +will be a regular museum. She has also found in a corner of the attic +two wooden pier-tables of ancient fashion. They asked us two crowns of +six francs each to regild them, but it is much better to give the money +to the poor; and they are very ugly besides, and I should much prefer a +round table of mahogany. + +I am always very happy. My brother is so good. He gives all he has to +the poor and sick. We are very much cramped. The country is trying in +the winter, and we really must do something for those who are in need. +We are almost comfortably lighted and warmed. You see that these are +great treats. + +My brother has ways of his own. When he talks, he says that a bishop +ought to be so. Just imagine! the door of our house is never fastened. +Whoever chooses to enter finds himself at once in my brother’s room. He +fears nothing, even at night. That is his sort of bravery, he says. + +He does not wish me or Madame Magloire feel any fear for him. He +exposes himself to all sorts of dangers, and he does not like to have +us even seem to notice it. One must know how to understand him. + +He goes out in the rain, he walks in the water, he travels in winter. +He fears neither suspicious roads nor dangerous encounters, nor night. + +Last year he went quite alone into a country of robbers. He would not +take us. He was absent for a fortnight. On his return nothing had +happened to him; he was thought to be dead, but was perfectly well, and +said, “This is the way I have been robbed!” And then he opened a trunk +full of jewels, all the jewels of the cathedral of Embrun, which the +thieves had given him. + +When he returned on that occasion, I could not refrain from scolding +him a little, taking care, however, not to speak except when the +carriage was making a noise, so that no one might hear me. + +At first I used to say to myself, “There are no dangers which will stop +him; he is terrible.” Now I have ended by getting used to it. I make a +sign to Madam Magloire that she is not to oppose him. He risks himself +as he sees fit. I carry off Madam Magloire, I enter my chamber, I pray +for him and fall asleep. I am at ease, because I know that if anything +were to happen to him, it would be the end of me. I should go to the +good God with my brother and my bishop. It has cost Madam Magloire more +trouble than it did me to accustom herself to what she terms his +imprudences. But now the habit has been acquired. We pray together, we +tremble together, and we fall asleep. If the devil were to enter this +house, he would be allowed to do so. After all, what is there for us to +fear in this house? There is always some one with us who is stronger +than we. The devil may pass through it, but the good God dwells here. + +This suffices me. My brother has no longer any need of saying a word to +me. I understand him without his speaking, and we abandon ourselves to +the care of Providence. That is the way one has to do with a man who +possesses grandeur of soul. + +I have interrogated my brother with regard to the information which you +desire on the subject of the Faux family. You are aware that he knows +everything, and that he has memories, because he is still a very good +royalist. They really are a very ancient Norman family of the +generalship of Caen. Five hundred years ago there was a Raoul de Faux, +a Jean de Faux, and a Thomas de Faux, who were gentlemen, and one of +whom was a seigneur de Rochefort. The last was Guy-Étienne-Alexandre, +and was commander of a regiment, and something in the light horse of +Bretagne. His daughter, Marie-Louise, married Adrien-Charles de +Gramont, son of the Duke Louis de Gramont, peer of France, colonel of +the French guards, and lieutenant-general of the army. It is written +Faux, Fauq, and Faoucq. + +Good Madame, recommend us to the prayers of your sainted relative, +Monsieur the Cardinal. As for your dear Sylvanie, she has done well in +not wasting the few moments which she passes with you in writing to me. +She is well, works as you would wish, and loves me. + +That is all that I desire. The souvenir which she sent through you +reached me safely, and it makes me very happy. My health is not so very +bad, and yet I grow thinner every day. Farewell; my paper is at an end, +and this forces me to leave you. A thousand good wishes. + +BAPTISTINE. + +P.S. Your grand nephew is charming. Do you know that he will soon be +five years old? Yesterday he saw some one riding by on horseback who +had on knee-caps, and he said, “What has he got on his knees?” He is a +charming child! His little brother is dragging an old broom about the +room, like a carriage, and saying, “Hu!” + + +As will be perceived from this letter, these two women understood how +to mould themselves to the Bishop’s ways with that special feminine +genius which comprehends the man better than he comprehends himself. +The Bishop of D——, in spite of the gentle and candid air which never +deserted him, sometimes did things that were grand, bold, and +magnificent, without seeming to have even a suspicion of the fact. They +trembled, but they let him alone. Sometimes Madame Magloire essayed a +remonstrance in advance, but never at the time, nor afterwards. They +never interfered with him by so much as a word or sign, in any action +once entered upon. At certain moments, without his having occasion to +mention it, when he was not even conscious of it himself in all +probability, so perfect was his simplicity, they vaguely felt that he +was acting as a bishop; then they were nothing more than two shadows in +the house. They served him passively; and if obedience consisted in +disappearing, they disappeared. They understood, with an admirable +delicacy of instinct, that certain cares may be put under constraint. +Thus, even when believing him to be in peril, they understood, I will +not say his thought, but his nature, to such a degree that they no +longer watched over him. They confided him to God. + +Moreover, Baptistine said, as we have just read, that her brother’s end +would prove her own. Madame Magloire did not say this, but she knew it. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE BISHOP IN THE PRESENCE OF AN UNKNOWN LIGHT + + +At an epoch a little later than the date of the letter cited in the +preceding pages, he did a thing which, if the whole town was to be +believed, was even more hazardous than his trip across the mountains +infested with bandits. + +In the country near D—— a man lived quite alone. This man, we will +state at once, was a former member of the Convention. His name was G—— + +Member of the Convention, G—— was mentioned with a sort of horror in +the little world of D—— A member of the Convention—can you imagine such +a thing? That existed from the time when people called each other +_thou_, and when they said “citizen.” This man was almost a monster. He +had not voted for the death of the king, but almost. He was a +quasi-regicide. He had been a terrible man. How did it happen that such +a man had not been brought before a provost’s court, on the return of +the legitimate princes? They need not have cut off his head, if you +please; clemency must be exercised, agreed; but a good banishment for +life. An example, in short, etc. Besides, he was an atheist, like all +the rest of those people. Gossip of the geese about the vulture. + +Was G—— a vulture after all? Yes; if he were to be judged by the +element of ferocity in this solitude of his. As he had not voted for +the death of the king, he had not been included in the decrees of +exile, and had been able to remain in France. + +He dwelt at a distance of three-quarters of an hour from the city, far +from any hamlet, far from any road, in some hidden turn of a very wild +valley, no one knew exactly where. He had there, it was said, a sort of +field, a hole, a lair. There were no neighbors, not even passers-by. +Since he had dwelt in that valley, the path which led thither had +disappeared under a growth of grass. The locality was spoken of as +though it had been the dwelling of a hangman. + +Nevertheless, the Bishop meditated on the subject, and from time to +time he gazed at the horizon at a point where a clump of trees marked +the valley of the former member of the Convention, and he said, “There +is a soul yonder which is lonely.” + + +And he added, deep in his own mind, “I owe him a visit.” + + +But, let us avow it, this idea, which seemed natural at the first +blush, appeared to him after a moment’s reflection, as strange, +impossible, and almost repulsive. For, at bottom, he shared the general +impression, and the old member of the Convention inspired him, without +his being clearly conscious of the fact himself, with that sentiment +which borders on hate, and which is so well expressed by the word +estrangement. + +Still, should the scab of the sheep cause the shepherd to recoil? No. +But what a sheep! + +The good Bishop was perplexed. Sometimes he set out in that direction; +then he returned. + +Finally, the rumor one day spread through the town that a sort of young +shepherd, who served the member of the Convention in his hovel, had +come in quest of a doctor; that the old wretch was dying, that +paralysis was gaining on him, and that he would not live over +night.—“Thank God!” some added. + +The Bishop took his staff, put on his cloak, on account of his too +threadbare cassock, as we have mentioned, and because of the evening +breeze which was sure to rise soon, and set out. + +The sun was setting, and had almost touched the horizon when the Bishop +arrived at the excommunicated spot. With a certain beating of the +heart, he recognized the fact that he was near the lair. He strode over +a ditch, leaped a hedge, made his way through a fence of dead boughs, +entered a neglected paddock, took a few steps with a good deal of +boldness, and suddenly, at the extremity of the waste land, and behind +lofty brambles, he caught sight of the cavern. + +It was a very low hut, poor, small, and clean, with a vine nailed +against the outside. + +Near the door, in an old wheel-chair, the armchair of the peasants, +there was a white-haired man, smiling at the sun. + +Near the seated man stood a young boy, the shepherd lad. He was +offering the old man a jar of milk. + +While the Bishop was watching him, the old man spoke: “Thank you,” he +said, “I need nothing.” And his smile quitted the sun to rest upon the +child. + +The Bishop stepped forward. At the sound which he made in walking, the +old man turned his head, and his face expressed the sum total of the +surprise which a man can still feel after a long life. + +“This is the first time since I have been here,” said he, “that any one +has entered here. Who are you, sir?” + + +The Bishop answered:— + +“My name is Bienvenu Myriel.” + + +“Bienvenu Myriel? I have heard that name. Are you the man whom the +people call Monseigneur Welcome?” + + +“I am.” + + +The old man resumed with a half-smile + +“In that case, you are my bishop?” + + +“Something of that sort.” + + +“Enter, sir.” + + +The member of the Convention extended his hand to the Bishop, but the +Bishop did not take it. The Bishop confined himself to the remark:— + +“I am pleased to see that I have been misinformed. You certainly do not +seem to me to be ill.” + + +“Monsieur,” replied the old man, “I am going to recover.” + + +He paused, and then said:— + +“I shall die three hours hence.” + + +Then he continued:— + +“I am something of a doctor; I know in what fashion the last hour draws +on. Yesterday, only my feet were cold; to-day, the chill has ascended +to my knees; now I feel it mounting to my waist; when it reaches the +heart, I shall stop. The sun is beautiful, is it not? I had myself +wheeled out here to take a last look at things. You can talk to me; it +does not fatigue me. You have done well to come and look at a man who +is on the point of death. It is well that there should be witnesses at +that moment. One has one’s caprices; I should have liked to last until +the dawn, but I know that I shall hardly live three hours. It will be +night then. What does it matter, after all? Dying is a simple affair. +One has no need of the light for that. So be it. I shall die by +starlight.” + + +The old man turned to the shepherd lad:— + +“Go to thy bed; thou wert awake all last night; thou art tired.” + + +The child entered the hut. + +The old man followed him with his eyes, and added, as though speaking +to himself:— + +“I shall die while he sleeps. The two slumbers may be good neighbors.” + + +The Bishop was not touched as it seems that he should have been. He did +not think he discerned God in this manner of dying; let us say the +whole, for these petty contradictions of great hearts must be indicated +like the rest: he, who on occasion, was so fond of laughing at “His +Grace,” was rather shocked at not being addressed as Monseigneur, and +he was almost tempted to retort “citizen.” He was assailed by a fancy +for peevish familiarity, common enough to doctors and priests, but +which was not habitual with him. This man, after all, this member of +the Convention, this representative of the people, had been one of the +powerful ones of the earth; for the first time in his life, probably, +the Bishop felt in a mood to be severe. + +Meanwhile, the member of the Convention had been surveying him with a +modest cordiality, in which one could have distinguished, possibly, +that humility which is so fitting when one is on the verge of returning +to dust. + +The Bishop, on his side, although he generally restrained his +curiosity, which, in his opinion, bordered on a fault, could not +refrain from examining the member of the Convention with an attention +which, as it did not have its course in sympathy, would have served his +conscience as a matter of reproach, in connection with any other man. A +member of the Convention produced on him somewhat the effect of being +outside the pale of the law, even of the law of charity. G——, calm, his +body almost upright, his voice vibrating, was one of those +octogenarians who form the subject of astonishment to the physiologist. +The Revolution had many of these men, proportioned to the epoch. In +this old man one was conscious of a man put to the proof. Though so +near to his end, he preserved all the gestures of health. In his clear +glance, in his firm tone, in the robust movement of his shoulders, +there was something calculated to disconcert death. Azrael, the +Mohammedan angel of the sepulchre, would have turned back, and thought +that he had mistaken the door. G—— seemed to be dying because he willed +it so. There was freedom in his agony. His legs alone were motionless. +It was there that the shadows held him fast. His feet were cold and +dead, but his head survived with all the power of life, and seemed full +of light. G——, at this solemn moment, resembled the king in that tale +of the Orient who was flesh above and marble below. + +There was a stone there. The Bishop sat down. The exordium was abrupt. + +“I congratulate you,” said he, in the tone which one uses for a +reprimand. “You did not vote for the death of the king, after all.” + + +The old member of the Convention did not appear to notice the bitter +meaning underlying the words “after all.” He replied. The smile had +quite disappeared from his face. + +“Do not congratulate me too much, sir. I did vote for the death of the +tyrant.” + + +It was the tone of austerity answering the tone of severity. + +“What do you mean to say?” resumed the Bishop. + +“I mean to say that man has a tyrant,—ignorance. I voted for the death +of that tyrant. That tyrant engendered royalty, which is authority +falsely understood, while science is authority rightly understood. Man +should be governed only by science.” + + +“And conscience,” added the Bishop. + +“It is the same thing. Conscience is the quantity of innate science +which we have within us.” + + +Monseigneur Bienvenu listened in some astonishment to this language, +which was very new to him. + +The member of the Convention resumed:— + +“So far as Louis XVI. was concerned, I said ‘no.’ I did not think that +I had the right to kill a man; but I felt it my duty to exterminate +evil. I voted the end of the tyrant, that is to say, the end of +prostitution for woman, the end of slavery for man, the end of night +for the child. In voting for the Republic, I voted for that. I voted +for fraternity, concord, the dawn. I have aided in the overthrow of +prejudices and errors. The crumbling away of prejudices and errors +causes light. We have caused the fall of the old world, and the old +world, that vase of miseries, has become, through its upsetting upon +the human race, an urn of joy.” + + +“Mixed joy,” said the Bishop. + +“You may say troubled joy, and to-day, after that fatal return of the +past, which is called 1814, joy which has disappeared! Alas! The work +was incomplete, I admit: we demolished the ancient regime in deeds; we +were not able to suppress it entirely in ideas. To destroy abuses is +not sufficient; customs must be modified. The mill is there no longer; +the wind is still there.” + + +“You have demolished. It may be of use to demolish, but I distrust a +demolition complicated with wrath.” + + +“Right has its wrath, Bishop; and the wrath of right is an element of +progress. In any case, and in spite of whatever may be said, the French +Revolution is the most important step of the human race since the +advent of Christ. Incomplete, it may be, but sublime. It set free all +the unknown social quantities; it softened spirits, it calmed, +appeased, enlightened; it caused the waves of civilization to flow over +the earth. It was a good thing. The French Revolution is the +consecration of humanity.” + + +The Bishop could not refrain from murmuring:— + +“Yes? ’93!” + + +The member of the Convention straightened himself up in his chair with +an almost lugubrious solemnity, and exclaimed, so far as a dying man is +capable of exclamation:— + +“Ah, there you go; ’93! I was expecting that word. A cloud had been +forming for the space of fifteen hundred years; at the end of fifteen +hundred years it burst. You are putting the thunderbolt on its trial.” + + +The Bishop felt, without, perhaps, confessing it, that something within +him had suffered extinction. Nevertheless, he put a good face on the +matter. He replied:— + +“The judge speaks in the name of justice; the priest speaks in the name +of pity, which is nothing but a more lofty justice. A thunderbolt +should commit no error.” And he added, regarding the member of the +Convention steadily the while, “Louis XVII.?” + + +The conventionary stretched forth his hand and grasped the Bishop’s +arm. + +“Louis XVII.! let us see. For whom do you mourn? is it for the innocent +child? very good; in that case I mourn with you. Is it for the royal +child? I demand time for reflection. To me, the brother of Cartouche, +an innocent child who was hung up by the armpits in the Place de GrĂšve, +until death ensued, for the sole crime of having been the brother of +Cartouche, is no less painful than the grandson of Louis XV., an +innocent child, martyred in the tower of the Temple, for the sole crime +of having been grandson of Louis XV.” + + +“Monsieur,” said the Bishop, “I like not this conjunction of names.” + + +“Cartouche? Louis XV.? To which of the two do you object?” + + +A momentary silence ensued. The Bishop almost regretted having come, +and yet he felt vaguely and strangely shaken. + +The conventionary resumed:— + +“Ah, Monsieur Priest, you love not the crudities of the true. Christ +loved them. He seized a rod and cleared out the Temple. His scourge, +full of lightnings, was a harsh speaker of truths. When he cried, +_‘Sinite parvulos,’_ he made no distinction between the little +children. It would not have embarrassed him to bring together the +Dauphin of Barabbas and the Dauphin of Herod. Innocence, Monsieur, is +its own crown. Innocence has no need to be a highness. It is as august +in rags as in fleurs de lys.” + + +“That is true,” said the Bishop in a low voice. + +“I persist,” continued the conventionary G—— “You have mentioned Louis +XVII. to me. Let us come to an understanding. Shall we weep for all the +innocent, all martyrs, all children, the lowly as well as the exalted? +I agree to that. But in that case, as I have told you, we must go back +further than ’93, and our tears must begin before Louis XVII. I will +weep with you over the children of kings, provided that you will weep +with me over the children of the people.” + + +“I weep for all,” said the Bishop. + +“Equally!” exclaimed conventionary G——; “and if the balance must +incline, let it be on the side of the people. They have been suffering +longer.” + + +Another silence ensued. The conventionary was the first to break it. He +raised himself on one elbow, took a bit of his cheek between his thumb +and his forefinger, as one does mechanically when one interrogates and +judges, and appealed to the Bishop with a gaze full of all the forces +of the death agony. It was almost an explosion. + +“Yes, sir, the people have been suffering a long while. And hold! that +is not all, either; why have you just questioned me and talked to me +about Louis XVII.? I know you not. Ever since I have been in these +parts I have dwelt in this enclosure alone, never setting foot outside, +and seeing no one but that child who helps me. Your name has reached me +in a confused manner, it is true, and very badly pronounced, I must +admit; but that signifies nothing: clever men have so many ways of +imposing on that honest goodman, the people. By the way, I did not hear +the sound of your carriage; you have left it yonder, behind the coppice +at the fork of the roads, no doubt. I do not know you, I tell you. You +have told me that you are the Bishop; but that affords me no +information as to your moral personality. In short, I repeat my +question. Who are you? You are a bishop; that is to say, a prince of +the church, one of those gilded men with heraldic bearings and +revenues, who have vast prebends,—the bishopric of D—— fifteen thousand +francs settled income, ten thousand in perquisites; total, twenty-five +thousand francs,—who have kitchens, who have liveries, who make good +cheer, who eat moor-hens on Friday, who strut about, a lackey before, a +lackey behind, in a gala coach, and who have palaces, and who roll in +their carriages in the name of Jesus Christ who went barefoot! You are +a prelate,—revenues, palace, horses, servants, good table, all the +sensualities of life; you have this like the rest, and like the rest, +you enjoy it; it is well; but this says either too much or too little; +this does not enlighten me upon the intrinsic and essential value of +the man who comes with the probable intention of bringing wisdom to me. +To whom do I speak? Who are you?” + + +The Bishop hung his head and replied, _“Vermis sum_—I am a worm.” + + +“A worm of the earth in a carriage?” growled the conventionary. + +It was the conventionary’s turn to be arrogant, and the Bishop’s to be +humble. + +The Bishop resumed mildly:— + +“So be it, sir. But explain to me how my carriage, which is a few paces +off behind the trees yonder, how my good table and the moor-hens which +I eat on Friday, how my twenty-five thousand francs income, how my +palace and my lackeys prove that clemency is not a duty, and that ’93 +was not inexorable.” + + +The conventionary passed his hand across his brow, as though to sweep +away a cloud. + +“Before replying to you,” he said, “I beseech you to pardon me. I have +just committed a wrong, sir. You are at my house, you are my guest, I +owe you courtesy. You discuss my ideas, and it becomes me to confine +myself to combating your arguments. Your riches and your pleasures are +advantages which I hold over you in the debate; but good taste dictates +that I shall not make use of them. I promise you to make no use of them +in the future.” + + +“I thank you,” said the Bishop. + +G—— resumed. + +“Let us return to the explanation which you have asked of me. Where +were we? What were you saying to me? That ’93 was inexorable?” + + +“Inexorable; yes,” said the Bishop. “What think you of Marat clapping +his hands at the guillotine?” + + +“What think you of Bossuet chanting the _Te Deum_ over the +dragonnades?” + + +The retort was a harsh one, but it attained its mark with the +directness of a point of steel. The Bishop quivered under it; no reply +occurred to him; but he was offended by this mode of alluding to +Bossuet. The best of minds will have their fetiches, and they sometimes +feel vaguely wounded by the want of respect of logic. + +The conventionary began to pant; the asthma of the agony which is +mingled with the last breaths interrupted his voice; still, there was a +perfect lucidity of soul in his eyes. He went on:— + +“Let me say a few words more in this and that direction; I am willing. +Apart from the Revolution, which, taken as a whole, is an immense human +affirmation, ’93 is, alas! a rejoinder. You think it inexorable, sir; +but what of the whole monarchy, sir? Carrier is a bandit; but what name +do you give to Montrevel? Fouquier-Tainville is a rascal; but what is +your opinion as to Lamoignon-BĂąville? Maillard is terrible; but +Saulx-Tavannes, if you please? DuchĂȘne senior is ferocious; but what +epithet will you allow me for the elder Letellier? Jourdan-Coupe-TetĂȘ +is a monster; but not so great a one as M. the Marquis de Louvois. Sir, +sir, I am sorry for Marie Antoinette, archduchess and queen; but I am +also sorry for that poor Huguenot woman, who, in 1685, under Louis the +Great, sir, while with a nursing infant, was bound, naked to the waist, +to a stake, and the child kept at a distance; her breast swelled with +milk and her heart with anguish; the little one, hungry and pale, +beheld that breast and cried and agonized; the executioner said to the +woman, a mother and a nurse, ‘Abjure!’ giving her her choice between +the death of her infant and the death of her conscience. What say you +to that torture of Tantalus as applied to a mother? Bear this well in +mind sir: the French Revolution had its reasons for existence; its +wrath will be absolved by the future; its result is the world made +better. From its most terrible blows there comes forth a caress for the +human race. I abridge, I stop, I have too much the advantage; moreover, +I am dying.” + + +And ceasing to gaze at the Bishop, the conventionary concluded his +thoughts in these tranquil words:— + +“Yes, the brutalities of progress are called revolutions. When they are +over, this fact is recognized,—that the human race has been treated +harshly, but that it has progressed.” + + +The conventionary doubted not that he had successively conquered all +the inmost intrenchments of the Bishop. One remained, however, and from +this intrenchment, the last resource of Monseigneur Bienvenu’s +resistance, came forth this reply, wherein appeared nearly all the +harshness of the beginning:— + +“Progress should believe in God. Good cannot have an impious servitor. +He who is an atheist is but a bad leader for the human race.” + + +The former representative of the people made no reply. He was seized +with a fit of trembling. He looked towards heaven, and in his glance a +tear gathered slowly. When the eyelid was full, the tear trickled down +his livid cheek, and he said, almost in a stammer, quite low, and to +himself, while his eyes were plunged in the depths:— + +“O thou! O ideal! Thou alone existest!” + + +The Bishop experienced an indescribable shock. + +After a pause, the old man raised a finger heavenward and said:— + +“The infinite is. He is there. If the infinite had no person, person +would be without limit; it would not be infinite; in other words, it +would not exist. There is, then, an _I_. That _I_ of the infinite is +God.” + + +The dying man had pronounced these last words in a loud voice, and with +the shiver of ecstasy, as though he beheld some one. When he had +spoken, his eyes closed. The effort had exhausted him. It was evident +that he had just lived through in a moment the few hours which had been +left to him. That which he had said brought him nearer to him who is in +death. The supreme moment was approaching. + +The Bishop understood this; time pressed; it was as a priest that he +had come: from extreme coldness he had passed by degrees to extreme +emotion; he gazed at those closed eyes, he took that wrinkled, aged and +ice-cold hand in his, and bent over the dying man. + +“This hour is the hour of God. Do you not think that it would be +regrettable if we had met in vain?” + + +The conventionary opened his eyes again. A gravity mingled with gloom +was imprinted on his countenance. + +“Bishop,” said he, with a slowness which probably arose more from his +dignity of soul than from the failing of his strength, “I have passed +my life in meditation, study, and contemplation. I was sixty years of +age when my country called me and commanded me to concern myself with +its affairs. I obeyed. Abuses existed, I combated them; tyrannies +existed, I destroyed them; rights and principles existed, I proclaimed +and confessed them. Our territory was invaded, I defended it; France +was menaced, I offered my breast. I was not rich; I am poor. I have +been one of the masters of the state; the vaults of the treasury were +encumbered with specie to such a degree that we were forced to shore up +the walls, which were on the point of bursting beneath the weight of +gold and silver; I dined in Dead Tree Street, at twenty-two sous. I +have succored the oppressed, I have comforted the suffering. I tore the +cloth from the altar, it is true; but it was to bind up the wounds of +my country. I have always upheld the march forward of the human race, +forward towards the light, and I have sometimes resisted progress +without pity. I have, when the occasion offered, protected my own +adversaries, men of your profession. And there is at Peteghem, in +Flanders, at the very spot where the Merovingian kings had their summer +palace, a convent of Urbanists, the Abbey of Sainte Claire en Beaulieu, +which I saved in 1793. I have done my duty according to my powers, and +all the good that I was able. After which, I was hunted down, pursued, +persecuted, blackened, jeered at, scorned, cursed, proscribed. For many +years past, I with my white hair have been conscious that many people +think they have the right to despise me; to the poor ignorant masses I +present the visage of one damned. And I accept this isolation of +hatred, without hating any one myself. Now I am eighty-six years old; I +am on the point of death. What is it that you have come to ask of me?” + + +_“Your blessing,”_ said the Bishop. + +And he knelt down. + +When the Bishop raised his head again, the face of the conventionary +had become august. He had just expired. + +The Bishop returned home, deeply absorbed in thoughts which cannot be +known to us. He passed the whole night in prayer. On the following +morning some bold and curious persons attempted to speak to him about +member of the Convention G——; he contented himself with pointing +heavenward. + +From that moment he redoubled his tenderness and brotherly feeling +towards all children and sufferers. + +Any allusion to “that old wretch of a G——” caused him to fall into a +singular preoccupation. No one could say that the passage of that soul +before his, and the reflection of that grand conscience upon his, did +not count for something in his approach to perfection. + +This “pastoral visit” naturally furnished an occasion for a murmur of +comment in all the little local coteries. + +“Was the bedside of such a dying man as that the proper place for a +bishop? There was evidently no conversion to be expected. All those +revolutionists are backsliders. Then why go there? What was there to be +seen there? He must have been very curious indeed to see a soul carried +off by the devil.” + + +One day a dowager of the impertinent variety who thinks herself +spiritual, addressed this sally to him, “Monseigneur, people are +inquiring when Your Greatness will receive the red cap!”—“Oh! oh! +that’s a coarse color,” replied the Bishop. “It is lucky that those who +despise it in a cap revere it in a hat.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—A RESTRICTION + + +We should incur a great risk of deceiving ourselves, were we to +conclude from this that Monseigneur Welcome was “a philosophical +bishop,” or a “patriotic curĂ©.” His meeting, which may almost be +designated as his union, with conventionary G——, left behind it in his +mind a sort of astonishment, which rendered him still more gentle. That +is all. + +Although Monseigneur Bienvenu was far from being a politician, this is, +perhaps, the place to indicate very briefly what his attitude was in +the events of that epoch, supposing that Monseigneur Bienvenu ever +dreamed of having an attitude. + +Let us, then, go back a few years. + +Some time after the elevation of M. Myriel to the episcopate, the +Emperor had made him a baron of the Empire, in company with many other +bishops. The arrest of the Pope took place, as every one knows, on the +night of the 5th to the 6th of July, 1809; on this occasion, M. Myriel +was summoned by Napoleon to the synod of the bishops of France and +Italy convened at Paris. This synod was held at Notre-Dame, and +assembled for the first time on the 15th of June, 1811, under the +presidency of Cardinal Fesch. M. Myriel was one of the ninety-five +bishops who attended it. But he was present only at one sitting and at +three or four private conferences. Bishop of a mountain diocese, living +so very close to nature, in rusticity and deprivation, it appeared that +he imported among these eminent personages, ideas which altered the +temperature of the assembly. He very soon returned to D—— He was +interrogated as to this speedy return, and he replied: _“I embarrassed +them. The outside air penetrated to them through me. I produced on them +the effect of an open door.”_ + +On another occasion he said, _“What would you have? Those gentlemen are +princes. I am only a poor peasant bishop.”_ + +The fact is that he displeased them. Among other strange things, it is +said that he chanced to remark one evening, when he found himself at +the house of one of his most notable colleagues: “What beautiful +clocks! What beautiful carpets! What beautiful liveries! They must be a +great trouble. I would not have all those superfluities, crying +incessantly in my ears: ‘There are people who are hungry! There are +people who are cold! There are poor people! There are poor people!’” + + +Let us remark, by the way, that the hatred of luxury is not an +intelligent hatred. This hatred would involve the hatred of the arts. +Nevertheless, in churchmen, luxury is wrong, except in connection with +representations and ceremonies. It seems to reveal habits which have +very little that is charitable about them. An opulent priest is a +contradiction. The priest must keep close to the poor. Now, can one +come in contact incessantly night and day with all this distress, all +these misfortunes, and this poverty, without having about one’s own +person a little of that misery, like the dust of labor? Is it possible +to imagine a man near a brazier who is not warm? Can one imagine a +workman who is working near a furnace, and who has neither a singed +hair, nor blackened nails, nor a drop of sweat, nor a speck of ashes on +his face? The first proof of charity in the priest, in the bishop +especially, is poverty. + +This is, no doubt, what the Bishop of D—— thought. + +It must not be supposed, however, that he shared what we call the +“ideas of the century” on certain delicate points. He took very little +part in the theological quarrels of the moment, and maintained silence +on questions in which Church and State were implicated; but if he had +been strongly pressed, it seems that he would have been found to be an +ultramontane rather than a gallican. Since we are making a portrait, +and since we do not wish to conceal anything, we are forced to add that +he was glacial towards Napoleon in his decline. Beginning with 1813, he +gave in his adherence to or applauded all hostile manifestations. He +refused to see him, as he passed through on his return from the island +of Elba, and he abstained from ordering public prayers for the Emperor +in his diocese during the Hundred Days. + +Besides his sister, Mademoiselle Baptistine, he had two brothers, one a +general, the other a prefect. He wrote to both with tolerable +frequency. He was harsh for a time towards the former, because, holding +a command in Provence at the epoch of the disembarkation at Cannes, the +general had put himself at the head of twelve hundred men and had +pursued the Emperor as though the latter had been a person whom one is +desirous of allowing to escape. His correspondence with the other +brother, the ex-prefect, a fine, worthy man who lived in retirement at +Paris, Rue Cassette, remained more affectionate. + +Thus Monseigneur Bienvenu also had his hour of party spirit, his hour +of bitterness, his cloud. The shadow of the passions of the moment +traversed this grand and gentle spirit occupied with eternal things. +Certainly, such a man would have done well not to entertain any +political opinions. Let there be no mistake as to our meaning: we are +not confounding what is called “political opinions” with the grand +aspiration for progress, with the sublime faith, patriotic, democratic, +humane, which in our day should be the very foundation of every +generous intellect. Without going deeply into questions which are only +indirectly connected with the subject of this book, we will simply say +this: It would have been well if Monseigneur Bienvenu had not been a +Royalist, and if his glance had never been, for a single instant, +turned away from that serene contemplation in which is distinctly +discernible, above the fictions and the hatreds of this world, above +the stormy vicissitudes of human things, the beaming of those three +pure radiances, truth, justice, and charity. + +While admitting that it was not for a political office that God created +Monseigneur Welcome, we should have understood and admired his protest +in the name of right and liberty, his proud opposition, his just but +perilous resistance to the all-powerful Napoleon. But that which +pleases us in people who are rising pleases us less in the case of +people who are falling. We only love the fray so long as there is +danger, and in any case, the combatants of the first hour have alone +the right to be the exterminators of the last. He who has not been a +stubborn accuser in prosperity should hold his peace in the face of +ruin. The denunciator of success is the only legitimate executioner of +the fall. As for us, when Providence intervenes and strikes, we let it +work. 1812 commenced to disarm us. In 1813 the cowardly breach of +silence of that taciturn legislative body, emboldened by catastrophe, +possessed only traits which aroused indignation. And it was a crime to +applaud, in 1814, in the presence of those marshals who betrayed; in +the presence of that senate which passed from one dunghill to another, +insulting after having deified; in the presence of that idolatry which +was loosing its footing and spitting on its idol,—it was a duty to turn +aside the head. In 1815, when the supreme disasters filled the air, +when France was seized with a shiver at their sinister approach, when +Waterloo could be dimly discerned opening before Napoleon, the mournful +acclamation of the army and the people to the condemned of destiny had +nothing laughable in it, and, after making all allowance for the +despot, a heart like that of the Bishop of D——, ought not perhaps to +have failed to recognize the august and touching features presented by +the embrace of a great nation and a great man on the brink of the +abyss. + +With this exception, he was in all things just, true, equitable, +intelligent, humble and dignified, beneficent and kindly, which is only +another sort of benevolence. He was a priest, a sage, and a man. It +must be admitted, that even in the political views with which we have +just reproached him, and which we are disposed to judge almost with +severity, he was tolerant and easy, more so, perhaps, than we who are +speaking here. The porter of the town-hall had been placed there by the +Emperor. He was an old non-commissioned officer of the old guard, a +member of the Legion of Honor at Austerlitz, as much of a Bonapartist +as the eagle. This poor fellow occasionally let slip inconsiderate +remarks, which the law then stigmatized as _seditious speeches_. After +the imperial profile disappeared from the Legion of Honor, he never +dressed himself in his regimentals, as he said, so that he should not +be obliged to wear his cross. He had himself devoutly removed the +imperial effigy from the cross which Napoleon had given him; this made +a hole, and he would not put anything in its place. _“I will die,”_ he +said, _“rather than wear the three frogs upon my heart!”_ He liked to +scoff aloud at Louis XVIII. “The gouty old creature in English +gaiters!” he said; _“let him take himself off to Prussia with that +queue of his.”_ He was happy to combine in the same imprecation the two +things which he most detested, Prussia and England. He did it so often +that he lost his place. There he was, turned out of the house, with his +wife and children, and without bread. The Bishop sent for him, reproved +him gently, and appointed him beadle in the cathedral. + +In the course of nine years Monseigneur Bienvenu had, by dint of holy +deeds and gentle manners, filled the town of D——with a sort of tender +and filial reverence. Even his conduct towards Napoleon had been +accepted and tacitly pardoned, as it were, by the people, the good and +weakly flock who adored their emperor, but loved their bishop. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE SOLITUDE OF MONSEIGNEUR WELCOME + + +A bishop is almost always surrounded by a full squadron of little +abbĂ©s, just as a general is by a covey of young officers. This is what +that charming Saint François de Sales calls somewhere “les prĂȘtres +blancs-becs,” callow priests. Every career has its aspirants, who form +a train for those who have attained eminence in it. There is no power +which has not its dependents. There is no fortune which has not its +court. The seekers of the future eddy around the splendid present. +Every metropolis has its staff of officials. Every bishop who possesses +the least influence has about him his patrol of cherubim from the +seminary, which goes the round, and maintains good order in the +episcopal palace, and mounts guard over monseigneur’s smile. To please +a bishop is equivalent to getting one’s foot in the stirrup for a +sub-diaconate. It is necessary to walk one’s path discreetly; the +apostleship does not disdain the canonship. + +Just as there are bigwigs elsewhere, there are big mitres in the +Church. These are the bishops who stand well at Court, who are rich, +well endowed, skilful, accepted by the world, who know how to pray, no +doubt, but who know also how to beg, who feel little scruple at making +a whole diocese dance attendance in their person, who are connecting +links between the sacristy and diplomacy, who are abbĂ©s rather than +priests, prelates rather than bishops. Happy those who approach them! +Being persons of influence, they create a shower about them, upon the +assiduous and the favored, and upon all the young men who understand +the art of pleasing, of large parishes, prebends, archidiaconates, +chaplaincies, and cathedral posts, while awaiting episcopal honors. As +they advance themselves, they cause their satellites to progress also; +it is a whole solar system on the march. Their radiance casts a gleam +of purple over their suite. Their prosperity is crumbled up behind the +scenes, into nice little promotions. The larger the diocese of the +patron, the fatter the curacy for the favorite. And then, there is +Rome. A bishop who understands how to become an archbishop, an +archbishop who knows how to become a cardinal, carries you with him as +conclavist; you enter a court of papal jurisdiction, you receive the +pallium, and behold! you are an auditor, then a papal chamberlain, then +monsignor, and from a Grace to an Eminence is only a step, and between +the Eminence and the Holiness there is but the smoke of a ballot. Every +skull-cap may dream of the tiara. The priest is nowadays the only man +who can become a king in a regular manner; and what a king! the supreme +king. Then what a nursery of aspirations is a seminary! How many +blushing choristers, how many youthful abbĂ©s bear on their heads +Perrette’s pot of milk! Who knows how easy it is for ambition to call +itself vocation? in good faith, perchance, and deceiving itself, +devotee that it is. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu, poor, humble, retiring, was not accounted among +the big mitres. This was plain from the complete absence of young +priests about him. We have seen that he “did not take” in Paris. Not a +single future dreamed of engrafting itself on this solitary old man. +Not a single sprouting ambition committed the folly of putting forth +its foliage in his shadow. His canons and grand-vicars were good old +men, rather vulgar like himself, walled up like him in this diocese, +without exit to a cardinalship, and who resembled their bishop, with +this difference, that they were finished and he was completed. The +impossibility of growing great under Monseigneur Bienvenu was so well +understood, that no sooner had the young men whom he ordained left the +seminary than they got themselves recommended to the archbishops of Aix +or of Auch, and went off in a great hurry. For, in short, we repeat it, +men wish to be pushed. A saint who dwells in a paroxysm of abnegation +is a dangerous neighbor; he might communicate to you, by contagion, an +incurable poverty, an anchylosis of the joints, which are useful in +advancement, and in short, more renunciation than you desire; and this +infectious virtue is avoided. Hence the isolation of Monseigneur +Bienvenu. We live in the midst of a gloomy society. Success; that is +the lesson which falls drop by drop from the slope of corruption. + +Be it said in passing, that success is a very hideous thing. Its false +resemblance to merit deceives men. For the masses, success has almost +the same profile as supremacy. Success, that MenĂŠchmus of talent, has +one dupe,—history. Juvenal and Tacitus alone grumble at it. In our day, +a philosophy which is almost official has entered into its service, +wears the livery of success, and performs the service of its +antechamber. Succeed: theory. Prosperity argues capacity. Win in the +lottery, and behold! you are a clever man. He who triumphs is +venerated. Be born with a silver spoon in your mouth! everything lies +in that. Be lucky, and you will have all the rest; be happy, and people +will think you great. Outside of five or six immense exceptions, which +compose the splendor of a century, contemporary admiration is nothing +but short-sightedness. Gilding is gold. It does no harm to be the first +arrival by pure chance, so long as you do arrive. The common herd is an +old Narcissus who adores himself, and who applauds the vulgar herd. +That enormous ability by virtue of which one is Moses, Æschylus, Dante, +Michael Angelo, or Napoleon, the multitude awards on the spot, and by +acclamation, to whomsoever attains his object, in whatsoever it may +consist. Let a notary transfigure himself into a deputy: let a false +Corneille compose _Tiridate;_ let a eunuch come to possess a harem; let +a military Prudhomme accidentally win the decisive battle of an epoch; +let an apothecary invent cardboard shoe-soles for the army of the +Sambre-and-Meuse, and construct for himself, out of this cardboard, +sold as leather, four hundred thousand francs of income; let a +pork-packer espouse usury, and cause it to bring forth seven or eight +millions, of which he is the father and of which it is the mother; let +a preacher become a bishop by force of his nasal drawl; let the steward +of a fine family be so rich on retiring from service that he is made +minister of finances,—and men call that Genius, just as they call the +face of Mousqueton _Beauty_, and the mien of Claude _Majesty_. With the +constellations of space they confound the stars of the abyss which are +made in the soft mire of the puddle by the feet of ducks. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—WHAT HE BELIEVED + + +We are not obliged to sound the Bishop of D—— on the score of +orthodoxy. In the presence of such a soul we feel ourselves in no mood +but respect. The conscience of the just man should be accepted on his +word. Moreover, certain natures being given, we admit the possible +development of all beauties of human virtue in a belief that differs +from our own. + +What did he think of this dogma, or of that mystery? These secrets of +the inner tribunal of the conscience are known only to the tomb, where +souls enter naked. The point on which we are certain is, that the +difficulties of faith never resolved themselves into hypocrisy in his +case. No decay is possible to the diamond. He believed to the extent of +his powers. _“Credo in Patrem,”_ he often exclaimed. Moreover, he drew +from good works that amount of satisfaction which suffices to the +conscience, and which whispers to a man, “Thou art with God!” + + +The point which we consider it our duty to note is, that outside of and +beyond his faith, as it were, the Bishop possessed an excess of love. +It was in that quarter, _quia multum amavit_,—because he loved +much—that he was regarded as vulnerable by “serious men,” “grave +persons” and “reasonable people”; favorite locutions of our sad world +where egotism takes its word of command from pedantry. What was this +excess of love? It was a serene benevolence which overflowed men, as we +have already pointed out, and which, on occasion, extended even to +things. He lived without disdain. He was indulgent towards God’s +creation. Every man, even the best, has within him a thoughtless +harshness which he reserves for animals. The Bishop of D—— had none of +that harshness, which is peculiar to many priests, nevertheless. He did +not go as far as the Brahmin, but he seemed to have weighed this saying +of Ecclesiastes: “Who knoweth whither the soul of the animal goeth?” +Hideousness of aspect, deformity of instinct, troubled him not, and did +not arouse his indignation. He was touched, almost softened by them. It +seemed as though he went thoughtfully away to seek beyond the bounds of +life which is apparent, the cause, the explanation, or the excuse for +them. He seemed at times to be asking God to commute these penalties. +He examined without wrath, and with the eye of a linguist who is +deciphering a palimpsest, that portion of chaos which still exists in +nature. This reverie sometimes caused him to utter odd sayings. One +morning he was in his garden, and thought himself alone, but his sister +was walking behind him, unseen by him: suddenly he paused and gazed at +something on the ground; it was a large, black, hairy, frightful +spider. His sister heard him say:— + +“Poor beast! It is not its fault!” + + +Why not mention these almost divinely childish sayings of kindness? +Puerile they may be; but these sublime puerilities were peculiar to +Saint Francis d’Assisi and of Marcus Aurelius. One day he sprained his +ankle in his effort to avoid stepping on an ant. Thus lived this just +man. Sometimes he fell asleep in his garden, and then there was nothing +more venerable possible. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu had formerly been, if the stories anent his youth, +and even in regard to his manhood, were to be believed, a passionate, +and, possibly, a violent man. His universal suavity was less an +instinct of nature than the result of a grand conviction which had +filtered into his heart through the medium of life, and had trickled +there slowly, thought by thought; for, in a character, as in a rock, +there may exist apertures made by drops of water. These hollows are +uneffaceable; these formations are indestructible. + +In 1815, as we think we have already said, he reached his seventy-fifth +birthday, but he did not appear to be more than sixty. He was not tall; +he was rather plump; and, in order to combat this tendency, he was fond +of taking long strolls on foot; his step was firm, and his form was but +slightly bent, a detail from which we do not pretend to draw any +conclusion. Gregory XVI., at the age of eighty, held himself erect and +smiling, which did not prevent him from being a bad bishop. Monseigneur +Welcome had what the people term a “fine head,” but so amiable was he +that they forgot that it was fine. + +When he conversed with that infantile gayety which was one of his +charms, and of which we have already spoken, people felt at their ease +with him, and joy seemed to radiate from his whole person. His fresh +and ruddy complexion, his very white teeth, all of which he had +preserved, and which were displayed by his smile, gave him that open +and easy air which cause the remark to be made of a man, “He’s a good +fellow”; and of an old man, “He is a fine man.” That, it will be +recalled, was the effect which he produced upon Napoleon. On the first +encounter, and to one who saw him for the first time, he was nothing, +in fact, but a fine man. But if one remained near him for a few hours, +and beheld him in the least degree pensive, the fine man became +gradually transfigured, and took on some imposing quality, I know not +what; his broad and serious brow, rendered august by his white locks, +became august also by virtue of meditation; majesty radiated from his +goodness, though his goodness ceased not to be radiant; one experienced +something of the emotion which one would feel on beholding a smiling +angel slowly unfold his wings, without ceasing to smile. Respect, an +unutterable respect, penetrated you by degrees and mounted to your +heart, and one felt that one had before him one of those strong, +thoroughly tried, and indulgent souls where thought is so grand that it +can no longer be anything but gentle. + +As we have seen, prayer, the celebration of the offices of religion, +alms-giving, the consolation of the afflicted, the cultivation of a bit +of land, fraternity, frugality, hospitality, renunciation, confidence, +study, work, filled every day of his life. _Filled_ is exactly the +word; certainly the Bishop’s day was quite full to the brim, of good +words and good deeds. Nevertheless, it was not complete if cold or +rainy weather prevented his passing an hour or two in his garden before +going to bed, and after the two women had retired. It seemed to be a +sort of rite with him, to prepare himself for slumber by meditation in +the presence of the grand spectacles of the nocturnal heavens. +Sometimes, if the two old women were not asleep, they heard him pacing +slowly along the walks at a very advanced hour of the night. He was +there alone, communing with himself, peaceful, adoring, comparing the +serenity of his heart with the serenity of the ether, moved amid the +darkness by the visible splendor of the constellations and the +invisible splendor of God, opening his heart to the thoughts which fall +from the Unknown. At such moments, while he offered his heart at the +hour when nocturnal flowers offer their perfume, illuminated like a +lamp amid the starry night, as he poured himself out in ecstasy in the +midst of the universal radiance of creation, he could not have told +himself, probably, what was passing in his spirit; he felt something +take its flight from him, and something descend into him. Mysterious +exchange of the abysses of the soul with the abysses of the universe! + +He thought of the grandeur and presence of God; of the future eternity, +that strange mystery; of the eternity past, a mystery still more +strange; of all the infinities, which pierced their way into all his +senses, beneath his eyes; and, without seeking to comprehend the +incomprehensible, he gazed upon it. He did not study God; he was +dazzled by him. He considered those magnificent conjunctions of atoms, +which communicate aspects to matter, reveal forces by verifying them, +create individualities in unity, proportions in extent, the innumerable +in the infinite, and, through light, produce beauty. These conjunctions +are formed and dissolved incessantly; hence life and death. + +He seated himself on a wooden bench, with his back against a decrepit +vine; he gazed at the stars, past the puny and stunted silhouettes of +his fruit-trees. This quarter of an acre, so poorly planted, so +encumbered with mean buildings and sheds, was dear to him, and +satisfied his wants. + +What more was needed by this old man, who divided the leisure of his +life, where there was so little leisure, between gardening in the +daytime and contemplation at night? Was not this narrow enclosure, with +the heavens for a ceiling, sufficient to enable him to adore God in his +most divine works, in turn? Does not this comprehend all, in fact? and +what is there left to desire beyond it? A little garden in which to +walk, and immensity in which to dream. At one’s feet that which can be +cultivated and plucked; over head that which one can study and meditate +upon: some flowers on earth, and all the stars in the sky. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—WHAT HE THOUGHT + + +One last word. + +Since this sort of details might, particularly at the present moment, +and to use an expression now in fashion, give to the Bishop of D—— a +certain “pantheistical” physiognomy, and induce the belief, either to +his credit or discredit, that he entertained one of those personal +philosophies which are peculiar to our century, which sometimes spring +up in solitary spirits, and there take on a form and grow until they +usurp the place of religion, we insist upon it, that not one of those +persons who knew Monseigneur Welcome would have thought himself +authorized to think anything of the sort. That which enlightened this +man was his heart. His wisdom was made of the light which comes from +there. + +No systems; many works. Abstruse speculations contain vertigo; no, +there is nothing to indicate that he risked his mind in apocalypses. +The apostle may be daring, but the bishop must be timid. He would +probably have felt a scruple at sounding too far in advance certain +problems which are, in a manner, reserved for terrible great minds. +There is a sacred horror beneath the porches of the enigma; those +gloomy openings stand yawning there, but something tells you, you, a +passer-by in life, that you must not enter. Woe to him who penetrates +thither! + +Geniuses in the impenetrable depths of abstraction and pure +speculation, situated, so to speak, above all dogmas, propose their +ideas to God. Their prayer audaciously offers discussion. Their +adoration interrogates. This is direct religion, which is full of +anxiety and responsibility for him who attempts its steep cliffs. + +Human meditation has no limits. At his own risk and peril, it analyzes +and digs deep into its own bedazzlement. One might almost say, that by +a sort of splendid reaction, it with it dazzles nature; the mysterious +world which surrounds us renders back what it has received; it is +probable that the contemplators are contemplated. However that may be, +there are on earth men who—are they men?—perceive distinctly at the +verge of the horizons of reverie the heights of the absolute, and who +have the terrible vision of the infinite mountain. Monseigneur Welcome +was one of these men; Monseigneur Welcome was not a genius. He would +have feared those sublimities whence some very great men even, like +Swedenborg and Pascal, have slipped into insanity. Certainly, these +powerful reveries have their moral utility, and by these arduous paths +one approaches to ideal perfection. As for him, he took the path which +shortens,—the Gospel’s. + +He did not attempt to impart to his chasuble the folds of Elijah’s +mantle; he projected no ray of future upon the dark groundswell of +events; he did not see to condense in flame the light of things; he had +nothing of the prophet and nothing of the magician about him. This +humble soul loved, and that was all. + +That he carried prayer to the pitch of a superhuman aspiration is +probable: but one can no more pray too much than one can love too much; +and if it is a heresy to pray beyond the texts, Saint Theresa and Saint +Jerome would be heretics. + +He inclined towards all that groans and all that expiates. The universe +appeared to him like an immense malady; everywhere he felt fever, +everywhere he heard the sound of suffering, and, without seeking to +solve the enigma, he strove to dress the wound. The terrible spectacle +of created things developed tenderness in him; he was occupied only in +finding for himself, and in inspiring others with the best way to +compassionate and relieve. That which exists was for this good and rare +priest a permanent subject of sadness which sought consolation. + +There are men who toil at extracting gold; he toiled at the extraction +of pity. Universal misery was his mine. The sadness which reigned +everywhere was but an excuse for unfailing kindness. _Love each other;_ +he declared this to be complete, desired nothing further, and that was +the whole of his doctrine. One day, that man who believed himself to be +a “philosopher,” the senator who has already been alluded to, said to +the Bishop: “Just survey the spectacle of the world: all war against +all; the strongest has the most wit. Your _love each other_ is +nonsense.”—_“Well,”_ replied Monseigneur Welcome, without contesting +the point, _“if it is nonsense, the soul should shut itself up in it, +as the pearl in the oyster.”_ Thus he shut himself up, he lived there, +he was absolutely satisfied with it, leaving on one side the prodigious +questions which attract and terrify, the fathomless perspectives of +abstraction, the precipices of metaphysics—all those profundities which +converge, for the apostle in God, for the atheist in nothingness; +destiny, good and evil, the way of being against being, the conscience +of man, the thoughtful somnambulism of the animal, the transformation +in death, the recapitulation of existences which the tomb contains, the +incomprehensible grafting of successive loves on the persistent _I_, +the essence, the substance, the Nile, and the Ens, the soul, nature, +liberty, necessity; perpendicular problems, sinister obscurities, where +lean the gigantic archangels of the human mind; formidable abysses, +which Lucretius, Manou, Saint Paul, Dante, contemplate with eyes +flashing lightning, which seems by its steady gaze on the infinite to +cause stars to blaze forth there. + +Monseigneur Bienvenu was simply a man who took note of the exterior of +mysterious questions without scrutinizing them, and without troubling +his own mind with them, and who cherished in his own soul a grave +respect for darkness. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE FALL + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING + + +Early in the month of October, 1815, about an hour before sunset, a man +who was travelling on foot entered the little town of D—— The few +inhabitants who were at their windows or on their thresholds at the +moment stared at this traveller with a sort of uneasiness. It was +difficult to encounter a wayfarer of more wretched appearance. He was a +man of medium stature, thickset and robust, in the prime of life. He +might have been forty-six or forty-eight years old. A cap with a +drooping leather visor partly concealed his face, burned and tanned by +sun and wind, and dripping with perspiration. His shirt of coarse +yellow linen, fastened at the neck by a small silver anchor, permitted +a view of his hairy breast: he had a cravat twisted into a string; +trousers of blue drilling, worn and threadbare, white on one knee and +torn on the other; an old gray, tattered blouse, patched on one of the +elbows with a bit of green cloth sewed on with twine; a tightly packed +soldier knapsack, well buckled and perfectly new, on his back; an +enormous, knotty stick in his hand; iron-shod shoes on his stockingless +feet; a shaved head and a long beard. + +The sweat, the heat, the journey on foot, the dust, added I know not +what sordid quality to this dilapidated whole. His hair was closely +cut, yet bristling, for it had begun to grow a little, and did not seem +to have been cut for some time. + +No one knew him. He was evidently only a chance passer-by. Whence came +he? From the south; from the seashore, perhaps, for he made his +entrance into D—— by the same street which, seven months previously, +had witnessed the passage of the Emperor Napoleon on his way from +Cannes to Paris. This man must have been walking all day. He seemed +very much fatigued. Some women of the ancient market town which is +situated below the city had seen him pause beneath the trees of the +boulevard Gassendi, and drink at the fountain which stands at the end +of the promenade. He must have been very thirsty: for the children who +followed him saw him stop again for a drink, two hundred paces further +on, at the fountain in the market-place. + +On arriving at the corner of the Rue Poichevert, he turned to the left, +and directed his steps toward the town-hall. He entered, then came out +a quarter of an hour later. A gendarme was seated near the door, on the +stone bench which General Drouot had mounted on the 4th of March to +read to the frightened throng of the inhabitants of D—— the +proclamation of the Gulf Juan. The man pulled off his cap and humbly +saluted the gendarme. + +The gendarme, without replying to his salute, stared attentively at +him, followed him for a while with his eyes, and then entered the +town-hall. + +There then existed at D—— a fine inn at the sign of the _Cross of +Colbas_. This inn had for a landlord a certain Jacquin Labarre, a man +of consideration in the town on account of his relationship to another +Labarre, who kept the inn of the _Three Dauphins_ in Grenoble, and had +served in the Guides. At the time of the Emperor’s landing, many rumors +had circulated throughout the country with regard to this inn of the +_Three Dauphins_. It was said that General Bertrand, disguised as a +carter, had made frequent trips thither in the month of January, and +that he had distributed crosses of honor to the soldiers and handfuls +of gold to the citizens. The truth is, that when the Emperor entered +Grenoble he had refused to install himself at the hotel of the +prefecture; he had thanked the mayor, saying, _“I am going to the house +of a brave man of my acquaintance”;_ and he had betaken himself to the +_Three Dauphins_. This glory of the Labarre of the _Three Dauphins_ was +reflected upon the Labarre of the _Cross of Colbas_, at a distance of +five and twenty leagues. It was said of him in the town, _“That is the +cousin of the man of Grenoble.”_ + +The man bent his steps towards this inn, which was the best in the +country-side. He entered the kitchen, which opened on a level with the +street. All the stoves were lighted; a huge fire blazed gayly in the +fireplace. The host, who was also the chief cook, was going from one +stew-pan to another, very busily superintending an excellent dinner +designed for the wagoners, whose loud talking, conversation, and +laughter were audible from an adjoining apartment. Any one who has +travelled knows that there is no one who indulges in better cheer than +wagoners. A fat marmot, flanked by white partridges and heather-cocks, +was turning on a long spit before the fire; on the stove, two huge +carps from Lake Lauzet and a trout from Lake Alloz were cooking. + +The host, hearing the door open and seeing a newcomer enter, said, +without raising his eyes from his stoves:— + +“What do you wish, sir?” + + +“Food and lodging,” said the man. + +“Nothing easier,” replied the host. At that moment he turned his head, +took in the traveller’s appearance with a single glance, and added, “By +paying for it.” + + +The man drew a large leather purse from the pocket of his blouse, and +answered, “I have money.” + + +“In that case, we are at your service,” said the host. + +The man put his purse back in his pocket, removed his knapsack from his +back, put it on the ground near the door, retained his stick in his +hand, and seated himself on a low stool close to the fire. D—— is in +the mountains. The evenings are cold there in October. + +But as the host went back and forth, he scrutinized the traveller. + +“Will dinner be ready soon?” said the man. + +“Immediately,” replied the landlord. + +While the newcomer was warming himself before the fire, with his back +turned, the worthy host, Jacquin Labarre, drew a pencil from his +pocket, then tore off the corner of an old newspaper which was lying on +a small table near the window. On the white margin he wrote a line or +two, folded it without sealing, and then intrusted this scrap of paper +to a child who seemed to serve him in the capacity both of scullion and +lackey. The landlord whispered a word in the scullion’s ear, and the +child set off on a run in the direction of the town-hall. + +The traveller saw nothing of all this. + +Once more he inquired, “Will dinner be ready soon?” + + +“Immediately,” responded the host. + +The child returned. He brought back the paper. The host unfolded it +eagerly, like a person who is expecting a reply. He seemed to read it +attentively, then tossed his head, and remained thoughtful for a +moment. Then he took a step in the direction of the traveller, who +appeared to be immersed in reflections which were not very serene. + +“I cannot receive you, sir,” said he. + +The man half rose. + +“What! Are you afraid that I will not pay you? Do you want me to pay +you in advance? I have money, I tell you.” + + +“It is not that.” + + +“What then?” + + +“You have money—” + + +“Yes,” said the man. + +“And I,” said the host, “have no room.” + + +The man resumed tranquilly, “Put me in the stable.” + + +“I cannot.” + + +“Why?” + + +“The horses take up all the space.” + + +“Very well!” retorted the man; “a corner of the loft then, a truss of +straw. We will see about that after dinner.” + + +“I cannot give you any dinner.” + + +This declaration, made in a measured but firm tone, struck the stranger +as grave. He rose. + +“Ah! bah! But I am dying of hunger. I have been walking since sunrise. +I have travelled twelve leagues. I pay. I wish to eat.” + + +“I have nothing,” said the landlord. + +The man burst out laughing, and turned towards the fireplace and the +stoves: “Nothing! and all that?” + + +“All that is engaged.” + + +“By whom?” + + +“By messieurs the wagoners.” + + +“How many are there of them?” + + +“Twelve.” + + +“There is enough food there for twenty.” + + +“They have engaged the whole of it and paid for it in advance.” + + +The man seated himself again, and said, without raising his voice, “I +am at an inn; I am hungry, and I shall remain.” + + +Then the host bent down to his ear, and said in a tone which made him +start, “Go away!” + + +At that moment the traveller was bending forward and thrusting some +brands into the fire with the iron-shod tip of his staff; he turned +quickly round, and as he opened his mouth to reply, the host gazed +steadily at him and added, still in a low voice: “Stop! there’s enough +of that sort of talk. Do you want me to tell you your name? Your name +is Jean Valjean. Now do you want me to tell you who you are? When I saw +you come in I suspected something; I sent to the town-hall, and this +was the reply that was sent to me. Can you read?” + + +So saying, he held out to the stranger, fully unfolded, the paper which +had just travelled from the inn to the town-hall, and from the +town-hall to the inn. The man cast a glance upon it. The landlord +resumed after a pause. + +“I am in the habit of being polite to every one. Go away!” + + +The man dropped his head, picked up the knapsack which he had deposited +on the ground, and took his departure. + +He chose the principal street. He walked straight on at a venture, +keeping close to the houses like a sad and humiliated man. He did not +turn round a single time. Had he done so, he would have seen the host +of the _Cross of Colbas_ standing on his threshold, surrounded by all +the guests of his inn, and all the passers-by in the street, talking +vivaciously, and pointing him out with his finger; and, from the +glances of terror and distrust cast by the group, he might have divined +that his arrival would speedily become an event for the whole town. + +He saw nothing of all this. People who are crushed do not look behind +them. They know but too well the evil fate which follows them. + +Thus he proceeded for some time, walking on without ceasing, traversing +at random streets of which he knew nothing, forgetful of his fatigue, +as is often the case when a man is sad. All at once he felt the pangs +of hunger sharply. Night was drawing near. He glanced about him, to see +whether he could not discover some shelter. + +The fine hostelry was closed to him; he was seeking some very humble +public house, some hovel, however lowly. + +Just then a light flashed up at the end of the streets; a pine branch +suspended from a cross-beam of iron was outlined against the white sky +of the twilight. He proceeded thither. + +It proved to be, in fact, a public house. The public house which is in +the Rue de Chaffaut. + +The wayfarer halted for a moment, and peeped through the window into +the interior of the low-studded room of the public house, illuminated +by a small lamp on a table and by a large fire on the hearth. Some men +were engaged in drinking there. The landlord was warming himself. An +iron pot, suspended from a crane, bubbled over the flame. + +The entrance to this public house, which is also a sort of an inn, is +by two doors. One opens on the street, the other upon a small yard +filled with manure. The traveller dare not enter by the street door. He +slipped into the yard, halted again, then raised the latch timidly and +opened the door. + +“Who goes there?” said the master. + +“Some one who wants supper and bed.” + + +“Good. We furnish supper and bed here.” + + +He entered. All the men who were drinking turned round. The lamp +illuminated him on one side, the firelight on the other. They examined +him for some time while he was taking off his knapsack. + +The host said to him, “There is the fire. The supper is cooking in the +pot. Come and warm yourself, comrade.” + + +He approached and seated himself near the hearth. He stretched out his +feet, which were exhausted with fatigue, to the fire; a fine odor was +emitted by the pot. All that could be distinguished of his face, +beneath his cap, which was well pulled down, assumed a vague appearance +of comfort, mingled with that other poignant aspect which habitual +suffering bestows. + +It was, moreover, a firm, energetic, and melancholy profile. This +physiognomy was strangely composed; it began by seeming humble, and +ended by seeming severe. The eye shone beneath its lashes like a fire +beneath brushwood. + +One of the men seated at the table, however, was a fishmonger who, +before entering the public house of the Rue de Chaffaut, had been to +stable his horse at Labarre’s. It chanced that he had that very morning +encountered this unprepossessing stranger on the road between Bras +d’Asse and—I have forgotten the name. I think it was Escoublon. Now, +when he met him, the man, who then seemed already extremely weary, had +requested him to take him on his crupper; to which the fishmonger had +made no reply except by redoubling his gait. This fishmonger had been a +member half an hour previously of the group which surrounded Jacquin +Labarre, and had himself related his disagreeable encounter of the +morning to the people at the _Cross of Colbas_. From where he sat he +made an imperceptible sign to the tavern-keeper. The tavern-keeper went +to him. They exchanged a few words in a low tone. The man had again +become absorbed in his reflections. + +The tavern-keeper returned to the fireplace, laid his hand abruptly on +the shoulder of the man, and said to him:— + +“You are going to get out of here.” + + +The stranger turned round and replied gently, “Ah! You know?—” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I was sent away from the other inn.” + + +“And you are to be turned out of this one.” + + +“Where would you have me go?” + + +“Elsewhere.” + + +The man took his stick and his knapsack and departed. + +As he went out, some children who had followed him from the _Cross of +Colbas_, and who seemed to be lying in wait for him, threw stones at +him. He retraced his steps in anger, and threatened them with his +stick: the children dispersed like a flock of birds. + +He passed before the prison. At the door hung an iron chain attached to +a bell. He rang. + +The wicket opened. + +“Turnkey,” said he, removing his cap politely, “will you have the +kindness to admit me, and give me a lodging for the night?” + + +A voice replied:— + +“The prison is not an inn. Get yourself arrested, and you will be +admitted.” + + +The wicket closed again. + +He entered a little street in which there were many gardens. Some of +them are enclosed only by hedges, which lends a cheerful aspect to the +street. In the midst of these gardens and hedges he caught sight of a +small house of a single story, the window of which was lighted up. He +peered through the pane as he had done at the public house. Within was +a large whitewashed room, with a bed draped in printed cotton stuff, +and a cradle in one corner, a few wooden chairs, and a double-barrelled +gun hanging on the wall. A table was spread in the centre of the room. +A copper lamp illuminated the tablecloth of coarse white linen, the +pewter jug shining like silver, and filled with wine, and the brown, +smoking soup-tureen. At this table sat a man of about forty, with a +merry and open countenance, who was dandling a little child on his +knees. Close by a very young woman was nursing another child. The +father was laughing, the child was laughing, the mother was smiling. + +The stranger paused a moment in reverie before this tender and calming +spectacle. What was taking place within him? He alone could have told. +It is probable that he thought that this joyous house would be +hospitable, and that, in a place where he beheld so much happiness, he +would find perhaps a little pity. + +He tapped on the pane with a very small and feeble knock. + +They did not hear him. + +He tapped again. + +He heard the woman say, “It seems to me, husband, that some one is +knocking.” + + +“No,” replied the husband. + +He tapped a third time. + +The husband rose, took the lamp, and went to the door, which he opened. + +He was a man of lofty stature, half peasant, half artisan. He wore a +huge leather apron, which reached to his left shoulder, and which a +hammer, a red handkerchief, a powder-horn, and all sorts of objects +which were upheld by the girdle, as in a pocket, caused to bulge out. +He carried his head thrown backwards; his shirt, widely opened and +turned back, displayed his bull neck, white and bare. He had thick +eyelashes, enormous black whiskers, prominent eyes, the lower part of +his face like a snout; and besides all this, that air of being on his +own ground, which is indescribable. + +“Pardon me, sir,” said the wayfarer, “Could you, in consideration of +payment, give me a plate of soup and a corner of that shed yonder in +the garden, in which to sleep? Tell me; can you? For money?” + + +“Who are you?” demanded the master of the house. + +The man replied: “I have just come from Puy-Moisson. I have walked all +day long. I have travelled twelve leagues. Can you?—if I pay?” + + +“I would not refuse,” said the peasant, “to lodge any respectable man +who would pay me. But why do you not go to the inn?” + + +“There is no room.” + + +“Bah! Impossible. This is neither a fair nor a market day. Have you +been to Labarre?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well?” + + +The traveller replied with embarrassment: “I do not know. He did not +receive me.” + + +“Have you been to What’s-his-name’s, in the Rue Chaffaut?” + + +The stranger’s embarrassment increased; he stammered, “He did not +receive me either.” + + +The peasant’s countenance assumed an expression of distrust; he +surveyed the newcomer from head to feet, and suddenly exclaimed, with a +sort of shudder:— + +“Are you the man?—” + + +He cast a fresh glance upon the stranger, took three steps backwards, +placed the lamp on the table, and took his gun down from the wall. + +Meanwhile, at the words, _Are you the man?_ the woman had risen, had +clasped her two children in her arms, and had taken refuge +precipitately behind her husband, staring in terror at the stranger, +with her bosom uncovered, and with frightened eyes, as she murmured in +a low tone, _“Tso-maraude.”_1 + +All this took place in less time than it requires to picture it to +one’s self. After having scrutinized the man for several moments, as +one scrutinizes a viper, the master of the house returned to the door +and said:— + +“Clear out!” + + +“For pity’s sake, a glass of water,” said the man. + +“A shot from my gun!” said the peasant. + +Then he closed the door violently, and the man heard him shoot two +large bolts. A moment later, the window-shutter was closed, and the +sound of a bar of iron which was placed against it was audible outside. + +Night continued to fall. A cold wind from the Alps was blowing. By the +light of the expiring day the stranger perceived, in one of the gardens +which bordered the street, a sort of hut, which seemed to him to be +built of sods. He climbed over the wooden fence resolutely, and found +himself in the garden. He approached the hut; its door consisted of a +very low and narrow aperture, and it resembled those buildings which +road-laborers construct for themselves along the roads. He thought +without doubt, that it was, in fact, the dwelling of a road-laborer; he +was suffering from cold and hunger, but this was, at least, a shelter +from the cold. This sort of dwelling is not usually occupied at night. +He threw himself flat on his face, and crawled into the hut. It was +warm there, and he found a tolerably good bed of straw. He lay, for a +moment, stretched out on this bed, without the power to make a +movement, so fatigued was he. Then, as the knapsack on his back was in +his way, and as it furnished, moreover, a pillow ready to his hand, he +set about unbuckling one of the straps. At that moment, a ferocious +growl became audible. He raised his eyes. The head of an enormous dog +was outlined in the darkness at the entrance of the hut. + +It was a dog’s kennel. + +He was himself vigorous and formidable; he armed himself with his +staff, made a shield of his knapsack, and made his way out of the +kennel in the best way he could, not without enlarging the rents in his +rags. + +He left the garden in the same manner, but backwards, being obliged, in +order to keep the dog respectful, to have recourse to that manƓuvre +with his stick which masters in that sort of fencing designate as _la +rose couverte_. + +When he had, not without difficulty, repassed the fence, and found +himself once more in the street, alone, without refuge, without +shelter, without a roof over his head, chased even from that bed of +straw and from that miserable kennel, he dropped rather than seated +himself on a stone, and it appears that a passer-by heard him exclaim, +“I am not even a dog!” + + +He soon rose again and resumed his march. He went out of the town, +hoping to find some tree or haystack in the fields which would afford +him shelter. + +He walked thus for some time, with his head still drooping. When he +felt himself far from every human habitation, he raised his eyes and +gazed searchingly about him. He was in a field. Before him was one of +those low hills covered with close-cut stubble, which, after the +harvest, resemble shaved heads. + +The horizon was perfectly black. This was not alone the obscurity of +night; it was caused by very low-hanging clouds which seemed to rest +upon the hill itself, and which were mounting and filling the whole +sky. Meanwhile, as the moon was about to rise, and as there was still +floating in the zenith a remnant of the brightness of twilight, these +clouds formed at the summit of the sky a sort of whitish arch, whence a +gleam of light fell upon the earth. + +The earth was thus better lighted than the sky, which produces a +particularly sinister effect, and the hill, whose contour was poor and +mean, was outlined vague and wan against the gloomy horizon. The whole +effect was hideous, petty, lugubrious, and narrow. + +There was nothing in the field or on the hill except a deformed tree, +which writhed and shivered a few paces distant from the wayfarer. + +This man was evidently very far from having those delicate habits of +intelligence and spirit which render one sensible to the mysterious +aspects of things; nevertheless, there was something in that sky, in +that hill, in that plain, in that tree, which was so profoundly +desolate, that after a moment of immobility and reverie he turned back +abruptly. There are instants when nature seems hostile. + +He retraced his steps; the gates of D—— were closed. D——, which had +sustained sieges during the wars of religion, was still surrounded in +1815 by ancient walls flanked by square towers which have been +demolished since. He passed through a breach and entered the town +again. + +It might have been eight o’clock in the evening. As he was not +acquainted with the streets, he recommenced his walk at random. + +In this way he came to the prefecture, then to the seminary. As he +passed through the Cathedral Square, he shook his fist at the church. + +At the corner of this square there is a printing establishment. It is +there that the proclamations of the Emperor and of the Imperial Guard +to the army, brought from the Island of Elba and dictated by Napoleon +himself, were printed for the first time. + +Worn out with fatigue, and no longer entertaining any hope, he lay down +on a stone bench which stands at the doorway of this printing office. + +At that moment an old woman came out of the church. She saw the man +stretched out in the shadow. “What are you doing there, my friend?” +said she. + +He answered harshly and angrily: “As you see, my good woman, I am +sleeping.” The good woman, who was well worthy the name, in fact, was +the Marquise de R—— + +“On this bench?” she went on. + +“I have had a mattress of wood for nineteen years,” said the man; +“to-day I have a mattress of stone.” + + +“You have been a soldier?” + + +“Yes, my good woman, a soldier.” + + +“Why do you not go to the inn?” + + +“Because I have no money.” + + +“Alas!” said Madame de R——, “I have only four sous in my purse.” + + +“Give it to me all the same.” + + +The man took the four sous. Madame de R—— continued: “You cannot obtain +lodgings in an inn for so small a sum. But have you tried? It is +impossible for you to pass the night thus. You are cold and hungry, no +doubt. Some one might have given you a lodging out of charity.” + + +“I have knocked at all doors.” + + +“Well?” + + +“I have been driven away everywhere.” + + +The “good woman” touched the man’s arm, and pointed out to him on the +other side of the street a small, low house, which stood beside the +Bishop’s palace. + +“You have knocked at all doors?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Have you knocked at that one?” + + +“No.” + + +“Knock there.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—PRUDENCE COUNSELLED TO WISDOM. + + +That evening, the Bishop of D——, after his promenade through the town, +remained shut up rather late in his room. He was busy over a great work +on _Duties_, which was never completed, unfortunately. He was carefully +compiling everything that the Fathers and the doctors have said on this +important subject. His book was divided into two parts: firstly, the +duties of all; secondly, the duties of each individual, according to +the class to which he belongs. The duties of all are the great duties. +There are four of these. Saint Matthew points them out: duties towards +God (_Matt._ vi.); duties towards one’s self (_Matt._ v. 29, 30); +duties towards one’s neighbor (_Matt._ vii. 12); duties towards animals +(_Matt._ vi. 20, 25). As for the other duties the Bishop found them +pointed out and prescribed elsewhere: to sovereigns and subjects, in +the Epistle to the Romans; to magistrates, to wives, to mothers, to +young men, by Saint Peter; to husbands, fathers, children and servants, +in the Epistle to the Ephesians; to the faithful, in the Epistle to the +Hebrews; to virgins, in the Epistle to the Corinthians. Out of these +precepts he was laboriously constructing a harmonious whole, which he +desired to present to souls. + +At eight o’clock he was still at work, writing with a good deal of +inconvenience upon little squares of paper, with a big book open on his +knees, when Madame Magloire entered, according to her wont, to get the +silver-ware from the cupboard near his bed. A moment later, the Bishop, +knowing that the table was set, and that his sister was probably +waiting for him, shut his book, rose from his table, and entered the +dining-room. + +The dining-room was an oblong apartment, with a fireplace, which had a +door opening on the street (as we have said), and a window opening on +the garden. + +Madame Magloire was, in fact, just putting the last touches to the +table. + +As she performed this service, she was conversing with Mademoiselle +Baptistine. + +A lamp stood on the table; the table was near the fireplace. A wood +fire was burning there. + +One can easily picture to one’s self these two women, both of whom were +over sixty years of age. Madame Magloire small, plump, vivacious; +Mademoiselle Baptistine gentle, slender, frail, somewhat taller than +her brother, dressed in a gown of puce-colored silk, of the fashion of +1806, which she had purchased at that date in Paris, and which had +lasted ever since. To borrow vulgar phrases, which possess the merit of +giving utterance in a single word to an idea which a whole page would +hardly suffice to express, Madame Magloire had the air of a _peasant_, +and Mademoiselle Baptistine that of a _lady_. Madame Magloire wore a +white quilted cap, a gold Jeannette cross on a velvet ribbon upon her +neck, the only bit of feminine jewelry that there was in the house, a +very white fichu puffing out from a gown of coarse black woollen stuff, +with large, short sleeves, an apron of cotton cloth in red and green +checks, knotted round the waist with a green ribbon, with a stomacher +of the same attached by two pins at the upper corners, coarse shoes on +her feet, and yellow stockings, like the women of Marseilles. +Mademoiselle Baptistine’s gown was cut on the patterns of 1806, with a +short waist, a narrow, sheath-like skirt, puffed sleeves, with flaps +and buttons. She concealed her gray hair under a frizzed wig known as +the _baby_ wig. Madame Magloire had an intelligent, vivacious, and +kindly air; the two corners of her mouth unequally raised, and her +upper lip, which was larger than the lower, imparted to her a rather +crabbed and imperious look. So long as Monseigneur held his peace, she +talked to him resolutely with a mixture of respect and freedom; but as +soon as Monseigneur began to speak, as we have seen, she obeyed +passively like her mistress. Mademoiselle Baptistine did not even +speak. She confined herself to obeying and pleasing him. She had never +been pretty, even when she was young; she had large, blue, prominent +eyes, and a long arched nose; but her whole visage, her whole person, +breathed forth an ineffable goodness, as we stated in the beginning. +She had always been predestined to gentleness; but faith, charity, +hope, those three virtues which mildly warm the soul, had gradually +elevated that gentleness to sanctity. Nature had made her a lamb, +religion had made her an angel. Poor sainted virgin! Sweet memory which +has vanished! + +Mademoiselle Baptistine has so often narrated what passed at the +episcopal residence that evening, that there are many people now living +who still recall the most minute details. + +At the moment when the Bishop entered, Madame Magloire was talking with +considerable vivacity. She was haranguing Mademoiselle Baptistine on a +subject which was familiar to her and to which the Bishop was also +accustomed. The question concerned the lock upon the entrance door. + +It appears that while procuring some provisions for supper, Madame +Magloire had heard things in divers places. People had spoken of a +prowler of evil appearance; a suspicious vagabond had arrived who must +be somewhere about the town, and those who should take it into their +heads to return home late that night might be subjected to unpleasant +encounters. The police was very badly organized, moreover, because +there was no love lost between the Prefect and the Mayor, who sought to +injure each other by making things happen. It behooved wise people to +play the part of their own police, and to guard themselves well, and +care must be taken to duly close, bar and barricade their houses, and +to _fasten the doors well_. + +Madame Magloire emphasized these last words; but the Bishop had just +come from his room, where it was rather cold. He seated himself in +front of the fire, and warmed himself, and then fell to thinking of +other things. He did not take up the remark dropped with design by +Madame Magloire. She repeated it. Then Mademoiselle Baptistine, +desirous of satisfying Madame Magloire without displeasing her brother, +ventured to say timidly:— + +“Did you hear what Madame Magloire is saying, brother?” + + +“I have heard something of it in a vague way,” replied the Bishop. Then +half-turning in his chair, placing his hands on his knees, and raising +towards the old servant woman his cordial face, which so easily grew +joyous, and which was illuminated from below by the firelight,—“Come, +what is the matter? What is the matter? Are we in any great danger?” + + +Then Madame Magloire began the whole story afresh, exaggerating it a +little without being aware of the fact. It appeared that a Bohemian, a +bare-footed vagabond, a sort of dangerous mendicant, was at that moment +in the town. He had presented himself at Jacquin Labarre’s to obtain +lodgings, but the latter had not been willing to take him in. He had +been seen to arrive by the way of the boulevard Gassendi and roam about +the streets in the gloaming. A gallows-bird with a terrible face. + +“Really!” said the Bishop. + +This willingness to interrogate encouraged Madame Magloire; it seemed +to her to indicate that the Bishop was on the point of becoming +alarmed; she pursued triumphantly:— + +“Yes, Monseigneur. That is how it is. There will be some sort of +catastrophe in this town to-night. Every one says so. And withal, the +police is so badly regulated” (a useful repetition). “The idea of +living in a mountainous country, and not even having lights in the +streets at night! One goes out. Black as ovens, indeed! And I say, +Monseigneur, and Mademoiselle there says with me—” + + +“I,” interrupted his sister, “say nothing. What my brother does is well +done.” + + +Madame Magloire continued as though there had been no protest:— + +“We say that this house is not safe at all; that if Monseigneur will +permit, I will go and tell Paulin Musebois, the locksmith, to come and +replace the ancient locks on the doors; we have them, and it is only +the work of a moment; for I say that nothing is more terrible than a +door which can be opened from the outside with a latch by the first +passer-by; and I say that we need bolts, Monseigneur, if only for this +night; moreover, Monseigneur has the habit of always saying ‘come in’; +and besides, even in the middle of the night, O mon Dieu! there is no +need to ask permission.” + + +At that moment there came a tolerably violent knock on the door. + +“Come in,” said the Bishop. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE HEROISM OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE. + + +The door opened. + +It opened wide with a rapid movement, as though some one had given it +an energetic and resolute push. + +A man entered. + +We already know the man. It was the wayfarer whom we have seen +wandering about in search of shelter. + +He entered, advanced a step, and halted, leaving the door open behind +him. He had his knapsack on his shoulders, his cudgel in his hand, a +rough, audacious, weary, and violent expression in his eyes. The fire +on the hearth lighted him up. He was hideous. It was a sinister +apparition. + +Madame Magloire had not even the strength to utter a cry. She trembled, +and stood with her mouth wide open. + +Mademoiselle Baptistine turned round, beheld the man entering, and half +started up in terror; then, turning her head by degrees towards the +fireplace again, she began to observe her brother, and her face became +once more profoundly calm and serene. + +The Bishop fixed a tranquil eye on the man. + +As he opened his mouth, doubtless to ask the newcomer what he desired, +the man rested both hands on his staff, directed his gaze at the old +man and the two women, and without waiting for the Bishop to speak, he +said, in a loud voice:— + +“See here. My name is Jean Valjean. I am a convict from the galleys. I +have passed nineteen years in the galleys. I was liberated four days +ago, and am on my way to Pontarlier, which is my destination. I have +been walking for four days since I left Toulon. I have travelled a +dozen leagues to-day on foot. This evening, when I arrived in these +parts, I went to an inn, and they turned me out, because of my yellow +passport, which I had shown at the town-hall. I had to do it. I went to +an inn. They said to me, ‘Be off,’ at both places. No one would take +me. I went to the prison; the jailer would not admit me. I went into a +dog’s kennel; the dog bit me and chased me off, as though he had been a +man. One would have said that he knew who I was. I went into the +fields, intending to sleep in the open air, beneath the stars. There +were no stars. I thought it was going to rain, and I re-entered the +town, to seek the recess of a doorway. Yonder, in the square, I meant +to sleep on a stone bench. A good woman pointed out your house to me, +and said to me, ‘Knock there!’ I have knocked. What is this place? Do +you keep an inn? I have money—savings. One hundred and nine francs +fifteen sous, which I earned in the galleys by my labor, in the course +of nineteen years. I will pay. What is that to me? I have money. I am +very weary; twelve leagues on foot; I am very hungry. Are you willing +that I should remain?” + + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “you will set another place.” + + +The man advanced three paces, and approached the lamp which was on the +table. “Stop,” he resumed, as though he had not quite understood; +“that’s not it. Did you hear? I am a galley-slave; a convict. I come +from the galleys.” He drew from his pocket a large sheet of yellow +paper, which he unfolded. “Here’s my passport. Yellow, as you see. This +serves to expel me from every place where I go. Will you read it? I +know how to read. I learned in the galleys. There is a school there for +those who choose to learn. Hold, this is what they put on this +passport: ‘Jean Valjean, discharged convict, native of’—that is nothing +to you—‘has been nineteen years in the galleys: five years for +house-breaking and burglary; fourteen years for having attempted to +escape on four occasions. He is a very dangerous man.’ There! Every one +has cast me out. Are you willing to receive me? Is this an inn? Will +you give me something to eat and a bed? Have you a stable?” + + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “you will put white sheets on the +bed in the alcove.” We have already explained the character of the two +women’s obedience. + +Madame Magloire retired to execute these orders. + +The Bishop turned to the man. + +“Sit down, sir, and warm yourself. We are going to sup in a few +moments, and your bed will be prepared while you are supping.” + + +At this point the man suddenly comprehended. The expression of his +face, up to that time sombre and harsh, bore the imprint of +stupefaction, of doubt, of joy, and became extraordinary. He began +stammering like a crazy man:— + +“Really? What! You will keep me? You do not drive me forth? A convict! +You call me _sir!_ You do not address me as _thou?_ ‘Get out of here, +you dog!’ is what people always say to me. I felt sure that you would +expel me, so I told you at once who I am. Oh, what a good woman that +was who directed me hither! I am going to sup! A bed with a mattress +and sheets, like the rest of the world! a bed! It is nineteen years +since I have slept in a bed! You actually do not want me to go! You are +good people. Besides, I have money. I will pay well. Pardon me, +monsieur the inn-keeper, but what is your name? I will pay anything you +ask. You are a fine man. You are an inn-keeper, are you not?” + + +“I am,” replied the Bishop, “a priest who lives here.” + + +“A priest!” said the man. “Oh, what a fine priest! Then you are not +going to demand any money of me? You are the curĂ©, are you not? the +curĂ© of this big church? Well! I am a fool, truly! I had not perceived +your skull-cap.” + + +As he spoke, he deposited his knapsack and his cudgel in a corner, +replaced his passport in his pocket, and seated himself. Mademoiselle +Baptistine gazed mildly at him. He continued: + +“You are humane, Monsieur le CurĂ©; you have not scorned me. A good +priest is a very good thing. Then you do not require me to pay?” + + +“No,” said the Bishop; “keep your money. How much have you? Did you not +tell me one hundred and nine francs?” + + +“And fifteen sous,” added the man. + +“One hundred and nine francs fifteen sous. And how long did it take you +to earn that?” + + +“Nineteen years.” + + +“Nineteen years!” + + +The Bishop sighed deeply. + +The man continued: “I have still the whole of my money. In four days I +have spent only twenty-five sous, which I earned by helping unload some +wagons at Grasse. Since you are an abbĂ©, I will tell you that we had a +chaplain in the galleys. And one day I saw a bishop there. Monseigneur +is what they call him. He was the Bishop of Majore at Marseilles. He is +the curĂ© who rules over the other curĂ©s, you understand. Pardon me, I +say that very badly; but it is such a far-off thing to me! You +understand what we are! He said mass in the middle of the galleys, on +an altar. He had a pointed thing, made of gold, on his head; it +glittered in the bright light of midday. We were all ranged in lines on +the three sides, with cannons with lighted matches facing us. We could +not see very well. He spoke; but he was too far off, and we did not +hear. That is what a bishop is like.” + + +While he was speaking, the Bishop had gone and shut the door, which had +remained wide open. + +Madame Magloire returned. She brought a silver fork and spoon, which +she placed on the table. + +“Madame Magloire,” said the Bishop, “place those things as near the +fire as possible.” And turning to his guest: “The night wind is harsh +on the Alps. You must be cold, sir.” + + +Each time that he uttered the word _sir_, in his voice which was so +gently grave and polished, the man’s face lighted up. _Monsieur_ to a +convict is like a glass of water to one of the shipwrecked of the +_Medusa_. Ignominy thirsts for consideration. + +“This lamp gives a very bad light,” said the Bishop. + +Madame Magloire understood him, and went to get the two silver +candlesticks from the chimney-piece in Monseigneur’s bed-chamber, and +placed them, lighted, on the table. + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©,” said the man, “you are good; you do not despise me. +You receive me into your house. You light your candles for me. Yet I +have not concealed from you whence I come and that I am an unfortunate +man.” + + +The Bishop, who was sitting close to him, gently touched his hand. “You +could not help telling me who you were. This is not my house; it is the +house of Jesus Christ. This door does not demand of him who enters +whether he has a name, but whether he has a grief. You suffer, you are +hungry and thirsty; you are welcome. And do not thank me; do not say +that I receive you in my house. No one is at home here, except the man +who needs a refuge. I say to you, who are passing by, that you are much +more at home here than I am myself. Everything here is yours. What need +have I to know your name? Besides, before you told me you had one which +I knew.” + + +The man opened his eyes in astonishment. + +“Really? You knew what I was called?” + + +“Yes,” replied the Bishop, “you are called my brother.” + + +“Stop, Monsieur le CurĂ©,” exclaimed the man. “I was very hungry when I +entered here; but you are so good, that I no longer know what has +happened to me.” + + +The Bishop looked at him, and said,— + +“You have suffered much?” + + +“Oh, the red coat, the ball on the ankle, a plank to sleep on, heat, +cold, toil, the convicts, the thrashings, the double chain for nothing, +the cell for one word; even sick and in bed, still the chain! Dogs, +dogs are happier! Nineteen years! I am forty-six. Now there is the +yellow passport. That is what it is like.” + + +“Yes,” resumed the Bishop, “you have come from a very sad place. +Listen. There will be more joy in heaven over the tear-bathed face of a +repentant sinner than over the white robes of a hundred just men. If +you emerge from that sad place with thoughts of hatred and of wrath +against mankind, you are deserving of pity; if you emerge with thoughts +of good-will and of peace, you are more worthy than any one of us.” + + +In the meantime, Madame Magloire had served supper: soup, made with +water, oil, bread, and salt; a little bacon, a bit of mutton, figs, a +fresh cheese, and a large loaf of rye bread. She had, of her own +accord, added to the Bishop’s ordinary fare a bottle of his old Mauves +wine. + +The Bishop’s face at once assumed that expression of gayety which is +peculiar to hospitable natures. “To table!” he cried vivaciously. As +was his custom when a stranger supped with him, he made the man sit on +his right. Mademoiselle Baptistine, perfectly peaceable and natural, +took her seat at his left. + +The Bishop asked a blessing; then helped the soup himself, according to +his custom. The man began to eat with avidity. + +All at once the Bishop said: “It strikes me there is something missing +on this table.” + + +Madame Magloire had, in fact, only placed the three sets of forks and +spoons which were absolutely necessary. Now, it was the usage of the +house, when the Bishop had any one to supper, to lay out the whole six +sets of silver on the table-cloth—an innocent ostentation. This +graceful semblance of luxury was a kind of child’s play, which was full +of charm in that gentle and severe household, which raised poverty into +dignity. + +Madame Magloire understood the remark, went out without saying a word, +and a moment later the three sets of silver forks and spoons demanded +by the Bishop were glittering upon the cloth, symmetrically arranged +before the three persons seated at the table. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—DETAILS CONCERNING THE CHEESE-DAIRIES OF PONTARLIER. + + +Now, in order to convey an idea of what passed at that table, we cannot +do better than to transcribe here a passage from one of Mademoiselle +Baptistine’s letters to Madame Boischevron, wherein the conversation +between the convict and the Bishop is described with ingenious +minuteness. + +“. . . This man paid no attention to any one. He ate with the voracity +of a starving man. However, after supper he said: + +“‘Monsieur le CurĂ© of the good God, all this is far too good for me; +but I must say that the carters who would not allow me to eat with them +keep a better table than you do.’ + +“Between ourselves, the remark rather shocked me. My brother replied:— + +“‘They are more fatigued than I.’ + +“‘No,’ returned the man, ‘they have more money. You are poor; I see +that plainly. You cannot be even a curate. Are you really a curĂ©? Ah, +if the good God were but just, you certainly ought to be a curĂ©!’ + +“‘The good God is more than just,’ said my brother. + +“A moment later he added:— + +“‘Monsieur Jean Valjean, is it to Pontarlier that you are going?’ + +“‘With my road marked out for me.’ + +“I think that is what the man said. Then he went on:— + +“‘I must be on my way by daybreak to-morrow. Travelling is hard. If the +nights are cold, the days are hot.’ + +“‘You are going to a good country,’ said my brother. ‘During the +Revolution my family was ruined. I took refuge in Franche-ComtĂ© at +first, and there I lived for some time by the toil of my hands. My will +was good. I found plenty to occupy me. One has only to choose. There +are paper mills, tanneries, distilleries, oil factories, watch +factories on a large scale, steel mills, copper works, twenty iron +foundries at least, four of which, situated at Lods, at ChĂątillon, at +Audincourt, and at Beure, are tolerably large.’ + +“I think I am not mistaken in saying that those are the names which my +brother mentioned. Then he interrupted himself and addressed me:— + +“‘Have we not some relatives in those parts, my dear sister?’ + +“I replied,— + +“‘We did have some; among others, M. de Lucenet, who was captain of the +gates at Pontarlier under the old rĂ©gime.’ + +“‘Yes,’ resumed my brother; ‘but in ’93, one had no longer any +relatives, one had only one’s arms. I worked. They have, in the country +of Pontarlier, whither you are going, Monsieur Valjean, a truly +patriarchal and truly charming industry, my sister. It is their +cheese-dairies, which they call _fruitiĂšres_.’ + +“Then my brother, while urging the man to eat, explained to him, with +great minuteness, what these _fruitiĂšres_ of Pontarlier were; that they +were divided into two classes: the _big barns_ which belong to the +rich, and where there are forty or fifty cows which produce from seven +to eight thousand cheeses each summer, and the _associated fruitiĂšres_, +which belong to the poor; these are the peasants of mid-mountain, who +hold their cows in common, and share the proceeds. ‘They engage the +services of a cheese-maker, whom they call the _grurin_; the _grurin_ +receives the milk of the associates three times a day, and marks the +quantity on a double tally. It is towards the end of April that the +work of the cheese-dairies begins; it is towards the middle of June +that the cheese-makers drive their cows to the mountains.’ + +“The man recovered his animation as he ate. My brother made him drink +that good Mauves wine, which he does not drink himself, because he says +that wine is expensive. My brother imparted all these details with that +easy gayety of his with which you are acquainted, interspersing his +words with graceful attentions to me. He recurred frequently to that +comfortable trade of _grurin_, as though he wished the man to +understand, without advising him directly and harshly, that this would +afford him a refuge. One thing struck me. This man was what I have told +you. Well, neither during supper, nor during the entire evening, did my +brother utter a single word, with the exception of a few words about +Jesus when he entered, which could remind the man of what he was, nor +of what my brother was. To all appearances, it was an occasion for +preaching him a little sermon, and of impressing the Bishop on the +convict, so that a mark of the passage might remain behind. This might +have appeared to any one else who had this, unfortunate man in his +hands to afford a chance to nourish his soul as well as his body, and +to bestow upon him some reproach, seasoned with moralizing and advice, +or a little commiseration, with an exhortation to conduct himself +better in the future. My brother did not even ask him from what country +he came, nor what was his history. For in his history there is a fault, +and my brother seemed to avoid everything which could remind him of it. +To such a point did he carry it, that at one time, when my brother was +speaking of the mountaineers of Pontarlier, _who exercise a gentle +labor near heaven, and who_, he added, _are happy because they are +innocent_, he stopped short, fearing lest in this remark there might +have escaped him something which might wound the man. By dint of +reflection, I think I have comprehended what was passing in my +brother’s heart. He was thinking, no doubt, that this man, whose name +is Jean Valjean, had his misfortune only too vividly present in his +mind; that the best thing was to divert him from it, and to make him +believe, if only momentarily, that he was a person like any other, by +treating him just in his ordinary way. Is not this indeed, to +understand charity well? Is there not, dear Madame, something truly +evangelical in this delicacy which abstains from sermon, from +moralizing, from allusions? and is not the truest pity, when a man has +a sore point, not to touch it at all? It has seemed to me that this +might have been my brother’s private thought. In any case, what I can +say is that, if he entertained all these ideas, he gave no sign of +them; from beginning to end, even to me he was the same as he is every +evening, and he supped with this Jean Valjean with the same air and in +the same manner in which he would have supped with M. GĂ©dĂ©on le +PrĂ©vost, or with the curate of the parish. + +“Towards the end, when he had reached the figs, there came a knock at +the door. It was Mother Gerbaud, with her little one in her arms. My +brother kissed the child on the brow, and borrowed fifteen sous which I +had about me to give to Mother Gerbaud. The man was not paying much +heed to anything then. He was no longer talking, and he seemed very +much fatigued. After poor old Gerbaud had taken her departure, my +brother said grace; then he turned to the man and said to him, ‘You +must be in great need of your bed.’ Madame Magloire cleared the table +very promptly. I understood that we must retire, in order to allow this +traveller to go to sleep, and we both went upstairs. Nevertheless, I +sent Madame Magloire down a moment later, to carry to the man’s bed a +goat skin from the Black Forest, which was in my room. The nights are +frigid, and that keeps one warm. It is a pity that this skin is old; +all the hair is falling out. My brother bought it while he was in +Germany, at Tottlingen, near the sources of the Danube, as well as the +little ivory-handled knife which I use at table. + +“Madame Magloire returned immediately. We said our prayers in the +drawing-room, where we hang up the linen, and then we each retired to +our own chambers, without saying a word to each other.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—TRANQUILLITY + + +After bidding his sister good night, Monseigneur Bienvenu took one of +the two silver candlesticks from the table, handed the other to his +guest, and said to him,— + +“Monsieur, I will conduct you to your room.” + + +The man followed him. + +As might have been observed from what has been said above, the house +was so arranged that in order to pass into the oratory where the alcove +was situated, or to get out of it, it was necessary to traverse the +Bishop’s bedroom. + +At the moment when he was crossing this apartment, Madame Magloire was +putting away the silverware in the cupboard near the head of the bed. +This was her last care every evening before she went to bed. + +The Bishop installed his guest in the alcove. A fresh white bed had +been prepared there. The man set the candle down on a small table. + +“Well,” said the Bishop, “may you pass a good night. To-morrow morning, +before you set out, you shall drink a cup of warm milk from our cows.” + + +“Thanks, Monsieur l’AbbĂ©,” said the man. + +Hardly had he pronounced these words full of peace, when all of a +sudden, and without transition, he made a strange movement, which would +have frozen the two sainted women with horror, had they witnessed it. +Even at this day it is difficult for us to explain what inspired him at +that moment. Did he intend to convey a warning or to throw out a +menace? Was he simply obeying a sort of instinctive impulse which was +obscure even to himself? He turned abruptly to the old man, folded his +arms, and bending upon his host a savage gaze, he exclaimed in a hoarse +voice:— + +“Ah! really! You lodge me in your house, close to yourself like this?” + + +He broke off, and added with a laugh in which there lurked something +monstrous:— + +“Have you really reflected well? How do you know that I have not been +an assassin?” + + +The Bishop replied:— + +“That is the concern of the good God.” + + +Then gravely, and moving his lips like one who is praying or talking to +himself, he raised two fingers of his right hand and bestowed his +benediction on the man, who did not bow, and without turning his head +or looking behind him, he returned to his bedroom. + +When the alcove was in use, a large serge curtain drawn from wall to +wall concealed the altar. The Bishop knelt before this curtain as he +passed and said a brief prayer. A moment later he was in his garden, +walking, meditating, contemplating, his heart and soul wholly absorbed +in those grand and mysterious things which God shows at night to the +eyes which remain open. + +As for the man, he was actually so fatigued that he did not even profit +by the nice white sheets. Snuffing out his candle with his nostrils +after the manner of convicts, he dropped, all dressed as he was, upon +the bed, where he immediately fell into a profound sleep. + +Midnight struck as the Bishop returned from his garden to his +apartment. + +A few minutes later all were asleep in the little house. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—JEAN VALJEAN + + +Towards the middle of the night Jean Valjean woke. + +Jean Valjean came from a poor peasant family of Brie. He had not +learned to read in his childhood. When he reached man’s estate, he +became a tree-pruner at Faverolles. His mother was named Jeanne +Mathieu; his father was called Jean Valjean or Vlajean, probably a +sobriquet, and a contraction of _voilĂ _ Jean, “here’s Jean.” + + +Jean Valjean was of that thoughtful but not gloomy disposition which +constitutes the peculiarity of affectionate natures. On the whole, +however, there was something decidedly sluggish and insignificant about +Jean Valjean in appearance, at least. He had lost his father and mother +at a very early age. His mother had died of a milk fever, which had not +been properly attended to. His father, a tree-pruner, like himself, had +been killed by a fall from a tree. All that remained to Jean Valjean +was a sister older than himself,—a widow with seven children, boys and +girls. This sister had brought up Jean Valjean, and so long as she had +a husband she lodged and fed her young brother. + +The husband died. The eldest of the seven children was eight years old. +The youngest, one. + +Jean Valjean had just attained his twenty-fifth year. He took the +father’s place, and, in his turn, supported the sister who had brought +him up. This was done simply as a duty and even a little churlishly on +the part of Jean Valjean. Thus his youth had been spent in rude and +ill-paid toil. He had never known a “kind woman friend” in his native +parts. He had not had the time to fall in love. + +He returned at night weary, and ate his broth without uttering a word. +His sister, mother Jeanne, often took the best part of his repast from +his bowl while he was eating,—a bit of meat, a slice of bacon, the +heart of the cabbage,—to give to one of her children. As he went on +eating, with his head bent over the table and almost into his soup, his +long hair falling about his bowl and concealing his eyes, he had the +air of perceiving nothing and allowing it. There was at Faverolles, not +far from the Valjean thatched cottage, on the other side of the lane, a +farmer’s wife named Marie-Claude; the Valjean children, habitually +famished, sometimes went to borrow from Marie-Claude a pint of milk, in +their mother’s name, which they drank behind a hedge or in some alley +corner, snatching the jug from each other so hastily that the little +girls spilled it on their aprons and down their necks. If their mother +had known of this marauding, she would have punished the delinquents +severely. Jean Valjean gruffly and grumblingly paid Marie-Claude for +the pint of milk behind their mother’s back, and the children were not +punished. + +In pruning season he earned eighteen sous a day; then he hired out as a +hay-maker, as laborer, as neat-herd on a farm, as a drudge. He did +whatever he could. His sister worked also but what could she do with +seven little children? It was a sad group enveloped in misery, which +was being gradually annihilated. A very hard winter came. Jean had no +work. The family had no bread. No bread literally. Seven children! + +One Sunday evening, Maubert Isabeau, the baker on the Church Square at +Faverolles, was preparing to go to bed, when he heard a violent blow on +the grated front of his shop. He arrived in time to see an arm passed +through a hole made by a blow from a fist, through the grating and the +glass. The arm seized a loaf of bread and carried it off. Isabeau ran +out in haste; the robber fled at the full speed of his legs. Isabeau +ran after him and stopped him. The thief had flung away the loaf, but +his arm was still bleeding. It was Jean Valjean. + +This took place in 1795. Jean Valjean was taken before the tribunals of +the time for theft and breaking and entering an inhabited house at +night. He had a gun which he used better than any one else in the +world, he was a bit of a poacher, and this injured his case. There +exists a legitimate prejudice against poachers. The poacher, like the +smuggler, smacks too strongly of the brigand. Nevertheless, we will +remark cursorily, there is still an abyss between these races of men +and the hideous assassin of the towns. The poacher lives in the forest, +the smuggler lives in the mountains or on the sea. The cities make +ferocious men because they make corrupt men. The mountain, the sea, the +forest, make savage men; they develop the fierce side, but often +without destroying the humane side. + +Jean Valjean was pronounced guilty. The terms of the Code were +explicit. There occur formidable hours in our civilization; there are +moments when the penal laws decree a shipwreck. What an ominous minute +is that in which society draws back and consummates the irreparable +abandonment of a sentient being! Jean Valjean was condemned to five +years in the galleys. + +On the 22d of April, 1796, the victory of Montenotte, won by the +general-in-chief of the army of Italy, whom the message of the +Directory to the Five Hundred, of the 2d of FlorĂ©al, year IV., calls +Buona-Parte, was announced in Paris; on that same day a great gang of +galley-slaves was put in chains at BicĂȘtre. Jean Valjean formed a part +of that gang. An old turnkey of the prison, who is now nearly eighty +years old, still recalls perfectly that unfortunate wretch who was +chained to the end of the fourth line, in the north angle of the +courtyard. He was seated on the ground like the others. He did not seem +to comprehend his position, except that it was horrible. It is probable +that he, also, was disentangling from amid the vague ideas of a poor +man, ignorant of everything, something excessive. While the bolt of his +iron collar was being riveted behind his head with heavy blows from the +hammer, he wept, his tears stifled him, they impeded his speech; he +only managed to say from time to time, “I was a tree-pruner at +Faverolles.” Then still sobbing, he raised his right hand and lowered +it gradually seven times, as though he were touching in succession +seven heads of unequal heights, and from this gesture it was divined +that the thing which he had done, whatever it was, he had done for the +sake of clothing and nourishing seven little children. + +He set out for Toulon. He arrived there, after a journey of +twenty-seven days, on a cart, with a chain on his neck. At Toulon he +was clothed in the red cassock. All that had constituted his life, even +to his name, was effaced; he was no longer even Jean Valjean; he was +number 24,601. What became of his sister? What became of the seven +children? Who troubled himself about that? What becomes of the handful +of leaves from the young tree which is sawed off at the root? + +It is always the same story. These poor living beings, these creatures +of God, henceforth without support, without guide, without refuge, +wandered away at random,—who even knows?—each in his own direction +perhaps, and little by little buried themselves in that cold mist which +engulfs solitary destinies; gloomy shades, into which disappear in +succession so many unlucky heads, in the sombre march of the human +race. They quitted the country. The clock-tower of what had been their +village forgot them; the boundary line of what had been their field +forgot them; after a few years’ residence in the galleys, Jean Valjean +himself forgot them. In that heart, where there had been a wound, there +was a scar. That is all. Only once, during all the time which he spent +at Toulon, did he hear his sister mentioned. This happened, I think, +towards the end of the fourth year of his captivity. I know not through +what channels the news reached him. Some one who had known them in +their own country had seen his sister. She was in Paris. She lived in a +poor street near Saint-Sulpice, in the Rue du Gindre. She had with her +only one child, a little boy, the youngest. Where were the other six? +Perhaps she did not know herself. Every morning she went to a printing +office, No. 3 Rue du Sabot, where she was a folder and stitcher. She +was obliged to be there at six o’clock in the morning—long before +daylight in winter. In the same building with the printing office there +was a school, and to this school she took her little boy, who was seven +years old. But as she entered the printing office at six, and the +school only opened at seven, the child had to wait in the courtyard, +for the school to open, for an hour—one hour of a winter night in the +open air! They would not allow the child to come into the printing +office, because he was in the way, they said. When the workmen passed +in the morning, they beheld this poor little being seated on the +pavement, overcome with drowsiness, and often fast asleep in the +shadow, crouched down and doubled up over his basket. When it rained, +an old woman, the portress, took pity on him; she took him into her +den, where there was a pallet, a spinning-wheel, and two wooden chairs, +and the little one slumbered in a corner, pressing himself close to the +cat that he might suffer less from cold. At seven o’clock the school +opened, and he entered. That is what was told to Jean Valjean. + +They talked to him about it for one day; it was a moment, a flash, as +though a window had suddenly been opened upon the destiny of those +things whom he had loved; then all closed again. He heard nothing more +forever. Nothing from them ever reached him again; he never beheld +them; he never met them again; and in the continuation of this mournful +history they will not be met with any more. + +Towards the end of this fourth year Jean Valjean’s turn to escape +arrived. His comrades assisted him, as is the custom in that sad place. +He escaped. He wandered for two days in the fields at liberty, if being +at liberty is to be hunted, to turn the head every instant, to quake at +the slightest noise, to be afraid of everything,—of a smoking roof, of +a passing man, of a barking dog, of a galloping horse, of a striking +clock, of the day because one can see, of the night because one cannot +see, of the highway, of the path, of a bush, of sleep. On the evening +of the second day he was captured. He had neither eaten nor slept for +thirty-six hours. The maritime tribunal condemned him, for this crime, +to a prolongation of his term for three years, which made eight years. +In the sixth year his turn to escape occurred again; he availed himself +of it, but could not accomplish his flight fully. He was missing at +roll-call. The cannon were fired, and at night the patrol found him +hidden under the keel of a vessel in process of construction; he +resisted the galley guards who seized him. Escape and rebellion. This +case, provided for by a special code, was punished by an addition of +five years, two of them in the double chain. Thirteen years. In the +tenth year his turn came round again; he again profited by it; he +succeeded no better. Three years for this fresh attempt. Sixteen years. +Finally, I think it was during his thirteenth year, he made a last +attempt, and only succeeded in getting retaken at the end of four hours +of absence. Three years for those four hours. Nineteen years. In +October, 1815, he was released; he had entered there in 1796, for +having broken a pane of glass and taken a loaf of bread. + +Room for a brief parenthesis. This is the second time, during his +studies on the penal question and damnation by law, that the author of +this book has come across the theft of a loaf of bread as the point of +departure for the disaster of a destiny. Claude Gaux had stolen a loaf; +Jean Valjean had stolen a loaf. English statistics prove the fact that +four thefts out of five in London have hunger for their immediate +cause. + +Jean Valjean had entered the galleys sobbing and shuddering; he emerged +impassive. He had entered in despair; he emerged gloomy. + +What had taken place in that soul? + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE INTERIOR OF DESPAIR + + +Let us try to say it. + +It is necessary that society should look at these things, because it is +itself which creates them. + +He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not a fool. The +light of nature was ignited in him. Unhappiness, which also possesses a +clearness of vision of its own, augmented the small amount of daylight +which existed in this mind. Beneath the cudgel, beneath the chain, in +the cell, in hardship, beneath the burning sun of the galleys, upon the +plank bed of the convict, he withdrew into his own consciousness and +meditated. + +He constituted himself the tribunal. + +He began by putting himself on trial. + +He recognized the fact that he was not an innocent man unjustly +punished. He admitted that he had committed an extreme and blameworthy +act; that that loaf of bread would probably not have been refused to +him had he asked for it; that, in any case, it would have been better +to wait until he could get it through compassion or through work; that +it is not an unanswerable argument to say, “Can one wait when one is +hungry?” That, in the first place, it is very rare for any one to die +of hunger, literally; and next, that, fortunately or unfortunately, man +is so constituted that he can suffer long and much, both morally and +physically, without dying; that it is therefore necessary to have +patience; that that would even have been better for those poor little +children; that it had been an act of madness for him, a miserable, +unfortunate wretch, to take society at large violently by the collar, +and to imagine that one can escape from misery through theft; that that +is in any case a poor door through which to escape from misery through +which infamy enters; in short, that he was in the wrong. + +Then he asked himself:— + +Whether he had been the only one in fault in his fatal history. Whether +it was not a serious thing, that he, a laborer, out of work, that he, +an industrious man, should have lacked bread. And whether, the fault +once committed and confessed, the chastisement had not been ferocious +and disproportioned. Whether there had not been more abuse on the part +of the law, in respect to the penalty, than there had been on the part +of the culprit in respect to his fault. Whether there had not been an +excess of weights in one balance of the scale, in the one which +contains expiation. Whether the over-weight of the penalty was not +equivalent to the annihilation of the crime, and did not result in +reversing the situation, of replacing the fault of the delinquent by +the fault of the repression, of converting the guilty man into the +victim, and the debtor into the creditor, and of ranging the law +definitely on the side of the man who had violated it. + +Whether this penalty, complicated by successive aggravations for +attempts at escape, had not ended in becoming a sort of outrage +perpetrated by the stronger upon the feebler, a crime of society +against the individual, a crime which was being committed afresh every +day, a crime which had lasted nineteen years. + +He asked himself whether human society could have the right to force +its members to suffer equally in one case for its own unreasonable lack +of foresight, and in the other case for its pitiless foresight; and to +seize a poor man forever between a defect and an excess, a default of +work and an excess of punishment. + +Whether it was not outrageous for society to treat thus precisely those +of its members who were the least well endowed in the division of goods +made by chance, and consequently the most deserving of consideration. + +These questions put and answered, he judged society and condemned it. + +He condemned it to his hatred. + +He made it responsible for the fate which he was suffering, and he said +to himself that it might be that one day he should not hesitate to call +it to account. He declared to himself that there was no equilibrium +between the harm which he had caused and the harm which was being done +to him; he finally arrived at the conclusion that his punishment was +not, in truth, unjust, but that it most assuredly was iniquitous. + +Anger may be both foolish and absurd; one can be irritated wrongfully; +one is exasperated only when there is some show of right on one’s side +at bottom. Jean Valjean felt himself exasperated. + +And besides, human society had done him nothing but harm; he had never +seen anything of it save that angry face which it calls Justice, and +which it shows to those whom it strikes. Men had only touched him to +bruise him. Every contact with them had been a blow. Never, since his +infancy, since the days of his mother, of his sister, had he ever +encountered a friendly word and a kindly glance. From suffering to +suffering, he had gradually arrived at the conviction that life is a +war; and that in this war he was the conquered. He had no other weapon +than his hate. He resolved to whet it in the galleys and to bear it +away with him when he departed. + +There was at Toulon a school for the convicts, kept by the Ignorantin +friars, where the most necessary branches were taught to those of the +unfortunate men who had a mind for them. He was of the number who had a +mind. He went to school at the age of forty, and learned to read, to +write, to cipher. He felt that to fortify his intelligence was to +fortify his hate. In certain cases, education and enlightenment can +serve to eke out evil. + +This is a sad thing to say; after having judged society, which had +caused his unhappiness, he judged Providence, which had made society, +and he condemned it also. + +Thus during nineteen years of torture and slavery, this soul mounted +and at the same time fell. Light entered it on one side, and darkness +on the other. + +Jean Valjean had not, as we have seen, an evil nature. He was still +good when he arrived at the galleys. He there condemned society, and +felt that he was becoming wicked; he there condemned Providence, and +was conscious that he was becoming impious. + +It is difficult not to indulge in meditation at this point. + +Does human nature thus change utterly and from top to bottom? Can the +man created good by God be rendered wicked by man? Can the soul be +completely made over by fate, and become evil, fate being evil? Can the +heart become misshapen and contract incurable deformities and +infirmities under the oppression of a disproportionate unhappiness, as +the vertebral column beneath too low a vault? Is there not in every +human soul, was there not in the soul of Jean Valjean in particular, a +first spark, a divine element, incorruptible in this world, immortal in +the other, which good can develop, fan, ignite, and make to glow with +splendor, and which evil can never wholly extinguish? + +Grave and obscure questions, to the last of which every physiologist +would probably have responded no, and that without hesitation, had he +beheld at Toulon, during the hours of repose, which were for Jean +Valjean hours of reverie, this gloomy galley-slave, seated with folded +arms upon the bar of some capstan, with the end of his chain thrust +into his pocket to prevent its dragging, serious, silent, and +thoughtful, a pariah of the laws which regarded the man with wrath, +condemned by civilization, and regarding heaven with severity. + +Certainly,—and we make no attempt to dissimulate the fact,—the +observing physiologist would have beheld an irremediable misery; he +would, perchance, have pitied this sick man, of the law’s making; but +he would not have even essayed any treatment; he would have turned +aside his gaze from the caverns of which he would have caught a glimpse +within this soul, and, like Dante at the portals of hell, he would have +effaced from this existence the word which the finger of God has, +nevertheless, inscribed upon the brow of every man,—hope. + +Was this state of his soul, which we have attempted to analyze, as +perfectly clear to Jean Valjean as we have tried to render it for those +who read us? Did Jean Valjean distinctly perceive, after their +formation, and had he seen distinctly during the process of their +formation, all the elements of which his moral misery was composed? Had +this rough and unlettered man gathered a perfectly clear perception of +the succession of ideas through which he had, by degrees, mounted and +descended to the lugubrious aspects which had, for so many years, +formed the inner horizon of his spirit? Was he conscious of all that +passed within him, and of all that was working there? That is something +which we do not presume to state; it is something which we do not even +believe. There was too much ignorance in Jean Valjean, even after his +misfortune, to prevent much vagueness from still lingering there. At +times he did not rightly know himself what he felt. Jean Valjean was in +the shadows; he suffered in the shadows; he hated in the shadows; one +might have said that he hated in advance of himself. He dwelt +habitually in this shadow, feeling his way like a blind man and a +dreamer. Only, at intervals, there suddenly came to him, from without +and from within, an access of wrath, a surcharge of suffering, a livid +and rapid flash which illuminated his whole soul, and caused to appear +abruptly all around him, in front, behind, amid the gleams of a +frightful light, the hideous precipices and the sombre perspective of +his destiny. + +The flash passed, the night closed in again; and where was he? He no +longer knew. The peculiarity of pains of this nature, in which that +which is pitiless—that is to say, that which is +brutalizing—predominates, is to transform a man, little by little, by a +sort of stupid transfiguration, into a wild beast; sometimes into a +ferocious beast. + +Jean Valjean’s successive and obstinate attempts at escape would alone +suffice to prove this strange working of the law upon the human soul. +Jean Valjean would have renewed these attempts, utterly useless and +foolish as they were, as often as the opportunity had presented itself, +without reflecting for an instant on the result, nor on the experiences +which he had already gone through. He escaped impetuously, like the +wolf who finds his cage open. Instinct said to him, “Flee!” Reason +would have said, “Remain!” But in the presence of so violent a +temptation, reason vanished; nothing remained but instinct. The beast +alone acted. When he was recaptured, the fresh severities inflicted on +him only served to render him still more wild. + +One detail, which we must not omit, is that he possessed a physical +strength which was not approached by a single one of the denizens of +the galleys. At work, at paying out a cable or winding up a capstan, +Jean Valjean was worth four men. He sometimes lifted and sustained +enormous weights on his back; and when the occasion demanded it, he +replaced that implement which is called a jack-screw, and was formerly +called _orgueil_ [pride], whence, we may remark in passing, is derived +the name of the Rue Montorgueil, near the Halles [Fishmarket] in Paris. +His comrades had nicknamed him Jean the Jack-screw. Once, when they +were repairing the balcony of the town-hall at Toulon, one of those +admirable caryatids of Puget, which support the balcony, became +loosened, and was on the point of falling. Jean Valjean, who was +present, supported the caryatid with his shoulder, and gave the workmen +time to arrive. + +His suppleness even exceeded his strength. Certain convicts who were +forever dreaming of escape, ended by making a veritable science of +force and skill combined. It is the science of muscles. An entire +system of mysterious statics is daily practised by prisoners, men who +are forever envious of the flies and birds. To climb a vertical +surface, and to find points of support where hardly a projection was +visible, was play to Jean Valjean. An angle of the wall being given, +with the tension of his back and legs, with his elbows and his heels +fitted into the unevenness of the stone, he raised himself as if by +magic to the third story. He sometimes mounted thus even to the roof of +the galley prison. + +He spoke but little. He laughed not at all. An excessive emotion was +required to wring from him, once or twice a year, that lugubrious laugh +of the convict, which is like the echo of the laugh of a demon. To all +appearance, he seemed to be occupied in the constant contemplation of +something terrible. + +He was absorbed, in fact. + +Athwart the unhealthy perceptions of an incomplete nature and a crushed +intelligence, he was confusedly conscious that some monstrous thing was +resting on him. In that obscure and wan shadow within which he crawled, +each time that he turned his neck and essayed to raise his glance, he +perceived with terror, mingled with rage, a sort of frightful +accumulation of things, collecting and mounting above him, beyond the +range of his vision,—laws, prejudices, men, and deeds,—whose outlines +escaped him, whose mass terrified him, and which was nothing else than +that prodigious pyramid which we call civilization. He distinguished, +here and there in that swarming and formless mass, now near him, now +afar off and on inaccessible table-lands, some group, some detail, +vividly illuminated; here the galley-sergeant and his cudgel; there the +gendarme and his sword; yonder the mitred archbishop; away at the top, +like a sort of sun, the Emperor, crowned and dazzling. It seemed to him +that these distant splendors, far from dissipating his night, rendered +it more funereal and more black. All this—laws, prejudices, deeds, men, +things—went and came above him, over his head, in accordance with the +complicated and mysterious movement which God imparts to civilization, +walking over him and crushing him with I know not what peacefulness in +its cruelty and inexorability in its indifference. Souls which have +fallen to the bottom of all possible misfortune, unhappy men lost in +the lowest of those limbos at which no one any longer looks, the +reproved of the law, feel the whole weight of this human society, so +formidable for him who is without, so frightful for him who is beneath, +resting upon their heads. + +In this situation Jean Valjean meditated; and what could be the nature +of his meditation? + +If the grain of millet beneath the millstone had thoughts, it would, +doubtless, think that same thing which Jean Valjean thought. + +All these things, realities full of spectres, phantasmagories full of +realities, had eventually created for him a sort of interior state +which is almost indescribable. + +At times, amid his convict toil, he paused. He fell to thinking. His +reason, at one and the same time riper and more troubled than of yore, +rose in revolt. Everything which had happened to him seemed to him +absurd; everything that surrounded him seemed to him impossible. He +said to himself, “It is a dream.” He gazed at the galley-sergeant +standing a few paces from him; the galley-sergeant seemed a phantom to +him. All of a sudden the phantom dealt him a blow with his cudgel. + +Visible nature hardly existed for him. It would almost be true to say +that there existed for Jean Valjean neither sun, nor fine summer days, +nor radiant sky, nor fresh April dawns. I know not what vent-hole +daylight habitually illumined his soul. + +To sum up, in conclusion, that which can be summed up and translated +into positive results in all that we have just pointed out, we will +confine ourselves to the statement that, in the course of nineteen +years, Jean Valjean, the inoffensive tree-pruner of Faverolles, the +formidable convict of Toulon, had become capable, thanks to the manner +in which the galleys had moulded him, of two sorts of evil action: +firstly, of evil action which was rapid, unpremeditated, dashing, +entirely instinctive, in the nature of reprisals for the evil which he +had undergone; secondly, of evil action which was serious, grave, +consciously argued out and premeditated, with the false ideas which +such a misfortune can furnish. His deliberate deeds passed through +three successive phases, which natures of a certain stamp can alone +traverse,—reasoning, will, perseverance. He had for moving causes his +habitual wrath, bitterness of soul, a profound sense of indignities +suffered, the reaction even against the good, the innocent, and the +just, if there are any such. The point of departure, like the point of +arrival, for all his thoughts, was hatred of human law; that hatred +which, if it be not arrested in its development by some providential +incident, becomes, within a given time, the hatred of society, then the +hatred of the human race, then the hatred of creation, and which +manifests itself by a vague, incessant, and brutal desire to do harm to +some living being, no matter whom. It will be perceived that it was not +without reason that Jean Valjean’s passport described him as _a very +dangerous man_. + +From year to year this soul had dried away slowly, but with fatal +sureness. When the heart is dry, the eye is dry. On his departure from +the galleys it had been nineteen years since he had shed a tear. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—BILLOWS AND SHADOWS + + +A man overboard! + +What matters it? The vessel does not halt. The wind blows. That sombre +ship has a path which it is forced to pursue. It passes on. + +The man disappears, then reappears; he plunges, he rises again to the +surface; he calls, he stretches out his arms; he is not heard. The +vessel, trembling under the hurricane, is wholly absorbed in its own +workings; the passengers and sailors do not even see the drowning man; +his miserable head is but a speck amid the immensity of the waves. He +gives vent to desperate cries from out of the depths. What a spectre is +that retreating sail! He gazes and gazes at it frantically. It +retreats, it grows dim, it diminishes in size. He was there but just +now, he was one of the crew, he went and came along the deck with the +rest, he had his part of breath and of sunlight, he was a living man. +Now, what has taken place? He has slipped, he has fallen; all is at an +end. + +He is in the tremendous sea. Under foot he has nothing but what flees +and crumbles. The billows, torn and lashed by the wind, encompass him +hideously; the tossings of the abyss bear him away; all the tongues of +water dash over his head; a populace of waves spits upon him; confused +openings half devour him; every time that he sinks, he catches glimpses +of precipices filled with night; frightful and unknown vegetations +seize him, knot about his feet, draw him to them; he is conscious that +he is becoming an abyss, that he forms part of the foam; the waves toss +him from one to another; he drinks in the bitterness; the cowardly +ocean attacks him furiously, to drown him; the enormity plays with his +agony. It seems as though all that water were hate. + +Nevertheless, he struggles. + +He tries to defend himself; he tries to sustain himself; he makes an +effort; he swims. He, his petty strength all exhausted instantly, +combats the inexhaustible. + +Where, then, is the ship? Yonder. Barely visible in the pale shadows of +the horizon. + +The wind blows in gusts; all the foam overwhelms him. He raises his +eyes and beholds only the lividness of the clouds. He witnesses, amid +his death-pangs, the immense madness of the sea. He is tortured by this +madness; he hears noises strange to man, which seem to come from beyond +the limits of the earth, and from one knows not what frightful region +beyond. + +There are birds in the clouds, just as there are angels above human +distresses; but what can they do for him? They sing and fly and float, +and he, he rattles in the death agony. + +He feels himself buried in those two infinities, the ocean and the sky, +at one and the same time: the one is a tomb; the other is a shroud. + +Night descends; he has been swimming for hours; his strength is +exhausted; that ship, that distant thing in which there were men, has +vanished; he is alone in the formidable twilight gulf; he sinks, he +stiffens himself, he twists himself; he feels under him the monstrous +billows of the invisible; he shouts. + +There are no more men. Where is God? + +He shouts. Help! Help! He still shouts on. + +Nothing on the horizon; nothing in heaven. + +He implores the expanse, the waves, the seaweed, the reef; they are +deaf. He beseeches the tempest; the imperturbable tempest obeys only +the infinite. + +Around him darkness, fog, solitude, the stormy and nonsentient tumult, +the undefined curling of those wild waters. In him horror and fatigue. +Beneath him the depths. Not a point of support. He thinks of the gloomy +adventures of the corpse in the limitless shadow. The bottomless cold +paralyzes him. His hands contract convulsively; they close, and grasp +nothingness. Winds, clouds, whirlwinds, gusts, useless stars! What is +to be done? The desperate man gives up; he is weary, he chooses the +alternative of death; he resists not; he lets himself go; he abandons +his grip; and then he tosses forevermore in the lugubrious dreary +depths of engulfment. + +Oh, implacable march of human societies! Oh, losses of men and of souls +on the way! Ocean into which falls all that the law lets slip! +Disastrous absence of help! Oh, moral death! + +The sea is the inexorable social night into which the penal laws fling +their condemned. The sea is the immensity of wretchedness. + +The soul, going downstream in this gulf, may become a corpse. Who shall +resuscitate it? + + + + +CHAPTER IX—NEW TROUBLES + + +When the hour came for him to take his departure from the galleys, when +Jean Valjean heard in his ear the strange words, _Thou art free!_ the +moment seemed improbable and unprecedented; a ray of vivid light, a ray +of the true light of the living, suddenly penetrated within him. But it +was not long before this ray paled. Jean Valjean had been dazzled by +the idea of liberty. He had believed in a new life. He very speedily +perceived what sort of liberty it is to which a yellow passport is +provided. + +And this was encompassed with much bitterness. He had calculated that +his earnings, during his sojourn in the galleys, ought to amount to a +hundred and seventy-one francs. It is but just to add that he had +forgotten to include in his calculations the forced repose of Sundays +and festival days during nineteen years, which entailed a diminution of +about eighty francs. At all events, his hoard had been reduced by +various local levies to the sum of one hundred and nine francs fifteen +sous, which had been counted out to him on his departure. He had +understood nothing of this, and had thought himself wronged. Let us say +the word—robbed. + +On the day following his liberation, he saw, at Grasse, in front of an +orange-flower distillery, some men engaged in unloading bales. He +offered his services. Business was pressing; they were accepted. He set +to work. He was intelligent, robust, adroit; he did his best; the +master seemed pleased. While he was at work, a gendarme passed, +observed him, and demanded his papers. It was necessary to show him the +yellow passport. That done, Jean Valjean resumed his labor. A little +while before he had questioned one of the workmen as to the amount +which they earned each day at this occupation; he had been told _thirty +sous_. When evening arrived, as he was forced to set out again on the +following day, he presented himself to the owner of the distillery and +requested to be paid. The owner did not utter a word, but handed him +fifteen sous. He objected. He was told, _“That is enough for thee.”_ He +persisted. The master looked him straight between the eyes, and said to +him _“Beware of the prison.”_ + +There, again, he considered that he had been robbed. + +Society, the State, by diminishing his hoard, had robbed him wholesale. +Now it was the individual who was robbing him at retail. + +Liberation is not deliverance. One gets free from the galleys, but not +from the sentence. + +That is what happened to him at Grasse. We have seen in what manner he +was received at D—— + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE MAN AROUSED + + +As the Cathedral clock struck two in the morning, Jean Valjean awoke. + +What woke him was that his bed was too good. It was nearly twenty years +since he had slept in a bed, and, although he had not undressed, the +sensation was too novel not to disturb his slumbers. + +He had slept more than four hours. His fatigue had passed away. He was +accustomed not to devote many hours to repose. + +He opened his eyes and stared into the gloom which surrounded him; then +he closed them again, with the intention of going to sleep once more. + +When many varied sensations have agitated the day, when various matters +preoccupy the mind, one falls asleep once, but not a second time. Sleep +comes more easily than it returns. This is what happened to Jean +Valjean. He could not get to sleep again, and he fell to thinking. + +He was at one of those moments when the thoughts which one has in one’s +mind are troubled. There was a sort of dark confusion in his brain. His +memories of the olden time and of the immediate present floated there +pell-mell and mingled confusedly, losing their proper forms, becoming +disproportionately large, then suddenly disappearing, as in a muddy and +perturbed pool. Many thoughts occurred to him; but there was one which +kept constantly presenting itself afresh, and which drove away all +others. We will mention this thought at once: he had observed the six +sets of silver forks and spoons and the ladle which Madame Magloire had +placed on the table. + +Those six sets of silver haunted him.—They were there.—A few paces +distant.—Just as he was traversing the adjoining room to reach the one +in which he then was, the old servant-woman had been in the act of +placing them in a little cupboard near the head of the bed.—He had +taken careful note of this cupboard.—On the right, as you entered from +the dining-room.—They were solid.—And old silver.—From the ladle one +could get at least two hundred francs.—Double what he had earned in +nineteen years.—It is true that he would have earned more if “the +_administration_ had not _robbed him_.” + + +His mind wavered for a whole hour in fluctuations with which there was +certainly mingled some struggle. Three o’clock struck. He opened his +eyes again, drew himself up abruptly into a sitting posture, stretched +out his arm and felt of his knapsack, which he had thrown down on a +corner of the alcove; then he hung his legs over the edge of the bed, +and placed his feet on the floor, and thus found himself, almost +without knowing it, seated on his bed. + +He remained for a time thoughtfully in this attitude, which would have +been suggestive of something sinister for any one who had seen him thus +in the dark, the only person awake in that house where all were +sleeping. All of a sudden he stooped down, removed his shoes and placed +them softly on the mat beside the bed; then he resumed his thoughtful +attitude, and became motionless once more. + +Throughout this hideous meditation, the thoughts which we have above +indicated moved incessantly through his brain; entered, withdrew, +re-entered, and in a manner oppressed him; and then he thought, also, +without knowing why, and with the mechanical persistence of reverie, of +a convict named Brevet, whom he had known in the galleys, and whose +trousers had been upheld by a single suspender of knitted cotton. The +checkered pattern of that suspender recurred incessantly to his mind. + +He remained in this situation, and would have so remained indefinitely, +even until daybreak, had not the clock struck one—the half or quarter +hour. It seemed to him that that stroke said to him, “Come on!” + + +He rose to his feet, hesitated still another moment, and listened; all +was quiet in the house; then he walked straight ahead, with short +steps, to the window, of which he caught a glimpse. The night was not +very dark; there was a full moon, across which coursed large clouds +driven by the wind. This created, outdoors, alternate shadow and gleams +of light, eclipses, then bright openings of the clouds; and indoors a +sort of twilight. This twilight, sufficient to enable a person to see +his way, intermittent on account of the clouds, resembled the sort of +livid light which falls through an air-hole in a cellar, before which +the passers-by come and go. On arriving at the window, Jean Valjean +examined it. It had no grating; it opened in the garden and was +fastened, according to the fashion of the country, only by a small pin. +He opened it; but as a rush of cold and piercing air penetrated the +room abruptly, he closed it again immediately. He scrutinized the +garden with that attentive gaze which studies rather than looks. The +garden was enclosed by a tolerably low white wall, easy to climb. Far +away, at the extremity, he perceived tops of trees, spaced at regular +intervals, which indicated that the wall separated the garden from an +avenue or lane planted with trees. + +Having taken this survey, he executed a movement like that of a man who +has made up his mind, strode to his alcove, grasped his knapsack, +opened it, fumbled in it, pulled out of it something which he placed on +the bed, put his shoes into one of his pockets, shut the whole thing up +again, threw the knapsack on his shoulders, put on his cap, drew the +visor down over his eyes, felt for his cudgel, went and placed it in +the angle of the window; then returned to the bed, and resolutely +seized the object which he had deposited there. It resembled a short +bar of iron, pointed like a pike at one end. It would have been +difficult to distinguish in that darkness for what employment that bit +of iron could have been designed. Perhaps it was a lever; possibly it +was a club. + +In the daytime it would have been possible to recognize it as nothing +more than a miner’s candlestick. Convicts were, at that period, +sometimes employed in quarrying stone from the lofty hills which +environ Toulon, and it was not rare for them to have miners’ tools at +their command. These miners’ candlesticks are of massive iron, +terminated at the lower extremity by a point, by means of which they +are stuck into the rock. + +He took the candlestick in his right hand; holding his breath and +trying to deaden the sound of his tread, he directed his steps to the +door of the adjoining room, occupied by the Bishop, as we already know. + +On arriving at this door, he found it ajar. The Bishop had not closed +it. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—WHAT HE DOES + + +Jean Valjean listened. Not a sound. + +He gave the door a push. + +He pushed it gently with the tip of his finger, lightly, with the +furtive and uneasy gentleness of a cat which is desirous of entering. + +The door yielded to this pressure, and made an imperceptible and silent +movement, which enlarged the opening a little. + +He waited a moment; then gave the door a second and a bolder push. + +It continued to yield in silence. The opening was now large enough to +allow him to pass. But near the door there stood a little table, which +formed an embarrassing angle with it, and barred the entrance. + +Jean Valjean recognized the difficulty. It was necessary, at any cost, +to enlarge the aperture still further. + +He decided on his course of action, and gave the door a third push, +more energetic than the two preceding. This time a badly oiled hinge +suddenly emitted amid the silence a hoarse and prolonged cry. + +Jean Valjean shuddered. The noise of the hinge rang in his ears with +something of the piercing and formidable sound of the trump of the Day +of Judgment. + +In the fantastic exaggerations of the first moment he almost imagined +that that hinge had just become animated, and had suddenly assumed a +terrible life, and that it was barking like a dog to arouse every one, +and warn and to wake those who were asleep. He halted, shuddering, +bewildered, and fell back from the tips of his toes upon his heels. He +heard the arteries in his temples beating like two forge hammers, and +it seemed to him that his breath issued from his breast with the roar +of the wind issuing from a cavern. It seemed impossible to him that the +horrible clamor of that irritated hinge should not have disturbed the +entire household, like the shock of an earthquake; the door, pushed by +him, had taken the alarm, and had shouted; the old man would rise at +once; the two old women would shriek out; people would come to their +assistance; in less than a quarter of an hour the town would be in an +uproar, and the gendarmerie on hand. For a moment he thought himself +lost. + +He remained where he was, petrified like the statue of salt, not daring +to make a movement. Several minutes elapsed. The door had fallen wide +open. He ventured to peep into the next room. Nothing had stirred +there. He lent an ear. Nothing was moving in the house. The noise made +by the rusty hinge had not awakened any one. + +This first danger was past; but there still reigned a frightful tumult +within him. Nevertheless, he did not retreat. Even when he had thought +himself lost, he had not drawn back. His only thought now was to finish +as soon as possible. He took a step and entered the room. + +This room was in a state of perfect calm. Here and there vague and +confused forms were distinguishable, which in the daylight were papers +scattered on a table, open folios, volumes piled upon a stool, an +armchair heaped with clothing, a prie-Dieu, and which at that hour were +only shadowy corners and whitish spots. Jean Valjean advanced with +precaution, taking care not to knock against the furniture. He could +hear, at the extremity of the room, the even and tranquil breathing of +the sleeping Bishop. + +He suddenly came to a halt. He was near the bed. He had arrived there +sooner than he had thought for. + +Nature sometimes mingles her effects and her spectacles with our +actions with sombre and intelligent appropriateness, as though she +desired to make us reflect. For the last half-hour a large cloud had +covered the heavens. At the moment when Jean Valjean paused in front of +the bed, this cloud parted, as though on purpose, and a ray of light, +traversing the long window, suddenly illuminated the Bishop’s pale +face. He was sleeping peacefully. He lay in his bed almost completely +dressed, on account of the cold of the Basses-Alps, in a garment of +brown wool, which covered his arms to the wrists. His head was thrown +back on the pillow, in the careless attitude of repose; his hand, +adorned with the pastoral ring, and whence had fallen so many good +deeds and so many holy actions, was hanging over the edge of the bed. +His whole face was illumined with a vague expression of satisfaction, +of hope, and of felicity. It was more than a smile, and almost a +radiance. He bore upon his brow the indescribable reflection of a light +which was invisible. The soul of the just contemplates in sleep a +mysterious heaven. + +A reflection of that heaven rested on the Bishop. + +It was, at the same time, a luminous transparency, for that heaven was +within him. That heaven was his conscience. + +[Illustration: The Fall] + +At the moment when the ray of moonlight superposed itself, so to speak, +upon that inward radiance, the sleeping Bishop seemed as in a glory. It +remained, however, gentle and veiled in an ineffable half-light. That +moon in the sky, that slumbering nature, that garden without a quiver, +that house which was so calm, the hour, the moment, the silence, added +some solemn and unspeakable quality to the venerable repose of this +man, and enveloped in a sort of serene and majestic aureole that white +hair, those closed eyes, that face in which all was hope and all was +confidence, that head of an old man, and that slumber of an infant. + +There was something almost divine in this man, who was thus august, +without being himself aware of it. + +Jean Valjean was in the shadow, and stood motionless, with his iron +candlestick in his hand, frightened by this luminous old man. Never had +he beheld anything like this. This confidence terrified him. The moral +world has no grander spectacle than this: a troubled and uneasy +conscience, which has arrived on the brink of an evil action, +contemplating the slumber of the just. + +That slumber in that isolation, and with a neighbor like himself, had +about it something sublime, of which he was vaguely but imperiously +conscious. + +No one could have told what was passing within him, not even himself. +In order to attempt to form an idea of it, it is necessary to think of +the most violent of things in the presence of the most gentle. Even on +his visage it would have been impossible to distinguish anything with +certainty. It was a sort of haggard astonishment. He gazed at it, and +that was all. But what was his thought? It would have been impossible +to divine it. What was evident was, that he was touched and astounded. +But what was the nature of this emotion? + +His eye never quitted the old man. The only thing which was clearly to +be inferred from his attitude and his physiognomy was a strange +indecision. One would have said that he was hesitating between the two +abysses,—the one in which one loses one’s self and that in which one +saves one’s self. He seemed prepared to crush that skull or to kiss +that hand. + +At the expiration of a few minutes his left arm rose slowly towards his +brow, and he took off his cap; then his arm fell back with the same +deliberation, and Jean Valjean fell to meditating once more, his cap in +his left hand, his club in his right hand, his hair bristling all over +his savage head. + +The Bishop continued to sleep in profound peace beneath that terrifying +gaze. + +The gleam of the moon rendered confusedly visible the crucifix over the +chimney-piece, which seemed to be extending its arms to both of them, +with a benediction for one and pardon for the other. + +Suddenly Jean Valjean replaced his cap on his brow; then stepped +rapidly past the bed, without glancing at the Bishop, straight to the +cupboard, which he saw near the head; he raised his iron candlestick as +though to force the lock; the key was there; he opened it; the first +thing which presented itself to him was the basket of silverware; he +seized it, traversed the chamber with long strides, without taking any +precautions and without troubling himself about the noise, gained the +door, re-entered the oratory, opened the window, seized his cudgel, +bestrode the window-sill of the ground floor, put the silver into his +knapsack, threw away the basket, crossed the garden, leaped over the +wall like a tiger, and fled. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE BISHOP WORKS + + +The next morning at sunrise Monseigneur Bienvenu was strolling in his +garden. Madame Magloire ran up to him in utter consternation. + +“Monseigneur, Monseigneur!” she exclaimed, “does your Grace know where +the basket of silver is?” + + +“Yes,” replied the Bishop. + +“Jesus the Lord be blessed!” she resumed; “I did not know what had +become of it.” + + +The Bishop had just picked up the basket in a flower-bed. He presented +it to Madame Magloire. + +“Here it is.” + + +“Well!” said she. “Nothing in it! And the silver?” + + +“Ah,” returned the Bishop, “so it is the silver which troubles you? I +don’t know where it is.” + + +“Great, good God! It is stolen! That man who was here last night has +stolen it.” + + +In a twinkling, with all the vivacity of an alert old woman, Madame +Magloire had rushed to the oratory, entered the alcove, and returned to +the Bishop. The Bishop had just bent down, and was sighing as he +examined a plant of cochlearia des Guillons, which the basket had +broken as it fell across the bed. He rose up at Madame Magloire’s cry. + +“Monseigneur, the man is gone! The silver has been stolen!” + + +As she uttered this exclamation, her eyes fell upon a corner of the +garden, where traces of the wall having been scaled were visible. The +coping of the wall had been torn away. + +“Stay! yonder is the way he went. He jumped over into Cochefilet Lane. +Ah, the abomination! He has stolen our silver!” + + +The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he raised his grave eyes, +and said gently to Madame Magloire:— + +“And, in the first place, was that silver ours?” + + +Madame Magloire was speechless. Another silence ensued; then the Bishop +went on:— + +“Madame Magloire, I have for a long time detained that silver +wrongfully. It belonged to the poor. Who was that man? A poor man, +evidently.” + + +“Alas! Jesus!” returned Madame Magloire. “It is not for my sake, nor +for Mademoiselle’s. It makes no difference to us. But it is for the +sake of Monseigneur. What is Monseigneur to eat with now?” + + +The Bishop gazed at her with an air of amazement. + +“Ah, come! Are there no such things as pewter forks and spoons?” + + +Madame Magloire shrugged her shoulders. + +“Pewter has an odor.” + + +“Iron forks and spoons, then.” + + +Madame Magloire made an expressive grimace. + +“Iron has a taste.” + + +“Very well,” said the Bishop; “wooden ones then.” + + +A few moments later he was breakfasting at the very table at which Jean +Valjean had sat on the previous evening. As he ate his breakfast, +Monseigneur Welcome remarked gayly to his sister, who said nothing, and +to Madame Magloire, who was grumbling under her breath, that one really +does not need either fork or spoon, even of wood, in order to dip a bit +of bread in a cup of milk. + +“A pretty idea, truly,” said Madame Magloire to herself, as she went +and came, “to take in a man like that! and to lodge him close to one’s +self! And how fortunate that he did nothing but steal! Ah, mon Dieu! it +makes one shudder to think of it!” + + +As the brother and sister were about to rise from the table, there came +a knock at the door. + +“Come in,” said the Bishop. + +The door opened. A singular and violent group made its appearance on +the threshold. Three men were holding a fourth man by the collar. The +three men were gendarmes; the other was Jean Valjean. + +A brigadier of gendarmes, who seemed to be in command of the group, was +standing near the door. He entered and advanced to the Bishop, making a +military salute. + +“Monseigneur—” said he. + +At this word, Jean Valjean, who was dejected and seemed overwhelmed, +raised his head with an air of stupefaction. + +“Monseigneur!” he murmured. “So he is not the curĂ©?” + + +“Silence!” said the gendarme. “He is Monseigneur the Bishop.” + + +In the meantime, Monseigneur Bienvenu had advanced as quickly as his +great age permitted. + +“Ah! here you are!” he exclaimed, looking at Jean Valjean. “I am glad +to see you. Well, but how is this? I gave you the candlesticks too, +which are of silver like the rest, and for which you can certainly get +two hundred francs. Why did you not carry them away with your forks and +spoons?” + + +Jean Valjean opened his eyes wide, and stared at the venerable Bishop +with an expression which no human tongue can render any account of. + +“Monseigneur,” said the brigadier of gendarmes, “so what this man said +is true, then? We came across him. He was walking like a man who is +running away. We stopped him to look into the matter. He had this +silver—” + + +“And he told you,” interposed the Bishop with a smile, “that it had +been given to him by a kind old fellow of a priest with whom he had +passed the night? I see how the matter stands. And you have brought him +back here? It is a mistake.” + + +“In that case,” replied the brigadier, “we can let him go?” + + +“Certainly,” replied the Bishop. + +The gendarmes released Jean Valjean, who recoiled. + +“Is it true that I am to be released?” he said, in an almost +inarticulate voice, and as though he were talking in his sleep. + +“Yes, thou art released; dost thou not understand?” said one of the +gendarmes. + +“My friend,” resumed the Bishop, “before you go, here are your +candlesticks. Take them.” + + +He stepped to the chimney-piece, took the two silver candlesticks, and +brought them to Jean Valjean. The two women looked on without uttering +a word, without a gesture, without a look which could disconcert the +Bishop. + +Jean Valjean was trembling in every limb. He took the two candlesticks +mechanically, and with a bewildered air. + +“Now,” said the Bishop, “go in peace. By the way, when you return, my +friend, it is not necessary to pass through the garden. You can always +enter and depart through the street door. It is never fastened with +anything but a latch, either by day or by night.” + + +Then, turning to the gendarmes:— + +“You may retire, gentlemen.” + + +The gendarmes retired. + +Jean Valjean was like a man on the point of fainting. + +The Bishop drew near to him, and said in a low voice:— + +“Do not forget, never forget, that you have promised to use this money +in becoming an honest man.” + + +Jean Valjean, who had no recollection of ever having promised anything, +remained speechless. The Bishop had emphasized the words when he +uttered them. He resumed with solemnity:— + +“Jean Valjean, my brother, you no longer belong to evil, but to good. +It is your soul that I buy from you; I withdraw it from black thoughts +and the spirit of perdition, and I give it to God.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GERVAIS + + +Jean Valjean left the town as though he were fleeing from it. He set +out at a very hasty pace through the fields, taking whatever roads and +paths presented themselves to him, without perceiving that he was +incessantly retracing his steps. He wandered thus the whole morning, +without having eaten anything and without feeling hungry. He was the +prey of a throng of novel sensations. He was conscious of a sort of +rage; he did not know against whom it was directed. He could not have +told whether he was touched or humiliated. There came over him at +moments a strange emotion which he resisted and to which he opposed the +hardness acquired during the last twenty years of his life. This state +of mind fatigued him. He perceived with dismay that the sort of +frightful calm which the injustice of his misfortune had conferred upon +him was giving way within him. He asked himself what would replace +this. At times he would have actually preferred to be in prison with +the gendarmes, and that things should not have happened in this way; it +would have agitated him less. Although the season was tolerably far +advanced, there were still a few late flowers in the hedge-rows here +and there, whose odor as he passed through them in his march recalled +to him memories of his childhood. These memories were almost +intolerable to him, it was so long since they had recurred to him. + +Unutterable thoughts assembled within him in this manner all day long. + +As the sun declined to its setting, casting long shadows athwart the +soil from every pebble, Jean Valjean sat down behind a bush upon a +large ruddy plain, which was absolutely deserted. There was nothing on +the horizon except the Alps. Not even the spire of a distant village. +Jean Valjean might have been three leagues distant from D—— A path +which intersected the plain passed a few paces from the bush. + +In the middle of this meditation, which would have contributed not a +little to render his rags terrifying to any one who might have +encountered him, a joyous sound became audible. + +He turned his head and saw a little Savoyard, about ten years of age, +coming up the path and singing, his hurdy-gurdy on his hip, and his +marmot-box on his back. + +One of those gay and gentle children, who go from land to land +affording a view of their knees through the holes in their trousers. + +Without stopping his song, the lad halted in his march from time to +time, and played at knuckle-bones with some coins which he had in his +hand—his whole fortune, probably. + +Among this money there was one forty-sou piece. + +The child halted beside the bush, without perceiving Jean Valjean, and +tossed up his handful of sous, which, up to that time, he had caught +with a good deal of adroitness on the back of his hand. + +This time the forty-sou piece escaped him, and went rolling towards the +brushwood until it reached Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean set his foot upon it. + +In the meantime, the child had looked after his coin and had caught +sight of him. + +He showed no astonishment, but walked straight up to the man. + +The spot was absolutely solitary. As far as the eye could see there was +not a person on the plain or on the path. The only sound was the tiny, +feeble cries of a flock of birds of passage, which was traversing the +heavens at an immense height. The child was standing with his back to +the sun, which cast threads of gold in his hair and empurpled with its +blood-red gleam the savage face of Jean Valjean. + +“Sir,” said the little Savoyard, with that childish confidence which is +composed of ignorance and innocence, “my money.” + + +“What is your name?” said Jean Valjean. + +“Little Gervais, sir.” + + +“Go away,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Sir,” resumed the child, “give me back my money.” + + +Jean Valjean dropped his head, and made no reply. + +The child began again, “My money, sir.” + + +Jean Valjean’s eyes remained fixed on the earth. + +“My piece of money!” cried the child, “my white piece! my silver!” + + +It seemed as though Jean Valjean did not hear him. The child grasped +him by the collar of his blouse and shook him. At the same time he made +an effort to displace the big iron-shod shoe which rested on his +treasure. + +“I want my piece of money! my piece of forty sous!” + + +The child wept. Jean Valjean raised his head. He still remained seated. +His eyes were troubled. He gazed at the child, in a sort of amazement, +then he stretched out his hand towards his cudgel and cried in a +terrible voice, “Who’s there?” + + +“I, sir,” replied the child. “Little Gervais! I! Give me back my forty +sous, if you please! Take your foot away, sir, if you please!” + + +Then irritated, though he was so small, and becoming almost menacing:— + +“Come now, will you take your foot away? Take your foot away, or we’ll +see!” + + +“Ah! It’s still you!” said Jean Valjean, and rising abruptly to his +feet, his foot still resting on the silver piece, he added:— + +“Will you take yourself off!” + + +The frightened child looked at him, then began to tremble from head to +foot, and after a few moments of stupor he set out, running at the top +of his speed, without daring to turn his neck or to utter a cry. + +Nevertheless, lack of breath forced him to halt after a certain +distance, and Jean Valjean heard him sobbing, in the midst of his own +reverie. + +At the end of a few moments the child had disappeared. + +The sun had set. + +The shadows were descending around Jean Valjean. He had eaten nothing +all day; it is probable that he was feverish. + +He had remained standing and had not changed his attitude after the +child’s flight. The breath heaved his chest at long and irregular +intervals. His gaze, fixed ten or twelve paces in front of him, seemed +to be scrutinizing with profound attention the shape of an ancient +fragment of blue earthenware which had fallen in the grass. All at once +he shivered; he had just begun to feel the chill of evening. + +He settled his cap more firmly on his brow, sought mechanically to +cross and button his blouse, advanced a step and stopped to pick up his +cudgel. + +At that moment he caught sight of the forty-sou piece, which his foot +had half ground into the earth, and which was shining among the +pebbles. It was as though he had received a galvanic shock. “What is +this?” he muttered between his teeth. He recoiled three paces, then +halted, without being able to detach his gaze from the spot which his +foot had trodden but an instant before, as though the thing which lay +glittering there in the gloom had been an open eye riveted upon him. + +At the expiration of a few moments he darted convulsively towards the +silver coin, seized it, and straightened himself up again and began to +gaze afar off over the plain, at the same time casting his eyes towards +all points of the horizon, as he stood there erect and shivering, like +a terrified wild animal which is seeking refuge. + +He saw nothing. Night was falling, the plain was cold and vague, great +banks of violet haze were rising in the gleam of the twilight. + +He said, “Ah!” and set out rapidly in the direction in which the child +had disappeared. After about thirty paces he paused, looked about him +and saw nothing. + +Then he shouted with all his might:— + +“Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” + + +He paused and waited. + +There was no reply. + +The landscape was gloomy and deserted. He was encompassed by space. +There was nothing around him but an obscurity in which his gaze was +lost, and a silence which engulfed his voice. + +An icy north wind was blowing, and imparted to things around him a sort +of lugubrious life. The bushes shook their thin little arms with +incredible fury. One would have said that they were threatening and +pursuing some one. + +He set out on his march again, then he began to run; and from time to +time he halted and shouted into that solitude, with a voice which was +the most formidable and the most disconsolate that it was possible to +hear, “Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” + + +Assuredly, if the child had heard him, he would have been alarmed and +would have taken good care not to show himself. But the child was no +doubt already far away. + +He encountered a priest on horseback. He stepped up to him and said:— + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©, have you seen a child pass?” + + +“No,” said the priest. + +“One named Little Gervais?” + + +“I have seen no one.” + + +He drew two five-franc pieces from his money-bag and handed them to the +priest. + +“Monsieur le CurĂ©, this is for your poor people. Monsieur le CurĂ©, he +was a little lad, about ten years old, with a marmot, I think, and a +hurdy-gurdy. One of those Savoyards, you know?” + + +“I have not seen him.” + + +“Little Gervais? There are no villages here? Can you tell me?” + + +“If he is like what you say, my friend, he is a little stranger. Such +persons pass through these parts. We know nothing of them.” + + +Jean Valjean seized two more coins of five francs each with violence, +and gave them to the priest. + +“For your poor,” he said. + +Then he added, wildly:— + +“Monsieur l’AbbĂ©, have me arrested. I am a thief.” + + +The priest put spurs to his horse and fled in haste, much alarmed. + +Jean Valjean set out on a run, in the direction which he had first +taken. + +In this way he traversed a tolerably long distance, gazing, calling, +shouting, but he met no one. Two or three times he ran across the plain +towards something which conveyed to him the effect of a human being +reclining or crouching down; it turned out to be nothing but brushwood +or rocks nearly on a level with the earth. At length, at a spot where +three paths intersected each other, he stopped. The moon had risen. He +sent his gaze into the distance and shouted for the last time, “Little +Gervais! Little Gervais! Little Gervais!” His shout died away in the +mist, without even awakening an echo. He murmured yet once more, +“Little Gervais!” but in a feeble and almost inarticulate voice. It was +his last effort; his legs gave way abruptly under him, as though an +invisible power had suddenly overwhelmed him with the weight of his +evil conscience; he fell exhausted, on a large stone, his fists +clenched in his hair and his face on his knees, and he cried, “I am a +wretch!” + + +Then his heart burst, and he began to cry. It was the first time that +he had wept in nineteen years. + +When Jean Valjean left the Bishop’s house, he was, as we have seen, +quite thrown out of everything that had been his thought hitherto. He +could not yield to the evidence of what was going on within him. He +hardened himself against the angelic action and the gentle words of the +old man. “You have promised me to become an honest man. I buy your +soul. I take it away from the spirit of perversity; I give it to the +good God.” + + +This recurred to his mind unceasingly. To this celestial kindness he +opposed pride, which is the fortress of evil within us. He was +indistinctly conscious that the pardon of this priest was the greatest +assault and the most formidable attack which had moved him yet; that +his obduracy was finally settled if he resisted this clemency; that if +he yielded, he should be obliged to renounce that hatred with which the +actions of other men had filled his soul through so many years, and +which pleased him; that this time it was necessary to conquer or to be +conquered; and that a struggle, a colossal and final struggle, had been +begun between his viciousness and the goodness of that man. + +In the presence of these lights, he proceeded like a man who is +intoxicated. As he walked thus with haggard eyes, did he have a +distinct perception of what might result to him from his adventure at +D——? Did he understand all those mysterious murmurs which warn or +importune the spirit at certain moments of life? Did a voice whisper in +his ear that he had just passed the solemn hour of his destiny; that +there no longer remained a middle course for him; that if he were not +henceforth the best of men, he would be the worst; that it behooved him +now, so to speak, to mount higher than the Bishop, or fall lower than +the convict; that if he wished to become good he must become an angel; +that if he wished to remain evil, he must become a monster? + +Here, again, some questions must be put, which we have already put to +ourselves elsewhere: did he catch some shadow of all this in his +thought, in a confused way? Misfortune certainly, as we have said, does +form the education of the intelligence; nevertheless, it is doubtful +whether Jean Valjean was in a condition to disentangle all that we have +here indicated. If these ideas occurred to him, he but caught glimpses +of, rather than saw them, and they only succeeded in throwing him into +an unutterable and almost painful state of emotion. On emerging from +that black and deformed thing which is called the galleys, the Bishop +had hurt his soul, as too vivid a light would have hurt his eyes on +emerging from the dark. The future life, the possible life which +offered itself to him henceforth, all pure and radiant, filled him with +tremors and anxiety. He no longer knew where he really was. Like an +owl, who should suddenly see the sun rise, the convict had been dazzled +and blinded, as it were, by virtue. + +That which was certain, that which he did not doubt, was that he was no +longer the same man, that everything about him was changed, that it was +no longer in his power to make it as though the Bishop had not spoken +to him and had not touched him. + +In this state of mind he had encountered little Gervais, and had robbed +him of his forty sous. Why? He certainly could not have explained it; +was this the last effect and the supreme effort, as it were, of the +evil thoughts which he had brought away from the galleys,—a remnant of +impulse, a result of what is called in statics, _acquired force?_ It +was that, and it was also, perhaps, even less than that. Let us say it +simply, it was not he who stole; it was not the man; it was the beast, +who, by habit and instinct, had simply placed his foot upon that money, +while the intelligence was struggling amid so many novel and hitherto +unheard-of thoughts besetting it. + +When intelligence reawakened and beheld that action of the brute, Jean +Valjean recoiled with anguish and uttered a cry of terror. + +[Illustration: Awakened] + +It was because,—strange phenomenon, and one which was possible only in +the situation in which he found himself,—in stealing the money from +that child, he had done a thing of which he was no longer capable. + +However that may be, this last evil action had a decisive effect on +him; it abruptly traversed that chaos which he bore in his mind, and +dispersed it, placed on one side the thick obscurity, and on the other +the light, and acted on his soul, in the state in which it then was, as +certain chemical reagents act upon a troubled mixture by precipitating +one element and clarifying the other. + +First of all, even before examining himself and reflecting, all +bewildered, like one who seeks to save himself, he tried to find the +child in order to return his money to him; then, when he recognized the +fact that this was impossible, he halted in despair. At the moment when +he exclaimed “I am a wretch!” he had just perceived what he was, and he +was already separated from himself to such a degree, that he seemed to +himself to be no longer anything more than a phantom, and as if he had, +there before him, in flesh and blood, the hideous galley-convict, Jean +Valjean, cudgel in hand, his blouse on his hips, his knapsack filled +with stolen objects on his back, with his resolute and gloomy visage, +with his thoughts filled with abominable projects. + +Excess of unhappiness had, as we have remarked, made him in some sort a +visionary. This, then, was in the nature of a vision. He actually saw +that Jean Valjean, that sinister face, before him. He had almost +reached the point of asking himself who that man was, and he was +horrified by him. + +His brain was going through one of those violent and yet perfectly calm +moments in which reverie is so profound that it absorbs reality. One no +longer beholds the object which one has before one, and one sees, as +though apart from one’s self, the figures which one has in one’s own +mind. + +Thus he contemplated himself, so to speak, face to face, and at the +same time, athwart this hallucination, he perceived in a mysterious +depth a sort of light which he at first took for a torch. On +scrutinizing this light which appeared to his conscience with more +attention, he recognized the fact that it possessed a human form and +that this torch was the Bishop. + +His conscience weighed in turn these two men thus placed before it,—the +Bishop and Jean Valjean. Nothing less than the first was required to +soften the second. By one of those singular effects, which are peculiar +to this sort of ecstasies, in proportion as his reverie continued, as +the Bishop grew great and resplendent in his eyes, so did Jean Valjean +grow less and vanish. After a certain time he was no longer anything +more than a shade. All at once he disappeared. The Bishop alone +remained; he filled the whole soul of this wretched man with a +magnificent radiance. + +Jean Valjean wept for a long time. He wept burning tears, he sobbed +with more weakness than a woman, with more fright than a child. + +As he wept, daylight penetrated more and more clearly into his soul; an +extraordinary light; a light at once ravishing and terrible. His past +life, his first fault, his long expiation, his external brutishness, +his internal hardness, his dismissal to liberty, rejoicing in manifold +plans of vengeance, what had happened to him at the Bishop’s, the last +thing that he had done, that theft of forty sous from a child, a crime +all the more cowardly, and all the more monstrous since it had come +after the Bishop’s pardon,—all this recurred to his mind and appeared +clearly to him, but with a clearness which he had never hitherto +witnessed. He examined his life, and it seemed horrible to him; his +soul, and it seemed frightful to him. In the meantime a gentle light +rested over this life and this soul. It seemed to him that he beheld +Satan by the light of Paradise. + +How many hours did he weep thus? What did he do after he had wept? +Whither did he go! No one ever knew. The only thing which seems to be +authenticated is that that same night the carrier who served Grenoble +at that epoch, and who arrived at D—— about three o’clock in the +morning, saw, as he traversed the street in which the Bishop’s +residence was situated, a man in the attitude of prayer, kneeling on +the pavement in the shadow, in front of the door of Monseigneur +Welcome. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—IN THE YEAR 1817 + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE YEAR 1817 + + +1817 is the year which Louis XVIII., with a certain royal assurance +which was not wanting in pride, entitled the twenty-second of his +reign. It is the year in which M. BruguiĂšre de Sorsum was celebrated. +All the hairdressers’ shops, hoping for powder and the return of the +royal bird, were besmeared with azure and decked with fleurs-de-lys. It +was the candid time at which Count Lynch sat every Sunday as +church-warden in the church-warden’s pew of Saint-Germain-des-PrĂ©s, in +his costume of a peer of France, with his red ribbon and his long nose +and the majesty of profile peculiar to a man who has performed a +brilliant action. The brilliant action performed by M. Lynch was this: +being mayor of Bordeaux, on the 12th of March, 1814, he had surrendered +the city a little too promptly to M. the Duke d’AngoulĂȘme. Hence his +peerage. In 1817 fashion swallowed up little boys of from four to six +years of age in vast caps of morocco leather with ear-tabs resembling +Esquimaux mitres. The French army was dressed in white, after the mode +of the Austrian; the regiments were called legions; instead of numbers +they bore the names of departments; Napoleon was at St. Helena; and +since England refused him green cloth, he was having his old coats +turned. In 1817 Pelligrini sang; Mademoiselle Bigottini danced; Potier +reigned; Odry did not yet exist. Madame Saqui had succeeded to Forioso. +There were still Prussians in France. M. Delalot was a personage. +Legitimacy had just asserted itself by cutting off the hand, then the +head, of Pleignier, of Carbonneau, and of Tolleron. The Prince de +Talleyrand, grand chamberlain, and the AbbĂ© Louis, appointed minister +of finance, laughed as they looked at each other, with the laugh of the +two augurs; both of them had celebrated, on the 14th of July, 1790, the +mass of federation in the Champ de Mars; Talleyrand had said it as +bishop, Louis had served it in the capacity of deacon. In 1817, in the +side-alleys of this same Champ de Mars, two great cylinders of wood +might have been seen lying in the rain, rotting amid the grass, painted +blue, with traces of eagles and bees, from which the gilding was +falling. These were the columns which two years before had upheld the +Emperor’s platform in the Champ de Mai. They were blackened here and +there with the scorches of the bivouac of Austrians encamped near +Gros-Caillou. Two or three of these columns had disappeared in these +bivouac fires, and had warmed the large hands of the Imperial troops. +The Field of May had this remarkable point: that it had been held in +the month of June and in the Field of March (Mars). In this year, 1817, +two things were popular: the Voltaire-Touquet and the snuff-box _Ă  la +Charter_. The most recent Parisian sensation was the crime of Dautun, +who had thrown his brother’s head into the fountain of the +Flower-Market. + +They had begun to feel anxious at the Naval Department, on account of +the lack of news from that fatal frigate, _The Medusa_, which was +destined to cover Chaumareix with infamy and GĂ©ricault with glory. +Colonel Selves was going to Egypt to become Soliman-Pasha. The palace +of Thermes, in the Rue de La Harpe, served as a shop for a cooper. On +the platform of the octagonal tower of the Hotel de Cluny, the little +shed of boards, which had served as an observatory to Messier, the +naval astronomer under Louis XVI., was still to be seen. The Duchesse +de Duras read to three or four friends her unpublished _Ourika_, in her +boudoir furnished by X. in sky-blue satin. The N’s were scratched off +the Louvre. The bridge of Austerlitz had abdicated, and was entitled +the bridge of the King’s Garden [du Jardin du Roi], a double enigma, +which disguised the bridge of Austerlitz and the Jardin des Plantes at +one stroke. Louis XVIII., much preoccupied while annotating Horace with +the corner of his finger-nail, heroes who have become emperors, and +makers of wooden shoes who have become dauphins, had two +anxieties,—Napoleon and Mathurin Bruneau. The French Academy had given +for its prize subject, _The Happiness procured through Study_. M. +Bellart was officially eloquent. In his shadow could be seen +germinating that future advocate-general of BroĂ«, dedicated to the +sarcasms of Paul-Louis Courier. There was a false Chateaubriand, named +Marchangy, in the interim, until there should be a false Marchangy, +named d’Arlincourt. _Claire d’Albe_ and _Malek-Adel_ were masterpieces; +Madame Cottin was proclaimed the chief writer of the epoch. The +Institute had the academician, Napoleon Bonaparte, stricken from its +list of members. A royal ordinance erected AngoulĂȘme into a naval +school; for the Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, being lord high admiral, it was +evident that the city of AngoulĂȘme had all the qualities of a seaport; +otherwise the monarchical principle would have received a wound. In the +Council of Ministers the question was agitated whether vignettes +representing slack-rope performances, which adorned Franconi’s +advertising posters, and which attracted throngs of street urchins, +should be tolerated. M. PaĂ«r, the author of _Agnese_, a good sort of +fellow, with a square face and a wart on his cheek, directed the little +private concerts of the Marquise de Sasenaye in the Rue Ville l’ÉvĂȘque. +All the young girls were singing the _Hermit of Saint-Avelle_, with +words by Edmond GĂ©raud. _The Yellow Dwarf_ was transferred into +_Mirror_. The CafĂ© Lemblin stood up for the Emperor, against the CafĂ© +Valois, which upheld the Bourbons. The Duc de Berri, already surveyed +from the shadow by Louvel, had just been married to a princess of +Sicily. Madame de StaĂ«l had died a year previously. The body-guard +hissed Mademoiselle Mars. The grand newspapers were all very small. +Their form was restricted, but their liberty was great. The +_Constitutionnel_ was constitutional. _La Minerve_ called Chateaubriand +_Chateaubriant_. That _t_ made the good middle-class people laugh +heartily at the expense of the great writer. In journals which sold +themselves, prostituted journalists, insulted the exiles of 1815. David +had no longer any talent, Arnault had no longer any wit, Carnot was no +longer honest, Soult had won no battles; it is true that Napoleon had +no longer any genius. No one is ignorant of the fact that letters sent +to an exile by post very rarely reached him, as the police made it +their religious duty to intercept them. This is no new fact; Descartes +complained of it in his exile. Now David, having, in a Belgian +publication, shown some displeasure at not receiving letters which had +been written to him, it struck the royalist journals as amusing; and +they derided the prescribed man well on this occasion. What separated +two men more than an abyss was to say, the _regicides_, or to say the +_voters_; to say the _enemies_, or to say the _allies_; to say +_Napoleon_, or to say _Buonaparte_. All sensible people were agreed +that the era of revolution had been closed forever by King Louis +XVIII., surnamed “The Immortal Author of the Charter.” On the platform +of the Pont-Neuf, the word _Redivivus_ was carved on the pedestal that +awaited the statue of Henry IV. M. Piet, in the Rue ThĂ©rĂšse, No. 4, was +making the rough draft of his privy assembly to consolidate the +monarchy. The leaders of the Right said at grave conjunctures, “We must +write to Bacot.” MM. Canuel, O’Mahoney, and De Chappedelaine were +preparing the sketch, to some extent with Monsieur’s approval, of what +was to become later on “The Conspiracy of the Bord de l’Eau”—of the +waterside. L’Épingle Noire was already plotting in his own quarter. +Delaverderie was conferring with Trogoff. M. Decazes, who was liberal +to a degree, reigned. Chateaubriand stood every morning at his window +at No. 27 Rue Saint-Dominique, clad in footed trousers, and slippers, +with a madras kerchief knotted over his gray hair, with his eyes fixed +on a mirror, a complete set of dentist’s instruments spread out before +him, cleaning his teeth, which were charming, while he dictated _The +Monarchy according to the Charter_ to M. Pilorge, his secretary. +Criticism, assuming an authoritative tone, preferred Lafon to Talma. M. +de FĂ©letez signed himself A.; M. Hoffmann signed himself Z. Charles +Nodier wrote _ThĂ©rĂšse Aubert_. Divorce was abolished. Lyceums called +themselves colleges. The collegians, decorated on the collar with a +golden fleur-de-lys, fought each other _apropos_ of the King of Rome. +The counter-police of the chĂąteau had denounced to her Royal Highness +Madame, the portrait, everywhere exhibited, of M. the Duc d’OrlĂ©ans, +who made a better appearance in his uniform of a colonel-general of +hussars than M. the Duc de Berri, in his uniform of colonel-general of +dragoons—a serious inconvenience. The city of Paris was having the dome +of the Invalides regilded at its own expense. Serious men asked +themselves what M. de Trinquelague would do on such or such an +occasion; M. Clausel de Montals differed on divers points from M. +Clausel de Coussergues; M. de Salaberry was not satisfied. The comedian +Picard, who belonged to the Academy, which the comedian MoliĂšre had not +been able to do, had _The Two Philiberts_ played at the OdĂ©on, upon +whose pediment the removal of the letters still allowed THEATRE OF THE +EMPRESS to be plainly read. People took part for or against Cugnet de +Montarlot. Fabvier was factious; Bavoux was revolutionary. The Liberal, +PĂ©licier, published an edition of Voltaire, with the following title: +_Works of Voltaire_, of the French Academy. “That will attract +purchasers,” said the ingenious editor. The general opinion was that M. +Charles Loyson would be the genius of the century; envy was beginning +to gnaw at him—a sign of glory; and this verse was composed on him:— + +“Even when Loyson steals, one feels that he has paws.” + + +As Cardinal Fesch refused to resign, M. de Pins, Archbishop of Amasie, +administered the diocese of Lyons. The quarrel over the valley of +Dappes was begun between Switzerland and France by a memoir from +Captain, afterwards General Dufour. Saint-Simon, ignored, was erecting +his sublime dream. There was a celebrated Fourier at the Academy of +Science, whom posterity has forgotten; and in some garret an obscure +Fourier, whom the future will recall. Lord Byron was beginning to make +his mark; a note to a poem by Millevoye introduced him to France in +these terms: _a certain Lord Baron_. David d’Angers was trying to work +in marble. The AbbĂ© Caron was speaking, in terms of praise, to a +private gathering of seminarists in the blind alley of Feuillantines, +of an unknown priest, named FĂ©licitĂ©-Robert, who, at a latter date, +became Lamennais. A thing which smoked and clattered on the Seine with +the noise of a swimming dog went and came beneath the windows of the +Tuileries, from the Pont Royal to the Pont Louis XV.; it was a piece of +mechanism which was not good for much; a sort of plaything, the idle +dream of a dream-ridden inventor; an utopia—a steamboat. The Parisians +stared indifferently at this useless thing. M. de Vaublanc, the +reformer of the Institute by a coup d’état, the distinguished author of +numerous academicians, ordinances, and batches of members, after having +created them, could not succeed in becoming one himself. The Faubourg +Saint-Germain and the pavilion de Marsan wished to have M. Delaveau for +prefect of police, on account of his piety. Dupuytren and RĂ©camier +entered into a quarrel in the amphitheatre of the School of Medicine, +and threatened each other with their fists on the subject of the +divinity of Jesus Christ. Cuvier, with one eye on Genesis and the other +on nature, tried to please bigoted reaction by reconciling fossils with +texts and by making mastodons flatter Moses. + +M. François de NeufchĂąteau, the praiseworthy cultivator of the memory +of Parmentier, made a thousand efforts to have _pomme de terre_ +[potato] pronounced _parmentiĂšre_, and succeeded therein not at all. +The AbbĂ© GrĂ©goire, ex-bishop, ex-conventionary, ex-senator, had passed, +in the royalist polemics, to the state of “Infamous GrĂ©goire.” The +locution of which we have made use—_passed to the state of_—has been +condemned as a neologism by M. Royer Collard. Under the third arch of +the Pont de JĂ©na, the new stone with which, the two years previously, +the mining aperture made by BlĂŒcher to blow up the bridge had been +stopped up, was still recognizable on account of its whiteness. Justice +summoned to its bar a man who, on seeing the Comte d’Artois enter Notre +Dame, had said aloud: _“Sapristi! I regret the time when I saw +Bonaparte and Talma enter the Bel Sauvage, arm in arm.”_ A seditious +utterance. Six months in prison. Traitors showed themselves unbuttoned; +men who had gone over to the enemy on the eve of battle made no secret +of their recompense, and strutted immodestly in the light of day, in +the cynicism of riches and dignities; deserters from Ligny and +Quatre-Bras, in the brazenness of their well-paid turpitude, exhibited +their devotion to the monarchy in the most barefaced manner. + +This is what floats up confusedly, pell-mell, for the year 1817, and is +now forgotten. History neglects nearly all these particulars, and +cannot do otherwise; the infinity would overwhelm it. Nevertheless, +these details, which are wrongly called trivial,—there are no trivial +facts in humanity, nor little leaves in vegetation,—are useful. It is +of the physiognomy of the years that the physiognomy of the centuries +is composed. In this year of 1817 four young Parisians arranged “a fine +farce.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—A DOUBLE QUARTETTE + + +These Parisians came, one from Toulouse, another from Limoges, the +third from Cahors, and the fourth from Montauban; but they were +students; and when one says student, one says Parisian: to study in +Paris is to be born in Paris. + +These young men were insignificant; every one has seen such faces; four +specimens of humanity taken at random; neither good nor bad, neither +wise nor ignorant, neither geniuses nor fools; handsome, with that +charming April which is called twenty years. They were four Oscars; +for, at that epoch, Arthurs did not yet exist. _Burn for him the +perfumes of Araby!_ exclaimed romance. _Oscar advances. Oscar, I shall +behold him!_ People had just emerged from Ossian; elegance was +Scandinavian and Caledonian; the pure English style was only to prevail +later, and the first of the Arthurs, Wellington, had but just won the +battle of Waterloo. + +These Oscars bore the names, one of FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs, of Toulouse; the +second, Listolier, of Cahors; the next, Fameuil, of Limoges; the last, +Blachevelle, of Montauban. Naturally, each of them had his mistress. +Blachevelle loved Favourite, so named because she had been in England; +Listolier adored Dahlia, who had taken for her nickname the name of a +flower; Fameuil idolized ZĂ©phine, an abridgment of JosĂ©phine; TholomyĂšs +had Fantine, called the Blonde, because of her beautiful, sunny hair. + +Favourite, Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and Fantine were four ravishing young +women, perfumed and radiant, still a little like working-women, and not +yet entirely divorced from their needles; somewhat disturbed by +intrigues, but still retaining on their faces something of the serenity +of toil, and in their souls that flower of honesty which survives the +first fall in woman. One of the four was called the young, because she +was the youngest of them, and one was called the old; the old one was +twenty-three. Not to conceal anything, the three first were more +experienced, more heedless, and more emancipated into the tumult of +life than Fantine the Blonde, who was still in her first illusions. + +Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and especially Favourite, could not have said as much. +There had already been more than one episode in their romance, though +hardly begun; and the lover who had borne the name of Adolph in the +first chapter had turned out to be Alphonse in the second, and Gustave +in the third. Poverty and coquetry are two fatal counsellors; one +scolds and the other flatters, and the beautiful daughters of the +people have both of them whispering in their ear, each on its own side. +These badly guarded souls listen. Hence the falls which they +accomplish, and the stones which are thrown at them. They are +overwhelmed with splendor of all that is immaculate and inaccessible. +Alas! what if the Jungfrau were hungry? + +Favourite having been in England, was admired by Dahlia and ZĂ©phine. +She had had an establishment of her own very early in life. Her father +was an old unmarried professor of mathematics, a brutal man and a +braggart, who went out to give lessons in spite of his age. This +professor, when he was a young man, had one day seen a chambermaid’s +gown catch on a fender; he had fallen in love in consequence of this +accident. The result had been Favourite. She met her father from time +to time, and he bowed to her. One morning an old woman with the air of +a devotee, had entered her apartments, and had said to her, “You do not +know me, Mamemoiselle?” “No.” “I am your mother.” Then the old woman +opened the sideboard, and ate and drank, had a mattress which she owned +brought in, and installed herself. This cross and pious old mother +never spoke to Favourite, remained hours without uttering a word, +breakfasted, dined, and supped for four, and went down to the porter’s +quarters for company, where she spoke ill of her daughter. + +It was having rosy nails that were too pretty which had drawn Dahlia to +Listolier, to others perhaps, to idleness. How could she make such +nails work? She who wishes to remain virtuous must not have pity on her +hands. As for ZĂ©phine, she had conquered Fameuil by her roguish and +caressing little way of saying “Yes, sir.” + + +The young men were comrades; the young girls were friends. Such loves +are always accompanied by such friendships. + +Goodness and philosophy are two distinct things; the proof of this is +that, after making all due allowances for these little irregular +households, Favourite, ZĂ©phine, and Dahlia were philosophical young +women, while Fantine was a good girl. + +Good! some one will exclaim; and TholomyĂšs? Solomon would reply that +love forms a part of wisdom. We will confine ourselves to saying that +the love of Fantine was a first love, a sole love, a faithful love. + +She alone, of all the four, was not called “thou” by a single one of +them. + +Fantine was one of those beings who blossom, so to speak, from the +dregs of the people. Though she had emerged from the most unfathomable +depths of social shadow, she bore on her brow the sign of the anonymous +and the unknown. She was born at M. sur M. Of what parents? Who can +say? She had never known father or mother. She was called Fantine. Why +Fantine? She had never borne any other name. At the epoch of her birth +the Directory still existed. She had no family name; she had no family; +no baptismal name; the Church no longer existed. She bore the name +which pleased the first random passer-by, who had encountered her, when +a very small child, running bare-legged in the street. She received the +name as she received the water from the clouds upon her brow when it +rained. She was called little Fantine. No one knew more than that. This +human creature had entered life in just this way. At the age of ten, +Fantine quitted the town and went to service with some farmers in the +neighborhood. At fifteen she came to Paris “to seek her fortune.” +Fantine was beautiful, and remained pure as long as she could. She was +a lovely blonde, with fine teeth. She had gold and pearls for her +dowry; but her gold was on her head, and her pearls were in her mouth. + +She worked for her living; then, still for the sake of her living,—for +the heart, also, has its hunger,—she loved. + +She loved TholomyĂšs. + +An amour for him; passion for her. The streets of the Latin quarter, +filled with throngs of students and grisettes, saw the beginning of +their dream. Fantine had long evaded TholomyĂšs in the mazes of the hill +of the Pantheon, where so many adventurers twine and untwine, but in +such a way as constantly to encounter him again. There is a way of +avoiding which resembles seeking. In short, the eclogue took place. + +Blachevelle, Listolier, and Fameuil formed a sort of group of which +TholomyĂšs was the head. It was he who possessed the wit. + +TholomyĂšs was the antique old student; he was rich; he had an income of +four thousand francs; four thousand francs! a splendid scandal on Mount +Sainte-GeneviĂšve. TholomyĂšs was a fast man of thirty, and badly +preserved. He was wrinkled and toothless, and he had the beginning of a +bald spot, of which he himself said with sadness, _the skull at thirty, +the knee at forty_. His digestion was mediocre, and he had been +attacked by a watering in one eye. But in proportion as his youth +disappeared, gayety was kindled; he replaced his teeth with +buffooneries, his hair with mirth, his health with irony, his weeping +eye laughed incessantly. He was dilapidated but still in flower. His +youth, which was packing up for departure long before its time, beat a +retreat in good order, bursting with laughter, and no one saw anything +but fire. He had had a piece rejected at the Vaudeville. He made a few +verses now and then. In addition to this he doubted everything to the +last degree, which is a vast force in the eyes of the weak. Being thus +ironical and bald, he was the leader. _Iron_ is an English word. Is it +possible that irony is derived from it? + +One day TholomyĂšs took the three others aside, with the gesture of an +oracle, and said to them:— + +“Fantine, Dahlia, ZĂ©phine, and Favourite have been teasing us for +nearly a year to give them a surprise. We have promised them solemnly +that we would. They are forever talking about it to us, to me in +particular, just as the old women in Naples cry to Saint Januarius, +‘_Faccia gialluta, fa o miracolo_, Yellow face, perform thy miracle,’ +so our beauties say to me incessantly, ‘TholomyĂšs, when will you bring +forth your surprise?’ At the same time our parents keep writing to us. +Pressure on both sides. The moment has arrived, it seems to me; let us +discuss the question.” + + +Thereupon, TholomyĂšs lowered his voice and articulated something so +mirthful, that a vast and enthusiastic grin broke out upon the four +mouths simultaneously, and Blachevelle exclaimed, “That is an idea.” + + +A smoky tap-room presented itself; they entered, and the remainder of +their confidential colloquy was lost in shadow. + +The result of these shades was a dazzling pleasure party which took +place on the following Sunday, the four young men inviting the four +young girls. + + + + +CHAPTER III—FOUR AND FOUR + + +It is hard nowadays to picture to one’s self what a pleasure-trip of +students and grisettes to the country was like, forty-five years ago. +The suburbs of Paris are no longer the same; the physiognomy of what +may be called circumparisian life has changed completely in the last +half-century; where there was the cuckoo, there is the railway car; +where there was a tender-boat, there is now the steamboat; people speak +of FĂ©camp nowadays as they spoke of Saint-Cloud in those days. The +Paris of 1862 is a city which has France for its outskirts. + +The four couples conscientiously went through with all the country +follies possible at that time. The vacation was beginning, and it was a +warm, bright, summer day. On the preceding day, Favourite, the only one +who knew how to write, had written the following to TholomyĂšs in the +name of the four: “It is a good hour to emerge from happiness.” That is +why they rose at five o’clock in the morning. Then they went to +Saint-Cloud by the coach, looked at the dry cascade and exclaimed, +“This must be very beautiful when there is water!” They breakfasted at +the _TĂȘte-Noir_, where Castaing had not yet been; they treated +themselves to a game of ring-throwing under the quincunx of trees of +the grand fountain; they ascended Diogenes’ lantern, they gambled for +macaroons at the roulette establishment of the Pont de SĂšvres, picked +bouquets at Pateaux, bought reed-pipes at Neuilly, ate apple tarts +everywhere, and were perfectly happy. + +The young girls rustled and chatted like warblers escaped from their +cage. It was a perfect delirium. From time to time they bestowed little +taps on the young men. Matutinal intoxication of life! adorable years! +the wings of the dragonfly quiver. Oh, whoever you may be, do you not +remember? Have you rambled through the brushwood, holding aside the +branches, on account of the charming head which is coming on behind +you? Have you slid, laughing, down a slope all wet with rain, with a +beloved woman holding your hand, and crying, “Ah, my new boots! what a +state they are in!” + + +Let us say at once that that merry obstacle, a shower, was lacking in +the case of this good-humored party, although Favourite had said as +they set out, with a magisterial and maternal tone, _“The slugs are +crawling in the paths,—a sign of rain, children.”_ + +All four were madly pretty. A good old classic poet, then famous, a +good fellow who had an ÉlĂ©onore, M. le Chevalier de Labouisse, as he +strolled that day beneath the chestnut-trees of Saint-Cloud, saw them +pass about ten o’clock in the morning, and exclaimed, “There is one too +many of them,” as he thought of the Graces. Favourite, Blachevelle’s +friend, the one aged three and twenty, the old one, ran on in front +under the great green boughs, jumped the ditches, stalked distractedly +over bushes, and presided over this merry-making with the spirit of a +young female faun. ZĂ©phine and Dahlia, whom chance had made beautiful +in such a way that they set each off when they were together, and +completed each other, never left each other, more from an instinct of +coquetry than from friendship, and clinging to each other, they assumed +English poses; the first _keepsakes_ had just made their appearance, +melancholy was dawning for women, as later on, Byronism dawned for men; +and the hair of the tender sex began to droop dolefully. ZĂ©phine and +Dahlia had their hair dressed in rolls. Listolier and Fameuil, who were +engaged in discussing their professors, explained to Fantine the +difference that existed between M. Delvincourt and M. Blondeau. + +Blachevelle seemed to have been created expressly to carry Favourite’s +single-bordered, imitation India shawl of Ternaux’s manufacture, on his +arm on Sundays. + +TholomyĂšs followed, dominating the group. He was very gay, but one felt +the force of government in him; there was dictation in his joviality; +his principal ornament was a pair of trousers of elephant-leg pattern +of nankeen, with straps of braided copper wire; he carried a stout +rattan worth two hundred francs in his hand, and, as he treated himself +to everything, a strange thing called a cigar in his mouth. Nothing was +sacred to him; he smoked. + +“That TholomyĂšs is astounding!” said the others, with veneration. “What +trousers! What energy!” + + +As for Fantine, she was a joy to behold. Her splendid teeth had +evidently received an office from God,—laughter. She preferred to carry +her little hat of sewed straw, with its long white strings, in her hand +rather than on her head. Her thick blond hair, which was inclined to +wave, and which easily uncoiled, and which it was necessary to fasten +up incessantly, seemed made for the flight of Galatea under the +willows. Her rosy lips babbled enchantingly. The corners of her mouth +voluptuously turned up, as in the antique masks of Erigone, had an air +of encouraging the audacious; but her long, shadowy lashes drooped +discreetly over the jollity of the lower part of the face as though to +call a halt. There was something indescribably harmonious and striking +about her entire dress. She wore a gown of mauve barĂšge, little reddish +brown buskins, whose ribbons traced an X on her fine, white, +open-worked stockings, and that sort of muslin spencer, a Marseilles +invention, whose name, _canezou_, a corruption of the words _quinze +aoĂ»t_, pronounced after the fashion of the CanebiĂšre, signifies fine +weather, heat, and midday. The three others, less timid, as we have +already said, wore low-necked dresses without disguise, which in +summer, beneath flower-adorned hats, are very graceful and enticing; +but by the side of these audacious outfits, blond Fantine’s _canezou_, +with its transparencies, its indiscretion, and its reticence, +concealing and displaying at one and the same time, seemed an alluring +godsend of decency, and the famous Court of Love, presided over by the +Vicomtesse de Cette, with the sea-green eyes, would, perhaps, have +awarded the prize for coquetry to this _canezou_, in the contest for +the prize of modesty. The most ingenious is, at times, the wisest. This +does happen. + +Brilliant of face, delicate of profile, with eyes of a deep blue, heavy +lids, feet arched and small, wrists and ankles admirably formed, a +white skin which, here and there allowed the azure branching of the +veins to be seen, joy, a cheek that was young and fresh, the robust +throat of the Juno of Ægina, a strong and supple nape of the neck, +shoulders modelled as though by Coustou, with a voluptuous dimple in +the middle, visible through the muslin; a gayety cooled by dreaminess; +sculptural and exquisite—such was Fantine; and beneath these feminine +adornments and these ribbons one could divine a statue, and in that +statue a soul. + +Fantine was beautiful, without being too conscious of it. Those rare +dreamers, mysterious priests of the beautiful who silently confront +everything with perfection, would have caught a glimpse in this little +working-woman, through the transparency of her Parisian grace, of the +ancient sacred euphony. This daughter of the shadows was thoroughbred. +She was beautiful in the two ways—style and rhythm. Style is the form +of the ideal; rhythm is its movement. + +We have said that Fantine was joy; she was also modesty. + +To an observer who studied her attentively, that which breathed from +her athwart all the intoxication of her age, the season, and her love +affair, was an invincible expression of reserve and modesty. She +remained a little astonished. This chaste astonishment is the shade of +difference which separates Psyche from Venus. Fantine had the long, +white, fine fingers of the vestal virgin who stirs the ashes of the +sacred fire with a golden pin. Although she would have refused nothing +to TholomyĂšs, as we shall have more than ample opportunity to see, her +face in repose was supremely virginal; a sort of serious and almost +austere dignity suddenly overwhelmed her at certain times, and there +was nothing more singular and disturbing than to see gayety become so +suddenly extinct there, and meditation succeed to cheerfulness without +any transition state. This sudden and sometimes severely accentuated +gravity resembled the disdain of a goddess. Her brow, her nose, her +chin, presented that equilibrium of outline which is quite distinct +from equilibrium of proportion, and from which harmony of countenance +results; in the very characteristic interval which separates the base +of the nose from the upper lip, she had that imperceptible and charming +fold, a mysterious sign of chastity, which makes Barberousse fall in +love with a Diana found in the treasures of Iconia. + +Love is a fault; so be it. Fantine was innocence floating high over +fault. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THOLOMYÈS IS SO MERRY THAT HE SINGS A SPANISH DITTY + + +That day was composed of dawn, from one end to the other. All nature +seemed to be having a holiday, and to be laughing. The flower-beds of +Saint-Cloud perfumed the air; the breath of the Seine rustled the +leaves vaguely; the branches gesticulated in the wind, bees pillaged +the jasmines; a whole bohemia of butterflies swooped down upon the +yarrow, the clover, and the sterile oats; in the august park of the +King of France there was a pack of vagabonds, the birds. + +The four merry couples, mingled with the sun, the fields, the flowers, +the trees, were resplendent. + +And in this community of Paradise, talking, singing, running, dancing, +chasing butterflies, plucking convolvulus, wetting their pink, +open-work stockings in the tall grass, fresh, wild, without malice, all +received, to some extent, the kisses of all, with the exception of +Fantine, who was hedged about with that vague resistance of hers +composed of dreaminess and wildness, and who was in love. “You always +have a queer look about you,” said Favourite to her. + +Such things are joys. These passages of happy couples are a profound +appeal to life and nature, and make a caress and light spring forth +from everything. There was once a fairy who created the fields and +forests expressly for those in love,—in that eternal hedge-school of +lovers, which is forever beginning anew, and which will last as long as +there are hedges and scholars. Hence the popularity of spring among +thinkers. The patrician and the knife-grinder, the duke and the peer, +the limb of the law, the courtiers and townspeople, as they used to say +in olden times, all are subjects of this fairy. They laugh and hunt, +and there is in the air the brilliance of an apotheosis—what a +transfiguration effected by love! Notaries’ clerks are gods. And the +little cries, the pursuits through the grass, the waists embraced on +the fly, those jargons which are melodies, those adorations which burst +forth in the manner of pronouncing a syllable, those cherries torn from +one mouth by another,—all this blazes forth and takes its place among +the celestial glories. Beautiful women waste themselves sweetly. They +think that this will never come to an end. Philosophers, poets, +painters, observe these ecstasies and know not what to make of it, so +greatly are they dazzled by it. The departure for Cythera! exclaims +Watteau; Lancret, the painter of plebeians, contemplates his bourgeois, +who have flitted away into the azure sky; Diderot stretches out his +arms to all these love idyls, and d’UrfĂ© mingles druids with them. + +After breakfast the four couples went to what was then called the +King’s Square to see a newly arrived plant from India, whose name +escapes our memory at this moment, and which, at that epoch, was +attracting all Paris to Saint-Cloud. It was an odd and charming shrub +with a long stem, whose numerous branches, bristling and leafless and +as fine as threads, were covered with a million tiny white rosettes; +this gave the shrub the air of a head of hair studded with flowers. +There was always an admiring crowd about it. + +After viewing the shrub, TholomyĂšs exclaimed, “I offer you asses!” and +having agreed upon a price with the owner of the asses, they returned +by way of Vanvres and Issy. At Issy an incident occurred. The truly +national park, at that time owned by Bourguin the contractor, happened +to be wide open. They passed the gates, visited the manikin anchorite +in his grotto, tried the mysterious little effects of the famous +cabinet of mirrors, the wanton trap worthy of a satyr become a +millionaire or of Turcaret metamorphosed into a Priapus. They had +stoutly shaken the swing attached to the two chestnut-trees celebrated +by the AbbĂ© de Bernis. As he swung these beauties, one after the other, +producing folds in the fluttering skirts which Greuze would have found +to his taste, amid peals of laughter, the Toulousan TholomyĂšs, who was +somewhat of a Spaniard, Toulouse being the cousin of Tolosa, sang, to a +melancholy chant, the old ballad _gallega_, probably inspired by some +lovely maid dashing in full flight upon a rope between two trees:— + +“Soy de Badajoz, +Amor me llama, +Toda mi alma, +Es en mi ojos, +Porque enseñas, +A tuas piernas. + +“Badajoz is my home, +And Love is my name; +To my eyes in flame, +All my soul doth come; +For instruction meet +I receive at thy feet” + + +Fantine alone refused to swing. + +“I don’t like to have people put on airs like that,” muttered +Favourite, with a good deal of acrimony. + +After leaving the asses there was a fresh delight; they crossed the +Seine in a boat, and proceeding from Passy on foot they reached the +barrier of l’Étoile. They had been up since five o’clock that morning, +as the reader will remember; but _bah! there is no such thing as +fatigue on Sunday_, said Favourite; _on Sunday fatigue does not work_. + +About three o’clock the four couples, frightened at their happiness, +were sliding down the Russian mountains, a singular edifice which then +occupied the heights of Beaujon, and whose undulating line was visible +above the trees of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. + +From time to time Favourite exclaimed:— + +“And the surprise? I claim the surprise.” + + +“Patience,” replied TholomyĂšs. + + + + +CHAPTER V—AT BOMBARDA’S + + +The Russian mountains having been exhausted, they began to think about +dinner; and the radiant party of eight, somewhat weary at last, became +stranded in Bombarda’s public house, a branch establishment which had +been set up in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es by that famous restaurant-keeper, +Bombarda, whose sign could then be seen in the Rue de Rivoli, near +Delorme Alley. + +A large but ugly room, with an alcove and a bed at the end (they had +been obliged to put up with this accommodation in view of the Sunday +crowd); two windows whence they could survey beyond the elms, the quay +and the river; a magnificent August sunlight lightly touching the +panes; two tables; upon one of them a triumphant mountain of bouquets, +mingled with the hats of men and women; at the other the four couples +seated round a merry confusion of platters, dishes, glasses, and +bottles; jugs of beer mingled with flasks of wine; very little order on +the table, some disorder beneath it; + +“They made beneath the table +A noise, a clatter of the feet that was abominable,” + + +says MoliĂšre. + +This was the state which the shepherd idyl, begun at five o’clock in +the morning, had reached at half-past four in the afternoon. The sun +was setting; their appetites were satisfied. + +The Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, filled with sunshine and with people, were nothing +but light and dust, the two things of which glory is composed. The +horses of Marly, those neighing marbles, were prancing in a cloud of +gold. Carriages were going and coming. A squadron of magnificent +body-guards, with their clarions at their head, were descending the +Avenue de Neuilly; the white flag, showing faintly rosy in the setting +sun, floated over the dome of the Tuileries. The Place de la Concorde, +which had become the Place Louis XV. once more, was choked with happy +promenaders. Many wore the silver fleur-de-lys suspended from the +white-watered ribbon, which had not yet wholly disappeared from +button-holes in the year 1817. Here and there choruses of little girls +threw to the winds, amid the passers-by, who formed into circles and +applauded, the then celebrated Bourbon air, which was destined to +strike the Hundred Days with lightning, and which had for its refrain:— + +“Rendez-nous notre pĂšre de Gand, +Rendez-nous notre pĂšre.” + +“Give us back our father from Ghent, +Give us back our father.” + + +Groups of dwellers in the suburbs, in Sunday array, sometimes even +decorated with the fleur-de-lys, like the bourgeois, scattered over the +large square and the Marigny square, were playing at rings and +revolving on the wooden horses; others were engaged in drinking; some +journeyman printers had on paper caps; their laughter was audible. +Everything was radiant. It was a time of undisputed peace and profound +royalist security; it was the epoch when a special and private report +of Chief of Police AnglĂšs to the King, on the subject of the suburbs of +Paris, terminated with these lines:— + +“Taking all things into consideration, Sire, there is nothing to be +feared from these people. They are as heedless and as indolent as cats. +The populace is restless in the provinces; it is not in Paris. These +are very pretty men, Sire. It would take all of two of them to make one +of your grenadiers. There is nothing to be feared on the part of the +populace of Paris the capital. It is remarkable that the stature of +this population should have diminished in the last fifty years; and the +populace of the suburbs is still more puny than at the time of the +Revolution. It is not dangerous. In short, it is an amiable rabble.” + + +Prefects of the police do not deem it possible that a cat can transform +itself into a lion; that does happen, however, and in that lies the +miracle wrought by the populace of Paris. Moreover, the cat so despised +by Count AnglĂšs possessed the esteem of the republics of old. In their +eyes it was liberty incarnate; and as though to serve as pendant to the +Minerva Aptera of the PirĂŠus, there stood on the public square in +Corinth the colossal bronze figure of a cat. The ingenuous police of +the Restoration beheld the populace of Paris in too “rose-colored” a +light; it is not so much of “an amiable rabble” as it is thought. The +Parisian is to the Frenchman what the Athenian was to the Greek: no one +sleeps more soundly than he, no one is more frankly frivolous and lazy +than he, no one can better assume the air of forgetfulness; let him not +be trusted nevertheless; he is ready for any sort of cool deed; but +when there is glory at the end of it, he is worthy of admiration in +every sort of fury. Give him a pike, he will produce the 10th of +August; give him a gun, you will have Austerlitz. He is Napoleon’s stay +and Danton’s resource. Is it a question of country, he enlists; is it a +question of liberty, he tears up the pavements. Beware! his hair filled +with wrath, is epic; his blouse drapes itself like the folds of a +chlamys. Take care! he will make of the first Rue GrenĂ©tat which comes +to hand Caudine Forks. When the hour strikes, this man of the faubourgs +will grow in stature; this little man will arise, and his gaze will be +terrible, and his breath will become a tempest, and there will issue +forth from that slender chest enough wind to disarrange the folds of +the Alps. It is, thanks to the suburban man of Paris, that the +Revolution, mixed with arms, conquers Europe. He sings; it is his +delight. Proportion his song to his nature, and you will see! As long +as he has for refrain nothing but _la Carmagnole_, he only overthrows +Louis XVI.; make him sing the _Marseillaise_, and he will free the +world. + +This note jotted down on the margin of AnglĂšs’ report, we will return +to our four couples. The dinner, as we have said, was drawing to its +close. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—A CHAPTER IN WHICH THEY ADORE EACH OTHER + + +Chat at table, the chat of love; it is as impossible to reproduce one +as the other; the chat of love is a cloud; the chat at table is smoke. + +Fameuil and Dahlia were humming. TholomyĂšs was drinking. ZĂ©phine was +laughing, Fantine smiling, Listolier blowing a wooden trumpet which he +had purchased at Saint-Cloud. + +Favourite gazed tenderly at Blachevelle and said:— + +“Blachevelle, I adore you.” + + +This called forth a question from Blachevelle:— + +“What would you do, Favourite, if I were to cease to love you?” + + +“I!” cried Favourite. “Ah! Do not say that even in jest! If you were to +cease to love me, I would spring after you, I would scratch you, I +should rend you, I would throw you into the water, I would have you +arrested.” + + +Blachevelle smiled with the voluptuous self-conceit of a man who is +tickled in his self-love. Favourite resumed:— + +“Yes, I would scream to the police! Ah! I should not restrain myself, +not at all! Rabble!” + + +Blachevelle threw himself back in his chair, in an ecstasy, and closed +both eyes proudly. + +Dahlia, as she ate, said in a low voice to Favourite, amid the uproar:— + +“So you really idolize him deeply, that Blachevelle of yours?” + + +“I? I detest him,” replied Favourite in the same tone, seizing her fork +again. “He is avaricious. I love the little fellow opposite me in my +house. He is very nice, that young man; do you know him? One can see +that he is an actor by profession. I love actors. As soon as he comes +in, his mother says to him: ‘Ah! mon Dieu! my peace of mind is gone. +There he goes with his shouting. But, my dear, you are splitting my +head!’ So he goes up to rat-ridden garrets, to black holes, as high as +he can mount, and there he sets to singing, declaiming, how do I know +what? so that he can be heard downstairs! He earns twenty sous a day at +an attorney’s by penning quibbles. He is the son of a former precentor +of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas. Ah! he is very nice. He idolizes me so, +that one day when he saw me making batter for some pancakes, he said to +me: _‘Mamselle, make your gloves into fritters, and I will eat them.’_ +It is only artists who can say such things as that. Ah! he is very +nice. I am in a fair way to go out of my head over that little fellow. +Never mind; I tell Blachevelle that I adore him—how I lie! Hey! How I +do lie!” + + +Favourite paused, and then went on:— + +“I am sad, you see, Dahlia. It has done nothing but rain all summer; +the wind irritates me; the wind does not abate. Blachevelle is very +stingy; there are hardly any green peas in the market; one does not +know what to eat. I have the spleen, as the English say, butter is so +dear! and then you see it is horrible, here we are dining in a room +with a bed in it, and that disgusts me with life.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE WISDOM OF THOLOMYÈS + + +In the meantime, while some sang, the rest talked together tumultuously +all at once; it was no longer anything but noise. TholomyĂšs intervened. + +“Let us not talk at random nor too fast,” he exclaimed. “Let us +reflect, if we wish to be brilliant. Too much improvisation empties the +mind in a stupid way. Running beer gathers no froth. No haste, +gentlemen. Let us mingle majesty with the feast. Let us eat with +meditation; let us make haste slowly. Let us not hurry. Consider the +springtime; if it makes haste, it is done for; that is to say, it gets +frozen. Excess of zeal ruins peach-trees and apricot-trees. Excess of +zeal kills the grace and the mirth of good dinners. No zeal, gentlemen! +Grimod de la ReyniĂšre agrees with Talleyrand.” + + +A hollow sound of rebellion rumbled through the group. + +“Leave us in peace, TholomyĂšs,” said Blachevelle. + +“Down with the tyrant!” said Fameuil. + +“Bombarda, Bombance, and Bambochel!” cried Listolier. + +“Sunday exists,” resumed Fameuil. + +“We are sober,” added Listolier. + +“TholomyĂšs,” remarked Blachevelle, “contemplate my calmness [_mon +calme_].” + + +“You are the Marquis of that,” retorted TholomyĂšs. + +This mediocre play upon words produced the effect of a stone in a pool. +The Marquis de Montcalm was at that time a celebrated royalist. All the +frogs held their peace. + +“Friends,” cried TholomyĂšs, with the accent of a man who had recovered +his empire, “Come to yourselves. This pun which has fallen from the +skies must not be received with too much stupor. Everything which falls +in that way is not necessarily worthy of enthusiasm and respect. The +pun is the dung of the mind which soars. The jest falls, no matter +where; and the mind after producing a piece of stupidity plunges into +the azure depths. A whitish speck flattened against the rock does not +prevent the condor from soaring aloft. Far be it from me to insult the +pun! I honor it in proportion to its merits; nothing more. All the most +august, the most sublime, the most charming of humanity, and perhaps +outside of humanity, have made puns. Jesus Christ made a pun on St. +Peter, Moses on Isaac, Æschylus on Polynices, Cleopatra on Octavius. +And observe that Cleopatra’s pun preceded the battle of Actium, and +that had it not been for it, no one would have remembered the city of +Toryne, a Greek name which signifies a ladle. That once conceded, I +return to my exhortation. I repeat, brothers, I repeat, no zeal, no +hubbub, no excess; even in witticisms, gayety, jollities, or plays on +words. Listen to me. I have the prudence of AmphiaraĂŒs and the baldness +of CĂŠsar. There must be a limit, even to rebuses. _Est modus in rebus_. + +“There must be a limit, even to dinners. You are fond of apple +turnovers, ladies; do not indulge in them to excess. Even in the matter +of turnovers, good sense and art are requisite. Gluttony chastises the +glutton, _Gula punit Gulax_. Indigestion is charged by the good God +with preaching morality to stomachs. And remember this: each one of our +passions, even love, has a stomach which must not be filled too full. +In all things the word _finis_ must be written in good season; +self-control must be exercised when the matter becomes urgent; the bolt +must be drawn on appetite; one must set one’s own fantasy to the +violin, and carry one’s self to the post. The sage is the man who knows +how, at a given moment, to effect his own arrest. Have some confidence +in me, for I have succeeded to some extent in my study of the law, +according to the verdict of my examinations, for I know the difference +between the question put and the question pending, for I have sustained +a thesis in Latin upon the manner in which torture was administered at +Rome at the epoch when Munatius Demens was quĂŠstor of the Parricide; +because I am going to be a doctor, apparently it does not follow that +it is absolutely necessary that I should be an imbecile. I recommend +you to moderation in your desires. It is true that my name is FĂ©lix +TholomyĂšs; I speak well. Happy is he who, when the hour strikes, takes +a heroic resolve, and abdicates like Sylla or Origenes.” + + +Favourite listened with profound attention. + +“FĂ©lix,” said she, “what a pretty word! I love that name. It is Latin; +it means prosper.” + + +TholomyĂšs went on:— + +“Quirites, gentlemen, caballeros, my friends. Do you wish never to feel +the prick, to do without the nuptial bed, and to brave love? Nothing +more simple. Here is the receipt: lemonade, excessive exercise, hard +labor; work yourself to death, drag blocks, sleep not, hold vigil, +gorge yourself with nitrous beverages, and potions of nymphĂŠas; drink +emulsions of poppies and agnus castus; season this with a strict diet, +starve yourself, and add thereto cold baths, girdles of herbs, the +application of a plate of lead, lotions made with the subacetate of +lead, and fomentations of oxycrat.” + + +“I prefer a woman,” said Listolier. + +“Woman,” resumed TholomyĂšs; “distrust her. Woe to him who yields +himself to the unstable heart of woman! Woman is perfidious and +disingenuous. She detests the serpent from professional jealousy. The +serpent is the shop over the way.” + + +“TholomyĂšs!” cried Blachevelle, “you are drunk!” + + +“Pardieu,” said TholomyĂšs. + +“Then be gay,” resumed Blachevelle. + +“I agree to that,” responded TholomyĂšs. + +And, refilling his glass, he rose. + +“Glory to wine! _Nunc te, Bacche, canam!_ Pardon me ladies; that is +Spanish. And the proof of it, señoras, is this: like people, like cask. +The arrobe of Castille contains sixteen litres; the cantaro of +Alicante, twelve; the almude of the Canaries, twenty-five; the cuartin +of the Balearic Isles, twenty-six; the boot of Tzar Peter, thirty. Long +live that Tzar who was great, and long live his boot, which was still +greater! Ladies, take the advice of a friend; make a mistake in your +neighbor if you see fit. The property of love is to err. A love affair +is not made to crouch down and brutalize itself like an English +serving-maid who has callouses on her knees from scrubbing. It is not +made for that; it errs gayly, our gentle love. It has been said, error +is human; I say, error is love. Ladies, I idolize you all. O ZĂ©phine, O +JosĂ©phine, face more than irregular, you would be charming were you not +all askew. You have the air of a pretty face upon which some one has +sat down by mistake. As for Favourite, O nymphs and muses! one day when +Blachevelle was crossing the gutter in the Rue GuĂ©rin-Boisseau, he +espied a beautiful girl with white stockings well drawn up, which +displayed her legs. This prologue pleased him, and Blachevelle fell in +love. The one he loved was Favourite. O Favourite, thou hast Ionian +lips. There was a Greek painter named Euphorion, who was surnamed the +painter of the lips. That Greek alone would have been worthy to paint +thy mouth. Listen! before thee, there was never a creature worthy of +the name. Thou wert made to receive the apple like Venus, or to eat it +like Eve; beauty begins with thee. I have just referred to Eve; it is +thou who hast created her. Thou deservest the letters-patent of the +beautiful woman. O Favourite, I cease to address you as ‘thou,’ because +I pass from poetry to prose. You were speaking of my name a little +while ago. That touched me; but let us, whoever we may be, distrust +names. They may delude us. I am called FĂ©lix, and I am not happy. Words +are liars. Let us not blindly accept the indications which they afford +us. It would be a mistake to write to LiĂšge 2 for corks, and to Pau for +gloves. Miss Dahlia, were I in your place, I would call myself Rosa. A +flower should smell sweet, and woman should have wit. I say nothing of +Fantine; she is a dreamer, a musing, thoughtful, pensive person; she is +a phantom possessed of the form of a nymph and the modesty of a nun, +who has strayed into the life of a grisette, but who takes refuge in +illusions, and who sings and prays and gazes into the azure without +very well knowing what she sees or what she is doing, and who, with her +eyes fixed on heaven, wanders in a garden where there are more birds +than are in existence. O Fantine, know this: I, TholomyĂšs, I am an +illusion; but she does not even hear me, that blond maid of Chimeras! +as for the rest, everything about her is freshness, suavity, youth, +sweet morning light. O Fantine, maid worthy of being called Marguerite +or Pearl, you are a woman from the beauteous Orient. Ladies, a second +piece of advice: do not marry; marriage is a graft; it takes well or +ill; avoid that risk. But bah! what am I saying? I am wasting my words. +Girls are incurable on the subject of marriage, and all that we wise +men can say will not prevent the waistcoat-makers and the +shoe-stitchers from dreaming of husbands studded with diamonds. Well, +so be it; but, my beauties, remember this, you eat too much sugar. You +have but one fault, O woman, and that is nibbling sugar. O nibbling +sex, your pretty little white teeth adore sugar. Now, heed me well, +sugar is a salt. All salts are withering. Sugar is the most desiccating +of all salts; it sucks the liquids of the blood through the veins; +hence the coagulation, and then the solidification of the blood; hence +tubercles in the lungs, hence death. That is why diabetes borders on +consumption. Then, do not crunch sugar, and you will live. I turn to +the men: gentlemen, make conquest, rob each other of your well-beloved +without remorse. Chassez across. In love there are no friends. +Everywhere where there is a pretty woman hostility is open. No quarter, +war to the death! a pretty woman is a _casus belli_; a pretty woman is +flagrant misdemeanor. All the invasions of history have been determined +by petticoats. Woman is man’s right. Romulus carried off the Sabines; +William carried off the Saxon women; CĂŠsar carried off the Roman women. +The man who is not loved soars like a vulture over the mistresses of +other men; and for my own part, to all those unfortunate men who are +widowers, I throw the sublime proclamation of Bonaparte to the army of +Italy: “Soldiers, you are in need of everything; the enemy has it.” + + +TholomyĂšs paused. + +“Take breath, TholomyĂšs,” said Blachevelle. + +At the same moment Blachevelle, supported by Listolier and Fameuil, +struck up to a plaintive air, one of those studio songs composed of the +first words which come to hand, rhymed richly and not at all, as +destitute of sense as the gesture of the tree and the sound of the +wind, which have their birth in the vapor of pipes, and are dissipated +and take their flight with them. This is the couplet by which the group +replied to TholomyĂšs’ harangue:— + +“The father turkey-cocks so grave +Some money to an agent gave, +That master good Clermont-Tonnerre +Might be made pope on Saint Johns’ day fair. +But this good Clermont could not be +Made pope, because no priest was he; +And then their agent, whose wrath burned, +With all their money back returned.” + + +This was not calculated to calm TholomyĂšs’ improvisation; he emptied +his glass, filled, refilled it, and began again:— + +“Down with wisdom! Forget all that I have said. Let us be neither +prudes nor prudent men nor prudhommes. I propose a toast to mirth; be +merry. Let us complete our course of law by folly and eating! +Indigestion and the digest. Let Justinian be the male, and Feasting, +the female! Joy in the depths! Live, O creation! The world is a great +diamond. I am happy. The birds are astonishing. What a festival +everywhere! The nightingale is a gratuitous Elleviou. Summer, I salute +thee! O Luxembourg! O Georgics of the Rue Madame, and of the AllĂ©e de +l’Observatoire! O pensive infantry soldiers! O all those charming +nurses who, while they guard the children, amuse themselves! The pampas +of America would please me if I had not the arcades of the OdĂ©on. My +soul flits away into the virgin forests and to the savannas. All is +beautiful. The flies buzz in the sun. The sun has sneezed out the +humming bird. Embrace me, Fantine!” + + +He made a mistake and embraced Favourite. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE DEATH OF A HORSE + + +“The dinners are better at Édon’s than at Bombarda’s,” exclaimed +ZĂ©phine. + +“I prefer Bombarda to Édon,” declared Blachevelle. “There is more +luxury. It is more Asiatic. Look at the room downstairs; there are +mirrors [_glaces_] on the walls.” + + +“I prefer them [_glaces_, ices] on my plate,” said Favourite. + +Blachevelle persisted:— + +“Look at the knives. The handles are of silver at Bombarda’s and of +bone at Édon’s. Now, silver is more valuable than bone.” + + +“Except for those who have a silver chin,” observed TholomyĂšs. + +He was looking at the dome of the Invalides, which was visible from +Bombarda’s windows. + +A pause ensued. + +“TholomyĂšs,” exclaimed Fameuil, “Listolier and I were having a +discussion just now.” + + +“A discussion is a good thing,” replied TholomyĂšs; “a quarrel is +better.” + + +“We were disputing about philosophy.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Which do you prefer, Descartes or Spinoza?” + + +“DĂ©saugiers,” said TholomyĂšs. + +This decree pronounced, he took a drink, and went on:— + +“I consent to live. All is not at an end on earth since we can still +talk nonsense. For that I return thanks to the immortal gods. We lie. +One lies, but one laughs. One affirms, but one doubts. The unexpected +bursts forth from the syllogism. That is fine. There are still human +beings here below who know how to open and close the surprise box of +the paradox merrily. This, ladies, which you are drinking with so +tranquil an air is Madeira wine, you must know, from the vineyard of +Coural das Freiras, which is three hundred and seventeen fathoms above +the level of the sea. Attention while you drink! three hundred and +seventeen fathoms! and Monsieur Bombarda, the magnificent eating-house +keeper, gives you those three hundred and seventeen fathoms for four +francs and fifty centimes.” + + +Again Fameuil interrupted him:— + +“TholomyĂšs, your opinions fix the law. Who is your favorite author?” + + +“Ber—” + + +“Quin?” + + +“No; Choux.” + + +And TholomyĂšs continued:— + +“Honor to Bombarda! He would equal Munophis of Elephanta if he could +but get me an Indian dancing-girl, and Thygelion of ChĂŠronea if he +could bring me a Greek courtesan; for, oh, ladies! there were Bombardas +in Greece and in Egypt. Apuleius tells us of them. Alas! always the +same, and nothing new; nothing more unpublished by the creator in +creation! _Nil sub sole novum_, says Solomon; _amor omnibus idem_, says +Virgil; and Carabine mounts with Carabin into the bark at Saint-Cloud, +as Aspasia embarked with Pericles upon the fleet at Samos. One last +word. Do you know what Aspasia was, ladies? Although she lived at an +epoch when women had, as yet, no soul, she was a soul; a soul of a rosy +and purple hue, more ardent hued than fire, fresher than the dawn. +Aspasia was a creature in whom two extremes of womanhood met; she was +the goddess prostitute; Socrates plus Manon Lescaut. Aspasia was +created in case a mistress should be needed for Prometheus.” + + +TholomyĂšs, once started, would have found some difficulty in stopping, +had not a horse fallen down upon the quay just at that moment. The +shock caused the cart and the orator to come to a dead halt. It was a +Beauceron mare, old and thin, and one fit for the knacker, which was +dragging a very heavy cart. On arriving in front of Bombarda’s, the +worn-out, exhausted beast had refused to proceed any further. This +incident attracted a crowd. Hardly had the cursing and indignant carter +had time to utter with proper energy the sacramental word, _MĂątin_ (the +jade), backed up with a pitiless cut of the whip, when the jade fell, +never to rise again. On hearing the hubbub made by the passers-by, +TholomyĂšs’ merry auditors turned their heads, and TholomyĂšs took +advantage of the opportunity to bring his allocution to a close with +this melancholy strophe:— + +“Elle Ă©tait de ce monde ou coucous et carrosses +Ont le mĂȘme destin; +Et, rosse, elle a vĂ©cu ce que vivant les rosses, +L’espace d’un mĂątin!” 3 + +“Poor horse!” sighed Fantine. + +And Dahlia exclaimed:— + +“There is Fantine on the point of crying over horses. How can one be +such a pitiful fool as that!” + + +At that moment Favourite, folding her arms and throwing her head back, +looked resolutely at TholomyĂšs and said:— + +“Come, now! the surprise?” + + +“Exactly. The moment has arrived,” replied TholomyĂšs. “Gentlemen, the +hour for giving these ladies a surprise has struck. Wait for us a +moment, ladies.” + + +“It begins with a kiss,” said Blachevelle. + +“On the brow,” added TholomyĂšs. + +Each gravely bestowed a kiss on his mistress’s brow; then all four +filed out through the door, with their fingers on their lips. + +Favourite clapped her hands on their departure. + +“It is beginning to be amusing already,” said she. + +“Don’t be too long,” murmured Fantine; “we are waiting for you.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A MERRY END TO MIRTH + + +When the young girls were left alone, they leaned two by two on the +window-sills, chatting, craning out their heads, and talking from one +window to the other. + +They saw the young men emerge from the CafĂ© Bombarda arm in arm. The +latter turned round, made signs to them, smiled, and disappeared in +that dusty Sunday throng which makes a weekly invasion into the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. + +“Don’t be long!” cried Fantine. + +“What are they going to bring us?” said ZĂ©phine. + +“It will certainly be something pretty,” said Dahlia. + +“For my part,” said Favourite, “I want it to be of gold.” + + +Their attention was soon distracted by the movements on the shore of +the lake, which they could see through the branches of the large trees, +and which diverted them greatly. + +It was the hour for the departure of the mail-coaches and diligences. +Nearly all the stage-coaches for the south and west passed through the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. The majority followed the quay and went through the +Passy Barrier. From moment to moment, some huge vehicle, painted yellow +and black, heavily loaded, noisily harnessed, rendered shapeless by +trunks, tarpaulins, and valises, full of heads which immediately +disappeared, rushed through the crowd with all the sparks of a forge, +with dust for smoke, and an air of fury, grinding the pavements, +changing all the paving-stones into steels. This uproar delighted the +young girls. Favourite exclaimed:— + +“What a row! One would say that it was a pile of chains flying away.” + + +It chanced that one of these vehicles, which they could only see with +difficulty through the thick elms, halted for a moment, then set out +again at a gallop. This surprised Fantine. + +“That’s odd!” said she. “I thought the diligence never stopped.” + + +Favourite shrugged her shoulders. + +“This Fantine is surprising. I am coming to take a look at her out of +curiosity. She is dazzled by the simplest things. Suppose a case: I am +a traveller; I say to the diligence, ‘I will go on in advance; you +shall pick me up on the quay as you pass.’ The diligence passes, sees +me, halts, and takes me. That is done every day. You do not know life, +my dear.” + + +In this manner a certain time elapsed. All at once Favourite made a +movement, like a person who is just waking up. + +“Well,” said she, “and the surprise?” + + +“Yes, by the way,” joined in Dahlia, “the famous surprise?” + + +“They are a very long time about it!” said Fantine. + +As Fantine concluded this sigh, the waiter who had served them at +dinner entered. He held in his hand something which resembled a letter. + +“What is that?” demanded Favourite. + +The waiter replied:— + +“It is a paper that those gentlemen left for these ladies.” + + +“Why did you not bring it at once?” + + +“Because,” said the waiter, “the gentlemen ordered me not to deliver it +to the ladies for an hour.” + + +Favourite snatched the paper from the waiter’s hand. It was, in fact, a +letter. + +“Stop!” said she; “there is no address; but this is what is written on +it—” + + +“THIS IS THE SURPRISE.” + + +She tore the letter open hastily, opened it, and read [she knew how to +read]:— + +“OUR BELOVED:— + +“You must know that we have parents. Parents—you do not know much about +such things. They are called fathers and mothers by the civil code, +which is puerile and honest. Now, these parents groan, these old folks +implore us, these good men and these good women call us prodigal sons; +they desire our return, and offer to kill calves for us. Being +virtuous, we obey them. At the hour when you read this, five fiery +horses will be bearing us to our papas and mammas. We are pulling up +our stakes, as Bossuet says. We are going; we are gone. We flee in the +arms of Laffitte and on the wings of Caillard. The Toulouse diligence +tears us from the abyss, and the abyss is you, O our little beauties! +We return to society, to duty, to respectability, at full trot, at the +rate of three leagues an hour. It is necessary for the good of the +country that we should be, like the rest of the world, prefects, +fathers of families, rural police, and councillors of state. Venerate +us. We are sacrificing ourselves. Mourn for us in haste, and replace us +with speed. If this letter lacerates you, do the same by it. Adieu. + +“For the space of nearly two years we have made you happy. We bear you +no grudge for that. “Signed: +BLACHEVELLE. +FAMUEIL. +LISTOLIER. +FÉLIX THOLOMYÈS. + + +“_Postscriptum_. The dinner is paid for.” + + +The four young women looked at each other. + +Favourite was the first to break the silence. + +“Well!” she exclaimed, “it’s a very pretty farce, all the same.” + + +“It is very droll,” said ZĂ©phine. + +“That must have been Blachevelle’s idea,” resumed Favourite. “It makes +me in love with him. No sooner is he gone than he is loved. This is an +adventure, indeed.” + + +“No,” said Dahlia; “it was one of TholomyĂšs’ ideas. That is evident. + +“In that case,” retorted Favourite, “death to Blachevelle, and long +live TholomyĂšs!” + + +“Long live TholomyĂšs!” exclaimed Dahlia and ZĂ©phine. + +And they burst out laughing. + +Fantine laughed with the rest. + +An hour later, when she had returned to her room, she wept. It was her +first love affair, as we have said; she had given herself to this +TholomyĂšs as to a husband, and the poor girl had a child. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—TO CONFIDE IS SOMETIMES TO DELIVER INTO A PERSON’S POWER + + + + +CHAPTER I—ONE MOTHER MEETS ANOTHER MOTHER + + +There was, at Montfermeil, near Paris, during the first quarter of this +century, a sort of cook-shop which no longer exists. This cook-shop was +kept by some people named ThĂ©nardier, husband and wife. It was situated +in Boulanger Lane. Over the door there was a board nailed flat against +the wall. Upon this board was painted something which resembled a man +carrying another man on his back, the latter wearing the big gilt +epaulettes of a general, with large silver stars; red spots represented +blood; the rest of the picture consisted of smoke, and probably +represented a battle. Below ran this inscription: AT THE SIGN OF +SERGEANT OF WATERLOO (_Au Sargent de Waterloo_). + +Nothing is more common than a cart or a truck at the door of a +hostelry. Nevertheless, the vehicle, or, to speak more accurately, the +fragment of a vehicle, which encumbered the street in front of the +cook-shop of the _Sergeant of Waterloo_, one evening in the spring of +1818, would certainly have attracted, by its mass, the attention of any +painter who had passed that way. + +It was the fore-carriage of one of those trucks which are used in +wooded tracts of country, and which serve to transport thick planks and +the trunks of trees. This fore-carriage was composed of a massive iron +axle-tree with a pivot, into which was fitted a heavy shaft, and which +was supported by two huge wheels. The whole thing was compact, +overwhelming, and misshapen. It seemed like the gun-carriage of an +enormous cannon. The ruts of the road had bestowed on the wheels, the +fellies, the hub, the axle, and the shaft, a layer of mud, a hideous +yellowish daubing hue, tolerably like that with which people are fond +of ornamenting cathedrals. The wood was disappearing under mud, and the +iron beneath rust. Under the axle-tree hung, like drapery, a huge +chain, worthy of some Goliath of a convict. This chain suggested, not +the beams, which it was its office to transport, but the mastodons and +mammoths which it might have served to harness; it had the air of the +galleys, but of cyclopean and superhuman galleys, and it seemed to have +been detached from some monster. Homer would have bound Polyphemus with +it, and Shakespeare, Caliban. + +Why was that fore-carriage of a truck in that place in the street? In +the first place, to encumber the street; next, in order that it might +finish the process of rusting. There is a throng of institutions in the +old social order, which one comes across in this fashion as one walks +about outdoors, and which have no other reasons for existence than the +above. + +The centre of the chain swung very near the ground in the middle, and +in the loop, as in the rope of a swing, there were seated and grouped, +on that particular evening, in exquisite interlacement, two little +girls; one about two years and a half old, the other, eighteen months; +the younger in the arms of the other. A handkerchief, cleverly knotted +about them, prevented their falling out. A mother had caught sight of +that frightful chain, and had said, “Come! there’s a plaything for my +children.” + + +The two children, who were dressed prettily and with some elegance, +were radiant with pleasure; one would have said that they were two +roses amid old iron; their eyes were a triumph; their fresh cheeks were +full of laughter. One had chestnut hair; the other, brown. Their +innocent faces were two delighted surprises; a blossoming shrub which +grew near wafted to the passers-by perfumes which seemed to emanate +from them; the child of eighteen months displayed her pretty little +bare stomach with the chaste indecency of childhood. Above and around +these two delicate heads, all made of happiness and steeped in light, +the gigantic fore-carriage, black with rust, almost terrible, all +entangled in curves and wild angles, rose in a vault, like the entrance +of a cavern. A few paces apart, crouching down upon the threshold of +the hostelry, the mother, not a very prepossessing woman, by the way, +though touching at that moment, was swinging the two children by means +of a long cord, watching them carefully, for fear of accidents, with +that animal and celestial expression which is peculiar to maternity. At +every backward and forward swing the hideous links emitted a strident +sound, which resembled a cry of rage; the little girls were in +ecstasies; the setting sun mingled in this joy, and nothing could be +more charming than this caprice of chance which had made of a chain of +Titans the swing of cherubim. + +As she rocked her little ones, the mother hummed in a discordant voice +a romance then celebrated:— + +“It must be, said a warrior.” + + +Her song, and the contemplation of her daughters, prevented her hearing +and seeing what was going on in the street. + +In the meantime, some one had approached her, as she was beginning the +first couplet of the romance, and suddenly she heard a voice saying +very near her ear:— + +“You have two beautiful children there, Madame.” + + +“To the fair and tender Imogene—” + + +replied the mother, continuing her romance; then she turned her head. + +A woman stood before her, a few paces distant. This woman also had a +child, which she carried in her arms. + +She was carrying, in addition, a large carpet-bag, which seemed very +heavy. + +This woman’s child was one of the most divine creatures that it is +possible to behold. It was a girl, two or three years of age. She could +have entered into competition with the two other little ones, so far as +the coquetry of her dress was concerned; she wore a cap of fine linen, +ribbons on her bodice, and Valenciennes lace on her cap. The folds of +her skirt were raised so as to permit a view of her white, firm, and +dimpled leg. She was admirably rosy and healthy. The little beauty +inspired a desire to take a bite from the apples of her cheeks. Of her +eyes nothing could be known, except that they must be very large, and +that they had magnificent lashes. She was asleep. + +She slept with that slumber of absolute confidence peculiar to her age. +The arms of mothers are made of tenderness; in them children sleep +profoundly. + +As for the mother, her appearance was sad and poverty-stricken. She was +dressed like a working-woman who is inclined to turn into a peasant +again. She was young. Was she handsome? Perhaps; but in that attire it +was not apparent. Her hair, a golden lock of which had escaped, seemed +very thick, but was severely concealed beneath an ugly, tight, close, +nun-like cap, tied under the chin. A smile displays beautiful teeth +when one has them; but she did not smile. Her eyes did not seem to have +been dry for a very long time. She was pale; she had a very weary and +rather sickly appearance. She gazed upon her daughter asleep in her +arms with the air peculiar to a mother who has nursed her own child. A +large blue handkerchief, such as the Invalides use, was folded into a +fichu, and concealed her figure clumsily. Her hands were sunburnt and +all dotted with freckles, her forefinger was hardened and lacerated +with the needle; she wore a cloak of coarse brown woollen stuff, a +linen gown, and coarse shoes. It was Fantine. + +It was Fantine, but difficult to recognize. Nevertheless, on +scrutinizing her attentively, it was evident that she still retained +her beauty. A melancholy fold, which resembled the beginning of irony, +wrinkled her right cheek. As for her toilette, that aerial toilette of +muslin and ribbons, which seemed made of mirth, of folly, and of music, +full of bells, and perfumed with lilacs had vanished like that +beautiful and dazzling hoar-frost which is mistaken for diamonds in the +sunlight; it melts and leaves the branch quite black. + +Ten months had elapsed since the “pretty farce.” + + +What had taken place during those ten months? It can be divined. + +After abandonment, straightened circumstances. Fantine had immediately +lost sight of Favourite, ZĂ©phine and Dahlia; the bond once broken on +the side of the men, it was loosed between the women; they would have +been greatly astonished had any one told them a fortnight later, that +they had been friends; there no longer existed any reason for such a +thing. Fantine had remained alone. The father of her child gone,—alas! +such ruptures are irrevocable,—she found herself absolutely isolated, +minus the habit of work and plus the taste for pleasure. Drawn away by +her _liaison_ with TholomyĂšs to disdain the pretty trade which she +knew, she had neglected to keep her market open; it was now closed to +her. She had no resource. Fantine barely knew how to read, and did not +know how to write; in her childhood she had only been taught to sign +her name; she had a public letter-writer indite an epistle to +TholomyĂšs, then a second, then a third. TholomyĂšs replied to none of +them. Fantine heard the gossips say, as they looked at her child: “Who +takes those children seriously! One only shrugs one’s shoulders over +such children!” Then she thought of TholomyĂšs, who had shrugged his +shoulders over his child, and who did not take that innocent being +seriously; and her heart grew gloomy toward that man. But what was she +to do? She no longer knew to whom to apply. She had committed a fault, +but the foundation of her nature, as will be remembered, was modesty +and virtue. She was vaguely conscious that she was on the verge of +falling into distress, and of gliding into a worse state. Courage was +necessary; she possessed it, and held herself firm. The idea of +returning to her native town of M. sur M. occurred to her. There, some +one might possibly know her and give her work; yes, but it would be +necessary to conceal her fault. In a confused way she perceived the +necessity of a separation which would be more painful than the first +one. Her heart contracted, but she took her resolution. Fantine, as we +shall see, had the fierce bravery of life. She had already valiantly +renounced finery, had dressed herself in linen, and had put all her +silks, all her ornaments, all her ribbons, and all her laces on her +daughter, the only vanity which was left to her, and a holy one it was. +She sold all that she had, which produced for her two hundred francs; +her little debts paid, she had only about eighty francs left. At the +age of twenty-two, on a beautiful spring morning, she quitted Paris, +bearing her child on her back. Any one who had seen these two pass +would have had pity on them. This woman had, in all the world, nothing +but her child, and the child had, in all the world, no one but this +woman. Fantine had nursed her child, and this had tired her chest, and +she coughed a little. + +We shall have no further occasion to speak of M. FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs. Let +us confine ourselves to saying, that, twenty years later, under King +Louis Philippe, he was a great provincial lawyer, wealthy and +influential, a wise elector, and a very severe juryman; he was still a +man of pleasure. + +Towards the middle of the day, after having, from time to time, for the +sake of resting herself, travelled, for three or four sous a league, in +what was then known as the _Petites Voitures des Environs de Paris_, +the “little suburban coach service,” Fantine found herself at +Montfermeil, in the alley Boulanger. + +As she passed the ThĂ©nardier hostelry, the two little girls, blissful +in the monster swing, had dazzled her in a manner, and she had halted +in front of that vision of joy. + +Charms exist. These two little girls were a charm to this mother. + +She gazed at them in much emotion. The presence of angels is an +announcement of Paradise. She thought that, above this inn, she beheld +the mysterious HERE of Providence. These two little creatures were +evidently happy. She gazed at them, she admired them, in such emotion +that at the moment when their mother was recovering her breath between +two couplets of her song, she could not refrain from addressing to her +the remark which we have just read:— + +“You have two pretty children, Madame.” + + +The most ferocious creatures are disarmed by caresses bestowed on their +young. + +The mother raised her head and thanked her, and bade the wayfarer sit +down on the bench at the door, she herself being seated on the +threshold. The two women began to chat. + +“My name is Madame ThĂ©nardier,” said the mother of the two little +girls. “We keep this inn.” + + +Then, her mind still running on her romance, she resumed humming +between her teeth:— + +“It must be so; I am a knight, +And I am off to Palestine.” + + +This Madame ThĂ©nardier was a sandy-complexioned woman, thin and +angular—the type of the soldier’s wife in all its unpleasantness; and +what was odd, with a languishing air, which she owed to her perusal of +romances. She was a simpering, but masculine creature. Old romances +produce that effect when rubbed against the imagination of cook-shop +woman. She was still young; she was barely thirty. If this crouching +woman had stood upright, her lofty stature and her frame of a +perambulating colossus suitable for fairs, might have frightened the +traveller at the outset, troubled her confidence, and disturbed what +caused what we have to relate to vanish. A person who is seated instead +of standing erect—destinies hang upon such a thing as that. + +The traveller told her story, with slight modifications. + +That she was a working-woman; that her husband was dead; that her work +in Paris had failed her, and that she was on her way to seek it +elsewhere, in her own native parts; that she had left Paris that +morning on foot; that, as she was carrying her child, and felt +fatigued, she had got into the Villemomble coach when she met it; that +from Villemomble she had come to Montfermeil on foot; that the little +one had walked a little, but not much, because she was so young, and +that she had been obliged to take her up, and the jewel had fallen +asleep. + +At this word she bestowed on her daughter a passionate kiss, which woke +her. The child opened her eyes, great blue eyes like her mother’s, and +looked at—what? Nothing; with that serious and sometimes severe air of +little children, which is a mystery of their luminous innocence in the +presence of our twilight of virtue. One would say that they feel +themselves to be angels, and that they know us to be men. Then the +child began to laugh; and although the mother held fast to her, she +slipped to the ground with the unconquerable energy of a little being +which wished to run. All at once she caught sight of the two others in +the swing, stopped short, and put out her tongue, in sign of +admiration. + +Mother ThĂ©nardier released her daughters, made them descend from the +swing, and said:— + +“Now amuse yourselves, all three of you.” + + +Children become acquainted quickly at that age, and at the expiration +of a minute the little ThĂ©nardiers were playing with the newcomer at +making holes in the ground, which was an immense pleasure. + +The newcomer was very gay; the goodness of the mother is written in the +gayety of the child; she had seized a scrap of wood which served her +for a shovel, and energetically dug a cavity big enough for a fly. The +grave-digger’s business becomes a subject for laughter when performed +by a child. + +The two women pursued their chat. + +“What is your little one’s name?” + + +“Cosette.” + + +For Cosette, read Euphrasie. The child’s name was Euphrasie. But out of +Euphrasie the mother had made Cosette by that sweet and graceful +instinct of mothers and of the populace which changes Josepha into +Pepita, and Françoise into Sillette. It is a sort of derivative which +disarranges and disconcerts the whole science of etymologists. We have +known a grandmother who succeeded in turning Theodore into Gnon. + +“How old is she?” + + +“She is going on three.” + + +“That is the age of my eldest.” + + +In the meantime, the three little girls were grouped in an attitude of +profound anxiety and blissfulness; an event had happened; a big worm +had emerged from the ground, and they were afraid; and they were in +ecstasies over it. + +Their radiant brows touched each other; one would have said that there +were three heads in one aureole. + +“How easily children get acquainted at once!” exclaimed Mother +ThĂ©nardier; “one would swear that they were three sisters!” + + +This remark was probably the spark which the other mother had been +waiting for. She seized the ThĂ©nardier’s hand, looked at her fixedly, +and said:— + +“Will you keep my child for me?” + + +The ThĂ©nardier made one of those movements of surprise which signify +neither assent nor refusal. + +Cosette’s mother continued:— + +“You see, I cannot take my daughter to the country. My work will not +permit it. With a child one can find no situation. People are +ridiculous in the country. It was the good God who caused me to pass +your inn. When I caught sight of your little ones, so pretty, so clean, +and so happy, it overwhelmed me. I said: ‘Here is a good mother. That +is just the thing; that will make three sisters.’ And then, it will not +be long before I return. Will you keep my child for me?” + + +“I must see about it,” replied the ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will give you six francs a month.” + + +Here a man’s voice called from the depths of the cook-shop:— + +“Not for less than seven francs. And six months paid in advance.” + + +“Six times seven makes forty-two,” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will give it,” said the mother. + +“And fifteen francs in addition for preliminary expenses,” added the +man’s voice. + +“Total, fifty-seven francs,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier. And she hummed +vaguely, with these figures:— + +“It must be, said a warrior.” + + +“I will pay it,” said the mother. “I have eighty francs. I shall have +enough left to reach the country, by travelling on foot. I shall earn +money there, and as soon as I have a little I will return for my +darling.” + + +The man’s voice resumed:— + +“The little one has an outfit?” + + +“That is my husband,” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Of course she has an outfit, the poor treasure.—I understood perfectly +that it was your husband.—And a beautiful outfit, too! a senseless +outfit, everything by the dozen, and silk gowns like a lady. It is +here, in my carpet-bag.” + + +“You must hand it over,” struck in the man’s voice again. + +“Of course I shall give it to you,” said the mother. “It would be very +queer if I were to leave my daughter quite naked!” + + +The master’s face appeared. + +“That’s good,” said he. + +The bargain was concluded. The mother passed the night at the inn, gave +up her money and left her child, fastened her carpet-bag once more, now +reduced in volume by the removal of the outfit, and light henceforth +and set out on the following morning, intending to return soon. People +arrange such departures tranquilly; but they are despairs! + +A neighbor of the ThĂ©nardiers met this mother as she was setting out, +and came back with the remark:— + +“I have just seen a woman crying in the street so that it was enough to +rend your heart.” + + +When Cosette’s mother had taken her departure, the man said to the +woman:— + +“That will serve to pay my note for one hundred and ten francs which +falls due to-morrow; I lacked fifty francs. Do you know that I should +have had a bailiff and a protest after me? You played the mouse-trap +nicely with your young ones.” + + +“Without suspecting it,” said the woman. + + + + +CHAPTER II—FIRST SKETCH OF TWO UNPREPOSSESSING FIGURES + + +The mouse which had been caught was a pitiful specimen; but the cat +rejoices even over a lean mouse. + +Who were these ThĂ©nardiers? + +Let us say a word or two of them now. We will complete the sketch later +on. + +These beings belonged to that bastard class composed of coarse people +who have been successful, and of intelligent people who have descended +in the scale, which is between the class called “middle” and the class +denominated as “inferior,” and which combines some of the defects of +the second with nearly all the vices of the first, without possessing +the generous impulse of the workingman nor the honest order of the +bourgeois. + +They were of those dwarfed natures which, if a dull fire chances to +warm them up, easily become monstrous. There was in the woman a +substratum of the brute, and in the man the material for a blackguard. +Both were susceptible, in the highest degree, of the sort of hideous +progress which is accomplished in the direction of evil. There exist +crab-like souls which are continually retreating towards the darkness, +retrograding in life rather than advancing, employing experience to +augment their deformity, growing incessantly worse, and becoming more +and more impregnated with an ever-augmenting blackness. This man and +woman possessed such souls. + +ThĂ©nardier, in particular, was troublesome for a physiognomist. One can +only look at some men to distrust them; for one feels that they are +dark in both directions. They are uneasy in the rear and threatening in +front. There is something of the unknown about them. One can no more +answer for what they have done than for what they will do. The shadow +which they bear in their glance denounces them. From merely hearing +them utter a word or seeing them make a gesture, one obtains a glimpse +of sombre secrets in their past and of sombre mysteries in their +future. + +This ThĂ©nardier, if he himself was to be believed, had been a soldier—a +sergeant, he said. He had probably been through the campaign of 1815, +and had even conducted himself with tolerable valor, it would seem. We +shall see later on how much truth there was in this. The sign of his +hostelry was in allusion to one of his feats of arms. He had painted it +himself; for he knew how to do a little of everything, and badly. + +It was at the epoch when the ancient classical romance which, after +having been _ClĂ©lie_, was no longer anything but _LodoĂŻska_, still +noble, but ever more and more vulgar, having fallen from Mademoiselle +de ScudĂ©ri to Madame Bournon-Malarme, and from Madame de Lafayette to +Madame BarthĂ©lemy-Hadot, was setting the loving hearts of the +portresses of Paris aflame, and even ravaging the suburbs to some +extent. Madame ThĂ©nardier was just intelligent enough to read this sort +of books. She lived on them. In them she drowned what brains she +possessed. This had given her, when very young, and even a little +later, a sort of pensive attitude towards her husband, a scamp of a +certain depth, a ruffian lettered to the extent of the grammar, coarse +and fine at one and the same time, but, so far as sentimentalism was +concerned, given to the perusal of Pigault-Lebrun, and “in what +concerns the sex,” as he said in his jargon—a downright, unmitigated +lout. His wife was twelve or fifteen years younger than he was. Later +on, when her hair, arranged in a romantically drooping fashion, began +to grow gray, when the MegĂŠra began to be developed from the Pamela, +the female ThĂ©nardier was nothing but a coarse, vicious woman, who had +dabbled in stupid romances. Now, one cannot read nonsense with +impunity. The result was that her eldest daughter was named Éponine; as +for the younger, the poor little thing came near being called Gulnare; +I know not to what diversion, effected by a romance of Ducray-Dumenil, +she owed the fact that she merely bore the name of Azelma. + +However, we will remark by the way, everything was not ridiculous and +superficial in that curious epoch to which we are alluding, and which +may be designated as the anarchy of baptismal names. By the side of +this romantic element which we have just indicated there is the social +symptom. It is not rare for the neatherd’s boy nowadays to bear the +name of Arthur, Alfred, or Alphonse, and for the vicomte—if there are +still any vicomtes—to be called Thomas, Pierre, or Jacques. This +displacement, which places the “elegant” name on the plebeian and the +rustic name on the aristocrat, is nothing else than an eddy of +equality. The irresistible penetration of the new inspiration is there +as everywhere else. Beneath this apparent discord there is a great and +a profound thing,—the French Revolution. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE LARK + + +It is not all in all sufficient to be wicked in order to prosper. The +cook-shop was in a bad way. + +Thanks to the traveller’s fifty-seven francs, ThĂ©nardier had been able +to avoid a protest and to honor his signature. On the following month +they were again in need of money. The woman took Cosette’s outfit to +Paris, and pawned it at the pawnbroker’s for sixty francs. As soon as +that sum was spent, the ThĂ©nardiers grew accustomed to look on the +little girl merely as a child whom they were caring for out of charity; +and they treated her accordingly. As she had no longer any clothes, +they dressed her in the cast-off petticoats and chemises of the +ThĂ©nardier brats; that is to say, in rags. They fed her on what all the +rest had left—a little better than the dog, a little worse than the +cat. Moreover, the cat and the dog were her habitual table-companions; +Cosette ate with them under the table, from a wooden bowl similar to +theirs. + +The mother, who had established herself, as we shall see later on, at +M. sur M., wrote, or, more correctly, caused to be written, a letter +every month, that she might have news of her child. The ThĂ©nardiers +replied invariably, “Cosette is doing wonderfully well.” + + +At the expiration of the first six months the mother sent seven francs +for the seventh month, and continued her remittances with tolerable +regularity from month to month. The year was not completed when +ThĂ©nardier said: “A fine favor she is doing us, in sooth! What does she +expect us to do with her seven francs?” and he wrote to demand twelve +francs. The mother, whom they had persuaded into the belief that her +child was happy, “and was coming on well,” submitted, and forwarded the +twelve francs. + +Certain natures cannot love on the one hand without hating on the +other. Mother ThĂ©nardier loved her two daughters passionately, which +caused her to hate the stranger. + +It is sad to think that the love of a mother can possess villainous +aspects. Little as was the space occupied by Cosette, it seemed to her +as though it were taken from her own, and that that little child +diminished the air which her daughters breathed. This woman, like many +women of her sort, had a load of caresses and a burden of blows and +injuries to dispense each day. If she had not had Cosette, it is +certain that her daughters, idolized as they were, would have received +the whole of it; but the stranger did them the service to divert the +blows to herself. Her daughters received nothing but caresses. Cosette +could not make a motion which did not draw down upon her head a heavy +shower of violent blows and unmerited chastisement. The sweet, feeble +being, who should not have understood anything of this world or of God, +incessantly punished, scolded, ill-used, beaten, and seeing beside her +two little creatures like herself, who lived in a ray of dawn! + +Madame ThĂ©nardier was vicious with Cosette. Éponine and Azelma were +vicious. Children at that age are only copies of their mother. The size +is smaller; that is all. + +A year passed; then another. + +People in the village said:— + +“Those ThĂ©nardiers are good people. They are not rich, and yet they are +bringing up a poor child who was abandoned on their hands!” + + +They thought that Cosette’s mother had forgotten her. + +In the meanwhile, ThĂ©nardier, having learned, it is impossible to say +by what obscure means, that the child was probably a bastard, and that +the mother could not acknowledge it, exacted fifteen francs a month, +saying that “the creature” was growing and “eating,” and threatening to +send her away. “Let her not bother me,” he exclaimed, “or I’ll fire her +brat right into the middle of her secrets. I must have an increase.” +The mother paid the fifteen francs. + +From year to year the child grew, and so did her wretchedness. + +As long as Cosette was little, she was the scape-goat of the two other +children; as soon as she began to develop a little, that is to say, +before she was even five years old, she became the servant of the +household. + +Five years old! the reader will say; that is not probable. Alas! it is +true. Social suffering begins at all ages. Have we not recently seen +the trial of a man named Dumollard, an orphan turned bandit, who, from +the age of five, as the official documents state, being alone in the +world, “worked for his living and stole”? + +Cosette was made to run on errands, to sweep the rooms, the courtyard, +the street, to wash the dishes, to even carry burdens. The ThĂ©nardiers +considered themselves all the more authorized to behave in this manner, +since the mother, who was still at M. sur M., had become irregular in +her payments. Some months she was in arrears. + +If this mother had returned to Montfermeil at the end of these three +years, she would not have recognized her child. Cosette, so pretty and +rosy on her arrival in that house, was now thin and pale. She had an +indescribably uneasy look. “The sly creature,” said the ThĂ©nardiers. + +Injustice had made her peevish, and misery had made her ugly. Nothing +remained to her except her beautiful eyes, which inspired pain, +because, large as they were, it seemed as though one beheld in them a +still larger amount of sadness. + +It was a heart-breaking thing to see this poor child, not yet six years +old, shivering in the winter in her old rags of linen, full of holes, +sweeping the street before daylight, with an enormous broom in her tiny +red hands, and a tear in her great eyes. + +[Illustration: Cossette Sweeping] + +She was called the _Lark_ in the neighborhood. The populace, who are +fond of these figures of speech, had taken a fancy to bestow this name +on this trembling, frightened, and shivering little creature, no bigger +than a bird, who was awake every morning before any one else in the +house or the village, and was always in the street or the fields before +daybreak. + +Only the little lark never sang. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE DESCENT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE HISTORY OF A PROGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS + + +And in the meantime, what had become of that mother who according to +the people at Montfermeil, seemed to have abandoned her child? Where +was she? What was she doing? + +After leaving her little Cosette with the ThĂ©nardiers, she had +continued her journey, and had reached M. sur M. + +This, it will be remembered, was in 1818. + +Fantine had quitted her province ten years before. M. sur M. had +changed its aspect. While Fantine had been slowly descending from +wretchedness to wretchedness, her native town had prospered. + +About two years previously one of those industrial facts which are the +grand events of small districts had taken place. + +This detail is important, and we regard it as useful to develop it at +length; we should almost say, to underline it. + +From time immemorial, M. sur M. had had for its special industry the +imitation of English jet and the black glass trinkets of Germany. This +industry had always vegetated, on account of the high price of the raw +material, which reacted on the manufacture. At the moment when Fantine +returned to M. sur M., an unheard-of transformation had taken place in +the production of “black goods.” Towards the close of 1815 a man, a +stranger, had established himself in the town, and had been inspired +with the idea of substituting, in this manufacture, gum-lac for resin, +and, for bracelets in particular, slides of sheet-iron simply laid +together, for slides of soldered sheet-iron. + +This very small change had effected a revolution. + +This very small change had, in fact, prodigiously reduced the cost of +the raw material, which had rendered it possible in the first place, to +raise the price of manufacture, a benefit to the country; in the second +place, to improve the workmanship, an advantage to the consumer; in the +third place, to sell at a lower price, while trebling the profit, which +was a benefit to the manufacturer. + +Thus three results ensued from one idea. + +In less than three years the inventor of this process had become rich, +which is good, and had made every one about him rich, which is better. +He was a stranger in the Department. Of his origin, nothing was known; +of the beginning of his career, very little. It was rumored that he had +come to town with very little money, a few hundred francs at the most. + +It was from this slender capital, enlisted in the service of an +ingenious idea, developed by method and thought, that he had drawn his +own fortune, and the fortune of the whole countryside. + +On his arrival at M. sur M. he had only the garments, the appearance, +and the language of a workingman. + +It appears that on the very day when he made his obscure entry into the +little town of M. sur M., just at nightfall, on a December evening, +knapsack on back and thorn club in hand, a large fire had broken out in +the town-hall. This man had rushed into the flames and saved, at the +risk of his own life, two children who belonged to the captain of the +gendarmerie; this is why they had forgotten to ask him for his +passport. Afterwards they had learned his name. He was called Father +Madeleine. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MADELEINE + + +He was a man about fifty years of age, who had a preoccupied air, and +who was good. That was all that could be said about him. + +Thanks to the rapid progress of the industry which he had so admirably +reconstructed, M. sur M. had become a rather important centre of trade. +Spain, which consumes a good deal of black jet, made enormous purchases +there each year. M. sur M. almost rivalled London and Berlin in this +branch of commerce. Father Madeleine’s profits were such, that at the +end of the second year he was able to erect a large factory, in which +there were two vast workrooms, one for the men, and the other for +women. Any one who was hungry could present himself there, and was sure +of finding employment and bread. Father Madeleine required of the men +good will, of the women pure morals, and of all, probity. He had +separated the work-rooms in order to separate the sexes, and so that +the women and girls might remain discreet. On this point he was +inflexible. It was the only thing in which he was in a manner +intolerant. He was all the more firmly set on this severity, since M. +sur M., being a garrison town, opportunities for corruption abounded. +However, his coming had been a boon, and his presence was a godsend. +Before Father Madeleine’s arrival, everything had languished in the +country; now everything lived with a healthy life of toil. A strong +circulation warmed everything and penetrated everywhere. Slack seasons +and wretchedness were unknown. There was no pocket so obscure that it +had not a little money in it; no dwelling so lowly that there was not +some little joy within it. + +Father Madeleine gave employment to every one. He exacted but one +thing: Be an honest man. Be an honest woman. + +As we have said, in the midst of this activity of which he was the +cause and the pivot, Father Madeleine made his fortune; but a singular +thing in a simple man of business, it did not seem as though that were +his chief care. He appeared to be thinking much of others, and little +of himself. In 1820 he was known to have a sum of six hundred and +thirty thousand francs lodged in his name with Laffitte; but before +reserving these six hundred and thirty thousand francs, he had spent +more than a million for the town and its poor. + +The hospital was badly endowed; he founded six beds there. M. sur M. is +divided into the upper and the lower town. The lower town, in which he +lived, had but one school, a miserable hovel, which was falling to +ruin: he constructed two, one for girls, the other for boys. He +allotted a salary from his own funds to the two instructors, a salary +twice as large as their meagre official salary, and one day he said to +some one who expressed surprise, “The two prime functionaries of the +state are the nurse and the schoolmaster.” He created at his own +expense an infant school, a thing then almost unknown in France, and a +fund for aiding old and infirm workmen. As his factory was a centre, a +new quarter, in which there were a good many indigent families, rose +rapidly around him; he established there a free dispensary. + +At first, when they watched his beginnings, the good souls said, “He’s +a jolly fellow who means to get rich.” When they saw him enriching the +country before he enriched himself, the good souls said, “He is an +ambitious man.” This seemed all the more probable since the man was +religious, and even practised his religion to a certain degree, a thing +which was very favorably viewed at that epoch. He went regularly to low +mass every Sunday. The local deputy, who nosed out all rivalry +everywhere, soon began to grow uneasy over this religion. This deputy +had been a member of the legislative body of the Empire, and shared the +religious ideas of a father of the Oratoire, known under the name of +FouchĂ©, Duc d’Otrante, whose creature and friend he had been. He +indulged in gentle raillery at God with closed doors. But when he +beheld the wealthy manufacturer Madeleine going to low mass at seven +o’clock, he perceived in him a possible candidate, and resolved to +outdo him; he took a Jesuit confessor, and went to high mass and to +vespers. Ambition was at that time, in the direct acceptation of the +word, a race to the steeple. The poor profited by this terror as well +as the good God, for the honorable deputy also founded two beds in the +hospital, which made twelve. + +Nevertheless, in 1819 a rumor one morning circulated through the town +to the effect that, on the representations of the prefect and in +consideration of the services rendered by him to the country, Father +Madeleine was to be appointed by the King, mayor of M. sur M. Those who +had pronounced this newcomer to be “an ambitious fellow,” seized with +delight on this opportunity which all men desire, to exclaim, “There! +what did we say!” All M. sur M. was in an uproar. The rumor was well +founded. Several days later the appointment appeared in the _Moniteur_. +On the following day Father Madeleine refused. + +In this same year of 1819 the products of the new process invented by +Madeleine figured in the industrial exhibition; when the jury made +their report, the King appointed the inventor a chevalier of the Legion +of Honor. A fresh excitement in the little town. Well, so it was the +cross that he wanted! Father Madeleine refused the cross. + +Decidedly this man was an enigma. The good souls got out of their +predicament by saying, “After all, he is some sort of an adventurer.” + + +We have seen that the country owed much to him; the poor owed him +everything; he was so useful and he was so gentle that people had been +obliged to honor and respect him. His workmen, in particular, adored +him, and he endured this adoration with a sort of melancholy gravity. +When he was known to be rich, “people in society” bowed to him, and he +received invitations in the town; he was called, in town, Monsieur +Madeleine; his workmen and the children continued to call him Father +Madeleine, and that was what was most adapted to make him smile. In +proportion as he mounted, throve, invitations rained down upon him. +“Society” claimed him for its own. The prim little drawing-rooms on M. +sur M., which, of course, had at first been closed to the artisan, +opened both leaves of their folding-doors to the millionnaire. They +made a thousand advances to him. He refused. + +This time the good gossips had no trouble. “He is an ignorant man, of +no education. No one knows where he came from. He would not know how to +behave in society. It has not been absolutely proved that he knows how +to read.” + + +When they saw him making money, they said, “He is a man of business.” +When they saw him scattering his money about, they said, “He is an +ambitious man.” When he was seen to decline honors, they said, “He is +an adventurer.” When they saw him repulse society, they said, “He is a +brute.” + + +In 1820, five years after his arrival in M. sur M., the services which +he had rendered to the district were so dazzling, the opinion of the +whole country round about was so unanimous, that the King again +appointed him mayor of the town. He again declined; but the prefect +resisted his refusal, all the notabilities of the place came to implore +him, the people in the street besought him; the urging was so vigorous +that he ended by accepting. It was noticed that the thing which seemed +chiefly to bring him to a decision was the almost irritated apostrophe +addressed to him by an old woman of the people, who called to him from +her threshold, in an angry way: _“A good mayor is a useful thing. Is he +drawing back before the good which he can do?”_ + +This was the third phase of his ascent. Father Madeleine had become +Monsieur Madeleine. Monsieur Madeleine became Monsieur le Maire. + + + + +CHAPTER III—SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE + + +On the other hand, he remained as simple as on the first day. He had +gray hair, a serious eye, the sunburned complexion of a laborer, the +thoughtful visage of a philosopher. He habitually wore a hat with a +wide brim, and a long coat of coarse cloth, buttoned to the chin. He +fulfilled his duties as mayor; but, with that exception, he lived in +solitude. He spoke to but few people. He avoided polite attentions; he +escaped quickly; he smiled to relieve himself of the necessity of +talking; he gave, in order to get rid of the necessity for smiling. The +women said of him, “What a good-natured bear!” His pleasure consisted +in strolling in the fields. + +He always took his meals alone, with an open book before him, which he +read. He had a well-selected little library. He loved books; books are +cold but safe friends. In proportion as leisure came to him with +fortune, he seemed to take advantage of it to cultivate his mind. It +had been observed that, ever since his arrival at M. sur M., his +language had grown more polished, more choice, and more gentle with +every passing year. He liked to carry a gun with him on his strolls, +but he rarely made use of it. When he did happen to do so, his shooting +was something so infallible as to inspire terror. He never killed an +inoffensive animal. He never shot at a little bird. + +Although he was no longer young, it was thought that he was still +prodigiously strong. He offered his assistance to any one who was in +need of it, lifted a horse, released a wheel clogged in the mud, or +stopped a runaway bull by the horns. He always had his pockets full of +money when he went out; but they were empty on his return. When he +passed through a village, the ragged brats ran joyously after him, and +surrounded him like a swarm of gnats. + +It was thought that he must, in the past, have lived a country life, +since he knew all sorts of useful secrets, which he taught to the +peasants. He taught them how to destroy scurf on wheat, by sprinkling +it and the granary and inundating the cracks in the floor with a +solution of common salt; and how to chase away weevils by hanging up +orviot in bloom everywhere, on the walls and the ceilings, among the +grass and in the houses. + +He had “recipes” for exterminating from a field, blight, tares, +foxtail, and all parasitic growths which destroy the wheat. He defended +a rabbit warren against rats, simply by the odor of a guinea-pig which +he placed in it. + +One day he saw some country people busily engaged in pulling up +nettles; he examined the plants, which were uprooted and already dried, +and said: “They are dead. Nevertheless, it would be a good thing to +know how to make use of them. When the nettle is young, the leaf makes +an excellent vegetable; when it is older, it has filaments and fibres +like hemp and flax. Nettle cloth is as good as linen cloth. Chopped up, +nettles are good for poultry; pounded, they are good for horned cattle. +The seed of the nettle, mixed with fodder, gives gloss to the hair of +animals; the root, mixed with salt, produces a beautiful yellow +coloring-matter. Moreover, it is an excellent hay, which can be cut +twice. And what is required for the nettle? A little soil, no care, no +culture. Only the seed falls as it is ripe, and it is difficult to +collect it. That is all. With the exercise of a little care, the nettle +could be made useful; it is neglected and it becomes hurtful. It is +exterminated. How many men resemble the nettle!” He added, after a +pause: “Remember this, my friends: there are no such things as bad +plants or bad men. There are only bad cultivators.” + + +The children loved him because he knew how to make charming little +trifles of straw and cocoanuts. + +When he saw the door of a church hung in black, he entered: he sought +out funerals as other men seek christenings. Widowhood and the grief of +others attracted him, because of his great gentleness; he mingled with +the friends clad in mourning, with families dressed in black, with the +priests groaning around a coffin. He seemed to like to give to his +thoughts for text these funereal psalmodies filled with the vision of +the other world. With his eyes fixed on heaven, he listened with a sort +of aspiration towards all the mysteries of the infinite, those sad +voices which sing on the verge of the obscure abyss of death. + +He performed a multitude of good actions, concealing his agency in them +as a man conceals himself because of evil actions. He penetrated houses +privately, at night; he ascended staircases furtively. A poor wretch on +returning to his attic would find that his door had been opened, +sometimes even forced, during his absence. The poor man made a clamor +over it: some malefactor had been there! He entered, and the first +thing he beheld was a piece of gold lying forgotten on some piece of +furniture. The “malefactor” who had been there was Father Madeleine. + +He was affable and sad. The people said: “There is a rich man who has +not a haughty air. There is a happy man who has not a contented air.” + + +Some people maintained that he was a mysterious person, and that no one +ever entered his chamber, which was a regular anchorite’s cell, +furnished with winged hour-glasses and enlivened by cross-bones and +skulls of dead men! This was much talked of, so that one of the elegant +and malicious young women of M. sur M. came to him one day, and asked: +“Monsieur le Maire, pray show us your chamber. It is said to be a +grotto.” He smiled, and introduced them instantly into this “grotto.” +They were well punished for their curiosity. The room was very simply +furnished in mahogany, which was rather ugly, like all furniture of +that sort, and hung with paper worth twelve sous. They could see +nothing remarkable about it, except two candlesticks of antique pattern +which stood on the chimney-piece and appeared to be silver, “for they +were hall-marked,” an observation full of the type of wit of petty +towns. + +Nevertheless, people continued to say that no one ever got into the +room, and that it was a hermit’s cave, a mysterious retreat, a hole, a +tomb. + +It was also whispered about that he had “immense” sums deposited with +Laffitte, with this peculiar feature, that they were always at his +immediate disposal, so that, it was added, M. Madeleine could make his +appearance at Laffitte’s any morning, sign a receipt, and carry off his +two or three millions in ten minutes. In reality, “these two or three +millions” were reducible, as we have said, to six hundred and thirty or +forty thousand francs. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—M. MADELEINE IN MOURNING + + +At the beginning of 1820 the newspapers announced the death of M. +Myriel, Bishop of D——, surnamed “Monseigneur Bienvenu,” who had died in +the odor of sanctity at the age of eighty-two. + +The Bishop of D—— to supply here a detail which the papers omitted—had +been blind for many years before his death, and content to be blind, as +his sister was beside him. + +Let us remark by the way, that to be blind and to be loved, is, in +fact, one of the most strangely exquisite forms of happiness upon this +earth, where nothing is complete. To have continually at one’s side a +woman, a daughter, a sister, a charming being, who is there because you +need her and because she cannot do without you; to know that we are +indispensable to a person who is necessary to us; to be able to +incessantly measure one’s affection by the amount of her presence which +she bestows on us, and to say to ourselves, “Since she consecrates the +whole of her time to me, it is because I possess the whole of her +heart”; to behold her thought in lieu of her face; to be able to verify +the fidelity of one being amid the eclipse of the world; to regard the +rustle of a gown as the sound of wings; to hear her come and go, +retire, speak, return, sing, and to think that one is the centre of +these steps, of this speech; to manifest at each instant one’s personal +attraction; to feel one’s self all the more powerful because of one’s +infirmity; to become in one’s obscurity, and through one’s obscurity, +the star around which this angel gravitates,—few felicities equal this. +The supreme happiness of life consists in the conviction that one is +loved; loved for one’s own sake—let us say rather, loved in spite of +one’s self; this conviction the blind man possesses. To be served in +distress is to be caressed. Does he lack anything? No. One does not +lose the sight when one has love. And what love! A love wholly +constituted of virtue! There is no blindness where there is certainty. +Soul seeks soul, gropingly, and finds it. And this soul, found and +tested, is a woman. A hand sustains you; it is hers: a mouth lightly +touches your brow; it is her mouth: you hear a breath very near you; it +is hers. To have everything of her, from her worship to her pity, never +to be left, to have that sweet weakness aiding you, to lean upon that +immovable reed, to touch Providence with one’s hands, and to be able to +take it in one’s arms,—God made tangible,—what bliss! The heart, that +obscure, celestial flower, undergoes a mysterious blossoming. One would +not exchange that shadow for all brightness! The angel soul is there, +uninterruptedly there; if she departs, it is but to return again; she +vanishes like a dream, and reappears like reality. One feels warmth +approaching, and behold! she is there. One overflows with serenity, +with gayety, with ecstasy; one is a radiance amid the night. And there +are a thousand little cares. Nothings, which are enormous in that void. +The most ineffable accents of the feminine voice employed to lull you, +and supplying the vanished universe to you. One is caressed with the +soul. One sees nothing, but one feels that one is adored. It is a +paradise of shadows. + +It was from this paradise that Monseigneur Welcome had passed to the +other. + +The announcement of his death was reprinted by the local journal of M. +sur M. On the following day, M. Madeleine appeared clad wholly in +black, and with crape on his hat. + +This mourning was noticed in the town, and commented on. It seemed to +throw a light on M. Madeleine’s origin. It was concluded that some +relationship existed between him and the venerable Bishop. _“He has +gone into mourning for the Bishop of D——”_ said the drawing-rooms; this +raised M. Madeleine’s credit greatly, and procured for him, instantly +and at one blow, a certain consideration in the noble world of M. sur +M. The microscopic Faubourg Saint-Germain of the place meditated +raising the quarantine against M. Madeleine, the probable relative of a +bishop. M. Madeleine perceived the advancement which he had obtained, +by the more numerous courtesies of the old women and the more plentiful +smiles of the young ones. One evening, a ruler in that petty great +world, who was curious by right of seniority, ventured to ask him, “M. +le Maire is doubtless a cousin of the late Bishop of D——?” + + +He said, “No, Madame.” + + +“But,” resumed the dowager, “you are wearing mourning for him.” + + +He replied, “It is because I was a servant in his family in my youth.” + + +Another thing which was remarked, was, that every time that he +encountered in the town a young Savoyard who was roaming about the +country and seeking chimneys to sweep, the mayor had him summoned, +inquired his name, and gave him money. The little Savoyards told each +other about it: a great many of them passed that way. + + + + +CHAPTER V—VAGUE FLASHES ON THE HORIZON + + +Little by little, and in the course of time, all this opposition +subsided. There had at first been exercised against M. Madeleine, in +virtue of a sort of law which all those who rise must submit to, +blackening and calumnies; then they grew to be nothing more than +ill-nature, then merely malicious remarks, then even this entirely +disappeared; respect became complete, unanimous, cordial, and towards +1821 the moment arrived when the word “Monsieur le Maire” was +pronounced at M. sur M. with almost the same accent as “Monseigneur the +Bishop” had been pronounced in D—— in 1815. People came from a distance +of ten leagues around to consult M. Madeleine. He put an end to +differences, he prevented lawsuits, he reconciled enemies. Every one +took him for the judge, and with good reason. It seemed as though he +had for a soul the book of the natural law. It was like an epidemic of +veneration, which in the course of six or seven years gradually took +possession of the whole district. + +One single man in the town, in the arrondissement, absolutely escaped +this contagion, and, whatever Father Madeleine did, remained his +opponent as though a sort of incorruptible and imperturbable instinct +kept him on the alert and uneasy. It seems, in fact, as though there +existed in certain men a veritable bestial instinct, though pure and +upright, like all instincts, which creates antipathies and sympathies, +which fatally separates one nature from another nature, which does not +hesitate, which feels no disquiet, which does not hold its peace, and +which never belies itself, clear in its obscurity, infallible, +imperious, intractable, stubborn to all counsels of the intelligence +and to all the dissolvents of reason, and which, in whatever manner +destinies are arranged, secretly warns the man-dog of the presence of +the man-cat, and the man-fox of the presence of the man-lion. + +It frequently happened that when M. Madeleine was passing along a +street, calm, affectionate, surrounded by the blessings of all, a man +of lofty stature, clad in an iron-gray frock-coat, armed with a heavy +cane, and wearing a battered hat, turned round abruptly behind him, and +followed him with his eyes until he disappeared, with folded arms and a +slow shake of the head, and his upper lip raised in company with his +lower to his nose, a sort of significant grimace which might be +translated by: “What is that man, after all? I certainly have seen him +somewhere. In any case, I am not his dupe.” + + +This person, grave with a gravity which was almost menacing, was one of +those men who, even when only seen by a rapid glimpse, arrest the +spectator’s attention. + +His name was Javert, and he belonged to the police. + +At M. sur M. he exercised the unpleasant but useful functions of an +inspector. He had not seen Madeleine’s beginnings. Javert owed the post +which he occupied to the protection of M. Chabouillet, the secretary of +the Minister of State, Comte AnglĂšs, then prefect of police at Paris. +When Javert arrived at M. sur M. the fortune of the great manufacturer +was already made, and Father Madeleine had become Monsieur Madeleine. + +Certain police officers have a peculiar physiognomy, which is +complicated with an air of baseness mingled with an air of authority. +Javert possessed this physiognomy minus the baseness. + +It is our conviction that if souls were visible to the eyes, we should +be able to see distinctly that strange thing that each one individual +of the human race corresponds to some one of the species of the animal +creation; and we could easily recognize this truth, hardly perceived by +the thinker, that from the oyster to the eagle, from the pig to the +tiger, all animals exist in man, and that each one of them is in a man. +Sometimes even several of them at a time. + +Animals are nothing else than the figures of our virtues and our vices, +straying before our eyes, the visible phantoms of our souls. God shows +them to us in order to induce us to reflect. Only since animals are +mere shadows, God has not made them capable of education in the full +sense of the word; what is the use? On the contrary, our souls being +realities and having a goal which is appropriate to them, God has +bestowed on them intelligence; that is to say, the possibility of +education. Social education, when well done, can always draw from a +soul, of whatever sort it may be, the utility which it contains. + +This, be it said, is of course from the restricted point of view of the +terrestrial life which is apparent, and without prejudging the profound +question of the anterior or ulterior personality of the beings which +are not man. The visible _I_ in nowise authorizes the thinker to deny +the latent _I_. Having made this reservation, let us pass on. + +Now, if the reader will admit, for a moment, with us, that in every man +there is one of the animal species of creation, it will be easy for us +to say what there was in Police Officer Javert. + +The peasants of Asturias are convinced that in every litter of wolves +there is one dog, which is killed by the mother because, otherwise, as +he grew up, he would devour the other little ones. + +Give to this dog-son of a wolf a human face, and the result will be +Javert. + +Javert had been born in prison, of a fortune-teller, whose husband was +in the galleys. As he grew up, he thought that he was outside the pale +of society, and he despaired of ever re-entering it. He observed that +society unpardoningly excludes two classes of men,—those who attack it +and those who guard it; he had no choice except between these two +classes; at the same time, he was conscious of an indescribable +foundation of rigidity, regularity, and probity, complicated with an +inexpressible hatred for the race of bohemians whence he was sprung. He +entered the police; he succeeded there. At forty years of age he was an +inspector. + +During his youth he had been employed in the convict establishments of +the South. + +Before proceeding further, let us come to an understanding as to the +words, “human face,” which we have just applied to Javert. + +The human face of Javert consisted of a flat nose, with two deep +nostrils, towards which enormous whiskers ascended on his cheeks. One +felt ill at ease when he saw these two forests and these two caverns +for the first time. When Javert laughed,—and his laugh was rare and +terrible,—his thin lips parted and revealed to view not only his teeth, +but his gums, and around his nose there formed a flattened and savage +fold, as on the muzzle of a wild beast. Javert, serious, was a +watchdog; when he laughed, he was a tiger. As for the rest, he had very +little skull and a great deal of jaw; his hair concealed his forehead +and fell over his eyebrows; between his eyes there was a permanent, +central frown, like an imprint of wrath; his gaze was obscure; his +mouth pursed up and terrible; his air that of ferocious command. + +This man was composed of two very simple and two very good sentiments, +comparatively; but he rendered them almost bad, by dint of exaggerating +them,—respect for authority, hatred of rebellion; and in his eyes, +murder, robbery, all crimes, are only forms of rebellion. He enveloped +in a blind and profound faith every one who had a function in the +state, from the prime minister to the rural policeman. He covered with +scorn, aversion, and disgust every one who had once crossed the legal +threshold of evil. He was absolute, and admitted no exceptions. On the +one hand, he said, “The functionary can make no mistake; the magistrate +is never the wrong.” On the other hand, he said, “These men are +irremediably lost. Nothing good can come from them.” He fully shared +the opinion of those extreme minds which attribute to human law I know +not what power of making, or, if the reader will have it so, of +authenticating, demons, and who place a Styx at the base of society. He +was stoical, serious, austere; a melancholy dreamer, humble and +haughty, like fanatics. His glance was like a gimlet, cold and +piercing. His whole life hung on these two words: watchfulness and +supervision. He had introduced a straight line into what is the most +crooked thing in the world; he possessed the conscience of his +usefulness, the religion of his functions, and he was a spy as other +men are priests. Woe to the man who fell into his hands! He would have +arrested his own father, if the latter had escaped from the galleys, +and would have denounced his mother, if she had broken her ban. And he +would have done it with that sort of inward satisfaction which is +conferred by virtue. And, withal, a life of privation, isolation, +abnegation, chastity, with never a diversion. It was implacable duty; +the police understood, as the Spartans understood Sparta, a pitiless +lying in wait, a ferocious honesty, a marble informer, Brutus in +Vidocq. + +Javert’s whole person was expressive of the man who spies and who +withdraws himself from observation. The mystical school of Joseph de +Maistre, which at that epoch seasoned with lofty cosmogony those things +which were called the ultra newspapers, would not have failed to +declare that Javert was a symbol. His brow was not visible; it +disappeared beneath his hat: his eyes were not visible, since they were +lost under his eyebrows: his chin was not visible, for it was plunged +in his cravat: his hands were not visible; they were drawn up in his +sleeves: and his cane was not visible; he carried it under his coat. +But when the occasion presented itself, there was suddenly seen to +emerge from all this shadow, as from an ambuscade, a narrow and angular +forehead, a baleful glance, a threatening chin, enormous hands, and a +monstrous cudgel. + +In his leisure moments, which were far from frequent, he read, although +he hated books; this caused him to be not wholly illiterate. This could +be recognized by some emphasis in his speech. + +As we have said, he had no vices. When he was pleased with himself, he +permitted himself a pinch of snuff. Therein lay his connection with +humanity. + +The reader will have no difficulty in understanding that Javert was the +terror of that whole class which the annual statistics of the Ministry +of Justice designates under the rubric, Vagrants. The name of Javert +routed them by its mere utterance; the face of Javert petrified them at +sight. + +Such was this formidable man. + +Javert was like an eye constantly fixed on M. Madeleine. An eye full of +suspicion and conjecture. M. Madeleine had finally perceived the fact; +but it seemed to be of no importance to him. He did not even put a +question to Javert; he neither sought nor avoided him; he bore that +embarrassing and almost oppressive gaze without appearing to notice it. +He treated Javert with ease and courtesy, as he did all the rest of the +world. + +It was divined, from some words which escaped Javert, that he had +secretly investigated, with that curiosity which belongs to the race, +and into which there enters as much instinct as will, all the anterior +traces which Father Madeleine might have left elsewhere. He seemed to +know, and he sometimes said in covert words, that some one had gleaned +certain information in a certain district about a family which had +disappeared. Once he chanced to say, as he was talking to himself, “I +think I have him!” Then he remained pensive for three days, and uttered +not a word. It seemed that the thread which he thought he held had +broken. + +Moreover, and this furnishes the necessary corrective for the too +absolute sense which certain words might present, there can be nothing +really infallible in a human creature, and the peculiarity of instinct +is that it can become confused, thrown off the track, and defeated. +Otherwise, it would be superior to intelligence, and the beast would be +found to be provided with a better light than man. + +Javert was evidently somewhat disconcerted by the perfect naturalness +and tranquillity of M. Madeleine. + +One day, nevertheless, his strange manner appeared to produce an +impression on M. Madeleine. It was on the following occasion. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FATHER FAUCHELEVENT + + +One morning M. Madeleine was passing through an unpaved alley of M. sur +M.; he heard a noise, and saw a group some distance away. He +approached. An old man named Father Fauchelevent had just fallen +beneath his cart, his horse having tumbled down. + +This Fauchelevent was one of the few enemies whom M. Madeleine had at +that time. When Madeleine arrived in the neighborhood, Fauchelevent, an +ex-notary and a peasant who was almost educated, had a business which +was beginning to be in a bad way. Fauchelevent had seen this simple +workman grow rich, while he, a lawyer, was being ruined. This had +filled him with jealousy, and he had done all he could, on every +occasion, to injure Madeleine. Then bankruptcy had come; and as the old +man had nothing left but a cart and a horse, and neither family nor +children, he had turned carter. + +The horse had two broken legs and could not rise. The old man was +caught in the wheels. The fall had been so unlucky that the whole +weight of the vehicle rested on his breast. The cart was quite heavily +laden. Father Fauchelevent was rattling in the throat in the most +lamentable manner. They had tried, but in vain, to drag him out. An +unmethodical effort, aid awkwardly given, a wrong shake, might kill +him. It was impossible to disengage him otherwise than by lifting the +vehicle off of him. Javert, who had come up at the moment of the +accident, had sent for a jack-screw. + +M. Madeleine arrived. People stood aside respectfully. + +“Help!” cried old Fauchelevent. “Who will be good and save the old +man?” + + +M. Madeleine turned towards those present:— + +“Is there a jack-screw to be had?” + + +“One has been sent for,” answered the peasant. + +“How long will it take to get it?” + + +“They have gone for the nearest, to Flachot’s place, where there is a +farrier; but it makes no difference; it will take a good quarter of an +hour.” + + +“A quarter of an hour!” exclaimed Madeleine. + +It had rained on the preceding night; the soil was soaked. + +The cart was sinking deeper into the earth every moment, and crushing +the old carter’s breast more and more. It was evident that his ribs +would be broken in five minutes more. + +“It is impossible to wait another quarter of an hour,” said Madeleine +to the peasants, who were staring at him. + +“We must!” + + +“But it will be too late then! Don’t you see that the cart is sinking?” + + +“Well!” + + +“Listen,” resumed Madeleine; “there is still room enough under the cart +to allow a man to crawl beneath it and raise it with his back. Only +half a minute, and the poor man can be taken out. Is there any one here +who has stout loins and heart? There are five louis d’or to be earned!” + + +Not a man in the group stirred. + +“Ten louis,” said Madeleine. + +The persons present dropped their eyes. One of them muttered: “A man +would need to be devilish strong. And then he runs the risk of getting +crushed!” + + +“Come,” began Madeleine again, “twenty louis.” + + +The same silence. + +“It is not the will which is lacking,” said a voice. + +M. Madeleine turned round, and recognized Javert. He had not noticed +him on his arrival. + +Javert went on:— + +“It is strength. One would have to be a terrible man to do such a thing +as lift a cart like that on his back.” + + +Then, gazing fixedly at M. Madeleine, he went on, emphasizing every +word that he uttered:— + +“Monsieur Madeleine, I have never known but one man capable of doing +what you ask.” + + +Madeleine shuddered. + +Javert added, with an air of indifference, but without removing his +eyes from Madeleine:— + +“He was a convict.” + + +“Ah!” said Madeleine. + +“In the galleys at Toulon.” + + +Madeleine turned pale. + +Meanwhile, the cart continued to sink slowly. Father Fauchelevent +rattled in the throat, and shrieked:— + +“I am strangling! My ribs are breaking! a screw! something! Ah!” + + +Madeleine glanced about him. + +“Is there, then, no one who wishes to earn twenty louis and save the +life of this poor old man?” + + +No one stirred. Javert resumed:— + +“I have never known but one man who could take the place of a screw, +and he was that convict.” + + +“Ah! It is crushing me!” cried the old man. + +Madeleine raised his head, met Javert’s falcon eye still fixed upon +him, looked at the motionless peasants, and smiled sadly. Then, without +saying a word, he fell on his knees, and before the crowd had even had +time to utter a cry, he was underneath the vehicle. + +A terrible moment of expectation and silence ensued. + +They beheld Madeleine, almost flat on his stomach beneath that terrible +weight, make two vain efforts to bring his knees and his elbows +together. They shouted to him, “Father Madeleine, come out!” Old +Fauchelevent himself said to him, “Monsieur Madeleine, go away! You see +that I am fated to die! Leave me! You will get yourself crushed also!” +Madeleine made no reply. + +All the spectators were panting. The wheels had continued to sink, and +it had become almost impossible for Madeleine to make his way from +under the vehicle. + +Suddenly the enormous mass was seen to quiver, the cart rose slowly, +the wheels half emerged from the ruts. They heard a stifled voice +crying, “Make haste! Help!” It was Madeleine, who had just made a final +effort. + +They rushed forwards. The devotion of a single man had given force and +courage to all. The cart was raised by twenty arms. Old Fauchelevent +was saved. + +Madeleine rose. He was pale, though dripping with perspiration. His +clothes were torn and covered with mud. All wept. The old man kissed +his knees and called him the good God. As for him, he bore upon his +countenance an indescribable expression of happy and celestial +suffering, and he fixed his tranquil eye on Javert, who was still +staring at him. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—FAUCHELEVENT BECOMES A GARDENER IN PARIS + + +Fauchelevent had dislocated his kneepan in his fall. Father Madeleine +had him conveyed to an infirmary which he had established for his +workmen in the factory building itself, and which was served by two +sisters of charity. On the following morning the old man found a +thousand-franc bank-note on his night-stand, with these words in Father +Madeleine’s writing: _“I purchase your horse and cart.”_ The cart was +broken, and the horse was dead. Fauchelevent recovered, but his knee +remained stiff. M. Madeleine, on the recommendation of the sisters of +charity and of his priest, got the good man a place as gardener in a +female convent in the Rue Saint-Antoine in Paris. + +Some time afterwards, M. Madeleine was appointed mayor. The first time +that Javert beheld M. Madeleine clothed in the scarf which gave him +authority over the town, he felt the sort of shudder which a watch-dog +might experience on smelling a wolf in his master’s clothes. From that +time forth he avoided him as much as he possibly could. When the +requirements of the service imperatively demanded it, and he could not +do otherwise than meet the mayor, he addressed him with profound +respect. + +This prosperity created at M. sur M. by Father Madeleine had, besides +the visible signs which we have mentioned, another symptom which was +nonetheless significant for not being visible. This never deceives. +When the population suffers, when work is lacking, when there is no +commerce, the tax-payer resists imposts through penury, he exhausts and +oversteps his respite, and the state expends a great deal of money in +the charges for compelling and collection. When work is abundant, when +the country is rich and happy, the taxes are paid easily and cost the +state nothing. It may be said, that there is one infallible thermometer +of the public misery and riches,—the cost of collecting the taxes. In +the course of seven years the expense of collecting the taxes had +diminished three-fourths in the arrondissement of M. sur M., and this +led to this arrondissement being frequently cited from all the rest by +M. de VillĂšle, then Minister of Finance. + +Such was the condition of the country when Fantine returned thither. No +one remembered her. Fortunately, the door of M. Madeleine’s factory was +like the face of a friend. She presented herself there, and was +admitted to the women’s workroom. The trade was entirely new to +Fantine; she could not be very skilful at it, and she therefore earned +but little by her day’s work; but it was sufficient; the problem was +solved; she was earning her living. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MADAME VICTURNIEN EXPENDS THIRTY FRANCS ON MORALITY + + +When Fantine saw that she was making her living, she felt joyful for a +moment. To live honestly by her own labor, what mercy from heaven! The +taste for work had really returned to her. She bought a looking-glass, +took pleasure in surveying in it her youth, her beautiful hair, her +fine teeth; she forgot many things; she thought only of Cosette and of +the possible future, and was almost happy. She hired a little room and +furnished on credit on the strength of her future work—a lingering +trace of her improvident ways. As she was not able to say that she was +married she took good care, as we have seen, not to mention her little +girl. + +At first, as the reader has seen, she paid the ThĂ©nardiers promptly. As +she only knew how to sign her name, she was obliged to write through a +public letter-writer. + +She wrote often, and this was noticed. It began to be said in an +undertone, in the women’s workroom, that Fantine “wrote letters” and +that “she had ways about her.” + + +There is no one for spying on people’s actions like those who are not +concerned in them. Why does that gentleman never come except at +nightfall? Why does Mr. So-and-So never hang his key on its nail on +Tuesday? Why does he always take the narrow streets? Why does Madame +always descend from her hackney-coach before reaching her house? Why +does she send out to purchase six sheets of note paper, when she has a +“whole stationer’s shop full of it?” etc. There exist beings who, for +the sake of obtaining the key to these enigmas, which are, moreover, of +no consequence whatever to them, spend more money, waste more time, +take more trouble, than would be required for ten good actions, and +that gratuitously, for their own pleasure, without receiving any other +payment for their curiosity than curiosity. They will follow up such +and such a man or woman for whole days; they will do sentry duty for +hours at a time on the corners of the streets, under alley-way doors at +night, in cold and rain; they will bribe errand-porters, they will make +the drivers of hackney-coaches and lackeys tipsy, buy a waiting-maid, +suborn a porter. Why? For no reason. A pure passion for seeing, +knowing, and penetrating into things. A pure itch for talking. And +often these secrets once known, these mysteries made public, these +enigmas illuminated by the light of day, bring on catastrophies, duels, +failures, the ruin of families, and broken lives, to the great joy of +those who have “found out everything,” without any interest in the +matter, and by pure instinct. A sad thing. + +Certain persons are malicious solely through a necessity for talking. +Their conversation, the chat of the drawing-room, gossip of the +anteroom, is like those chimneys which consume wood rapidly; they need +a great amount of combustibles; and their combustibles are furnished by +their neighbors. + +So Fantine was watched. + +In addition, many a one was jealous of her golden hair and of her white +teeth. + +It was remarked that in the workroom she often turned aside, in the +midst of the rest, to wipe away a tear. These were the moments when she +was thinking of her child; perhaps, also, of the man whom she had +loved. + +Breaking the gloomy bonds of the past is a mournful task. + +It was observed that she wrote twice a month at least, and that she +paid the carriage on the letter. They managed to obtain the address: +_Monsieur, Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, inn-keeper at Montfermeil_. The public +writer, a good old man who could not fill his stomach with red wine +without emptying his pocket of secrets, was made to talk in the +wine-shop. In short, it was discovered that Fantine had a child. “She +must be a pretty sort of a woman.” An old gossip was found, who made +the trip to Montfermeil, talked to the ThĂ©nardiers, and said on her +return: “For my five and thirty francs I have freed my mind. I have +seen the child.” + + +The gossip who did this thing was a gorgon named Madame Victurnien, the +guardian and door-keeper of every one’s virtue. Madame Victurnien was +fifty-six, and re-enforced the mask of ugliness with the mask of age. A +quavering voice, a whimsical mind. This old dame had once been +young—astonishing fact! In her youth, in ’93, she had married a monk +who had fled from his cloister in a red cap, and passed from the +Bernardines to the Jacobins. She was dry, rough, peevish, sharp, +captious, almost venomous; all this in memory of her monk, whose widow +she was, and who had ruled over her masterfully and bent her to his +will. She was a nettle in which the rustle of the cassock was visible. +At the Restoration she had turned bigot, and that with so much energy +that the priests had forgiven her her monk. She had a small property, +which she bequeathed with much ostentation to a religious community. +She was in high favor at the episcopal palace of Arras. So this Madame +Victurnien went to Montfermeil, and returned with the remark, “I have +seen the child.” + + +All this took time. Fantine had been at the factory for more than a +year, when, one morning, the superintendent of the workroom handed her +fifty francs from the mayor, told her that she was no longer employed +in the shop, and requested her, in the mayor’s name, to leave the +neighborhood. + +This was the very month when the ThĂ©nardiers, after having demanded +twelve francs instead of six, had just exacted fifteen francs instead +of twelve. + +Fantine was overwhelmed. She could not leave the neighborhood; she was +in debt for her rent and furniture. Fifty francs was not sufficient to +cancel this debt. She stammered a few supplicating words. The +superintendent ordered her to leave the shop on the instant. Besides, +Fantine was only a moderately good workwoman. Overcome with shame, even +more than with despair, she quitted the shop, and returned to her room. +So her fault was now known to every one. + +She no longer felt strong enough to say a word. She was advised to see +the mayor; she did not dare. The mayor had given her fifty francs +because he was good, and had dismissed her because he was just. She +bowed before the decision. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—MADAME VICTURNIEN’S SUCCESS + + +So the monk’s widow was good for something. + +But M. Madeleine had heard nothing of all this. Life is full of just +such combinations of events. M. Madeleine was in the habit of almost +never entering the women’s workroom. + +At the head of this room he had placed an elderly spinster, whom the +priest had provided for him, and he had full confidence in this +superintendent,—a truly respectable person, firm, equitable, upright, +full of the charity which consists in giving, but not having in the +same degree that charity which consists in understanding and in +forgiving. M. Madeleine relied wholly on her. The best men are often +obliged to delegate their authority. It was with this full power, and +the conviction that she was doing right, that the superintendent had +instituted the suit, judged, condemned, and executed Fantine. + +As regards the fifty francs, she had given them from a fund which M. +Madeleine had intrusted to her for charitable purposes, and for giving +assistance to the workwomen, and of which she rendered no account. + +Fantine tried to obtain a situation as a servant in the neighborhood; +she went from house to house. No one would have her. She could not +leave town. The second-hand dealer, to whom she was in debt for her +furniture—and what furniture!—said to her, “If you leave, I will have +you arrested as a thief.” The householder, whom she owed for her rent, +said to her, “You are young and pretty; you can pay.” She divided the +fifty francs between the landlord and the furniture-dealer, returned to +the latter three-quarters of his goods, kept only necessaries, and +found herself without work, without a trade, with nothing but her bed, +and still about fifty francs in debt. + +She began to make coarse shirts for soldiers of the garrison, and +earned twelve sous a day. Her daughter cost her ten. It was at this +point that she began to pay the ThĂ©nardiers irregularly. + +However, the old woman who lighted her candle for her when she returned +at night, taught her the art of living in misery. Back of living on +little, there is the living on nothing. These are the two chambers; the +first is dark, the second is black. + +Fantine learned how to live without fire entirely in the winter; how to +give up a bird which eats a half a farthing’s worth of millet every two +days; how to make a coverlet of one’s petticoat, and a petticoat of +one’s coverlet; how to save one’s candle, by taking one’s meals by the +light of the opposite window. No one knows all that certain feeble +creatures, who have grown old in privation and honesty, can get out of +a sou. It ends by being a talent. Fantine acquired this sublime talent, +and regained a little courage. + +At this epoch she said to a neighbor, “Bah! I say to myself, by only +sleeping five hours, and working all the rest of the time at my sewing, +I shall always manage to nearly earn my bread. And, then, when one is +sad, one eats less. Well, sufferings, uneasiness, a little bread on one +hand, trouble on the other,—all this will support me.” + + +It would have been a great happiness to have her little girl with her +in this distress. She thought of having her come. But what then! Make +her share her own destitution! And then, she was in debt to the +ThĂ©nardiers! How could she pay them? And the journey! How pay for that? + +The old woman who had given her lessons in what may be called the life +of indigence, was a sainted spinster named Marguerite, who was pious +with a true piety, poor and charitable towards the poor, and even +towards the rich, knowing how to write just sufficiently to sign +herself Marguerite, and believing in God, which is science. + +There are many such virtuous people in this lower world; some day they +will be in the world above. This life has a morrow. + +At first, Fantine had been so ashamed that she had not dared to go out. + +When she was in the street, she divined that people turned round behind +her, and pointed at her; every one stared at her and no one greeted +her; the cold and bitter scorn of the passers-by penetrated her very +flesh and soul like a north wind. + +It seems as though an unfortunate woman were utterly bare beneath the +sarcasm and the curiosity of all in small towns. In Paris, at least, no +one knows you, and this obscurity is a garment. Oh! how she would have +liked to betake herself to Paris! Impossible! + +She was obliged to accustom herself to disrepute, as she had accustomed +herself to indigence. Gradually she decided on her course. At the +expiration of two or three months she shook off her shame, and began to +go about as though there were nothing the matter. “It is all the same +to me,” she said. + +She went and came, bearing her head well up, with a bitter smile, and +was conscious that she was becoming brazen-faced. + +Madame Victurnien sometimes saw her passing, from her window, noticed +the distress of “that creature” who, “thanks to her,” had been “put +back in her proper place,” and congratulated herself. The happiness of +the evil-minded is black. + +Excess of toil wore out Fantine, and the little dry cough which +troubled her increased. She sometimes said to her neighbor, Marguerite, +“Just feel how hot my hands are!” + + +Nevertheless, when she combed her beautiful hair in the morning with an +old broken comb, and it flowed about her like floss silk, she +experienced a moment of happy coquetry. + + + + +CHAPTER X—RESULT OF THE SUCCESS + + +She had been dismissed towards the end of the winter; the summer +passed, but winter came again. Short days, less work. Winter: no +warmth, no light, no noonday, the evening joining on to the morning, +fogs, twilight; the window is gray; it is impossible to see clearly at +it. The sky is but a vent-hole. The whole day is a cavern. The sun has +the air of a beggar. A frightful season! Winter changes the water of +heaven and the heart of man into a stone. Her creditors harrassed her. + +Fantine earned too little. Her debts had increased. The ThĂ©nardiers, +who were not promptly paid, wrote to her constantly letters whose +contents drove her to despair, and whose carriage ruined her. One day +they wrote to her that her little Cosette was entirely naked in that +cold weather, that she needed a woollen skirt, and that her mother must +send at least ten francs for this. She received the letter, and crushed +it in her hands all day long. That evening she went into a barber’s +shop at the corner of the street, and pulled out her comb. Her +admirable golden hair fell to her knees. + +“What splendid hair!” exclaimed the barber. + +“How much will you give me for it?” said she. + +“Ten francs.” + + +“Cut it off.” + + +She purchased a knitted petticoat and sent it to the ThĂ©nardiers. This +petticoat made the ThĂ©nardiers furious. It was the money that they +wanted. They gave the petticoat to Éponine. The poor Lark continued to +shiver. + +Fantine thought: “My child is no longer cold. I have clothed her with +my hair.” She put on little round caps which concealed her shorn head, +and in which she was still pretty. + +Dark thoughts held possession of Fantine’s heart. + +When she saw that she could no longer dress her hair, she began to hate +every one about her. She had long shared the universal veneration for +Father Madeleine; yet, by dint of repeating to herself that it was he +who had discharged her, that he was the cause of her unhappiness, she +came to hate him also, and most of all. When she passed the factory in +working hours, when the workpeople were at the door, she affected to +laugh and sing. + +An old workwoman who once saw her laughing and singing in this fashion +said, “There’s a girl who will come to a bad end.” + + +She took a lover, the first who offered, a man whom she did not love, +out of bravado and with rage in her heart. He was a miserable scamp, a +sort of mendicant musician, a lazy beggar, who beat her, and who +abandoned her as she had taken him, in disgust. + +She adored her child. + +The lower she descended, the darker everything grew about her, the more +radiant shone that little angel at the bottom of her heart. She said, +“When I get rich, I will have my Cosette with me;” and she laughed. Her +cough did not leave her, and she had sweats on her back. + +One day she received from the ThĂ©nardiers a letter couched in the +following terms: “Cosette is ill with a malady which is going the +rounds of the neighborhood. A miliary fever, they call it. Expensive +drugs are required. This is ruining us, and we can no longer pay for +them. If you do not send us forty francs before the week is out, the +little one will be dead.” + + +She burst out laughing, and said to her old neighbor: “Ah! they are +good! Forty francs! the idea! That makes two napoleons! Where do they +think I am to get them? These peasants are stupid, truly.” + + +Nevertheless she went to a dormer window in the staircase and read the +letter once more. Then she descended the stairs and emerged, running +and leaping and still laughing. + +Some one met her and said to her, “What makes you so gay?” + + +She replied: “A fine piece of stupidity that some country people have +written to me. They demand forty francs of me. So much for you, you +peasants!” + + +As she crossed the square, she saw a great many people collected around +a carriage of eccentric shape, upon the top of which stood a man +dressed in red, who was holding forth. He was a quack dentist on his +rounds, who was offering to the public full sets of teeth, opiates, +powders and elixirs. + +Fantine mingled in the group, and began to laugh with the rest at the +harangue, which contained slang for the populace and jargon for +respectable people. The tooth-puller espied the lovely, laughing girl, +and suddenly exclaimed: “You have beautiful teeth, you girl there, who +are laughing; if you want to sell me your palettes, I will give you a +gold napoleon apiece for them.” + + +“What are my palettes?” asked Fantine. + +“The palettes,” replied the dental professor, “are the front teeth, the +two upper ones.” + + +“How horrible!” exclaimed Fantine. + +“Two napoleons!” grumbled a toothless old woman who was present. +“Here’s a lucky girl!” + + +Fantine fled and stopped her ears that she might not hear the hoarse +voice of the man shouting to her: “Reflect, my beauty! two napoleons; +they may prove of service. If your heart bids you, come this evening to +the inn of the _Tillac d’Argent_; you will find me there.” + + +Fantine returned home. She was furious, and related the occurrence to +her good neighbor Marguerite: “Can you understand such a thing? Is he +not an abominable man? How can they allow such people to go about the +country! Pull out my two front teeth! Why, I should be horrible! My +hair will grow again, but my teeth! Ah! what a monster of a man! I +should prefer to throw myself head first on the pavement from the fifth +story! He told me that he should be at the _Tillac d’Argent_ this +evening.” + + +“And what did he offer?” asked Marguerite. + +“Two napoleons.” + + +“That makes forty francs.” + + +“Yes,” said Fantine; “that makes forty francs.” + + +She remained thoughtful, and began her work. At the expiration of a +quarter of an hour she left her sewing and went to read the +ThĂ©nardiers’ letter once more on the staircase. + +On her return, she said to Marguerite, who was at work beside her:— + +“What is a miliary fever? Do you know?” + + +“Yes,” answered the old spinster; “it is a disease.” + + +“Does it require many drugs?” + + +“Oh! terrible drugs.” + + +“How does one get it?” + + +“It is a malady that one gets without knowing how.” + + +“Then it attacks children?” + + +“Children in particular.” + + +“Do people die of it?” + + +“They may,” said Marguerite. + +Fantine left the room and went to read her letter once more on the +staircase. + +That evening she went out, and was seen to turn her steps in the +direction of the Rue de Paris, where the inns are situated. + +The next morning, when Marguerite entered Fantine’s room before +daylight,—for they always worked together, and in this manner used only +one candle for the two,—she found Fantine seated on her bed, pale and +frozen. She had not lain down. Her cap had fallen on her knees. Her +candle had burned all night, and was almost entirely consumed. +Marguerite halted on the threshold, petrified at this tremendous +wastefulness, and exclaimed:— + +“Lord! the candle is all burned out! Something has happened.” + + +Then she looked at Fantine, who turned toward her her head bereft of +its hair. + +Fantine had grown ten years older since the preceding night. + +“Jesus!” said Marguerite, “what is the matter with you, Fantine?” + + +“Nothing,” replied Fantine. “Quite the contrary. My child will not die +of that frightful malady, for lack of succor. I am content.” + + +So saying, she pointed out to the spinster two napoleons which were +glittering on the table. + +“Ah! Jesus God!” cried Marguerite. “Why, it is a fortune! Where did you +get those louis d’or?” + + +“I got them,” replied Fantine. + +At the same time she smiled. The candle illuminated her countenance. It +was a bloody smile. A reddish saliva soiled the corners of her lips, +and she had a black hole in her mouth. + +The two teeth had been extracted. + +She sent the forty francs to Montfermeil. + +After all it was a ruse of the ThĂ©nardiers to obtain money. Cosette was +not ill. + +Fantine threw her mirror out of the window. She had long since quitted +her cell on the second floor for an attic with only a latch to fasten +it, next the roof; one of those attics whose extremity forms an angle +with the floor, and knocks you on the head every instant. The poor +occupant can reach the end of his chamber as he can the end of his +destiny, only by bending over more and more. + +She had no longer a bed; a rag which she called her coverlet, a +mattress on the floor, and a seatless chair still remained. A little +rosebush which she had, had dried up, forgotten, in one corner. In the +other corner was a butter-pot to hold water, which froze in winter, and +in which the various levels of the water remained long marked by these +circles of ice. She had lost her shame; she lost her coquetry. A final +sign. She went out, with dirty caps. Whether from lack of time or from +indifference, she no longer mended her linen. As the heels wore out, +she dragged her stockings down into her shoes. This was evident from +the perpendicular wrinkles. She patched her bodice, which was old and +worn out, with scraps of calico which tore at the slightest movement. +The people to whom she was indebted made “scenes” and gave her no +peace. She found them in the street, she found them again on her +staircase. She passed many a night weeping and thinking. Her eyes were +very bright, and she felt a steady pain in her shoulder towards the top +of the left shoulder-blade. She coughed a great deal. She deeply hated +Father Madeleine, but made no complaint. She sewed seventeen hours a +day; but a contractor for the work of prisons, who made the prisoners +work at a discount, suddenly made prices fall, which reduced the daily +earnings of working-women to nine sous. Seventeen hours of toil, and +nine sous a day! Her creditors were more pitiless than ever. The +second-hand dealer, who had taken back nearly all his furniture, said +to her incessantly, “When will you pay me, you hussy?” What did they +want of her, good God! She felt that she was being hunted, and +something of the wild beast developed in her. About the same time, +ThĂ©nardier wrote to her that he had waited with decidedly too much +amiability and that he must have a hundred francs at once; otherwise he +would turn little Cosette out of doors, convalescent as she was from +her heavy illness, into the cold and the streets, and that she might do +what she liked with herself, and die if she chose. “A hundred francs,” +thought Fantine. “But in what trade can one earn a hundred sous a day?” + + +“Come!” said she, “let us sell what is left.” + + +The unfortunate girl became a woman of the town. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CHRISTUS NOS LIBERAVIT + + +What is this history of Fantine? It is society purchasing a slave. + +From whom? From misery. + +From hunger, cold, isolation, destitution. A dolorous bargain. A soul +for a morsel of bread. Misery offers; society accepts. + +The sacred law of Jesus Christ governs our civilization, but it does +not, as yet, permeate it; it is said that slavery has disappeared from +European civilization. This is a mistake. It still exists; but it +weighs only upon the woman, and it is called prostitution. + +It weighs upon the woman, that is to say, upon grace, weakness, beauty, +maternity. This is not one of the least of man’s disgraces. + +At the point in this melancholy drama which we have now reached, +nothing is left to Fantine of that which she had formerly been. + +She has become marble in becoming mire. Whoever touches her feels cold. +She passes; she endures you; she ignores you; she is the severe and +dishonored figure. Life and the social order have said their last word +for her. All has happened to her that will happen to her. She has felt +everything, borne everything, experienced everything, suffered +everything, lost everything, mourned everything. She is resigned, with +that resignation which resembles indifference, as death resembles +sleep. She no longer avoids anything. Let all the clouds fall upon her, +and all the ocean sweep over her! What matters it to her? She is a +sponge that is soaked. + +At least, she believes it to be so; but it is an error to imagine that +fate can be exhausted, and that one has reached the bottom of anything +whatever. + +Alas! What are all these fates, driven on pell-mell? Whither are they +going? Why are they thus? + +He who knows that sees the whole of the shadow. + +He is alone. His name is God. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—M. BAMATABOIS’S INACTIVITY + + +There is in all small towns, and there was at M. sur M. in particular, +a class of young men who nibble away an income of fifteen hundred +francs with the same air with which their prototypes devour two hundred +thousand francs a year in Paris. These are beings of the great neuter +species: impotent men, parasites, cyphers, who have a little land, a +little folly, a little wit; who would be rustics in a drawing-room, and +who think themselves gentlemen in the dram-shop; who say, “My fields, +my peasants, my woods”; who hiss actresses at the theatre to prove that +they are persons of taste; quarrel with the officers of the garrison to +prove that they are men of war; hunt, smoke, yawn, drink, smell of +tobacco, play billiards, stare at travellers as they descend from the +diligence, live at the cafĂ©, dine at the inn, have a dog which eats the +bones under the table, and a mistress who eats the dishes on the table; +who stick at a sou, exaggerate the fashions, admire tragedy, despise +women, wear out their old boots, copy London through Paris, and Paris +through the medium of Pont-Ă -Mousson, grow old as dullards, never work, +serve no use, and do no great harm. + +M. FĂ©lix TholomyĂšs, had he remained in his own province and never +beheld Paris, would have been one of these men. + +If they were richer, one would say, “They are dandies;” if they were +poorer, one would say, “They are idlers.” They are simply men without +employment. Among these unemployed there are bores, the bored, +dreamers, and some knaves. + +At that period a dandy was composed of a tall collar, a big cravat, a +watch with trinkets, three vests of different colors, worn one on top +of the other—the red and blue inside; of a short-waisted olive coat, +with a codfish tail, a double row of silver buttons set close to each +other and running up to the shoulder; and a pair of trousers of a +lighter shade of olive, ornamented on the two seams with an indefinite, +but always uneven, number of lines, varying from one to eleven—a limit +which was never exceeded. Add to this, high shoes with little irons on +the heels, a tall hat with a narrow brim, hair worn in a tuft, an +enormous cane, and conversation set off by puns of Potier. Over all, +spurs and a moustache. At that epoch moustaches indicated the +bourgeois, and spurs the pedestrian. + +The provincial dandy wore the longest of spurs and the fiercest of +moustaches. + +It was the period of the conflict of the republics of South America +with the King of Spain, of Bolivar against Morillo. Narrow-brimmed hats +were royalist, and were called _morillos_; liberals wore hats with wide +brims, which were called _bolivars_. + +Eight or ten months, then, after that which is related in the preceding +pages, towards the first of January, 1823, on a snowy evening, one of +these dandies, one of these unemployed, a “right thinker,” for he wore +a morillo, and was, moreover, warmly enveloped in one of those large +cloaks which completed the fashionable costume in cold weather, was +amusing himself by tormenting a creature who was prowling about in a +ball-dress, with neck uncovered and flowers in her hair, in front of +the officers’ cafĂ©. This dandy was smoking, for he was decidedly +fashionable. + +Each time that the woman passed in front of him, he bestowed on her, +together with a puff from his cigar, some apostrophe which he +considered witty and mirthful, such as, “How ugly you are!—Will you get +out of my sight?—You have no teeth!” etc., etc. This gentleman was +known as M. Bamatabois. The woman, a melancholy, decorated spectre +which went and came through the snow, made him no reply, did not even +glance at him, and nevertheless continued her promenade in silence, and +with a sombre regularity, which brought her every five minutes within +reach of this sarcasm, like the condemned soldier who returns under the +rods. The small effect which he produced no doubt piqued the lounger; +and taking advantage of a moment when her back was turned, he crept up +behind her with the gait of a wolf, and stifling his laugh, bent down, +picked up a handful of snow from the pavement, and thrust it abruptly +into her back, between her bare shoulders. The woman uttered a roar, +whirled round, gave a leap like a panther, and hurled herself upon the +man, burying her nails in his face, with the most frightful words which +could fall from the guard-room into the gutter. These insults, poured +forth in a voice roughened by brandy, did, indeed, proceed in hideous +wise from a mouth which lacked its two front teeth. It was Fantine. + +At the noise thus produced, the officers ran out in throngs from the +cafĂ©, passers-by collected, and a large and merry circle, hooting and +applauding, was formed around this whirlwind composed of two beings, +whom there was some difficulty in recognizing as a man and a woman: the +man struggling, his hat on the ground; the woman striking out with feet +and fists, bareheaded, howling, minus hair and teeth, livid with wrath, +horrible. + +Suddenly a man of lofty stature emerged vivaciously from the crowd, +seized the woman by her satin bodice, which was covered with mud, and +said to her, “Follow me!” + + +The woman raised her head; her furious voice suddenly died away. Her +eyes were glassy; she turned pale instead of livid, and she trembled +with a quiver of terror. She had recognized Javert. + +The dandy took advantage of the incident to make his escape. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—THE SOLUTION OF SOME QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE +MUNICIPAL POLICE + + +Javert thrust aside the spectators, broke the circle, and set out with +long strides towards the police station, which is situated at the +extremity of the square, dragging the wretched woman after him. She +yielded mechanically. Neither he nor she uttered a word. The cloud of +spectators followed, jesting, in a paroxysm of delight. Supreme misery +an occasion for obscenity. + +On arriving at the police station, which was a low room, warmed by a +stove, with a glazed and grated door opening on the street, and guarded +by a detachment, Javert opened the door, entered with Fantine, and shut +the door behind him, to the great disappointment of the curious, who +raised themselves on tiptoe, and craned their necks in front of the +thick glass of the station-house, in their effort to see. Curiosity is +a sort of gluttony. To see is to devour. + +On entering, Fantine fell down in a corner, motionless and mute, +crouching down like a terrified dog. + +The sergeant of the guard brought a lighted candle to the table. Javert +seated himself, drew a sheet of stamped paper from his pocket, and +began to write. + +This class of women is consigned by our laws entirely to the discretion +of the police. The latter do what they please, punish them, as seems +good to them, and confiscate at their will those two sorry things which +they entitle their industry and their liberty. Javert was impassive; +his grave face betrayed no emotion whatever. Nevertheless, he was +seriously and deeply preoccupied. It was one of those moments when he +was exercising without control, but subject to all the scruples of a +severe conscience, his redoubtable discretionary power. At that moment +he was conscious that his police agent’s stool was a tribunal. He was +entering judgment. He judged and condemned. He summoned all the ideas +which could possibly exist in his mind, around the great thing which he +was doing. The more he examined the deed of this woman, the more +shocked he felt. It was evident that he had just witnessed the +commission of a crime. He had just beheld, yonder, in the street, +society, in the person of a freeholder and an elector, insulted and +attacked by a creature who was outside all pales. A prostitute had made +an attempt on the life of a citizen. He had seen that, he, Javert. He +wrote in silence. + +When he had finished he signed the paper, folded it, and said to the +sergeant of the guard, as he handed it to him, “Take three men and +conduct this creature to jail.” + + +Then, turning to Fantine, “You are to have six months of it.” The +unhappy woman shuddered. + +“Six months! six months of prison!” she exclaimed. “Six months in which +to earn seven sous a day! But what will become of Cosette? My daughter! +my daughter! But I still owe the ThĂ©nardiers over a hundred francs; do +you know that, Monsieur Inspector?” + + +She dragged herself across the damp floor, among the muddy boots of all +those men, without rising, with clasped hands, and taking great strides +on her knees. + +“Monsieur Javert,” said she, “I beseech your mercy. I assure you that I +was not in the wrong. If you had seen the beginning, you would have +seen. I swear to you by the good God that I was not to blame! That +gentleman, the bourgeois, whom I do not know, put snow in my back. Has +any one the right to put snow down our backs when we are walking along +peaceably, and doing no harm to any one? I am rather ill, as you see. +And then, he had been saying impertinent things to me for a long time: +‘You are ugly! you have no teeth!’ I know well that I have no longer +those teeth. I did nothing; I said to myself, ‘The gentleman is amusing +himself.’ I was honest with him; I did not speak to him. It was at that +moment that he put the snow down my back. Monsieur Javert, good +Monsieur Inspector! is there not some person here who saw it and can +tell you that this is quite true? Perhaps I did wrong to get angry. You +know that one is not master of one’s self at the first moment. One +gives way to vivacity; and then, when some one puts something cold down +your back just when you are not expecting it! I did wrong to spoil that +gentleman’s hat. Why did he go away? I would ask his pardon. Oh, my +God! It makes no difference to me whether I ask his pardon. Do me the +favor to-day, for this once, Monsieur Javert. Hold! you do not know +that in prison one can earn only seven sous a day; it is not the +government’s fault, but seven sous is one’s earnings; and just fancy, I +must pay one hundred francs, or my little girl will be sent to me. Oh, +my God! I cannot have her with me. What I do is so vile! Oh, my +Cosette! Oh, my little angel of the Holy Virgin! what will become of +her, poor creature? I will tell you: it is the ThĂ©nardiers, +inn-keepers, peasants; and such people are unreasonable. They want +money. Don’t put me in prison! You see, there is a little girl who will +be turned out into the street to get along as best she may, in the very +heart of the winter; and you must have pity on such a being, my good +Monsieur Javert. If she were older, she might earn her living; but it +cannot be done at that age. I am not a bad woman at bottom. It is not +cowardliness and gluttony that have made me what I am. If I have drunk +brandy, it was out of misery. I do not love it; but it benumbs the +senses. When I was happy, it was only necessary to glance into my +closets, and it would have been evident that I was not a coquettish and +untidy woman. I had linen, a great deal of linen. Have pity on me, +Monsieur Javert!” + + +She spoke thus, rent in twain, shaken with sobs, blinded with tears, +her neck bare, wringing her hands, and coughing with a dry, short +cough, stammering softly with a voice of agony. Great sorrow is a +divine and terrible ray, which transfigures the unhappy. At that moment +Fantine had become beautiful once more. From time to time she paused, +and tenderly kissed the police agent’s coat. She would have softened a +heart of granite; but a heart of wood cannot be softened. + +“Come!” said Javert, “I have heard you out. Have you entirely finished? +You will get six months. Now march! The Eternal Father in person could +do nothing more.” + + +At these solemn words, _“the Eternal Father in person could do nothing +more,”_ she understood that her fate was sealed. She sank down, +murmuring, “Mercy!” + + +Javert turned his back. + +The soldiers seized her by the arms. + +A few moments earlier a man had entered, but no one had paid any heed +to him. He shut the door, leaned his back against it, and listened to +Fantine’s despairing supplications. + +At the instant when the soldiers laid their hands upon the unfortunate +woman, who would not rise, he emerged from the shadow, and said:— + +“One moment, if you please.” + + +Javert raised his eyes and recognized M. Madeleine. He removed his hat, +and, saluting him with a sort of aggrieved awkwardness:— + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor—” + + +The words “Mr. Mayor” produced a curious effect upon Fantine. She rose +to her feet with one bound, like a spectre springing from the earth, +thrust aside the soldiers with both arms, walked straight up to M. +Madeleine before any one could prevent her, and gazing intently at him, +with a bewildered air, she cried:— + +“Ah! so it is you who are M. le Maire!” + + +Then she burst into a laugh, and spit in his face. + +M. Madeleine wiped his face, and said:— + +“Inspector Javert, set this woman at liberty.” + + +Javert felt that he was on the verge of going mad. He experienced at +that moment, blow upon blow and almost simultaneously, the most violent +emotions which he had ever undergone in all his life. To see a woman of +the town spit in the mayor’s face was a thing so monstrous that, in his +most daring flights of fancy, he would have regarded it as a sacrilege +to believe it possible. On the other hand, at the very bottom of his +thought, he made a hideous comparison as to what this woman was, and as +to what this mayor might be; and then he, with horror, caught a glimpse +of I know not what simple explanation of this prodigious attack. But +when he beheld that mayor, that magistrate, calmly wipe his face and +say, _“Set this woman at liberty,”_ he underwent a sort of intoxication +of amazement; thought and word failed him equally; the sum total of +possible astonishment had been exceeded in his case. He remained mute. + +The words had produced no less strange an effect on Fantine. She raised +her bare arm, and clung to the damper of the stove, like a person who +is reeling. Nevertheless, she glanced about her, and began to speak in +a low voice, as though talking to herself:— + +“At liberty! I am to be allowed to go! I am not to go to prison for six +months! Who said that? It is not possible that any one could have said +that. I did not hear aright. It cannot have been that monster of a +mayor! Was it you, my good Monsieur Javert, who said that I was to be +set free? Oh, see here! I will tell you about it, and you will let me +go. That monster of a mayor, that old blackguard of a mayor, is the +cause of all. Just imagine, Monsieur Javert, he turned me out! all +because of a pack of rascally women, who gossip in the workroom. If +that is not a horror, what is? To dismiss a poor girl who is doing her +work honestly! Then I could no longer earn enough, and all this misery +followed. In the first place, there is one improvement which these +gentlemen of the police ought to make, and that is, to prevent prison +contractors from wronging poor people. I will explain it to you, you +see: you are earning twelve sous at shirt-making, the price falls to +nine sous; and it is not enough to live on. Then one has to become +whatever one can. As for me, I had my little Cosette, and I was +actually forced to become a bad woman. Now you understand how it is +that that blackguard of a mayor caused all the mischief. After that I +stamped on that gentleman’s hat in front of the officers’ cafĂ©; but he +had spoiled my whole dress with snow. We women have but one silk dress +for evening wear. You see that I did not do wrong deliberately—truly, +Monsieur Javert; and everywhere I behold women who are far more wicked +than I, and who are much happier. O Monsieur Javert! it was you who +gave orders that I am to be set free, was it not? Make inquiries, speak +to my landlord; I am paying my rent now; they will tell you that I am +perfectly honest. Ah! my God! I beg your pardon; I have unintentionally +touched the damper of the stove, and it has made it smoke.” + + +M. Madeleine listened to her with profound attention. While she was +speaking, he fumbled in his waistcoat, drew out his purse and opened +it. It was empty. He put it back in his pocket. He said to Fantine, +“How much did you say that you owed?” + + +Fantine, who was looking at Javert only, turned towards him:— + +“Was I speaking to you?” + + +Then, addressing the soldiers:— + +“Say, you fellows, did you see how I spit in his face? Ah! you old +wretch of a mayor, you came here to frighten me, but I’m not afraid of +you. I am afraid of Monsieur Javert. I am afraid of my good Monsieur +Javert!” + + +So saying, she turned to the inspector again:— + +“And yet, you see, Mr. Inspector, it is necessary to be just. I +understand that you are just, Mr. Inspector; in fact, it is perfectly +simple: a man amuses himself by putting snow down a woman’s back, and +that makes the officers laugh; one must divert themselves in some way; +and we—well, we are here for them to amuse themselves with, of course! +And then, you, you come; you are certainly obliged to preserve order, +you lead off the woman who is in the wrong; but on reflection, since +you are a good man, you say that I am to be set at liberty; it is for +the sake of the little one, for six months in prison would prevent my +supporting my child. ‘Only, don’t do it again, you hussy!’ Oh! I won’t +do it again, Monsieur Javert! They may do whatever they please to me +now; I will not stir. But to-day, you see, I cried because it hurt me. +I was not expecting that snow from the gentleman at all; and then as I +told you, I am not well; I have a cough; I seem to have a burning ball +in my stomach, and the doctor tells me, ‘Take care of yourself.’ Here, +feel, give me your hand; don’t be afraid—it is here.” + + +She no longer wept, her voice was caressing; she placed Javert’s coarse +hand on her delicate, white throat and looked smilingly at him. + +All at once she rapidly adjusted her disordered garments, dropped the +folds of her skirt, which had been pushed up as she dragged herself +along, almost to the height of her knee, and stepped towards the door, +saying to the soldiers in a low voice, and with a friendly nod:— + +“Children, Monsieur l’Inspecteur has said that I am to be released, and +I am going.” + + +She laid her hand on the latch of the door. One step more and she would +be in the street. + +Javert up to that moment had remained erect, motionless, with his eyes +fixed on the ground, cast athwart this scene like some displaced +statue, which is waiting to be put away somewhere. + +The sound of the latch roused him. He raised his head with an +expression of sovereign authority, an expression all the more alarming +in proportion as the authority rests on a low level, ferocious in the +wild beast, atrocious in the man of no estate. + +“Sergeant!” he cried, “don’t you see that that jade is walking off! Who +bade you let her go?” + + +“I,” said Madeleine. + +Fantine trembled at the sound of Javert’s voice, and let go of the +latch as a thief relinquishes the article which he has stolen. At the +sound of Madeleine’s voice she turned around, and from that moment +forth she uttered no word, nor dared so much as to breathe freely, but +her glance strayed from Madeleine to Javert, and from Javert to +Madeleine in turn, according to which was speaking. + +It was evident that Javert must have been exasperated beyond measure +before he would permit himself to apostrophize the sergeant as he had +done, after the mayor’s suggestion that Fantine should be set at +liberty. Had he reached the point of forgetting the mayor’s presence? +Had he finally declared to himself that it was impossible that any +“authority” should have given such an order, and that the mayor must +certainly have said one thing by mistake for another, without intending +it? Or, in view of the enormities of which he had been a witness for +the past two hours, did he say to himself, that it was necessary to +recur to supreme resolutions, that it was indispensable that the small +should be made great, that the police spy should transform himself into +a magistrate, that the policeman should become a dispenser of justice, +and that, in this prodigious extremity, order, law, morality, +government, society in its entirety, was personified in him, Javert? + +However that may be, when M. Madeleine uttered that word, _I_, as we +have just heard, Police Inspector Javert was seen to turn toward the +mayor, pale, cold, with blue lips, and a look of despair, his whole +body agitated by an imperceptible quiver and an unprecedented +occurrence, and say to him, with downcast eyes but a firm voice:— + +“Mr. Mayor, that cannot be.” + + +“Why not?” said M. Madeleine. + +“This miserable woman has insulted a citizen.” + + +“Inspector Javert,” replied the mayor, in a calm and conciliating tone, +“listen. You are an honest man, and I feel no hesitation in explaining +matters to you. Here is the true state of the case: I was passing +through the square just as you were leading this woman away; there were +still groups of people standing about, and I made inquiries and learned +everything; it was the townsman who was in the wrong and who should +have been arrested by properly conducted police.” + + +Javert retorted:— + +“This wretch has just insulted Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“That concerns me,” said M. Madeleine. “My own insult belongs to me, I +think. I can do what I please about it.” + + +“I beg Monsieur le Maire’s pardon. The insult is not to him but to the +law.” + + +“Inspector Javert,” replied M. Madeleine, “the highest law is +conscience. I have heard this woman; I know what I am doing.” + + +“And I, Mr. Mayor, do not know what I see.” + + +“Then content yourself with obeying.” + + +“I am obeying my duty. My duty demands that this woman shall serve six +months in prison.” + + +M. Madeleine replied gently:— + +“Heed this well; she will not serve a single day.” + + +At this decisive word, Javert ventured to fix a searching look on the +mayor and to say, but in a tone of voice that was still profoundly +respectful:— + +“I am sorry to oppose Monsieur le Maire; it is for the first time in my +life, but he will permit me to remark that I am within the bounds of my +authority. I confine myself, since Monsieur le Maire desires it, to the +question of the gentleman. I was present. This woman flung herself on +Monsieur Bamatabois, who is an elector and the proprietor of that +handsome house with a balcony, which forms the corner of the esplanade, +three stories high and entirely of cut stone. Such things as there are +in the world! In any case, Monsieur le Maire, this is a question of +police regulations in the streets, and concerns me, and I shall detain +this woman Fantine.” + + +Then M. Madeleine folded his arms, and said in a severe voice which no +one in the town had heard hitherto:— + +“The matter to which you refer is one connected with the municipal +police. According to the terms of articles nine, eleven, fifteen, and +sixty-six of the code of criminal examination, I am the judge. I order +that this woman shall be set at liberty.” + + +Javert ventured to make a final effort. + +“But, Mr. Mayor—” + + +“I refer you to article eighty-one of the law of the 13th of December, +1799, in regard to arbitrary detention.” + + +“Monsieur le Maire, permit me—” + + +“Not another word.” + + +“But—” + + +“Leave the room,” said M. Madeleine. + +Javert received the blow erect, full in the face, in his breast, like a +Russian soldier. He bowed to the very earth before the mayor and left +the room. + +Fantine stood aside from the door and stared at him in amazement as he +passed. + +Nevertheless, she also was the prey to a strange confusion. She had +just seen herself a subject of dispute between two opposing powers. She +had seen two men who held in their hands her liberty, her life, her +soul, her child, in combat before her very eyes; one of these men was +drawing her towards darkness, the other was leading her back towards +the light. In this conflict, viewed through the exaggerations of +terror, these two men had appeared to her like two giants; the one +spoke like her demon, the other like her good angel. The angel had +conquered the demon, and, strange to say, that which made her shudder +from head to foot was the fact that this angel, this liberator, was the +very man whom she abhorred, that mayor whom she had so long regarded as +the author of all her woes, that Madeleine! And at the very moment when +she had insulted him in so hideous a fashion, he had saved her! Had +she, then, been mistaken? Must she change her whole soul? She did not +know; she trembled. She listened in bewilderment, she looked on in +affright, and at every word uttered by M. Madeleine she felt the +frightful shades of hatred crumble and melt within her, and something +warm and ineffable, indescribable, which was both joy, confidence and +love, dawn in her heart. + +When Javert had taken his departure, M. Madeleine turned to her and +said to her in a deliberate voice, like a serious man who does not wish +to weep and who finds some difficulty in speaking:— + +“I have heard you. I knew nothing about what you have mentioned. I +believe that it is true, and I feel that it is true. I was even +ignorant of the fact that you had left my shop. Why did you not apply +to me? But here; I will pay your debts, I will send for your child, or +you shall go to her. You shall live here, in Paris, or where you +please. I undertake the care of your child and yourself. You shall not +work any longer if you do not like. I will give all the money you +require. You shall be honest and happy once more. And listen! I declare +to you that if all is as you say,—and I do not doubt it,—you have never +ceased to be virtuous and holy in the sight of God. Oh! poor woman.” + + +This was more than Fantine could bear. To have Cosette! To leave this +life of infamy. To live free, rich, happy, respectable with Cosette; to +see all these realities of paradise blossom of a sudden in the midst of +her misery. She stared stupidly at this man who was talking to her, and +could only give vent to two or three sobs, “Oh! Oh! Oh!” + + +Her limbs gave way beneath her, she knelt in front of M. Madeleine, and +before he could prevent her he felt her grasp his hand and press her +lips to it. + +Then she fainted. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—JAVERT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE + + +M. Madeleine had Fantine removed to that infirmary which he had +established in his own house. He confided her to the sisters, who put +her to bed. A burning fever had come on. She passed a part of the night +in delirium and raving. At length, however, she fell asleep. + +On the morrow, towards midday, Fantine awoke. She heard some one +breathing close to her bed; she drew aside the curtain and saw M. +Madeleine standing there and looking at something over her head. His +gaze was full of pity, anguish, and supplication. She followed its +direction, and saw that it was fixed on a crucifix which was nailed to +the wall. + +Thenceforth, M. Madeleine was transfigured in Fantine’s eyes. He seemed +to her to be clothed in light. He was absorbed in a sort of prayer. She +gazed at him for a long time without daring to interrupt him. At last +she said timidly:— + +“What are you doing?” + + +M. Madeleine had been there for an hour. He had been waiting for +Fantine to awake. He took her hand, felt of her pulse, and replied:— + +“How do you feel?” + + +“Well, I have slept,” she replied; “I think that I am better. It is +nothing.” + + +He answered, responding to the first question which she had put to him +as though he had just heard it:— + +“I was praying to the martyr there on high.” + + +And he added in his own mind, “For the martyr here below.” + + +M. Madeleine had passed the night and the morning in making inquiries. +He knew all now. He knew Fantine’s history in all its heart-rending +details. He went on:— + +“You have suffered much, poor mother. Oh! do not complain; you now have +the dowry of the elect. It is thus that men are transformed into +angels. It is not their fault they do not know how to go to work +otherwise. You see this hell from which you have just emerged is the +first form of heaven. It was necessary to begin there.” + + +He sighed deeply. But she smiled on him with that sublime smile in +which two teeth were lacking. + +That same night, Javert wrote a letter. The next morning be posted it +himself at the office of M. sur M. It was addressed to Paris, and the +superscription ran: _To Monsieur Chabouillet, Secretary of Monsieur le +PrĂ©fet of Police_. As the affair in the station-house had been bruited +about, the post-mistress and some other persons who saw the letter +before it was sent off, and who recognized Javert’s handwriting on the +cover, thought that he was sending in his resignation. + +M. Madeleine made haste to write to the ThĂ©nardiers. Fantine owed them +one hundred and twenty francs. He sent them three hundred francs, +telling them to pay themselves from that sum, and to fetch the child +instantly to M. sur M., where her sick mother required her presence. + +This dazzled ThĂ©nardier. “The devil!” said the man to his wife; “don’t +let’s allow the child to go. This lark is going to turn into a milch +cow. I see through it. Some ninny has taken a fancy to the mother.” + + +He replied with a very well drawn-up bill for five hundred and some odd +francs. In this memorandum two indisputable items figured up over three +hundred francs,—one for the doctor, the other for the apothecary who +had attended and physicked Éponine and Azelma through two long +illnesses. Cosette, as we have already said, had not been ill. It was +only a question of a trifling substitution of names. At the foot of the +memorandum ThĂ©nardier wrote, _Received on account, three hundred +francs_. + +M. Madeleine immediately sent three hundred francs more, and wrote, +“Make haste to bring Cosette.” + + +“Christi!” said ThĂ©nardier, “let’s not give up the child.” + + +In the meantime, Fantine did not recover. She still remained in the +infirmary. + +The sisters had at first only received and nursed “that woman” with +repugnance. Those who have seen the bas-reliefs of Rheims will recall +the inflation of the lower lip of the wise virgins as they survey the +foolish virgins. The ancient scorn of the vestals for the ambubajĂŠ is +one of the most profound instincts of feminine dignity; the sisters +felt it with the double force contributed by religion. But in a few +days Fantine disarmed them. She said all kinds of humble and gentle +things, and the mother in her provoked tenderness. One day the sisters +heard her say amid her fever: “I have been a sinner; but when I have my +child beside me, it will be a sign that God has pardoned me. While I +was leading a bad life, I should not have liked to have my Cosette with +me; I could not have borne her sad, astonished eyes. It was for her +sake that I did evil, and that is why God pardons me. I shall feel the +benediction of the good God when Cosette is here. I shall gaze at her; +it will do me good to see that innocent creature. She knows nothing at +all. She is an angel, you see, my sisters. At that age the wings have +not fallen off.” + + +M. Madeleine went to see her twice a day, and each time she asked him:— + +“Shall I see my Cosette soon?” + + +He answered:— + +“To-morrow, perhaps. She may arrive at any moment. I am expecting her.” + + +And the mother’s pale face grew radiant. + +“Oh!” she said, “how happy I am going to be!” + + +We have just said that she did not recover her health. On the contrary, +her condition seemed to become more grave from week to week. That +handful of snow applied to her bare skin between her shoulder-blades +had brought about a sudden suppression of perspiration, as a +consequence of which the malady which had been smouldering within her +for many years was violently developed at last. At that time people +were beginning to follow the fine LaĂ«nnec’s fine suggestions in the +study and treatment of chest maladies. The doctor sounded Fantine’s +chest and shook his head. + +M. Madeleine said to the doctor:— + +“Well?” + + +“Has she not a child which she desires to see?” said the doctor. + +“Yes.” + + +“Well! Make haste and get it here!” + + +M. Madeleine shuddered. + +Fantine inquired:— + +“What did the doctor say?” + + +M. Madeleine forced himself to smile. + +“He said that your child was to be brought speedily. That that would +restore your health.” + + +“Oh!” she rejoined, “he is right! But what do those ThĂ©nardiers mean by +keeping my Cosette from me! Oh! she is coming. At last I behold +happiness close beside me!” + + +In the meantime ThĂ©nardier did not “let go of the child,” and gave a +hundred insufficient reasons for it. Cosette was not quite well enough +to take a journey in the winter. And then, there still remained some +petty but pressing debts in the neighborhood, and they were collecting +the bills for them, etc., etc. + +“I shall send some one to fetch Cosette!” said Father Madeleine. “If +necessary, I will go myself.” + + +He wrote the following letter to Fantine’s dictation, and made her sign +it:— + +“MONSIEUR THÉNARDIER:— +You will deliver Cosette to this person. +You will be paid for all the little things. +I have the honor to salute you with respect. +“FANTINE.” + + +In the meantime a serious incident occurred. Carve as we will the +mysterious block of which our life is made, the black vein of destiny +constantly reappears in it. + + + + +CHAPTER II—HOW JEAN MAY BECOME CHAMP + + +One morning M. Madeleine was in his study, occupied in arranging in +advance some pressing matters connected with the mayor’s office, in +case he should decide to take the trip to Montfermeil, when he was +informed that Police Inspector Javert was desirous of speaking with +him. Madeleine could not refrain from a disagreeable impression on +hearing this name. Javert had avoided him more than ever since the +affair of the police-station, and M. Madeleine had not seen him. + +“Admit him,” he said. + +Javert entered. + +M. Madeleine had retained his seat near the fire, pen in hand, his eyes +fixed on the docket which he was turning over and annotating, and which +contained the trials of the commission on highways for the infraction +of police regulations. He did not disturb himself on Javert’s account. +He could not help thinking of poor Fantine, and it suited him to be +glacial in his manner. + +Javert bestowed a respectful salute on the mayor, whose back was turned +to him. The mayor did not look at him, but went on annotating this +docket. + +Javert advanced two or three paces into the study, and halted, without +breaking the silence. + +If any physiognomist who had been familiar with Javert, and who had +made a lengthy study of this savage in the service of civilization, +this singular composite of the Roman, the Spartan, the monk, and the +corporal, this spy who was incapable of a lie, this unspotted police +agent—if any physiognomist had known his secret and long-cherished +aversion for M. Madeleine, his conflict with the mayor on the subject +of Fantine, and had examined Javert at that moment, he would have said +to himself, “What has taken place?” It was evident to any one +acquainted with that clear, upright, sincere, honest, austere, and +ferocious conscience, that Javert had but just gone through some great +interior struggle. Javert had nothing in his soul which he had not also +in his countenance. Like violent people in general, he was subject to +abrupt changes of opinion. His physiognomy had never been more peculiar +and startling. On entering he bowed to M. Madeleine with a look in +which there was neither rancor, anger, nor distrust; he halted a few +paces in the rear of the mayor’s armchair, and there he stood, +perfectly erect, in an attitude almost of discipline, with the cold, +ingenuous roughness of a man who has never been gentle and who has +always been patient; he waited without uttering a word, without making +a movement, in genuine humility and tranquil resignation, calm, +serious, hat in hand, with eyes cast down, and an expression which was +half-way between that of a soldier in the presence of his officer and a +criminal in the presence of his judge, until it should please the mayor +to turn round. All the sentiments as well as all the memories which one +might have attributed to him had disappeared. That face, as +impenetrable and simple as granite, no longer bore any trace of +anything but a melancholy depression. His whole person breathed +lowliness and firmness and an indescribable courageous despondency. + +At last the mayor laid down his pen and turned half round. + +“Well! What is it? What is the matter, Javert?” + + +Javert remained silent for an instant as though collecting his ideas, +then raised his voice with a sort of sad solemnity, which did not, +however, preclude simplicity. + +“This is the matter, Mr. Mayor; a culpable act has been committed.” + + +“What act?” + + +“An inferior agent of the authorities has failed in respect, and in the +gravest manner, towards a magistrate. I have come to bring the fact to +your knowledge, as it is my duty to do.” + + +“Who is the agent?” asked M. Madeleine. + +“I,” said Javert. + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“And who is the magistrate who has reason to complain of the agent?” + + +“You, Mr. Mayor.” + + +M. Madeleine sat erect in his armchair. Javert went on, with a severe +air and his eyes still cast down. + +“Mr. Mayor, I have come to request you to instigate the authorities to +dismiss me.” + + +M. Madeleine opened his mouth in amazement. Javert interrupted him:— + +“You will say that I might have handed in my resignation, but that does +not suffice. Handing in one’s resignation is honorable. I have failed +in my duty; I ought to be punished; I must be turned out.” + + +And after a pause he added:— + +“Mr. Mayor, you were severe with me the other day, and unjustly. Be so +to-day, with justice.” + + +“Come, now! Why?” exclaimed M. Madeleine. “What nonsense is this? What +is the meaning of this? What culpable act have you been guilty of +towards me? What have you done to me? What are your wrongs with regard +to me? You accuse yourself; you wish to be superseded—” + + +“Turned out,” said Javert. + +“Turned out; so it be, then. That is well. I do not understand.” + + +“You shall understand, Mr. Mayor.” + + +Javert sighed from the very bottom of his chest, and resumed, still +coldly and sadly:— + +“Mr. Mayor, six weeks ago, in consequence of the scene over that woman, +I was furious, and I informed against you.” + + +“Informed against me!” + + +“At the Prefecture of Police in Paris.” + + +M. Madeleine, who was not in the habit of laughing much oftener than +Javert himself, burst out laughing now:— + +“As a mayor who had encroached on the province of the police?” + + +“As an ex-convict.” + + +The mayor turned livid. + +Javert, who had not raised his eyes, went on:— + +“I thought it was so. I had had an idea for a long time; a resemblance; +inquiries which you had caused to be made at Faverolles; the strength +of your loins; the adventure with old Fauchelevant; your skill in +marksmanship; your leg, which you drag a little;—I hardly know what +all,—absurdities! But, at all events, I took you for a certain Jean +Valjean.” + + +“A certain—What did you say the name was?” + + +“Jean Valjean. He was a convict whom I was in the habit of seeing +twenty years ago, when I was adjutant-guard of convicts at Toulon. On +leaving the galleys, this Jean Valjean, as it appears, robbed a bishop; +then he committed another theft, accompanied with violence, on a public +highway on the person of a little Savoyard. He disappeared eight years +ago, no one knows how, and he has been sought, I fancied. In short, I +did this thing! Wrath impelled me; I denounced you at the Prefecture!” + + +M. Madeleine, who had taken up the docket again several moments before +this, resumed with an air of perfect indifference:— + +“And what reply did you receive?” + + +“That I was mad.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Well, they were right.” + + +“It is lucky that you recognize the fact.” + + +“I am forced to do so, since the real Jean Valjean has been found.” + + +The sheet of paper which M. Madeleine was holding dropped from his +hand; he raised his head, gazed fixedly at Javert, and said with his +indescribable accent:— + +“Ah!” + + +Javert continued:— + +“This is the way it is, Mr. Mayor. It seems that there was in the +neighborhood near Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher an old fellow who was called +Father Champmathieu. He was a very wretched creature. No one paid any +attention to him. No one knows what such people subsist on. Lately, +last autumn, Father Champmathieu was arrested for the theft of some +cider apples from—Well, no matter, a theft had been committed, a wall +scaled, branches of trees broken. My Champmathieu was arrested. He +still had the branch of apple-tree in his hand. The scamp is locked up. +Up to this point it was merely an affair of a misdemeanor. But here is +where Providence intervened. + +“The jail being in a bad condition, the examining magistrate finds it +convenient to transfer Champmathieu to Arras, where the departmental +prison is situated. In this prison at Arras there is an ex-convict +named Brevet, who is detained for I know not what, and who has been +appointed turnkey of the house, because of good behavior. Mr. Mayor, no +sooner had Champmathieu arrived than Brevet exclaims: ‘Eh! Why, I know +that man! He is a _fagot!_4 Take a good look at me, my good man! You +are Jean Valjean!’ ‘Jean Valjean! who’s Jean Valjean?’ Champmathieu +feigns astonishment. ‘Don’t play the innocent dodge,’ says Brevet. ‘You +are Jean Valjean! You have been in the galleys of Toulon; it was twenty +years ago; we were there together.’ Champmathieu denies it. Parbleu! +You understand. The case is investigated. The thing was well ventilated +for me. This is what they discovered: This Champmathieu had been, +thirty years ago, a pruner of trees in various localities, notably at +Faverolles. There all trace of him was lost. A long time afterwards he +was seen again in Auvergne; then in Paris, where he is said to have +been a wheelwright, and to have had a daughter, who was a laundress; +but that has not been proved. Now, before going to the galleys for +theft, what was Jean Valjean? A pruner of trees. Where? At Faverolles. +Another fact. This Valjean’s Christian name was Jean, and his mother’s +surname was Mathieu. What more natural to suppose than that, on +emerging from the galleys, he should have taken his mother’s name for +the purpose of concealing himself, and have called himself Jean +Mathieu? He goes to Auvergne. The local pronunciation turns _Jean_ into +_Chan_—he is called Chan Mathieu. Our man offers no opposition, and +behold him transformed into Champmathieu. You follow me, do you not? +Inquiries were made at Faverolles. The family of Jean Valjean is no +longer there. It is not known where they have gone. You know that among +those classes a family often disappears. Search was made, and nothing +was found. When such people are not mud, they are dust. And then, as +the beginning of the story dates thirty years back, there is no longer +any one at Faverolles who knew Jean Valjean. Inquiries were made at +Toulon. Besides Brevet, there are only two convicts in existence who +have seen Jean Valjean; they are Cochepaille and Chenildieu, and are +sentenced for life. They are taken from the galleys and confronted with +the pretended Champmathieu. They do not hesitate; he is Jean Valjean +for them as well as for Brevet. The same age,—he is fifty-four,—the +same height, the same air, the same man; in short, it is he. It was +precisely at this moment that I forwarded my denunciation to the +Prefecture in Paris. I was told that I had lost my reason, and that +Jean Valjean is at Arras, in the power of the authorities. You can +imagine whether this surprised me, when I thought that I had that same +Jean Valjean here. I write to the examining judge; he sends for me; +Champmathieu is conducted to me—” + + +“Well?” interposed M. Madeleine. + +Javert replied, his face incorruptible, and as melancholy as ever:— + +“Mr. Mayor, the truth is the truth. I am sorry; but that man is Jean +Valjean. I recognized him also.” + + +M. Madeleine resumed in, a very low voice:— + +“You are sure?” + + +Javert began to laugh, with that mournful laugh which comes from +profound conviction. + +“O! Sure!” + + +He stood there thoughtfully for a moment, mechanically taking pinches +of powdered wood for blotting ink from the wooden bowl which stood on +the table, and he added:— + +“And even now that I have seen the real Jean Valjean, I do not see how +I could have thought otherwise. I beg your pardon, Mr. Mayor.” + + +Javert, as he addressed these grave and supplicating words to the man, +who six weeks before had humiliated him in the presence of the whole +station-house, and bade him “leave the room,”—Javert, that haughty man, +was unconsciously full of simplicity and dignity,—M. Madeleine made no +other reply to his prayer than the abrupt question:— + +“And what does this man say?” + + +“Ah! Indeed, Mr. Mayor, it’s a bad business. If he is Jean Valjean, he +has his previous conviction against him. To climb a wall, to break a +branch, to purloin apples, is a mischievous trick in a child; for a man +it is a misdemeanor; for a convict it is a crime. Robbing and +housebreaking—it is all there. It is no longer a question of +correctional police; it is a matter for the Court of Assizes. It is no +longer a matter of a few days in prison; it is the galleys for life. +And then, there is the affair with the little Savoyard, who will +return, I hope. The deuce! there is plenty to dispute in the matter, is +there not? Yes, for any one but Jean Valjean. But Jean Valjean is a sly +dog. That is the way I recognized him. Any other man would have felt +that things were getting hot for him; he would struggle, he would cry +out—the kettle sings before the fire; he would not be Jean Valjean, _et +cetera_. But he has not the appearance of understanding; he says, ‘I am +Champmathieu, and I won’t depart from that!’ He has an astonished air, +he pretends to be stupid; it is far better. Oh! the rogue is clever! +But it makes no difference. The proofs are there. He has been +recognized by four persons; the old scamp will be condemned. The case +has been taken to the Assizes at Arras. I shall go there to give my +testimony. I have been summoned.” + + +M. Madeleine had turned to his desk again, and taken up his docket, and +was turning over the leaves tranquilly, reading and writing by turns, +like a busy man. He turned to Javert:— + +“That will do, Javert. In truth, all these details interest me but +little. We are wasting our time, and we have pressing business on hand. +Javert, you will betake yourself at once to the house of the woman +Buseaupied, who sells herbs at the corner of the Rue Saint-Saulve. You +will tell her that she must enter her complaint against carter Pierre +Chesnelong. The man is a brute, who came near crushing this woman and +her child. He must be punished. You will then go to M. Charcellay, Rue +Montre-de-Champigny. He complained that there is a gutter on the +adjoining house which discharges rain-water on his premises, and is +undermining the foundations of his house. After that, you will verify +the infractions of police regulations which have been reported to me in +the Rue Guibourg, at Widow Doris’s, and Rue du Garraud-Blanc, at Madame +RenĂ©e le Bossé’s, and you will prepare documents. But I am giving you a +great deal of work. Are you not to be absent? Did you not tell me that +you were going to Arras on that matter in a week or ten days?” + + +“Sooner than that, Mr. Mayor.” + + +“On what day, then?” + + +“Why, I thought that I had said to Monsieur le Maire that the case was +to be tried to-morrow, and that I am to set out by diligence to-night.” + + +M. Madeleine made an imperceptible movement. + +“And how long will the case last?” + + +“One day, at the most. The judgment will be pronounced to-morrow +evening at latest. But I shall not wait for the sentence, which is +certain; I shall return here as soon as my deposition has been taken.” + + +“That is well,” said M. Madeleine. + +And he dismissed Javert with a wave of the hand. + +Javert did not withdraw. + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor,” said he. + +“What is it now?” demanded M. Madeleine. + +“Mr. Mayor, there is still something of which I must remind you.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I must be dismissed.” + + +M. Madeleine rose. + +“Javert, you are a man of honor, and I esteem you. You exaggerate your +fault. Moreover, this is an offence which concerns me. Javert, you +deserve promotion instead of degradation. I wish you to retain your +post.” + + +Javert gazed at M. Madeleine with his candid eyes, in whose depths his +not very enlightened but pure and rigid conscience seemed visible, and +said in a tranquil voice:— + +“Mr. Mayor, I cannot grant you that.” + + +“I repeat,” replied M. Madeleine, “that the matter concerns me.” + + +But Javert, heeding his own thought only, continued:— + +“So far as exaggeration is concerned, I am not exaggerating. This is +the way I reason: I have suspected you unjustly. That is nothing. It is +our right to cherish suspicion, although suspicion directed above +ourselves is an abuse. But without proofs, in a fit of rage, with the +object of wreaking my vengeance, I have denounced you as a convict, +you, a respectable man, a mayor, a magistrate! That is serious, very +serious. I have insulted authority in your person, I, an agent of the +authorities! If one of my subordinates had done what I have done, I +should have declared him unworthy of the service, and have expelled +him. Well? Stop, Mr. Mayor; one word more. I have often been severe in +the course of my life towards others. That is just. I have done well. +Now, if I were not severe towards myself, all the justice that I have +done would become injustice. Ought I to spare myself more than others? +No! What! I should be good for nothing but to chastise others, and not +myself! Why, I should be a blackguard! Those who say, ‘That blackguard +of a Javert!’ would be in the right. Mr. Mayor, I do not desire that +you should treat me kindly; your kindness roused sufficient bad blood +in me when it was directed to others. I want none of it for myself. The +kindness which consists in upholding a woman of the town against a +citizen, the police agent against the mayor, the man who is down +against the man who is up in the world, is what I call false kindness. +That is the sort of kindness which disorganizes society. Good God! it +is very easy to be kind; the difficulty lies in being just. Come! if +you had been what I thought you, I should not have been kind to you, +not I! You would have seen! Mr. Mayor, I must treat myself as I would +treat any other man. When I have subdued malefactors, when I have +proceeded with vigor against rascals, I have often said to myself, ‘If +you flinch, if I ever catch you in fault, you may rest at your ease!’ I +have flinched, I have caught myself in a fault. So much the worse! +Come, discharged, cashiered, expelled! That is well. I have arms. I +will till the soil; it makes no difference to me. Mr. Mayor, the good +of the service demands an example. I simply require the discharge of +Inspector Javert.” + + +All this was uttered in a proud, humble, despairing, yet convinced +tone, which lent indescribable grandeur to this singular, honest man. + +“We shall see,” said M. Madeleine. + +And he offered him his hand. + +Javert recoiled, and said in a wild voice:— + +“Excuse me, Mr. Mayor, but this must not be. A mayor does not offer his +hand to a police spy.” + + +He added between his teeth:— + +“A police spy, yes; from the moment when I have misused the police. I +am no more than a police spy.” + + +Then he bowed profoundly, and directed his steps towards the door. + +There he wheeled round, and with eyes still downcast:— + +“Mr. Mayor,” he said, “I shall continue to serve until I am +superseded.” + + +He withdrew. M. Madeleine remained thoughtfully listening to the firm, +sure step, which died away on the pavement of the corridor. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—THE CHAMPMATHIEU AFFAIR + + + + +CHAPTER I—SISTER SIMPLICE + + +The incidents the reader is about to peruse were not all known at M. +sur M. But the small portion of them which became known left such a +memory in that town that a serious gap would exist in this book if we +did not narrate them in their most minute details. Among these details +the reader will encounter two or three improbable circumstances, which +we preserve out of respect for the truth. + +On the afternoon following the visit of Javert, M. Madeleine went to +see Fantine according to his wont. + +Before entering Fantine’s room, he had Sister Simplice summoned. + +The two nuns who performed the services of nurse in the infirmary, +Lazariste ladies, like all sisters of charity, bore the names of Sister +PerpĂ©tue and Sister Simplice. + +Sister PerpĂ©tue was an ordinary villager, a sister of charity in a +coarse style, who had entered the service of God as one enters any +other service. She was a nun as other women are cooks. This type is not +so very rare. The monastic orders gladly accept this heavy peasant +earthenware, which is easily fashioned into a Capuchin or an Ursuline. +These rustics are utilized for the rough work of devotion. The +transition from a drover to a Carmelite is not in the least violent; +the one turns into the other without much effort; the fund of ignorance +common to the village and the cloister is a preparation ready at hand, +and places the boor at once on the same footing as the monk: a little +more amplitude in the smock, and it becomes a frock. Sister PerpĂ©tue +was a robust nun from Marines near Pontoise, who chattered her patois, +droned, grumbled, sugared the potion according to the bigotry or the +hypocrisy of the invalid, treated her patients abruptly, roughly, was +crabbed with the dying, almost flung God in their faces, stoned their +death agony with prayers mumbled in a rage; was bold, honest, and +ruddy. + +Sister Simplice was white, with a waxen pallor. Beside Sister PerpĂ©tue, +she was the taper beside the candle. Vincent de Paul has divinely +traced the features of the Sister of Charity in these admirable words, +in which he mingles as much freedom as servitude: “They shall have for +their convent only the house of the sick; for cell only a hired room; +for chapel only their parish church; for cloister only the streets of +the town and the wards of the hospitals; for enclosure only obedience; +for gratings only the fear of God; for veil only modesty.” This ideal +was realized in the living person of Sister Simplice: she had never +been young, and it seemed as though she would never grow old. No one +could have told Sister Simplice’s age. She was a person—we dare not say +a woman—who was gentle, austere, well-bred, cold, and who had never +lied. She was so gentle that she appeared fragile; but she was more +solid than granite. She touched the unhappy with fingers that were +charmingly pure and fine. There was, so to speak, silence in her +speech; she said just what was necessary, and she possessed a tone of +voice which would have equally edified a confessional or enchanted a +drawing-room. This delicacy accommodated itself to the serge gown, +finding in this harsh contact a continual reminder of heaven and of +God. Let us emphasize one detail. Never to have lied, never to have +said, for any interest whatever, even in indifference, any single thing +which was not the truth, the sacred truth, was Sister Simplice’s +distinctive trait; it was the accent of her virtue. She was almost +renowned in the congregation for this imperturbable veracity. The AbbĂ© +Sicard speaks of Sister Simplice in a letter to the deaf-mute Massieu. +However pure and sincere we may be, we all bear upon our candor the +crack of the little, innocent lie. She did not. Little lie, innocent +lie—does such a thing exist? To lie is the absolute form of evil. To +lie a little is not possible: he who lies, lies the whole lie. To lie +is the very face of the demon. Satan has two names; he is called Satan +and Lying. That is what she thought; and as she thought, so she did. +The result was the whiteness which we have mentioned—a whiteness which +covered even her lips and her eyes with radiance. Her smile was white, +her glance was white. There was not a single spider’s web, not a grain +of dust, on the glass window of that conscience. On entering the order +of Saint Vincent de Paul, she had taken the name of Simplice by special +choice. Simplice of Sicily, as we know, is the saint who preferred to +allow both her breasts to be torn off rather than to say that she had +been born at Segesta when she had been born at Syracuse—a lie which +would have saved her. This patron saint suited this soul. + +Sister Simplice, on her entrance into the order, had had two faults +which she had gradually corrected: she had a taste for dainties, and +she liked to receive letters. She never read anything but a book of +prayers printed in Latin, in coarse type. She did not understand Latin, +but she understood the book. + +This pious woman had conceived an affection for Fantine, probably +feeling a latent virtue there, and she had devoted herself almost +exclusively to her care. + +M. Madeleine took Sister Simplice apart and recommended Fantine to her +in a singular tone, which the sister recalled later on. + +On leaving the sister, he approached Fantine. + +Fantine awaited M. Madeleine’s appearance every day as one awaits a ray +of warmth and joy. She said to the sisters, “I only live when Monsieur +le Maire is here.” + + +She had a great deal of fever that day. As soon as she saw M. Madeleine +she asked him:— + +“And Cosette?” + + +He replied with a smile:— + +“Soon.” + + +M. Madeleine was the same as usual with Fantine. Only he remained an +hour instead of half an hour, to Fantine’s great delight. He urged +every one repeatedly not to allow the invalid to want for anything. It +was noticed that there was a moment when his countenance became very +sombre. But this was explained when it became known that the doctor had +bent down to his ear and said to him, “She is losing ground fast.” + + +Then he returned to the town-hall, and the clerk observed him +attentively examining a road map of France which hung in his study. He +wrote a few figures on a bit of paper with a pencil. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE PERSPICACITY OF MASTER SCAUFFLAIRE + + +From the town-hall he betook himself to the extremity of the town, to a +Fleming named Master Scaufflaer, French Scaufflaire, who let out +“horses and cabriolets as desired.” + + +In order to reach this Scaufflaire, the shortest way was to take the +little-frequented street in which was situated the parsonage of the +parish in which M. Madeleine resided. The curĂ© was, it was said, a +worthy, respectable, and sensible man. At the moment when M. Madeleine +arrived in front of the parsonage there was but one passer-by in the +street, and this person noticed this: After the mayor had passed the +priest’s house he halted, stood motionless, then turned about, and +retraced his steps to the door of the parsonage, which had an iron +knocker. He laid his hand quickly on the knocker and lifted it; then he +paused again and stopped short, as though in thought, and after the +lapse of a few seconds, instead of allowing the knocker to fall +abruptly, he placed it gently, and resumed his way with a sort of haste +which had not been apparent previously. + +M. Madeleine found Master Scaufflaire at home, engaged in stitching a +harness over. + +“Master Scaufflaire,” he inquired, “have you a good horse?” + + +“Mr. Mayor,” said the Fleming, “all my horses are good. What do you +mean by a good horse?” + + +“I mean a horse which can travel twenty leagues in a day.” + + +“The deuce!” said the Fleming. “Twenty leagues!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Hitched to a cabriolet?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And how long can he rest at the end of his journey?” + + +“He must be able to set out again on the next day if necessary.” + + +“To traverse the same road?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“The deuce! the deuce! And it is twenty leagues?” + + +M. Madeleine drew from his pocket the paper on which he had pencilled +some figures. He showed it to the Fleming. The figures were 5, 6, 8Âœ. + +“You see,” he said, “total, nineteen and a half; as well say twenty +leagues.” + + +“Mr. Mayor,” returned the Fleming, “I have just what you want. My +little white horse—you may have seen him pass occasionally; he is a +small beast from Lower Boulonnais. He is full of fire. They wanted to +make a saddle-horse of him at first. Bah! He reared, he kicked, he laid +everybody flat on the ground. He was thought to be vicious, and no one +knew what to do with him. I bought him. I harnessed him to a carriage. +That is what he wanted, sir; he is as gentle as a girl; he goes like +the wind. Ah! indeed he must not be mounted. It does not suit his ideas +to be a saddle-horse. Every one has his ambition. ‘Draw? Yes. Carry? +No.’ We must suppose that is what he said to himself.” + + +“And he will accomplish the trip?” + + +“Your twenty leagues all at a full trot, and in less than eight hours. +But here are the conditions.” + + +“State them.” + + +“In the first place, you will give him half an hour’s breathing spell +midway of the road; he will eat; and some one must be by while he is +eating to prevent the stable boy of the inn from stealing his oats; for +I have noticed that in inns the oats are more often drunk by the stable +men than eaten by the horses.” + + +“Some one will be by.” + + +“In the second place—is the cabriolet for Monsieur le Maire?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Does Monsieur le Maire know how to drive?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, Monsieur le Maire will travel alone and without baggage, in +order not to overload the horse?” + + +“Agreed.” + + +“But as Monsieur le Maire will have no one with him, he will be obliged +to take the trouble himself of seeing that the oats are not stolen.” + + +“That is understood.” + + +“I am to have thirty francs a day. The days of rest to be paid for +also—not a farthing less; and the beast’s food to be at Monsieur le +Maire’s expense.” + + +M. Madeleine drew three napoleons from his purse and laid them on the +table. + +“Here is the pay for two days in advance.” + + +“Fourthly, for such a journey a cabriolet would be too heavy, and would +fatigue the horse. Monsieur le Maire must consent to travel in a little +tilbury that I own.” + + +“I consent to that.” + + +“It is light, but it has no cover.” + + +“That makes no difference to me.” + + +“Has Monsieur le Maire reflected that we are in the middle of winter?” + + +M. Madeleine did not reply. The Fleming resumed:— + +“That it is very cold?” + + +M. Madeleine preserved silence. + +Master Scaufflaire continued:— + +“That it may rain?” + + +M. Madeleine raised his head and said:— + +“The tilbury and the horse will be in front of my door to-morrow +morning at half-past four o’clock.” + + +“Of course, Monsieur le Maire,” replied Scaufflaire; then, scratching a +speck in the wood of the table with his thumb-nail, he resumed with +that careless air which the Flemings understand so well how to mingle +with their shrewdness:— + +“But this is what I am thinking of now: Monsieur le Maire has not told +me where he is going. Where is Monsieur le Maire going?” + + +He had been thinking of nothing else since the beginning of the +conversation, but he did not know why he had not dared to put the +question. + +“Are your horse’s forelegs good?” said M. Madeleine. + +“Yes, Monsieur le Maire. You must hold him in a little when going down +hill. Are there many descends between here and the place whither you +are going?” + + +“Do not forget to be at my door at precisely half-past four o’clock +to-morrow morning,” replied M. Madeleine; and he took his departure. + +The Fleming remained “utterly stupid,” as he himself said some time +afterwards. + +The mayor had been gone two or three minutes when the door opened +again; it was the mayor once more. + +He still wore the same impassive and preoccupied air. + +“Monsieur Scaufflaire,” said he, “at what sum do you estimate the value +of the horse and tilbury which you are to let to me,—the one bearing +the other?” + + +“The one dragging the other, Monsieur le Maire,” said the Fleming, with +a broad smile. + +“So be it. Well?” + + +“Does Monsieur le Maire wish to purchase them or me?” + + +“No; but I wish to guarantee you in any case. You shall give me back +the sum at my return. At what value do you estimate your horse and +cabriolet?” + + +“Five hundred francs, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“Here it is.” + + +M. Madeleine laid a bank-bill on the table, then left the room; and +this time he did not return. + +Master Scaufflaire experienced a frightful regret that he had not said +a thousand francs. Besides the horse and tilbury together were worth +but a hundred crowns. + +The Fleming called his wife, and related the affair to her. “Where the +devil could Monsieur le Maire be going?” They held counsel together. +“He is going to Paris,” said the wife. “I don’t believe it,” said the +husband. + +M. Madeleine had forgotten the paper with the figures on it, and it lay +on the chimney-piece. The Fleming picked it up and studied it. “Five, +six, eight and a half? That must designate the posting relays.” He +turned to his wife:— + +“I have found out.” + + +“What?” + + +“It is five leagues from here to Hesdin, six from Hesdin to Saint-Pol, +eight and a half from Saint-Pol to Arras. He is going to Arras.” + + +Meanwhile, M. Madeleine had returned home. He had taken the longest way +to return from Master Scaufflaire’s, as though the parsonage door had +been a temptation for him, and he had wished to avoid it. He ascended +to his room, and there he shut himself up, which was a very simple act, +since he liked to go to bed early. Nevertheless, the portress of the +factory, who was, at the same time, M. Madeleine’s only servant, +noticed that the latter’s light was extinguished at half-past eight, +and she mentioned it to the cashier when he came home, adding:— + +“Is Monsieur le Maire ill? I thought he had a rather singular air.” + + +This cashier occupied a room situated directly under M. Madeleine’s +chamber. He paid no heed to the portress’s words, but went to bed and +to sleep. Towards midnight he woke up with a start; in his sleep he had +heard a noise above his head. He listened; it was a footstep pacing +back and forth, as though some one were walking in the room above him. +He listened more attentively, and recognized M. Madeleine’s step. This +struck him as strange; usually, there was no noise in M. Madeleine’s +chamber until he rose in the morning. A moment later the cashier heard +a noise which resembled that of a cupboard being opened, and then shut +again; then a piece of furniture was disarranged; then a pause ensued; +then the step began again. The cashier sat up in bed, quite awake now, +and staring; and through his window-panes he saw the reddish gleam of a +lighted window reflected on the opposite wall; from the direction of +the rays, it could only come from the window of M. Madeleine’s chamber. +The reflection wavered, as though it came rather from a fire which had +been lighted than from a candle. The shadow of the window-frame was not +shown, which indicated that the window was wide open. The fact that +this window was open in such cold weather was surprising. The cashier +fell asleep again. An hour or two later he waked again. The same step +was still passing slowly and regularly back and forth overhead. + +The reflection was still visible on the wall, but now it was pale and +peaceful, like the reflection of a lamp or of a candle. The window was +still open. + +This is what had taken place in M. Madeleine’s room. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A TEMPEST IN A SKULL + + +The reader has, no doubt, already divined that M. Madeleine is no other +than Jean Valjean. + +We have already gazed into the depths of this conscience; the moment +has now come when we must take another look into it. We do so not +without emotion and trepidation. There is nothing more terrible in +existence than this sort of contemplation. The eye of the spirit can +nowhere find more dazzling brilliance and more shadow than in man; it +can fix itself on no other thing which is more formidable, more +complicated, more mysterious, and more infinite. There is a spectacle +more grand than the sea; it is heaven: there is a spectacle more grand +than heaven; it is the inmost recesses of the soul. + +To make the poem of the human conscience, were it only with reference +to a single man, were it only in connection with the basest of men, +would be to blend all epics into one superior and definitive epic. +Conscience is the chaos of chimĂŠras, of lusts, and of temptations; the +furnace of dreams; the lair of ideas of which we are ashamed; it is the +pandemonium of sophisms; it is the battlefield of the passions. +Penetrate, at certain hours, past the livid face of a human being who +is engaged in reflection, and look behind, gaze into that soul, gaze +into that obscurity. There, beneath that external silence, battles of +giants, like those recorded in Homer, are in progress; skirmishes of +dragons and hydras and swarms of phantoms, as in Milton; visionary +circles, as in Dante. What a solemn thing is this infinity which every +man bears within him, and which he measures with despair against the +caprices of his brain and the actions of his life! + +Alighieri one day met with a sinister-looking door, before which he +hesitated. Here is one before us, upon whose threshold we hesitate. Let +us enter, nevertheless. + +We have but little to add to what the reader already knows of what had +happened to Jean Valjean after the adventure with Little Gervais. From +that moment forth he was, as we have seen, a totally different man. +What the Bishop had wished to make of him, that he carried out. It was +more than a transformation; it was a transfiguration. + +He succeeded in disappearing, sold the Bishop’s silver, reserving only +the candlesticks as a souvenir, crept from town to town, traversed +France, came to M. sur M., conceived the idea which we have mentioned, +accomplished what we have related, succeeded in rendering himself safe +from seizure and inaccessible, and, thenceforth, established at M. sur +M., happy in feeling his conscience saddened by the past and the first +half of his existence belied by the last, he lived in peace, reassured +and hopeful, having henceforth only two thoughts,—to conceal his name +and to sanctify his life; to escape men and to return to God. + +These two thoughts were so closely intertwined in his mind that they +formed but a single one there; both were equally absorbing and +imperative and ruled his slightest actions. In general, they conspired +to regulate the conduct of his life; they turned him towards the gloom; +they rendered him kindly and simple; they counselled him to the same +things. Sometimes, however, they conflicted. In that case, as the +reader will remember, the man whom all the country of M. sur M. called +M. Madeleine did not hesitate to sacrifice the first to the second—his +security to his virtue. Thus, in spite of all his reserve and all his +prudence, he had preserved the Bishop’s candlesticks, worn mourning for +him, summoned and interrogated all the little Savoyards who passed that +way, collected information regarding the families at Faverolles, and +saved old Fauchelevent’s life, despite the disquieting insinuations of +Javert. It seemed, as we have already remarked, as though he thought, +following the example of all those who have been wise, holy, and just, +that his first duty was not towards himself. + +At the same time, it must be confessed, nothing just like this had yet +presented itself. + +Never had the two ideas which governed the unhappy man whose sufferings +we are narrating, engaged in so serious a struggle. He understood this +confusedly but profoundly at the very first words pronounced by Javert, +when the latter entered his study. At the moment when that name, which +he had buried beneath so many layers, was so strangely articulated, he +was struck with stupor, and as though intoxicated with the sinister +eccentricity of his destiny; and through this stupor he felt that +shudder which precedes great shocks. He bent like an oak at the +approach of a storm, like a soldier at the approach of an assault. He +felt shadows filled with thunders and lightnings descending upon his +head. As he listened to Javert, the first thought which occurred to him +was to go, to run and denounce himself, to take that Champmathieu out +of prison and place himself there; this was as painful and as poignant +as an incision in the living flesh. Then it passed away, and he said to +himself, “We will see! We will see!” He repressed this first, generous +instinct, and recoiled before heroism. + +It would be beautiful, no doubt, after the Bishop’s holy words, after +so many years of repentance and abnegation, in the midst of a penitence +admirably begun, if this man had not flinched for an instant, even in +the presence of so terrible a conjecture, but had continued to walk +with the same step towards this yawning precipice, at the bottom of +which lay heaven; that would have been beautiful; but it was not thus. +We must render an account of the things which went on in this soul, and +we can only tell what there was there. He was carried away, at first, +by the instinct of self-preservation; he rallied all his ideas in +haste, stifled his emotions, took into consideration Javert’s presence, +that great danger, postponed all decision with the firmness of terror, +shook off thought as to what he had to do, and resumed his calmness as +a warrior picks up his buckler. + +He remained in this state during the rest of the day, a whirlwind +within, a profound tranquillity without. He took no “preservative +measures,” as they may be called. Everything was still confused, and +jostling together in his brain. His trouble was so great that he could +not perceive the form of a single idea distinctly, and he could have +told nothing about himself, except that he had received a great blow. + +He repaired to Fantine’s bed of suffering, as usual, and prolonged his +visit, through a kindly instinct, telling himself that he must behave +thus, and recommend her well to the sisters, in case he should be +obliged to be absent himself. He had a vague feeling that he might be +obliged to go to Arras; and without having the least in the world made +up his mind to this trip, he said to himself that being, as he was, +beyond the shadow of any suspicion, there could be nothing out of the +way in being a witness to what was to take place, and he engaged the +tilbury from Scaufflaire in order to be prepared in any event. + +He dined with a good deal of appetite. + +On returning to his room, he communed with himself. + +He examined the situation, and found it unprecedented; so unprecedented +that in the midst of his reverie he rose from his chair, moved by some +inexplicable impulse of anxiety, and bolted his door. He feared lest +something more should enter. He was barricading himself against +possibilities. + +A moment later he extinguished his light; it embarrassed him. + +It seemed to him as though he might be seen. + +By whom? + +Alas! That on which he desired to close the door had already entered; +that which he desired to blind was staring him in the face,—his +conscience. + +His conscience; that is to say, God. + +Nevertheless, he deluded himself at first; he had a feeling of security +and of solitude; the bolt once drawn, he thought himself impregnable; +the candle extinguished, he felt himself invisible. Then he took +possession of himself: he set his elbows on the table, leaned his head +on his hand, and began to meditate in the dark. + +“Where do I stand? Am not I dreaming? What have I heard? Is it really +true that I have seen that Javert, and that he spoke to me in that +manner? Who can that Champmathieu be? So he resembles me! Is it +possible? When I reflect that yesterday I was so tranquil, and so far +from suspecting anything! What was I doing yesterday at this hour? What +is there in this incident? What will the end be? What is to be done?” + + +This was the torment in which he found himself. His brain had lost its +power of retaining ideas; they passed like waves, and he clutched his +brow in both hands to arrest them. + +Nothing but anguish extricated itself from this tumult which +overwhelmed his will and his reason, and from which he sought to draw +proof and resolution. + +His head was burning. He went to the window and threw it wide open. +There were no stars in the sky. He returned and seated himself at the +table. + +The first hour passed in this manner. + +Gradually, however, vague outlines began to take form and to fix +themselves in his meditation, and he was able to catch a glimpse with +precision of the reality,—not the whole situation, but some of the +details. He began by recognizing the fact that, critical and +extraordinary as was this situation, he was completely master of it. + +This only caused an increase of his stupor. + +Independently of the severe and religious aim which he had assigned to +his actions, all that he had made up to that day had been nothing but a +hole in which to bury his name. That which he had always feared most of +all in his hours of self-communion, during his sleepless nights, was to +ever hear that name pronounced; he had said to himself, that that would +be the end of all things for him; that on the day when that name made +its reappearance it would cause his new life to vanish from about him, +and—who knows?—perhaps even his new soul within him, also. He shuddered +at the very thought that this was possible. Assuredly, if any one had +said to him at such moments that the hour would come when that name +would ring in his ears, when the hideous words, Jean Valjean, would +suddenly emerge from the darkness and rise in front of him, when that +formidable light, capable of dissipating the mystery in which he had +enveloped himself, would suddenly blaze forth above his head, and that +that name would not menace him, that that light would but produce an +obscurity more dense, that this rent veil would but increase the +mystery, that this earthquake would solidify his edifice, that this +prodigious incident would have no other result, so far as he was +concerned, if so it seemed good to him, than that of rendering his +existence at once clearer and more impenetrable, and that, out of his +confrontation with the phantom of Jean Valjean, the good and worthy +citizen Monsieur Madeleine would emerge more honored, more peaceful, +and more respected than ever—if any one had told him that, he would +have tossed his head and regarded the words as those of a madman. Well, +all this was precisely what had just come to pass; all that +accumulation of impossibilities was a fact, and God had permitted these +wild fancies to become real things! + +His reverie continued to grow clearer. He came more and more to an +understanding of his position. + +It seemed to him that he had but just waked up from some inexplicable +dream, and that he found himself slipping down a declivity in the +middle of the night, erect, shivering, holding back all in vain, on the +very brink of the abyss. He distinctly perceived in the darkness a +stranger, a man unknown to him, whom destiny had mistaken for him, and +whom she was thrusting into the gulf in his stead; in order that the +gulf might close once more, it was necessary that some one, himself or +that other man, should fall into it: he had only let things take their +course. + +The light became complete, and he acknowledged this to himself: That +his place was empty in the galleys; that do what he would, it was still +awaiting him; that the theft from little Gervais had led him back to +it; that this vacant place would await him, and draw him on until he +filled it; that this was inevitable and fatal; and then he said to +himself, “that, at this moment, he had a substitute; that it appeared +that a certain Champmathieu had that ill luck, and that, as regards +himself, being present in the galleys in the person of that +Champmathieu, present in society under the name of M. Madeleine, he had +nothing more to fear, provided that he did not prevent men from sealing +over the head of that Champmathieu this stone of infamy which, like the +stone of the sepulchre, falls once, never to rise again.” + + +All this was so strange and so violent, that there suddenly took place +in him that indescribable movement, which no man feels more than two or +three times in the course of his life, a sort of convulsion of the +conscience which stirs up all that there is doubtful in the heart, +which is composed of irony, of joy, and of despair, and which may be +called an outburst of inward laughter. + +He hastily relighted his candle. + +“Well, what then?” he said to himself; “what am I afraid of? What is +there in all that for me to think about? I am safe; all is over. I had +but one partly open door through which my past might invade my life, +and behold that door is walled up forever! That Javert, who has been +annoying me so long; that terrible instinct which seemed to have +divined me, which had divined me—good God! and which followed me +everywhere; that frightful hunting-dog, always making a point at me, is +thrown off the scent, engaged elsewhere, absolutely turned from the +trail: henceforth he is satisfied; he will leave me in peace; he has +his Jean Valjean. Who knows? it is even probable that he will wish to +leave town! And all this has been brought about without any aid from +me, and I count for nothing in it! Ah! but where is the misfortune in +this? Upon my honor, people would think, to see me, that some +catastrophe had happened to me! After all, if it does bring harm to +some one, that is not my fault in the least: it is Providence which has +done it all; it is because it wishes it so to be, evidently. Have I the +right to disarrange what it has arranged? What do I ask now? Why should +I meddle? It does not concern me; what! I am not satisfied: but what +more do I want? The goal to which I have aspired for so many years, the +dream of my nights, the object of my prayers to Heaven,—security,—I +have now attained; it is God who wills it; I can do nothing against the +will of God, and why does God will it? In order that I may continue +what I have begun, that I may do good, that I may one day be a grand +and encouraging example, that it may be said at last, that a little +happiness has been attached to the penance which I have undergone, and +to that virtue to which I have returned. Really, I do not understand +why I was afraid, a little while ago, to enter the house of that good +curĂ©, and to ask his advice; this is evidently what he would have said +to me: It is settled; let things take their course; let the good God do +as he likes!” + + +Thus did he address himself in the depths of his own conscience, +bending over what may be called his own abyss; he rose from his chair, +and began to pace the room: “Come,” said he, “let us think no more +about it; my resolve is taken!” but he felt no joy. + +Quite the reverse. + +One can no more prevent thought from recurring to an idea than one can +the sea from returning to the shore: the sailor calls it the tide; the +guilty man calls it remorse; God upheaves the soul as he does the +ocean. + +After the expiration of a few moments, do what he would, he resumed the +gloomy dialogue in which it was he who spoke and he who listened, +saying that which he would have preferred to ignore, and listened to +that which he would have preferred not to hear, yielding to that +mysterious power which said to him: “Think!” as it said to another +condemned man, two thousand years ago, “March on!” + + +Before proceeding further, and in order to make ourselves fully +understood, let us insist upon one necessary observation. + +It is certain that people do talk to themselves; there is no living +being who has not done it. It may even be said that the word is never a +more magnificent mystery than when it goes from thought to conscience +within a man, and when it returns from conscience to thought; it is in +this sense only that the words so often employed in this chapter, _he +said, he exclaimed_, must be understood; one speaks to one’s self, +talks to one’s self, exclaims to one’s self without breaking the +external silence; there is a great tumult; everything about us talks +except the mouth. The realities of the soul are nonetheless realities +because they are not visible and palpable. + +So he asked himself where he stood. He interrogated himself upon that +“settled resolve.” He confessed to himself that all that he had just +arranged in his mind was monstrous, that “to let things take their +course, to let the good God do as he liked,” was simply horrible; to +allow this error of fate and of men to be carried out, not to hinder +it, to lend himself to it through his silence, to do nothing, in short, +was to do everything! that this was hypocritical baseness in the last +degree! that it was a base, cowardly, sneaking, abject, hideous crime! + +For the first time in eight years, the wretched man had just tasted the +bitter savor of an evil thought and of an evil action. + +He spit it out with disgust. + +He continued to question himself. He asked himself severely what he had +meant by this, “My object is attained!” He declared to himself that his +life really had an object; but what object? To conceal his name? To +deceive the police? Was it for so petty a thing that he had done all +that he had done? Had he not another and a grand object, which was the +true one—to save, not his person, but his soul; to become honest and +good once more; to be a just man? Was it not that above all, that +alone, which he had always desired, which the Bishop had enjoined upon +him—to shut the door on his past? But he was not shutting it! great +God! he was re-opening it by committing an infamous action! He was +becoming a thief once more, and the most odious of thieves! He was +robbing another of his existence, his life, his peace, his place in the +sunshine. He was becoming an assassin. He was murdering, morally +murdering, a wretched man. He was inflicting on him that frightful +living death, that death beneath the open sky, which is called the +galleys. On the other hand, to surrender himself to save that man, +struck down with so melancholy an error, to resume his own name, to +become once more, out of duty, the convict Jean Valjean, that was, in +truth, to achieve his resurrection, and to close forever that hell +whence he had just emerged; to fall back there in appearance was to +escape from it in reality. This must be done! He had done nothing if he +did not do all this; his whole life was useless; all his penitence was +wasted. There was no longer any need of saying, “What is the use?” He +felt that the Bishop was there, that the Bishop was present all the +more because he was dead, that the Bishop was gazing fixedly at him, +that henceforth Mayor Madeleine, with all his virtues, would be +abominable to him, and that the convict Jean Valjean would be pure and +admirable in his sight; that men beheld his mask, but that the Bishop +saw his face; that men saw his life, but that the Bishop beheld his +conscience. So he must go to Arras, deliver the false Jean Valjean, and +denounce the real one. Alas! that was the greatest of sacrifices, the +most poignant of victories, the last step to take; but it must be done. +Sad fate! he would enter into sanctity only in the eyes of God when he +returned to infamy in the eyes of men. + +“Well,” said he, “let us decide upon this; let us do our duty; let us +save this man.” He uttered these words aloud, without perceiving that +he was speaking aloud. + +He took his books, verified them, and put them in order. He flung in +the fire a bundle of bills which he had against petty and embarrassed +tradesmen. He wrote and sealed a letter, and on the envelope it might +have been read, had there been any one in his chamber at the moment, +_To Monsieur Laffitte, Banker, Rue d’Artois, Paris_. He drew from his +secretary a pocket-book which contained several bank-notes and the +passport of which he had made use that same year when he went to the +elections. + +Any one who had seen him during the execution of these various acts, +into which there entered such grave thought, would have had no +suspicion of what was going on within him. Only occasionally did his +lips move; at other times he raised his head and fixed his gaze upon +some point of the wall, as though there existed at that point something +which he wished to elucidate or interrogate. + +When he had finished the letter to M. Laffitte, he put it into his +pocket, together with the pocket-book, and began his walk once more. + +His reverie had not swerved from its course. He continued to see his +duty clearly, written in luminous letters, which flamed before his eyes +and changed its place as he altered the direction of his glance:— + +_“Go! Tell your name! Denounce yourself!”_ + +In the same way he beheld, as though they had passed before him in +visible forms, the two ideas which had, up to that time, formed the +double rule of his soul,—the concealment of his name, the +sanctification of his life. For the first time they appeared to him as +absolutely distinct, and he perceived the distance which separated +them. He recognized the fact that one of these ideas was, necessarily, +good, while the other might become bad; that the first was +self-devotion, and that the other was personality; that the one said, +_my neighbour_, and that the other said, _myself_; that one emanated +from the light, and the other from darkness. + +They were antagonistic. He saw them in conflict. In proportion as he +meditated, they grew before the eyes of his spirit. They had now +attained colossal statures, and it seemed to him that he beheld within +himself, in that infinity of which we were recently speaking, in the +midst of the darkness and the lights, a goddess and a giant contending. + +He was filled with terror; but it seemed to him that the good thought +was getting the upper hand. + +He felt that he was on the brink of the second decisive crisis of his +conscience and of his destiny; that the Bishop had marked the first +phase of his new life, and that Champmathieu marked the second. After +the grand crisis, the grand test. + +But the fever, allayed for an instant, gradually resumed possession of +him. A thousand thoughts traversed his mind, but they continued to +fortify him in his resolution. + +One moment he said to himself that he was, perhaps, taking the matter +too keenly; that, after all, this Champmathieu was not interesting, and +that he had actually been guilty of theft. + +He answered himself: “If this man has, indeed, stolen a few apples, +that means a month in prison. It is a long way from that to the +galleys. And who knows? Did he steal? Has it been proved? The name of +Jean Valjean overwhelms him, and seems to dispense with proofs. Do not +the attorneys for the Crown always proceed in this manner? He is +supposed to be a thief because he is known to be a convict.” + + +In another instant the thought had occurred to him that, when he +denounced himself, the heroism of his deed might, perhaps, be taken +into consideration, and his honest life for the last seven years, and +what he had done for the district, and that they would have mercy on +him. + +But this supposition vanished very quickly, and he smiled bitterly as +he remembered that the theft of the forty sous from little Gervais put +him in the position of a man guilty of a second offence after +conviction, that this affair would certainly come up, and, according to +the precise terms of the law, would render him liable to penal +servitude for life. + +He turned aside from all illusions, detached himself more and more from +earth, and sought strength and consolation elsewhere. He told himself +that he must do his duty; that perhaps he should not be more unhappy +after doing his duty than after having avoided it; that if he _allowed +things to take their own course_, if he remained at M. sur M., his +consideration, his good name, his good works, the deference and +veneration paid to him, his charity, his wealth, his popularity, his +virtue, would be seasoned with a crime. And what would be the taste of +all these holy things when bound up with this hideous thing? while, if +he accomplished his sacrifice, a celestial idea would be mingled with +the galleys, the post, the iron necklet, the green cap, unceasing toil, +and pitiless shame. + +At length he told himself that it must be so, that his destiny was thus +allotted, that he had not authority to alter the arrangements made on +high, that, in any case, he must make his choice: virtue without and +abomination within, or holiness within and infamy without. + +The stirring up of these lugubrious ideas did not cause his courage to +fail, but his brain grow weary. He began to think of other things, of +indifferent matters, in spite of himself. + +The veins in his temples throbbed violently; he still paced to and fro; +midnight sounded first from the parish church, then from the town-hall; +he counted the twelve strokes of the two clocks, and compared the +sounds of the two bells; he recalled in this connection the fact that, +a few days previously, he had seen in an ironmonger’s shop an ancient +clock for sale, upon which was written the name, _Antoine-Albin de +Romainville_. + +He was cold; he lighted a small fire; it did not occur to him to close +the window. + +In the meantime he had relapsed into his stupor; he was obliged to make +a tolerably vigorous effort to recall what had been the subject of his +thoughts before midnight had struck; he finally succeeded in doing +this. + +“Ah! yes,” he said to himself, “I had resolved to inform against +myself.” + + +And then, all of a sudden, he thought of Fantine. + +“Hold!” said he, “and what about that poor woman?” + + +Here a fresh crisis declared itself. + +Fantine, by appearing thus abruptly in his reverie, produced the effect +of an unexpected ray of light; it seemed to him as though everything +about him were undergoing a change of aspect: he exclaimed:— + +“Ah! but I have hitherto considered no one but myself; it is proper for +me to hold my tongue or to denounce myself, to conceal my person or to +save my soul, to be a despicable and respected magistrate, or an +infamous and venerable convict; it is I, it is always I and nothing but +I: but, good God! all this is egotism; these are diverse forms of +egotism, but it is egotism all the same. What if I were to think a +little about others? The highest holiness is to think of others; come, +let us examine the matter. The _I_ excepted, the _I_ effaced, the _I_ +forgotten, what would be the result of all this? What if I denounce +myself? I am arrested; this Champmathieu is released; I am put back in +the galleys; that is well—and what then? What is going on here? Ah! +here is a country, a town, here are factories, an industry, workers, +both men and women, aged grandsires, children, poor people! All this I +have created; all these I provide with their living; everywhere where +there is a smoking chimney, it is I who have placed the brand on the +hearth and meat in the pot; I have created ease, circulation, credit; +before me there was nothing; I have elevated, vivified, informed with +life, fecundated, stimulated, enriched the whole country-side; lacking +me, the soul is lacking; I take myself off, everything dies: and this +woman, who has suffered so much, who possesses so many merits in spite +of her fall; the cause of all whose misery I have unwittingly been! And +that child whom I meant to go in search of, whom I have promised to her +mother; do I not also owe something to this woman, in reparation for +the evil which I have done her? If I disappear, what happens? The +mother dies; the child becomes what it can; that is what will take +place, if I denounce myself. If I do not denounce myself? come, let us +see how it will be if I do not denounce myself.” + + +After putting this question to himself, he paused; he seemed to undergo +a momentary hesitation and trepidation; but it did not last long, and +he answered himself calmly:— + +“Well, this man is going to the galleys; it is true, but what the +deuce! he has stolen! There is no use in my saying that he has not been +guilty of theft, for he has! I remain here; I go on: in ten years I +shall have made ten millions; I scatter them over the country; I have +nothing of my own; what is that to me? It is not for myself that I am +doing it; the prosperity of all goes on augmenting; industries are +aroused and animated; factories and shops are multiplied; families, a +hundred families, a thousand families, are happy; the district becomes +populated; villages spring up where there were only farms before; farms +rise where there was nothing; wretchedness disappears, and with +wretchedness debauchery, prostitution, theft, murder; all vices +disappear, all crimes: and this poor mother rears her child; and behold +a whole country rich and honest! Ah! I was a fool! I was absurd! what +was that I was saying about denouncing myself? I really must pay +attention and not be precipitate about anything. What! because it would +have pleased me to play the grand and generous; this is melodrama, +after all; because I should have thought of no one but myself, the +idea! for the sake of saving from a punishment, a trifle exaggerated, +perhaps, but just at bottom, no one knows whom, a thief, a +good-for-nothing, evidently, a whole country-side must perish! a poor +woman must die in the hospital! a poor little girl must die in the +street! like dogs; ah, this is abominable! And without the mother even +having seen her child once more, almost without the child’s having +known her mother; and all that for the sake of an old wretch of an +apple-thief who, most assuredly, has deserved the galleys for something +else, if not for that; fine scruples, indeed, which save a guilty man +and sacrifice the innocent, which save an old vagabond who has only a +few years to live at most, and who will not be more unhappy in the +galleys than in his hovel, and which sacrifice a whole population, +mothers, wives, children. This poor little Cosette who has no one in +the world but me, and who is, no doubt, blue with cold at this moment +in the den of those ThĂ©nardiers; those peoples are rascals; and I was +going to neglect my duty towards all these poor creatures; and I was +going off to denounce myself; and I was about to commit that +unspeakable folly! Let us put it at the worst: suppose that there is a +wrong action on my part in this, and that my conscience will reproach +me for it some day, to accept, for the good of others, these reproaches +which weigh only on myself; this evil action which compromises my soul +alone; in that lies self-sacrifice; in that alone there is virtue.” + + +He rose and resumed his march; this time, he seemed to be content. + +Diamonds are found only in the dark places of the earth; truths are +found only in the depths of thought. It seemed to him, that, after +having descended into these depths, after having long groped among the +darkest of these shadows, he had at last found one of these diamonds, +one of these truths, and that he now held it in his hand, and he was +dazzled as he gazed upon it. + +“Yes,” he thought, “this is right; I am on the right road; I have the +solution; I must end by holding fast to something; my resolve is taken; +let things take their course; let us no longer vacillate; let us no +longer hang back; this is for the interest of all, not for my own; I am +Madeleine, and Madeleine I remain. Woe to the man who is Jean Valjean! +I am no longer he; I do not know that man; I no longer know anything; +it turns out that some one is Jean Valjean at the present moment; let +him look out for himself; that does not concern me; it is a fatal name +which was floating abroad in the night; if it halts and descends on a +head, so much the worse for that head.” + + +He looked into the little mirror which hung above his chimney-piece, +and said:— + +“Hold! it has relieved me to come to a decision; I am quite another man +now.” + + +He proceeded a few paces further, then he stopped short. + +“Come!” he said, “I must not flinch before any of the consequences of +the resolution which I have once adopted; there are still threads which +attach me to that Jean Valjean; they must be broken; in this very room +there are objects which would betray me, dumb things which would bear +witness against me; it is settled; all these things must disappear.” + + +He fumbled in his pocket, drew out his purse, opened it, and took out a +small key; he inserted the key in a lock whose aperture could hardly be +seen, so hidden was it in the most sombre tones of the design which +covered the wall-paper; a secret receptacle opened, a sort of false +cupboard constructed in the angle between the wall and the +chimney-piece; in this hiding-place there were some rags—a blue linen +blouse, an old pair of trousers, an old knapsack, and a huge thorn +cudgel shod with iron at both ends. Those who had seen Jean Valjean at +the epoch when he passed through D—— in October, 1815, could easily +have recognized all the pieces of this miserable outfit. + +He had preserved them as he had preserved the silver candlesticks, in +order to remind himself continually of his starting-point, but he had +concealed all that came from the galleys, and he had allowed the +candlesticks which came from the Bishop to be seen. + +He cast a furtive glance towards the door, as though he feared that it +would open in spite of the bolt which fastened it; then, with a quick +and abrupt movement, he took the whole in his arms at once, without +bestowing so much as a glance on the things which he had so religiously +and so perilously preserved for so many years, and flung them all, +rags, cudgel, knapsack, into the fire. + +[Illustration: Candlesticks Into the Fire] + +He closed the false cupboard again, and with redoubled precautions, +henceforth unnecessary, since it was now empty, he concealed the door +behind a heavy piece of furniture, which he pushed in front of it. + +After the lapse of a few seconds, the room and the opposite wall were +lighted up with a fierce, red, tremulous glow. Everything was on fire; +the thorn cudgel snapped and threw out sparks to the middle of the +chamber. + +As the knapsack was consumed, together with the hideous rags which it +contained, it revealed something which sparkled in the ashes. By +bending over, one could have readily recognized a coin,—no doubt the +forty-sou piece stolen from the little Savoyard. + +He did not look at the fire, but paced back and forth with the same +step. + +All at once his eye fell on the two silver candlesticks, which shone +vaguely on the chimney-piece, through the glow. + +“Hold!” he thought; “the whole of Jean Valjean is still in them. They +must be destroyed also.” + + +He seized the two candlesticks. + +There was still fire enough to allow of their being put out of shape, +and converted into a sort of unrecognizable bar of metal. + +He bent over the hearth and warmed himself for a moment. He felt a +sense of real comfort. “How good warmth is!” said he. + +He stirred the live coals with one of the candlesticks. + +A minute more, and they were both in the fire. + +At that moment it seemed to him that he heard a voice within him +shouting: “Jean Valjean! Jean Valjean!” + + +His hair rose upright: he became like a man who is listening to some +terrible thing. + +“Yes, that’s it! finish!” said the voice. “Complete what you are about! +Destroy these candlesticks! Annihilate this souvenir! Forget the +Bishop! Forget everything! Destroy this Champmathieu, do! That is +right! Applaud yourself! So it is settled, resolved, fixed, agreed: +here is an old man who does not know what is wanted of him, who has, +perhaps, done nothing, an innocent man, whose whole misfortune lies in +your name, upon whom your name weighs like a crime, who is about to be +taken for you, who will be condemned, who will finish his days in +abjectness and horror. That is good! Be an honest man yourself; remain +Monsieur le Maire; remain honorable and honored; enrich the town; +nourish the indigent; rear the orphan; live happy, virtuous, and +admired; and, during this time, while you are here in the midst of joy +and light, there will be a man who will wear your red blouse, who will +bear your name in ignominy, and who will drag your chain in the +galleys. Yes, it is well arranged thus. Ah, wretch!” + + +The perspiration streamed from his brow. He fixed a haggard eye on the +candlesticks. But that within him which had spoken had not finished. +The voice continued:— + +“Jean Valjean, there will be around you many voices, which will make a +great noise, which will talk very loud, and which will bless you, and +only one which no one will hear, and which will curse you in the dark. +Well! listen, infamous man! All those benedictions will fall back +before they reach heaven, and only the malediction will ascend to God.” + + +This voice, feeble at first, and which had proceeded from the most +obscure depths of his conscience, had gradually become startling and +formidable, and he now heard it in his very ear. It seemed to him that +it had detached itself from him, and that it was now speaking outside +of him. He thought that he heard the last words so distinctly, that he +glanced around the room in a sort of terror. + +“Is there any one here?” he demanded aloud, in utter bewilderment. + +Then he resumed, with a laugh which resembled that of an idiot:— + +“How stupid I am! There can be no one!” + + +There was some one; but the person who was there was of those whom the +human eye cannot see. + +He placed the candlesticks on the chimney-piece. + +Then he resumed his monotonous and lugubrious tramp, which troubled the +dreams of the sleeping man beneath him, and awoke him with a start. + +This tramping to and fro soothed and at the same time intoxicated him. +It sometimes seems, on supreme occasions, as though people moved about +for the purpose of asking advice of everything that they may encounter +by change of place. After the lapse of a few minutes he no longer knew +his position. + +He now recoiled in equal terror before both the resolutions at which he +had arrived in turn. The two ideas which counselled him appeared to him +equally fatal. What a fatality! What conjunction that that Champmathieu +should have been taken for him; to be overwhelmed by precisely the +means which Providence seemed to have employed, at first, to strengthen +his position! + +There was a moment when he reflected on the future. Denounce himself, +great God! Deliver himself up! With immense despair he faced all that +he should be obliged to leave, all that he should be obliged to take up +once more. He should have to bid farewell to that existence which was +so good, so pure, so radiant, to the respect of all, to honor, to +liberty. He should never more stroll in the fields; he should never +more hear the birds sing in the month of May; he should never more +bestow alms on the little children; he should never more experience the +sweetness of having glances of gratitude and love fixed upon him; he +should quit that house which he had built, that little chamber! +Everything seemed charming to him at that moment. Never again should he +read those books; never more should he write on that little table of +white wood; his old portress, the only servant whom he kept, would +never more bring him his coffee in the morning. Great God! instead of +that, the convict gang, the iron necklet, the red waistcoat, the chain +on his ankle, fatigue, the cell, the camp bed all those horrors which +he knew so well! At his age, after having been what he was! If he were +only young again! but to be addressed in his old age as “thou” by any +one who pleased; to be searched by the convict-guard; to receive the +galley-sergeant’s cudgellings; to wear iron-bound shoes on his bare +feet; to have to stretch out his leg night and morning to the hammer of +the roundsman who visits the gang; to submit to the curiosity of +strangers, who would be told: “That man yonder is the famous Jean +Valjean, who was mayor of M. sur M.”; and at night, dripping with +perspiration, overwhelmed with lassitude, their green caps drawn over +their eyes, to remount, two by two, the ladder staircase of the galleys +beneath the sergeant’s whip. Oh, what misery! Can destiny, then, be as +malicious as an intelligent being, and become as monstrous as the human +heart? + +And do what he would, he always fell back upon the heartrending dilemma +which lay at the foundation of his reverie: “Should he remain in +paradise and become a demon? Should he return to hell and become an +angel?” + + +What was to be done? Great God! what was to be done? + +The torment from which he had escaped with so much difficulty was +unchained afresh within him. His ideas began to grow confused once +more; they assumed a kind of stupefied and mechanical quality which is +peculiar to despair. The name of Romainville recurred incessantly to +his mind, with the two verses of a song which he had heard in the past. +He thought that Romainville was a little grove near Paris, where young +lovers go to pluck lilacs in the month of April. + +He wavered outwardly as well as inwardly. He walked like a little child +who is permitted to toddle alone. + +At intervals, as he combated his lassitude, he made an effort to +recover the mastery of his mind. He tried to put to himself, for the +last time, and definitely, the problem over which he had, in a manner, +fallen prostrate with fatigue: Ought he to denounce himself? Ought he +to hold his peace? He could not manage to see anything distinctly. The +vague aspects of all the courses of reasoning which had been sketched +out by his meditations quivered and vanished, one after the other, into +smoke. He only felt that, to whatever course of action he made up his +mind, something in him must die, and that of necessity, and without his +being able to escape the fact; that he was entering a sepulchre on the +right hand as much as on the left; that he was passing through a death +agony,—the agony of his happiness, or the agony of his virtue. + +Alas! all his resolution had again taken possession of him. He was no +further advanced than at the beginning. + +Thus did this unhappy soul struggle in its anguish. Eighteen hundred +years before this unfortunate man, the mysterious Being in whom are +summed up all the sanctities and all the sufferings of humanity had +also long thrust aside with his hand, while the olive-trees quivered in +the wild wind of the infinite, the terrible cup which appeared to Him +dripping with darkness and overflowing with shadows in the depths all +studded with stars. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—FORMS ASSUMED BY SUFFERING DURING SLEEP + + +Three o’clock in the morning had just struck, and he had been walking +thus for five hours, almost uninterruptedly, when he at length allowed +himself to drop into his chair. + +There he fell asleep and had a dream. + +This dream, like the majority of dreams, bore no relation to the +situation, except by its painful and heart-rending character, but it +made an impression on him. This nightmare struck him so forcibly that +he wrote it down later on. It is one of the papers in his own +handwriting which he has bequeathed to us. We think that we have here +reproduced the thing in strict accordance with the text. + +Of whatever nature this dream may be, the history of this night would +be incomplete if we were to omit it: it is the gloomy adventure of an +ailing soul. + +Here it is. On the envelope we find this line inscribed, “The Dream I +had that Night.” + + +“I was in a plain; a vast, gloomy plain, where there was no grass. It +did not seem to me to be daylight nor yet night. + +“I was walking with my brother, the brother of my childish years, the +brother of whom, I must say, I never think, and whom I now hardly +remember. + +“We were conversing and we met some passers-by. We were talking of a +neighbor of ours in former days, who had always worked with her window +open from the time when she came to live on the street. As we talked we +felt cold because of that open window. + +“There were no trees in the plain. We saw a man passing close to us. He +was entirely nude, of the hue of ashes, and mounted on a horse which +was earth color. The man had no hair; we could see his skull and the +veins on it. In his hand he held a switch which was as supple as a +vine-shoot and as heavy as iron. This horseman passed and said nothing +to us. + +“My brother said to me, ‘Let us take to the hollow road.’ + +“There existed a hollow way wherein one saw neither a single shrub nor +a spear of moss. Everything was dirt-colored, even the sky. After +proceeding a few paces, I received no reply when I spoke: I perceived +that my brother was no longer with me. + +“I entered a village which I espied. I reflected that it must be +Romainville. (Why Romainville?)5 + +“The first street that I entered was deserted. I entered a second +street. Behind the angle formed by the two streets, a man was standing +erect against the wall. I said to this man:— + +“‘What country is this? Where am I?’ The man made no reply. I saw the +door of a house open, and I entered. + +“The first chamber was deserted. I entered the second. Behind the door +of this chamber a man was standing erect against the wall. I inquired +of this man, ‘Whose house is this? Where am I?’ The man replied not. + +“The house had a garden. I quitted the house and entered the garden. +The garden was deserted. Behind the first tree I found a man standing +upright. I said to this man, ‘What garden is this? Where am I?’ The man +did not answer. + +“I strolled into the village, and perceived that it was a town. All the +streets were deserted, all the doors were open. Not a single living +being was passing in the streets, walking through the chambers or +strolling in the gardens. But behind each angle of the walls, behind +each door, behind each tree, stood a silent man. Only one was to be +seen at a time. These men watched me pass. + +“I left the town and began to ramble about the fields. + +“After the lapse of some time I turned back and saw a great crowd +coming up behind me. I recognized all the men whom I had seen in that +town. They had strange heads. They did not seem to be in a hurry, yet +they walked faster than I did. They made no noise as they walked. In an +instant this crowd had overtaken and surrounded me. The faces of these +men were earthen in hue. + +“Then the first one whom I had seen and questioned on entering the town +said to me:— + +“‘Whither are you going! Do you not know that you have been dead this +long time?’ + +“I opened my mouth to reply, and I perceived that there was no one near +me.” + + +He woke. He was icy cold. A wind which was chill like the breeze of +dawn was rattling the leaves of the window, which had been left open on +their hinges. The fire was out. The candle was nearing its end. It was +still black night. + +He rose, he went to the window. There were no stars in the sky even +yet. + +From his window the yard of the house and the street were visible. A +sharp, harsh noise, which made him drop his eyes, resounded from the +earth. + +Below him he perceived two red stars, whose rays lengthened and +shortened in a singular manner through the darkness. + +As his thoughts were still half immersed in the mists of sleep, “Hold!” +said he, “there are no stars in the sky. They are on earth now.” + + +But this confusion vanished; a second sound similar to the first roused +him thoroughly; he looked and recognized the fact that these two stars +were the lanterns of a carriage. By the light which they cast he was +able to distinguish the form of this vehicle. It was a tilbury +harnessed to a small white horse. The noise which he had heard was the +trampling of the horse’s hoofs on the pavement. + +“What vehicle is this?” he said to himself. “Who is coming here so +early in the morning?” + + +At that moment there came a light tap on the door of his chamber. + +He shuddered from head to foot, and cried in a terrible voice:— + +“Who is there?” + + +Some one said:— + +“I, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +He recognized the voice of the old woman who was his portress. + +“Well!” he replied, “what is it?” + + +“Monsieur le Maire, it is just five o’clock in the morning.” + + +“What is that to me?” + + +“The cabriolet is here, Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“What cabriolet?” + + +“The tilbury.” + + +“What tilbury?” + + +“Did not Monsieur le Maire order a tilbury?” + + +“No,” said he. + +“The coachman says that he has come for Monsieur le Maire.” + + +“What coachman?” + + +“M. Scaufflaire’s coachman.” + + +“M. Scaufflaire?” + + +That name sent a shudder over him, as though a flash of lightning had +passed in front of his face. + +“Ah! yes,” he resumed; “M. Scaufflaire!” + + +If the old woman could have seen him at that moment, she would have +been frightened. + +A tolerably long silence ensued. He examined the flame of the candle +with a stupid air, and from around the wick he took some of the burning +wax, which he rolled between his fingers. The old woman waited for him. +She even ventured to uplift her voice once more:— + +“What am I to say, Monsieur le Maire?” + + +“Say that it is well, and that I am coming down.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—HINDRANCES + + +The posting service from Arras to M. sur M. was still operated at this +period by small mail-wagons of the time of the Empire. These +mail-wagons were two-wheeled cabriolets, upholstered inside with +fawn-colored leather, hung on springs, and having but two seats, one +for the postboy, the other for the traveller. The wheels were armed +with those long, offensive axles which keep other vehicles at a +distance, and which may still be seen on the road in Germany. The +despatch box, an immense oblong coffer, was placed behind the vehicle +and formed a part of it. This coffer was painted black, and the +cabriolet yellow. + +These vehicles, which have no counterparts nowadays, had something +distorted and hunchbacked about them; and when one saw them passing in +the distance, and climbing up some road to the horizon, they resembled +the insects which are called, I think, termites, and which, though with +but little corselet, drag a great train behind them. But they travelled +at a very rapid rate. The post-wagon which set out from Arras at one +o’clock every night, after the mail from Paris had passed, arrived at +M. sur M. a little before five o’clock in the morning. + +That night the wagon which was descending to M. sur M. by the Hesdin +road, collided at the corner of a street, just as it was entering the +town, with a little tilbury harnessed to a white horse, which was going +in the opposite direction, and in which there was but one person, a man +enveloped in a mantle. The wheel of the tilbury received quite a +violent shock. The postman shouted to the man to stop, but the +traveller paid no heed and pursued his road at full gallop. + +“That man is in a devilish hurry!” said the postman. + +The man thus hastening on was the one whom we have just seen struggling +in convulsions which are certainly deserving of pity. + +Whither was he going? He could not have told. Why was he hastening? He +did not know. He was driving at random, straight ahead. Whither? To +Arras, no doubt; but he might have been going elsewhere as well. At +times he was conscious of it, and he shuddered. He plunged into the +night as into a gulf. Something urged him forward; something drew him +on. No one could have told what was taking place within him; every one +will understand it. What man is there who has not entered, at least +once in his life, into that obscure cavern of the unknown? + +However, he had resolved on nothing, decided nothing, formed no plan, +done nothing. None of the actions of his conscience had been decisive. +He was, more than ever, as he had been at the first moment. + +Why was he going to Arras? + +He repeated what he had already said to himself when he had hired +Scaufflaire’s cabriolet: that, whatever the result was to be, there was +no reason why he should not see with his own eyes, and judge of matters +for himself; that this was even prudent; that he must know what took +place; that no decision could be arrived at without having observed and +scrutinized; that one made mountains out of everything from a distance; +that, at any rate, when he should have seen that Champmathieu, some +wretch, his conscience would probably be greatly relieved to allow him +to go to the galleys in his stead; that Javert would indeed be there; +and that Brevet, that Chenildieu, that Cochepaille, old convicts who +had known him; but they certainly would not recognize him;—bah! what an +idea! that Javert was a hundred leagues from suspecting the truth; that +all conjectures and all suppositions were fixed on Champmathieu, and +that there is nothing so headstrong as suppositions and conjectures; +that accordingly there was no danger. + +That it was, no doubt, a dark moment, but that he should emerge from +it; that, after all, he held his destiny, however bad it might be, in +his own hand; that he was master of it. He clung to this thought. + +At bottom, to tell the whole truth, he would have preferred not to go +to Arras. + +Nevertheless, he was going thither. + +As he meditated, he whipped up his horse, which was proceeding at that +fine, regular, and even trot which accomplishes two leagues and a half +an hour. + +In proportion as the cabriolet advanced, he felt something within him +draw back. + +At daybreak he was in the open country; the town of M. sur M. lay far +behind him. He watched the horizon grow white; he stared at all the +chilly figures of a winter’s dawn as they passed before his eyes, but +without seeing them. The morning has its spectres as well as the +evening. He did not see them; but without his being aware of it, and by +means of a sort of penetration which was almost physical, these black +silhouettes of trees and of hills added some gloomy and sinister +quality to the violent state of his soul. + +Each time that he passed one of those isolated dwellings which +sometimes border on the highway, he said to himself, “And yet there are +people there within who are sleeping!” + + +The trot of the horse, the bells on the harness, the wheels on the +road, produced a gentle, monotonous noise. These things are charming +when one is joyous, and lugubrious when one is sad. + +It was broad daylight when he arrived at Hesdin. He halted in front of +the inn, to allow the horse a breathing spell, and to have him given +some oats. + +The horse belonged, as Scaufflaire had said, to that small race of the +Boulonnais, which has too much head, too much belly, and not enough +neck and shoulders, but which has a broad chest, a large crupper, thin, +fine legs, and solid hoofs—a homely, but a robust and healthy race. The +excellent beast had travelled five leagues in two hours, and had not a +drop of sweat on his loins. + +He did not get out of the tilbury. The stableman who brought the oats +suddenly bent down and examined the left wheel. + +“Are you going far in this condition?” said the man. + +He replied, with an air of not having roused himself from his reverie:— + +“Why?” + + +“Have you come from a great distance?” went on the man. + +“Five leagues.” + + +“Ah!” + + +“Why do you say, ‘Ah?’” + + +The man bent down once more, was silent for a moment, with his eyes +fixed on the wheel; then he rose erect and said:— + +“Because, though this wheel has travelled five leagues, it certainly +will not travel another quarter of a league.” + + +He sprang out of the tilbury. + +“What is that you say, my friend?” + + +“I say that it is a miracle that you should have travelled five leagues +without you and your horse rolling into some ditch on the highway. Just +see here!” + + +The wheel really had suffered serious damage. The shock administered by +the mail-wagon had split two spokes and strained the hub, so that the +nut no longer held firm. + +“My friend,” he said to the stableman, “is there a wheelwright here?” + + +“Certainly, sir.” + + +“Do me the service to go and fetch him.” + + +“He is only a step from here. Hey! Master Bourgaillard!” + + +Master Bourgaillard, the wheelwright, was standing on his own +threshold. He came, examined the wheel and made a grimace like a +surgeon when the latter thinks a limb is broken. + +“Can you repair this wheel immediately?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“When can I set out again?” + + +“To-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow!” + + +“There is a long day’s work on it. Are you in a hurry, sir?” + + +“In a very great hurry. I must set out again in an hour at the latest.” + + +“Impossible, sir.” + + +“I will pay whatever you ask.” + + +“Impossible.” + + +“Well, in two hours, then.” + + +“Impossible to-day. Two new spokes and a hub must be made. Monsieur +will not be able to start before to-morrow morning.” + + +“The matter cannot wait until to-morrow. What if you were to replace +this wheel instead of repairing it?” + + +“How so?” + + +“You are a wheelwright?” + + +“Certainly, sir.” + + +“Have you not a wheel that you can sell me? Then I could start again at +once.” + + +“A spare wheel?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I have no wheel on hand that would fit your cabriolet. Two wheels make +a pair. Two wheels cannot be put together hap-hazard.” + + +“In that case, sell me a pair of wheels.” + + +“Not all wheels fit all axles, sir.” + + +“Try, nevertheless.” + + +“It is useless, sir. I have nothing to sell but cart-wheels. We are but +a poor country here.” + + +“Have you a cabriolet that you can let me have?” + + +The wheelwright had seen at the first glance that the tilbury was a +hired vehicle. He shrugged his shoulders. + +“You treat the cabriolets that people let you so well! If I had one, I +would not let it to you!” + + +“Well, sell it to me, then.” + + +“I have none.” + + +“What! not even a spring-cart? I am not hard to please, as you see.” + + +“We live in a poor country. There is, in truth,” added the wheelwright, +“an old calash under the shed yonder, which belongs to a bourgeois of +the town, who gave it to me to take care of, and who only uses it on +the thirty-sixth of the month—never, that is to say. I might let that +to you, for what matters it to me? But the bourgeois must not see it +pass—and then, it is a calash; it would require two horses.” + + +“I will take two post-horses.” + + +“Where is Monsieur going?” + + +“To Arras.” + + +“And Monsieur wishes to reach there to-day?” + + +“Yes, of course.” + + +“By taking two post-horses?” + + +“Why not?” + + +“Does it make any difference whether Monsieur arrives at four o’clock +to-morrow morning?” + + +“Certainly not.” + + +“There is one thing to be said about that, you see, by taking +post-horses—Monsieur has his passport?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, by taking post-horses, Monsieur cannot reach Arras before +to-morrow. We are on a crossroad. The relays are badly served, the +horses are in the fields. The season for ploughing is just beginning; +heavy teams are required, and horses are seized upon everywhere, from +the post as well as elsewhere. Monsieur will have to wait three or four +hours at the least at every relay. And, then, they drive at a walk. +There are many hills to ascend.” + + +“Come then, I will go on horseback. Unharness the cabriolet. Some one +can surely sell me a saddle in the neighborhood.” + + +“Without doubt. But will this horse bear the saddle?” + + +“That is true; you remind me of that; he will not bear it.” + + +“Then—” + + +“But I can surely hire a horse in the village?” + + +“A horse to travel to Arras at one stretch?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That would require such a horse as does not exist in these parts. You +would have to buy it to begin with, because no one knows you. But you +will not find one for sale nor to let, for five hundred francs, or for +a thousand.” + + +“What am I to do?” + + +“The best thing is to let me repair the wheel like an honest man, and +set out on your journey to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow will be too late.” + + +“The deuce!” + + +“Is there not a mail-wagon which runs to Arras? When will it pass?” + + +“To-night. Both the posts pass at night; the one going as well as the +one coming.” + + +“What! It will take you a day to mend this wheel?” + + +“A day, and a good long one.” + + +“If you set two men to work?” + + +“If I set ten men to work.” + + +“What if the spokes were to be tied together with ropes?” + + +“That could be done with the spokes, not with the hub; and the felly is +in a bad state, too.” + + +“Is there any one in this village who lets out teams?” + + +“No.” + + +“Is there another wheelwright?” + + +The stableman and the wheelwright replied in concert, with a toss of +the head. + +“No.” + + +He felt an immense joy. + +It was evident that Providence was intervening. That it was it who had +broken the wheel of the tilbury and who was stopping him on the road. +He had not yielded to this sort of first summons; he had just made +every possible effort to continue the journey; he had loyally and +scrupulously exhausted all means; he had been deterred neither by the +season, nor fatigue, nor by the expense; he had nothing with which to +reproach himself. If he went no further, that was no fault of his. It +did not concern him further. It was no longer his fault. It was not the +act of his own conscience, but the act of Providence. + +He breathed again. He breathed freely and to the full extent of his +lungs for the first time since Javert’s visit. It seemed to him that +the hand of iron which had held his heart in its grasp for the last +twenty hours had just released him. + +It seemed to him that God was for him now, and was manifesting Himself. + +He said to himself that he had done all he could, and that now he had +nothing to do but retrace his steps quietly. + +If his conversation with the wheelwright had taken place in a chamber +of the inn, it would have had no witnesses, no one would have heard +him, things would have rested there, and it is probable that we should +not have had to relate any of the occurrences which the reader is about +to peruse; but this conversation had taken place in the street. Any +colloquy in the street inevitably attracts a crowd. There are always +people who ask nothing better than to become spectators. While he was +questioning the wheelwright, some people who were passing back and +forth halted around them. After listening for a few minutes, a young +lad, to whom no one had paid any heed, detached himself from the group +and ran off. + +At the moment when the traveller, after the inward deliberation which +we have just described, resolved to retrace his steps, this child +returned. He was accompanied by an old woman. + +“Monsieur,” said the woman, “my boy tells me that you wish to hire a +cabriolet.” + + +These simple words uttered by an old woman led by a child made the +perspiration trickle down his limbs. He thought that he beheld the hand +which had relaxed its grasp reappear in the darkness behind him, ready +to seize him once more. + +He answered:— + +“Yes, my good woman; I am in search of a cabriolet which I can hire.” + + +And he hastened to add:— + +“But there is none in the place.” + + +“Certainly there is,” said the old woman. + +“Where?” interpolated the wheelwright. + +“At my house,” replied the old woman. + +He shuddered. The fatal hand had grasped him again. + +The old woman really had in her shed a sort of basket spring-cart. The +wheelwright and the stable-man, in despair at the prospect of the +traveller escaping their clutches, interfered. + +“It was a frightful old trap; it rests flat on the axle; it is an +actual fact that the seats were suspended inside it by leather thongs; +the rain came into it; the wheels were rusted and eaten with moisture; +it would not go much further than the tilbury; a regular ramshackle old +stage-wagon; the gentleman would make a great mistake if he trusted +himself to it,” etc., etc. + +All this was true; but this trap, this ramshackle old vehicle, this +thing, whatever it was, ran on its two wheels and could go to Arras. + +He paid what was asked, left the tilbury with the wheelwright to be +repaired, intending to reclaim it on his return, had the white horse +put to the cart, climbed into it, and resumed the road which he had +been travelling since morning. + +At the moment when the cart moved off, he admitted that he had felt, a +moment previously, a certain joy in the thought that he should not go +whither he was now proceeding. He examined this joy with a sort of +wrath, and found it absurd. Why should he feel joy at turning back? +After all, he was taking this trip of his own free will. No one was +forcing him to it. + +And assuredly nothing would happen except what he should choose. + +As he left Hesdin, he heard a voice shouting to him: “Stop! Stop!” He +halted the cart with a vigorous movement which contained a feverish and +convulsive element resembling hope. + +It was the old woman’s little boy. + +“Monsieur,” said the latter, “it was I who got the cart for you.” + + +“Well?” + + +“You have not given me anything.” + + +He who gave to all so readily thought this demand exorbitant and almost +odious. + +“Ah! it’s you, you scamp?” said he; “you shall have nothing.” + + +He whipped up his horse and set off at full speed. + +He had lost a great deal of time at Hesdin. He wanted to make it good. +The little horse was courageous, and pulled for two; but it was the +month of February, there had been rain; the roads were bad. And then, +it was no longer the tilbury. The cart was very heavy, and in addition, +there were many ascents. + +He took nearly four hours to go from Hesdin to Saint-Pol; four hours +for five leagues. + +At Saint-Pol he had the horse unharnessed at the first inn he came to +and led to the stable; as he had promised Scaufflaire, he stood beside +the manger while the horse was eating; he thought of sad and confusing +things. + +The inn-keeper’s wife came to the stable. + +“Does not Monsieur wish to breakfast?” + + +“Come, that is true; I even have a good appetite.” + + +He followed the woman, who had a rosy, cheerful face; she led him to +the public room where there were tables covered with waxed cloth. + +“Make haste!” said he; “I must start again; I am in a hurry.” + + +A big Flemish servant-maid placed his knife and fork in all haste; he +looked at the girl with a sensation of comfort. + +“That is what ailed me,” he thought; “I had not breakfasted.” + + +His breakfast was served; he seized the bread, took a mouthful, and +then slowly replaced it on the table, and did not touch it again. + +A carter was eating at another table; he said to this man:— + +“Why is their bread so bitter here?” + + +The carter was a German and did not understand him. + +He returned to the stable and remained near the horse. + +An hour later he had quitted Saint-Pol and was directing his course +towards Tinques, which is only five leagues from Arras. + +What did he do during this journey? Of what was he thinking? As in the +morning, he watched the trees, the thatched roofs, the tilled fields +pass by, and the way in which the landscape, broken at every turn of +the road, vanished; this is a sort of contemplation which sometimes +suffices to the soul, and almost relieves it from thought. What is more +melancholy and more profound than to see a thousand objects for the +first and the last time? To travel is to be born and to die at every +instant; perhaps, in the vaguest region of his mind, he did make +comparisons between the shifting horizon and our human existence: all +the things of life are perpetually fleeing before us; the dark and +bright intervals are intermingled; after a dazzling moment, an eclipse; +we look, we hasten, we stretch out our hands to grasp what is passing; +each event is a turn in the road, and, all at once, we are old; we feel +a shock; all is black; we distinguish an obscure door; the gloomy horse +of life, which has been drawing us halts, and we see a veiled and +unknown person unharnessing amid the shadows. + +Twilight was falling when the children who were coming out of school +beheld this traveller enter Tinques; it is true that the days were +still short; he did not halt at Tinques; as he emerged from the +village, a laborer, who was mending the road with stones, raised his +head and said to him:— + +“That horse is very much fatigued.” + + +The poor beast was, in fact, going at a walk. + +“Are you going to Arras?” added the road-mender. + +“Yes.” + + +“If you go on at that rate you will not arrive very early.” + + +He stopped his horse, and asked the laborer:— + +“How far is it from here to Arras?” + + +“Nearly seven good leagues.” + + +“How is that? the posting guide only says five leagues and a quarter.” + + +“Ah!” returned the road-mender, “so you don’t know that the road is +under repair? You will find it barred a quarter of an hour further on; +there is no way to proceed further.” + + +“Really?” + + +“You will take the road on the left, leading to Carency; you will cross +the river; when you reach Camblin, you will turn to the right; that is +the road to Mont-Saint-Éloy which leads to Arras.” + + +“But it is night, and I shall lose my way.” + + +“You do not belong in these parts?” + + +“No.” + + +“And, besides, it is all crossroads; stop! sir,” resumed the +road-mender; “shall I give you a piece of advice? your horse is tired; +return to Tinques; there is a good inn there; sleep there; you can +reach Arras to-morrow.” + + +“I must be there this evening.” + + +“That is different; but go to the inn all the same, and get an extra +horse; the stable-boy will guide you through the crossroads.” + + +He followed the road-mender’s advice, retraced his steps, and, half an +hour later, he passed the same spot again, but this time at full speed, +with a good horse to aid; a stable-boy, who called himself a postilion, +was seated on the shaft of the cariole. + +Still, he felt that he had lost time. + +Night had fully come. + +They turned into the crossroad; the way became frightfully bad; the +cart lurched from one rut to the other; he said to the postilion:— + +“Keep at a trot, and you shall have a double fee.” + + +In one of the jolts, the whiffle-tree broke. + +“There’s the whiffle-tree broken, sir,” said the postilion; “I don’t +know how to harness my horse now; this road is very bad at night; if +you wish to return and sleep at Tinques, we could be in Arras early +to-morrow morning.” + + +He replied, “Have you a bit of rope and a knife?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +He cut a branch from a tree and made a whiffle-tree of it. + +This caused another loss of twenty minutes; but they set out again at a +gallop. + +The plain was gloomy; low-hanging, black, crisp fogs crept over the +hills and wrenched themselves away like smoke: there were whitish +gleams in the clouds; a strong breeze which blew in from the sea +produced a sound in all quarters of the horizon, as of some one moving +furniture; everything that could be seen assumed attitudes of terror. +How many things shiver beneath these vast breaths of the night! + +He was stiff with cold; he had eaten nothing since the night before; he +vaguely recalled his other nocturnal trip in the vast plain in the +neighborhood of D——, eight years previously, and it seemed but +yesterday. + +The hour struck from a distant tower; he asked the boy:— + +“What time is it?” + + +“Seven o’clock, sir; we shall reach Arras at eight; we have but three +leagues still to go.” + + +At that moment, he for the first time indulged in this reflection, +thinking it odd the while that it had not occurred to him sooner: that +all this trouble which he was taking was, perhaps, useless; that he did +not know so much as the hour of the trial; that he should, at least, +have informed himself of that; that he was foolish to go thus straight +ahead without knowing whether he would be of any service or not; then +he sketched out some calculations in his mind: that, ordinarily, the +sittings of the Court of Assizes began at nine o’clock in the morning; +that it could not be a long affair; that the theft of the apples would +be very brief; that there would then remain only a question of +identity, four or five depositions, and very little for the lawyers to +say; that he should arrive after all was over. + +The postilion whipped up the horses; they had crossed the river and +left Mont-Saint-Éloy behind them. + +The night grew more profound. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—SISTER SIMPLICE PUT TO THE PROOF + + +But at that moment Fantine was joyous. + +She had passed a very bad night; her cough was frightful; her fever had +doubled in intensity; she had had dreams: in the morning, when the +doctor paid his visit, she was delirious; he assumed an alarmed look, +and ordered that he should be informed as soon as M. Madeleine arrived. + +All the morning she was melancholy, said but little, and laid plaits in +her sheets, murmuring the while, in a low voice, calculations which +seemed to be calculations of distances. Her eyes were hollow and +staring. They seemed almost extinguished at intervals, then lighted up +again and shone like stars. It seems as though, at the approach of a +certain dark hour, the light of heaven fills those who are quitting the +light of earth. + +Each time that Sister Simplice asked her how she felt, she replied +invariably, “Well. I should like to see M. Madeleine.” + + +Some months before this, at the moment when Fantine had just lost her +last modesty, her last shame, and her last joy, she was the shadow of +herself; now she was the spectre of herself. Physical suffering had +completed the work of moral suffering. This creature of five and twenty +had a wrinkled brow, flabby cheeks, pinched nostrils, teeth from which +the gums had receded, a leaden complexion, a bony neck, prominent +shoulder-blades, frail limbs, a clayey skin, and her golden hair was +growing out sprinkled with gray. Alas! how illness improvises old-age! + +At midday the physician returned, gave some directions, inquired +whether the mayor had made his appearance at the infirmary, and shook +his head. + +M. Madeleine usually came to see the invalid at three o’clock. As +exactness is kindness, he was exact. + +About half-past two, Fantine began to be restless. In the course of +twenty minutes, she asked the nun more than ten times, “What time is +it, sister?” + + +Three o’clock struck. At the third stroke, Fantine sat up in bed; she +who could, in general, hardly turn over, joined her yellow, fleshless +hands in a sort of convulsive clasp, and the nun heard her utter one of +those profound sighs which seem to throw off dejection. Then Fantine +turned and looked at the door. + +No one entered; the door did not open. + +She remained thus for a quarter of an hour, her eyes riveted on the +door, motionless and apparently holding her breath. The sister dared +not speak to her. The clock struck a quarter past three. Fantine fell +back on her pillow. + +She said nothing, but began to plait the sheets once more. + +Half an hour passed, then an hour, no one came; every time the clock +struck, Fantine started up and looked towards the door, then fell back +again. + +Her thought was clearly perceptible, but she uttered no name, she made +no complaint, she blamed no one. But she coughed in a melancholy way. +One would have said that something dark was descending upon her. She +was livid and her lips were blue. She smiled now and then. + +Five o’clock struck. Then the sister heard her say, very low and +gently, “He is wrong not to come to-day, since I am going away +to-morrow.” + + +Sister Simplice herself was surprised at M. Madeleine’s delay. + +In the meantime, Fantine was staring at the tester of her bed. She +seemed to be endeavoring to recall something. All at once she began to +sing in a voice as feeble as a breath. The nun listened. This is what +Fantine was singing:— + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through. +Roses are pink, corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, corn-flowers are blue. + + +“Yestere’en the Virgin Mary came near my stove, in a broidered mantle +clad, and said to me, ‘Here, hide ’neath my veil the child whom you one +day begged from me. Haste to the city, buy linen, buy a needle, buy +thread.’ + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through. + + +“Dear Holy Virgin, beside my stove I have set a cradle with ribbons +decked. God may give me his loveliest star; I prefer the child thou +hast granted me. ‘Madame, what shall I do with this linen fine?’—‘Make +of it clothes for thy new-born babe.’ + +“Roses are pink and corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, and corn-flowers are blue. + + +“‘Wash this linen.’—‘Where?’—‘In the stream. Make of it, soiling not, +spoiling not, a petticoat fair with its bodice fine, which I will +embroider and fill with flowers.’—‘Madame, the child is no longer here; +what is to be done?’—‘Then make of it a winding-sheet in which to bury +me.’ + +“Lovely things we will buy +As we stroll the faubourgs through, +Roses are pink, corn-flowers are blue, +I love my love, corn-flowers are blue.” + + +This song was an old cradle romance with which she had, in former days, +lulled her little Cosette to sleep, and which had never recurred to her +mind in all the five years during which she had been parted from her +child. She sang it in so sad a voice, and to so sweet an air, that it +was enough to make any one, even a nun, weep. The sister, accustomed as +she was to austerities, felt a tear spring to her eyes. + +The clock struck six. Fantine did not seem to hear it. She no longer +seemed to pay attention to anything about her. + +Sister Simplice sent a serving-maid to inquire of the portress of the +factory, whether the mayor had returned, and if he would not come to +the infirmary soon. The girl returned in a few minutes. + +Fantine was still motionless and seemed absorbed in her own thoughts. + +The servant informed Sister Simplice in a very low tone, that the mayor +had set out that morning before six o’clock, in a little tilbury +harnessed to a white horse, cold as the weather was; that he had gone +alone, without even a driver; that no one knew what road he had taken; +that people said he had been seen to turn into the road to Arras; that +others asserted that they had met him on the road to Paris. That when +he went away he had been very gentle, as usual, and that he had merely +told the portress not to expect him that night. + +While the two women were whispering together, with their backs turned +to Fantine’s bed, the sister interrogating, the servant conjecturing, +Fantine, with the feverish vivacity of certain organic maladies, which +unite the free movements of health with the frightful emaciation of +death, had raised herself to her knees in bed, with her shrivelled +hands resting on the bolster, and her head thrust through the opening +of the curtains, and was listening. All at once she cried:— + +“You are speaking of M. Madeleine! Why are you talking so low? What is +he doing? Why does he not come?” + + +Her voice was so abrupt and hoarse that the two women thought they +heard the voice of a man; they wheeled round in affright. + +“Answer me!” cried Fantine. + +The servant stammered:— + +“The portress told me that he could not come to-day.” + + +“Be calm, my child,” said the sister; “lie down again.” + + +Fantine, without changing her attitude, continued in a loud voice, and +with an accent that was both imperious and heart-rending:— + +“He cannot come? Why not? You know the reason. You are whispering it to +each other there. I want to know it.” + + +The servant-maid hastened to say in the nun’s ear, “Say that he is busy +with the city council.” + + +Sister Simplice blushed faintly, for it was a lie that the maid had +proposed to her. + +On the other hand, it seemed to her that the mere communication of the +truth to the invalid would, without doubt, deal her a terrible blow, +and that this was a serious matter in Fantine’s present state. Her +flush did not last long; the sister raised her calm, sad eyes to +Fantine, and said, “Monsieur le Maire has gone away.” + + +Fantine raised herself and crouched on her heels in the bed: her eyes +sparkled; indescribable joy beamed from that melancholy face. + +“Gone!” she cried; “he has gone to get Cosette.” + + +Then she raised her arms to heaven, and her white face became +ineffable; her lips moved; she was praying in a low voice. + +When her prayer was finished, “Sister,” she said, “I am willing to lie +down again; I will do anything you wish; I was naughty just now; I beg +your pardon for having spoken so loud; it is very wrong to talk loudly; +I know that well, my good sister, but, you see, I am very happy: the +good God is good; M. Madeleine is good; just think! he has gone to +Montfermeil to get my little Cosette.” + + +She lay down again, with the nun’s assistance, helped the nun to +arrange her pillow, and kissed the little silver cross which she wore +on her neck, and which Sister Simplice had given her. + +“My child,” said the sister, “try to rest now, and do not talk any +more.” + + +Fantine took the sister’s hand in her moist hands, and the latter was +pained to feel that perspiration. + +“He set out this morning for Paris; in fact, he need not even go +through Paris; Montfermeil is a little to the left as you come thence. +Do you remember how he said to me yesterday, when I spoke to him of +Cosette, _Soon, soon?_ He wants to give me a surprise, you know! he +made me sign a letter so that she could be taken from the ThĂ©nardiers; +they cannot say anything, can they? they will give back Cosette, for +they have been paid; the authorities will not allow them to keep the +child since they have received their pay. Do not make signs to me that +I must not talk, sister! I am extremely happy; I am doing well; I am +not ill at all any more; I am going to see Cosette again; I am even +quite hungry; it is nearly five years since I saw her last; you cannot +imagine how much attached one gets to children, and then, she will be +so pretty; you will see! If you only knew what pretty little rosy +fingers she had! In the first place, she will have very beautiful +hands; she had ridiculous hands when she was only a year old; like +this! she must be a big girl now; she is seven years old; she is quite +a young lady; I call her Cosette, but her name is really Euphrasie. +Stop! this morning I was looking at the dust on the chimney-piece, and +I had a sort of idea come across me, like that, that I should see +Cosette again soon. Mon Dieu! how wrong it is not to see one’s children +for years! One ought to reflect that life is not eternal. Oh, how good +M. le Maire is to go! it is very cold! it is true; he had on his cloak, +at least? he will be here to-morrow, will he not? to-morrow will be a +festival day; to-morrow morning, sister, you must remind me to put on +my little cap that has lace on it. What a place that Montfermeil is! I +took that journey on foot once; it was very long for me, but the +diligences go very quickly! he will be here to-morrow with Cosette: how +far is it from here to Montfermeil?” + + +The sister, who had no idea of distances, replied, “Oh, I think that he +will be here to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow! to-morrow!” said Fantine, “I shall see Cosette to-morrow! +you see, good sister of the good God, that I am no longer ill; I am +mad; I could dance if any one wished it.” + + +A person who had seen her a quarter of an hour previously would not +have understood the change; she was all rosy now; she spoke in a lively +and natural voice; her whole face was one smile; now and then she +talked, she laughed softly; the joy of a mother is almost infantile. + +“Well,” resumed the nun, “now that you are happy, mind me, and do not +talk any more.” + + +Fantine laid her head on her pillow and said in a low voice: “Yes, lie +down again; be good, for you are going to have your child; Sister +Simplice is right; every one here is right.” + + +And then, without stirring, without even moving her head, she began to +stare all about her with wide-open eyes and a joyous air, and she said +nothing more. + +The sister drew the curtains together again, hoping that she would fall +into a doze. Between seven and eight o’clock the doctor came; not +hearing any sound, he thought Fantine was asleep, entered softly, and +approached the bed on tiptoe; he opened the curtains a little, and, by +the light of the taper, he saw Fantine’s big eyes gazing at him. + +She said to him, “She will be allowed to sleep beside me in a little +bed, will she not, sir?” + + +The doctor thought that she was delirious. She added:— + +“See! there is just room.” + + +The doctor took Sister Simplice aside, and she explained matters to +him; that M. Madeleine was absent for a day or two, and that in their +doubt they had not thought it well to undeceive the invalid, who +believed that the mayor had gone to Montfermeil; that it was possible, +after all, that her guess was correct: the doctor approved. + +He returned to Fantine’s bed, and she went on:— + +“You see, when she wakes up in the morning, I shall be able to say good +morning to her, poor kitten, and when I cannot sleep at night, I can +hear her asleep; her little gentle breathing will do me good.” + + +“Give me your hand,” said the doctor. + +She stretched out her arm, and exclaimed with a laugh:— + +“Ah, hold! in truth, you did not know it; I am cured; Cosette will +arrive to-morrow.” + + +The doctor was surprised; she was better; the pressure on her chest had +decreased; her pulse had regained its strength; a sort of life had +suddenly supervened and reanimated this poor, worn-out creature. + +“Doctor,” she went on, “did the sister tell you that M. le Maire has +gone to get that mite of a child?” + + +The doctor recommended silence, and that all painful emotions should be +avoided; he prescribed an infusion of pure chinchona, and, in case the +fever should increase again during the night, a calming potion. As he +took his departure, he said to the sister:— + +“She is doing better; if good luck willed that the mayor should +actually arrive to-morrow with the child, who knows? there are crises +so astounding; great joy has been known to arrest maladies; I know well +that this is an organic disease, and in an advanced state, but all +those things are such mysteries: we may be able to save her.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE TRAVELLER ON HIS ARRIVAL TAKES PRECAUTIONS FOR +DEPARTURE + + +It was nearly eight o’clock in the evening when the cart, which we left +on the road, entered the porte-cochĂšre of the Hotel de la Poste in +Arras; the man whom we have been following up to this moment alighted +from it, responded with an abstracted air to the attentions of the +people of the inn, sent back the extra horse, and with his own hands +led the little white horse to the stable; then he opened the door of a +billiard-room which was situated on the ground floor, sat down there, +and leaned his elbows on a table; he had taken fourteen hours for the +journey which he had counted on making in six; he did himself the +justice to acknowledge that it was not his fault, but at bottom, he was +not sorry. + +The landlady of the hotel entered. + +“Does Monsieur wish a bed? Does Monsieur require supper?” + + +He made a sign of the head in the negative. + +“The stableman says that Monsieur’s horse is extremely fatigued.” + + +Here he broke his silence. + +“Will not the horse be in a condition to set out again to-morrow +morning?” + + +“Oh, Monsieur! he must rest for two days at least.” + + +He inquired:— + +“Is not the posting-station located here?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +The hostess conducted him to the office; he showed his passport, and +inquired whether there was any way of returning that same night to M. +sur M. by the mail-wagon; the seat beside the post-boy chanced to be +vacant; he engaged it and paid for it. “Monsieur,” said the clerk, “do +not fail to be here ready to start at precisely one o’clock in the +morning.” + + +This done, he left the hotel and began to wander about the town. + +He was not acquainted with Arras; the streets were dark, and he walked +on at random; but he seemed bent upon not asking the way of the +passers-by. He crossed the little river Crinchon, and found himself in +a labyrinth of narrow alleys where he lost his way. A citizen was +passing along with a lantern. After some hesitation, he decided to +apply to this man, not without having first glanced behind and in front +of him, as though he feared lest some one should hear the question +which he was about to put. + +“Monsieur,” said he, “where is the court-house, if you please.” + + +“You do not belong in town, sir?” replied the bourgeois, who was an +oldish man; “well, follow me. I happen to be going in the direction of +the court-house, that is to say, in the direction of the hotel of the +prefecture; for the court-house is undergoing repairs just at this +moment, and the courts are holding their sittings provisionally in the +prefecture.” + + +“Is it there that the Assizes are held?” he asked. + +“Certainly, sir; you see, the prefecture of to-day was the bishop’s +palace before the Revolution. M. de ConziĂ©, who was bishop in ’82, +built a grand hall there. It is in this grand hall that the court is +held.” + + +On the way, the bourgeois said to him:— + +“If Monsieur desires to witness a case, it is rather late. The sittings +generally close at six o’clock.” + + +When they arrived on the grand square, however, the man pointed out to +him four long windows all lighted up, in the front of a vast and gloomy +building. + +“Upon my word, sir, you are in luck; you have arrived in season. Do you +see those four windows? That is the Court of Assizes. There is light +there, so they are not through. The matter must have been greatly +protracted, and they are holding an evening session. Do you take an +interest in this affair? Is it a criminal case? Are you a witness?” + + +He replied:— + +“I have not come on any business; I only wish to speak to one of the +lawyers.” + + +“That is different,” said the bourgeois. “Stop, sir; here is the door +where the sentry stands. You have only to ascend the grand staircase.” + + +He conformed to the bourgeois’s directions, and a few minutes later he +was in a hall containing many people, and where groups, intermingled +with lawyers in their gowns, were whispering together here and there. + +It is always a heart-breaking thing to see these congregations of men +robed in black, murmuring together in low voices, on the threshold of +the halls of justice. It is rare that charity and pity are the outcome +of these words. Condemnations pronounced in advance are more likely to +be the result. All these groups seem to the passing and thoughtful +observer so many sombre hives where buzzing spirits construct in +concert all sorts of dark edifices. + +This spacious hall, illuminated by a single lamp, was the old hall of +the episcopal palace, and served as the large hall of the palace of +justice. A double-leaved door, which was closed at that moment, +separated it from the large apartment where the court was sitting. + +The obscurity was such that he did not fear to accost the first lawyer +whom he met. + +“What stage have they reached, sir?” he asked. + +“It is finished,” said the lawyer. + +“Finished!” + + +This word was repeated in such accents that the lawyer turned round. + +“Excuse me sir; perhaps you are a relative?” + + +“No; I know no one here. Has judgment been pronounced?” + + +“Of course. Nothing else was possible.” + + +“To penal servitude?” + + +“For life.” + + +He continued, in a voice so weak that it was barely audible:— + +“Then his identity was established?” + + +“What identity?” replied the lawyer. “There was no identity to be +established. The matter was very simple. The woman had murdered her +child; the infanticide was proved; the jury threw out the question of +premeditation, and she was condemned for life.” + + +“So it was a woman?” said he. + +“Why, certainly. The Limosin woman. Of what are you speaking?” + + +“Nothing. But since it is all over, how comes it that the hall is still +lighted?” + + +“For another case, which was begun about two hours ago.” + + +“What other case?” + + +“Oh! this one is a clear case also. It is about a sort of blackguard; a +man arrested for a second offence; a convict who has been guilty of +theft. I don’t know his name exactly. There’s a bandit’s phiz for you! +I’d send him to the galleys on the strength of his face alone.” + + +“Is there any way of getting into the court-room, sir?” said he. + +“I really think that there is not. There is a great crowd. However, the +hearing has been suspended. Some people have gone out, and when the +hearing is resumed, you might make an effort.” + + +“Where is the entrance?” + + +“Through yonder large door.” + + +The lawyer left him. In the course of a few moments he had experienced, +almost simultaneously, almost intermingled with each other, all +possible emotions. The words of this indifferent spectator had, in +turn, pierced his heart like needles of ice and like blades of fire. +When he saw that nothing was settled, he breathed freely once more; but +he could not have told whether what he felt was pain or pleasure. + +He drew near to many groups and listened to what they were saying. The +docket of the session was very heavy; the president had appointed for +the same day two short and simple cases. They had begun with the +infanticide, and now they had reached the convict, the old offender, +the “return horse.” This man had stolen apples, but that did not appear +to be entirely proved; what had been proved was, that he had already +been in the galleys at Toulon. It was that which lent a bad aspect to +his case. However, the man’s examination and the depositions of the +witnesses had been completed, but the lawyer’s plea, and the speech of +the public prosecutor were still to come; it could not be finished +before midnight. The man would probably be condemned; the +attorney-general was very clever, and never _missed_ his culprits; he +was a brilliant fellow who wrote verses. + +An usher stood at the door communicating with the hall of the Assizes. +He inquired of this usher:— + +“Will the door be opened soon, sir?” + + +“It will not be opened at all,” replied the usher. + +“What! It will not be opened when the hearing is resumed? Is not the +hearing suspended?” + + +“The hearing has just been begun again,” replied the usher, “but the +door will not be opened again.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because the hall is full.” + + +“What! There is not room for one more?” + + +“Not another one. The door is closed. No one can enter now.” + + +The usher added after a pause: “There are, to tell the truth, two or +three extra places behind Monsieur le PrĂ©sident, but Monsieur le +PrĂ©sident only admits public functionaries to them.” + + +So saying, the usher turned his back. + +He retired with bowed head, traversed the antechamber, and slowly +descended the stairs, as though hesitating at every step. It is +probable that he was holding counsel with himself. The violent conflict +which had been going on within him since the preceding evening was not +yet ended; and every moment he encountered some new phase of it. On +reaching the landing-place, he leaned his back against the balusters +and folded his arms. All at once he opened his coat, drew out his +pocket-book, took from it a pencil, tore out a leaf, and upon that leaf +he wrote rapidly, by the light of the street lantern, this line: _M. +Madeleine, Mayor of M. sur M._; then he ascended the stairs once more +with great strides, made his way through the crowd, walked straight up +to the usher, handed him the paper, and said in an authoritative +manner:— + +“Take this to Monsieur le PrĂ©sident.” + + +The usher took the paper, cast a glance upon it, and obeyed. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—AN ENTRANCE BY FAVOR + + +Although he did not suspect the fact, the mayor of M. sur M. enjoyed a +sort of celebrity. For the space of seven years his reputation for +virtue had filled the whole of Bas Boulonnais; it had eventually passed +the confines of a small district and had been spread abroad through two +or three neighboring departments. Besides the service which he had +rendered to the chief town by resuscitating the black jet industry, +there was not one out of the hundred and forty communes of the +arrondissement of M. sur M. which was not indebted to him for some +benefit. He had even at need contrived to aid and multiply the +industries of other arrondissements. It was thus that he had, when +occasion offered, supported with his credit and his funds the linen +factory at Boulogne, the flax-spinning industry at FrĂ©vent, and the +hydraulic manufacture of cloth at Boubers-sur-Canche. Everywhere the +name of M. Madeleine was pronounced with veneration. Arras and Douai +envied the happy little town of M. sur M. its mayor. + +The Councillor of the Royal Court of Douai, who was presiding over this +session of the Assizes at Arras, was acquainted, in common with the +rest of the world, with this name which was so profoundly and +universally honored. When the usher, discreetly opening the door which +connected the council-chamber with the court-room, bent over the back +of the President’s armchair and handed him the paper on which was +inscribed the line which we have just perused, adding: “The gentleman +desires to be present at the trial,” the President, with a quick and +deferential movement, seized a pen and wrote a few words at the bottom +of the paper and returned it to the usher, saying, “Admit him.” + + +The unhappy man whose history we are relating had remained near the +door of the hall, in the same place and the same attitude in which the +usher had left him. In the midst of his reverie he heard some one +saying to him, “Will Monsieur do me the honor to follow me?” It was the +same usher who had turned his back upon him but a moment previously, +and who was now bowing to the earth before him. At the same time, the +usher handed him the paper. He unfolded it, and as he chanced to be +near the light, he could read it. + +“The President of the Court of Assizes presents his respects to M. +Madeleine.” + + +He crushed the paper in his hand as though those words contained for +him a strange and bitter aftertaste. + +He followed the usher. + +A few minutes later he found himself alone in a sort of wainscoted +cabinet of severe aspect, lighted by two wax candles, placed upon a +table with a green cloth. The last words of the usher who had just +quitted him still rang in his ears: “Monsieur, you are now in the +council-chamber; you have only to turn the copper handle of yonder +door, and you will find yourself in the court-room, behind the +President’s chair.” These words were mingled in his thoughts with a +vague memory of narrow corridors and dark staircases which he had +recently traversed. + +The usher had left him alone. The supreme moment had arrived. He sought +to collect his faculties, but could not. It is chiefly at the moment +when there is the greatest need for attaching them to the painful +realities of life, that the threads of thought snap within the brain. +He was in the very place where the judges deliberated and condemned. +With stupid tranquillity he surveyed this peaceful and terrible +apartment, where so many lives had been broken, which was soon to ring +with his name, and which his fate was at that moment traversing. He +stared at the wall, then he looked at himself, wondering that it should +be that chamber and that it should be he. + +He had eaten nothing for four and twenty hours; he was worn out by the +jolts of the cart, but he was not conscious of it. It seemed to him +that he felt nothing. + +He approached a black frame which was suspended on the wall, and which +contained, under glass, an ancient autograph letter of Jean Nicolas +Pache, mayor of Paris and minister, and dated, through an error, no +doubt, the _9th of June_, of the year II., and in which Pache forwarded +to the commune the list of ministers and deputies held in arrest by +them. Any spectator who had chanced to see him at that moment, and who +had watched him, would have imagined, doubtless, that this letter +struck him as very curious, for he did not take his eyes from it, and +he read it two or three times. He read it without paying any attention +to it, and unconsciously. He was thinking of Fantine and Cosette. + +As he dreamed, he turned round, and his eyes fell upon the brass knob +of the door which separated him from the Court of Assizes. He had +almost forgotten that door. His glance, calm at first, paused there, +remained fixed on that brass handle, then grew terrified, and little by +little became impregnated with fear. Beads of perspiration burst forth +among his hair and trickled down upon his temples. + +At a certain moment he made that indescribable gesture of a sort of +authority mingled with rebellion, which is intended to convey, and +which does so well convey, _“Pardieu! who compels me to this?”_ Then he +wheeled briskly round, caught sight of the door through which he had +entered in front of him, went to it, opened it, and passed out. He was +no longer in that chamber; he was outside in a corridor, a long, narrow +corridor, broken by steps and gratings, making all sorts of angles, +lighted here and there by lanterns similar to the night taper of +invalids, the corridor through which he had approached. He breathed, he +listened; not a sound in front, not a sound behind him, and he fled as +though pursued. + +When he had turned many angles in this corridor, he still listened. The +same silence reigned, and there was the same darkness around him. He +was out of breath; he staggered; he leaned against the wall. The stone +was cold; the perspiration lay ice-cold on his brow; he straightened +himself up with a shiver. + +Then, there alone in the darkness, trembling with cold and with +something else, too, perchance, he meditated. + +He had meditated all night long; he had meditated all the day: he heard +within him but one voice, which said, “Alas!” + + +A quarter of an hour passed thus. At length he bowed his head, sighed +with agony, dropped his arms, and retraced his steps. He walked slowly, +and as though crushed. It seemed as though some one had overtaken him +in his flight and was leading him back. + +He re-entered the council-chamber. The first thing he caught sight of +was the knob of the door. This knob, which was round and of polished +brass, shone like a terrible star for him. He gazed at it as a lamb +might gaze into the eye of a tiger. + +He could not take his eyes from it. From time to time he advanced a +step and approached the door. + +Had he listened, he would have heard the sound of the adjoining hall +like a sort of confused murmur; but he did not listen, and he did not +hear. + +Suddenly, without himself knowing how it happened, he found himself +near the door; he grasped the knob convulsively; the door opened. + +He was in the court-room. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A PLACE WHERE CONVICTIONS ARE IN PROCESS OF FORMATION + + +He advanced a pace, closed the door mechanically behind him, and +remained standing, contemplating what he saw. + +It was a vast and badly lighted apartment, now full of uproar, now full +of silence, where all the apparatus of a criminal case, with its petty +and mournful gravity in the midst of the throng, was in process of +development. + +At the one end of the hall, the one where he was, were judges, with +abstracted air, in threadbare robes, who were gnawing their nails or +closing their eyelids; at the other end, a ragged crowd; lawyers in all +sorts of attitudes; soldiers with hard but honest faces; ancient, +spotted woodwork, a dirty ceiling, tables covered with serge that was +yellow rather than green; doors blackened by handmarks; tap-room lamps +which emitted more smoke than light, suspended from nails in the +wainscot; on the tables candles in brass candlesticks; darkness, +ugliness, sadness; and from all this there was disengaged an austere +and august impression, for one there felt that grand human thing which +is called the law, and that grand divine thing which is called justice. + +No one in all that throng paid any attention to him; all glances were +directed towards a single point, a wooden bench placed against a small +door, in the stretch of wall on the President’s left; on this bench, +illuminated by several candles, sat a man between two gendarmes. + +This man was _the_ man. + +He did not seek him; he saw him; his eyes went thither naturally, as +though they had known beforehand where that figure was. + +He thought he was looking at himself, grown old; not absolutely the +same in face, of course, but exactly similar in attitude and aspect, +with his bristling hair, with that wild and uneasy eye, with that +blouse, just as it was on the day when he entered D——, full of hatred, +concealing his soul in that hideous mass of frightful thoughts which he +had spent nineteen years in collecting on the floor of the prison. + +He said to himself with a shudder, “Good God! shall I become like that +again?” + + +This creature seemed to be at least sixty; there was something +indescribably coarse, stupid, and frightened about him. + +At the sound made by the opening door, people had drawn aside to make +way for him; the President had turned his head, and, understanding that +the personage who had just entered was the mayor of M. sur M., he had +bowed to him; the attorney-general, who had seen M. Madeleine at M. sur +M., whither the duties of his office had called him more than once, +recognized him and saluted him also: he had hardly perceived it; he was +the victim of a sort of hallucination; he was watching. + +Judges, clerks, gendarmes, a throng of cruelly curious heads, all these +he had already beheld once, in days gone by, twenty-seven years before; +he had encountered those fatal things once more; there they were; they +moved; they existed; it was no longer an effort of his memory, a mirage +of his thought; they were real gendarmes and real judges, a real crowd, +and real men of flesh and blood: it was all over; he beheld the +monstrous aspects of his past reappear and live once more around him, +with all that there is formidable in reality. + +All this was yawning before him. + +He was horrified by it; he shut his eyes, and exclaimed in the deepest +recesses of his soul, “Never!” + + +And by a tragic play of destiny which made all his ideas tremble, and +rendered him nearly mad, it was another self of his that was there! all +called that man who was being tried Jean Valjean. + +Under his very eyes, unheard-of vision, he had a sort of representation +of the most horrible moment of his life, enacted by his spectre. + +Everything was there; the apparatus was the same, the hour of the +night, the faces of the judges, of soldiers, and of spectators; all +were the same, only above the President’s head there hung a crucifix, +something which the courts had lacked at the time of his condemnation: +God had been absent when he had been judged. + +There was a chair behind him; he dropped into it, terrified at the +thought that he might be seen; when he was seated, he took advantage of +a pile of cardboard boxes, which stood on the judge’s desk, to conceal +his face from the whole room; he could now see without being seen; he +had fully regained consciousness of the reality of things; gradually he +recovered; he attained that phase of composure where it is possible to +listen. + +M. Bamatabois was one of the jurors. + +He looked for Javert, but did not see him; the seat of the witnesses +was hidden from him by the clerk’s table, and then, as we have just +said, the hall was sparely lighted. + +At the moment of this entrance, the defendant’s lawyer had just +finished his plea. + +The attention of all was excited to the highest pitch; the affair had +lasted for three hours: for three hours that crowd had been watching a +strange man, a miserable specimen of humanity, either profoundly stupid +or profoundly subtle, gradually bending beneath the weight of a +terrible likeness. This man, as the reader already knows, was a +vagabond who had been found in a field carrying a branch laden with +ripe apples, broken in the orchard of a neighbor, called the Pierron +orchard. Who was this man? an examination had been made; witnesses had +been heard, and they were unanimous; light had abounded throughout the +entire debate; the accusation said: “We have in our grasp not only a +marauder, a stealer of fruit; we have here, in our hands, a bandit, an +old offender who has broken his ban, an ex-convict, a miscreant of the +most dangerous description, a malefactor named Jean Valjean, whom +justice has long been in search of, and who, eight years ago, on +emerging from the galleys at Toulon, committed a highway robbery, +accompanied by violence, on the person of a child, a Savoyard named +Little Gervais; a crime provided for by article 383 of the Penal Code, +the right to try him for which we reserve hereafter, when his identity +shall have been judicially established. He has just committed a fresh +theft; it is a case of a second offence; condemn him for the fresh +deed; later on he will be judged for the old crime.” In the face of +this accusation, in the face of the unanimity of the witnesses, the +accused appeared to be astonished more than anything else; he made +signs and gestures which were meant to convey No, or else he stared at +the ceiling: he spoke with difficulty, replied with embarrassment, but +his whole person, from head to foot, was a denial; he was an idiot in +the presence of all these minds ranged in order of battle around him, +and like a stranger in the midst of this society which was seizing fast +upon him; nevertheless, it was a question of the most menacing future +for him; the likeness increased every moment, and the entire crowd +surveyed, with more anxiety than he did himself, that sentence +freighted with calamity, which descended ever closer over his head; +there was even a glimpse of a possibility afforded; besides the +galleys, a possible death penalty, in case his identity were +established, and the affair of Little Gervais were to end thereafter in +condemnation. Who was this man? what was the nature of his apathy? was +it imbecility or craft? Did he understand too well, or did he not +understand at all? these were questions which divided the crowd, and +seemed to divide the jury; there was something both terrible and +puzzling in this case: the drama was not only melancholy; it was also +obscure. + +The counsel for the defence had spoken tolerably well, in that +provincial tongue which has long constituted the eloquence of the bar, +and which was formerly employed by all advocates, at Paris as well as +at Romorantin or at Montbrison, and which to-day, having become +classic, is no longer spoken except by the official orators of +magistracy, to whom it is suited on account of its grave sonorousness +and its majestic stride; a tongue in which a husband is called _a +consort_, and a woman _a spouse_; Paris, _the centre of art and +civilization_; the king, _the monarch_; Monseigneur the Bishop, _a +sainted pontiff_; the district-attorney, _the eloquent interpreter of +public prosecution_; the arguments, _the accents which we have just +listened to_; the age of Louis XIV., _the grand age_; a theatre, _the +temple of Melpomene_; the reigning family, _the august blood of our +kings_; a concert, _a musical solemnity_; the General Commandant of the +province, _the illustrious warrior, who, etc._; the pupils in the +seminary, _these tender levities_; errors imputed to newspapers, _the +imposture which distills its venom through the columns of those +organs_; etc. The lawyer had, accordingly, begun with an explanation as +to the theft of the apples,—an awkward matter couched in fine style; +but BĂ©nigne Bossuet himself was obliged to allude to a chicken in the +midst of a funeral oration, and he extricated himself from the +situation in stately fashion. The lawyer established the fact that the +theft of the apples had not been circumstantially proved. His client, +whom he, in his character of counsel, persisted in calling +Champmathieu, had not been seen scaling that wall nor breaking that +branch by any one. He had been taken with that branch (which the lawyer +preferred to call a _bough_) in his possession; but he said that he had +found it broken off and lying on the ground, and had picked it up. +Where was there any proof to the contrary? No doubt that branch had +been broken off and concealed after the scaling of the wall, then +thrown away by the alarmed marauder; there was no doubt that there had +been a thief in the case. But what proof was there that that thief had +been Champmathieu? One thing only. His character as an ex-convict. The +lawyer did not deny that that character appeared to be, unhappily, well +attested; the accused had resided at Faverolles; the accused had +exercised the calling of a tree-pruner there; the name of Champmathieu +might well have had its origin in Jean Mathieu; all that was true,—in +short, four witnesses recognize Champmathieu, positively and without +hesitation, as that convict, Jean Valjean; to these signs, to this +testimony, the counsel could oppose nothing but the denial of his +client, the denial of an interested party; but supposing that he was +the convict Jean Valjean, did that prove that he was the thief of the +apples? that was a presumption at the most, not a proof. The prisoner, +it was true, and his counsel, “in good faith,” was obliged to admit it, +had adopted “a bad system of defence.” He obstinately denied +everything, the theft and his character of convict. An admission upon +this last point would certainly have been better, and would have won +for him the indulgence of his judges; the counsel had advised him to do +this; but the accused had obstinately refused, thinking, no doubt, that +he would save everything by admitting nothing. It was an error; but +ought not the paucity of this intelligence to be taken into +consideration? This man was visibly stupid. Long-continued wretchedness +in the galleys, long misery outside the galleys, had brutalized him, +etc. He defended himself badly; was that a reason for condemning him? +As for the affair with Little Gervais, the counsel need not discuss it; +it did not enter into the case. The lawyer wound up by beseeching the +jury and the court, if the identity of Jean Valjean appeared to them to +be evident, to apply to him the police penalties which are provided for +a criminal who has broken his ban, and not the frightful chastisement +which descends upon the convict guilty of a second offence. + +The district-attorney answered the counsel for the defence. He was +violent and florid, as district-attorneys usually are. + +He congratulated the counsel for the defence on his “loyalty,” and +skilfully took advantage of this loyalty. He reached the accused +through all the concessions made by his lawyer. The advocate had seemed +to admit that the prisoner was Jean Valjean. He took note of this. So +this man was Jean Valjean. This point had been conceded to the +accusation and could no longer be disputed. Here, by means of a clever +autonomasia which went back to the sources and causes of crime, the +district-attorney thundered against the immorality of the romantic +school, then dawning under the name of _the Satanic school_, which had +been bestowed upon it by the critics of the _Quotidienne_ and the +_Oriflamme_; he attributed, not without some probability, to the +influence of this perverse literature the crime of Champmathieu, or +rather, to speak more correctly, of Jean Valjean. Having exhausted +these considerations, he passed on to Jean Valjean himself. Who was +this Jean Valjean? Description of Jean Valjean: a monster spewed forth, +etc. The model for this sort of description is contained in the tale of +ThĂ©ramĂšne, which is not useful to tragedy, but which every day renders +great services to judicial eloquence. The audience and the jury +“shuddered.” The description finished, the district-attorney resumed +with an oratorical turn calculated to raise the enthusiasm of the +journal of the prefecture to the highest pitch on the following day: +And it is such a man, etc., etc., etc., vagabond, beggar, without means +of existence, etc., etc., inured by his past life to culpable deeds, +and but little reformed by his sojourn in the galleys, as was proved by +the crime committed against Little Gervais, etc., etc.; it is such a +man, caught upon the highway in the very act of theft, a few paces from +a wall that had been scaled, still holding in his hand the object +stolen, who denies the crime, the theft, the climbing the wall; denies +everything; denies even his own identity! In addition to a hundred +other proofs, to which we will not recur, four witnesses recognize +him—Javert, the upright inspector of police; Javert, and three of his +former companions in infamy, the convicts Brevet, Chenildieu, and +Cochepaille. What does he offer in opposition to this overwhelming +unanimity? His denial. What obduracy! You will do justice, gentlemen of +the jury, etc., etc. While the district-attorney was speaking, the +accused listened to him open-mouthed, with a sort of amazement in which +some admiration was assuredly blended. He was evidently surprised that +a man could talk like that. From time to time, at those “energetic” +moments of the prosecutor’s speech, when eloquence which cannot contain +itself overflows in a flood of withering epithets and envelops the +accused like a storm, he moved his head slowly from right to left and +from left to right in the sort of mute and melancholy protest with +which he had contented himself since the beginning of the argument. Two +or three times the spectators who were nearest to him heard him say in +a low voice, “That is what comes of not having asked M. Baloup.” The +district-attorney directed the attention of the jury to this stupid +attitude, evidently deliberate, which denoted not imbecility, but +craft, skill, a habit of deceiving justice, and which set forth in all +its nakedness the “profound perversity” of this man. He ended by making +his reserves on the affair of Little Gervais and demanding a severe +sentence. + +At that time, as the reader will remember, it was penal servitude for +life. + +The counsel for the defence rose, began by complimenting Monsieur +l’Avocat-General on his “admirable speech,” then replied as best he +could; but he weakened; the ground was evidently slipping away from +under his feet. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE SYSTEM OF DENIALS + + +The moment for closing the debate had arrived. The President had the +accused stand up, and addressed to him the customary question, “Have +you anything to add to your defence?” + + +The man did not appear to understand, as he stood there, twisting in +his hands a terrible cap which he had. + +The President repeated the question. + +This time the man heard it. He seemed to understand. He made a motion +like a man who is just waking up, cast his eyes about him, stared at +the audience, the gendarmes, his counsel, the jury, the court, laid his +monstrous fist on the rim of woodwork in front of his bench, took +another look, and all at once, fixing his glance upon the +district-attorney, he began to speak. It was like an eruption. It +seemed, from the manner in which the words escaped from his +mouth,—incoherent, impetuous, pell-mell, tumbling over each other,—as +though they were all pressing forward to issue forth at once. He said:— + +“This is what I have to say. That I have been a wheelwright in Paris, +and that it was with Monsieur Baloup. It is a hard trade. In the +wheelwright’s trade one works always in the open air, in courtyards, +under sheds when the masters are good, never in closed workshops, +because space is required, you see. In winter one gets so cold that one +beats one’s arms together to warm one’s self; but the masters don’t +like it; they say it wastes time. Handling iron when there is ice +between the paving-stones is hard work. That wears a man out quickly. +One is old while he is still quite young in that trade. At forty a man +is done for. I was fifty-three. I was in a bad state. And then, workmen +are so mean! When a man is no longer young, they call him nothing but +an old bird, old beast! I was not earning more than thirty sous a day. +They paid me as little as possible. The masters took advantage of my +age—and then I had my daughter, who was a laundress at the river. She +earned a little also. It sufficed for us two. She had trouble, also; +all day long up to her waist in a tub, in rain, in snow. When the wind +cuts your face, when it freezes, it is all the same; you must still +wash. There are people who have not much linen, and wait until late; if +you do not wash, you lose your custom. The planks are badly joined, and +water drops on you from everywhere; you have your petticoats all damp +above and below. That penetrates. She has also worked at the laundry of +the Enfants-Rouges, where the water comes through faucets. You are not +in the tub there; you wash at the faucet in front of you, and rinse in +a basin behind you. As it is enclosed, you are not so cold; but there +is that hot steam, which is terrible, and which ruins your eyes. She +came home at seven o’clock in the evening, and went to bed at once, she +was so tired. Her husband beat her. She is dead. We have not been very +happy. She was a good girl, who did not go to the ball, and who was +very peaceable. I remember one Shrove-Tuesday when she went to bed at +eight o’clock. There, I am telling the truth; you have only to ask. Ah, +yes! how stupid I am! Paris is a gulf. Who knows Father Champmathieu +there? But M. Baloup does, I tell you. Go see at M. Baloup’s; and after +all, I don’t know what is wanted of me.” + + +The man ceased speaking, and remained standing. He had said these +things in a loud, rapid, hoarse voice, with a sort of irritated and +savage ingenuousness. Once he paused to salute some one in the crowd. +The sort of affirmations which he seemed to fling out before him at +random came like hiccoughs, and to each he added the gesture of a +wood-cutter who is splitting wood. When he had finished, the audience +burst into a laugh. He stared at the public, and, perceiving that they +were laughing, and not understanding why, he began to laugh himself. + +It was inauspicious. + +The President, an attentive and benevolent man, raised his voice. + +He reminded “the gentlemen of the jury” that “the sieur Baloup, +formerly a master-wheelwright, with whom the accused stated that he had +served, had been summoned in vain. He had become bankrupt, and was not +to be found.” Then turning to the accused, he enjoined him to listen to +what he was about to say, and added: “You are in a position where +reflection is necessary. The gravest presumptions rest upon you, and +may induce vital results. Prisoner, in your own interests, I summon you +for the last time to explain yourself clearly on two points. In the +first place, did you or did you not climb the wall of the Pierron +orchard, break the branch, and steal the apples; that is to say, commit +the crime of breaking in and theft? In the second place, are you the +discharged convict, Jean Valjean—yes or no?” + + +The prisoner shook his head with a capable air, like a man who has +thoroughly understood, and who knows what answer he is going to make. +He opened his mouth, turned towards the President, and said:— + +“In the first place—” + + +Then he stared at his cap, stared at the ceiling, and held his peace. + +“Prisoner,” said the district-attorney, in a severe voice; “pay +attention. You are not answering anything that has been asked of you. +Your embarrassment condemns you. It is evident that your name is not +Champmathieu; that you are the convict, Jean Valjean, concealed first +under the name of Jean Mathieu, which was the name of his mother; that +you went to Auvergne; that you were born at Faverolles, where you were +a pruner of trees. It is evident that you have been guilty of entering, +and of the theft of ripe apples from the Pierron orchard. The gentlemen +of the jury will form their own opinion.” + +[Illustration: Father Champmathieu on Trial] + +The prisoner had finally resumed his seat; he arose abruptly when the +district-attorney had finished, and exclaimed:— + +“You are very wicked; that you are! This what I wanted to say; I could +not find words for it at first. I have stolen nothing. I am a man who +does not have something to eat every day. I was coming from Ailly; I +was walking through the country after a shower, which had made the +whole country yellow: even the ponds were overflowed, and nothing +sprang from the sand any more but the little blades of grass at the +wayside. I found a broken branch with apples on the ground; I picked up +the branch without knowing that it would get me into trouble. I have +been in prison, and they have been dragging me about for the last three +months; more than that I cannot say; people talk against me, they tell +me, ‘Answer!’ The gendarme, who is a good fellow, nudges my elbow, and +says to me in a low voice, ‘Come, answer!’ I don’t know how to explain; +I have no education; I am a poor man; that is where they wrong me, +because they do not see this. I have not stolen; I picked up from the +ground things that were lying there. You say, Jean Valjean, Jean +Mathieu! I don’t know those persons; they are villagers. I worked for +M. Baloup, Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital; my name is Champmathieu. You are +very clever to tell me where I was born; I don’t know myself: it’s not +everybody who has a house in which to come into the world; that would +be too convenient. I think that my father and mother were people who +strolled along the highways; I know nothing different. When I was a +child, they called me _young fellow_; now they call me _old Fellow_; +those are my baptismal names; take that as you like. I have been in +Auvergne; I have been at Faverolles. Pardi. Well! can’t a man have been +in Auvergne, or at Faverolles, without having been in the galleys? I +tell you that I have not stolen, and that I am Father Champmathieu; I +have been with M. Baloup; I have had a settled residence. You worry me +with your nonsense, there! Why is everybody pursuing me so furiously?” + + +The district-attorney had remained standing; he addressed the +President:— + +“Monsieur le PrĂ©sident, in view of the confused but exceedingly clever +denials of the prisoner, who would like to pass himself off as an +idiot, but who will not succeed in so doing,—we shall attend to +that,—we demand that it shall please you and that it shall please the +court to summon once more into this place the convicts Brevet, +Cochepaille, and Chenildieu, and Police-Inspector Javert, and question +them for the last time as to the identity of the prisoner with the +convict Jean Valjean.” + + +“I would remind the district-attorney,” said the President, “that +Police-Inspector Javert, recalled by his duties to the capital of a +neighboring arrondissement, left the court-room and the town as soon as +he had made his deposition; we have accorded him permission, with the +consent of the district-attorney and of the counsel for the prisoner.” + + +“That is true, Mr. President,” responded the district-attorney. “In the +absence of sieur Javert, I think it my duty to remind the gentlemen of +the jury of what he said here a few hours ago. Javert is an estimable +man, who does honor by his rigorous and strict probity to inferior but +important functions. These are the terms of his deposition: ‘I do not +even stand in need of circumstantial proofs and moral presumptions to +give the lie to the prisoner’s denial. I recognize him perfectly. The +name of this man is not Champmathieu; he is an ex-convict named Jean +Valjean, and is very vicious and much to be feared. It is only with +extreme regret that he was released at the expiration of his term. He +underwent nineteen years of penal servitude for theft. He made five or +six attempts to escape. Besides the theft from Little Gervais, and from +the Pierron orchard, I suspect him of a theft committed in the house of +His Grace the late Bishop of D—— I often saw him at the time when I was +adjutant of the galley-guard at the prison in Toulon. I repeat that I +recognize him perfectly.’” + + +This extremely precise statement appeared to produce a vivid impression +on the public and on the jury. The district-attorney concluded by +insisting, that in default of Javert, the three witnesses Brevet, +Chenildieu, and Cochepaille should be heard once more and solemnly +interrogated. + +The President transmitted the order to an usher, and, a moment later, +the door of the witnesses’ room opened. The usher, accompanied by a +gendarme ready to lend him armed assistance, introduced the convict +Brevet. The audience was in suspense; and all breasts heaved as though +they had contained but one soul. + +The ex-convict Brevet wore the black and gray waistcoat of the central +prisons. Brevet was a person sixty years of age, who had a sort of +business man’s face, and the air of a rascal. The two sometimes go +together. In prison, whither fresh misdeeds had led him, he had become +something in the nature of a turnkey. He was a man of whom his +superiors said, “He tries to make himself of use.” The chaplains bore +good testimony as to his religious habits. It must not be forgotten +that this passed under the Restoration. + +“Brevet,” said the President, “you have undergone an ignominious +sentence, and you cannot take an oath.” + + +Brevet dropped his eyes. + +“Nevertheless,” continued the President, “even in the man whom the law +has degraded, there may remain, when the divine mercy permits it, a +sentiment of honor and of equity. It is to this sentiment that I appeal +at this decisive hour. If it still exists in you,—and I hope it +does,—reflect before replying to me: consider on the one hand, this +man, whom a word from you may ruin; on the other hand, justice, which a +word from you may enlighten. The instant is solemn; there is still time +to retract if you think you have been mistaken. Rise, prisoner. Brevet, +take a good look at the accused, recall your souvenirs, and tell us on +your soul and conscience, if you persist in recognizing this man as +your former companion in the galleys, Jean Valjean?” + + +Brevet looked at the prisoner, then turned towards the court. + +“Yes, Mr. President, I was the first to recognize him, and I stick to +it; that man is Jean Valjean, who entered at Toulon in 1796, and left +in 1815. I left a year later. He has the air of a brute now; but it +must be because age has brutalized him; he was sly at the galleys: I +recognize him positively.” + + +“Take your seat,” said the President. “Prisoner, remain standing.” + + +Chenildieu was brought in, a prisoner for life, as was indicated by his +red cassock and his green cap. He was serving out his sentence at the +galleys of Toulon, whence he had been brought for this case. He was a +small man of about fifty, brisk, wrinkled, frail, yellow, brazen-faced, +feverish, who had a sort of sickly feebleness about all his limbs and +his whole person, and an immense force in his glance. His companions in +the galleys had nicknamed him _I-deny-God_ (_Je-nie Dieu_, Chenildieu). + +The President addressed him in nearly the same words which he had used +to Brevet. At the moment when he reminded him of his infamy which +deprived him of the right to take an oath, Chenildieu raised his head +and looked the crowd in the face. The President invited him to +reflection, and asked him as he had asked Brevet, if he persisted in +recognition of the prisoner. + +Chenildieu burst out laughing. + +“Pardieu, as if I didn’t recognize him! We were attached to the same +chain for five years. So you are sulking, old fellow?” + + +“Go take your seat,” said the President. + +The usher brought in Cochepaille. He was another convict for life, who +had come from the galleys, and was dressed in red, like Chenildieu, was +a peasant from Lourdes, and a half-bear of the Pyrenees. He had guarded +the flocks among the mountains, and from a shepherd he had slipped into +a brigand. Cochepaille was no less savage and seemed even more stupid +than the prisoner. He was one of those wretched men whom nature has +sketched out for wild beasts, and on whom society puts the finishing +touches as convicts in the galleys. + +The President tried to touch him with some grave and pathetic words, +and asked him, as he had asked the other two, if he persisted, without +hesitation or trouble, in recognizing the man who was standing before +him. + +“He is Jean Valjean,” said Cochepaille. “He was even called +Jean-the-Screw, because he was so strong.” + + +Each of these affirmations from these three men, evidently sincere and +in good faith, had raised in the audience a murmur of bad augury for +the prisoner,—a murmur which increased and lasted longer each time that +a fresh declaration was added to the proceeding. + +The prisoner had listened to them, with that astounded face which was, +according to the accusation, his principal means of defence; at the +first, the gendarmes, his neighbors, had heard him mutter between his +teeth: “Ah, well, he’s a nice one!” after the second, he said, a little +louder, with an air that was almost that of satisfaction, “Good!” at +the third, he cried, “Famous!” + + +The President addressed him:— + +“Have you heard, prisoner? What have you to say?” + + +He replied:— + +“I say, ‘Famous!’” + + +An uproar broke out among the audience, and was communicated to the +jury; it was evident that the man was lost. + +“Ushers,” said the President, “enforce silence! I am going to sum up +the arguments.” + + +At that moment there was a movement just beside the President; a voice +was heard crying:— + +“Brevet! Chenildieu! Cochepaille! look here!” + + +All who heard that voice were chilled, so lamentable and terrible was +it; all eyes were turned to the point whence it had proceeded. A man, +placed among the privileged spectators who were seated behind the +court, had just risen, had pushed open the half-door which separated +the tribunal from the audience, and was standing in the middle of the +hall; the President, the district-attorney, M. Bamatabois, twenty +persons, recognized him, and exclaimed in concert:— + +“M. Madeleine!” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CHAMPMATHIEU MORE AND MORE ASTONISHED + + +It was he, in fact. The clerk’s lamp illumined his countenance. He held +his hat in his hand; there was no disorder in his clothing; his coat +was carefully buttoned; he was very pale, and he trembled slightly; his +hair, which had still been gray on his arrival in Arras, was now +entirely white: it had turned white during the hour he had sat there. + +All heads were raised: the sensation was indescribable; there was a +momentary hesitation in the audience, the voice had been so +heart-rending; the man who stood there appeared so calm that they did +not understand at first. They asked themselves whether he had indeed +uttered that cry; they could not believe that that tranquil man had +been the one to give that terrible outcry. + +This indecision only lasted a few seconds. Even before the President +and the district-attorney could utter a word, before the ushers and the +gendarmes could make a gesture, the man whom all still called, at that +moment, M. Madeleine, had advanced towards the witnesses Cochepaille, +Brevet, and Chenildieu. + +“Do you not recognize me?” said he. + +All three remained speechless, and indicated by a sign of the head that +they did not know him. Cochepaille, who was intimidated, made a +military salute. M. Madeleine turned towards the jury and the court, +and said in a gentle voice:— + +“Gentlemen of the jury, order the prisoner to be released! Mr. +President, have me arrested. He is not the man whom you are in search +of; it is I: I am Jean Valjean.” + + +Not a mouth breathed; the first commotion of astonishment had been +followed by a silence like that of the grave; those within the hall +experienced that sort of religious terror which seizes the masses when +something grand has been done. + +In the meantime, the face of the President was stamped with sympathy +and sadness; he had exchanged a rapid sign with the district-attorney +and a few low-toned words with the assistant judges; he addressed the +public, and asked in accents which all understood:— + +“Is there a physician present?” + + +The district-attorney took the word:— + +“Gentlemen of the jury, the very strange and unexpected incident which +disturbs the audience inspires us, like yourselves, only with a +sentiment which it is unnecessary for us to express. You all know, by +reputation at least, the honorable M. Madeleine, mayor of M. sur M.; if +there is a physician in the audience, we join the President in +requesting him to attend to M. Madeleine, and to conduct him to his +home.” + + +M. Madeleine did not allow the district-attorney to finish; he +interrupted him in accents full of suavity and authority. These are the +words which he uttered; here they are literally, as they were written +down, immediately after the trial by one of the witnesses to this +scene, and as they now ring in the ears of those who heard them nearly +forty years ago:— + +“I thank you, Mr. District-Attorney, but I am not mad; you shall see; +you were on the point of committing a great error; release this man! I +am fulfilling a duty; I am that miserable criminal. I am the only one +here who sees the matter clearly, and I am telling you the truth. God, +who is on high, looks down on what I am doing at this moment, and that +suffices. You can take me, for here I am: but I have done my best; I +concealed myself under another name; I have become rich; I have become +a mayor; I have tried to re-enter the ranks of the honest. It seems +that that is not to be done. In short, there are many things which I +cannot tell. I will not narrate the story of my life to you; you will +hear it one of these days. I robbed Monseigneur the Bishop, it is true; +it is true that I robbed Little Gervais; they were right in telling you +that Jean Valjean was a very vicious wretch. Perhaps it was not +altogether his fault. Listen, honorable judges! a man who has been so +greatly humbled as I have has neither any remonstrances to make to +Providence, nor any advice to give to society; but, you see, the infamy +from which I have tried to escape is an injurious thing; the galleys +make the convict what he is; reflect upon that, if you please. Before +going to the galleys, I was a poor peasant, with very little +intelligence, a sort of idiot; the galleys wrought a change in me. I +was stupid; I became vicious: I was a block of wood; I became a +firebrand. Later on, indulgence and kindness saved me, as severity had +ruined me. But, pardon me, you cannot understand what I am saying. You +will find at my house, among the ashes in the fireplace, the forty-sou +piece which I stole, seven years ago, from Little Gervais. I have +nothing farther to add; take me. Good God! the district-attorney shakes +his head; you say, ‘M. Madeleine has gone mad!’ you do not believe me! +that is distressing. Do not, at least, condemn this man! What! these +men do not recognize me! I wish Javert were here; he would recognize +me.” + + +Nothing can reproduce the sombre and kindly melancholy of tone which +accompanied these words. + +He turned to the three convicts, and said:— + +“Well, I recognize you; do you remember, Brevet?” + + +He paused, hesitated for an instant, and said:— + +“Do you remember the knitted suspenders with a checked pattern which +you wore in the galleys?” + + +Brevet gave a start of surprise, and surveyed him from head to foot +with a frightened air. He continued:— + +“Chenildieu, you who conferred on yourself the name of ‘Jenie-Dieu,’ +your whole right shoulder bears a deep burn, because you one day laid +your shoulder against the chafing-dish full of coals, in order to +efface the three letters T. F. P., which are still visible, +nevertheless; answer, is this true?” + + +“It is true,” said Chenildieu. + +He addressed himself to Cochepaille:— + +“Cochepaille, you have, near the bend in your left arm, a date stamped +in blue letters with burnt powder; the date is that of the landing of +the Emperor at Cannes, March 1, 1815; pull up your sleeve!” + + +Cochepaille pushed up his sleeve; all eyes were focused on him and on +his bare arm. + +A gendarme held a light close to it; there was the date. + +The unhappy man turned to the spectators and the judges with a smile +which still rends the hearts of all who saw it whenever they think of +it. It was a smile of triumph; it was also a smile of despair. + +“You see plainly,” he said, “that I am Jean Valjean.” + + +In that chamber there were no longer either judges, accusers, nor +gendarmes; there was nothing but staring eyes and sympathizing hearts. +No one recalled any longer the part that each might be called upon to +play; the district-attorney forgot he was there for the purpose of +prosecuting, the President that he was there to preside, the counsel +for the defence that he was there to defend. It was a striking +circumstance that no question was put, that no authority intervened. +The peculiarity of sublime spectacles is, that they capture all souls +and turn witnesses into spectators. No one, probably, could have +explained what he felt; no one, probably, said to himself that he was +witnessing the splendid outburst of a grand light: all felt themselves +inwardly dazzled. + +It was evident that they had Jean Valjean before their eyes. That was +clear. The appearance of this man had sufficed to suffuse with light +that matter which had been so obscure but a moment previously, without +any further explanation: the whole crowd, as by a sort of electric +revelation, understood instantly and at a single glance the simple and +magnificent history of a man who was delivering himself up so that +another man might not be condemned in his stead. The details, the +hesitations, little possible oppositions, were swallowed up in that +vast and luminous fact. + +It was an impression which vanished speedily, but which was +irresistible at the moment. + +“I do not wish to disturb the court further,” resumed Jean Valjean. “I +shall withdraw, since you do not arrest me. I have many things to do. +The district-attorney knows who I am; he knows whither I am going; he +can have me arrested when he likes.” + + +He directed his steps towards the door. Not a voice was raised, not an +arm extended to hinder him. All stood aside. At that moment there was +about him that divine something which causes multitudes to stand aside +and make way for a man. He traversed the crowd slowly. It was never +known who opened the door, but it is certain that he found the door +open when he reached it. On arriving there he turned round and said:— + +“I am at your command, Mr. District-Attorney.” + + +Then he addressed the audience:— + +“All of you, all who are present—consider me worthy of pity, do you +not? Good God! When I think of what I was on the point of doing, I +consider that I am to be envied. Nevertheless, I should have preferred +not to have had this occur.” + + +He withdrew, and the door closed behind him as it had opened, for those +who do certain sovereign things are always sure of being served by some +one in the crowd. + +Less than an hour after this, the verdict of the jury freed the said +Champmathieu from all accusations; and Champmathieu, being at once +released, went off in a state of stupefaction, thinking that all men +were fools, and comprehending nothing of this vision. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—A COUNTER-BLOW + + + + +CHAPTER I—IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR + + +The day had begun to dawn. Fantine had passed a sleepless and feverish +night, filled with happy visions; at daybreak she fell asleep. Sister +Simplice, who had been watching with her, availed herself of this +slumber to go and prepare a new potion of chinchona. The worthy sister +had been in the laboratory of the infirmary but a few moments, bending +over her drugs and phials, and scrutinizing things very closely, on +account of the dimness which the half-light of dawn spreads over all +objects. Suddenly she raised her head and uttered a faint shriek. M. +Madeleine stood before her; he had just entered silently. + +“Is it you, Mr. Mayor?” she exclaimed. + +He replied in a low voice:— + +“How is that poor woman?” + + +“Not so bad just now; but we have been very uneasy.” + + +She explained to him what had passed: that Fantine had been very ill +the day before, and that she was better now, because she thought that +the mayor had gone to Montfermeil to get her child. The sister dared +not question the mayor; but she perceived plainly from his air that he +had not come from there. + +“All that is good,” said he; “you were right not to undeceive her.” + + +“Yes,” responded the sister; “but now, Mr. Mayor, she will see you and +will not see her child. What shall we say to her?” + + +He reflected for a moment. + +“God will inspire us,” said he. + +“But we cannot tell a lie,” murmured the sister, half aloud. + +It was broad daylight in the room. The light fell full on M. +Madeleine’s face. The sister chanced to raise her eyes to it. + +“Good God, sir!” she exclaimed; “what has happened to you? Your hair is +perfectly white!” + + +“White!” said he. + +Sister Simplice had no mirror. She rummaged in a drawer, and pulled out +the little glass which the doctor of the infirmary used to see whether +a patient was dead and whether he no longer breathed. M. Madeleine took +the mirror, looked at his hair, and said:— + +“Well!” + + +He uttered the word indifferently, and as though his mind were on +something else. + +The sister felt chilled by something strange of which she caught a +glimpse in all this. + +He inquired:— + +“Can I see her?” + + +“Is not Monsieur le Maire going to have her child brought back to her?” +said the sister, hardly venturing to put the question. + +“Of course; but it will take two or three days at least.” + + +“If she were not to see Monsieur le Maire until that time,” went on the +sister, timidly, “she would not know that Monsieur le Maire had +returned, and it would be easy to inspire her with patience; and when +the child arrived, she would naturally think Monsieur le Maire had just +come with the child. We should not have to enact a lie.” + + +M. Madeleine seemed to reflect for a few moments; then he said with his +calm gravity:— + +“No, sister, I must see her. I may, perhaps, be in haste.” + + +The nun did not appear to notice this word “perhaps,” which +communicated an obscure and singular sense to the words of the mayor’s +speech. She replied, lowering her eyes and her voice respectfully:— + +“In that case, she is asleep; but Monsieur le Maire may enter.” + + +He made some remarks about a door which shut badly, and the noise of +which might awaken the sick woman; then he entered Fantine’s chamber, +approached the bed and drew aside the curtains. She was asleep. Her +breath issued from her breast with that tragic sound which is peculiar +to those maladies, and which breaks the hearts of mothers when they are +watching through the night beside their sleeping child who is condemned +to death. But this painful respiration hardly troubled a sort of +ineffable serenity which overspread her countenance, and which +transfigured her in her sleep. Her pallor had become whiteness; her +cheeks were crimson; her long golden lashes, the only beauty of her +youth and her virginity which remained to her, palpitated, though they +remained closed and drooping. Her whole person was trembling with an +indescribable unfolding of wings, all ready to open wide and bear her +away, which could be felt as they rustled, though they could not be +seen. To see her thus, one would never have dreamed that she was an +invalid whose life was almost despaired of. She resembled rather +something on the point of soaring away than something on the point of +dying. + +The branch trembles when a hand approaches it to pluck a flower, and +seems to both withdraw and to offer itself at one and the same time. +The human body has something of this tremor when the instant arrives in +which the mysterious fingers of Death are about to pluck the soul. + +M. Madeleine remained for some time motionless beside that bed, gazing +in turn upon the sick woman and the crucifix, as he had done two months +before, on the day when he had come for the first time to see her in +that asylum. They were both still there in the same attitude—she +sleeping, he praying; only now, after the lapse of two months, her hair +was gray and his was white. + +The sister had not entered with him. He stood beside the bed, with his +finger on his lips, as though there were some one in the chamber whom +he must enjoin to silence. + +She opened her eyes, saw him, and said quietly, with a smile:— + +“And Cosette?” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—FANTINE HAPPY + + +She made no movement of either surprise or of joy; she was joy itself. +That simple question, “And Cosette?” was put with so profound a faith, +with so much certainty, with such a complete absence of disquiet and of +doubt, that he found not a word of reply. She continued:— + +“I knew that you were there. I was asleep, but I saw you. I have seen +you for a long, long time. I have been following you with my eyes all +night long. You were in a glory, and you had around you all sorts of +celestial forms.” + + +He raised his glance to the crucifix. + +“But,” she resumed, “tell me where Cosette is. Why did not you place +her on my bed against the moment of my waking?” + + +He made some mechanical reply which he was never afterwards able to +recall. + +Fortunately, the doctor had been warned, and he now made his +appearance. He came to the aid of M. Madeleine. + +“Calm yourself, my child,” said the doctor; “your child is here.” + + +Fantine’s eyes beamed and filled her whole face with light. She clasped +her hands with an expression which contained all that is possible to +prayer in the way of violence and tenderness. + +“Oh!” she exclaimed, “bring her to me!” + + +Touching illusion of a mother! Cosette was, for her, still the little +child who is carried. + +“Not yet,” said the doctor, “not just now. You still have some fever. +The sight of your child would agitate you and do you harm. You must be +cured first.” + + +She interrupted him impetuously:— + +“But I am cured! Oh, I tell you that I am cured! What an ass that +doctor is! The idea! I want to see my child!” + + +“You see,” said the doctor, “how excited you become. So long as you are +in this state I shall oppose your having your child. It is not enough +to see her; it is necessary that you should live for her. When you are +reasonable, I will bring her to you myself.” + + +The poor mother bowed her head. + +“I beg your pardon, doctor, I really beg your pardon. Formerly I should +never have spoken as I have just done; so many misfortunes have +happened to me, that I sometimes do not know what I am saying. I +understand you; you fear the emotion. I will wait as long as you like, +but I swear to you that it would not have harmed me to see my daughter. +I have been seeing her; I have not taken my eyes from her since +yesterday evening. Do you know? If she were brought to me now, I should +talk to her very gently. That is all. Is it not quite natural that I +should desire to see my daughter, who has been brought to me expressly +from Montfermeil? I am not angry. I know well that I am about to be +happy. All night long I have seen white things, and persons who smiled +at me. When Monsieur le Docteur pleases, he shall bring me Cosette. I +have no longer any fever; I am well. I am perfectly conscious that +there is nothing the matter with me any more; but I am going to behave +as though I were ill, and not stir, to please these ladies here. When +it is seen that I am very calm, they will say, ‘She must have her +child.’” + + +M. Madeleine was sitting on a chair beside the bed. She turned towards +him; she was making a visible effort to be calm and “very good,” as she +expressed it in the feebleness of illness which resembles infancy, in +order that, seeing her so peaceable, they might make no difficulty +about bringing Cosette to her. But while she controlled herself she +could not refrain from questioning M. Madeleine. + +“Did you have a pleasant trip, Monsieur le Maire? Oh! how good you were +to go and get her for me! Only tell me how she is. Did she stand the +journey well? Alas! she will not recognize me. She must have forgotten +me by this time, poor darling! Children have no memories. They are like +birds. A child sees one thing to-day and another thing to-morrow, and +thinks of nothing any longer. And did she have white linen? Did those +ThĂ©nardiers keep her clean? How have they fed her? Oh! if you only knew +how I have suffered, putting such questions as that to myself during +all the time of my wretchedness. Now, it is all past. I am happy. Oh, +how I should like to see her! Do you think her pretty, Monsieur le +Maire? Is not my daughter beautiful? You must have been very cold in +that diligence! Could she not be brought for just one little instant? +She might be taken away directly afterwards. Tell me; you are the +master; it could be so if you chose!” + + +He took her hand. “Cosette is beautiful,” he said, “Cosette is well. +You shall see her soon; but calm yourself; you are talking with too +much vivacity, and you are throwing your arms out from under the +clothes, and that makes you cough.” + + +In fact, fits of coughing interrupted Fantine at nearly every word. + +Fantine did not murmur; she feared that she had injured by her too +passionate lamentations the confidence which she was desirous of +inspiring, and she began to talk of indifferent things. + +“Montfermeil is quite pretty, is it not? People go there on pleasure +parties in summer. Are the ThĂ©nardiers prosperous? There are not many +travellers in their parts. That inn of theirs is a sort of a +cook-shop.” + + +M. Madeleine was still holding her hand, and gazing at her with +anxiety; it was evident that he had come to tell her things before +which his mind now hesitated. The doctor, having finished his visit, +retired. Sister Simplice remained alone with them. + +But in the midst of this pause Fantine exclaimed:— + +“I hear her! mon Dieu, I hear her!” + + +She stretched out her arm to enjoin silence about her, held her breath, +and began to listen with rapture. + +There was a child playing in the yard—the child of the portress or of +some work-woman. It was one of those accidents which are always +occurring, and which seem to form a part of the mysterious +stage-setting of mournful scenes. The child—a little girl—was going and +coming, running to warm herself, laughing, singing at the top of her +voice. Alas! in what are the plays of children not intermingled. It was +this little girl whom Fantine heard singing. + +“Oh!” she resumed, “it is my Cosette! I recognize her voice.” + + +The child retreated as it had come; the voice died away. Fantine +listened for a while longer, then her face clouded over, and M. +Madeleine heard her say, in a low voice: “How wicked that doctor is not +to allow me to see my daughter! That man has an evil countenance, that +he has.” + + +But the smiling background of her thoughts came to the front again. She +continued to talk to herself, with her head resting on the pillow: “How +happy we are going to be! We shall have a little garden the very first +thing; M. Madeleine has promised it to me. My daughter will play in the +garden. She must know her letters by this time. I will make her spell. +She will run over the grass after butterflies. I will watch her. Then +she will take her first communion. Ah! when will she take her first +communion?” + + +She began to reckon on her fingers. + +“One, two, three, four—she is seven years old. In five years she will +have a white veil, and openwork stockings; she will look like a little +woman. O my good sister, you do not know how foolish I become when I +think of my daughter’s first communion!” + + +She began to laugh. + +He had released Fantine’s hand. He listened to her words as one listens +to the sighing of the breeze, with his eyes on the ground, his mind +absorbed in reflection which had no bottom. All at once she ceased +speaking, and this caused him to raise his head mechanically. Fantine +had become terrible. + +She no longer spoke, she no longer breathed; she had raised herself to +a sitting posture, her thin shoulder emerged from her chemise; her +face, which had been radiant but a moment before, was ghastly, and she +seemed to have fixed her eyes, rendered large with terror, on something +alarming at the other extremity of the room. + +“Good God!” he exclaimed; “what ails you, Fantine?” + + +She made no reply; she did not remove her eyes from the object which +she seemed to see. She removed one hand from his arm, and with the +other made him a sign to look behind him. + +He turned, and beheld Javert. + + + + +CHAPTER III—JAVERT SATISFIED + + +This is what had taken place. + +The half-hour after midnight had just struck when M. Madeleine quitted +the Hall of Assizes in Arras. He regained his inn just in time to set +out again by the mail-wagon, in which he had engaged his place. A +little before six o’clock in the morning he had arrived at M. sur M., +and his first care had been to post a letter to M. Laffitte, then to +enter the infirmary and see Fantine. + +However, he had hardly quitted the audience hall of the Court of +Assizes, when the district-attorney, recovering from his first shock, +had taken the word to deplore the mad deed of the honorable mayor of M. +sur M., to declare that his convictions had not been in the least +modified by that curious incident, which would be explained thereafter, +and to demand, in the meantime, the condemnation of that Champmathieu, +who was evidently the real Jean Valjean. The district-attorney’s +persistence was visibly at variance with the sentiments of every one, +of the public, of the court, and of the jury. The counsel for the +defence had some difficulty in refuting this harangue and in +establishing that, in consequence of the revelations of M. Madeleine, +that is to say, of the real Jean Valjean, the aspect of the matter had +been thoroughly altered, and that the jury had before their eyes now +only an innocent man. Thence the lawyer had drawn some epiphonemas, not +very fresh, unfortunately, upon judicial errors, etc., etc.; the +President, in his summing up, had joined the counsel for the defence, +and in a few minutes the jury had thrown Champmathieu out of the case. + +Nevertheless, the district-attorney was bent on having a Jean Valjean; +and as he had no longer Champmathieu, he took Madeleine. + +Immediately after Champmathieu had been set at liberty, the +district-attorney shut himself up with the President. They conferred +“as to the necessity of seizing the person of M. le Maire of M. sur M.” +This phrase, in which there was a great deal of _of_, is the +district-attorney’s, written with his own hand, on the minutes of his +report to the attorney-general. His first emotion having passed off, +the President did not offer many objections. Justice must, after all, +take its course. And then, when all was said, although the President +was a kindly and a tolerably intelligent man, he was, at the same time, +a devoted and almost an ardent royalist, and he had been shocked to +hear the Mayor of M. sur M. say the _Emperor_, and not _Bonaparte_, +when alluding to the landing at Cannes. + +The order for his arrest was accordingly despatched. The +district-attorney forwarded it to M. sur M. by a special messenger, at +full speed, and entrusted its execution to Police Inspector Javert. + +The reader knows that Javert had returned to M. sur M. immediately +after having given his deposition. + +Javert was just getting out of bed when the messenger handed him the +order of arrest and the command to produce the prisoner. + +The messenger himself was a very clever member of the police, who, in +two words, informed Javert of what had taken place at Arras. The order +of arrest, signed by the district-attorney, was couched in these words: +“Inspector Javert will apprehend the body of the Sieur Madeleine, mayor +of M. sur M., who, in this day’s session of the court, was recognized +as the liberated convict, Jean Valjean.” + + +Any one who did not know Javert, and who had chanced to see him at the +moment when he penetrated the antechamber of the infirmary, could have +divined nothing of what had taken place, and would have thought his air +the most ordinary in the world. He was cool, calm, grave, his gray hair +was perfectly smooth upon his temples, and he had just mounted the +stairs with his habitual deliberation. Any one who was thoroughly +acquainted with him, and who had examined him attentively at the +moment, would have shuddered. The buckle of his leather stock was under +his left ear instead of at the nape of his neck. This betrayed unwonted +agitation. + +Javert was a complete character, who never had a wrinkle in his duty or +in his uniform; methodical with malefactors, rigid with the buttons of +his coat. + +That he should have set the buckle of his stock awry, it was +indispensable that there should have taken place in him one of those +emotions which may be designated as internal earthquakes. + +He had come in a simple way, had made a requisition on the neighboring +post for a corporal and four soldiers, had left the soldiers in the +courtyard, had had Fantine’s room pointed out to him by the portress, +who was utterly unsuspicious, accustomed as she was to seeing armed men +inquiring for the mayor. + +On arriving at Fantine’s chamber, Javert turned the handle, pushed the +door open with the gentleness of a sick-nurse or a police spy, and +entered. + +Properly speaking, he did not enter. He stood erect in the half-open +door, his hat on his head and his left hand thrust into his coat, which +was buttoned up to the chin. In the bend of his elbow the leaden head +of his enormous cane, which was hidden behind him, could be seen. + +Thus he remained for nearly a minute, without his presence being +perceived. All at once Fantine raised her eyes, saw him, and made M. +Madeleine turn round. + +The instant that Madeleine’s glance encountered Javert’s glance, +Javert, without stirring, without moving from his post, without +approaching him, became terrible. No human sentiment can be as terrible +as joy. + +It was the visage of a demon who has just found his damned soul. + +The satisfaction of at last getting hold of Jean Valjean caused all +that was in his soul to appear in his countenance. The depths having +been stirred up, mounted to the surface. The humiliation of having, in +some slight degree, lost the scent, and of having indulged, for a few +moments, in an error with regard to Champmathieu, was effaced by pride +at having so well and accurately divined in the first place, and of +having for so long cherished a just instinct. Javert’s content shone +forth in his sovereign attitude. The deformity of triumph overspread +that narrow brow. All the demonstrations of horror which a satisfied +face can afford were there. + +Javert was in heaven at that moment. Without putting the thing clearly +to himself, but with a confused intuition of the necessity of his +presence and of his success, he, Javert, personified justice, light, +and truth in their celestial function of crushing out evil. Behind him +and around him, at an infinite distance, he had authority, reason, the +case judged, the legal conscience, the public prosecution, all the +stars; he was protecting order, he was causing the law to yield up its +thunders, he was avenging society, he was lending a helping hand to the +absolute, he was standing erect in the midst of a glory. There existed +in his victory a remnant of defiance and of combat. Erect, haughty, +brilliant, he flaunted abroad in open day the superhuman bestiality of +a ferocious archangel. The terrible shadow of the action which he was +accomplishing caused the vague flash of the social sword to be visible +in his clenched fist; happy and indignant, he held his heel upon crime, +vice, rebellion, perdition, hell; he was radiant, he exterminated, he +smiled, and there was an incontestable grandeur in this monstrous Saint +Michael. + +Javert, though frightful, had nothing ignoble about him. + +Probity, sincerity, candor, conviction, the sense of duty, are things +which may become hideous when wrongly directed; but which, even when +hideous, remain grand: their majesty, the majesty peculiar to the human +conscience, clings to them in the midst of horror; they are virtues +which have one vice,—error. The honest, pitiless joy of a fanatic in +the full flood of his atrocity preserves a certain lugubriously +venerable radiance. Without himself suspecting the fact, Javert in his +formidable happiness was to be pitied, as is every ignorant man who +triumphs. Nothing could be so poignant and so terrible as this face, +wherein was displayed all that may be designated as the evil of the +good. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AUTHORITY REASSERTS ITS RIGHTS + + +Fantine had not seen Javert since the day on which the mayor had torn +her from the man. Her ailing brain comprehended nothing, but the only +thing which she did not doubt was that he had come to get her. She +could not endure that terrible face; she felt her life quitting her; +she hid her face in both hands, and shrieked in her anguish:— + +“Monsieur Madeleine, save me!” + + +Jean Valjean—we shall henceforth not speak of him otherwise—had risen. +He said to Fantine in the gentlest and calmest of voices:— + +“Be at ease; it is not for you that he is come.” + + +Then he addressed Javert, and said:— + +“I know what you want.” + + +Javert replied:— + +“Be quick about it!” + + +There lay in the inflection of voice which accompanied these words +something indescribably fierce and frenzied. Javert did not say, “Be +quick about it!” he said “Bequiabouit.” + + +No orthography can do justice to the accent with which it was uttered: +it was no longer a human word: it was a roar. + +He did not proceed according to his custom, he did not enter into the +matter, he exhibited no warrant of arrest. In his eyes, Jean Valjean +was a sort of mysterious combatant, who was not to be laid hands upon, +a wrestler in the dark whom he had had in his grasp for the last five +years, without being able to throw him. This arrest was not a +beginning, but an end. He confined himself to saying, “Be quick about +it!” + + +As he spoke thus, he did not advance a single step; he hurled at Jean +Valjean a glance which he threw out like a grappling-hook, and with +which he was accustomed to draw wretches violently to him. + +It was this glance which Fantine had felt penetrating to the very +marrow of her bones two months previously. + +At Javert’s exclamation, Fantine opened her eyes once more. But the +mayor was there; what had she to fear? + +Javert advanced to the middle of the room, and cried:— + +“See here now! Art thou coming?” + + +The unhappy woman glanced about her. No one was present excepting the +nun and the mayor. To whom could that abject use of “thou” be +addressed? To her only. She shuddered. + +Then she beheld a most unprecedented thing, a thing so unprecedented +that nothing equal to it had appeared to her even in the blackest +deliriums of fever. + +She beheld Javert, the police spy, seize the mayor by the collar; she +saw the mayor bow his head. It seemed to her that the world was coming +to an end. + +Javert had, in fact, grasped Jean Valjean by the collar. + +“Monsieur le Maire!” shrieked Fantine. + +Javert burst out laughing with that frightful laugh which displayed all +his gums. + +“There is no longer any Monsieur le Maire here!” + + +Jean Valjean made no attempt to disengage the hand which grasped the +collar of his coat. He said:— + +“Javert—” + + +Javert interrupted him: “Call me Mr. Inspector.” + + +“Monsieur,” said Jean Valjean, “I should like to say a word to you in +private.” + + +“Aloud! Say it aloud!” replied Javert; “people are in the habit of +talking aloud to me.” + + +Jean Valjean went on in a lower tone:— + +“I have a request to make of you—” + + +“I tell you to speak loud.” + + +“But you alone should hear it—” + + +“What difference does that make to me? I shall not listen.” + + +Jean Valjean turned towards him and said very rapidly and in a very low +voice:— + +“Grant me three days’ grace! three days in which to go and fetch the +child of this unhappy woman. I will pay whatever is necessary. You +shall accompany me if you choose.” + + +“You are making sport of me!” cried Javert. “Come now, I did not think +you such a fool! You ask me to give you three days in which to run +away! You say that it is for the purpose of fetching that creature’s +child! Ah! Ah! That’s good! That’s really capital!” + + +Fantine was seized with a fit of trembling. + +“My child!” she cried, “to go and fetch my child! She is not here, +then! Answer me, sister; where is Cosette? I want my child! Monsieur +Madeleine! Monsieur le Maire!” + + +Javert stamped his foot. + +“And now there’s the other one! Will you hold your tongue, you hussy? +It’s a pretty sort of a place where convicts are magistrates, and where +women of the town are cared for like countesses! Ah! But we are going +to change all that; it is high time!” + + +He stared intently at Fantine, and added, once more taking into his +grasp Jean Valjean’s cravat, shirt and collar:— + +“I tell you that there is no Monsieur Madeleine and that there is no +Monsieur le Maire. There is a thief, a brigand, a convict named Jean +Valjean! And I have him in my grasp! That’s what there is!” + + +Fantine raised herself in bed with a bound, supporting herself on her +stiffened arms and on both hands: she gazed at Jean Valjean, she gazed +at Javert, she gazed at the nun, she opened her mouth as though to +speak; a rattle proceeded from the depths of her throat, her teeth +chattered; she stretched out her arms in her agony, opening her hands +convulsively, and fumbling about her like a drowning person; then +suddenly fell back on her pillow. + +Her head struck the head-board of the bed and fell forwards on her +breast, with gaping mouth and staring, sightless eyes. + +She was dead. + +Jean Valjean laid his hand upon the detaining hand of Javert, and +opened it as he would have opened the hand of a baby; then he said to +Javert:— + +“You have murdered that woman.” + + +“Let’s have an end of this!” shouted Javert, in a fury; “I am not here +to listen to argument. Let us economize all that; the guard is below; +march on instantly, or you’ll get the thumb-screws!” + + +In the corner of the room stood an old iron bedstead, which was in a +decidedly decrepit state, and which served the sisters as a camp-bed +when they were watching with the sick. Jean Valjean stepped up to this +bed, in a twinkling wrenched off the head-piece, which was already in a +dilapidated condition, an easy matter to muscles like his, grasped the +principal rod like a bludgeon, and glanced at Javert. Javert retreated +towards the door. Jean Valjean, armed with his bar of iron, walked +slowly up to Fantine’s couch. When he arrived there he turned and said +to Javert, in a voice that was barely audible:— + +“I advise you not to disturb me at this moment.” + + +One thing is certain, and that is, that Javert trembled. + +It did occur to him to summon the guard, but Jean Valjean might avail +himself of that moment to effect his escape; so he remained, grasped +his cane by the small end, and leaned against the door-post, without +removing his eyes from Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean rested his elbow on the knob at the head of the bed, and +his brow on his hand, and began to contemplate the motionless body of +Fantine, which lay extended there. He remained thus, mute, absorbed, +evidently with no further thought of anything connected with this life. +Upon his face and in his attitude there was nothing but inexpressible +pity. After a few moments of this meditation he bent towards Fantine, +and spoke to her in a low voice. + +What did he say to her? What could this man, who was reproved, say to +that woman, who was dead? What words were those? No one on earth heard +them. Did the dead woman hear them? There are some touching illusions +which are, perhaps, sublime realities. The point as to which there +exists no doubt is, that Sister Simplice, the sole witness of the +incident, often said that at the moment that Jean Valjean whispered in +Fantine’s ear, she distinctly beheld an ineffable smile dawn on those +pale lips, and in those dim eyes, filled with the amazement of the +tomb. + +Jean Valjean took Fantine’s head in both his hands, and arranged it on +the pillow as a mother might have done for her child; then he tied the +string of her chemise, and smoothed her hair back under her cap. That +done, he closed her eyes. + +Fantine’s face seemed strangely illuminated at that moment. + +Death, that signifies entrance into the great light. + +Fantine’s hand was hanging over the side of the bed. Jean Valjean knelt +down before that hand, lifted it gently, and kissed it. + +Then he rose, and turned to Javert. + +“Now,” said he, “I am at your disposal.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—A SUITABLE TOMB + + +Javert deposited Jean Valjean in the city prison. + +The arrest of M. Madeleine occasioned a sensation, or rather, an +extraordinary commotion in M. sur M. We are sorry that we cannot +conceal the fact, that at the single word, “He was a convict,” nearly +every one deserted him. In less than two hours all the good that he had +done had been forgotten, and he was nothing but a “convict from the +galleys.” It is just to add that the details of what had taken place at +Arras were not yet known. All day long conversations like the following +were to be heard in all quarters of the town:— + +“You don’t know? He was a liberated convict!” “Who?” “The mayor.” “Bah! +M. Madeleine?” “Yes.” “Really?” “His name was not Madeleine at all; he +had a frightful name, BĂ©jean, Bojean, Boujean.” “Ah! Good God!” “He has +been arrested.” “Arrested!” “In prison, in the city prison, while +waiting to be transferred.” “Until he is transferred!” “He is to be +transferred!” “Where is he to be taken?” “He will be tried at the +Assizes for a highway robbery which he committed long ago.” “Well! I +suspected as much. That man was too good, too perfect, too affected. He +refused the cross; he bestowed sous on all the little scamps he came +across. I always thought there was some evil history back of all that.” + + +The “drawing-rooms” particularly abounded in remarks of this nature. + +One old lady, a subscriber to the _Drapeau Blanc_, made the following +remark, the depth of which it is impossible to fathom:— + +“I am not sorry. It will be a lesson to the Bonapartists!” + + +It was thus that the phantom which had been called M. Madeleine +vanished from M. sur M. Only three or four persons in all the town +remained faithful to his memory. The old portress who had served him +was among the number. + +On the evening of that day the worthy old woman was sitting in her +lodge, still in a thorough fright, and absorbed in sad reflections. The +factory had been closed all day, the carriage gate was bolted, the +street was deserted. There was no one in the house but the two nuns, +Sister PerpĂ©tue and Sister Simplice, who were watching beside the body +of Fantine. + +Towards the hour when M. Madeleine was accustomed to return home, the +good portress rose mechanically, took from a drawer the key of M. +Madeleine’s chamber, and the flat candlestick which he used every +evening to go up to his quarters; then she hung the key on the nail +whence he was accustomed to take it, and set the candlestick on one +side, as though she was expecting him. Then she sat down again on her +chair, and became absorbed in thought once more. The poor, good old +woman had done all this without being conscious of it. + +It was only at the expiration of two hours that she roused herself from +her reverie, and exclaimed, “Hold! My good God Jesus! And I hung his +key on the nail!” + + +At that moment the small window in the lodge opened, a hand passed +through, seized the key and the candlestick, and lighted the taper at +the candle which was burning there. + +The portress raised her eyes, and stood there with gaping mouth, and a +shriek which she confined to her throat. + +She knew that hand, that arm, the sleeve of that coat. + +It was M. Madeleine. + +It was several seconds before she could speak; she had a _seizure_, as +she said herself, when she related the adventure afterwards. + +“Good God, Monsieur le Maire,” she cried at last, “I thought you were—” + + +She stopped; the conclusion of her sentence would have been lacking in +respect towards the beginning. Jean Valjean was still Monsieur le Maire +to her. + +He finished her thought. + +“In prison,” said he. “I was there; I broke a bar of one of the +windows; I let myself drop from the top of a roof, and here I am. I am +going up to my room; go and find Sister Simplice for me. She is with +that poor woman, no doubt.” + + +The old woman obeyed in all haste. + +He gave her no orders; he was quite sure that she would guard him +better than he should guard himself. + +No one ever found out how he had managed to get into the courtyard +without opening the big gates. He had, and always carried about him, a +pass-key which opened a little side-door; but he must have been +searched, and his latch-key must have been taken from him. This point +was never explained. + +He ascended the staircase leading to his chamber. On arriving at the +top, he left his candle on the top step of his stairs, opened his door +with very little noise, went and closed his window and his shutters by +feeling, then returned for his candle and re-entered his room. + +It was a useful precaution; it will be recollected that his window +could be seen from the street. + +He cast a glance about him, at his table, at his chair, at his bed +which had not been disturbed for three days. No trace of the disorder +of the night before last remained. The portress had “done up” his room; +only she had picked out of the ashes and placed neatly on the table the +two iron ends of the cudgel and the forty-sou piece which had been +blackened by the fire. + +He took a sheet of paper, on which he wrote: “These are the two tips of +my iron-shod cudgel and the forty-sou piece stolen from Little Gervais, +which I mentioned at the Court of Assizes,” and he arranged this piece +of paper, the bits of iron, and the coin in such a way that they were +the first things to be seen on entering the room. From a cupboard he +pulled out one of his old shirts, which he tore in pieces. In the +strips of linen thus prepared he wrapped the two silver candlesticks. +He betrayed neither haste nor agitation; and while he was wrapping up +the Bishop’s candlesticks, he nibbled at a piece of black bread. It was +probably the prison-bread which he had carried with him in his flight. + +This was proved by the crumbs which were found on the floor of the room +when the authorities made an examination later on. + +There came two taps at the door. + +“Come in,” said he. + +It was Sister Simplice. + +She was pale; her eyes were red; the candle which she carried trembled +in her hand. The peculiar feature of the violences of destiny is, that +however polished or cool we may be, they wring human nature from our +very bowels, and force it to reappear on the surface. The emotions of +that day had turned the nun into a woman once more. She had wept, and +she was trembling. + +Jean Valjean had just finished writing a few lines on a paper, which he +handed to the nun, saying, “Sister, you will give this to Monsieur le +CurĂ©.” + + +The paper was not folded. She cast a glance upon it. + +“You can read it,” said he. + +She read:— + +“I beg Monsieur le CurĂ© to keep an eye on all that I leave behind me. +He will be so good as to pay out of it the expenses of my trial, and of +the funeral of the woman who died yesterday. The rest is for the poor.” + + +The sister tried to speak, but she only managed to stammer a few +inarticulate sounds. She succeeded in saying, however:— + +“Does not Monsieur le Maire desire to take a last look at that poor, +unhappy woman?” + + +“No,” said he; “I am pursued; it would only end in their arresting me +in that room, and that would disturb her.” + + +He had hardly finished when a loud noise became audible on the +staircase. They heard a tumult of ascending footsteps, and the old +portress saying in her loudest and most piercing tones:— + +“My good sir, I swear to you by the good God, that not a soul has +entered this house all day, nor all the evening, and that I have not +even left the door.” + + +A man responded:— + +“But there is a light in that room, nevertheless.” + + +They recognized Javert’s voice. + +The chamber was so arranged that the door in opening masked the corner +of the wall on the right. Jean Valjean blew out the light and placed +himself in this angle. Sister Simplice fell on her knees near the +table. + +The door opened. + +Javert entered. + +The whispers of many men and the protestations of the portress were +audible in the corridor. + +The nun did not raise her eyes. She was praying. + +The candle was on the chimney-piece, and gave but very little light. + +Javert caught sight of the nun and halted in amazement. + +It will be remembered that the fundamental point in Javert, his +element, the very air he breathed, was veneration for all authority. +This was impregnable, and admitted of neither objection nor +restriction. In his eyes, of course, the ecclesiastical authority was +the chief of all; he was religious, superficial and correct on this +point as on all others. In his eyes, a priest was a mind, who never +makes a mistake; a nun was a creature who never sins; they were souls +walled in from this world, with a single door which never opened except +to allow the truth to pass through. + +On perceiving the sister, his first movement was to retire. + +But there was also another duty which bound him and impelled him +imperiously in the opposite direction. His second movement was to +remain and to venture on at least one question. + +This was Sister Simplice, who had never told a lie in her life. Javert +knew it, and held her in special veneration in consequence. + +“Sister,” said he, “are you alone in this room?” + + +A terrible moment ensued, during which the poor portress felt as though +she should faint. + +The sister raised her eyes and answered:— + +“Yes.” + + +“Then,” resumed Javert, “you will excuse me if I persist; it is my +duty; you have not seen a certain person—a man—this evening? He has +escaped; we are in search of him—that Jean Valjean; you have not seen +him?” + + +The sister replied:— + +“No.” + + +She lied. She had lied twice in succession, one after the other, +without hesitation, promptly, as a person does when sacrificing +herself. + +“Pardon me,” said Javert, and he retired with a deep bow. + +O sainted maid! you left this world many years ago; you have rejoined +your sisters, the virgins, and your brothers, the angels, in the light; +may this lie be counted to your credit in paradise! + +The sister’s affirmation was for Javert so decisive a thing that he did +not even observe the singularity of that candle which had but just been +extinguished, and which was still smoking on the table. + +An hour later, a man, marching amid trees and mists, was rapidly +departing from M. sur M. in the direction of Paris. That man was Jean +Valjean. It has been established by the testimony of two or three +carters who met him, that he was carrying a bundle; that he was dressed +in a blouse. Where had he obtained that blouse? No one ever found out. +But an aged workman had died in the infirmary of the factory a few days +before, leaving behind him nothing but his blouse. Perhaps that was the +one. + +One last word about Fantine. + +We all have a mother,—the earth. Fantine was given back to that mother. + +The curĂ© thought that he was doing right, and perhaps he really was, in +reserving as much money as possible from what Jean Valjean had left for +the poor. Who was concerned, after all? A convict and a woman of the +town. That is why he had a very simple funeral for Fantine, and reduced +it to that strictly necessary form known as the pauper’s grave. + +So Fantine was buried in the free corner of the cemetery which belongs +to anybody and everybody, and where the poor are lost. Fortunately, God +knows where to find the soul again. Fantine was laid in the shade, +among the first bones that came to hand; she was subjected to the +promiscuousness of ashes. She was thrown into the public grave. Her +grave resembled her bed. + +[THE END OF VOLUME I “FANTINE”] + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Two] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Two] + + + + +VOLUME II +COSETTE + + + + +BOOK FIRST—WATERLOO + + + + +CHAPTER I—WHAT IS MET WITH ON THE WAY FROM NIVELLES + + +Last year (1861), on a beautiful May morning, a traveller, the person +who is telling this story, was coming from Nivelles, and directing his +course towards La Hulpe. He was on foot. He was pursuing a broad paved +road, which undulated between two rows of trees, over the hills which +succeed each other, raise the road and let it fall again, and produce +something in the nature of enormous waves. + +He had passed Lillois and Bois-Seigneur-Isaac. In the west he perceived +the slate-roofed tower of Braine-l’Alleud, which has the form of a +reversed vase. He had just left behind a wood upon an eminence; and at +the angle of the crossroad, by the side of a sort of mouldy gibbet +bearing the inscription _Ancient Barrier No. 4_, a public house, +bearing on its front this sign: _At the Four Winds_ (Aux Quatre Vents). +_Échabeau, Private CafĂ©_. + +A quarter of a league further on, he arrived at the bottom of a little +valley, where there is water which passes beneath an arch made through +the embankment of the road. The clump of sparsely planted but very +green trees, which fills the valley on one side of the road, is +dispersed over the meadows on the other, and disappears gracefully and +as in order in the direction of Braine-l’Alleud. + +On the right, close to the road, was an inn, with a four-wheeled cart +at the door, a large bundle of hop-poles, a plough, a heap of dried +brushwood near a flourishing hedge, lime smoking in a square hole, and +a ladder suspended along an old penthouse with straw partitions. A +young girl was weeding in a field, where a huge yellow poster, probably +of some outside spectacle, such as a parish festival, was fluttering in +the wind. At one corner of the inn, beside a pool in which a flotilla +of ducks was navigating, a badly paved path plunged into the bushes. +The wayfarer struck into this. + +After traversing a hundred paces, skirting a wall of the fifteenth +century, surmounted by a pointed gable, with bricks set in contrast, he +found himself before a large door of arched stone, with a rectilinear +impost, in the sombre style of Louis XIV., flanked by two flat +medallions. A severe façade rose above this door; a wall, perpendicular +to the façade, almost touched the door, and flanked it with an abrupt +right angle. In the meadow before the door lay three harrows, through +which, in disorder, grew all the flowers of May. The door was closed. +The two decrepit leaves which barred it were ornamented with an old +rusty knocker. + +The sun was charming; the branches had that soft shivering of May, +which seems to proceed rather from the nests than from the wind. A +brave little bird, probably a lover, was carolling in a distracted +manner in a large tree. + +The wayfarer bent over and examined a rather large circular excavation, +resembling the hollow of a sphere, in the stone on the left, at the +foot of the pier of the door. + +At this moment the leaves of the door parted, and a peasant woman +emerged. + +She saw the wayfarer, and perceived what he was looking at. + +“It was a French cannon-ball which made that,” she said to him. And she +added:— + +“That which you see there, higher up in the door, near a nail, is the +hole of a big iron bullet as large as an egg. The bullet did not pierce +the wood.” + + +“What is the name of this place?” inquired the wayfarer. + +“Hougomont,” said the peasant woman. + +The traveller straightened himself up. He walked on a few paces, and +went off to look over the tops of the hedges. On the horizon through +the trees, he perceived a sort of little elevation, and on this +elevation something which at that distance resembled a lion. + +He was on the battle-field of Waterloo. + + + + +CHAPTER II—HOUGOMONT + + +Hougomont,—this was a funereal spot, the beginning of the obstacle, the +first resistance, which that great wood-cutter of Europe, called +Napoleon, encountered at Waterloo, the first knot under the blows of +his axe. + +It was a chĂąteau; it is no longer anything but a farm. For the +antiquary, Hougomont is _Hugomons_. This manor was built by Hugo, Sire +of Somerel, the same who endowed the sixth chaplaincy of the Abbey of +Villiers. + +The traveller pushed open the door, elbowed an ancient calash under the +porch, and entered the courtyard. + +The first thing which struck him in this paddock was a door of the +sixteenth century, which here simulates an arcade, everything else +having fallen prostrate around it. A monumental aspect often has its +birth in ruin. In a wall near the arcade opens another arched door, of +the time of Henry IV., permitting a glimpse of the trees of an orchard; +beside this door, a manure-hole, some pickaxes, some shovels, some +carts, an old well, with its flagstone and its iron reel, a chicken +jumping, and a turkey spreading its tail, a chapel surmounted by a +small bell-tower, a blossoming pear-tree trained in espalier against +the wall of the chapel—behold the court, the conquest of which was one +of Napoleon’s dreams. This corner of earth, could he but have seized +it, would, perhaps, have given him the world likewise. Chickens are +scattering its dust abroad with their beaks. A growl is audible; it is +a huge dog, who shows his teeth and replaces the English. + +The English behaved admirably there. Cooke’s four companies of guards +there held out for seven hours against the fury of an army. + +Hougomont viewed on the map, as a geometrical plan, comprising +buildings and enclosures, presents a sort of irregular rectangle, one +angle of which is nicked out. It is this angle which contains the +southern door, guarded by this wall, which commands it only a gun’s +length away. Hougomont has two doors,—the southern door, that of the +chĂąteau; and the northern door, belonging to the farm. Napoleon sent +his brother JĂ©rĂŽme against Hougomont; the divisions of Foy, +Guilleminot, and Bachelu hurled themselves against it; nearly the +entire corps of Reille was employed against it, and miscarried; +Kellermann’s balls were exhausted on this heroic section of wall. +Bauduin’s brigade was not strong enough to force Hougomont on the +north, and the brigade of Soye could not do more than effect the +beginning of a breach on the south, but without taking it. + +The farm buildings border the courtyard on the south. A bit of the +north door, broken by the French, hangs suspended to the wall. It +consists of four planks nailed to two cross-beams, on which the scars +of the attack are visible. + +The northern door, which was beaten in by the French, and which has had +a piece applied to it to replace the panel suspended on the wall, +stands half-open at the bottom of the paddock; it is cut squarely in +the wall, built of stone below, of brick above which closes in the +courtyard on the north. It is a simple door for carts, such as exist in +all farms, with the two large leaves made of rustic planks: beyond lie +the meadows. The dispute over this entrance was furious. For a long +time, all sorts of imprints of bloody hands were visible on the +door-posts. It was there that Bauduin was killed. + +The storm of the combat still lingers in this courtyard; its horror is +visible there; the confusion of the fray was petrified there; it lives +and it dies there; it was only yesterday. The walls are in the death +agony, the stones fall; the breaches cry aloud; the holes are wounds; +the drooping, quivering trees seem to be making an effort to flee. + +This courtyard was more built up in 1815 than it is to-day. Buildings +which have since been pulled down then formed redans and angles. + +The English barricaded themselves there; the French made their way in, +but could not stand their ground. Beside the chapel, one wing of the +chĂąteau, the only ruin now remaining of the manor of Hougomont, rises +in a crumbling state,—disembowelled, one might say. The chĂąteau served +for a dungeon, the chapel for a block-house. There men exterminated +each other. The French, fired on from every point,—from behind the +walls, from the summits of the garrets, from the depths of the cellars, +through all the casements, through all the air-holes, through every +crack in the stones,—fetched fagots and set fire to walls and men; the +reply to the grape-shot was a conflagration. + +In the ruined wing, through windows garnished with bars of iron, the +dismantled chambers of the main building of brick are visible; the +English guards were in ambush in these rooms; the spiral of the +staircase, cracked from the ground floor to the very roof, appears like +the inside of a broken shell. The staircase has two stories; the +English, besieged on the staircase, and massed on its upper steps, had +cut off the lower steps. These consisted of large slabs of blue stone, +which form a heap among the nettles. Half a score of steps still cling +to the wall; on the first is cut the figure of a trident. These +inaccessible steps are solid in their niches. All the rest resembles a +jaw which has been denuded of its teeth. There are two old trees there: +one is dead; the other is wounded at its base, and is clothed with +verdure in April. Since 1815 it has taken to growing through the +staircase. + +A massacre took place in the chapel. The interior, which has recovered +its calm, is singular. The mass has not been said there since the +carnage. Nevertheless, the altar has been left there—an altar of +unpolished wood, placed against a background of roughhewn stone. Four +whitewashed walls, a door opposite the altar, two small arched windows; +over the door a large wooden crucifix, below the crucifix a square +air-hole stopped up with a bundle of hay; on the ground, in one corner, +an old window-frame with the glass all broken to pieces—such is the +chapel. Near the altar there is nailed up a wooden statue of Saint +Anne, of the fifteenth century; the head of the infant Jesus has been +carried off by a large ball. The French, who were masters of the chapel +for a moment, and were then dislodged, set fire to it. The flames +filled this building; it was a perfect furnace; the door was burned, +the floor was burned, the wooden Christ was not burned. The fire preyed +upon his feet, of which only the blackened stumps are now to be seen; +then it stopped,—a miracle, according to the assertion of the people of +the neighborhood. The infant Jesus, decapitated, was less fortunate +than the Christ. + +The walls are covered with inscriptions. Near the feet of Christ this +name is to be read: _Henquinez_. Then these others: _Conde de Rio Maior +Marques y Marquesa de Almagro (Habana)_. There are French names with +exclamation points,—a sign of wrath. The wall was freshly whitewashed +in 1849. The nations insulted each other there. + +It was at the door of this chapel that the corpse was picked up which +held an axe in its hand; this corpse was Sub-Lieutenant Legros. + +On emerging from the chapel, a well is visible on the left. There are +two in this courtyard. One inquires, Why is there no bucket and pulley +to this? It is because water is no longer drawn there. Why is water not +drawn there? Because it is full of skeletons. + +The last person who drew water from the well was named Guillaume van +Kylsom. He was a peasant who lived at Hougomont, and was gardener +there. On the 18th of June, 1815, his family fled and concealed +themselves in the woods. + +The forest surrounding the Abbey of Villiers sheltered these +unfortunate people who had been scattered abroad, for many days and +nights. There are at this day certain traces recognizable, such as old +boles of burned trees, which mark the site of these poor bivouacs +trembling in the depths of the thickets. + +Guillaume van Kylsom remained at Hougomont, “to guard the chĂąteau,” and +concealed himself in the cellar. The English discovered him there. They +tore him from his hiding-place, and the combatants forced this +frightened man to serve them, by administering blows with the flats of +their swords. They were thirsty; this Guillaume brought them water. It +was from this well that he drew it. Many drank there their last +draught. This well where drank so many of the dead was destined to die +itself. + +After the engagement, they were in haste to bury the dead bodies. Death +has a fashion of harassing victory, and she causes the pest to follow +glory. The typhus is a concomitant of triumph. This well was deep, and +it was turned into a sepulchre. Three hundred dead bodies were cast +into it. With too much haste perhaps. Were they all dead? Legend says +they were not. It seems that on the night succeeding the interment, +feeble voices were heard calling from the well. + +This well is isolated in the middle of the courtyard. Three walls, part +stone, part brick, and simulating a small, square tower, and folded +like the leaves of a screen, surround it on all sides. The fourth side +is open. It is there that the water was drawn. The wall at the bottom +has a sort of shapeless loophole, possibly the hole made by a shell. +This little tower had a platform, of which only the beams remain. The +iron supports of the well on the right form a cross. On leaning over, +the eye is lost in a deep cylinder of brick which is filled with a +heaped-up mass of shadows. The base of the walls all about the well is +concealed in a growth of nettles. + +This well has not in front of it that large blue slab which forms the +table for all wells in Belgium. The slab has here been replaced by a +cross-beam, against which lean five or six shapeless fragments of +knotty and petrified wood which resemble huge bones. There is no longer +either pail, chain, or pulley; but there is still the stone basin which +served the overflow. The rain-water collects there, and from time to +time a bird of the neighboring forests comes thither to drink, and then +flies away. One house in this ruin, the farmhouse, is still inhabited. +The door of this house opens on the courtyard. Upon this door, beside a +pretty Gothic lock-plate, there is an iron handle with trefoils placed +slanting. At the moment when the Hanoverian lieutenant, Wilda, grasped +this handle in order to take refuge in the farm, a French sapper hewed +off his hand with an axe. + +The family who occupy the house had for their grandfather Guillaume van +Kylsom, the old gardener, dead long since. A woman with gray hair said +to us: “I was there. I was three years old. My sister, who was older, +was terrified and wept. They carried us off to the woods. I went there +in my mother’s arms. We glued our ears to the earth to hear. I imitated +the cannon, and went _boum! boum!_” + + +A door opening from the courtyard on the left led into the orchard, so +we were told. The orchard is terrible. + +It is in three parts; one might almost say, in three acts. The first +part is a garden, the second is an orchard, the third is a wood. These +three parts have a common enclosure: on the side of the entrance, the +buildings of the chĂąteau and the farm; on the left, a hedge; on the +right, a wall; and at the end, a wall. The wall on the right is of +brick, the wall at the bottom is of stone. One enters the garden first. +It slopes downwards, is planted with gooseberry bushes, choked with a +wild growth of vegetation, and terminated by a monumental terrace of +cut stone, with balustrade with a double curve. + +It was a seignorial garden in the first French style which preceded Le +NĂŽtre; to-day it is ruins and briars. The pilasters are surmounted by +globes which resemble cannon-balls of stone. Forty-three balusters can +still be counted on their sockets; the rest lie prostrate in the grass. +Almost all bear scratches of bullets. One broken baluster is placed on +the pediment like a fractured leg. + +It was in this garden, further down than the orchard, that six +light-infantry men of the 1st, having made their way thither, and being +unable to escape, hunted down and caught like bears in their dens, +accepted the combat with two Hanoverian companies, one of which was +armed with carbines. The Hanoverians lined this balustrade and fired +from above. The infantry men, replying from below, six against two +hundred, intrepid and with no shelter save the currant-bushes, took a +quarter of an hour to die. + +One mounts a few steps and passes from the garden into the orchard, +properly speaking. There, within the limits of those few square +fathoms, fifteen hundred men fell in less than an hour. The wall seems +ready to renew the combat. Thirty-eight loopholes, pierced by the +English at irregular heights, are there still. In front of the sixth +are placed two English tombs of granite. There are loopholes only in +the south wall, as the principal attack came from that quarter. The +wall is hidden on the outside by a tall hedge; the French came up, +thinking that they had to deal only with a hedge, crossed it, and found +the wall both an obstacle and an ambuscade, with the English guards +behind it, the thirty-eight loopholes firing at once a shower of +grape-shot and balls, and Soye’s brigade was broken against it. Thus +Waterloo began. + +Nevertheless, the orchard was taken. As they had no ladders, the French +scaled it with their nails. They fought hand to hand amid the trees. +All this grass has been soaked in blood. A battalion of Nassau, seven +hundred strong, was overwhelmed there. The outside of the wall, against +which Kellermann’s two batteries were trained, is gnawed by grape-shot. + +This orchard is sentient, like others, in the month of May. It has its +buttercups and its daisies; the grass is tall there; the cart-horses +browse there; cords of hair, on which linen is drying, traverse the +spaces between the trees and force the passer-by to bend his head; one +walks over this uncultivated land, and one’s foot dives into +mole-holes. In the middle of the grass one observes an uprooted +tree-bole which lies there all verdant. Major Blackmann leaned against +it to die. Beneath a great tree in the neighborhood fell the German +general, Duplat, descended from a French family which fled on the +revocation of the Edict of Nantes. An aged and falling apple-tree leans +far over to one side, its wound dressed with a bandage of straw and of +clayey loam. Nearly all the apple-trees are falling with age. There is +not one which has not had its bullet or its biscayan.6 The skeletons of +dead trees abound in this orchard. Crows fly through their branches, +and at the end of it is a wood full of violets. + +Bauduin killed, Foy wounded, conflagration, massacre, carnage, a +rivulet formed of English blood, French blood, German blood mingled in +fury, a well crammed with corpses, the regiment of Nassau and the +regiment of Brunswick destroyed, Duplat killed, Blackmann killed, the +English Guards mutilated, twenty French battalions, besides the forty +from Reille’s corps, decimated, three thousand men in that hovel of +Hougomont alone cut down, slashed to pieces, shot, burned, with their +throats cut,—and all this so that a peasant can say to-day to the +traveller: _Monsieur, give me three francs, and if you like, I will +explain to you the affair of Waterloo!_ + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, 1815 + + +Let us turn back,—that is one of the story-teller’s rights,—and put +ourselves once more in the year 1815, and even a little earlier than +the epoch when the action narrated in the first part of this book took +place. + +If it had not rained in the night between the 17th and the 18th of +June, 1815, the fate of Europe would have been different. A few drops +of water, more or less, decided the downfall of Napoleon. All that +Providence required in order to make Waterloo the end of Austerlitz was +a little more rain, and a cloud traversing the sky out of season +sufficed to make a world crumble. + +The battle of Waterloo could not be begun until half-past eleven +o’clock, and that gave BlĂŒcher time to come up. Why? Because the ground +was wet. The artillery had to wait until it became a little firmer +before they could manƓuvre. + +Napoleon was an artillery officer, and felt the effects of this. The +foundation of this wonderful captain was the man who, in the report to +the Directory on Aboukir, said: _Such a one of our balls killed six +men_. All his plans of battle were arranged for projectiles. The key to +his victory was to make the artillery converge on one point. He treated +the strategy of the hostile general like a citadel, and made a breach +in it. He overwhelmed the weak point with grape-shot; he joined and +dissolved battles with cannon. There was something of the sharpshooter +in his genius. To beat in squares, to pulverize regiments, to break +lines, to crush and disperse masses,—for him everything lay in this, to +strike, strike, strike incessantly,—and he intrusted this task to the +cannon-ball. A redoubtable method, and one which, united with genius, +rendered this gloomy athlete of the pugilism of war invincible for the +space of fifteen years. + +On the 18th of June, 1815, he relied all the more on his artillery, +because he had numbers on his side. Wellington had only one hundred and +fifty-nine mouths of fire; Napoleon had two hundred and forty. + +Suppose the soil dry, and the artillery capable of moving, the action +would have begun at six o’clock in the morning. The battle would have +been won and ended at two o’clock, three hours before the change of +fortune in favor of the Prussians. What amount of blame attaches to +Napoleon for the loss of this battle? Is the shipwreck due to the +pilot? + +Was it the evident physical decline of Napoleon that complicated this +epoch by an inward diminution of force? Had the twenty years of war +worn out the blade as it had worn the scabbard, the soul as well as the +body? Did the veteran make himself disastrously felt in the leader? In +a word, was this genius, as many historians of note have thought, +suffering from an eclipse? Did he go into a frenzy in order to disguise +his weakened powers from himself? Did he begin to waver under the +delusion of a breath of adventure? Had he become—a grave matter in a +general—unconscious of peril? Is there an age, in this class of +material great men, who may be called the giants of action, when genius +grows short-sighted? Old age has no hold on the geniuses of the ideal; +for the Dantes and Michael Angelos to grow old is to grow in greatness; +is it to grow less for the Hannibals and the Bonapartes? Had Napoleon +lost the direct sense of victory? Had he reached the point where he +could no longer recognize the reef, could no longer divine the snare, +no longer discern the crumbling brink of abysses? Had he lost his power +of scenting out catastrophes? He who had in former days known all the +roads to triumph, and who, from the summit of his chariot of lightning, +pointed them out with a sovereign finger, had he now reached that state +of sinister amazement when he could lead his tumultuous legions +harnessed to it, to the precipice? Was he seized at the age of +forty-six with a supreme madness? Was that titanic charioteer of +destiny no longer anything more than an immense dare-devil? + +We do not think so. + +His plan of battle was, by the confession of all, a masterpiece. To go +straight to the centre of the Allies’ line, to make a breach in the +enemy, to cut them in two, to drive the British half back on Hal, and +the Prussian half on Tongres, to make two shattered fragments of +Wellington and BlĂŒcher, to carry Mont-Saint-Jean, to seize Brussels, to +hurl the German into the Rhine, and the Englishman into the sea. All +this was contained in that battle, according to Napoleon. Afterwards +people would see. + +Of course, we do not here pretend to furnish a history of the battle of +Waterloo; one of the scenes of the foundation of the story which we are +relating is connected with this battle, but this history is not our +subject; this history, moreover, has been finished, and finished in a +masterly manner, from one point of view by Napoleon, and from another +point of view by a whole pleiad of historians.7 + +As for us, we leave the historians at loggerheads; we are but a distant +witness, a passer-by on the plain, a seeker bending over that soil all +made of human flesh, taking appearances for realities, perchance; we +have no right to oppose, in the name of science, a collection of facts +which contain illusions, no doubt; we possess neither military practice +nor strategic ability which authorize a system; in our opinion, a chain +of accidents dominated the two leaders at Waterloo; and when it becomes +a question of destiny, that mysterious culprit, we judge like that +ingenious judge, the populace. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A + + +Those persons who wish to gain a clear idea of the battle of Waterloo +have only to place, mentally, on the ground, a capital A. The left limb +of the A is the road to Nivelles, the right limb is the road to +Genappe, the tie of the A is the hollow road to Ohain from +Braine-l’Alleud. The top of the A is Mont-Saint-Jean, where Wellington +is; the lower left tip is Hougomont, where Reille is stationed with +JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte; the right tip is the Belle-Alliance, where Napoleon +was. At the centre of this chord is the precise point where the final +word of the battle was pronounced. It was there that the lion has been +placed, the involuntary symbol of the supreme heroism of the Imperial +Guard. + +The triangle included in the top of the A, between the two limbs and +the tie, is the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean. The dispute over this +plateau constituted the whole battle. The wings of the two armies +extended to the right and left of the two roads to Genappe and +Nivelles; d’Erlon facing Picton, Reille facing Hill. + +Behind the tip of the A, behind the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean, is the +forest of Soignes. + +As for the plain itself, let the reader picture to himself a vast +undulating sweep of ground; each rise commands the next rise, and all +the undulations mount towards Mont-Saint-Jean, and there end in the +forest. + +Two hostile troops on a field of battle are two wrestlers. It is a +question of seizing the opponent round the waist. The one seeks to trip +up the other. They clutch at everything: a bush is a point of support; +an angle of the wall offers them a rest to the shoulder; for the lack +of a hovel under whose cover they can draw up, a regiment yields its +ground; an unevenness in the ground, a chance turn in the landscape, a +cross-path encountered at the right moment, a grove, a ravine, can stay +the heel of that colossus which is called an army, and prevent its +retreat. He who quits the field is beaten; hence the necessity +devolving on the responsible leader, of examining the most +insignificant clump of trees, and of studying deeply the slightest +relief in the ground. + +The two generals had attentively studied the plain of Mont-Saint-Jean, +now called the plain of Waterloo. In the preceding year, Wellington, +with the sagacity of foresight, had examined it as the possible seat of +a great battle. Upon this spot, and for this duel, on the 18th of June, +Wellington had the good post, Napoleon the bad post. The English army +was stationed above, the French army below. + +It is almost superfluous here to sketch the appearance of Napoleon on +horseback, glass in hand, upon the heights of Rossomme, at daybreak, on +June 18, 1815. All the world has seen him before we can show him. That +calm profile under the little three-cornered hat of the school of +Brienne, that green uniform, the white revers concealing the star of +the Legion of Honor, his great coat hiding his epaulets, the corner of +red ribbon peeping from beneath his vest, his leather trousers, the +white horse with the saddle-cloth of purple velvet bearing on the +corners crowned N’s and eagles, Hessian boots over silk stockings, +silver spurs, the sword of Marengo,—that whole figure of the last of +the CĂŠsars is present to all imaginations, saluted with acclamations by +some, severely regarded by others. + +That figure stood for a long time wholly in the light; this arose from +a certain legendary dimness evolved by the majority of heroes, and +which always veils the truth for a longer or shorter time; but to-day +history and daylight have arrived. + +That light called history is pitiless; it possesses this peculiar and +divine quality, that, pure light as it is, and precisely because it is +wholly light, it often casts a shadow in places where people had +hitherto beheld rays; from the same man it constructs two different +phantoms, and the one attacks the other and executes justice on it, and +the shadows of the despot contend with the brilliancy of the leader. +Hence arises a truer measure in the definitive judgments of nations. +Babylon violated lessens Alexander, Rome enchained lessens CĂŠsar, +Jerusalem murdered lessens Titus, tyranny follows the tyrant. It is a +misfortune for a man to leave behind him the night which bears his +form. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE QUID OBSCURUM OF BATTLES + + +Every one is acquainted with the first phase of this battle; a +beginning which was troubled, uncertain, hesitating, menacing to both +armies, but still more so for the English than for the French. + +It had rained all night, the earth had been cut up by the downpour, the +water had accumulated here and there in the hollows of the plain as if +in casks; at some points the gear of the artillery carriages was buried +up to the axles, the circingles of the horses were dripping with liquid +mud. If the wheat and rye trampled down by this cohort of transports on +the march had not filled in the ruts and strewn a litter beneath the +wheels, all movement, particularly in the valleys, in the direction of +Papelotte would have been impossible. + +The affair began late. Napoleon, as we have already explained, was in +the habit of keeping all his artillery well in hand, like a pistol, +aiming it now at one point, now at another, of the battle; and it had +been his wish to wait until the horse batteries could move and gallop +freely. In order to do that it was necessary that the sun should come +out and dry the soil. But the sun did not make its appearance. It was +no longer the rendezvous of Austerlitz. When the first cannon was +fired, the English general, Colville, looked at his watch, and noted +that it was thirty-five minutes past eleven. + +The action was begun furiously, with more fury, perhaps, than the +Emperor would have wished, by the left wing of the French resting on +Hougomont. At the same time Napoleon attacked the centre by hurling +Quiot’s brigade on La Haie-Sainte, and Ney pushed forward the right +wing of the French against the left wing of the English, which rested +on Papelotte. + +The attack on Hougomont was something of a feint; the plan was to draw +Wellington thither, and to make him swerve to the left. This plan would +have succeeded if the four companies of the English guards and the +brave Belgians of Perponcher’s division had not held the position +solidly, and Wellington, instead of massing his troops there, could +confine himself to despatching thither, as reinforcements, only four +more companies of guards and one battalion from Brunswick. + +The attack of the right wing of the French on Papelotte was calculated, +in fact, to overthrow the English left, to cut off the road to +Brussels, to bar the passage against possible Prussians, to force +Mont-Saint-Jean, to turn Wellington back on Hougomont, thence on +Braine-l’Alleud, thence on Hal; nothing easier. With the exception of a +few incidents this attack succeeded. Papelotte was taken; La +Haie-Sainte was carried. + +A detail to be noted. There was in the English infantry, particularly +in Kempt’s brigade, a great many raw recruits. These young soldiers +were valiant in the presence of our redoubtable infantry; their +inexperience extricated them intrepidly from the dilemma; they +performed particularly excellent service as skirmishers: the soldier +skirmisher, left somewhat to himself, becomes, so to speak, his own +general. These recruits displayed some of the French ingenuity and +fury. This novice of an infantry had dash. This displeased Wellington. + +After the taking of La Haie-Sainte the battle wavered. + +There is in this day an obscure interval, from midday to four o’clock; +the middle portion of this battle is almost indistinct, and +participates in the sombreness of the hand-to-hand conflict. Twilight +reigns over it. We perceive vast fluctuations in that fog, a dizzy +mirage, paraphernalia of war almost unknown to-day, pendant colbacks, +floating sabre-taches, cross-belts, cartridge-boxes for grenades, +hussar dolmans, red boots with a thousand wrinkles, heavy shakos +garlanded with torsades, the almost black infantry of Brunswick mingled +with the scarlet infantry of England, the English soldiers with great, +white circular pads on the slopes of their shoulders for epaulets, the +Hanoverian light-horse with their oblong casques of leather, with brass +hands and red horse-tails, the Scotch with their bare knees and plaids, +the great white gaiters of our grenadiers; pictures, not strategic +lines—what Salvator Rosa requires, not what is suited to the needs of +Gribeauval. + +A certain amount of tempest is always mingled with a battle. _Quid +obscurum, quid divinum_. Each historian traces, to some extent, the +particular feature which pleases him amid this pell-mell. Whatever may +be the combinations of the generals, the shock of armed masses has an +incalculable ebb. During the action the plans of the two leaders enter +into each other and become mutually thrown out of shape. Such a point +of the field of battle devours more combatants than such another, just +as more or less spongy soils soak up more or less quickly the water +which is poured on them. It becomes necessary to pour out more soldiers +than one would like; a series of expenditures which are the unforeseen. +The line of battle waves and undulates like a thread, the trails of +blood gush illogically, the fronts of the armies waver, the regiments +form capes and gulfs as they enter and withdraw; all these reefs are +continually moving in front of each other. Where the infantry stood the +artillery arrives, the cavalry rushes in where the artillery was, the +battalions are like smoke. There was something there; seek it. It has +disappeared; the open spots change place, the sombre folds advance and +retreat, a sort of wind from the sepulchre pushes forward, hurls back, +distends, and disperses these tragic multitudes. What is a fray? an +oscillation? The immobility of a mathematical plan expresses a minute, +not a day. In order to depict a battle, there is required one of those +powerful painters who have chaos in their brushes. Rembrandt is better +than Vandermeulen; Vandermeulen, exact at noon, lies at three o’clock. +Geometry is deceptive; the hurricane alone is trustworthy. That is what +confers on Folard the right to contradict Polybius. Let us add, that +there is a certain instant when the battle degenerates into a combat, +becomes specialized, and disperses into innumerable detailed feats, +which, to borrow the expression of Napoleon himself, “belong rather to +the biography of the regiments than to the history of the army.” The +historian has, in this case, the evident right to sum up the whole. He +cannot do more than seize the principal outlines of the struggle, and +it is not given to any one narrator, however conscientious he may be, +to fix, absolutely, the form of that horrible cloud which is called a +battle. + +This, which is true of all great armed encounters, is particularly +applicable to Waterloo. + +Nevertheless, at a certain moment in the afternoon the battle came to a +point. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FOUR O’CLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON + + +Towards four o’clock the condition of the English army was serious. The +Prince of Orange was in command of the centre, Hill of the right wing, +Picton of the left wing. The Prince of Orange, desperate and intrepid, +shouted to the Hollando-Belgians: “Nassau! Brunswick! Never retreat!” +Hill, having been weakened, had come up to the support of Wellington; +Picton was dead. At the very moment when the English had captured from +the French the flag of the 105th of the line, the French had killed the +English general, Picton, with a bullet through the head. The battle +had, for Wellington, two bases of action, Hougomont and La Haie-Sainte; +Hougomont still held out, but was on fire; La Haie-Sainte was taken. Of +the German battalion which defended it, only forty-two men survived; +all the officers, except five, were either dead or captured. Three +thousand combatants had been massacred in that barn. A sergeant of the +English Guards, the foremost boxer in England, reputed invulnerable by +his companions, had been killed there by a little French drummer-boy. +Baring had been dislodged, Alten put to the sword. Many flags had been +lost, one from Alten’s division, and one from the battalion of +Lunenburg, carried by a prince of the house of Deux-Ponts. The Scotch +Grays no longer existed; Ponsonby’s great dragoons had been hacked to +pieces. That valiant cavalry had bent beneath the lancers of Bro and +beneath the cuirassiers of Travers; out of twelve hundred horses, six +hundred remained; out of three lieutenant-colonels, two lay on the +earth,—Hamilton wounded, Mater slain. Ponsonby had fallen, riddled by +seven lance-thrusts. Gordon was dead. Marsh was dead. Two divisions, +the fifth and the sixth, had been annihilated. + +Hougomont injured, La Haie-Sainte taken, there now existed but one +rallying-point, the centre. That point still held firm. Wellington +reinforced it. He summoned thither Hill, who was at Merle-Braine; he +summoned ChassĂ©, who was at Braine-l’Alleud. + +The centre of the English army, rather concave, very dense, and very +compact, was strongly posted. It occupied the plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean, having behind it the village, and in front of it the +slope, which was tolerably steep then. It rested on that stout stone +dwelling which at that time belonged to the domain of Nivelles, and +which marks the intersection of the roads—a pile of the sixteenth +century, and so robust that the cannon-balls rebounded from it without +injuring it. All about the plateau the English had cut the hedges here +and there, made embrasures in the hawthorn-trees, thrust the throat of +a cannon between two branches, embattled the shrubs. There artillery +was ambushed in the brushwood. This punic labor, incontestably +authorized by war, which permits traps, was so well done, that Haxo, +who had been despatched by the Emperor at nine o’clock in the morning +to reconnoitre the enemy’s batteries, had discovered nothing of it, and +had returned and reported to Napoleon that there were no obstacles +except the two barricades which barred the road to Nivelles and to +Genappe. It was at the season when the grain is tall; on the edge of +the plateau a battalion of Kempt’s brigade, the 95th, armed with +carabines, was concealed in the tall wheat. + +Thus assured and buttressed, the centre of the Anglo-Dutch army was +well posted. The peril of this position lay in the forest of Soignes, +then adjoining the field of battle, and intersected by the ponds of +Groenendael and Boitsfort. An army could not retreat thither without +dissolving; the regiments would have broken up immediately there. The +artillery would have been lost among the morasses. The retreat, +according to many a man versed in the art,—though it is disputed by +others,—would have been a disorganized flight. + +To this centre, Wellington added one of Chassé’s brigades taken from +the right wing, and one of Wincke’s brigades taken from the left wing, +plus Clinton’s division. To his English, to the regiments of Halkett, +to the brigades of Mitchell, to the guards of Maitland, he gave as +reinforcements and aids, the infantry of Brunswick, Nassau’s +contingent, Kielmansegg’s Hanoverians, and Ompteda’s Germans. This +placed twenty-six battalions under his hand. _The right wing_, as +Charras says, _was thrown back on the centre_. An enormous battery was +masked by sacks of earth at the spot where there now stands what is +called the “Museum of Waterloo.” Besides this, Wellington had, behind a +rise in the ground, Somerset’s Dragoon Guards, fourteen hundred horse +strong. It was the remaining half of the justly celebrated English +cavalry. Ponsonby destroyed, Somerset remained. + +The battery, which, if completed, would have been almost a redoubt, was +ranged behind a very low garden wall, backed up with a coating of bags +of sand and a large slope of earth. This work was not finished; there +had been no time to make a palisade for it. + +Wellington, uneasy but impassive, was on horseback, and there remained +the whole day in the same attitude, a little in advance of the old mill +of Mont-Saint-Jean, which is still in existence, beneath an elm, which +an Englishman, an enthusiastic vandal, purchased later on for two +hundred francs, cut down, and carried off. Wellington was coldly +heroic. The bullets rained about him. His aide-de-camp, Gordon, fell at +his side. Lord Hill, pointing to a shell which had burst, said to him: +“My lord, what are your orders in case you are killed?” “To do like +me,” replied Wellington. To Clinton he said laconically, “To hold this +spot to the last man.” The day was evidently turning out ill. +Wellington shouted to his old companions of Talavera, of Vittoria, of +Salamanca: “Boys, can retreat be thought of? Think of old England!” + + +Towards four o’clock, the English line drew back. Suddenly nothing was +visible on the crest of the plateau except the artillery and the +sharpshooters; the rest had disappeared: the regiments, dislodged by +the shells and the French bullets, retreated into the bottom, now +intersected by the back road of the farm of Mont-Saint-Jean; a +retrograde movement took place, the English front hid itself, +Wellington drew back. “The beginning of retreat!” cried Napoleon. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—NAPOLEON IN A GOOD HUMOR + + +The Emperor, though ill and discommoded on horseback by a local +trouble, had never been in a better humor than on that day. His +impenetrability had been smiling ever since the morning. On the 18th of +June, that profound soul masked by marble beamed blindly. The man who +had been gloomy at Austerlitz was gay at Waterloo. The greatest +favorites of destiny make mistakes. Our joys are composed of shadow. +The supreme smile is God’s alone. + +_Ridet CĂŠsar, Pompeius flebit_, said the legionaries of the Fulminatrix +Legion. Pompey was not destined to weep on that occasion, but it is +certain that CĂŠsar laughed. While exploring on horseback at one o’clock +on the preceding night, in storm and rain, in company with Bertrand, +the communes in the neighborhood of Rossomme, satisfied at the sight of +the long line of the English camp-fires illuminating the whole horizon +from Frischemont to Braine-l’Alleud, it had seemed to him that fate, to +whom he had assigned a day on the field of Waterloo, was exact to the +appointment; he stopped his horse, and remained for some time +motionless, gazing at the lightning and listening to the thunder; and +this fatalist was heard to cast into the darkness this mysterious +saying, “We are in accord.” Napoleon was mistaken. They were no longer +in accord. + +He took not a moment for sleep; every instant of that night was marked +by a joy for him. He traversed the line of the principal outposts, +halting here and there to talk to the sentinels. At half-past two, near +the wood of Hougomont, he heard the tread of a column on the march; he +thought at the moment that it was a retreat on the part of Wellington. +He said: “It is the rear-guard of the English getting under way for the +purpose of decamping. I will take prisoners the six thousand English +who have just arrived at Ostend.” He conversed expansively; he regained +the animation which he had shown at his landing on the first of March, +when he pointed out to the Grand-Marshal the enthusiastic peasant of +the Gulf Juan, and cried, “Well, Bertrand, here is a reinforcement +already!” On the night of the 17th to the 18th of June he rallied +Wellington. “That little Englishman needs a lesson,” said Napoleon. The +rain redoubled in violence; the thunder rolled while the Emperor was +speaking. + +At half-past three o’clock in the morning, he lost one illusion; +officers who had been despatched to reconnoitre announced to him that +the enemy was not making any movement. Nothing was stirring; not a +bivouac-fire had been extinguished; the English army was asleep. The +silence on earth was profound; the only noise was in the heavens. At +four o’clock, a peasant was brought in to him by the scouts; this +peasant had served as guide to a brigade of English cavalry, probably +Vivian’s brigade, which was on its way to take up a position in the +village of Ohain, at the extreme left. At five o’clock, two Belgian +deserters reported to him that they had just quitted their regiment, +and that the English army was ready for battle. “So much the better!” +exclaimed Napoleon. “I prefer to overthrow them rather than to drive +them back.” + + +In the morning he dismounted in the mud on the slope which forms an +angle with the Plancenoit road, had a kitchen table and a peasant’s +chair brought to him from the farm of Rossomme, seated himself, with a +truss of straw for a carpet, and spread out on the table the chart of +the battle-field, saying to Soult as he did so, “A pretty +checker-board.” + + +In consequence of the rains during the night, the transports of +provisions, embedded in the soft roads, had not been able to arrive by +morning; the soldiers had had no sleep; they were wet and fasting. This +did not prevent Napoleon from exclaiming cheerfully to Ney, “We have +ninety chances out of a hundred.” At eight o’clock the Emperor’s +breakfast was brought to him. He invited many generals to it. During +breakfast, it was said that Wellington had been to a ball two nights +before, in Brussels, at the Duchess of Richmond’s; and Soult, a rough +man of war, with a face of an archbishop, said, “The ball takes place +to-day.” The Emperor jested with Ney, who said, “Wellington will not be +so simple as to wait for Your Majesty.” That was his way, however. “He +was fond of jesting,” says Fleury de Chaboulon. “A merry humor was at +the foundation of his character,” says Gourgaud. “He abounded in +pleasantries, which were more peculiar than witty,” says Benjamin +Constant. These gayeties of a giant are worthy of insistence. It was he +who called his grenadiers “his grumblers”; he pinched their ears; he +pulled their moustaches. “The Emperor did nothing but play pranks on +us,” is the remark of one of them. During the mysterious trip from the +island of Elba to France, on the 27th of February, on the open sea, the +French brig of war, _Le ZĂ©phyr_, having encountered the brig +_L’Inconstant_, on which Napoleon was concealed, and having asked the +news of Napoleon from _L’Inconstant_, the Emperor, who still wore in +his hat the white and amaranthine cockade sown with bees, which he had +adopted at the isle of Elba, laughingly seized the speaking-trumpet, +and answered for himself, “The Emperor is well.” A man who laughs like +that is on familiar terms with events. Napoleon indulged in many fits +of this laughter during the breakfast at Waterloo. After breakfast he +meditated for a quarter of an hour; then two generals seated themselves +on the truss of straw, pen in hand and their paper on their knees, and +the Emperor dictated to them the order of battle. + +At nine o’clock, at the instant when the French army, ranged in +echelons and set in motion in five columns, had deployed—the divisions +in two lines, the artillery between the brigades, the music at their +head; as they beat the march, with rolls on the drums and the blasts of +trumpets, mighty, vast, joyous, a sea of casques, of sabres, and of +bayonets on the horizon, the Emperor was touched, and twice exclaimed, +“Magnificent! Magnificent!” + + +Between nine o’clock and half-past ten the whole army, incredible as it +may appear, had taken up its position and ranged itself in six lines, +forming, to repeat the Emperor’s expression, “the figure of six V’s.” A +few moments after the formation of the battle-array, in the midst of +that profound silence, like that which heralds the beginning of a +storm, which precedes engagements, the Emperor tapped Haxo on the +shoulder, as he beheld the three batteries of twelve-pounders, detached +by his orders from the corps of Erlon, Reille, and Lobau, and destined +to begin the action by taking Mont-Saint-Jean, which was situated at +the intersection of the Nivelles and the Genappe roads, and said to +him, “There are four and twenty handsome maids, General.” + + +Sure of the issue, he encouraged with a smile, as they passed before +him, the company of sappers of the first corps, which he had appointed +to barricade Mont-Saint-Jean as soon as the village should be carried. +All this serenity had been traversed by but a single word of haughty +pity; perceiving on his left, at a spot where there now stands a large +tomb, those admirable Scotch Grays, with their superb horses, massing +themselves, he said, “It is a pity.” + + +Then he mounted his horse, advanced beyond Rossomme, and selected for +his post of observation a contracted elevation of turf to the right of +the road from Genappe to Brussels, which was his second station during +the battle. The third station, the one adopted at seven o’clock in the +evening, between La Belle-Alliance and La Haie-Sainte, is formidable; +it is a rather elevated knoll, which still exists, and behind which the +guard was massed on a slope of the plain. Around this knoll the balls +rebounded from the pavements of the road, up to Napoleon himself. As at +Brienne, he had over his head the shriek of the bullets and of the +heavy artillery. Mouldy cannon-balls, old sword-blades, and shapeless +projectiles, eaten up with rust, were picked up at the spot where his +horse’s feet stood. _Scabra rubigine_. A few years ago, a shell of +sixty pounds, still charged, and with its fuse broken off level with +the bomb, was unearthed. It was at this last post that the Emperor said +to his guide, Lacoste, a hostile and terrified peasant, who was +attached to the saddle of a hussar, and who turned round at every +discharge of canister and tried to hide behind Napoleon: “Fool, it is +shameful! You’ll get yourself killed with a ball in the back.” He who +writes these lines has himself found, in the friable soil of this +knoll, on turning over the sand, the remains of the neck of a bomb, +disintegrated, by the oxidization of six and forty years, and old +fragments of iron which parted like elder-twigs between the fingers. + +Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the +plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took +place, are no longer what they were on June 18, 1815. By taking from +this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real +relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds +her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying +it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, +exclaimed, “They have altered my field of battle!” Where the great +pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a +hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but +which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. +The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of +the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from +Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, +the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of +that plain is a sepulchre for France. Thanks to the thousands upon +thousands of cartloads of earth employed in the hillock one hundred and +fifty feet in height and half a mile in circumference, the plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean is now accessible by an easy slope. On the day of +battle, particularly on the side of La Haie-Sainte, it was abrupt and +difficult of approach. The slope there is so steep that the English +cannon could not see the farm, situated in the bottom of the valley, +which was the centre of the combat. On the 18th of June, 1815, the +rains had still farther increased this acclivity, the mud complicated +the problem of the ascent, and the men not only slipped back, but stuck +fast in the mire. Along the crest of the plateau ran a sort of trench +whose presence it was impossible for the distant observer to divine. + +What was this trench? Let us explain. Braine-l’Alleud is a Belgian +village; Ohain is another. These villages, both of them concealed in +curves of the landscape, are connected by a road about a league and a +half in length, which traverses the plain along its undulating level, +and often enters and buries itself in the hills like a furrow, which +makes a ravine of this road in some places. In 1815, as at the present +day, this road cut the crest of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean between +the two highways from Genappe and Nivelles; only, it is now on a level +with the plain; it was then a hollow way. Its two slopes have been +appropriated for the monumental hillock. This road was, and still is, a +trench throughout the greater portion of its course; a hollow trench, +sometimes a dozen feet in depth, and whose banks, being too steep, +crumbled away here and there, particularly in winter, under driving +rains. Accidents happened here. The road was so narrow at the +Braine-l’Alleud entrance that a passer-by was crushed by a cart, as is +proved by a stone cross which stands near the cemetery, and which gives +the name of the dead, _Monsieur Bernard Debrye, Merchant of Brussels_, +and the date of the accident, _February, 1637_.8 It was so deep on the +table-land of Mont-Saint-Jean that a peasant, Mathieu Nicaise, was +crushed there, in 1783, by a slide from the slope, as is stated on +another stone cross, the top of which has disappeared in the process of +clearing the ground, but whose overturned pedestal is still visible on +the grassy slope to the left of the highway between La Haie-Sainte and +the farm of Mont-Saint-Jean. + +On the day of battle, this hollow road whose existence was in no way +indicated, bordering the crest of Mont-Saint-Jean, a trench at the +summit of the escarpment, a rut concealed in the soil, was invisible; +that is to say, terrible. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE EMPEROR PUTS A QUESTION TO THE GUIDE LACOSTE + + +So, on the morning of Waterloo, Napoleon was content. + +He was right; the plan of battle conceived by him was, as we have seen, +really admirable. + +The battle once begun, its very various changes,—the resistance of +Hougomont; the tenacity of La Haie-Sainte; the killing of Bauduin; the +disabling of Foy; the unexpected wall against which Soye’s brigade was +shattered; Guilleminot’s fatal heedlessness when he had neither petard +nor powder sacks; the miring of the batteries; the fifteen unescorted +pieces overwhelmed in a hollow way by Uxbridge; the small effect of the +bombs falling in the English lines, and there embedding themselves in +the rain-soaked soil, and only succeeding in producing volcanoes of +mud, so that the canister was turned into a splash; the uselessness of +Piré’s demonstration on Braine-l’Alleud; all that cavalry, fifteen +squadrons, almost exterminated; the right wing of the English badly +alarmed, the left wing badly cut into; Ney’s strange mistake in +massing, instead of echelonning the four divisions of the first corps; +men delivered over to grape-shot, arranged in ranks twenty-seven deep +and with a frontage of two hundred; the frightful holes made in these +masses by the cannon-balls; attacking columns disorganized; the +side-battery suddenly unmasked on their flank; Bourgeois, Donzelot, and +Durutte compromised; Quiot repulsed; Lieutenant Vieux, that Hercules +graduated at the Polytechnic School, wounded at the moment when he was +beating in with an axe the door of La Haie-Sainte under the downright +fire of the English barricade which barred the angle of the road from +Genappe to Brussels; Marcognet’s division caught between the infantry +and the cavalry, shot down at the very muzzle of the guns amid the +grain by Best and Pack, put to the sword by Ponsonby; his battery of +seven pieces spiked; the Prince of Saxe-Weimar holding and guarding, in +spite of the Comte d’Erlon, both Frischemont and Smohain; the flag of +the 105th taken, the flag of the 45th captured; that black Prussian +hussar stopped by runners of the flying column of three hundred light +cavalry on the scout between Wavre and Plancenoit; the alarming things +that had been said by prisoners; Grouchy’s delay; fifteen hundred men +killed in the orchard of Hougomont in less than an hour; eighteen +hundred men overthrown in a still shorter time about La +Haie-Sainte,—all these stormy incidents passing like the clouds of +battle before Napoleon, had hardly troubled his gaze and had not +overshadowed that face of imperial certainty. Napoleon was accustomed +to gaze steadily at war; he never added up the heart-rending details, +cipher by cipher; ciphers mattered little to him, provided that they +furnished the total—victory; he was not alarmed if the beginnings did +go astray, since he thought himself the master and the possessor at the +end; he knew how to wait, supposing himself to be out of the question, +and he treated destiny as his equal: he seemed to say to fate, Thou +wilt not dare. + +Composed half of light and half of shadow, Napoleon thought himself +protected in good and tolerated in evil. He had, or thought that he +had, a connivance, one might almost say a complicity, of events in his +favor, which was equivalent to the invulnerability of antiquity. + +Nevertheless, when one has BĂ©rĂ©sina, Leipzig, and Fontainebleau behind +one, it seems as though one might distrust Waterloo. A mysterious frown +becomes perceptible in the depths of the heavens. + +At the moment when Wellington retreated, Napoleon shuddered. He +suddenly beheld the table-land of Mont-Saint-Jean cleared, and the van +of the English army disappear. It was rallying, but hiding itself. The +Emperor half rose in his stirrups. The lightning of victory flashed +from his eyes. + +Wellington, driven into a corner at the forest of Soignes and +destroyed—that was the definitive conquest of England by France; it was +CrĂ©cy, Poitiers, Malplaquet, and Ramillies avenged. The man of Marengo +was wiping out Agincourt. + +So the Emperor, meditating on this terrible turn of fortune, swept his +glass for the last time over all the points of the field of battle. His +guard, standing behind him with grounded arms, watched him from below +with a sort of religion. He pondered; he examined the slopes, noted the +declivities, scrutinized the clumps of trees, the square of rye, the +path; he seemed to be counting each bush. He gazed with some intentness +at the English barricades of the two highways,—two large abatis of +trees, that on the road to Genappe above La Haie-Sainte, armed with two +cannon, the only ones out of all the English artillery which commanded +the extremity of the field of battle, and that on the road to Nivelles +where gleamed the Dutch bayonets of Chassé’s brigade. Near this +barricade he observed the old chapel of Saint Nicholas, painted white, +which stands at the angle of the crossroad near Braine-l’Alleud; he +bent down and spoke in a low voice to the guide Lacoste. The guide made +a negative sign with his head, which was probably perfidious. + +The Emperor straightened himself up and fell to thinking. + +Wellington had drawn back. + +All that remained to do was to complete this retreat by crushing him. + +Napoleon turning round abruptly, despatched an express at full speed to +Paris to announce that the battle was won. + +Napoleon was one of those geniuses from whom thunder darts. + +He had just found his clap of thunder. + +He gave orders to Milhaud’s cuirassiers to carry the table-land of +Mont-Saint-Jean. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE UNEXPECTED + + +There were three thousand five hundred of them. They formed a front a +quarter of a league in extent. They were giant men, on colossal horses. +There were six and twenty squadrons of them; and they had behind them +to support them Lefebvre-Desnouettes’s division,—the one hundred and +six picked gendarmes, the light cavalry of the Guard, eleven hundred +and ninety-seven men, and the lancers of the guard of eight hundred and +eighty lances. They wore casques without horse-tails, and cuirasses of +beaten iron, with horse-pistols in their holsters, and long +sabre-swords. That morning the whole army had admired them, when, at +nine o’clock, with braying of trumpets and all the music playing “Let +us watch o’er the Safety of the Empire,” they had come in a solid +column, with one of their batteries on their flank, another in their +centre, and deployed in two ranks between the roads to Genappe and +Frischemont, and taken up their position for battle in that powerful +second line, so cleverly arranged by Napoleon, which, having on its +extreme left Kellermann’s cuirassiers and on its extreme right +Milhaud’s cuirassiers, had, so to speak, two wings of iron. + +Aide-de-camp Bernard carried them the Emperor’s orders. Ney drew his +sword and placed himself at their head. The enormous squadrons were set +in motion. + +Then a formidable spectacle was seen. + +All their cavalry, with upraised swords, standards and trumpets flung +to the breeze, formed in columns by divisions, descended, by a +simultaneous movement and like one man, with the precision of a brazen +battering-ram which is effecting a breach, the hill of La Belle +Alliance, plunged into the terrible depths in which so many men had +already fallen, disappeared there in the smoke, then emerging from that +shadow, reappeared on the other side of the valley, still compact and +in close ranks, mounting at a full trot, through a storm of grape-shot +which burst upon them, the terrible muddy slope of the table-land of +Mont-Saint-Jean. They ascended, grave, threatening, imperturbable; in +the intervals between the musketry and the artillery, their colossal +trampling was audible. Being two divisions, there were two columns of +them; Wathier’s division held the right, Delort’s division was on the +left. It seemed as though two immense adders of steel were to be seen +crawling towards the crest of the table-land. It traversed the battle +like a prodigy. + +Nothing like it had been seen since the taking of the great redoubt of +the Muskowa by the heavy cavalry; Murat was lacking here, but Ney was +again present. It seemed as though that mass had become a monster and +had but one soul. Each column undulated and swelled like the ring of a +polyp. They could be seen through a vast cloud of smoke which was rent +here and there. A confusion of helmets, of cries, of sabres, a stormy +heaving of the cruppers of horses amid the cannons and the flourish of +trumpets, a terrible and disciplined tumult; over all, the cuirasses +like the scales on the hydra. + +These narrations seemed to belong to another age. Something parallel to +this vision appeared, no doubt, in the ancient Orphic epics, which told +of the centaurs, the old hippanthropes, those Titans with human heads +and equestrian chests who scaled Olympus at a gallop, horrible, +invulnerable, sublime—gods and beasts. + +Odd numerical coincidence,—twenty-six battalions rode to meet +twenty-six battalions. Behind the crest of the plateau, in the shadow +of the masked battery, the English infantry, formed into thirteen +squares, two battalions to the square, in two lines, with seven in the +first line, six in the second, the stocks of their guns to their +shoulders, taking aim at that which was on the point of appearing, +waited, calm, mute, motionless. They did not see the cuirassiers, and +the cuirassiers did not see them. They listened to the rise of this +flood of men. They heard the swelling noise of three thousand horse, +the alternate and symmetrical tramp of their hoofs at full trot, the +jingling of the cuirasses, the clang of the sabres and a sort of grand +and savage breathing. There ensued a most terrible silence; then, all +at once, a long file of uplifted arms, brandishing sabres, appeared +above the crest, and casques, trumpets, and standards, and three +thousand heads with gray moustaches, shouting, “Vive l’Empereur!” All +this cavalry debouched on the plateau, and it was like the appearance +of an earthquake. + +All at once, a tragic incident; on the English left, on our right, the +head of the column of cuirassiers reared up with a frightful clamor. On +arriving at the culminating point of the crest, ungovernable, utterly +given over to fury and their course of extermination of the squares and +cannon, the cuirassiers had just caught sight of a trench,—a trench +between them and the English. It was the hollow road of Ohain. + +It was a terrible moment. The ravine was there, unexpected, yawning, +directly under the horses’ feet, two fathoms deep between its double +slopes; the second file pushed the first into it, and the third pushed +on the second; the horses reared and fell backward, landed on their +haunches, slid down, all four feet in the air, crushing and +overwhelming the riders; and there being no means of retreat,—the whole +column being no longer anything more than a projectile,—the force which +had been acquired to crush the English crushed the French; the +inexorable ravine could only yield when filled; horses and riders +rolled there pell-mell, grinding each other, forming but one mass of +flesh in this gulf: when this trench was full of living men, the rest +marched over them and passed on. Almost a third of Dubois’s brigade +fell into that abyss. + +This began the loss of the battle. + +A local tradition, which evidently exaggerates matters, says that two +thousand horses and fifteen hundred men were buried in the hollow road +of Ohain. This figure probably comprises all the other corpses which +were flung into this ravine the day after the combat. + +Let us note in passing that it was Dubois’s sorely tried brigade which, +an hour previously, making a charge to one side, had captured the flag +of the Lunenburg battalion. + +Napoleon, before giving the order for this charge of Milhaud’s +cuirassiers, had scrutinized the ground, but had not been able to see +that hollow road, which did not even form a wrinkle on the surface of +the plateau. Warned, nevertheless, and put on the alert by the little +white chapel which marks its angle of junction with the Nivelles +highway, he had probably put a question as to the possibility of an +obstacle, to the guide Lacoste. The guide had answered No. We might +almost affirm that Napoleon’s catastrophe originated in that sign of a +peasant’s head. + +Other fatalities were destined to arise. + +Was it possible that Napoleon should have won that battle? We answer +No. Why? Because of Wellington? Because of BlĂŒcher? No. Because of God. + +Bonaparte victor at Waterloo; that does not come within the law of the +nineteenth century. Another series of facts was in preparation, in +which there was no longer any room for Napoleon. The ill will of events +had declared itself long before. + +It was time that this vast man should fall. + +The excessive weight of this man in human destiny disturbed the +balance. This individual alone counted for more than a universal group. +These plethoras of all human vitality concentrated in a single head; +the world mounting to the brain of one man,—this would be mortal to +civilization were it to last. The moment had arrived for the +incorruptible and supreme equity to alter its plan. Probably the +principles and the elements, on which the regular gravitations of the +moral, as of the material, world depend, had complained. Smoking blood, +over-filled cemeteries, mothers in tears,—these are formidable +pleaders. When the earth is suffering from too heavy a burden, there +are mysterious groanings of the shades, to which the abyss lends an +ear. + +Napoleon had been denounced in the infinite and his fall had been +decided on. + +He embarrassed God. + +Waterloo is not a battle; it is a change of front on the part of the +Universe. + + + + +CHAPTER X—THE PLATEAU OF MONT-SAINT-JEAN + + +The battery was unmasked at the same moment with the ravine. + +Sixty cannons and the thirteen squares darted lightning point-blank on +the cuirassiers. The intrepid General Delort made the military salute +to the English battery. + +The whole of the flying artillery of the English had re-entered the +squares at a gallop. The cuirassiers had not had even the time for a +halt. The disaster of the hollow road had decimated, but not +discouraged them. They belonged to that class of men who, when +diminished in number, increase in courage. + +Wathier’s column alone had suffered in the disaster; Delort’s column, +which Ney had deflected to the left, as though he had a presentiment of +an ambush, had arrived whole. + +The cuirassiers hurled themselves on the English squares. + +At full speed, with bridles loose, swords in their teeth, pistols in +fist,—such was the attack. + +There are moments in battles in which the soul hardens the man until +the soldier is changed into a statue, and when all this flesh turns +into granite. The English battalions, desperately assaulted, did not +stir. + +Then it was terrible. + +All the faces of the English squares were attacked at once. A frenzied +whirl enveloped them. That cold infantry remained impassive. The first +rank knelt and received the cuirassiers on their bayonets, the second +ranks shot them down; behind the second rank the cannoneers charged +their guns, the front of the square parted, permitted the passage of an +eruption of grape-shot, and closed again. The cuirassiers replied by +crushing them. Their great horses reared, strode across the ranks, +leaped over the bayonets and fell, gigantic, in the midst of these four +living wells. The cannon-balls ploughed furrows in these cuirassiers; +the cuirassiers made breaches in the squares. Files of men disappeared, +ground to dust under the horses. The bayonets plunged into the bellies +of these centaurs; hence a hideousness of wounds which has probably +never been seen anywhere else. The squares, wasted by this mad cavalry, +closed up their ranks without flinching. Inexhaustible in the matter of +grape-shot, they created explosions in their assailants’ midst. The +form of this combat was monstrous. These squares were no longer +battalions, they were craters; those cuirassiers were no longer +cavalry, they were a tempest. Each square was a volcano attacked by a +cloud; lava contended with lightning. + +The square on the extreme right, the most exposed of all, being in the +air, was almost annihilated at the very first shock. lt was formed of +the 75th regiment of Highlanders. The bagpipe-player in the centre +dropped his melancholy eyes, filled with the reflections of the forests +and the lakes, in profound inattention, while men were being +exterminated around him, and seated on a drum, with his pibroch under +his arm, played the Highland airs. These Scotchmen died thinking of Ben +Lothian, as did the Greeks recalling Argos. The sword of a cuirassier, +which hewed down the bagpipes and the arm which bore it, put an end to +the song by killing the singer. + +The cuirassiers, relatively few in number, and still further diminished +by the catastrophe of the ravine, had almost the whole English army +against them, but they multiplied themselves so that each man of them +was equal to ten. Nevertheless, some Hanoverian battalions yielded. +Wellington perceived it, and thought of his cavalry. Had Napoleon at +that same moment thought of his infantry, he would have won the battle. +This forgetfulness was his great and fatal mistake. + +All at once, the cuirassiers, who had been the assailants, found +themselves assailed. The English cavalry was at their back. Before them +two squares, behind them Somerset; Somerset meant fourteen hundred +dragoons of the guard. On the right, Somerset had Dornberg with the +German light-horse, and on his left, Trip with the Belgian carabineers; +the cuirassiers attacked on the flank and in front, before and in the +rear, by infantry and cavalry, had to face all sides. What mattered it +to them? They were a whirlwind. Their valor was something +indescribable. + +In addition to this, they had behind them the battery, which was still +thundering. It was necessary that it should be so, or they could never +have been wounded in the back. One of their cuirasses, pierced on the +shoulder by a ball from a biscayan,9 is in the collection of the +Waterloo Museum. + +For such Frenchmen nothing less than such Englishmen was needed. It was +no longer a hand-to-hand conflict; it was a shadow, a fury, a dizzy +transport of souls and courage, a hurricane of lightning swords. In an +instant the fourteen hundred dragoon guards numbered only eight +hundred. Fuller, their lieutenant-colonel, fell dead. Ney rushed up +with the lancers and Lefebvre-Desnouettes’s light-horse. The plateau of +Mont-Saint-Jean was captured, recaptured, captured again. The +cuirassiers quitted the cavalry to return to the infantry; or, to put +it more exactly, the whole of that formidable rout collared each other +without releasing the other. The squares still held firm. + +There were a dozen assaults. Ney had four horses killed under him. Half +the cuirassiers remained on the plateau. This conflict lasted two +hours. + +The English army was profoundly shaken. There is no doubt that, had +they not been enfeebled in their first shock by the disaster of the +hollow road the cuirassiers would have overwhelmed the centre and +decided the victory. This extraordinary cavalry petrified Clinton, who +had seen Talavera and Badajoz. Wellington, three-quarters vanquished, +admired heroically. He said in an undertone, “Sublime!” + + +The cuirassiers annihilated seven squares out of thirteen, took or +spiked sixty pieces of ordnance, and captured from the English +regiments six flags, which three cuirassiers and three chasseurs of the +Guard bore to the Emperor, in front of the farm of La Belle Alliance. + +Wellington’s situation had grown worse. This strange battle was like a +duel between two raging, wounded men, each of whom, still fighting and +still resisting, is expending all his blood. + +Which of the two will be the first to fall? + +The conflict on the plateau continued. + +What had become of the cuirassiers? No one could have told. One thing +is certain, that on the day after the battle, a cuirassier and his +horse were found dead among the woodwork of the scales for vehicles at +Mont-Saint-Jean, at the very point where the four roads from Nivelles, +Genappe, La Hulpe, and Brussels meet and intersect each other. This +horseman had pierced the English lines. One of the men who picked up +the body still lives at Mont-Saint-Jean. His name is Dehaze. He was +eighteen years old at that time. + +Wellington felt that he was yielding. The crisis was at hand. + +The cuirassiers had not succeeded, since the centre was not broken +through. As every one was in possession of the plateau, no one held it, +and in fact it remained, to a great extent, with the English. +Wellington held the village and the culminating plain; Ney had only the +crest and the slope. They seemed rooted in that fatal soil on both +sides. + +But the weakening of the English seemed irremediable. The bleeding of +that army was horrible. Kempt, on the left wing, demanded +reinforcements. “There are none,” replied Wellington; “he must let +himself be killed!” Almost at that same moment, a singular coincidence +which paints the exhaustion of the two armies, Ney demanded infantry +from Napoleon, and Napoleon exclaimed, “Infantry! Where does he expect +me to get it? Does he think I can make it?” + + +Nevertheless, the English army was in the worse case of the two. The +furious onsets of those great squadrons with cuirasses of iron and +breasts of steel had ground the infantry to nothing. A few men +clustered round a flag marked the post of a regiment; such and such a +battalion was commanded only by a captain or a lieutenant; Alten’s +division, already so roughly handled at La Haie-Sainte, was almost +destroyed; the intrepid Belgians of Van Kluze’s brigade strewed the +rye-fields all along the Nivelles road; hardly anything was left of +those Dutch grenadiers, who, intermingled with Spaniards in our ranks +in 1811, fought against Wellington; and who, in 1815, rallied to the +English standard, fought against Napoleon. The loss in officers was +considerable. Lord Uxbridge, who had his leg buried on the following +day, had his knee shattered. If, on the French side, in that tussle of +the cuirassiers, Delort, l’HĂ©ritier, Colbert, Dnop, Travers, and +Blancard were disabled, on the side of the English there was Alten +wounded, Barne wounded, Delancey killed, Van Meeren killed, Ompteda +killed, the whole of Wellington’s staff decimated, and England had the +worse of it in that bloody scale. The second regiment of foot-guards +had lost five lieutenant-colonels, four captains, and three ensigns; +the first battalion of the 30th infantry had lost 24 officers and 1,200 +soldiers; the 79th Highlanders had lost 24 officers wounded, 18 +officers killed, 450 soldiers killed. The Hanoverian hussars of +Cumberland, a whole regiment, with Colonel Hacke at its head, who was +destined to be tried later on and cashiered, had turned bridle in the +presence of the fray, and had fled to the forest of Soignes, sowing +defeat all the way to Brussels. The transports, ammunition-wagons, the +baggage-wagons, the wagons filled with wounded, on perceiving that the +French were gaining ground and approaching the forest, rushed headlong +thither. The Dutch, mowed down by the French cavalry, cried, “Alarm!” +From Vert-Coucou to Groenendael, for a distance of nearly two leagues +in the direction of Brussels, according to the testimony of +eye-witnesses who are still alive, the roads were encumbered with +fugitives. This panic was such that it attacked the Prince de CondĂ© at +Mechlin, and Louis XVIII. at Ghent. With the exception of the feeble +reserve echelonned behind the ambulance established at the farm of +Mont-Saint-Jean, and of Vivian’s and Vandeleur’s brigades, which +flanked the left wing, Wellington had no cavalry left. A number of +batteries lay unhorsed. These facts are attested by Siborne; and +Pringle, exaggerating the disaster, goes so far as to say that the +Anglo-Dutch army was reduced to thirty-four thousand men. The Iron Duke +remained calm, but his lips blanched. Vincent, the Austrian +commissioner, Alava, the Spanish commissioner, who were present at the +battle in the English staff, thought the Duke lost. At five o’clock +Wellington drew out his watch, and he was heard to murmur these +sinister words, “BlĂŒcher, or night!” + + +It was at about that moment that a distant line of bayonets gleamed on +the heights in the direction of Frischemont. + +Here comes the change of face in this giant drama. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—A BAD GUIDE TO NAPOLEON; A GOOD GUIDE TO BÜLOW + + +The painful surprise of Napoleon is well known. Grouchy hoped for, +BlĂŒcher arriving. Death instead of life. + +Fate has these turns; the throne of the world was expected; it was +Saint Helena that was seen. + +If the little shepherd who served as guide to BĂŒlow, BlĂŒcher’s +lieutenant, had advised him to debouch from the forest above +Frischemont, instead of below Plancenoit, the form of the nineteenth +century might, perhaps, have been different. Napoleon would have won +the battle of Waterloo. By any other route than that below Plancenoit, +the Prussian army would have come out upon a ravine impassable for +artillery, and BĂŒlow would not have arrived. + +Now the Prussian general, Muffling, declares that one hour’s delay, and +BlĂŒcher would not have found Wellington on his feet. “The battle was +lost.” + + +It was time that BĂŒlow should arrive, as will be seen. He had, +moreover, been very much delayed. He had bivouacked at Dion-le-Mont, +and had set out at daybreak; but the roads were impassable, and his +divisions stuck fast in the mire. The ruts were up to the hubs of the +cannons. Moreover, he had been obliged to pass the Dyle on the narrow +bridge of Wavre; the street leading to the bridge had been fired by the +French, so the caissons and ammunition-wagons could not pass between +two rows of burning houses, and had been obliged to wait until the +conflagration was extinguished. It was midday before BĂŒlow’s vanguard +had been able to reach Chapelle-Saint-Lambert. + +Had the action been begun two hours earlier, it would have been over at +four o’clock, and BlĂŒcher would have fallen on the battle won by +Napoleon. Such are these immense risks proportioned to an infinite +which we cannot comprehend. + +The Emperor had been the first, as early as midday, to descry with his +field-glass, on the extreme horizon, something which had attracted his +attention. He had said, “I see yonder a cloud, which seems to me to be +troops.” Then he asked the Duc de Dalmatie, “Soult, what do you see in +the direction of Chapelle-Saint-Lambert?” The marshal, levelling his +glass, answered, “Four or five thousand men, Sire; evidently Grouchy.” +But it remained motionless in the mist. All the glasses of the staff +had studied “the cloud” pointed out by the Emperor. Some said: “It is +trees.” The truth is, that the cloud did not move. The Emperor detached +Domon’s division of light cavalry to reconnoitre in that quarter. + +BĂŒlow had not moved, in fact. His vanguard was very feeble, and could +accomplish nothing. He was obliged to wait for the body of the army +corps, and he had received orders to concentrate his forces before +entering into line; but at five o’clock, perceiving Wellington’s peril, +BlĂŒcher ordered BĂŒlow to attack, and uttered these remarkable words: +“We must give air to the English army.” + + +A little later, the divisions of Losthin, Hiller, Hacke, and Ryssel +deployed before Lobau’s corps, the cavalry of Prince William of Prussia +debouched from the forest of Paris, Plancenoit was in flames, and the +Prussian cannon-balls began to rain even upon the ranks of the guard in +reserve behind Napoleon. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE GUARD + + +Every one knows the rest,—the irruption of a third army; the battle +broken to pieces; eighty-six mouths of fire thundering simultaneously; +Pirch the first coming up with BĂŒlow; Zieten’s cavalry led by BlĂŒcher +in person, the French driven back; Marcognet swept from the plateau of +Ohain; Durutte dislodged from Papelotte; Donzelot and Quiot retreating; +Lobau caught on the flank; a fresh battle precipitating itself on our +dismantled regiments at nightfall; the whole English line resuming the +offensive and thrust forward; the gigantic breach made in the French +army; the English grape-shot and the Prussian grape-shot aiding each +other; the extermination; disaster in front; disaster on the flank; the +Guard entering the line in the midst of this terrible crumbling of all +things. + +Conscious that they were about to die, they shouted, “Vive l’Empereur!” +History records nothing more touching than that agony bursting forth in +acclamations. + +The sky had been overcast all day long. All of a sudden, at that very +moment,—it was eight o’clock in the evening—the clouds on the horizon +parted, and allowed the grand and sinister glow of the setting sun to +pass through, athwart the elms on the Nivelles road. They had seen it +rise at Austerlitz. + +Each battalion of the Guard was commanded by a general for this final +catastrophe. Friant, Michel, Roguet, Harlet, Mallet, Poret de Morvan, +were there. When the tall caps of the grenadiers of the Guard, with +their large plaques bearing the eagle appeared, symmetrical, in line, +tranquil, in the midst of that combat, the enemy felt a respect for +France; they thought they beheld twenty victories entering the field of +battle, with wings outspread, and those who were the conquerors, +believing themselves to be vanquished, retreated; but Wellington +shouted, “Up, Guards, and aim straight!” The red regiment of English +guards, lying flat behind the hedges, sprang up, a cloud of grape-shot +riddled the tricolored flag and whistled round our eagles; all hurled +themselves forwards, and the final carnage began. In the darkness, the +Imperial Guard felt the army losing ground around it, and in the vast +shock of the rout it heard the desperate flight which had taken the +place of the “Vive l’Empereur!” and, with flight behind it, it +continued to advance, more crushed, losing more men at every step that +it took. There were none who hesitated, no timid men in its ranks. The +soldier in that troop was as much of a hero as the general. Not a man +was missing in that suicide. + +Ney, bewildered, great with all the grandeur of accepted death, offered +himself to all blows in that tempest. He had his fifth horse killed +under him there. Perspiring, his eyes aflame, foaming at the mouth, +with uniform unbuttoned, one of his epaulets half cut off by a +sword-stroke from a horseguard, his plaque with the great eagle dented +by a bullet; bleeding, bemired, magnificent, a broken sword in his +hand, he said, “Come and see how a Marshal of France dies on the field +of battle!” But in vain; he did not die. He was haggard and angry. At +Drouet d’Erlon he hurled this question, “Are you not going to get +yourself killed?” In the midst of all that artillery engaged in +crushing a handful of men, he shouted: “So there is nothing for me! Oh! +I should like to have all these English bullets enter my bowels!” +Unhappy man, thou wert reserved for French bullets! + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—THE CATASTROPHE + + +The rout behind the Guard was melancholy. + +The army yielded suddenly on all sides at once,—Hougomont, La +Haie-Sainte, Papelotte, Plancenoit. The cry “Treachery!” was followed +by a cry of “Save yourselves who can!” An army which is disbanding is +like a thaw. All yields, splits, cracks, floats, rolls, falls, jostles, +hastens, is precipitated. The disintegration is unprecedented. Ney +borrows a horse, leaps upon it, and without hat, cravat, or sword, +places himself across the Brussels road, stopping both English and +French. He strives to detain the army, he recalls it to its duty, he +insults it, he clings to the rout. He is overwhelmed. The soldiers fly +from him, shouting, “Long live Marshal Ney!” Two of Durutte’s regiments +go and come in affright as though tossed back and forth between the +swords of the Uhlans and the fusillade of the brigades of Kempt, Best, +Pack, and Rylandt; the worst of hand-to-hand conflicts is the defeat; +friends kill each other in order to escape; squadrons and battalions +break and disperse against each other, like the tremendous foam of +battle. Lobau at one extremity, and Reille at the other, are drawn into +the tide. In vain does Napoleon erect walls from what is left to him of +his Guard; in vain does he expend in a last effort his last serviceable +squadrons. Quiot retreats before Vivian, Kellermann before Vandeleur, +Lobau before BĂŒlow, Morand before Pirch, Domon and Subervic before +Prince William of Prussia; Guyot, who led the Emperor’s squadrons to +the charge, falls beneath the feet of the English dragoons. Napoleon +gallops past the line of fugitives, harangues, urges, threatens, +entreats them. All the mouths which in the morning had shouted, “Long +live the Emperor!” remain gaping; they hardly recognize him. The +Prussian cavalry, newly arrived, dashes forwards, flies, hews, slashes, +kills, exterminates. Horses lash out, the cannons flee; the soldiers of +the artillery-train unharness the caissons and use the horses to make +their escape; transports overturned, with all four wheels in the air, +clog the road and occasion massacres. Men are crushed, trampled down, +others walk over the dead and the living. Arms are lost. A dizzy +multitude fills the roads, the paths, the bridges, the plains, the +hills, the valleys, the woods, encumbered by this invasion of forty +thousand men. Shouts despair, knapsacks and guns flung among the rye, +passages forced at the point of the sword, no more comrades, no more +officers, no more generals, an inexpressible terror. Zieten putting +France to the sword at its leisure. Lions converted into goats. Such +was the flight. + +At Genappe, an effort was made to wheel about, to present a battle +front, to draw up in line. Lobau rallied three hundred men. The +entrance to the village was barricaded, but at the first volley of +Prussian canister, all took to flight again, and Lobau was taken. That +volley of grape-shot can be seen to-day imprinted on the ancient gable +of a brick building on the right of the road at a few minutes’ distance +before you enter Genappe. The Prussians threw themselves into Genappe, +furious, no doubt, that they were not more entirely the conquerors. The +pursuit was stupendous. BlĂŒcher ordered extermination. Roguet had set +the lugubrious example of threatening with death any French grenadier +who should bring him a Prussian prisoner. BlĂŒcher outdid Roguet. +Duhesme, the general of the Young Guard, hemmed in at the doorway of an +inn at Genappe, surrendered his sword to a huzzar of death, who took +the sword and slew the prisoner. The victory was completed by the +assassination of the vanquished. Let us inflict punishment, since we +are history: old BlĂŒcher disgraced himself. This ferocity put the +finishing touch to the disaster. The desperate route traversed Genappe, +traversed Quatre-Bras, traversed Gosselies, traversed Frasnes, +traversed Charleroi, traversed Thuin, and only halted at the frontier. +Alas! and who, then, was fleeing in that manner? The Grand Army. + +This vertigo, this terror, this downfall into ruin of the loftiest +bravery which ever astounded history,—is that causeless? No. The shadow +of an enormous right is projected athwart Waterloo. It is the day of +destiny. The force which is mightier than man produced that day. Hence +the terrified wrinkle of those brows; hence all those great souls +surrendering their swords. Those who had conquered Europe have fallen +prone on the earth, with nothing left to say nor to do, feeling the +present shadow of a terrible presence. _Hoc erat in fatis_. That day +the perspective of the human race underwent a change. Waterloo is the +hinge of the nineteenth century. The disappearance of the great man was +necessary to the advent of the great century. Some one, a person to +whom one replies not, took the responsibility on himself. The panic of +heroes can be explained. In the battle of Waterloo there is something +more than a cloud, there is something of the meteor. God has passed by. + +At nightfall, in a meadow near Genappe, Bernard and Bertrand seized by +the skirt of his coat and detained a man, haggard, pensive, sinister, +gloomy, who, dragged to that point by the current of the rout, had just +dismounted, had passed the bridle of his horse over his arm, and with +wild eye was returning alone to Waterloo. It was Napoleon, the immense +somnambulist of this dream which had crumbled, essaying once more to +advance. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—THE LAST SQUARE + + +Several squares of the Guard, motionless amid this stream of the +defeat, as rocks in running water, held their own until night. Night +came, death also; they awaited that double shadow, and, invincible, +allowed themselves to be enveloped therein. Each regiment, isolated +from the rest, and having no bond with the army, now shattered in every +part, died alone. They had taken up position for this final action, +some on the heights of Rossomme, others on the plain of +Mont-Saint-Jean. There, abandoned, vanquished, terrible, those gloomy +squares endured their death-throes in formidable fashion. Ulm, Wagram, +Jena, Friedland, died with them. + +At twilight, towards nine o’clock in the evening, one of them was left +at the foot of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean. In that fatal valley, at +the foot of that declivity which the cuirassiers had ascended, now +inundated by the masses of the English, under the converging fires of +the victorious hostile cavalry, under a frightful density of +projectiles, this square fought on. It was commanded by an obscure +officer named Cambronne. At each discharge, the square diminished and +replied. It replied to the grape-shot with a fusillade, continually +contracting its four walls. The fugitives pausing breathless for a +moment in the distance, listened in the darkness to that gloomy and +ever-decreasing thunder. + +When this legion had been reduced to a handful, when nothing was left +of their flag but a rag, when their guns, the bullets all gone, were no +longer anything but clubs, when the heap of corpses was larger than the +group of survivors, there reigned among the conquerors, around those +men dying so sublimely, a sort of sacred terror, and the English +artillery, taking breath, became silent. This furnished a sort of +respite. These combatants had around them something in the nature of a +swarm of spectres, silhouettes of men on horseback, the black profiles +of cannon, the white sky viewed through wheels and gun-carriages, the +colossal death’s-head, which the heroes saw constantly through the +smoke, in the depths of the battle, advanced upon them and gazed at +them. Through the shades of twilight they could hear the pieces being +loaded; the matches all lighted, like the eyes of tigers at night, +formed a circle round their heads; all the lintstocks of the English +batteries approached the cannons, and then, with emotion, holding the +supreme moment suspended above these men, an English general, Colville +according to some, Maitland according to others, shouted to them, +“Surrender, brave Frenchmen!” Cambronne replied, “——.” + + +{EDITOR’S COMMENTARY: Another edition of this book has the word +“Merde!” in lieu of the —— above.} + + + + +CHAPTER XV—CAMBRONNE + + +If any French reader object to having his susceptibilities offended, +one would have to refrain from repeating in his presence what is +perhaps the finest reply that a Frenchman ever made. This would enjoin +us from consigning something sublime to History. + +At our own risk and peril, let us violate this injunction. + +Now, then, among those giants there was one Titan,—Cambronne. + +To make that reply and then perish, what could be grander? For being +willing to die is the same as to die; and it was not this man’s fault +if he survived after he was shot. + +The winner of the battle of Waterloo was not Napoleon, who was put to +flight; nor Wellington, giving way at four o’clock, in despair at five; +nor BlĂŒcher, who took no part in the engagement. The winner of Waterloo +was Cambronne. + +To thunder forth such a reply at the lightning-flash that kills you is +to conquer! + +Thus to answer the Catastrophe, thus to speak to Fate, to give this +pedestal to the future lion, to hurl such a challenge to the midnight +rainstorm, to the treacherous wall of Hougomont, to the sunken road of +Ohain, to Grouchy’s delay, to BlĂŒcher’s arrival, to be Irony itself in +the tomb, to act so as to stand upright though fallen, to drown in two +syllables the European coalition, to offer kings privies which the +CĂŠsars once knew, to make the lowest of words the most lofty by +entwining with it the glory of France, insolently to end Waterloo with +Mardigras, to finish Leonidas with Rabellais, to set the crown on this +victory by a word impossible to speak, to lose the field and preserve +history, to have the laugh on your side after such a carnage,—this is +immense! + +It was an insult such as a thunder-cloud might hurl! It reaches the +grandeur of Æschylus! + +Cambronne’s reply produces the effect of a violent break. ’Tis like the +breaking of a heart under a weight of scorn. ’Tis the overflow of agony +bursting forth. Who conquered? Wellington? No! Had it not been for +BlĂŒcher, he was lost. Was it BlĂŒcher? No! If Wellington had not begun, +BlĂŒcher could not have finished. This Cambronne, this man spending his +last hour, this unknown soldier, this infinitesimal of war, realizes +that here is a falsehood, a falsehood in a catastrophe, and so doubly +agonizing; and at the moment when his rage is bursting forth because of +it, he is offered this mockery,—life! How could he restrain himself? +Yonder are all the kings of Europe, the general’s flushed with victory, +the Jupiter’s darting thunderbolts; they have a hundred thousand +victorious soldiers, and back of the hundred thousand a million; their +cannon stand with yawning mouths, the match is lighted; they grind down +under their heels the Imperial guards, and the grand army; they have +just crushed Napoleon, and only Cambronne remains,—only this earthworm +is left to protest. He will protest. Then he seeks for the appropriate +word as one seeks for a sword. His mouth froths, and the froth is the +word. In face of this mean and mighty victory, in face of this victory +which counts none victorious, this desperate soldier stands erect. He +grants its overwhelming immensity, but he establishes its triviality; +and he does more than spit upon it. Borne down by numbers, by superior +force, by brute matter, he finds in his soul an expression: +_“ExcrĂ©ment!”_ We repeat it,—to use that word, to do thus, to invent +such an expression, is to be the conqueror! + +The spirit of mighty days at that portentous moment made its descent on +that unknown man. Cambronne invents the word for Waterloo as Rouget +invents the “Marseillaise,” under the visitation of a breath from on +high. An emanation from the divine whirlwind leaps forth and comes +sweeping over these men, and they shake, and one of them sings the song +supreme, and the other utters the frightful cry. + +This challenge of titanic scorn Cambronne hurls not only at Europe in +the name of the Empire,—that would be a trifle: he hurls it at the past +in the name of the Revolution. It is heard, and Cambronne is recognized +as possessed by the ancient spirit of the Titans. Danton seems to be +speaking! KlĂ©ber seems to be bellowing! + +At that word from Cambronne, the English voice responded, “Fire!” The +batteries flamed, the hill trembled, from all those brazen mouths +belched a last terrible gush of grape-shot; a vast volume of smoke, +vaguely white in the light of the rising moon, rolled out, and when the +smoke dispersed, there was no longer anything there. That formidable +remnant had been annihilated; the Guard was dead. The four walls of the +living redoubt lay prone, and hardly was there discernible, here and +there, even a quiver in the bodies; it was thus that the French +legions, greater than the Roman legions, expired on Mont-Saint-Jean, on +the soil watered with rain and blood, amid the gloomy grain, on the +spot where nowadays Joseph, who drives the post-wagon from Nivelles, +passes whistling, and cheerfully whipping up his horse at four o’clock +in the morning. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—QUOT LIBRAS IN DUCE? + + +The battle of Waterloo is an enigma. It is as obscure to those who won +it as to those who lost it. For Napoleon it was a panic;10 BlĂŒcher sees +nothing in it but fire; Wellington understands nothing in regard to it. +Look at the reports. The bulletins are confused, the commentaries +involved. Some stammer, others lisp. Jomini divides the battle of +Waterloo into four moments; Muffling cuts it up into three changes; +Charras alone, though we hold another judgment than his on some points, +seized with his haughty glance the characteristic outlines of that +catastrophe of human genius in conflict with divine chance. All the +other historians suffer from being somewhat dazzled, and in this +dazzled state they fumble about. It was a day of lightning brilliancy; +in fact, a crumbling of the military monarchy which, to the vast +stupefaction of kings, drew all the kingdoms after it—the fall of +force, the defeat of war. + +In this event, stamped with superhuman necessity, the part played by +men amounts to nothing. + +If we take Waterloo from Wellington and BlĂŒcher, do we thereby deprive +England and Germany of anything? No. Neither that illustrious England +nor that august Germany enter into the problem of Waterloo. Thank +Heaven, nations are great, independently of the lugubrious feats of the +sword. Neither England, nor Germany, nor France is contained in a +scabbard. At this epoch when Waterloo is only a clashing of swords, +above BlĂŒcher, Germany has Schiller; above Wellington, England has +Byron. A vast dawn of ideas is the peculiarity of our century, and in +that aurora England and Germany have a magnificent radiance. They are +majestic because they think. The elevation of level which they +contribute to civilization is intrinsic with them; it proceeds from +themselves and not from an accident. The aggrandizement which they have +brought to the nineteenth century has not Waterloo as its source. It is +only barbarous peoples who undergo rapid growth after a victory. That +is the temporary vanity of torrents swelled by a storm. Civilized +people, especially in our day, are neither elevated nor abased by the +good or bad fortune of a captain. Their specific gravity in the human +species results from something more than a combat. Their honor, thank +God! their dignity, their intelligence, their genius, are not numbers +which those gamblers, heroes and conquerors, can put in the lottery of +battles. Often a battle is lost and progress is conquered. There is +less glory and more liberty. The drum holds its peace; reason takes the +word. It is a game in which he who loses wins. Let us, therefore, speak +of Waterloo coldly from both sides. Let us render to chance that which +is due to chance, and to God that which is due to God. What is +Waterloo? A victory? No. The winning number in the lottery. + +The quine 11 won by Europe, paid by France. + +It was not worthwhile to place a lion there. + +Waterloo, moreover, is the strangest encounter in history. Napoleon and +Wellington. They are not enemies; they are opposites. Never did God, +who is fond of antitheses, make a more striking contrast, a more +extraordinary comparison. On one side, precision, foresight, geometry, +prudence, an assured retreat, reserves spared, with an obstinate +coolness, an imperturbable method, strategy, which takes advantage of +the ground, tactics, which preserve the equilibrium of battalions, +carnage, executed according to rule, war regulated, watch in hand, +nothing voluntarily left to chance, the ancient classic courage, +absolute regularity; on the other, intuition, divination, military +oddity, superhuman instinct, a flaming glance, an indescribable +something which gazes like an eagle, and which strikes like the +lightning, a prodigious art in disdainful impetuosity, all the +mysteries of a profound soul, associated with destiny; the stream, the +plain, the forest, the hill, summoned, and in a manner, forced to obey, +the despot going even so far as to tyrannize over the field of battle; +faith in a star mingled with strategic science, elevating but +perturbing it. Wellington was the BarĂȘme of war; Napoleon was its +Michael Angelo; and on this occasion, genius was vanquished by +calculation. On both sides some one was awaited. It was the exact +calculator who succeeded. Napoleon was waiting for Grouchy; he did not +come. Wellington expected BlĂŒcher; he came. + +Wellington is classic war taking its revenge. Bonaparte, at his +dawning, had encountered him in Italy, and beaten him superbly. The old +owl had fled before the young vulture. The old tactics had been not +only struck as by lightning, but disgraced. Who was that Corsican of +six and twenty? What signified that splendid ignoramus, who, with +everything against him, nothing in his favor, without provisions, +without ammunition, without cannon, without shoes, almost without an +army, with a mere handful of men against masses, hurled himself on +Europe combined, and absurdly won victories in the impossible? Whence +had issued that fulminating convict, who almost without taking breath, +and with the same set of combatants in hand, pulverized, one after the +other, the five armies of the emperor of Germany, upsetting Beaulieu on +Alvinzi, Wurmser on Beaulieu, MĂ©las on Wurmser, Mack on MĂ©las? Who was +this novice in war with the effrontery of a luminary? The academical +military school excommunicated him, and as it lost its footing; hence, +the implacable rancor of the old CĂŠsarism against the new; of the +regular sword against the flaming sword; and of the exchequer against +genius. On the 18th of June, 1815, that rancor had the last word, and +beneath Lodi, Montebello, Montenotte, Mantua, Arcola, it wrote: +Waterloo. A triumph of the mediocres which is sweet to the majority. +Destiny consented to this irony. In his decline, Napoleon found +Wurmser, the younger, again in front of him. + +In fact, to get Wurmser, it sufficed to blanch the hair of Wellington. + +Waterloo is a battle of the first order, won by a captain of the +second. + +That which must be admired in the battle of Waterloo, is England; the +English firmness, the English resolution, the English blood; the superb +thing about England there, no offence to her, was herself. It was not +her captain; it was her army. + +Wellington, oddly ungrateful, declares in a letter to Lord Bathurst, +that his army, the army which fought on the 18th of June, 1815, was a +“detestable army.” What does that sombre intermingling of bones buried +beneath the furrows of Waterloo think of that? + +England has been too modest in the matter of Wellington. To make +Wellington so great is to belittle England. Wellington is nothing but a +hero like many another. Those Scotch Grays, those Horse Guards, those +regiments of Maitland and of Mitchell, that infantry of Pack and Kempt, +that cavalry of Ponsonby and Somerset, those Highlanders playing the +pibroch under the shower of grape-shot, those battalions of Rylandt, +those utterly raw recruits, who hardly knew how to handle a musket +holding their own against Essling’s and Rivoli’s old troops,—that is +what was grand. Wellington was tenacious; in that lay his merit, and we +are not seeking to lessen it: but the least of his foot-soldiers and of +his cavalry would have been as solid as he. The iron soldier is worth +as much as the Iron Duke. As for us, all our glorification goes to the +English soldier, to the English army, to the English people. If trophy +there be, it is to England that the trophy is due. The column of +Waterloo would be more just, if, instead of the figure of a man, it +bore on high the statue of a people. + +But this great England will be angry at what we are saying here. She +still cherishes, after her own 1688 and our 1789, the feudal illusion. +She believes in heredity and hierarchy. This people, surpassed by none +in power and glory, regards itself as a nation, and not as a people. +And as a people, it willingly subordinates itself and takes a lord for +its head. As a workman, it allows itself to be disdained; as a soldier, +it allows itself to be flogged. + +It will be remembered, that at the battle of Inkermann a sergeant who +had, it appears, saved the army, could not be mentioned by Lord Paglan, +as the English military hierarchy does not permit any hero below the +grade of an officer to be mentioned in the reports. + +That which we admire above all, in an encounter of the nature of +Waterloo, is the marvellous cleverness of chance. A nocturnal rain, the +wall of Hougomont, the hollow road of Ohain, Grouchy deaf to the +cannon, Napoleon’s guide deceiving him, BĂŒlow’s guide enlightening +him,—the whole of this cataclysm is wonderfully conducted. + +On the whole, let us say it plainly, it was more of a massacre than of +a battle at Waterloo. + +Of all pitched battles, Waterloo is the one which has the smallest +front for such a number of combatants. Napoleon three-quarters of a +league; Wellington, half a league; seventy-two thousand combatants on +each side. From this denseness the carnage arose. + +The following calculation has been made, and the following proportion +established: Loss of men: at Austerlitz, French, fourteen per cent; +Russians, thirty per cent; Austrians, forty-four per cent. At Wagram, +French, thirteen per cent; Austrians, fourteen. At the Moskowa, French, +thirty-seven per cent; Russians, forty-four. At Bautzen, French, +thirteen per cent; Russians and Prussians, fourteen. At Waterloo, +French, fifty-six per cent; the Allies, thirty-one. Total for Waterloo, +forty-one per cent; one hundred and forty-four thousand combatants; +sixty thousand dead. + +To-day the field of Waterloo has the calm which belongs to the earth, +the impassive support of man, and it resembles all plains. + +At night, moreover, a sort of visionary mist arises from it; and if a +traveller strolls there, if he listens, if he watches, if he dreams +like Virgil in the fatal plains of Philippi, the hallucination of the +catastrophe takes possession of him. The frightful 18th of June lives +again; the false monumental hillock disappears, the lion vanishes in +air, the battle-field resumes its reality, lines of infantry undulate +over the plain, furious gallops traverse the horizon; the frightened +dreamer beholds the flash of sabres, the gleam of bayonets, the flare +of bombs, the tremendous interchange of thunders; he hears, as it were, +the death rattle in the depths of a tomb, the vague clamor of the +battle phantom; those shadows are grenadiers, those lights are +cuirassiers; that skeleton Napoleon, that other skeleton is Wellington; +all this no longer exists, and yet it clashes together and combats +still; and the ravines are empurpled, and the trees quiver, and there +is fury even in the clouds and in the shadows; all those terrible +heights, Hougomont, Mont-Saint-Jean, Frischemont, Papelotte, +Plancenoit, appear confusedly crowned with whirlwinds of spectres +engaged in exterminating each other. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD? + + +There exists a very respectable liberal school which does not hate +Waterloo. We do not belong to it. To us, Waterloo is but the stupefied +date of liberty. That such an eagle should emerge from such an egg is +certainly unexpected. + +If one places one’s self at the culminating point of view of the +question, Waterloo is intentionally a counter-revolutionary victory. It +is Europe against France; it is Petersburg, Berlin, and Vienna against +Paris; it is the _statu quo_ against the initiative; it is the 14th of +July, 1789, attacked through the 20th of March, 1815; it is the +monarchies clearing the decks in opposition to the indomitable French +rioting. The final extinction of that vast people which had been in +eruption for twenty-six years—such was the dream. The solidarity of the +Brunswicks, the Nassaus, the Romanoffs, the Hohenzollerns, the +Hapsburgs with the Bourbons. Waterloo bears divine right on its +crupper. It is true, that the Empire having been despotic, the kingdom +by the natural reaction of things, was forced to be liberal, and that a +constitutional order was the unwilling result of Waterloo, to the great +regret of the conquerors. It is because revolution cannot be really +conquered, and that being providential and absolutely fatal, it is +always cropping up afresh: before Waterloo, in Bonaparte overthrowing +the old thrones; after Waterloo, in Louis XVIII. granting and +conforming to the charter. Bonaparte places a postilion on the throne +of Naples, and a sergeant on the throne of Sweden, employing inequality +to demonstrate equality; Louis XVIII. at Saint-Ouen countersigns the +declaration of the rights of man. If you wish to gain an idea of what +revolution is, call it Progress; and if you wish to acquire an idea of +the nature of progress, call it To-morrow. To-morrow fulfils its work +irresistibly, and it is already fulfilling it to-day. It always reaches +its goal strangely. It employs Wellington to make of Foy, who was only +a soldier, an orator. Foy falls at Hougomont and rises again in the +tribune. Thus does progress proceed. There is no such thing as a bad +tool for that workman. It does not become disconcerted, but adjusts to +its divine work the man who has bestridden the Alps, and the good old +tottering invalid of Father ÉlysĂ©e. It makes use of the gouty man as +well as of the conqueror; of the conqueror without, of the gouty man +within. Waterloo, by cutting short the demolition of European thrones +by the sword, had no other effect than to cause the revolutionary work +to be continued in another direction. The slashers have finished; it +was the turn of the thinkers. The century that Waterloo was intended to +arrest has pursued its march. That sinister victory was vanquished by +liberty. + +In short, and incontestably, that which triumphed at Waterloo; that +which smiled in Wellington’s rear; that which brought him all the +marshals’ staffs of Europe, including, it is said, the staff of a +marshal of France; that which joyously trundled the barrows full of +bones to erect the knoll of the lion; that which triumphantly inscribed +on that pedestal the date “_June_ 18, 1815”; that which encouraged +BlĂŒcher, as he put the flying army to the sword; that which, from the +heights of the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean, hovered over France as over +its prey, was the counter-revolution. It was the counter-revolution +which murmured that infamous word “dismemberment.” On arriving in +Paris, it beheld the crater close at hand; it felt those ashes which +scorched its feet, and it changed its mind; it returned to the stammer +of a charter. + +Let us behold in Waterloo only that which is in Waterloo. Of +intentional liberty there is none. The counter-revolution was +involuntarily liberal, in the same manner as, by a corresponding +phenomenon, Napoleon was involuntarily revolutionary. On the 18th of +June, 1815, the mounted Robespierre was hurled from his saddle. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—A RECRUDESCENCE OF DIVINE RIGHT + + +End of the dictatorship. A whole European system crumbled away. + +The Empire sank into a gloom which resembled that of the Roman world as +it expired. Again we behold the abyss, as in the days of the +barbarians; only the barbarism of 1815, which must be called by its pet +name of the counter-revolution, was not long breathed, soon fell to +panting, and halted short. The Empire was bewept,—let us acknowledge +the fact,—and bewept by heroic eyes. If glory lies in the sword +converted into a sceptre, the Empire had been glory in person. It had +diffused over the earth all the light which tyranny can give—a sombre +light. We will say more; an obscure light. Compared to the true +daylight, it is night. This disappearance of night produces the effect +of an eclipse. + +Louis XVIII. re-entered Paris. The circling dances of the 8th of July +effaced the enthusiasms of the 20th of March. The Corsican became the +antithesis of the Bearnese. The flag on the dome of the Tuileries was +white. The exile reigned. Hartwell’s pine table took its place in front +of the fleur-de-lys-strewn throne of Louis XIV. Bouvines and Fontenoy +were mentioned as though they had taken place on the preceding day, +Austerlitz having become antiquated. The altar and the throne +fraternized majestically. One of the most undisputed forms of the +health of society in the nineteenth century was established over +France, and over the continent. Europe adopted the white cockade. +Trestaillon was celebrated. The device _non pluribus impar_ reappeared +on the stone rays representing a sun upon the front of the barracks on +the Quai d’Orsay. Where there had been an Imperial Guard, there was now +a red house. The Arc du Carrousel, all laden with badly borne +victories, thrown out of its element among these novelties, a little +ashamed, it may be, of Marengo and Arcola, extricated itself from its +predicament with the statue of the Duc d’AngoulĂȘme. The cemetery of the +Madeleine, a terrible pauper’s grave in 1793, was covered with jasper +and marble, since the bones of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette lay in +that dust. + +In the moat of Vincennes a sepulchral shaft sprang from the earth, +recalling the fact that the Duc d’Enghien had perished in the very +month when Napoleon was crowned. Pope Pius VII., who had performed the +coronation very near this death, tranquilly bestowed his blessing on +the fall as he had bestowed it on the elevation. At Schoenbrunn there +was a little shadow, aged four, whom it was seditious to call the King +of Rome. And these things took place, and the kings resumed their +thrones, and the master of Europe was put in a cage, and the old regime +became the new regime, and all the shadows and all the light of the +earth changed place, because, on the afternoon of a certain summer’s +day, a shepherd said to a Prussian in the forest, “Go this way, and not +that!” + + +This 1815 was a sort of lugubrious April. Ancient unhealthy and +poisonous realities were covered with new appearances. A lie wedded +1789; the right divine was masked under a charter; fictions became +constitutional; prejudices, superstitions and mental reservations, with +Article 14 in the heart, were varnished over with liberalism. It was +the serpent’s change of skin. + +Man had been rendered both greater and smaller by Napoleon. Under this +reign of splendid matter, the ideal had received the strange name of +ideology! It is a grave imprudence in a great man to turn the future +into derision. The populace, however, that food for cannon which is so +fond of the cannoneer, sought him with its glance. Where is he? What is +he doing? “Napoleon is dead,” said a passer-by to a veteran of Marengo +and Waterloo. “He dead!” cried the soldier; “you don’t know him.” +Imagination distrusted this man, even when overthrown. The depths of +Europe were full of darkness after Waterloo. Something enormous +remained long empty through Napoleon’s disappearance. + +The kings placed themselves in this void. Ancient Europe profited by it +to undertake reforms. There was a Holy Alliance; _Belle-Alliance_, +Beautiful Alliance, the fatal field of Waterloo had said in advance. + +In presence and in face of that antique Europe reconstructed, the +features of a new France were sketched out. The future, which the +Emperor had rallied, made its entry. On its brow it bore the star, +Liberty. The glowing eyes of all young generations were turned on it. +Singular fact! people were, at one and the same time, in love with the +future, Liberty, and the past, Napoleon. Defeat had rendered the +vanquished greater. Bonaparte fallen seemed more lofty than Napoleon +erect. Those who had triumphed were alarmed. England had him guarded by +Hudson Lowe, and France had him watched by Montchenu. His folded arms +became a source of uneasiness to thrones. Alexander called him “my +sleeplessness.” This terror was the result of the quantity of +revolution which was contained in him. That is what explains and +excuses Bonapartist liberalism. This phantom caused the old world to +tremble. The kings reigned, but ill at their ease, with the rock of +Saint Helena on the horizon. + +While Napoleon was passing through the death struggle at Longwood, the +sixty thousand men who had fallen on the field of Waterloo were quietly +rotting, and something of their peace was shed abroad over the world. +The Congress of Vienna made the treaties in 1815, and Europe called +this the Restoration. + +This is what Waterloo was. + +But what matters it to the Infinite? all that tempest, all that cloud, +that war, then that peace? All that darkness did not trouble for a +moment the light of that immense Eye before which a grub skipping from +one blade of grass to another equals the eagle soaring from belfry to +belfry on the towers of Notre Dame. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—THE BATTLE-FIELD AT NIGHT + + +Let us return—it is a necessity in this book—to that fatal +battle-field. + +On the 18th of June the moon was full. Its light favored BlĂŒcher’s +ferocious pursuit, betrayed the traces of the fugitives, delivered up +that disastrous mass to the eager Prussian cavalry, and aided the +massacre. Such tragic favors of the night do occur sometimes during +catastrophes. + +After the last cannon-shot had been fired, the plain of Mont-Saint-Jean +remained deserted. + +The English occupied the encampment of the French; it is the usual sign +of victory to sleep in the bed of the vanquished. They established +their bivouac beyond Rossomme. The Prussians, let loose on the +retreating rout, pushed forward. Wellington went to the village of +Waterloo to draw up his report to Lord Bathurst. + +If ever the _sic vos non vobis_ was applicable, it certainly is to that +village of Waterloo. Waterloo took no part, and lay half a league from +the scene of action. Mont-Saint-Jean was cannonaded, Hougomont was +burned, La Haie-Sainte was taken by assault, Papelotte was burned, +Plancenoit was burned, La Belle-Alliance beheld the embrace of the two +conquerors; these names are hardly known, and Waterloo, which worked +not in the battle, bears off all the honor. + +We are not of the number of those who flatter war; when the occasion +presents itself, we tell the truth about it. War has frightful beauties +which we have not concealed; it has also, we acknowledge, some hideous +features. One of the most surprising is the prompt stripping of the +bodies of the dead after the victory. The dawn which follows a battle +always rises on naked corpses. + +Who does this? Who thus soils the triumph? What hideous, furtive hand +is that which is slipped into the pocket of victory? What pickpockets +are they who ply their trade in the rear of glory? Some +philosophers—Voltaire among the number—affirm that it is precisely +those persons who have made the glory. It is the same men, they say; +there is no relief corps; those who are erect pillage those who are +prone on the earth. The hero of the day is the vampire of the night. +One has assuredly the right, after all, to strip a corpse a bit when +one is the author of that corpse. For our own part, we do not think so; +it seems to us impossible that the same hand should pluck laurels and +purloin the shoes from a dead man. + +One thing is certain, which is, that generally after conquerors follow +thieves. But let us leave the soldier, especially the contemporary +soldier, out of the question. + +Every army has a rear-guard, and it is that which must be blamed. +Bat-like creatures, half brigands and lackeys; all the sorts of +vespertillos that that twilight called war engenders; wearers of +uniforms, who take no part in the fighting; pretended invalids; +formidable limpers; interloping sutlers, trotting along in little +carts, sometimes accompanied by their wives, and stealing things which +they sell again; beggars offering themselves as guides to officers; +soldiers’ servants; marauders; armies on the march in days gone by,—we +are not speaking of the present,—dragged all this behind them, so that +in the special language they are called “stragglers.” No army, no +nation, was responsible for those beings; they spoke Italian and +followed the Germans, then spoke French and followed the English. It +was by one of these wretches, a Spanish straggler who spoke French, +that the Marquis of Fervacques, deceived by his Picard jargon, and +taking him for one of our own men, was traitorously slain and robbed on +the battle-field itself, in the course of the night which followed the +victory of Cerisoles. The rascal sprang from this marauding. The +detestable maxim, _Live on the enemy!_ produced this leprosy, which a +strict discipline alone could heal. There are reputations which are +deceptive; one does not always know why certain generals, great in +other directions, have been so popular. Turenne was adored by his +soldiers because he tolerated pillage; evil permitted constitutes part +of goodness. Turenne was so good that he allowed the Palatinate to be +delivered over to fire and blood. The marauders in the train of an army +were more or less in number, according as the chief was more or less +severe. Hoche and Marceau had no stragglers; Wellington had few, and we +do him the justice to mention it. + +Nevertheless, on the night from the 18th to the 19th of June, the dead +were robbed. Wellington was rigid; he gave orders that any one caught +in the act should be shot; but rapine is tenacious. The marauders stole +in one corner of the battlefield while others were being shot in +another. + +The moon was sinister over this plain. + +Towards midnight, a man was prowling about, or rather, climbing in the +direction of the hollow road of Ohain. To all appearance he was one of +those whom we have just described,—neither English nor French, neither +peasant nor soldier, less a man than a ghoul attracted by the scent of +the dead bodies having theft for his victory, and come to rifle +Waterloo. He was clad in a blouse that was something like a great coat; +he was uneasy and audacious; he walked forwards and gazed behind him. +Who was this man? The night probably knew more of him than the day. He +had no sack, but evidently he had large pockets under his coat. From +time to time he halted, scrutinized the plain around him as though to +see whether he were observed, bent over abruptly, disturbed something +silent and motionless on the ground, then rose and fled. His sliding +motion, his attitudes, his mysterious and rapid gestures, caused him to +resemble those twilight larvĂŠ which haunt ruins, and which ancient +Norman legends call the Alleurs. + +Certain nocturnal wading birds produce these silhouettes among the +marshes. + +A glance capable of piercing all that mist deeply would have perceived +at some distance a sort of little sutler’s wagon with a fluted wicker +hood, harnessed to a famished nag which was cropping the grass across +its bit as it halted, hidden, as it were, behind the hovel which +adjoins the highway to Nivelles, at the angle of the road from +Mont-Saint-Jean to Braine l’Alleud; and in the wagon, a sort of woman +seated on coffers and packages. Perhaps there was some connection +between that wagon and that prowler. + +The darkness was serene. Not a cloud in the zenith. What matters it if +the earth be red! the moon remains white; these are the indifferences +of the sky. In the fields, branches of trees broken by grape-shot, but +not fallen, upheld by their bark, swayed gently in the breeze of night. +A breath, almost a respiration, moved the shrubbery. Quivers which +resembled the departure of souls ran through the grass. + +In the distance the coming and going of patrols and the general rounds +of the English camp were audible. + +Hougomont and La Haie-Sainte continued to burn, forming, one in the +west, the other in the east, two great flames which were joined by the +cordon of bivouac fires of the English, like a necklace of rubies with +two carbuncles at the extremities, as they extended in an immense +semicircle over the hills along the horizon. + +We have described the catastrophe of the road of Ohain. The heart is +terrified at the thought of what that death must have been to so many +brave men. + +If there is anything terrible, if there exists a reality which +surpasses dreams, it is this: to live, to see the sun; to be in full +possession of virile force; to possess health and joy; to laugh +valiantly; to rush towards a glory which one sees dazzling in front of +one; to feel in one’s breast lungs which breathe, a heart which beats, +a will which reasons; to speak, think, hope, love; to have a mother, to +have a wife, to have children; to have the light—and all at once, in +the space of a shout, in less than a minute, to sink into an abyss; to +fall, to roll, to crush, to be crushed; to see ears of wheat, flowers, +leaves, branches; not to be able to catch hold of anything; to feel +one’s sword useless, men beneath one, horses on top of one; to struggle +in vain, since one’s bones have been broken by some kick in the +darkness; to feel a heel which makes one’s eyes start from their +sockets; to bite horses’ shoes in one’s rage; to stifle, to yell, to +writhe; to be beneath, and to say to one’s self, “But just a little +while ago I was a living man!” + + +There, where that lamentable disaster had uttered its death-rattle, all +was silence now. The edges of the hollow road were encumbered with +horses and riders, inextricably heaped up. Terrible entanglement! There +was no longer any slope, for the corpses had levelled the road with the +plain, and reached the brim like a well-filled bushel of barley. A heap +of dead bodies in the upper part, a river of blood in the lower +part—such was that road on the evening of the 18th of June, 1815. The +blood ran even to the Nivelles highway, and there overflowed in a large +pool in front of the abatis of trees which barred the way, at a spot +which is still pointed out. + +It will be remembered that it was at the opposite point, in the +direction of the Genappe road, that the destruction of the cuirassiers +had taken place. The thickness of the layer of bodies was proportioned +to the depth of the hollow road. Towards the middle, at the point where +it became level, where Delort’s division had passed, the layer of +corpses was thinner. + +The nocturnal prowler whom we have just shown to the reader was going +in that direction. He was searching that vast tomb. He gazed about. He +passed the dead in some sort of hideous review. He walked with his feet +in the blood. + +All at once he paused. + +A few paces in front of him, in the hollow road, at the point where the +pile of dead came to an end, an open hand, illumined by the moon, +projected from beneath that heap of men. That hand had on its finger +something sparkling, which was a ring of gold. + +The man bent over, remained in a crouching attitude for a moment, and +when he rose there was no longer a ring on the hand. + +He did not precisely rise; he remained in a stooping and frightened +attitude, with his back turned to the heap of dead, scanning the +horizon on his knees, with the whole upper portion of his body +supported on his two forefingers, which rested on the earth, and his +head peering above the edge of the hollow road. The jackal’s four paws +suit some actions. + +Then coming to a decision, he rose to his feet. + +At that moment, he gave a terrible start. He felt some one clutch him +from behind. + +He wheeled round; it was the open hand, which had closed, and had +seized the skirt of his coat. + +An honest man would have been terrified; this man burst into a laugh. + +“Come,” said he, “it’s only a dead body. I prefer a spook to a +gendarme.” + + +But the hand weakened and released him. Effort is quickly exhausted in +the grave. + +“Well now,” said the prowler, “is that dead fellow alive? Let’s see.” + + +He bent down again, fumbled among the heap, pushed aside everything +that was in his way, seized the hand, grasped the arm, freed the head, +pulled out the body, and a few moments later he was dragging the +lifeless, or at least the unconscious, man, through the shadows of +hollow road. He was a cuirassier, an officer, and even an officer of +considerable rank; a large gold epaulette peeped from beneath the +cuirass; this officer no longer possessed a helmet. A furious sword-cut +had scarred his face, where nothing was discernible but blood. + +However, he did not appear to have any broken limbs, and, by some happy +chance, if that word is permissible here, the dead had been vaulted +above him in such a manner as to preserve him from being crushed. His +eyes were still closed. + +On his cuirass he wore the silver cross of the Legion of Honor. + +The prowler tore off this cross, which disappeared into one of the +gulfs which he had beneath his great coat. + +Then he felt of the officer’s fob, discovered a watch there, and took +possession of it. Next he searched his waistcoat, found a purse and +pocketed it. + +When he had arrived at this stage of succor which he was administering +to this dying man, the officer opened his eyes. + +“Thanks,” he said feebly. + +The abruptness of the movements of the man who was manipulating him, +the freshness of the night, the air which he could inhale freely, had +roused him from his lethargy. + +The prowler made no reply. He raised his head. A sound of footsteps was +audible in the plain; some patrol was probably approaching. + +The officer murmured, for the death agony was still in his voice:— + +“Who won the battle?” + + +“The English,” answered the prowler. + +The officer went on:— + +“Look in my pockets; you will find a watch and a purse. Take them.” + + +It was already done. + +The prowler executed the required feint, and said:— + +“There is nothing there.” + + +“I have been robbed,” said the officer; “I am sorry for that. You +should have had them.” + + +The steps of the patrol became more and more distinct. + +“Some one is coming,” said the prowler, with the movement of a man who +is taking his departure. + +The officer raised his arm feebly, and detained him. + +“You have saved my life. Who are you?” + + +The prowler answered rapidly, and in a low voice:— + +“Like yourself, I belonged to the French army. I must leave you. If +they were to catch me, they would shoot me. I have saved your life. Now +get out of the scrape yourself.” + + +“What is your rank?” + + +“Sergeant.” + + +“What is your name?” + + +“ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“I shall not forget that name,” said the officer; “and do you remember +mine. My name is Pontmercy.” + + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE SHIP ORION + + + + +CHAPTER I—NUMBER 24,601 BECOMES NUMBER 9,430 + + +Jean Valjean had been recaptured. + +The reader will be grateful to us if we pass rapidly over the sad +details. We will confine ourselves to transcribing two paragraphs +published by the journals of that day, a few months after the +surprising events which had taken place at M. sur M. + +These articles are rather summary. It must be remembered, that at that +epoch the _Gazette des Tribunaux_ was not yet in existence. + +We borrow the first from the _Drapeau Blanc_. It bears the date of July +25, 1823. + +An arrondissement of the Pas de Calais has just been the theatre of an +event quite out of the ordinary course. A man, who was a stranger in +the Department, and who bore the name of M. Madeleine, had, thanks to +the new methods, resuscitated some years ago an ancient local industry, +the manufacture of jet and of black glass trinkets. He had made his +fortune in the business, and that of the arrondissement as well, we +will admit. He had been appointed mayor, in recognition of his +services. The police discovered that M. Madeleine was no other than an +ex-convict who had broken his ban, condemned in 1796 for theft, and +named Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean has been recommitted to prison. It +appears that previous to his arrest he had succeeded in withdrawing +from the hands of M. Laffitte, a sum of over half a million which he +had lodged there, and which he had, moreover, and by perfectly +legitimate means, acquired in his business. No one has been able to +discover where Jean Valjean has concealed this money since his return +to prison at Toulon. + +The second article, which enters a little more into detail, is an +extract from the _Journal de Paris_, of the same date. + +A former convict, who had been liberated, named Jean Valjean, has just +appeared before the Court of Assizes of the Var, under circumstances +calculated to attract attention. This wretch had succeeded in escaping +the vigilance of the police, he had changed his name, and had succeeded +in getting himself appointed mayor of one of our small northern towns; +in this town he had established a considerable commerce. He has at last +been unmasked and arrested, thanks to the indefatigable zeal of the +public prosecutor. He had for his concubine a woman of the town, who +died of a shock at the moment of his arrest. This scoundrel, who is +endowed with Herculean strength, found means to escape; but three or +four days after his flight the police laid their hands on him once +more, in Paris itself, at the very moment when he was entering one of +those little vehicles which run between the capital and the village of +Montfermeil (Seine-et-Oise). He is said to have profited by this +interval of three or four days of liberty, to withdraw a considerable +sum deposited by him with one of our leading bankers. This sum has been +estimated at six or seven hundred thousand francs. If the indictment is +to be trusted, he has hidden it in some place known to himself alone, +and it has not been possible to lay hands on it. However that may be, +the said Jean Valjean has just been brought before the Assizes of the +Department of the Var as accused of highway robbery accompanied with +violence, about eight years ago, on the person of one of those honest +children who, as the patriarch of Ferney has said, in immortal verse, + +“. . . Arrive from Savoy every year, +And who, with gentle hands, do clear +Those long canals choked up with soot.” + + +This bandit refused to defend himself. It was proved by the skilful and +eloquent representative of the public prosecutor, that the theft was +committed in complicity with others, and that Jean Valjean was a member +of a band of robbers in the south. Jean Valjean was pronounced guilty +and was condemned to the death penalty in consequence. This criminal +refused to lodge an appeal. The king, in his inexhaustible clemency, +has deigned to commute his penalty to that of penal servitude for life. +Jean Valjean was immediately taken to the prison at Toulon. + +The reader has not forgotten that Jean Valjean had religious habits at +M. sur M. Some papers, among others the _Constitutional_, presented +this commutation as a triumph of the priestly party. + +Jean Valjean changed his number in the galleys. He was called 9,430. + +However, and we will mention it at once in order that we may not be +obliged to recur to the subject, the prosperity of M. sur M. vanished +with M. Madeleine; all that he had foreseen during his night of fever +and hesitation was realized; lacking him, there actually was _a soul +lacking_. After this fall, there took place at M. sur M. that +egotistical division of great existences which have fallen, that fatal +dismemberment of flourishing things which is accomplished every day, +obscurely, in the human community, and which history has noted only +once, because it occurred after the death of Alexander. Lieutenants are +crowned kings; superintendents improvise manufacturers out of +themselves. Envious rivalries arose. M. Madeleine’s vast workshops were +shut; his buildings fell to ruin, his workmen were scattered. Some of +them quitted the country, others abandoned the trade. Thenceforth, +everything was done on a small scale, instead of on a grand scale; for +lucre instead of the general good. There was no longer a centre; +everywhere there was competition and animosity. M. Madeleine had +reigned over all and directed all. No sooner had he fallen, than each +pulled things to himself; the spirit of combat succeeded to the spirit +of organization, bitterness to cordiality, hatred of one another to the +benevolence of the founder towards all; the threads which M. Madeleine +had set were tangled and broken, the methods were adulterated, the +products were debased, confidence was killed; the market diminished, +for lack of orders; salaries were reduced, the workshops stood still, +bankruptcy arrived. And then there was nothing more for the poor. All +had vanished. + +The state itself perceived that some one had been crushed somewhere. +Less than four years after the judgment of the Court of Assizes +establishing the identity of Jean Valjean and M. Madeleine, for the +benefit of the galleys, the cost of collecting taxes had doubled in the +arrondissement of M. sur M.; and M. de VillĂšle called attention to the +fact in the rostrum, in the month of February, 1827. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IN WHICH THE READER WILL PERUSE TWO VERSES, WHICH ARE OF THE +DEVIL’S COMPOSITION, POSSIBLY + + +Before proceeding further, it will be to the purpose to narrate in some +detail, a singular occurrence which took place at about the same epoch, +in Montfermeil, and which is not lacking in coincidence with certain +conjectures of the indictment. + +There exists in the region of Montfermeil a very ancient superstition, +which is all the more curious and all the more precious, because a +popular superstition in the vicinity of Paris is like an aloe in +Siberia. We are among those who respect everything which is in the +nature of a rare plant. Here, then, is the superstition of Montfermeil: +it is thought that the devil, from time immemorial, has selected the +forest as a hiding-place for his treasures. Goodwives affirm that it is +no rarity to encounter at nightfall, in secluded nooks of the forest, a +black man with the air of a carter or a wood-chopper, wearing wooden +shoes, clad in trousers and a blouse of linen, and recognizable by the +fact, that, instead of a cap or hat, he has two immense horns on his +head. This ought, in fact, to render him recognizable. This man is +habitually engaged in digging a hole. There are three ways of profiting +by such an encounter. The first is to approach the man and speak to +him. Then it is seen that the man is simply a peasant, that he appears +black because it is nightfall; that he is not digging any hole +whatever, but is cutting grass for his cows, and that what had been +taken for horns is nothing but a dung-fork which he is carrying on his +back, and whose teeth, thanks to the perspective of evening, seemed to +spring from his head. The man returns home and dies within the week. +The second way is to watch him, to wait until he has dug his hole, +until he has filled it and has gone away; then to run with great speed +to the trench, to open it once more and to seize the “treasure” which +the black man has necessarily placed there. In this case one dies +within the month. Finally, the last method is not to speak to the black +man, not to look at him, and to flee at the best speed of one’s legs. +One then dies within the year. + +As all three methods are attended with their special inconveniences, +the second, which at all events, presents some advantages, among others +that of possessing a treasure, if only for a month, is the one most +generally adopted. So bold men, who are tempted by every chance, have +quite frequently, as we are assured, opened the holes excavated by the +black man, and tried to rob the devil. The success of the operation +appears to be but moderate. At least, if the tradition is to be +believed, and in particular the two enigmatical lines in barbarous +Latin, which an evil Norman monk, a bit of a sorcerer, named Tryphon +has left on this subject. This Tryphon is buried at the Abbey of +Saint-Georges de Bocherville, near Rouen, and toads spawn on his grave. + +Accordingly, enormous efforts are made. Such trenches are ordinarily +extremely deep; a man sweats, digs, toils all night—for it must be done +at night; he wets his shirt, burns out his candle, breaks his mattock, +and when he arrives at the bottom of the hole, when he lays his hand on +the “treasure,” what does he find? What is the devil’s treasure? A sou, +sometimes a crown-piece, a stone, a skeleton, a bleeding body, +sometimes a spectre folded in four like a sheet of paper in a +portfolio, sometimes nothing. This is what Tryphon’s verses seem to +announce to the indiscreet and curious:— + +“Fodit, et in fossa thesauros condit opaca, +As, nummas, lapides, cadaver, simulacra, nihilque.” + + +It seems that in our day there is sometimes found a powder-horn with +bullets, sometimes an old pack of cards greasy and worn, which has +evidently served the devil. Tryphon does not record these two finds, +since Tryphon lived in the twelfth century, and since the devil does +not appear to have had the wit to invent powder before Roger Bacon’s +time, and cards before the time of Charles VI. + +Moreover, if one plays at cards, one is sure to lose all that one +possesses! and as for the powder in the horn, it possesses the property +of making your gun burst in your face. + +Now, a very short time after the epoch when it seemed to the +prosecuting attorney that the liberated convict Jean Valjean during his +flight of several days had been prowling around Montfermeil, it was +remarked in that village that a certain old road-laborer, named +Boulatruelle, had “peculiar ways” in the forest. People thereabouts +thought they knew that this Boulatruelle had been in the galleys. He +was subjected to certain police supervision, and, as he could find work +nowhere, the administration employed him at reduced rates as a +road-mender on the crossroad from Gagny to Lagny. + +This Boulatruelle was a man who was viewed with disfavor by the +inhabitants of the district as too respectful, too humble, too prompt +in removing his cap to every one, and trembling and smiling in the +presence of the gendarmes,—probably affiliated to robber bands, they +said; suspected of lying in ambush at verge of copses at nightfall. The +only thing in his favor was that he was a drunkard. + +This is what people thought they had noticed:— + +Of late, Boulatruelle had taken to quitting his task of stone-breaking +and care of the road at a very early hour, and to betaking himself to +the forest with his pickaxe. He was encountered towards evening in the +most deserted clearings, in the wildest thickets; and he had the +appearance of being in search of something, and sometimes he was +digging holes. The goodwives who passed took him at first for +Beelzebub; then they recognized Boulatruelle, and were not in the least +reassured thereby. These encounters seemed to cause Boulatruelle a +lively displeasure. It was evident that he sought to hide, and that +there was some mystery in what he was doing. + +It was said in the village: “It is clear that the devil has appeared. +Boulatruelle has seen him, and is on the search. In sooth, he is +cunning enough to pocket Lucifer’s hoard.” + + +The Voltairians added, “Will Boulatruelle catch the devil, or will the +devil catch Boulatruelle?” The old women made a great many signs of the +cross. + +In the meantime, Boulatruelle’s manƓuvres in the forest ceased; and he +resumed his regular occupation of roadmending; and people gossiped of +something else. + +Some persons, however, were still curious, surmising that in all this +there was probably no fabulous treasure of the legends, but some fine +windfall of a more serious and palpable sort than the devil’s +bank-bills, and that the road-mender had half discovered the secret. +The most “puzzled” were the schoolmaster and ThĂ©nardier, the proprietor +of the tavern, who was everybody’s friend, and had not disdained to +ally himself with Boulatruelle. + +“He has been in the galleys,” said ThĂ©nardier. “Eh! Good God! no one +knows who has been there or will be there.” + + +One evening the schoolmaster affirmed that in former times the law +would have instituted an inquiry as to what Boulatruelle did in the +forest, and that the latter would have been forced to speak, and that +he would have been put to the torture in case of need, and that +Boulatruelle would not have resisted the water test, for example. “Let +us put him to the wine test,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +They made an effort, and got the old road-mender to drinking. +Boulatruelle drank an enormous amount, but said very little. He +combined with admirable art, and in masterly proportions, the thirst of +a gormandizer with the discretion of a judge. Nevertheless, by dint of +returning to the charge and of comparing and putting together the few +obscure words which he did allow to escape him, this is what ThĂ©nardier +and the schoolmaster imagined that they had made out:— + +One morning, when Boulatruelle was on his way to his work, at daybreak, +he had been surprised to see, at a nook of the forest in the +underbrush, a shovel and a pickaxe, _concealed, as one might say_. + +However, he might have supposed that they were probably the shovel and +pick of Father Six-Fours, the water-carrier, and would have thought no +more about it. But, on the evening of that day, he saw, without being +seen himself, as he was hidden by a large tree, “a person who did not +belong in those parts, and whom he, Boulatruelle, knew well,” directing +his steps towards the densest part of the wood. Translation by +ThĂ©nardier: _A comrade of the galleys_. Boulatruelle obstinately +refused to reveal his name. This person carried a package—something +square, like a large box or a small trunk. Surprise on the part of +Boulatruelle. However, it was only after the expiration of seven or +eight minutes that the idea of following that “person” had occurred to +him. But it was too late; the person was already in the thicket, night +had descended, and Boulatruelle had not been able to catch up with him. +Then he had adopted the course of watching for him at the edge of the +woods. “It was moonlight.” Two or three hours later, Boulatruelle had +seen this person emerge from the brushwood, carrying no longer the +coffer, but a shovel and pick. Boulatruelle had allowed the person to +pass, and had not dreamed of accosting him, because he said to himself +that the other man was three times as strong as he was, and armed with +a pickaxe, and that he would probably knock him over the head on +recognizing him, and on perceiving that he was recognized. Touching +effusion of two old comrades on meeting again. But the shovel and pick +had served as a ray of light to Boulatruelle; he had hastened to the +thicket in the morning, and had found neither shovel nor pick. From +this he had drawn the inference that this person, once in the forest, +had dug a hole with his pick, buried the coffer, and reclosed the hole +with his shovel. Now, the coffer was too small to contain a body; +therefore it contained money. Hence his researches. Boulatruelle had +explored, sounded, searched the entire forest and the thicket, and had +dug wherever the earth appeared to him to have been recently turned up. +In vain. + +He had “ferreted out” nothing. No one in Montfermeil thought any more +about it. There were only a few brave gossips, who said, “You may be +certain that the mender on the Gagny road did not take all that trouble +for nothing; he was sure that the devil had come.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE ANKLE-CHAIN MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A CERTAIN PREPARATORY +MANIPULATION TO BE THUS BROKEN WITH A BLOW FROM A HAMMER + + +Towards the end of October, in that same year, 1823, the inhabitants of +Toulon beheld the entry into their port, after heavy weather, and for +the purpose of repairing some damages, of the ship _Orion_, which was +employed later at Brest as a school-ship, and which then formed a part +of the Mediterranean squadron. + +This vessel, battered as it was,—for the sea had handled it +roughly,—produced a fine effect as it entered the roads. It flew some +colors which procured for it the regulation salute of eleven guns, +which it returned, shot for shot; total, twenty-two. It has been +calculated that what with salvos, royal and military politenesses, +courteous exchanges of uproar, signals of etiquette, formalities of +roadsteads and citadels, sunrises and sunsets, saluted every day by all +fortresses and all ships of war, openings and closings of ports, etc., +the civilized world, discharged all over the earth, in the course of +four and twenty hours, one hundred and fifty thousand useless shots. At +six francs the shot, that comes to nine hundred thousand francs a day, +three hundred millions a year, which vanish in smoke. This is a mere +detail. All this time the poor were dying of hunger. + +The year 1823 was what the Restoration called “the epoch of the Spanish +war.” + + +This war contained many events in one, and a quantity of peculiarities. +A grand family affair for the house of Bourbon; the branch of France +succoring and protecting the branch of Madrid, that is to say, +performing an act devolving on the elder; an apparent return to our +national traditions, complicated by servitude and by subjection to the +cabinets of the North; M. le Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, surnamed by the liberal +sheets _the hero of Andujar_, compressing in a triumphal attitude that +was somewhat contradicted by his peaceable air, the ancient and very +powerful terrorism of the Holy Office at variance with the chimerical +terrorism of the liberals; the _sansculottes_ resuscitated, to the +great terror of dowagers, under the name of _descamisados_; monarchy +opposing an obstacle to progress described as anarchy; the theories of +’89 roughly interrupted in the sap; a European halt, called to the +French idea, which was making the tour of the world; beside the son of +France as generalissimo, the Prince de Carignan, afterwards Charles +Albert, enrolling himself in that crusade of kings against people as a +volunteer, with grenadier epaulets of red worsted; the soldiers of the +Empire setting out on a fresh campaign, but aged, saddened, after eight +years of repose, and under the white cockade; the tricolored standard +waved abroad by a heroic handful of Frenchmen, as the white standard +had been thirty years earlier at Coblentz; monks mingled with our +troops; the spirit of liberty and of novelty brought to its senses by +bayonets; principles slaughtered by cannonades; France undoing by her +arms that which she had done by her mind; in addition to this, hostile +leaders sold, soldiers hesitating, cities besieged by millions; no +military perils, and yet possible explosions, as in every mine which is +surprised and invaded; but little bloodshed, little honor won, shame +for some, glory for no one. Such was this war, made by the princes +descended from Louis XIV., and conducted by generals who had been under +Napoleon. Its sad fate was to recall neither the grand war nor grand +politics. + +Some feats of arms were serious; the taking of the TrocadĂ©ro, among +others, was a fine military action; but after all, we repeat, the +trumpets of this war give back a cracked sound, the whole effect was +suspicious; history approves of France for making a difficulty about +accepting this false triumph. It seemed evident that certain Spanish +officers charged with resistance yielded too easily; the idea of +corruption was connected with the victory; it appears as though +generals and not battles had been won, and the conquering soldier +returned humiliated. A debasing war, in short, in which the _Bank of +France_ could be read in the folds of the flag. + +Soldiers of the war of 1808, on whom Saragossa had fallen in formidable +ruin, frowned in 1823 at the easy surrender of citadels, and began to +regret Palafox. It is the nature of France to prefer to have +Rostopchine rather than Ballesteros in front of her. + +From a still more serious point of view, and one which it is also +proper to insist upon here, this war, which wounded the military spirit +of France, enraged the democratic spirit. It was an enterprise of +enthralment. In that campaign, the object of the French soldier, the +son of democracy, was the conquest of a yoke for others. A hideous +contradiction. France is made to arouse the soul of nations, not to +stifle it. All the revolutions of Europe since 1792 are the French +Revolution: liberty darts rays from France. That is a solar fact. Blind +is he who will not see! It was Bonaparte who said it. + +The war of 1823, an outrage on the generous Spanish nation, was then, +at the same time, an outrage on the French Revolution. It was France +who committed this monstrous violence; by foul means, for, with the +exception of wars of liberation, everything that armies do is by foul +means. The words _passive obedience_ indicate this. An army is a +strange masterpiece of combination where force results from an enormous +sum of impotence. Thus is war, made by humanity against humanity, +despite humanity, explained. + +As for the Bourbons, the war of 1823 was fatal to them. They took it +for a success. They did not perceive the danger that lies in having an +idea slain to order. They went astray, in their innocence, to such a +degree that they introduced the immense enfeeblement of a crime into +their establishment as an element of strength. The spirit of the ambush +entered into their politics. 1830 had its germ in 1823. The Spanish +campaign became in their counsels an argument for force and for +adventures by right Divine. France, having re-established _el rey +netto_ in Spain, might well have re-established the absolute king at +home. They fell into the alarming error of taking the obedience of the +soldier for the consent of the nation. Such confidence is the ruin of +thrones. It is not permitted to fall asleep, either in the shadow of a +machineel tree, nor in the shadow of an army. + +Let us return to the ship _Orion_. + +During the operations of the army commanded by the prince +generalissimo, a squadron had been cruising in the Mediterranean. We +have just stated that the _Orion_ belonged to this fleet, and that +accidents of the sea had brought it into port at Toulon. + +The presence of a vessel of war in a port has something about it which +attracts and engages a crowd. It is because it is great, and the crowd +loves what is great. + +A ship of the line is one of the most magnificent combinations of the +genius of man with the powers of nature. + +A ship of the line is composed, at the same time, of the heaviest and +the lightest of possible matter, for it deals at one and the same time +with three forms of substance,—solid, liquid, and fluid,—and it must do +battle with all three. It has eleven claws of iron with which to seize +the granite on the bottom of the sea, and more wings and more antennĂŠ +than winged insects, to catch the wind in the clouds. Its breath pours +out through its hundred and twenty cannons as through enormous +trumpets, and replies proudly to the thunder. The ocean seeks to lead +it astray in the alarming sameness of its billows, but the vessel has +its soul, its compass, which counsels it and always shows it the north. +In the blackest nights, its lanterns supply the place of the stars. +Thus, against the wind, it has its cordage and its canvas; against the +water, wood; against the rocks, its iron, brass, and lead; against the +shadows, its light; against immensity, a needle. + +If one wishes to form an idea of all those gigantic proportions which, +taken as a whole, constitute the ship of the line, one has only to +enter one of the six-story covered construction stocks, in the ports of +Brest or Toulon. The vessels in process of construction are under a +bell-glass there, as it were. This colossal beam is a yard; that great +column of wood which stretches out on the earth as far as the eye can +reach is the main-mast. Taking it from its root in the stocks to its +tip in the clouds, it is sixty fathoms long, and its diameter at its +base is three feet. The English main-mast rises to a height of two +hundred and seventeen feet above the water-line. The navy of our +fathers employed cables, ours employs chains. The simple pile of chains +on a ship of a hundred guns is four feet high, twenty feet in breadth, +and eight feet in depth. And how much wood is required to make this +ship? Three thousand cubic metres. It is a floating forest. + +And moreover, let this be borne in mind, it is only a question here of +the military vessel of forty years ago, of the simple sailing-vessel; +steam, then in its infancy, has since added new miracles to that +prodigy which is called a war vessel. At the present time, for example, +the mixed vessel with a screw is a surprising machine, propelled by +three thousand square metres of canvas and by an engine of two thousand +five hundred horse-power. + +Not to mention these new marvels, the ancient vessel of Christopher +Columbus and of De Ruyter is one of the masterpieces of man. It is as +inexhaustible in force as is the Infinite in gales; it stores up the +wind in its sails, it is precise in the immense vagueness of the +billows, it floats, and it reigns. + +There comes an hour, nevertheless, when the gale breaks that sixty-foot +yard like a straw, when the wind bends that mast four hundred feet +tall, when that anchor, which weighs tens of thousands, is twisted in +the jaws of the waves like a fisherman’s hook in the jaws of a pike, +when those monstrous cannons utter plaintive and futile roars, which +the hurricane bears forth into the void and into night, when all that +power and all that majesty are engulfed in a power and majesty which +are superior. + +Every time that immense force is displayed to culminate in an immense +feebleness it affords men food for thought. Hence in the ports curious +people abound around these marvellous machines of war and of +navigation, without being able to explain perfectly to themselves why. +Every day, accordingly, from morning until night, the quays, sluices, +and the jetties of the port of Toulon were covered with a multitude of +idlers and loungers, as they say in Paris, whose business consisted in +staring at the _Orion_. + +The _Orion_ was a ship that had been ailing for a long time; in the +course of its previous cruises thick layers of barnacles had collected +on its keel to such a degree as to deprive it of half its speed; it had +gone into the dry dock the year before this, in order to have the +barnacles scraped off, then it had put to sea again; but this cleaning +had affected the bolts of the keel: in the neighborhood of the Balearic +Isles the sides had been strained and had opened; and, as the plating +in those days was not of sheet iron, the vessel had sprung a leak. A +violent equinoctial gale had come up, which had first staved in a +grating and a porthole on the larboard side, and damaged the +foretop-gallant-shrouds; in consequence of these injuries, the _Orion_ +had run back to Toulon. + +It anchored near the Arsenal; it was fully equipped, and repairs were +begun. The hull had received no damage on the starboard, but some of +the planks had been unnailed here and there, according to custom, to +permit of air entering the hold. + +One morning the crowd which was gazing at it witnessed an accident. + +[Illustration: The Ship Orion, an Accident] + +The crew was busy bending the sails; the topman, who had to take the +upper corner of the main-top-sail on the starboard, lost his balance; +he was seen to waver; the multitude thronging the Arsenal quay uttered +a cry; the man’s head overbalanced his body; the man fell around the +yard, with his hands outstretched towards the abyss; on his way he +seized the footrope, first with one hand, then with the other, and +remained hanging from it: the sea lay below him at a dizzy depth; the +shock of his fall had imparted to the foot-rope a violent swinging +motion; the man swayed back and forth at the end of that rope, like a +stone in a sling. + +It was incurring a frightful risk to go to his assistance; not one of +the sailors, all fishermen of the coast, recently levied for the +service, dared to attempt it. In the meantime, the unfortunate topman +was losing his strength; his anguish could not be discerned on his +face, but his exhaustion was visible in every limb; his arms were +contracted in horrible twitchings; every effort which he made to +re-ascend served but to augment the oscillations of the foot-rope; he +did not shout, for fear of exhausting his strength. All were awaiting +the minute when he should release his hold on the rope, and, from +instant to instant, heads were turned aside that his fall might not be +seen. There are moments when a bit of rope, a pole, the branch of a +tree, is life itself, and it is a terrible thing to see a living being +detach himself from it and fall like a ripe fruit. + +All at once a man was seen climbing into the rigging with the agility +of a tiger-cat; this man was dressed in red; he was a convict; he wore +a green cap; he was a life convict. On arriving on a level with the +top, a gust of wind carried away his cap, and allowed a perfectly white +head to be seen: he was not a young man. + +A convict employed on board with a detachment from the galleys had, in +fact, at the very first instant, hastened to the officer of the watch, +and, in the midst of the consternation and the hesitation of the crew, +while all the sailors were trembling and drawing back, he had asked the +officer’s permission to risk his life to save the topman; at an +affirmative sign from the officer he had broken the chain riveted to +his ankle with one blow of a hammer, then he had caught up a rope, and +had dashed into the rigging: no one noticed, at the instant, with what +ease that chain had been broken; it was only later on that the incident +was recalled. + +In a twinkling he was on the yard; he paused for a few seconds and +appeared to be measuring it with his eye; these seconds, during which +the breeze swayed the topman at the extremity of a thread, seemed +centuries to those who were looking on. At last, the convict raised his +eyes to heaven and advanced a step: the crowd drew a long breath. He +was seen to run out along the yard: on arriving at the point, he +fastened the rope which he had brought to it, and allowed the other end +to hang down, then he began to descend the rope, hand over hand, and +then,—and the anguish was indescribable,—instead of one man suspended +over the gulf, there were two. + +One would have said it was a spider coming to seize a fly, only here +the spider brought life, not death. Ten thousand glances were fastened +on this group; not a cry, not a word; the same tremor contracted every +brow; all mouths held their breath as though they feared to add the +slightest puff to the wind which was swaying the two unfortunate men. + +In the meantime, the convict had succeeded in lowering himself to a +position near the sailor. It was high time; one minute more, and the +exhausted and despairing man would have allowed himself to fall into +the abyss. The convict had moored him securely with the cord to which +he clung with one hand, while he was working with the other. At last, +he was seen to climb back on the yard, and to drag the sailor up after +him; he held him there a moment to allow him to recover his strength, +then he grasped him in his arms and carried him, walking on the yard +himself to the cap, and from there to the main-top, where he left him +in the hands of his comrades. + +At that moment the crowd broke into applause: old convict-sergeants +among them wept, and women embraced each other on the quay, and all +voices were heard to cry with a sort of tender rage, “Pardon for that +man!” + + +He, in the meantime, had immediately begun to make his descent to +rejoin his detachment. In order to reach them the more speedily, he +dropped into the rigging, and ran along one of the lower yards; all +eyes were following him. At a certain moment fear assailed them; +whether it was that he was fatigued, or that his head turned, they +thought they saw him hesitate and stagger. All at once the crowd +uttered a loud shout: the convict had fallen into the sea. + +The fall was perilous. The frigate _AlgĂ©siras_ was anchored alongside +the _Orion_, and the poor convict had fallen between the two vessels: +it was to be feared that he would slip under one or the other of them. +Four men flung themselves hastily into a boat; the crowd cheered them +on; anxiety again took possession of all souls; the man had not risen +to the surface; he had disappeared in the sea without leaving a ripple, +as though he had fallen into a cask of oil: they sounded, they dived. +In vain. The search was continued until the evening: they did not even +find the body. + +On the following day the Toulon newspaper printed these lines:— + +“Nov. 17, 1823. Yesterday, a convict belonging to the detachment on +board of the _Orion_, on his return from rendering assistance to a +sailor, fell into the sea and was drowned. The body has not yet been +found; it is supposed that it is entangled among the piles of the +Arsenal point: this man was committed under the number 9,430, and his +name was Jean Valjean.” + + + + + +BOOK THIRD—ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE PROMISE MADE TO THE DEAD WOMAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE WATER QUESTION AT MONTFERMEIL + + +Montfermeil is situated between Livry and Chelles, on the southern edge +of that lofty table-land which separates the Ourcq from the Marne. At +the present day it is a tolerably large town, ornamented all the year +through with plaster villas, and on Sundays with beaming bourgeois. In +1823 there were at Montfermeil neither so many white houses nor so many +well-satisfied citizens: it was only a village in the forest. Some +pleasure-houses of the last century were to be met with there, to be +sure, which were recognizable by their grand air, their balconies in +twisted iron, and their long windows, whose tiny panes cast all sorts +of varying shades of green on the white of the closed shutters; but +Montfermeil was nonetheless a village. Retired cloth-merchants and +rusticating attorneys had not discovered it as yet; it was a peaceful +and charming place, which was not on the road to anywhere: there people +lived, and cheaply, that peasant rustic life which is so bounteous and +so easy; only, water was rare there, on account of the elevation of the +plateau. + +It was necessary to fetch it from a considerable distance; the end of +the village towards Gagny drew its water from the magnificent ponds +which exist in the woods there. The other end, which surrounds the +church and which lies in the direction of Chelles, found drinking-water +only at a little spring half-way down the slope, near the road to +Chelles, about a quarter of an hour from Montfermeil. + +Thus each household found it hard work to keep supplied with water. The +large houses, the aristocracy, of which the ThĂ©nardier tavern formed a +part, paid half a farthing a bucketful to a man who made a business of +it, and who earned about eight sous a day in his enterprise of +supplying Montfermeil with water; but this good man only worked until +seven o’clock in the evening in summer, and five in winter; and night +once come and the shutters on the ground floor once closed, he who had +no water to drink went to fetch it for himself or did without it. + +This constituted the terror of the poor creature whom the reader has +probably not forgotten,—little Cosette. It will be remembered that +Cosette was useful to the ThĂ©nardiers in two ways: they made the mother +pay them, and they made the child serve them. So when the mother ceased +to pay altogether, the reason for which we have read in preceding +chapters, the ThĂ©nardiers kept Cosette. She took the place of a servant +in their house. In this capacity she it was who ran to fetch water when +it was required. So the child, who was greatly terrified at the idea of +going to the spring at night, took great care that water should never +be lacking in the house. + +Christmas of the year 1823 was particularly brilliant at Montfermeil. +The beginning of the winter had been mild; there had been neither snow +nor frost up to that time. Some mountebanks from Paris had obtained +permission of the mayor to erect their booths in the principal street +of the village, and a band of itinerant merchants, under protection of +the same tolerance, had constructed their stalls on the Church Square, +and even extended them into Boulanger Alley, where, as the reader will +perhaps remember, the ThĂ©nardiers’ hostelry was situated. These people +filled the inns and drinking-shops, and communicated to that tranquil +little district a noisy and joyous life. In order to play the part of a +faithful historian, we ought even to add that, among the curiosities +displayed in the square, there was a menagerie, in which frightful +clowns, clad in rags and coming no one knew whence, exhibited to the +peasants of Montfermeil in 1823 one of those horrible Brazilian +vultures, such as our Royal Museum did not possess until 1845, and +which have a tricolored cockade for an eye. I believe that naturalists +call this bird Caracara Polyborus; it belongs to the order of the +Apicides, and to the family of the vultures. Some good old Bonapartist +soldiers, who had retired to the village, went to see this creature +with great devotion. The mountebanks gave out that the tricolored +cockade was a unique phenomenon made by God expressly for their +menagerie. + +On Christmas eve itself, a number of men, carters, and peddlers, were +seated at table, drinking and smoking around four or five candles in +the public room of ThĂ©nardier’s hostelry. This room resembled all +drinking-shop rooms,—tables, pewter jugs, bottles, drinkers, smokers; +but little light and a great deal of noise. The date of the year 1823 +was indicated, nevertheless, by two objects which were then fashionable +in the bourgeois class: to wit, a kaleidoscope and a lamp of ribbed +tin. The female ThĂ©nardier was attending to the supper, which was +roasting in front of a clear fire; her husband was drinking with his +customers and talking politics. + +Besides political conversations which had for their principal subjects +the Spanish war and M. le Duc d’AngoulĂȘme, strictly local parentheses, +like the following, were audible amid the uproar:— + +“About Nanterre and Suresnes the vines have flourished greatly. When +ten pieces were reckoned on there have been twelve. They have yielded a +great deal of juice under the press.” “But the grapes cannot be ripe?” +“In those parts the grapes should not be ripe; the wine turns oily as +soon as spring comes.” “Then it is very thin wine?” “There are wines +poorer even than these. The grapes must be gathered while green.” Etc. + +Or a miller would call out:— + +“Are we responsible for what is in the sacks? We find in them a +quantity of small seed which we cannot sift out, and which we are +obliged to send through the mill-stones; there are tares, fennel, +vetches, hempseed, fox-tail, and a host of other weeds, not to mention +pebbles, which abound in certain wheat, especially in Breton wheat. I +am not fond of grinding Breton wheat, any more than long-sawyers like +to saw beams with nails in them. You can judge of the bad dust that +makes in grinding. And then people complain of the flour. They are in +the wrong. The flour is no fault of ours.” + + +In a space between two windows a mower, who was seated at table with a +landed proprietor who was fixing on a price for some meadow work to be +performed in the spring, was saying:— + +“It does no harm to have the grass wet. It cuts better. Dew is a good +thing, sir. It makes no difference with that grass. Your grass is young +and very hard to cut still. It’s terribly tender. It yields before the +iron.” Etc. + +Cosette was in her usual place, seated on the cross-bar of the kitchen +table near the chimney. She was in rags; her bare feet were thrust into +wooden shoes, and by the firelight she was engaged in knitting woollen +stockings destined for the young ThĂ©nardiers. A very young kitten was +playing about among the chairs. Laughter and chatter were audible in +the adjoining room, from two fresh children’s voices: it was Éponine +and Azelma. + +In the chimney-corner a cat-o’-nine-tails was hanging on a nail. + +At intervals the cry of a very young child, which was somewhere in the +house, rang through the noise of the dram-shop. It was a little boy who +had been born to the ThĂ©nardiers during one of the preceding +winters,—“she did not know why,” she said, “the result of the +cold,”—and who was a little more than three years old. The mother had +nursed him, but she did not love him. When the persistent clamor of the +brat became too annoying, “Your son is squalling,” ThĂ©nardier would +say; “do go and see what he wants.” “Bah!” the mother would reply, “he +bothers me.” And the neglected child continued to shriek in the dark. + + + + +CHAPTER II—TWO COMPLETE PORTRAITS + + +So far in this book the ThĂ©nardiers have been viewed only in profile; +the moment has arrived for making the circuit of this couple, and +considering it under all its aspects. + +ThĂ©nardier had just passed his fiftieth birthday; Madame ThĂ©nardier was +approaching her forties, which is equivalent to fifty in a woman; so +that there existed a balance of age between husband and wife. + +Our readers have possibly preserved some recollection of this +ThĂ©nardier woman, ever since her first appearance,—tall, blond, red, +fat, angular, square, enormous, and agile; she belonged, as we have +said, to the race of those colossal wild women, who contort themselves +at fairs with paving-stones hanging from their hair. She did everything +about the house,—made the beds, did the washing, the cooking, and +everything else. Cosette was her only servant; a mouse in the service +of an elephant. Everything trembled at the sound of her voice,—window +panes, furniture, and people. Her big face, dotted with red blotches, +presented the appearance of a skimmer. She had a beard. She was an +ideal market-porter dressed in woman’s clothes. She swore splendidly; +she boasted of being able to crack a nut with one blow of her fist. +Except for the romances which she had read, and which made the affected +lady peep through the ogress at times, in a very queer way, the idea +would never have occurred to any one to say of her, “That is a woman.” +This ThĂ©nardier female was like the product of a wench engrafted on a +fishwife. When one heard her speak, one said, “That is a gendarme”; +when one saw her drink, one said, “That is a carter”; when one saw her +handle Cosette, one said, “That is the hangman.” One of her teeth +projected when her face was in repose. + +ThĂ©nardier was a small, thin, pale, angular, bony, feeble man, who had +a sickly air and who was wonderfully healthy. His cunning began here; +he smiled habitually, by way of precaution, and was almost polite to +everybody, even to the beggar to whom he refused half a farthing. He +had the glance of a pole-cat and the bearing of a man of letters. He +greatly resembled the portraits of the AbbĂ© Delille. His coquetry +consisted in drinking with the carters. No one had ever succeeded in +rendering him drunk. He smoked a big pipe. He wore a blouse, and under +his blouse an old black coat. He made pretensions to literature and to +materialism. There were certain names which he often pronounced to +support whatever things he might be saying,—Voltaire, Raynal, Parny, +and, singularly enough, Saint Augustine. He declared that he had “a +system.” In addition, he was a great swindler. A _filousophe_ +[philosophe], a scientific thief. The species does exist. It will be +remembered that he pretended to have served in the army; he was in the +habit of relating with exuberance, how, being a sergeant in the 6th or +the 9th light something or other, at Waterloo, he had alone, and in the +presence of a squadron of death-dealing hussars, covered with his body +and saved from death, in the midst of the grape-shot, “a general, who +had been dangerously wounded.” Thence arose for his wall the flaring +sign, and for his inn the name which it bore in the neighborhood, of +“the cabaret of the Sergeant of Waterloo.” He was a liberal, a classic, +and a Bonapartist. He had subscribed for the Champ d’Asile. It was said +in the village that he had studied for the priesthood. + +We believe that he had simply studied in Holland for an inn-keeper. +This rascal of composite order was, in all probability, some Fleming +from Lille, in Flanders, a Frenchman in Paris, a Belgian at Brussels, +being comfortably astride of both frontiers. As for his prowess at +Waterloo, the reader is already acquainted with that. It will be +perceived that he exaggerated it a trifle. Ebb and flow, wandering, +adventure, was the leven of his existence; a tattered conscience +entails a fragmentary life, and, apparently at the stormy epoch of June +18, 1815, ThĂ©nardier belonged to that variety of marauding sutlers of +which we have spoken, beating about the country, selling to some, +stealing from others, and travelling like a family man, with wife and +children, in a rickety cart, in the rear of troops on the march, with +an instinct for always attaching himself to the victorious army. This +campaign ended, and having, as he said, “some quibus,” he had come to +Montfermeil and set up an inn there. + +This _quibus_, composed of purses and watches, of gold rings and silver +crosses, gathered in harvest-time in furrows sown with corpses, did not +amount to a large total, and did not carry this sutler turned +eating-house-keeper very far. + +ThĂ©nardier had that peculiar rectilinear something about his gestures +which, accompanied by an oath, recalls the barracks, and by a sign of +the cross, the seminary. He was a fine talker. He allowed it to be +thought that he was an educated man. Nevertheless, the schoolmaster had +noticed that he pronounced improperly.12 + +He composed the travellers’ tariff card in a superior manner, but +practised eyes sometimes spied out orthographical errors in it. +ThĂ©nardier was cunning, greedy, slothful, and clever. He did not +disdain his servants, which caused his wife to dispense with them. This +giantess was jealous. It seemed to her that that thin and yellow little +man must be an object coveted by all. + +ThĂ©nardier, who was, above all, an astute and well-balanced man, was a +scamp of a temperate sort. This is the worst species; hypocrisy enters +into it. + +It is not that ThĂ©nardier was not, on occasion, capable of wrath to +quite the same degree as his wife; but this was very rare, and at such +times, since he was enraged with the human race in general, as he bore +within him a deep furnace of hatred. And since he was one of those +people who are continually avenging their wrongs, who accuse everything +that passes before them of everything which has befallen them, and who +are always ready to cast upon the first person who comes to hand, as a +legitimate grievance, the sum total of the deceptions, the +bankruptcies, and the calamities of their lives,—when all this leaven +was stirred up in him and boiled forth from his mouth and eyes, he was +terrible. Woe to the person who came under his wrath at such a time! + +In addition to his other qualities, ThĂ©nardier was attentive and +penetrating, silent or talkative, according to circumstances, and +always highly intelligent. He had something of the look of sailors, who +are accustomed to screw up their eyes to gaze through marine glasses. +ThĂ©nardier was a statesman. + +Every newcomer who entered the tavern said, on catching sight of Madame +ThĂ©nardier, “There is the master of the house.” A mistake. She was not +even the mistress. The husband was both master and mistress. She +worked; he created. He directed everything by a sort of invisible and +constant magnetic action. A word was sufficient for him, sometimes a +sign; the mastodon obeyed. ThĂ©nardier was a sort of special and +sovereign being in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s eyes, though she did not +thoroughly realize it. She was possessed of virtues after her own kind; +if she had ever had a disagreement as to any detail with “Monsieur +ThĂ©nardier,”—which was an inadmissible hypothesis, by the way,—she +would not have blamed her husband in public on any subject whatever. +She would never have committed “before strangers” that mistake so often +committed by women, and which is called in parliamentary language, +“exposing the crown.” Although their concord had only evil as its +result, there was contemplation in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s submission to +her husband. That mountain of noise and of flesh moved under the little +finger of that frail despot. Viewed on its dwarfed and grotesque side, +this was that grand and universal thing, the adoration of mind by +matter; for certain ugly features have a cause in the very depths of +eternal beauty. There was an unknown quantity about ThĂ©nardier; hence +the absolute empire of the man over that woman. At certain moments she +beheld him like a lighted candle; at others she felt him like a claw. + +This woman was a formidable creature who loved no one except her +children, and who did not fear any one except her husband. She was a +mother because she was mammiferous. But her maternity stopped short +with her daughters, and, as we shall see, did not extend to boys. The +man had but one thought,—how to enrich himself. + +He did not succeed in this. A theatre worthy of this great talent was +lacking. ThĂ©nardier was ruining himself at Montfermeil, if ruin is +possible to zero; in Switzerland or in the Pyrenees this penniless +scamp would have become a millionaire; but an inn-keeper must browse +where fate has hitched him. + +It will be understood that the word _inn-keeper_ is here employed in a +restricted sense, and does not extend to an entire class. + +In this same year, 1823, ThĂ©nardier was burdened with about fifteen +hundred francs’ worth of petty debts, and this rendered him anxious. + +Whatever may have been the obstinate injustice of destiny in this case, +ThĂ©nardier was one of those men who understand best, with the most +profundity and in the most modern fashion, that thing which is a virtue +among barbarous peoples and an object of merchandise among civilized +peoples,—hospitality. Besides, he was an admirable poacher, and quoted +for his skill in shooting. He had a certain cold and tranquil laugh, +which was particularly dangerous. + +His theories as a landlord sometimes burst forth in lightning flashes. +He had professional aphorisms, which he inserted into his wife’s mind. +“The duty of the inn-keeper,” he said to her one day, violently, and in +a low voice, “is to sell to the first comer, stews, repose, light, +fire, dirty sheets, a servant, lice, and a smile; to stop passers-by, +to empty small purses, and to honestly lighten heavy ones; to shelter +travelling families respectfully: to shave the man, to pluck the woman, +to pick the child clean; to quote the window open, the window shut, the +chimney-corner, the armchair, the chair, the ottoman, the stool, the +feather-bed, the mattress and the truss of straw; to know how much the +shadow uses up the mirror, and to put a price on it; and, by five +hundred thousand devils, to make the traveller pay for everything, even +for the flies which his dog eats!” + + +This man and this woman were ruse and rage wedded—a hideous and +terrible team. + +While the husband pondered and combined, Madame ThĂ©nardier thought not +of absent creditors, took no heed of yesterday nor of to-morrow, and +lived in a fit of anger, all in a minute. + +Such were these two beings. Cosette was between them, subjected to +their double pressure, like a creature who is at the same time being +ground up in a mill and pulled to pieces with pincers. The man and the +woman each had a different method: Cosette was overwhelmed with +blows—this was the woman’s; she went barefooted in winter—that was the +man’s doing. + +Cosette ran upstairs and down, washed, swept, rubbed, dusted, ran, +fluttered about, panted, moved heavy articles, and weak as she was, did +the coarse work. There was no mercy for her; a fierce mistress and +venomous master. The ThĂ©nardier hostelry was like a spider’s web, in +which Cosette had been caught, and where she lay trembling. The ideal +of oppression was realized by this sinister household. It was something +like the fly serving the spiders. + +The poor child passively held her peace. + +What takes place within these souls when they have but just quitted +God, find themselves thus, at the very dawn of life, very small and in +the midst of men all naked! + + + + +CHAPTER III—MEN MUST HAVE WINE, AND HORSES MUST HAVE WATER + + +Four new travellers had arrived. + +Cosette was meditating sadly; for, although she was only eight years +old, she had already suffered so much that she reflected with the +lugubrious air of an old woman. Her eye was black in consequence of a +blow from Madame ThĂ©nardier’s fist, which caused the latter to remark +from time to time, “How ugly she is with her fist-blow on her eye!” + + +Cosette was thinking that it was dark, very dark, that the pitchers and +caraffes in the chambers of the travellers who had arrived must have +been filled and that there was no more water in the cistern. + +She was somewhat reassured because no one in the ThĂ©nardier +establishment drank much water. Thirsty people were never lacking +there; but their thirst was of the sort which applies to the jug rather +than to the pitcher. Any one who had asked for a glass of water among +all those glasses of wine would have appeared a savage to all these +men. But there came a moment when the child trembled; Madame ThĂ©nardier +raised the cover of a stew-pan which was boiling on the stove, then +seized a glass and briskly approached the cistern. She turned the +faucet; the child had raised her head and was following all the woman’s +movements. A thin stream of water trickled from the faucet, and half +filled the glass. “Well,” said she, “there is no more water!” A +momentary silence ensued. The child did not breathe. + +“Bah!” resumed Madame ThĂ©nardier, examining the half-filled glass, +“this will be enough.” + + +Cosette applied herself to her work once more, but for a quarter of an +hour she felt her heart leaping in her bosom like a big snow-flake. + +She counted the minutes that passed in this manner, and wished it were +the next morning. + +From time to time one of the drinkers looked into the street, and +exclaimed, “It’s as black as an oven!” or, “One must needs be a cat to +go about the streets without a lantern at this hour!” And Cosette +trembled. + +All at once one of the pedlers who lodged in the hostelry entered, and +said in a harsh voice:— + +“My horse has not been watered.” + + +“Yes, it has,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +“I tell you that it has not,” retorted the pedler. + +Cosette had emerged from under the table. + +“Oh, yes, sir!” said she, “the horse has had a drink; he drank out of a +bucket, a whole bucketful, and it was I who took the water to him, and +I spoke to him.” + + +It was not true; Cosette lied. + +“There’s a brat as big as my fist who tells lies as big as the house,” +exclaimed the pedler. “I tell you that he has not been watered, you +little jade! He has a way of blowing when he has had no water, which I +know well.” + + +Cosette persisted, and added in a voice rendered hoarse with anguish, +and which was hardly audible:— + +“And he drank heartily.” + + +“Come,” said the pedler, in a rage, “this won’t do at all, let my horse +be watered, and let that be the end of it!” + + +Cosette crept under the table again. + +“In truth, that is fair!” said Madame ThĂ©nardier, “if the beast has not +been watered, it must be.” + + +Then glancing about her:— + +“Well, now! Where’s that other beast?” + + +She bent down and discovered Cosette cowering at the other end of the +table, almost under the drinkers’ feet. + +“Are you coming?” shrieked Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette crawled out of the sort of hole in which she had hidden +herself. The ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Mademoiselle Dog-lack-name, go and water that horse.” + + +“But, Madame,” said Cosette, feebly, “there is no water.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier threw the street door wide open:— + +“Well, go and get some, then!” + + +Cosette dropped her head, and went for an empty bucket which stood near +the chimney-corner. + +This bucket was bigger than she was, and the child could have set down +in it at her ease. + +The ThĂ©nardier returned to her stove, and tasted what was in the +stewpan, with a wooden spoon, grumbling the while:— + +“There’s plenty in the spring. There never was such a malicious +creature as that. I think I should have done better to strain my +onions.” + + +Then she rummaged in a drawer which contained sous, pepper, and +shallots. + +“See here, Mam’selle Toad,” she added, “on your way back, you will get +a big loaf from the baker. Here’s a fifteen-sou piece.” + + +Cosette had a little pocket on one side of her apron; she took the coin +without saying a word, and put it in that pocket. + +Then she stood motionless, bucket in hand, the open door before her. +She seemed to be waiting for some one to come to her rescue. + +“Get along with you!” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette went out. The door closed behind her. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—ENTRANCE ON THE SCENE OF A DOLL + + +The line of open-air booths starting at the church, extended, as the +reader will remember, as far as the hostelry of the ThĂ©nardiers. These +booths were all illuminated, because the citizens would soon pass on +their way to the midnight mass, with candles burning in paper funnels, +which, as the schoolmaster, then seated at the table at the +ThĂ©nardiers’ observed, produced “a magical effect.” In compensation, +not a star was visible in the sky. + +The last of these stalls, established precisely opposite the +ThĂ©nardiers’ door, was a toy-shop all glittering with tinsel, glass, +and magnificent objects of tin. In the first row, and far forwards, the +merchant had placed on a background of white napkins, an immense doll, +nearly two feet high, who was dressed in a robe of pink crepe, with +gold wheat-ears on her head, which had real hair and enamel eyes. All +that day, this marvel had been displayed to the wonderment of all +passers-by under ten years of age, without a mother being found in +Montfermeil sufficiently rich or sufficiently extravagant to give it to +her child. Éponine and Azelma had passed hours in contemplating it, and +Cosette herself had ventured to cast a glance at it, on the sly, it is +true. + +At the moment when Cosette emerged, bucket in hand, melancholy and +overcome as she was, she could not refrain from lifting her eyes to +that wonderful doll, towards _the lady_, as she called it. The poor +child paused in amazement. She had not yet beheld that doll close to. +The whole shop seemed a palace to her: the doll was not a doll; it was +a vision. It was joy, splendor, riches, happiness, which appeared in a +sort of chimerical halo to that unhappy little being so profoundly +engulfed in gloomy and chilly misery. With the sad and innocent +sagacity of childhood, Cosette measured the abyss which separated her +from that doll. She said to herself that one must be a queen, or at +least a princess, to have a “thing” like that. She gazed at that +beautiful pink dress, that beautiful smooth hair, and she thought, “How +happy that doll must be!” She could not take her eyes from that +fantastic stall. The more she looked, the more dazzled she grew. She +thought she was gazing at paradise. There were other dolls behind the +large one, which seemed to her to be fairies and genii. The merchant, +who was pacing back and forth in front of his shop, produced on her +somewhat the effect of being the Eternal Father. + +In this adoration she forgot everything, even the errand with which she +was charged. + +All at once the ThĂ©nardier’s coarse voice recalled her to reality: +“What, you silly jade! you have not gone? Wait! I’ll give it to you! I +want to know what you are doing there! Get along, you little monster!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier had cast a glance into the street, and had caught sight +of Cosette in her ecstasy. + +Cosette fled, dragging her pail, and taking the longest strides of +which she was capable. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE LITTLE ONE ALL ALONE + + +As the ThĂ©nardier hostelry was in that part of the village which is +near the church, it was to the spring in the forest in the direction of +Chelles that Cosette was obliged to go for her water. + +She did not glance at the display of a single other merchant. So long +as she was in Boulanger Lane and in the neighborhood of the church, the +lighted stalls illuminated the road; but soon the last light from the +last stall vanished. The poor child found herself in the dark. She +plunged into it. Only, as a certain emotion overcame her, she made as +much motion as possible with the handle of the bucket as she walked +along. This made a noise which afforded her company. + +The further she went, the denser the darkness became. There was no one +in the streets. However, she did encounter a woman, who turned around +on seeing her, and stood still, muttering between her teeth: “Where can +that child be going? Is it a werewolf child?” Then the woman recognized +Cosette. “Well,” said she, “it’s the Lark!” + + +In this manner Cosette traversed the labyrinth of tortuous and deserted +streets which terminate in the village of Montfermeil on the side of +Chelles. So long as she had the houses or even the walls only on both +sides of her path, she proceeded with tolerable boldness. From time to +time she caught the flicker of a candle through the crack of a +shutter—this was light and life; there were people there, and it +reassured her. But in proportion as she advanced, her pace slackened +mechanically, as it were. When she had passed the corner of the last +house, Cosette paused. It had been hard to advance further than the +last stall; it became impossible to proceed further than the last +house. She set her bucket on the ground, thrust her hand into her hair, +and began slowly to scratch her head,—a gesture peculiar to children +when terrified and undecided what to do. It was no longer Montfermeil; +it was the open fields. Black and desert space was before her. She +gazed in despair at that darkness, where there was no longer any one, +where there were beasts, where there were spectres, possibly. She took +a good look, and heard the beasts walking on the grass, and she +distinctly saw spectres moving in the trees. Then she seized her bucket +again; fear had lent her audacity. “Bah!” said she; “I will tell him +that there was no more water!” And she resolutely re-entered +Montfermeil. + +Hardly had she gone a hundred paces when she paused and began to +scratch her head again. Now it was the ThĂ©nardier who appeared to her, +with her hideous, hyena mouth, and wrath flashing in her eyes. The +child cast a melancholy glance before her and behind her. What was she +to do? What was to become of her? Where was she to go? In front of her +was the spectre of the ThĂ©nardier; behind her all the phantoms of the +night and of the forest. It was before the ThĂ©nardier that she +recoiled. She resumed her path to the spring, and began to run. She +emerged from the village, she entered the forest at a run, no longer +looking at or listening to anything. She only paused in her course when +her breath failed her; but she did not halt in her advance. She went +straight before her in desperation. + +As she ran she felt like crying. + +The nocturnal quivering of the forest surrounded her completely. + +She no longer thought, she no longer saw. The immensity of night was +facing this tiny creature. On the one hand, all shadow; on the other, +an atom. + +It was only seven or eight minutes’ walk from the edge of the woods to +the spring. Cosette knew the way, through having gone over it many +times in daylight. Strange to say, she did not get lost. A remnant of +instinct guided her vaguely. But she did not turn her eyes either to +right or to left, for fear of seeing things in the branches and in the +brushwood. In this manner she reached the spring. + +It was a narrow, natural basin, hollowed out by the water in a clayey +soil, about two feet deep, surrounded with moss and with those tall, +crimped grasses which are called Henry IV.’s frills, and paved with +several large stones. A brook ran out of it, with a tranquil little +noise. + +Cosette did not take time to breathe. It was very dark, but she was in +the habit of coming to this spring. She felt with her left hand in the +dark for a young oak which leaned over the spring, and which usually +served to support her, found one of its branches, clung to it, bent +down, and plunged the bucket in the water. She was in a state of such +violent excitement that her strength was trebled. While thus bent over, +she did not notice that the pocket of her apron had emptied itself into +the spring. The fifteen-sou piece fell into the water. Cosette neither +saw nor heard it fall. She drew out the bucket nearly full, and set it +on the grass. + +That done, she perceived that she was worn out with fatigue. She would +have liked to set out again at once, but the effort required to fill +the bucket had been such that she found it impossible to take a step. +She was forced to sit down. She dropped on the grass, and remained +crouching there. + +She shut her eyes; then she opened them again, without knowing why, but +because she could not do otherwise. The agitated water in the bucket +beside her was describing circles which resembled tin serpents. + +Overhead the sky was covered with vast black clouds, which were like +masses of smoke. The tragic mask of shadow seemed to bend vaguely over +the child. + +Jupiter was setting in the depths. + +The child stared with bewildered eyes at this great star, with which +she was unfamiliar, and which terrified her. The planet was, in fact, +very near the horizon and was traversing a dense layer of mist which +imparted to it a horrible ruddy hue. The mist, gloomily empurpled, +magnified the star. One would have called it a luminous wound. + +A cold wind was blowing from the plain. The forest was dark, not a leaf +was moving; there were none of the vague, fresh gleams of summertide. +Great boughs uplifted themselves in frightful wise. Slender and +misshapen bushes whistled in the clearings. The tall grasses undulated +like eels under the north wind. The nettles seemed to twist long arms +furnished with claws in search of prey. Some bits of dry heather, +tossed by the breeze, flew rapidly by, and had the air of fleeing in +terror before something which was coming after. On all sides there were +lugubrious stretches. + +The darkness was bewildering. Man requires light. Whoever buries +himself in the opposite of day feels his heart contract. When the eye +sees black, the heart sees trouble. In an eclipse in the night, in the +sooty opacity, there is anxiety even for the stoutest of hearts. No one +walks alone in the forest at night without trembling. Shadows and +trees—two formidable densities. A chimerical reality appears in the +indistinct depths. The inconceivable is outlined a few paces distant +from you with a spectral clearness. One beholds floating, either in +space or in one’s own brain, one knows not what vague and intangible +thing, like the dreams of sleeping flowers. There are fierce attitudes +on the horizon. One inhales the effluvia of the great black void. One +is afraid to glance behind him, yet desirous of doing so. The cavities +of night, things grown haggard, taciturn profiles which vanish when one +advances, obscure dishevelments, irritated tufts, livid pools, the +lugubrious reflected in the funereal, the sepulchral immensity of +silence, unknown but possible beings, bendings of mysterious branches, +alarming torsos of trees, long handfuls of quivering plants,—against +all this one has no protection. There is no hardihood which does not +shudder and which does not feel the vicinity of anguish. One is +conscious of something hideous, as though one’s soul were becoming +amalgamated with the darkness. This penetration of the shadows is +indescribably sinister in the case of a child. + +Forests are apocalypses, and the beating of the wings of a tiny soul +produces a sound of agony beneath their monstrous vault. + +Without understanding her sensations, Cosette was conscious that she +was seized upon by that black enormity of nature; it was no longer +terror alone which was gaining possession of her; it was something more +terrible even than terror; she shivered. There are no words to express +the strangeness of that shiver which chilled her to the very bottom of +her heart; her eye grew wild; she thought she felt that she should not +be able to refrain from returning there at the same hour on the morrow. + +Then, by a sort of instinct, she began to count aloud, one, two, three, +four, and so on up to ten, in order to escape from that singular state +which she did not understand, but which terrified her, and, when she +had finished, she began again; this restored her to a true perception +of the things about her. Her hands, which she had wet in drawing the +water, felt cold; she rose; her terror, a natural and unconquerable +terror, had returned: she had but one thought now,—to flee at full +speed through the forest, across the fields to the houses, to the +windows, to the lighted candles. Her glance fell upon the water which +stood before her; such was the fright which the ThĂ©nardier inspired in +her, that she dared not flee without that bucket of water: she seized +the handle with both hands; she could hardly lift the pail. + +In this manner she advanced a dozen paces, but the bucket was full; it +was heavy; she was forced to set it on the ground once more. She took +breath for an instant, then lifted the handle of the bucket again, and +resumed her march, proceeding a little further this time, but again she +was obliged to pause. After some seconds of repose she set out again. +She walked bent forward, with drooping head, like an old woman; the +weight of the bucket strained and stiffened her thin arms. The iron +handle completed the benumbing and freezing of her wet and tiny hands; +she was forced to halt from time to time, and each time that she did +so, the cold water which splashed from the pail fell on her bare legs. +This took place in the depths of a forest, at night, in winter, far +from all human sight; she was a child of eight: no one but God saw that +sad thing at the moment. + +And her mother, no doubt, alas! + +For there are things that make the dead open their eyes in their +graves. + +She panted with a sort of painful rattle; sobs contracted her throat, +but she dared not weep, so afraid was she of the ThĂ©nardier, even at a +distance: it was her custom to imagine the ThĂ©nardier always present. + +However, she could not make much headway in that manner, and she went +on very slowly. In spite of diminishing the length of her stops, and of +walking as long as possible between them, she reflected with anguish +that it would take her more than an hour to return to Montfermeil in +this manner, and that the ThĂ©nardier would beat her. This anguish was +mingled with her terror at being alone in the woods at night; she was +worn out with fatigue, and had not yet emerged from the forest. On +arriving near an old chestnut-tree with which she was acquainted, made +a last halt, longer than the rest, in order that she might get well +rested; then she summoned up all her strength, picked up her bucket +again, and courageously resumed her march, but the poor little +desperate creature could not refrain from crying, “O my God! my God!” + + +At that moment she suddenly became conscious that her bucket no longer +weighed anything at all: a hand, which seemed to her enormous, had just +seized the handle, and lifted it vigorously. She raised her head. A +large black form, straight and erect, was walking beside her through +the darkness; it was a man who had come up behind her, and whose +approach she had not heard. This man, without uttering a word, had +seized the handle of the bucket which she was carrying. + +There are instincts for all the encounters of life. + +The child was not afraid. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WHICH POSSIBLY PROVES BOULATRUELLE’S INTELLIGENCE + + +On the afternoon of that same Christmas Day, 1823, a man had walked for +rather a long time in the most deserted part of the Boulevard de +l’HĂŽpital in Paris. This man had the air of a person who is seeking +lodgings, and he seemed to halt, by preference, at the most modest +houses on that dilapidated border of the faubourg Saint-Marceau. + +We shall see further on that this man had, in fact, hired a chamber in +that isolated quarter. + +This man, in his attire, as in all his person, realized the type of +what may be called the well-bred mendicant,—extreme wretchedness +combined with extreme cleanliness. This is a very rare mixture which +inspires intelligent hearts with that double respect which one feels +for the man who is very poor, and for the man who is very worthy. He +wore a very old and very well brushed round hat; a coarse coat, worn +perfectly threadbare, of an ochre yellow, a color that was not in the +least eccentric at that epoch; a large waistcoat with pockets of a +venerable cut; black breeches, worn gray at the knee, stockings of +black worsted; and thick shoes with copper buckles. He would have been +pronounced a preceptor in some good family, returned from the +emigration. He would have been taken for more than sixty years of age, +from his perfectly white hair, his wrinkled brow, his livid lips, and +his countenance, where everything breathed depression and weariness of +life. Judging from his firm tread, from the singular vigor which +stamped all his movements, he would have hardly been thought fifty. The +wrinkles on his brow were well placed, and would have disposed in his +favor any one who observed him attentively. His lip contracted with a +strange fold which seemed severe, and which was humble. There was in +the depth of his glance an indescribable melancholy serenity. In his +left hand he carried a little bundle tied up in a handkerchief; in his +right he leaned on a sort of a cudgel, cut from some hedge. This stick +had been carefully trimmed, and had an air that was not too +threatening; the most had been made of its knots, and it had received a +coral-like head, made from red wax: it was a cudgel, and it seemed to +be a cane. + +There are but few passers-by on that boulevard, particularly in the +winter. The man seemed to avoid them rather than to seek them, but this +without any affectation. + +At that epoch, King Louis XVIII. went nearly every day to +Choisy-le-Roi: it was one of his favorite excursions. Towards two +o’clock, almost invariably, the royal carriage and cavalcade was seen +to pass at full speed along the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +This served in lieu of a watch or clock to the poor women of the +quarter who said, “It is two o’clock; there he is returning to the +Tuileries.” + + +And some rushed forward, and others drew up in line, for a passing king +always creates a tumult; besides, the appearance and disappearance of +Louis XVIII. produced a certain effect in the streets of Paris. It was +rapid but majestic. This impotent king had a taste for a fast gallop; +as he was not able to walk, he wished to run: that cripple would gladly +have had himself drawn by the lightning. He passed, pacific and severe, +in the midst of naked swords. His massive couch, all covered with +gilding, with great branches of lilies painted on the panels, thundered +noisily along. There was hardly time to cast a glance upon it. In the +rear angle on the right there was visible on tufted cushions of white +satin a large, firm, and ruddy face, a brow freshly powdered _Ă  +l’oiseau royal_, a proud, hard, crafty eye, the smile of an educated +man, two great epaulets with bullion fringe floating over a bourgeois +coat, the Golden Fleece, the cross of Saint Louis, the cross of the +Legion of Honor, the silver plaque of the Saint-Esprit, a huge belly, +and a wide blue ribbon: it was the king. Outside of Paris, he held his +hat decked with white ostrich plumes on his knees enwrapped in high +English gaiters; when he re-entered the city, he put on his hat and +saluted rarely; he stared coldly at the people, and they returned it in +kind. When he appeared for the first time in the Saint-Marceau quarter, +the whole success which he produced is contained in this remark of an +inhabitant of the faubourg to his comrade, “That big fellow yonder is +the government.” + + +This infallible passage of the king at the same hour was, therefore, +the daily event of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +The promenader in the yellow coat evidently did not belong in the +quarter, and probably did not belong in Paris, for he was ignorant as +to this detail. When, at two o’clock, the royal carriage, surrounded by +a squadron of the body-guard all covered with silver lace, debouched on +the boulevard, after having made the turn of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, he +appeared surprised and almost alarmed. There was no one but himself in +this cross-lane. He drew up hastily behind the corner of the wall of an +enclosure, though this did not prevent M. le Duc de HavrĂ© from spying +him out. + +M. le Duc de HavrĂ©, as captain of the guard on duty that day, was +seated in the carriage, opposite the king. He said to his Majesty, +“Yonder is an evil-looking man.” Members of the police, who were +clearing the king’s route, took equal note of him: one of them received +an order to follow him. But the man plunged into the deserted little +streets of the faubourg, and as twilight was beginning to fall, the +agent lost trace of him, as is stated in a report addressed that same +evening to M. le Comte d’AnglĂšs, Minister of State, Prefect of Police. + +When the man in the yellow coat had thrown the agent off his track, he +redoubled his pace, not without turning round many a time to assure +himself that he was not being followed. At a quarter-past four, that is +to say, when night was fully come, he passed in front of the theatre of +the Porte Saint-Martin, where _The Two Convicts_ was being played that +day. This poster, illuminated by the theatre lanterns, struck him; for, +although he was walking rapidly, he halted to read it. An instant later +he was in the blind alley of La Planchette, and he entered the _Plat +d’Etain_ [the Pewter Platter], where the office of the coach for Lagny +was then situated. This coach set out at half-past four. The horses +were harnessed, and the travellers, summoned by the coachman, were +hastily climbing the lofty iron ladder of the vehicle. + +The man inquired:— + +“Have you a place?” + + +“Only one—beside me on the box,” said the coachman. + +“I will take it.” + + +“Climb up.” + + +Nevertheless, before setting out, the coachman cast a glance at the +traveller’s shabby dress, at the diminutive size of his bundle, and +made him pay his fare. + +“Are you going as far as Lagny?” demanded the coachman. + +“Yes,” said the man. + +The traveller paid to Lagny. + +They started. When they had passed the barrier, the coachman tried to +enter into conversation, but the traveller only replied in +monosyllables. The coachman took to whistling and swearing at his +horses. + +The coachman wrapped himself up in his cloak. It was cold. The man did +not appear to be thinking of that. Thus they passed Gournay and +Neuilly-sur-Marne. + +Towards six o’clock in the evening they reached Chelles. The coachman +drew up in front of the carters’ inn installed in the ancient buildings +of the Royal Abbey, to give his horses a breathing spell. + +“I get down here,” said the man. + +He took his bundle and his cudgel and jumped down from the vehicle. + +An instant later he had disappeared. + +He did not enter the inn. + +When the coach set out for Lagny a few minutes later, it did not +encounter him in the principal street of Chelles. + +The coachman turned to the inside travellers. + +“There,” said he, “is a man who does not belong here, for I do not know +him. He had not the air of owning a sou, but he does not consider +money; he pays to Lagny, and he goes only as far as Chelles. It is +night; all the houses are shut; he does not enter the inn, and he is +not to be found. So he has dived through the earth.” + + +The man had not plunged into the earth, but he had gone with great +strides through the dark, down the principal street of Chelles, then he +had turned to the right before reaching the church, into the crossroad +leading to Montfermeil, like a person who was acquainted with the +country and had been there before. + +He followed this road rapidly. At the spot where it is intersected by +the ancient tree-bordered road which runs from Gagny to Lagny, he heard +people coming. He concealed himself precipitately in a ditch, and there +waited until the passers-by were at a distance. The precaution was +nearly superfluous, however; for, as we have already said, it was a +very dark December night. Not more than two or three stars were visible +in the sky. + +It is at this point that the ascent of the hill begins. The man did not +return to the road to Montfermeil; he struck across the fields to the +right, and entered the forest with long strides. + +Once in the forest he slackened his pace, and began a careful +examination of all the trees, advancing, step by step, as though +seeking and following a mysterious road known to himself alone. There +came a moment when he appeared to lose himself, and he paused in +indecision. At last he arrived, by dint of feeling his way inch by +inch, at a clearing where there was a great heap of whitish stones. He +stepped up briskly to these stones, and examined them attentively +through the mists of night, as though he were passing them in review. A +large tree, covered with those excrescences which are the warts of +vegetation, stood a few paces distant from the pile of stones. He went +up to this tree and passed his hand over the bark of the trunk, as +though seeking to recognize and count all the warts. + +Opposite this tree, which was an ash, there was a chestnut-tree, +suffering from a peeling of the bark, to which a band of zinc had been +nailed by way of dressing. He raised himself on tiptoe and touched this +band of zinc. + +Then he trod about for awhile on the ground comprised in the space +between the tree and the heap of stones, like a person who is trying to +assure himself that the soil has not recently been disturbed. + +That done, he took his bearings, and resumed his march through the +forest. + +It was the man who had just met Cosette. + +As he walked through the thicket in the direction of Montfermeil, he +had espied that tiny shadow moving with a groan, depositing a burden on +the ground, then taking it up and setting out again. He drew near, and +perceived that it was a very young child, laden with an enormous bucket +of water. Then he approached the child, and silently grasped the handle +of the bucket. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—COSETTE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE STRANGER IN THE DARK + + +Cosette, as we have said, was not frightened. + +The man accosted her. He spoke in a voice that was grave and almost +bass. + +“My child, what you are carrying is very heavy for you.” + + +Cosette raised her head and replied:— + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“Give it to me,” said the man; “I will carry it for you.” + + +Cosette let go of the bucket-handle. The man walked along beside her. + +“It really is very heavy,” he muttered between his teeth. Then he +added:— + +“How old are you, little one?” + + +“Eight, sir.” + + +“And have you come from far like this?” + + +“From the spring in the forest.” + + +“Are you going far?” + + +“A good quarter of an hour’s walk from here.” + + +The man said nothing for a moment; then he remarked abruptly:— + +“So you have no mother.” + + +“I don’t know,” answered the child. + +Before the man had time to speak again, she added:— + +“I don’t think so. Other people have mothers. I have none.” + + +And after a silence she went on:— + +“I think that I never had any.” + + +The man halted; he set the bucket on the ground, bent down and placed +both hands on the child’s shoulders, making an effort to look at her +and to see her face in the dark. + +Cosette’s thin and sickly face was vaguely outlined by the livid light +in the sky. + +“What is your name?” said the man. + +“Cosette.” + + +The man seemed to have received an electric shock. He looked at her +once more; then he removed his hands from Cosette’s shoulders, seized +the bucket, and set out again. + +After a moment he inquired:— + +“Where do you live, little one?” + + +“At Montfermeil, if you know where that is.” + + +“That is where we are going?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +He paused; then began again:— + +“Who sent you at such an hour to get water in the forest?” + + +“It was Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +The man resumed, in a voice which he strove to render indifferent, but +in which there was, nevertheless, a singular tremor:— + +“What does your Madame ThĂ©nardier do?” + + +“She is my mistress,” said the child. “She keeps the inn.” + + +“The inn?” said the man. “Well, I am going to lodge there to-night. +Show me the way.” + + +“We are on the way there,” said the child. + +The man walked tolerably fast. Cosette followed him without difficulty. +She no longer felt any fatigue. From time to time she raised her eyes +towards the man, with a sort of tranquillity and an indescribable +confidence. She had never been taught to turn to Providence and to +pray; nevertheless, she felt within her something which resembled hope +and joy, and which mounted towards heaven. + +Several minutes elapsed. The man resumed:— + +“Is there no servant in Madame ThĂ©nardier’s house?” + + +“No, sir.” + + +“Are you alone there?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +Another pause ensued. Cosette lifted up her voice:— + +“That is to say, there are two little girls.” + + +“What little girls?” + + +“Ponine and Zelma.” + + +This was the way the child simplified the romantic names so dear to the +female ThĂ©nardier. + +“Who are Ponine and Zelma?” + + +“They are Madame ThĂ©nardier’s young ladies; her daughters, as you would +say.” + + +“And what do those girls do?” + + +“Oh!” said the child, “they have beautiful dolls; things with gold in +them, all full of affairs. They play; they amuse themselves.” + + +“All day long?” + + +“Yes, sir.” + + +“And you?” + + +“I? I work.” + + +“All day long?” + + +The child raised her great eyes, in which hung a tear, which was not +visible because of the darkness, and replied gently:— + +“Yes, sir.” + + +After an interval of silence she went on:— + +“Sometimes, when I have finished my work and they let me, I amuse +myself, too.” + + +“How do you amuse yourself?” + + +“In the best way I can. They let me alone; but I have not many +playthings. Ponine and Zelma will not let me play with their dolls. I +have only a little lead sword, no longer than that.” + + +The child held up her tiny finger. + +“And it will not cut?” + + +“Yes, sir,” said the child; “it cuts salad and the heads of flies.” + + +They reached the village. Cosette guided the stranger through the +streets. They passed the bakeshop, but Cosette did not think of the +bread which she had been ordered to fetch. The man had ceased to ply +her with questions, and now preserved a gloomy silence. + +When they had left the church behind them, the man, on perceiving all +the open-air booths, asked Cosette:— + +“So there is a fair going on here?” + + +“No, sir; it is Christmas.” + + +As they approached the tavern, Cosette timidly touched his arm:— + +“Monsieur?” + + +“What, my child?” + + +“We are quite near the house.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Will you let me take my bucket now?” + + +“Why?” + + +“If Madame sees that some one has carried it for me, she will beat me.” + + +The man handed her the bucket. An instant later they were at the tavern +door. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE UNPLEASANTNESS OF RECEIVING INTO ONE’S HOUSE A POOR +MAN WHO MAY BE A RICH MAN + + +Cosette could not refrain from casting a sidelong glance at the big +doll, which was still displayed at the toy-merchant’s; then she +knocked. The door opened. The ThĂ©nardier appeared with a candle in her +hand. + +“Ah! so it’s you, you little wretch! good mercy, but you’ve taken your +time! The hussy has been amusing herself!” + + +“Madame,” said Cosette, trembling all over, “here’s a gentleman who +wants a lodging.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier speedily replaced her gruff air by her amiable grimace, +a change of aspect common to tavern-keepers, and eagerly sought the +newcomer with her eyes. + +“This is the gentleman?” said she. + +“Yes, Madame,” replied the man, raising his hand to his hat. + +Wealthy travellers are not so polite. This gesture, and an inspection +of the stranger’s costume and baggage, which the ThĂ©nardier passed in +review with one glance, caused the amiable grimace to vanish, and the +gruff mien to reappear. She resumed dryly:— + +“Enter, my good man.” + + +The “good man” entered. The ThĂ©nardier cast a second glance at him, +paid particular attention to his frock-coat, which was absolutely +threadbare, and to his hat, which was a little battered, and, tossing +her head, wrinkling her nose, and screwing up her eyes, she consulted +her husband, who was still drinking with the carters. The husband +replied by that imperceptible movement of the forefinger, which, backed +up by an inflation of the lips, signifies in such cases: A regular +beggar. Thereupon, the ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“Ah! see here, my good man; I am very sorry, but I have no room left.” + + +“Put me where you like,” said the man; “in the attic, in the stable. I +will pay as though I occupied a room.” + + +“Forty sous.” + + +“Forty sous; agreed.” + + +“Very well, then!” + + +“Forty sous!” said a carter, in a low tone, to the ThĂ©nardier woman; +“why, the charge is only twenty sous!” + + +“It is forty in his case,” retorted the ThĂ©nardier, in the same tone. +“I don’t lodge poor folks for less.” + + +“That’s true,” added her husband, gently; “it ruins a house to have +such people in it.” + + +In the meantime, the man, laying his bundle and his cudgel on a bench, +had seated himself at a table, on which Cosette made haste to place a +bottle of wine and a glass. The merchant who had demanded the bucket of +water took it to his horse himself. Cosette resumed her place under the +kitchen table, and her knitting. + +The man, who had barely moistened his lips in the wine which he had +poured out for himself, observed the child with peculiar attention. + +Cosette was ugly. If she had been happy, she might have been pretty. We +have already given a sketch of that sombre little figure. Cosette was +thin and pale; she was nearly eight years old, but she seemed to be +hardly six. Her large eyes, sunken in a sort of shadow, were almost put +out with weeping. The corners of her mouth had that curve of habitual +anguish which is seen in condemned persons and desperately sick people. +Her hands were, as her mother had divined, “ruined with chilblains.” +The fire which illuminated her at that moment brought into relief all +the angles of her bones, and rendered her thinness frightfully +apparent. As she was always shivering, she had acquired the habit of +pressing her knees one against the other. Her entire clothing was but a +rag which would have inspired pity in summer, and which inspired horror +in winter. All she had on was hole-ridden linen, not a scrap of +woollen. Her skin was visible here and there and everywhere black and +blue spots could be descried, which marked the places where the +ThĂ©nardier woman had touched her. Her naked legs were thin and red. The +hollows in her neck were enough to make one weep. This child’s whole +person, her mien, her attitude, the sound of her voice, the intervals +which she allowed to elapse between one word and the next, her glance, +her silence, her slightest gesture, expressed and betrayed one sole +idea,—fear. + +Fear was diffused all over her; she was covered with it, so to speak; +fear drew her elbows close to her hips, withdrew her heels under her +petticoat, made her occupy as little space as possible, allowed her +only the breath that was absolutely necessary, and had become what +might be called the habit of her body, admitting of no possible +variation except an increase. In the depths of her eyes there was an +astonished nook where terror lurked. + +Her fear was such, that on her arrival, wet as she was, Cosette did not +dare to approach the fire and dry herself, but sat silently down to her +work again. + +The expression in the glance of that child of eight years was +habitually so gloomy, and at times so tragic, that it seemed at certain +moments as though she were on the verge of becoming an idiot or a +demon. + +As we have stated, she had never known what it is to pray; she had +never set foot in a church. “Have I the time?” said the ThĂ©nardier. + +The man in the yellow coat never took his eyes from Cosette. + +All at once, the ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“By the way, where’s that bread?” + + +Cosette, according to her custom whenever the ThĂ©nardier uplifted her +voice, emerged with great haste from beneath the table. + +She had completely forgotten the bread. She had recourse to the +expedient of children who live in a constant state of fear. She lied. + +“Madame, the baker’s shop was shut.” + + +“You should have knocked.” + + +“I did knock, Madame.” + + +“Well?” + + +“He did not open the door.” + + +“I’ll find out to-morrow whether that is true,” said the ThĂ©nardier; +“and if you are telling me a lie, I’ll lead you a pretty dance. In the +meantime, give me back my fifteen-sou piece.” + + +Cosette plunged her hand into the pocket of her apron, and turned +green. The fifteen-sou piece was not there. + +“Ah, come now,” said Madame ThĂ©nardier, “did you hear me?” + + +Cosette turned her pocket inside out; there was nothing in it. What +could have become of that money? The unhappy little creature could not +find a word to say. She was petrified. + +“Have you lost that fifteen-sou piece?” screamed the ThĂ©nardier, +hoarsely, “or do you want to rob me of it?” + + +At the same time, she stretched out her arm towards the +cat-o’-nine-tails which hung on a nail in the chimney-corner. + +This formidable gesture restored to Cosette sufficient strength to +shriek:— + +“Mercy, Madame, Madame! I will not do so any more!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier took down the whip. + +In the meantime, the man in the yellow coat had been fumbling in the +fob of his waistcoat, without any one having noticed his movements. +Besides, the other travellers were drinking or playing cards, and were +not paying attention to anything. + +Cosette contracted herself into a ball, with anguish, within the angle +of the chimney, endeavoring to gather up and conceal her poor half-nude +limbs. The ThĂ©nardier raised her arm. + +“Pardon me, Madame,” said the man, “but just now I caught sight of +something which had fallen from this little one’s apron pocket, and +rolled aside. Perhaps this is it.” + + +At the same time he bent down and seemed to be searching on the floor +for a moment. + +“Exactly; here it is,” he went on, straightening himself up. + +And he held out a silver coin to the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Yes, that’s it,” said she. + +It was not it, for it was a twenty-sou piece; but the ThĂ©nardier found +it to her advantage. She put the coin in her pocket, and confined +herself to casting a fierce glance at the child, accompanied with the +remark, “Don’t let this ever happen again!” + + +Cosette returned to what the ThĂ©nardier called “her kennel,” and her +large eyes, which were riveted on the traveller, began to take on an +expression such as they had never worn before. Thus far it was only an +innocent amazement, but a sort of stupefied confidence was mingled with +it. + +“By the way, would you like some supper?” the ThĂ©nardier inquired of +the traveller. + +He made no reply. He appeared to be absorbed in thought. + +“What sort of a man is that?” she muttered between her teeth. “He’s +some frightfully poor wretch. He hasn’t a sou to pay for a supper. Will +he even pay me for his lodging? It’s very lucky, all the same, that it +did not occur to him to steal the money that was on the floor.” + + +In the meantime, a door had opened, and Éponine and Azelma entered. + +They were two really pretty little girls, more bourgeois than peasant +in looks, and very charming; the one with shining chestnut tresses, the +other with long black braids hanging down her back, both vivacious, +neat, plump, rosy, and healthy, and a delight to the eye. They were +warmly clad, but with so much maternal art that the thickness of the +stuffs did not detract from the coquetry of arrangement. There was a +hint of winter, though the springtime was not wholly effaced. Light +emanated from these two little beings. Besides this, they were on the +throne. In their toilettes, in their gayety, in the noise which they +made, there was sovereignty. When they entered, the ThĂ©nardier said to +them in a grumbling tone which was full of adoration, “Ah! there you +are, you children!” + + +Then drawing them, one after the other to her knees, smoothing their +hair, tying their ribbons afresh, and then releasing them with that +gentle manner of shaking off which is peculiar to mothers, she +exclaimed, “What frights they are!” + + +They went and seated themselves in the chimney-corner. They had a doll, +which they turned over and over on their knees with all sorts of joyous +chatter. From time to time Cosette raised her eyes from her knitting, +and watched their play with a melancholy air. + +Éponine and Azelma did not look at Cosette. She was the same as a dog +to them. These three little girls did not yet reckon up four and twenty +years between them, but they already represented the whole society of +man; envy on the one side, disdain on the other. + +The doll of the ThĂ©nardier sisters was very much faded, very old, and +much broken; but it seemed nonetheless admirable to Cosette, who had +never had a doll in her life, _a real doll_, to make use of the +expression which all children will understand. + +All at once, the ThĂ©nardier, who had been going back and forth in the +room, perceived that Cosette’s mind was distracted, and that, instead +of working, she was paying attention to the little ones at their play. + +“Ah! I’ve caught you at it!” she cried. “So that’s the way you work! +I’ll make you work to the tune of the whip; that I will.” + + +The stranger turned to the ThĂ©nardier, without quitting his chair. + +“Bah, Madame,” he said, with an almost timid air, “let her play!” + + +Such a wish expressed by a traveller who had eaten a slice of mutton +and had drunk a couple of bottles of wine with his supper, and who had +not the air of being frightfully poor, would have been equivalent to an +order. But that a man with such a hat should permit himself such a +desire, and that a man with such a coat should permit himself to have a +will, was something which Madame ThĂ©nardier did not intend to tolerate. +She retorted with acrimony:— + +“She must work, since she eats. I don’t feed her to do nothing.” + + +“What is she making?” went on the stranger, in a gentle voice which +contrasted strangely with his beggarly garments and his porter’s +shoulders. + +The ThĂ©nardier deigned to reply:— + +“Stockings, if you please. Stockings for my little girls, who have +none, so to speak, and who are absolutely barefoot just now.” + + +The man looked at Cosette’s poor little red feet, and continued:— + +“When will she have finished this pair of stockings?” + + +“She has at least three or four good days’ work on them still, the lazy +creature!” + + +“And how much will that pair of stockings be worth when she has +finished them?” + + +The ThĂ©nardier cast a glance of disdain on him. + +“Thirty sous at least.” + + +“Will you sell them for five francs?” went on the man. + +“Good heavens!” exclaimed a carter who was listening, with a loud +laugh; “five francs! the deuce, I should think so! five balls!” + + +ThĂ©nardier thought it time to strike in. + +“Yes, sir; if such is your fancy, you will be allowed to have that pair +of stockings for five francs. We can refuse nothing to travellers.” + + +“You must pay on the spot,” said the ThĂ©nardier, in her curt and +peremptory fashion. + +“I will buy that pair of stockings,” replied the man, “and,” he added, +drawing a five-franc piece from his pocket, and laying it on the table, +“I will pay for them.” + + +Then he turned to Cosette. + +“Now I own your work; play, my child.” + + +The carter was so much touched by the five-franc piece, that he +abandoned his glass and hastened up. + +“But it’s true!” he cried, examining it. “A real hind wheel! and not +counterfeit!” + + +ThĂ©nardier approached and silently put the coin in his pocket. + +The ThĂ©nardier had no reply to make. She bit her lips, and her face +assumed an expression of hatred. + +In the meantime, Cosette was trembling. She ventured to ask:— + +“Is it true, Madame? May I play?” + + +“Play!” said the ThĂ©nardier, in a terrible voice. + +“Thanks, Madame,” said Cosette. + +And while her mouth thanked the ThĂ©nardier, her whole little soul +thanked the traveller. + +ThĂ©nardier had resumed his drinking; his wife whispered in his ear:— + +“Who can this yellow man be?” + + +“I have seen millionaires with coats like that,” replied ThĂ©nardier, in +a sovereign manner. + +Cosette had dropped her knitting, but had not left her seat. Cosette +always moved as little as possible. She picked up some old rags and her +little lead sword from a box behind her. + +Éponine and Azelma paid no attention to what was going on. They had +just executed a very important operation; they had just got hold of the +cat. They had thrown their doll on the ground, and Éponine, who was the +elder, was swathing the little cat, in spite of its mewing and its +contortions, in a quantity of clothes and red and blue scraps. While +performing this serious and difficult work she was saying to her sister +in that sweet and adorable language of children, whose grace, like the +splendor of the butterfly’s wing, vanishes when one essays to fix it +fast. + +“You see, sister, this doll is more amusing than the other. She twists, +she cries, she is warm. See, sister, let us play with her. She shall be +my little girl. I will be a lady. I will come to see you, and you shall +look at her. Gradually, you will perceive her whiskers, and that will +surprise you. And then you will see her ears, and then you will see her +tail and it will amaze you. And you will say to me, ‘Ah! Mon Dieu!’ and +I will say to you: ‘Yes, Madame, it is my little girl. Little girls are +made like that just at present.’” + + +Azelma listened admiringly to Éponine. + +In the meantime, the drinkers had begun to sing an obscene song, and to +laugh at it until the ceiling shook. ThĂ©nardier accompanied and +encouraged them. + +As birds make nests out of everything, so children make a doll out of +anything which comes to hand. While Éponine and Azelma were bundling up +the cat, Cosette, on her side, had dressed up her sword. That done, she +laid it in her arms, and sang to it softly, to lull it to sleep. + +The doll is one of the most imperious needs and, at the same time, one +of the most charming instincts of feminine childhood. To care for, to +clothe, to deck, to dress, to undress, to redress, to teach, scold a +little, to rock, to dandle, to lull to sleep, to imagine that something +is some one,—therein lies the whole woman’s future. While dreaming and +chattering, making tiny outfits, and baby clothes, while sewing little +gowns, and corsages and bodices, the child grows into a young girl, the +young girl into a big girl, the big girl into a woman. The first child +is the continuation of the last doll. + +A little girl without a doll is almost as unhappy, and quite as +impossible, as a woman without children. + +So Cosette had made herself a doll out of the sword. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier approached _the yellow man_; “My husband is right,” +she thought; “perhaps it is M. Laffitte; there are such queer rich +men!” + + +She came and set her elbows on the table. + +“Monsieur,” said she. At this word, _Monsieur_, the man turned; up to +that time, the ThĂ©nardier had addressed him only as _brave homme_ or +_bonhomme_. + +“You see, sir,” she pursued, assuming a sweetish air that was even more +repulsive to behold than her fierce mien, “I am willing that the child +should play; I do not oppose it, but it is good for once, because you +are generous. You see, she has nothing; she must needs work.” + + +“Then this child is not yours?” demanded the man. + +“Oh! mon Dieu! no, sir! she is a little beggar whom we have taken in +through charity; a sort of imbecile child. She must have water on the +brain; she has a large head, as you see. We do what we can for her, for +we are not rich; we have written in vain to her native place, and have +received no reply these six months. It must be that her mother is +dead.” + + +“Ah!” said the man, and fell into his reverie once more. + +“Her mother didn’t amount to much,” added the ThĂ©nardier; “she +abandoned her child.” + + +During the whole of this conversation Cosette, as though warned by some +instinct that she was under discussion, had not taken her eyes from the +ThĂ©nardier’s face; she listened vaguely; she caught a few words here +and there. + +Meanwhile, the drinkers, all three-quarters intoxicated, were repeating +their unclean refrain with redoubled gayety; it was a highly spiced and +wanton song, in which the Virgin and the infant Jesus were introduced. +The ThĂ©nardier went off to take part in the shouts of laughter. +Cosette, from her post under the table, gazed at the fire, which was +reflected from her fixed eyes. She had begun to rock the sort of baby +which she had made, and, as she rocked it, she sang in a low voice, “My +mother is dead! my mother is dead! my mother is dead!” + + +On being urged afresh by the hostess, the yellow man, “the +millionaire,” consented at last to take supper. + +“What does Monsieur wish?” + + +“Bread and cheese,” said the man. + +“Decidedly, he is a beggar” thought Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +The drunken men were still singing their song, and the child under the +table was singing hers. + +All at once, Cosette paused; she had just turned round and caught sight +of the little ThĂ©nardiers’ doll, which they had abandoned for the cat +and had left on the floor a few paces from the kitchen table. + +Then she dropped the swaddled sword, which only half met her needs, and +cast her eyes slowly round the room. Madame ThĂ©nardier was whispering +to her husband and counting over some money; Ponine and Zelma were +playing with the cat; the travellers were eating or drinking or +singing; not a glance was fixed on her. She had not a moment to lose; +she crept out from under the table on her hands and knees, made sure +once more that no one was watching her; then she slipped quickly up to +the doll and seized it. An instant later she was in her place again, +seated motionless, and only turned so as to cast a shadow on the doll +which she held in her arms. The happiness of playing with a doll was so +rare for her that it contained all the violence of voluptuousness. + +No one had seen her, except the traveller, who was slowly devouring his +meagre supper. + +This joy lasted about a quarter of an hour. + +But with all the precautions that Cosette had taken she did not +perceive that one of the doll’s legs stuck out and that the fire on the +hearth lighted it up very vividly. That pink and shining foot, +projecting from the shadow, suddenly struck the eye of Azelma, who said +to Éponine, “Look! sister.” + + +The two little girls paused in stupefaction; Cosette had dared to take +their doll! + +Éponine rose, and, without releasing the cat, she ran to her mother, +and began to tug at her skirt. + +“Let me alone!” said her mother; “what do you want?” + + +“Mother,” said the child, “look there!” + + +And she pointed to Cosette. + +Cosette, absorbed in the ecstasies of possession, no longer saw or +heard anything. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier’s countenance assumed that peculiar expression which +is composed of the terrible mingled with the trifles of life, and which +has caused this style of woman to be named _Megaeras_. + +On this occasion, wounded pride exasperated her wrath still further. +Cosette had overstepped all bounds; Cosette had laid violent hands on +the doll belonging to “these young ladies.” A czarina who should see a +muzhik trying on her imperial son’s blue ribbon would wear no other +face. + +She shrieked in a voice rendered hoarse with indignation:— + +“Cosette!” + + +Cosette started as though the earth had trembled beneath her; she +turned round. + +“Cosette!” repeated the ThĂ©nardier. + +Cosette took the doll and laid it gently on the floor with a sort of +veneration, mingled with despair; then, without taking her eyes from +it, she clasped her hands, and, what is terrible to relate of a child +of that age, she wrung them; then—not one of the emotions of the day, +neither the trip to the forest, nor the weight of the bucket of water, +nor the loss of the money, nor the sight of the whip, nor even the sad +words which she had heard Madame ThĂ©nardier utter had been able to +wring this from her—she wept; she burst out sobbing. + +Meanwhile, the traveller had risen to his feet. + +“What is the matter?” he said to the ThĂ©nardier. + +“Don’t you see?” said the ThĂ©nardier, pointing to the _corpus delicti_ +which lay at Cosette’s feet. + +“Well, what of it?” resumed the man. + +“That beggar,” replied the ThĂ©nardier, “has permitted herself to touch +the children’s doll!” + + +“All this noise for that!” said the man; “well, what if she did play +with that doll?” + + +“She touched it with her dirty hands!” pursued the ThĂ©nardier, “with +her frightful hands!” + + +Here Cosette redoubled her sobs. + +“Will you stop your noise?” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +The man went straight to the street door, opened it, and stepped out. + +As soon as he had gone, the ThĂ©nardier profited by his absence to give +Cosette a hearty kick under the table, which made the child utter loud +cries. + +The door opened again, the man reappeared; he carried in both hands the +fabulous doll which we have mentioned, and which all the village brats +had been staring at ever since the morning, and he set it upright in +front of Cosette, saying:— + +“Here; this is for you.” + + +It must be supposed that in the course of the hour and more which he +had spent there he had taken confused notice through his reverie of +that toy shop, lighted up by fire-pots and candles so splendidly that +it was visible like an illumination through the window of the +drinking-shop. + +Cosette raised her eyes; she gazed at the man approaching her with that +doll as she might have gazed at the sun; she heard the unprecedented +words, “It is for you”; she stared at him; she stared at the doll; then +she slowly retreated, and hid herself at the extreme end, under the +table in a corner of the wall. + +She no longer cried; she no longer wept; she had the appearance of no +longer daring to breathe. + +The ThĂ©nardier, Éponine, and Azelma were like statues also; the very +drinkers had paused; a solemn silence reigned through the whole room. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier, petrified and mute, recommenced her conjectures: +“Who is that old fellow? Is he a poor man? Is he a millionaire? Perhaps +he is both; that is to say, a thief.” + + +The face of the male ThĂ©nardier presented that expressive fold which +accentuates the human countenance whenever the dominant instinct +appears there in all its bestial force. The tavern-keeper stared +alternately at the doll and at the traveller; he seemed to be scenting +out the man, as he would have scented out a bag of money. This did not +last longer than the space of a flash of lightning. He stepped up to +his wife and said to her in a low voice:— + +“That machine costs at least thirty francs. No nonsense. Down on your +belly before that man!” + + +Gross natures have this in common with _naĂŻve_ natures, that they +possess no transition state. + +“Well, Cosette,” said the ThĂ©nardier, in a voice that strove to be +sweet, and which was composed of the bitter honey of malicious women, +“aren’t you going to take your doll?” + + +Cosette ventured to emerge from her hole. + +“The gentleman has given you a doll, my little Cosette,” said +ThĂ©nardier, with a caressing air. “Take it; it is yours.” + + +Cosette gazed at the marvellous doll in a sort of terror. Her face was +still flooded with tears, but her eyes began to fill, like the sky at +daybreak, with strange beams of joy. What she felt at that moment was a +little like what she would have felt if she had been abruptly told, +“Little one, you are the Queen of France.” + + +It seemed to her that if she touched that doll, lightning would dart +from it. + +This was true, up to a certain point, for she said to herself that the +ThĂ©nardier would scold and beat her. + +Nevertheless, the attraction carried the day. She ended by drawing near +and murmuring timidly as she turned towards Madame ThĂ©nardier:— + +“May I, Madame?” + + +No words can render that air, at once despairing, terrified, and +ecstatic. + +“Pardi!” cried the ThĂ©nardier, “it is yours. The gentleman has given it +to you.” + + +“Truly, sir?” said Cosette. “Is it true? Is the ‘lady’ mine?” + + +The stranger’s eyes seemed to be full of tears. He appeared to have +reached that point of emotion where a man does not speak for fear lest +he should weep. He nodded to Cosette, and placed the “lady’s” hand in +her tiny hand. + +Cosette hastily withdrew her hand, as though that of the “lady” +scorched her, and began to stare at the floor. We are forced to add +that at that moment she stuck out her tongue immoderately. All at once +she wheeled round and seized the doll in a transport. + +“I shall call her Catherine,” she said. + +It was an odd moment when Cosette’s rags met and clasped the ribbons +and fresh pink muslins of the doll. + +“Madame,” she resumed, “may I put her on a chair?” + + +“Yes, my child,” replied the ThĂ©nardier. + +It was now the turn of Éponine and Azelma to gaze at Cosette with envy. + +Cosette placed Catherine on a chair, then seated herself on the floor +in front of her, and remained motionless, without uttering a word, in +an attitude of contemplation. + +“Play, Cosette,” said the stranger. + +“Oh! I am playing,” returned the child. + +This stranger, this unknown individual, who had the air of a visit +which Providence was making on Cosette, was the person whom the +ThĂ©nardier hated worse than any one in the world at that moment. +However, it was necessary to control herself. Habituated as she was to +dissimulation through endeavoring to copy her husband in all his +actions, these emotions were more than she could endure. She made haste +to send her daughters to bed, then she asked the man’s _permission_ to +send Cosette off also; “for she has worked hard all day,” she added +with a maternal air. Cosette went off to bed, carrying Catherine in her +arms. + +From time to time the ThĂ©nardier went to the other end of the room +where her husband was, to _relieve her soul_, as she said. She +exchanged with her husband words which were all the more furious +because she dared not utter them aloud. + +“Old beast! What has he got in his belly, to come and upset us in this +manner! To want that little monster to play! to give away forty-franc +dolls to a jade that I would sell for forty sous, so I would! A little +more and he will be saying _Your Majesty_ to her, as though to the +Duchesse de Berry! Is there any sense in it? Is he mad, then, that +mysterious old fellow?” + + +“Why! it is perfectly simple,” replied ThĂ©nardier, “if that amuses him! +It amuses you to have the little one work; it amuses him to have her +play. He’s all right. A traveller can do what he pleases when he pays +for it. If the old fellow is a philanthropist, what is that to you? If +he is an imbecile, it does not concern you. What are you worrying for, +so long as he has money?” + + +The language of a master, and the reasoning of an innkeeper, neither of +which admitted of any reply. + +The man had placed his elbows on the table, and resumed his thoughtful +attitude. All the other travellers, both pedlers and carters, had +withdrawn a little, and had ceased singing. They were staring at him +from a distance, with a sort of respectful awe. This poorly dressed +man, who drew “hind-wheels” from his pocket with so much ease, and who +lavished gigantic dolls on dirty little brats in wooden shoes, was +certainly a magnificent fellow, and one to be feared. + +Many hours passed. The midnight mass was over, the chimes had ceased, +the drinkers had taken their departure, the drinking-shop was closed, +the public room was deserted, the fire extinct, the stranger still +remained in the same place and the same attitude. From time to time he +changed the elbow on which he leaned. That was all; but he had not said +a word since Cosette had left the room. + +The ThĂ©nardiers alone, out of politeness and curiosity, had remained in +the room. + +“Is he going to pass the night in that fashion?” grumbled the +ThĂ©nardier. When two o’clock in the morning struck, she declared +herself vanquished, and said to her husband, “I’m going to bed. Do as +you like.” Her husband seated himself at a table in the corner, lighted +a candle, and began to read the _Courrier Français_. + +A good hour passed thus. The worthy inn-keeper had perused the +_Courrier Français_ at least three times, from the date of the number +to the printer’s name. The stranger did not stir. + +ThĂ©nardier fidgeted, coughed, spit, blew his nose, and creaked his +chair. Not a movement on the man’s part. “Is he asleep?” thought +ThĂ©nardier. The man was not asleep, but nothing could arouse him. + +At last ThĂ©nardier took off his cap, stepped gently up to him, and +ventured to say:— + +“Is not Monsieur going to his repose?” + + +_Not going to bed_ would have seemed to him excessive and familiar. _To +repose_ smacked of luxury and respect. These words possess the +mysterious and admirable property of swelling the bill on the following +day. A chamber where one _sleeps_ costs twenty sous; a chamber in which +one _reposes_ costs twenty francs. + +“Well!” said the stranger, “you are right. Where is your stable?” + + +“Sir!” exclaimed ThĂ©nardier, with a smile, “I will conduct you, sir.” + + +He took the candle; the man picked up his bundle and cudgel, and +ThĂ©nardier conducted him to a chamber on the first floor, which was of +rare splendor, all furnished in mahogany, with a low bedstead, +curtained with red calico. + +“What is this?” said the traveller. + +“It is really our bridal chamber,” said the tavern-keeper. “My wife and +I occupy another. This is only entered three or four times a year.” + + +“I should have liked the stable quite as well,” said the man, abruptly. + +ThĂ©nardier pretended not to hear this unamiable remark. + +He lighted two perfectly fresh wax candles which figured on the +chimney-piece. A very good fire was flickering on the hearth. + +On the chimney-piece, under a glass globe, stood a woman’s head-dress +in silver wire and orange flowers. + +“And what is this?” resumed the stranger. + +“That, sir,” said ThĂ©nardier, “is my wife’s wedding bonnet.” + + +The traveller surveyed the object with a glance which seemed to say, +“There really was a time, then, when that monster was a maiden?” + + +ThĂ©nardier lied, however. When he had leased this paltry building for +the purpose of converting it into a tavern, he had found this chamber +decorated in just this manner, and had purchased the furniture and +obtained the orange flowers at second hand, with the idea that this +would cast a graceful shadow on “his spouse,” and would result in what +the English call respectability for his house. + +When the traveller turned round, the host had disappeared. ThĂ©nardier +had withdrawn discreetly, without venturing to wish him a good night, +as he did not wish to treat with disrespectful cordiality a man whom he +proposed to fleece royally the following morning. + +The inn-keeper retired to his room. His wife was in bed, but she was +not asleep. When she heard her husband’s step she turned over and said +to him:— + +“Do you know, I’m going to turn Cosette out of doors to-morrow.” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied coldly:— + +“How you do go on!” + + +They exchanged no further words, and a few moments later their candle +was extinguished. + +As for the traveller, he had deposited his cudgel and his bundle in a +corner. The landlord once gone, he threw himself into an armchair and +remained for some time buried in thought. Then he removed his shoes, +took one of the two candles, blew out the other, opened the door, and +quitted the room, gazing about him like a person who is in search of +something. He traversed a corridor and came upon a staircase. There he +heard a very faint and gentle sound like the breathing of a child. He +followed this sound, and came to a sort of triangular recess built +under the staircase, or rather formed by the staircase itself. This +recess was nothing else than the space under the steps. There, in the +midst of all sorts of old papers and potsherds, among dust and spiders’ +webs, was a bed—if one can call by the name of bed a straw pallet so +full of holes as to display the straw, and a coverlet so tattered as to +show the pallet. No sheets. This was placed on the floor. + +In this bed Cosette was sleeping. + +The man approached and gazed down upon her. + +Cosette was in a profound sleep; she was fully dressed. In the winter +she did not undress, in order that she might not be so cold. + +Against her breast was pressed the doll, whose large eyes, wide open, +glittered in the dark. From time to time she gave vent to a deep sigh +as though she were on the point of waking, and she strained the doll +almost convulsively in her arms. Beside her bed there was only one of +her wooden shoes. + +A door which stood open near Cosette’s pallet permitted a view of a +rather large, dark room. The stranger stepped into it. At the further +extremity, through a glass door, he saw two small, very white beds. +They belonged to Éponine and Azelma. Behind these beds, and half +hidden, stood an uncurtained wicker cradle, in which the little boy who +had cried all the evening lay asleep. + +The stranger conjectured that this chamber connected with that of the +ThĂ©nardier pair. He was on the point of retreating when his eye fell +upon the fireplace—one of those vast tavern chimneys where there is +always so little fire when there is any fire at all, and which are so +cold to look at. There was no fire in this one, there was not even +ashes; but there was something which attracted the stranger’s gaze, +nevertheless. It was two tiny children’s shoes, coquettish in shape and +unequal in size. The traveller recalled the graceful and immemorial +custom in accordance with which children place their shoes in the +chimney on Christmas eve, there to await in the darkness some sparkling +gift from their good fairy. Éponine and Azelma had taken care not to +omit this, and each of them had set one of her shoes on the hearth. + +The traveller bent over them. + +The fairy, that is to say, their mother, had already paid her visit, +and in each he saw a brand-new and shining ten-sou piece. + +The man straightened himself up, and was on the point of withdrawing, +when far in, in the darkest corner of the hearth, he caught sight of +another object. He looked at it, and recognized a wooden shoe, a +frightful shoe of the coarsest description, half dilapidated and all +covered with ashes and dried mud. It was Cosette’s sabot. Cosette, with +that touching trust of childhood, which can always be deceived yet +never discouraged, had placed her shoe on the hearth-stone also. + +Hope in a child who has never known anything but despair is a sweet and +touching thing. + +There was nothing in this wooden shoe. + +The stranger fumbled in his waistcoat, bent over and placed a louis +d’or in Cosette’s shoe. + +Then he regained his own chamber with the stealthy tread of a wolf. + + + + +CHAPTER IX— THÉNARDIER AND HIS MANƒUVRES + + +On the following morning, two hours at least before day-break, +ThĂ©nardier, seated beside a candle in the public room of the tavern, +pen in hand, was making out the bill for the traveller with the yellow +coat. + +His wife, standing beside him, and half bent over him, was following +him with her eyes. They exchanged not a word. On the one hand, there +was profound meditation, on the other, the religious admiration with +which one watches the birth and development of a marvel of the human +mind. A noise was audible in the house; it was the Lark sweeping the +stairs. + +After the lapse of a good quarter of an hour, and some erasures, +ThĂ©nardier produced the following masterpiece:— + +BILL OF THE GENTLEMAN IN No. 1. + +Supper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 francs. +Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ” +Candle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ” +Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ” +Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ” + ——— +Total . . . . . . 23 francs. + + +Service was written _servisse_. + +“Twenty-three francs!” cried the woman, with an enthusiasm which was +mingled with some hesitation. + +Like all great artists, ThĂ©nardier was dissatisfied. + +“Peuh!” he exclaimed. + +It was the accent of Castlereagh auditing France’s bill at the Congress +of Vienna. + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, you are right; he certainly owes that,” murmured +the wife, who was thinking of the doll bestowed on Cosette in the +presence of her daughters. “It is just, but it is too much. He will not +pay it.” + + +ThĂ©nardier laughed coldly, as usual, and said:— + +“He will pay.” + + +This laugh was the supreme assertion of certainty and authority. That +which was asserted in this manner must needs be so. His wife did not +insist. + +She set about arranging the table; her husband paced the room. A moment +later he added:— + +“I owe full fifteen hundred francs!” + + +He went and seated himself in the chimney-corner, meditating, with his +feet among the warm ashes. + +“Ah! by the way,” resumed his wife, “you don’t forget that I’m going to +turn Cosette out of doors to-day? The monster! She breaks my heart with +that doll of hers! I’d rather marry Louis XVIII. than keep her another +day in the house!” + + +ThĂ©nardier lighted his pipe, and replied between two puffs:— + +“You will hand that bill to the man.” + + +Then he went out. + +Hardly had he left the room when the traveller entered. + +ThĂ©nardier instantly reappeared behind him and remained motionless in +the half-open door, visible only to his wife. + +The yellow man carried his bundle and his cudgel in his hand. + +“Up so early?” said Madame ThĂ©nardier; “is Monsieur leaving us +already?” + + +As she spoke thus, she was twisting the bill about in her hands with an +embarrassed air, and making creases in it with her nails. Her hard face +presented a shade which was not habitual with it,—timidity and +scruples. + +To present such a bill to a man who had so completely the air “of a +poor wretch” seemed difficult to her. + +The traveller appeared to be preoccupied and absent-minded. He +replied:— + +“Yes, Madame, I am going.” + + +“So Monsieur has no business in Montfermeil?” + + +“No, I was passing through. That is all. What do I owe you, Madame,” he +added. + +The ThĂ©nardier silently handed him the folded bill. + +The man unfolded the paper and glanced at it; but his thoughts were +evidently elsewhere. + +“Madame,” he resumed, “is business good here in Montfermeil?” + + +“So so, Monsieur,” replied the ThĂ©nardier, stupefied at not witnessing +another sort of explosion. + +She continued, in a dreary and lamentable tone:— + +“Oh! Monsieur, times are so hard! and then, we have so few bourgeois in +the neighborhood! All the people are poor, you see. If we had not, now +and then, some rich and generous travellers like Monsieur, we should +not get along at all. We have so many expenses. Just see, that child is +costing us our very eyes.” + + +“What child?” + + +“Why, the little one, you know! Cosette—the Lark, as she is called +hereabouts!” + + +“Ah!” said the man. + +She went on:— + +“How stupid these peasants are with their nicknames! She has more the +air of a bat than of a lark. You see, sir, we do not ask charity, and +we cannot bestow it. We earn nothing and we have to pay out a great +deal. The license, the imposts, the door and window tax, the +hundredths! Monsieur is aware that the government demands a terrible +deal of money. And then, I have my daughters. I have no need to bring +up other people’s children.” + + +The man resumed, in that voice which he strove to render indifferent, +and in which there lingered a tremor:— + +“What if one were to rid you of her?” + + +“Who? Cosette?” + + +“Yes.” + + +The landlady’s red and violent face brightened up hideously. + +“Ah! sir, my dear sir, take her, keep her, lead her off, carry her +away, sugar her, stuff her with truffles, drink her, eat her, and the +blessings of the good holy Virgin and of all the saints of paradise be +upon you!” + + +“Agreed.” + + +“Really! You will take her away?” + + +“I will take her away.” + + +“Immediately?” + + +“Immediately. Call the child.” + + +“Cosette!” screamed the ThĂ©nardier. + +“In the meantime,” pursued the man, “I will pay you what I owe you. How +much is it?” + + +He cast a glance on the bill, and could not restrain a start of +surprise:— + +“Twenty-three francs!” + + +He looked at the landlady, and repeated:— + +“Twenty-three francs?” + + +There was in the enunciation of these words, thus repeated, an accent +between an exclamation and an interrogation point. + +The ThĂ©nardier had had time to prepare herself for the shock. She +replied, with assurance:— + +“Good gracious, yes, sir, it is twenty-three francs.” + + +The stranger laid five five-franc pieces on the table. + +“Go and get the child,” said he. + +At that moment ThĂ©nardier advanced to the middle of the room, and +said:— + +“Monsieur owes twenty-six sous.” + + +“Twenty-six sous!” exclaimed his wife. + +“Twenty sous for the chamber,” resumed ThĂ©nardier, coldly, “and six +sous for his supper. As for the child, I must discuss that matter a +little with the gentleman. Leave us, wife.” + + +Madame ThĂ©nardier was dazzled as with the shock caused by unexpected +lightning flashes of talent. She was conscious that a great actor was +making his entrance on the stage, uttered not a word in reply, and left +the room. + +As soon as they were alone, ThĂ©nardier offered the traveller a chair. +The traveller seated himself; ThĂ©nardier remained standing, and his +face assumed a singular expression of good-fellowship and simplicity. + +“Sir,” said he, “what I have to say to you is this, that I adore that +child.” + + +The stranger gazed intently at him. + +“What child?” + + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“How strange it is, one grows attached. What money is that? Take back +your hundred-sou piece. I adore the child.” + + +“Whom do you mean?” demanded the stranger. + +“Eh! our little Cosette! Are you not intending to take her away from +us? Well, I speak frankly; as true as you are an honest man, I will not +consent to it. I shall miss that child. I saw her first when she was a +tiny thing. It is true that she costs us money; it is true that she has +her faults; it is true that we are not rich; it is true that I have +paid out over four hundred francs for drugs for just one of her +illnesses! But one must do something for the good God’s sake. She has +neither father nor mother. I have brought her up. I have bread enough +for her and for myself. In truth, I think a great deal of that child. +You understand, one conceives an affection for a person; I am a good +sort of a beast, I am; I do not reason; I love that little girl; my +wife is quick-tempered, but she loves her also. You see, she is just +the same as our own child. I want to keep her to babble about the +house.” + + +The stranger kept his eye intently fixed on ThĂ©nardier. The latter +continued:— + +“Excuse me, sir, but one does not give away one’s child to a passer-by, +like that. I am right, am I not? Still, I don’t say—you are rich; you +have the air of a very good man,—if it were for her happiness. But one +must find out that. You understand: suppose that I were to let her go +and to sacrifice myself, I should like to know what becomes of her; I +should not wish to lose sight of her; I should like to know with whom +she is living, so that I could go to see her from time to time; so that +she may know that her good foster-father is alive, that he is watching +over her. In short, there are things which are not possible. I do not +even know your name. If you were to take her away, I should say: ‘Well, +and the Lark, what has become of her?’ One must, at least, see some +petty scrap of paper, some trifle in the way of a passport, you know!” + + +The stranger, still surveying him with that gaze which penetrates, as +the saying goes, to the very depths of the conscience, replied in a +grave, firm voice:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, one does not require a passport to travel five +leagues from Paris. If I take Cosette away, I shall take her away, and +that is the end of the matter. You will not know my name, you will not +know my residence, you will not know where she is; and my intention is +that she shall never set eyes on you again so long as she lives. I +break the thread which binds her foot, and she departs. Does that suit +you? Yes or no?” + + +Since geniuses, like demons, recognize the presence of a superior God +by certain signs, ThĂ©nardier comprehended that he had to deal with a +very strong person. It was like an intuition; he comprehended it with +his clear and sagacious promptitude. While drinking with the carters, +smoking, and singing coarse songs on the preceding evening, he had +devoted the whole of the time to observing the stranger, watching him +like a cat, and studying him like a mathematician. He had watched him, +both on his own account, for the pleasure of the thing, and through +instinct, and had spied upon him as though he had been paid for so +doing. Not a movement, not a gesture, on the part of the man in the +yellow great-coat had escaped him. Even before the stranger had so +clearly manifested his interest in Cosette, ThĂ©nardier had divined his +purpose. He had caught the old man’s deep glances returning constantly +to the child. Who was this man? Why this interest? Why this hideous +costume, when he had so much money in his purse? Questions which he put +to himself without being able to solve them, and which irritated him. +He had pondered it all night long. He could not be Cosette’s father. +Was he her grandfather? Then why not make himself known at once? When +one has a right, one asserts it. This man evidently had no right over +Cosette. What was it, then? ThĂ©nardier lost himself in conjectures. He +caught glimpses of everything, but he saw nothing. Be that as it may, +on entering into conversation with the man, sure that there was some +secret in the case, that the latter had some interest in remaining in +the shadow, he felt himself strong; when he perceived from the +stranger’s clear and firm retort, that this mysterious personage was +mysterious in so simple a way, he became conscious that he was weak. He +had expected nothing of the sort. His conjectures were put to the rout. +He rallied his ideas. He weighed everything in the space of a second. +ThĂ©nardier was one of those men who take in a situation at a glance. He +decided that the moment had arrived for proceeding straightforward, and +quickly at that. He did as great leaders do at the decisive moment, +which they know that they alone recognize; he abruptly unmasked his +batteries. + +“Sir,” said he, “I am in need of fifteen hundred francs.” + + +The stranger took from his side pocket an old pocketbook of black +leather, opened it, drew out three bank-bills, which he laid on the +table. Then he placed his large thumb on the notes and said to the +inn-keeper:— + +“Go and fetch Cosette.” + + +While this was taking place, what had Cosette been doing? + +On waking up, Cosette had run to get her shoe. In it she had found the +gold piece. It was not a Napoleon; it was one of those perfectly new +twenty-franc pieces of the Restoration, on whose effigy the little +Prussian queue had replaced the laurel wreath. Cosette was dazzled. Her +destiny began to intoxicate her. She did not know what a gold piece +was; she had never seen one; she hid it quickly in her pocket, as +though she had stolen it. Still, she felt that it really was hers; she +guessed whence her gift had come, but the joy which she experienced was +full of fear. She was happy; above all she was stupefied. Such +magnificent and beautiful things did not appear real. The doll +frightened her, the gold piece frightened her. She trembled vaguely in +the presence of this magnificence. The stranger alone did not frighten +her. On the contrary, he reassured her. Ever since the preceding +evening, amid all her amazement, even in her sleep, she had been +thinking in her little childish mind of that man who seemed to be so +poor and so sad, and who was so rich and so kind. Everything had +changed for her since she had met that good man in the forest. Cosette, +less happy than the most insignificant swallow of heaven, had never +known what it was to take refuge under a mother’s shadow and under a +wing. For the last five years, that is to say, as far back as her +memory ran, the poor child had shivered and trembled. She had always +been exposed completely naked to the sharp wind of adversity; now it +seemed to her she was clothed. Formerly her soul had seemed cold, now +it was warm. Cosette was no longer afraid of the ThĂ©nardier. She was no +longer alone; there was some one there. + +She hastily set about her regular morning duties. That louis, which she +had about her, in the very apron pocket whence the fifteen-sou piece +had fallen on the night before, distracted her thoughts. She dared not +touch it, but she spent five minutes in gazing at it, with her tongue +hanging out, if the truth must be told. As she swept the staircase, she +paused, remained standing there motionless, forgetful of her broom and +of the entire universe, occupied in gazing at that star which was +blazing at the bottom of her pocket. + +It was during one of these periods of contemplation that the ThĂ©nardier +joined her. She had gone in search of Cosette at her husband’s orders. +What was quite unprecedented, she neither struck her nor said an +insulting word to her. + +“Cosette,” she said, almost gently, “come immediately.” + + +An instant later Cosette entered the public room. + +The stranger took up the bundle which he had brought and untied it. +This bundle contained a little woollen gown, an apron, a fustian +bodice, a kerchief, a petticoat, woollen stockings, shoes—a complete +outfit for a girl of seven years. All was black. + +“My child,” said the man, “take these, and go and dress yourself +quickly.” + + +Daylight was appearing when those of the inhabitants of Montfermeil who +had begun to open their doors beheld a poorly clad old man leading a +little girl dressed in mourning, and carrying a pink doll in her arms, +pass along the road to Paris. They were going in the direction of +Livry. + +It was our man and Cosette. + +No one knew the man; as Cosette was no longer in rags, many did not +recognize her. Cosette was going away. With whom? She did not know. +Whither? She knew not. All that she understood was that she was leaving +the ThĂ©nardier tavern behind her. No one had thought of bidding her +farewell, nor had she thought of taking leave of any one. She was +leaving that hated and hating house. + +Poor, gentle creature, whose heart had been repressed up to that hour! + +Cosette walked along gravely, with her large eyes wide open, and gazing +at the sky. She had put her louis in the pocket of her new apron. From +time to time, she bent down and glanced at it; then she looked at the +good man. She felt something as though she were beside the good God. + + + + +CHAPTER X—HE WHO SEEKS TO BETTER HIMSELF MAY RENDER HIS SITUATION WORSE + + +Madame ThĂ©nardier had allowed her husband to have his own way, as was +her wont. She had expected great results. When the man and Cosette had +taken their departure, ThĂ©nardier allowed a full quarter of an hour to +elapse; then he took her aside and showed her the fifteen hundred +francs. + +“Is that all?” said she. + +It was the first time since they had set up housekeeping that she had +dared to criticise one of the master’s acts. + +The blow told. + +“You are right, in sooth,” said he; “I am a fool. Give me my hat.” + + +He folded up the three bank-bills, thrust them into his pocket, and ran +out in all haste; but he made a mistake and turned to the right first. +Some neighbors, of whom he made inquiries, put him on the track again; +the Lark and the man had been seen going in the direction of Livry. He +followed these hints, walking with great strides, and talking to +himself the while:— + +“That man is evidently a million dressed in yellow, and I am an animal. +First he gave twenty sous, then five francs, then fifty francs, then +fifteen hundred francs, all with equal readiness. He would have given +fifteen thousand francs. But I shall overtake him.” + + +And then, that bundle of clothes prepared beforehand for the child; all +that was singular; many mysteries lay concealed under it. One does not +let mysteries out of one’s hand when one has once grasped them. The +secrets of the wealthy are sponges of gold; one must know how to +subject them to pressure. All these thoughts whirled through his brain. +“I am an animal,” said he. + +When one leaves Montfermeil and reaches the turn which the road takes +that runs to Livry, it can be seen stretching out before one to a great +distance across the plateau. On arriving there, he calculated that he +ought to be able to see the old man and the child. He looked as far as +his vision reached, and saw nothing. He made fresh inquiries, but he +had wasted time. Some passers-by informed him that the man and child of +whom he was in search had gone towards the forest in the direction of +Gagny. He hastened in that direction. + +They were far in advance of him; but a child walks slowly, and he +walked fast; and then, he was well acquainted with the country. + +All at once he paused and dealt himself a blow on his forehead like a +man who has forgotten some essential point and who is ready to retrace +his steps. + +“I ought to have taken my gun,” said he to himself. + +ThĂ©nardier was one of those double natures which sometimes pass through +our midst without our being aware of the fact, and who disappear +without our finding them out, because destiny has only exhibited one +side of them. It is the fate of many men to live thus half submerged. +In a calm and even situation, ThĂ©nardier possessed all that is required +to make—we will not say to be—what people have agreed to call an honest +trader, a good bourgeois. At the same time certain circumstances being +given, certain shocks arriving to bring his under-nature to the +surface, he had all the requisites for a blackguard. He was a +shopkeeper in whom there was some taint of the monster. Satan must have +occasionally crouched down in some corner of the hovel in which +ThĂ©nardier dwelt, and have fallen a-dreaming in the presence of this +hideous masterpiece. + +After a momentary hesitation:— + +“Bah!” he thought; “they will have time to make their escape.” + + +And he pursued his road, walking rapidly straight ahead, and with +almost an air of certainty, with the sagacity of a fox scenting a covey +of partridges. + +In truth, when he had passed the ponds and had traversed in an oblique +direction the large clearing which lies on the right of the Avenue de +Bellevue, and reached that turf alley which nearly makes the circuit of +the hill, and covers the arch of the ancient aqueduct of the Abbey of +Chelles, he caught sight, over the top of the brushwood, of the hat on +which he had already erected so many conjectures; it was that man’s +hat. The brushwood was not high. ThĂ©nardier recognized the fact that +the man and Cosette were sitting there. The child could not be seen on +account of her small size, but the head of her doll was visible. + +ThĂ©nardier was not mistaken. The man was sitting there, and letting +Cosette get somewhat rested. The inn-keeper walked round the brushwood +and presented himself abruptly to the eyes of those whom he was in +search of. + +“Pardon, excuse me, sir,” he said, quite breathless, “but here are your +fifteen hundred francs.” + + +So saying, he handed the stranger the three bank-bills. + +The man raised his eyes. + +“What is the meaning of this?” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied respectfully:— + +“It means, sir, that I shall take back Cosette.” + + +Cosette shuddered, and pressed close to the old man. + +He replied, gazing to the very bottom of ThĂ©nardier’s eyes the while, +and enunciating every syllable distinctly:— + +“You are go-ing to take back Co-sette?” + + +“Yes, sir, I am. I will tell you; I have considered the matter. In +fact, I have not the right to give her to you. I am an honest man, you +see; this child does not belong to me; she belongs to her mother. It +was her mother who confided her to me; I can only resign her to her +mother. You will say to me, ‘But her mother is dead.’ Good; in that +case I can only give the child up to the person who shall bring me a +writing, signed by her mother, to the effect that I am to hand the +child over to the person therein mentioned; that is clear.” + + +The man, without making any reply, fumbled in his pocket, and +ThĂ©nardier beheld the pocket-book of bank-bills make its appearance +once more. + +The tavern-keeper shivered with joy. + +“Good!” thought he; “let us hold firm; he is going to bribe me!” + + +Before opening the pocket-book, the traveller cast a glance about him: +the spot was absolutely deserted; there was not a soul either in the +woods or in the valley. The man opened his pocket-book once more and +drew from it, not the handful of bills which ThĂ©nardier expected, but a +simple little paper, which he unfolded and presented fully open to the +inn-keeper, saying:— + +“You are right; read!” + + +ThĂ©nardier took the paper and read:— + +“M. SUR M., March 25, 1823. + +“MONSIEUR THÉNARDIER:— + +You will deliver Cosette to this person. +You will be paid for all the little things. +I have the honor to salute you with respect, +FANTINE.” + + +“You know that signature?” resumed the man. + +It certainly was Fantine’s signature; ThĂ©nardier recognized it. + +There was no reply to make; he experienced two violent vexations, the +vexation of renouncing the bribery which he had hoped for, and the +vexation of being beaten; the man added:— + +“You may keep this paper as your receipt.” + + +ThĂ©nardier retreated in tolerably good order. + +“This signature is fairly well imitated,” he growled between his teeth; +“however, let it go!” + + +Then he essayed a desperate effort. + +“It is well, sir,” he said, “since you are the person, but I must be +paid for all those little things. A great deal is owing to me.” + + +The man rose to his feet, filliping the dust from his threadbare +sleeve:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, in January last, the mother reckoned that she +owed you one hundred and twenty francs. In February, you sent her a +bill of five hundred francs; you received three hundred francs at the +end of February, and three hundred francs at the beginning of March. +Since then nine months have elapsed, at fifteen francs a month, the +price agreed upon, which makes one hundred and thirty-five francs. You +had received one hundred francs too much; that makes thirty-five still +owing you. I have just given you fifteen hundred francs.” + + +ThĂ©nardier’s sensations were those of the wolf at the moment when he +feels himself nipped and seized by the steel jaw of the trap. + +“Who is this devil of a man?” he thought. + +He did what the wolf does: he shook himself. Audacity had succeeded +with him once. + +“Monsieur-I-don’t-know-your-name,” he said resolutely, and this time +casting aside all respectful ceremony, “I shall take back Cosette if +you do not give me a thousand crowns.” + + +The stranger said tranquilly:— + +“Come, Cosette.” + + +He took Cosette by his left hand, and with his right he picked up his +cudgel, which was lying on the ground. + +ThĂ©nardier noted the enormous size of the cudgel and the solitude of +the spot. + +The man plunged into the forest with the child, leaving the inn-keeper +motionless and speechless. + +While they were walking away, ThĂ©nardier scrutinized his huge +shoulders, which were a little rounded, and his great fists. + +Then, bringing his eyes back to his own person, they fell upon his +feeble arms and his thin hands. “I really must have been exceedingly +stupid not to have thought to bring my gun,” he said to himself, “since +I was going hunting!” + + +However, the inn-keeper did not give up. + +“I want to know where he is going,” said he, and he set out to follow +them at a distance. Two things were left on his hands, an irony in the +shape of the paper signed _Fantine_, and a consolation, the fifteen +hundred francs. + +The man led Cosette off in the direction of Livry and Bondy. He walked +slowly, with drooping head, in an attitude of reflection and sadness. +The winter had thinned out the forest, so that ThĂ©nardier did not lose +them from sight, although he kept at a good distance. The man turned +round from time to time, and looked to see if he was being followed. +All at once he caught sight of ThĂ©nardier. He plunged suddenly into the +brushwood with Cosette, where they could both hide themselves. “The +deuce!” said ThĂ©nardier, and he redoubled his pace. + +The thickness of the undergrowth forced him to draw nearer to them. +When the man had reached the densest part of the thicket, he wheeled +round. It was in vain that ThĂ©nardier sought to conceal himself in the +branches; he could not prevent the man seeing him. The man cast upon +him an uneasy glance, then elevated his head and continued his course. +The inn-keeper set out again in pursuit. Thus they continued for two or +three hundred paces. All at once the man turned round once more; he saw +the inn-keeper. This time he gazed at him with so sombre an air that +ThĂ©nardier decided that it was “useless” to proceed further. ThĂ©nardier +retraced his steps. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—NUMBER 9,430 REAPPEARS, AND COSETTE WINS IT IN THE LOTTERY + + +Jean Valjean was not dead. + +When he fell into the sea, or rather, when he threw himself into it, he +was not ironed, as we have seen. He swam under water until he reached a +vessel at anchor, to which a boat was moored. He found means of hiding +himself in this boat until night. At night he swam off again, and +reached the shore a little way from Cape Brun. There, as he did not +lack money, he procured clothing. A small country-house in the +neighborhood of Balaguier was at that time the dressing-room of escaped +convicts,—a lucrative specialty. Then Jean Valjean, like all the sorry +fugitives who are seeking to evade the vigilance of the law and social +fatality, pursued an obscure and undulating itinerary. He found his +first refuge at Pradeaux, near Beausset. Then he directed his course +towards Grand-Villard, near Briançon, in the Hautes-Alpes. It was a +fumbling and uneasy flight,—a mole’s track, whose branchings are +untraceable. Later on, some trace of his passage into Ain, in the +territory of Civrieux, was discovered; in the Pyrenees, at Accons; at +the spot called Grange-de-Doumec, near the market of Chavailles, and in +the environs of Perigueux at Brunies, canton of La Chapelle-Gonaguet. +He reached Paris. We have just seen him at Montfermeil. + +His first care on arriving in Paris had been to buy mourning clothes +for a little girl of from seven to eight years of age; then to procure +a lodging. That done, he had betaken himself to Montfermeil. It will be +remembered that already, during his preceding escape, he had made a +mysterious trip thither, or somewhere in that neighborhood, of which +the law had gathered an inkling. + +However, he was thought to be dead, and this still further increased +the obscurity which had gathered about him. At Paris, one of the +journals which chronicled the fact fell into his hands. He felt +reassured and almost at peace, as though he had really been dead. + +On the evening of the day when Jean Valjean rescued Cosette from the +claws of the ThĂ©nardiers, he returned to Paris. He re-entered it at +nightfall, with the child, by way of the Barrier Monceaux. There he +entered a cabriolet, which took him to the esplanade of the +Observatoire. There he got out, paid the coachman, took Cosette by the +hand, and together they directed their steps through the +darkness,—through the deserted streets which adjoin the Ourcine and the +GlaciĂšre, towards the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. + +The day had been strange and filled with emotions for Cosette. They had +eaten some bread and cheese purchased in isolated taverns, behind +hedges; they had changed carriages frequently; they had travelled short +distances on foot. She made no complaint, but she was weary, and Jean +Valjean perceived it by the way she dragged more and more on his hand +as she walked. He took her on his back. Cosette, without letting go of +Catherine, laid her head on Jean Valjean’s shoulder, and there fell +asleep. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—THE GORBEAU HOVEL + + + + +[Illustration: The Gorbeau Hovel] + + + + +CHAPTER I—MASTER GORBEAU + + +Forty years ago, a rambler who had ventured into that unknown country +of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, and who had mounted to the BarriĂšre d’Italie by way +of the boulevard, reached a point where it might be said that Paris +disappeared. It was no longer solitude, for there were passers-by; it +was not the country, for there were houses and streets; it was not the +city, for the streets had ruts like highways, and the grass grew in +them; it was not a village, the houses were too lofty. What was it, +then? It was an inhabited spot where there was no one; it was a desert +place where there was some one; it was a boulevard of the great city, a +street of Paris; more wild at night than the forest, more gloomy by day +than a cemetery. + +It was the old quarter of the MarchĂ©-aux-Chevaux. + +The rambler, if he risked himself outside the four decrepit walls of +this MarchĂ©-aux-Chevaux; if he consented even to pass beyond the Rue du +Petit-Banquier, after leaving on his right a garden protected by high +walls; then a field in which tan-bark mills rose like gigantic beaver +huts; then an enclosure encumbered with timber, with a heap of stumps, +sawdust, and shavings, on which stood a large dog, barking; then a +long, low, utterly dilapidated wall, with a little black door in +mourning, laden with mosses, which were covered with flowers in the +spring; then, in the most deserted spot, a frightful and decrepit +building, on which ran the inscription in large letters: POST NO +BILLS,—this daring rambler would have reached little known latitudes at +the corner of the Rue des Vignes-Saint-Marcel. There, near a factory, +and between two garden walls, there could be seen, at that epoch, a +mean building, which, at the first glance, seemed as small as a +thatched hovel, and which was, in reality, as large as a cathedral. It +presented its side and gable to the public road; hence its apparent +diminutiveness. Nearly the whole of the house was hidden. Only the door +and one window could be seen. + +This hovel was only one story high. + +The first detail that struck the observer was, that the door could +never have been anything but the door of a hovel, while the window, if +it had been carved out of dressed stone instead of being in rough +masonry, might have been the lattice of a lordly mansion. + +The door was nothing but a collection of worm-eaten planks roughly +bound together by cross-beams which resembled roughly hewn logs. It +opened directly on a steep staircase of lofty steps, muddy, chalky, +plaster-stained, dusty steps, of the same width as itself, which could +be seen from the street, running straight up like a ladder and +disappearing in the darkness between two walls. The top of the +shapeless bay into which this door shut was masked by a narrow +scantling in the centre of which a triangular hole had been sawed, +which served both as wicket and air-hole when the door was closed. On +the inside of the door the figures 52 had been traced with a couple of +strokes of a brush dipped in ink, and above the scantling the same hand +had daubed the number 50, so that one hesitated. Where was one? Above +the door it said, “Number 50”; the inside replied, “no, Number 52.” No +one knows what dust-colored figures were suspended like draperies from +the triangular opening. + +The window was large, sufficiently elevated, garnished with Venetian +blinds, and with a frame in large square panes; only these large panes +were suffering from various wounds, which were both concealed and +betrayed by an ingenious paper bandage. And the blinds, dislocated and +unpasted, threatened passers-by rather than screened the occupants. The +horizontal slats were missing here and there and had been naĂŻvely +replaced with boards nailed on perpendicularly; so that what began as a +blind ended as a shutter. This door with an unclean, and this window +with an honest though dilapidated air, thus beheld on the same house, +produced the effect of two incomplete beggars walking side by side, +with different miens beneath the same rags, the one having always been +a mendicant, and the other having once been a gentleman. + +The staircase led to a very vast edifice which resembled a shed which +had been converted into a house. This edifice had, for its intestinal +tube, a long corridor, on which opened to right and left sorts of +compartments of varied dimensions which were inhabitable under stress +of circumstances, and rather more like stalls than cells. These +chambers received their light from the vague waste grounds in the +neighborhood. + +All this was dark, disagreeable, wan, melancholy, sepulchral; traversed +according as the crevices lay in the roof or in the door, by cold rays +or by icy winds. An interesting and picturesque peculiarity of this +sort of dwelling is the enormous size of the spiders. + +To the left of the entrance door, on the boulevard side, at about the +height of a man from the ground, a small window which had been walled +up formed a square niche full of stones which the children had thrown +there as they passed by. + +A portion of this building has recently been demolished. From what +still remains of it one can form a judgment as to what it was in former +days. As a whole, it was not over a hundred years old. A hundred years +is youth in a church and age in a house. It seems as though man’s +lodging partook of his ephemeral character, and God’s house of his +eternity. + +The postmen called the house Number 50-52; but it was known in the +neighborhood as the Gorbeau house. + +Let us explain whence this appellation was derived. + +Collectors of petty details, who become herbalists of anecdotes, and +prick slippery dates into their memories with a pin, know that there +was in Paris, during the last century, about 1770, two attorneys at the +ChĂątelet named, one Corbeau (Raven), the other Renard (Fox). The two +names had been forestalled by La Fontaine. The opportunity was too fine +for the lawyers; they made the most of it. A parody was immediately put +in circulation in the galleries of the court-house, in verses that +limped a little:— + +MaĂźtre Corbeau, sur un dossier perchĂ©, +Tenait dans son bec une saisie exĂ©cutoire; +MaĂźtre Renard, par l’odeur allĂ©chĂ©, +Lui fit Ă  peu prĂšs cette histoire: +HĂ©! bonjour. Etc.13 + + + +The two honest practitioners, embarrassed by the jests, and finding the +bearing of their heads interfered with by the shouts of laughter which +followed them, resolved to get rid of their names, and hit upon the +expedient of applying to the king. + +Their petition was presented to Louis XV. on the same day when the +Papal Nuncio, on the one hand, and the Cardinal de la Roche-Aymon on +the other, both devoutly kneeling, were each engaged in putting on, in +his Majesty’s presence, a slipper on the bare feet of Madame du Barry, +who had just got out of bed. The king, who was laughing, continued to +laugh, passed gayly from the two bishops to the two lawyers, and +bestowed on these limbs of the law their former names, or nearly so. By +the kings command, MaĂźtre Corbeau was permitted to add a tail to his +initial letter and to call himself Gorbeau. MaĂźtre Renard was less +lucky; all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to +call himself Prenard; so that the second name bore almost as much +resemblance as the first. + +Now, according to local tradition, this MaĂźtre Gorbeau had been the +proprietor of the building numbered 50-52 on the Boulevard de +l’HĂŽpital. He was even the author of the monumental window. + +Hence the edifice bore the name of the Gorbeau house. + +Opposite this house, among the trees of the boulevard, rose a great elm +which was three-quarters dead; almost directly facing it opens the Rue +de la BarriĂšre des Gobelins, a street then without houses, unpaved, +planted with unhealthy trees, which was green or muddy according to the +season, and which ended squarely in the exterior wall of Paris. An odor +of copperas issued in puffs from the roofs of the neighboring factory. + +The barrier was close at hand. In 1823 the city wall was still in +existence. + +This barrier itself evoked gloomy fancies in the mind. It was the road +to BicĂȘtre. It was through it that, under the Empire and the +Restoration, prisoners condemned to death re-entered Paris on the day +of their execution. It was there, that, about 1829, was committed that +mysterious assassination, called “The assassination of the +Fontainebleau barrier,” whose authors justice was never able to +discover; a melancholy problem which has never been elucidated, a +frightful enigma which has never been unriddled. Take a few steps, and +you come upon that fatal Rue Croulebarbe, where Ulbach stabbed the +goat-girl of Ivry to the sound of thunder, as in the melodramas. A few +paces more, and you arrive at the abominable pollarded elms of the +BarriĂšre Saint-Jacques, that expedient of the philanthropist to conceal +the scaffold, that miserable and shameful Place de GrĂšve of a +shop-keeping and bourgeois society, which recoiled before the death +penalty, neither daring to abolish it with grandeur, nor to uphold it +with authority. + +Leaving aside this Place Saint-Jacques, which was, as it were, +predestined, and which has always been horrible, probably the most +mournful spot on that mournful boulevard, seven and thirty years ago, +was the spot which even to-day is so unattractive, where stood the +building Number 50-52. + +Bourgeois houses only began to spring up there twenty-five years later. +The place was unpleasant. In addition to the gloomy thoughts which +assailed one there, one was conscious of being between the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, +a glimpse of whose dome could be seen, and BicĂȘtre, whose outskirts one +was fairly touching; that is to say, between the madness of women and +the madness of men. As far as the eye could see, one could perceive +nothing but the abattoirs, the city wall, and the fronts of a few +factories, resembling barracks or monasteries; everywhere about stood +hovels, rubbish, ancient walls blackened like cerecloths, new white +walls like winding-sheets; everywhere parallel rows of trees, buildings +erected on a line, flat constructions, long, cold rows, and the +melancholy sadness of right angles. Not an unevenness of the ground, +not a caprice in the architecture, not a fold. The _ensemble_ was +glacial, regular, hideous. Nothing oppresses the heart like symmetry. +It is because symmetry is ennui, and ennui is at the very foundation of +grief. Despair yawns. Something more terrible than a hell where one +suffers may be imagined, and that is a hell where one is bored. If such +a hell existed, that bit of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital might have +formed the entrance to it. + +Nevertheless, at nightfall, at the moment when the daylight is +vanishing, especially in winter, at the hour when the twilight breeze +tears from the elms their last russet leaves, when the darkness is deep +and starless, or when the moon and the wind are making openings in the +clouds and losing themselves in the shadows, this boulevard suddenly +becomes frightful. The black lines sink inwards and are lost in the +shades, like morsels of the infinite. The passer-by cannot refrain from +recalling the innumerable traditions of the place which are connected +with the gibbet. The solitude of this spot, where so many crimes have +been committed, had something terrible about it. One almost had a +presentiment of meeting with traps in that darkness; all the confused +forms of the darkness seemed suspicious, and the long, hollow square, +of which one caught a glimpse between each tree, seemed graves: by day +it was ugly; in the evening melancholy; by night it was sinister. + +In summer, at twilight, one saw, here and there, a few old women seated +at the foot of the elm, on benches mouldy with rain. These good old +women were fond of begging. + +However, this quarter, which had a superannuated rather than an antique +air, was tending even then to transformation. Even at that time any one +who was desirous of seeing it had to make haste. Each day some detail +of the whole effect was disappearing. For the last twenty years the +station of the Orleans railway has stood beside the old faubourg and +distracted it, as it does to-day. Wherever it is placed on the borders +of a capital, a railway station is the death of a suburb and the birth +of a city. It seems as though, around these great centres of the +movements of a people, the earth, full of germs, trembled and yawned, +to engulf the ancient dwellings of men and to allow new ones to spring +forth, at the rattle of these powerful machines, at the breath of these +monstrous horses of civilization which devour coal and vomit fire. The +old houses crumble and new ones rise. + +Since the Orleans railway has invaded the region of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, +the ancient, narrow streets which adjoin the moats Saint-Victor and the +Jardin des Plantes tremble, as they are violently traversed three or +four times each day by those currents of coach fiacres and omnibuses +which, in a given time, crowd back the houses to the right and the +left; for there are things which are odd when said that are rigorously +exact; and just as it is true to say that in large cities the sun makes +the southern fronts of houses to vegetate and grow, it is certain that +the frequent passage of vehicles enlarges streets. The symptoms of a +new life are evident. In this old provincial quarter, in the wildest +nooks, the pavement shows itself, the sidewalks begin to crawl and to +grow longer, even where there are as yet no pedestrians. One morning,—a +memorable morning in July, 1845,—black pots of bitumen were seen +smoking there; on that day it might be said that civilization had +arrived in the Rue de l’Ourcine, and that Paris had entered the suburb +of Saint-Marceau. + + + + +CHAPTER II—A NEST FOR OWL AND A WARBLER + + +It was in front of this Gorbeau house that Jean Valjean halted. Like +wild birds, he had chosen this desert place to construct his nest. + +He fumbled in his waistcoat pocket, drew out a sort of a pass-key, +opened the door, entered, closed it again carefully, and ascended the +staircase, still carrying Cosette. + +At the top of the stairs he drew from his pocket another key, with +which he opened another door. The chamber which he entered, and which +he closed again instantly, was a kind of moderately spacious attic, +furnished with a mattress laid on the floor, a table, and several +chairs; a stove in which a fire was burning, and whose embers were +visible, stood in one corner. A lantern on the boulevard cast a vague +light into this poor room. At the extreme end there was a dressing-room +with a folding bed; Jean Valjean carried the child to this bed and laid +her down there without waking her. + +He struck a match and lighted a candle. All this was prepared +beforehand on the table, and, as he had done on the previous evening, +he began to scrutinize Cosette’s face with a gaze full of ecstasy, in +which the expression of kindness and tenderness almost amounted to +aberration. The little girl, with that tranquil confidence which +belongs only to extreme strength and extreme weakness, had fallen +asleep without knowing with whom she was, and continued to sleep +without knowing where she was. + +Jean Valjean bent down and kissed that child’s hand. + +Nine months before he had kissed the hand of the mother, who had also +just fallen asleep. + +The same sad, piercing, religious sentiment filled his heart. + +He knelt beside Cosette’s bed. + +lt was broad daylight, and the child still slept. A wan ray of the +December sun penetrated the window of the attic and lay upon the +ceiling in long threads of light and shade. All at once a heavily laden +carrier’s cart, which was passing along the boulevard, shook the frail +bed, like a clap of thunder, and made it quiver from top to bottom. + +“Yes, madame!” cried Cosette, waking with a start, “here I am! here I +am!” + + +And she sprang out of bed, her eyes still half shut with the heaviness +of sleep, extending her arms towards the corner of the wall. + +“Ah! mon Dieu, my broom!” said she. + +She opened her eyes wide now, and beheld the smiling countenance of +Jean Valjean. + +“Ah! so it is true!” said the child. “Good morning, Monsieur.” + + +Children accept joy and happiness instantly and familiarly, being +themselves by nature joy and happiness. + +Cosette caught sight of Catherine at the foot of her bed, and took +possession of her, and, as she played, she put a hundred questions to +Jean Valjean. Where was she? Was Paris very large? Was Madame +ThĂ©nardier very far away? Was she to go back? etc., etc. All at once +she exclaimed, “How pretty it is here!” + + +It was a frightful hole, but she felt free. + +“Must I sweep?” she resumed at last. + +“Play!” said Jean Valjean. + +The day passed thus. Cosette, without troubling herself to understand +anything, was inexpressibly happy with that doll and that kind man. + + + + +CHAPTER III—TWO MISFORTUNES MAKE ONE PIECE OF GOOD FORTUNE + + +On the following morning, at daybreak, Jean Valjean was still by +Cosette’s bedside; he watched there motionless, waiting for her to +wake. + +Some new thing had come into his soul. + +Jean Valjean had never loved anything; for twenty-five years he had +been alone in the world. He had never been father, lover, husband, +friend. In the prison he had been vicious, gloomy, chaste, ignorant, +and shy. The heart of that ex-convict was full of virginity. His sister +and his sister’s children had left him only a vague and far-off memory +which had finally almost completely vanished; he had made every effort +to find them, and not having been able to find them, he had forgotten +them. Human nature is made thus; the other tender emotions of his +youth, if he had ever had any, had fallen into an abyss. + +When he saw Cosette, when he had taken possession of her, carried her +off, and delivered her, he felt his heart moved within him. + +All the passion and affection within him awoke, and rushed towards that +child. He approached the bed, where she lay sleeping, and trembled with +joy. He suffered all the pangs of a mother, and he knew not what it +meant; for that great and singular movement of a heart which begins to +love is a very obscure and a very sweet thing. + +Poor old man, with a perfectly new heart! + +Only, as he was five and fifty, and Cosette eight years of age, all +that might have been love in the whole course of his life flowed +together into a sort of ineffable light. + +It was the second white apparition which he had encountered. The Bishop +had caused the dawn of virtue to rise on his horizon; Cosette caused +the dawn of love to rise. + +The early days passed in this dazzled state. + +Cosette, on her side, had also, unknown to herself, become another +being, poor little thing! She was so little when her mother left her, +that she no longer remembered her. Like all children, who resemble +young shoots of the vine, which cling to everything, she had tried to +love; she had not succeeded. All had repulsed her,—the ThĂ©nardiers, +their children, other children. She had loved the dog, and he had died, +after which nothing and nobody would have anything to do with her. It +is a sad thing to say, and we have already intimated it, that, at eight +years of age, her heart was cold. It was not her fault; it was not the +faculty of loving that she lacked; alas! it was the possibility. Thus, +from the very first day, all her sentient and thinking powers loved +this kind man. She felt that which she had never felt before—a +sensation of expansion. + +The man no longer produced on her the effect of being old or poor; she +thought Jean Valjean handsome, just as she thought the hovel pretty. + +These are the effects of the dawn, of childhood, of joy. The novelty of +the earth and of life counts for something here. Nothing is so charming +as the coloring reflection of happiness on a garret. We all have in our +past a delightful garret. + +Nature, a difference of fifty years, had set a profound gulf between +Jean Valjean and Cosette; destiny filled in this gulf. Destiny suddenly +united and wedded with its irresistible power these two uprooted +existences, differing in age, alike in sorrow. One, in fact, completed +the other. Cosette’s instinct sought a father, as Jean Valjean’s +instinct sought a child. To meet was to find each other. At the +mysterious moment when their hands touched, they were welded together. +When these two souls perceived each other, they recognized each other +as necessary to each other, and embraced each other closely. + +Taking the words in their most comprehensive and absolute sense, we may +say that, separated from every one by the walls of the tomb, Jean +Valjean was the widower, and Cosette was the orphan: this situation +caused Jean Valjean to become Cosette’s father after a celestial +fashion. + +And in truth, the mysterious impression produced on Cosette in the +depths of the forest of Chelles by the hand of Jean Valjean grasping +hers in the dark was not an illusion, but a reality. The entrance of +that man into the destiny of that child had been the advent of God. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean had chosen his refuge well. There he seemed +perfectly secure. + +The chamber with a dressing-room, which he occupied with Cosette, was +the one whose window opened on the boulevard. This being the only +window in the house, no neighbors’ glances were to be feared from +across the way or at the side. + +The ground floor of Number 50-52, a sort of dilapidated penthouse, +served as a wagon-house for market-gardeners, and no communication +existed between it and the first story. It was separated by the +flooring, which had neither traps nor stairs, and which formed the +diaphragm of the building, as it were. The first story contained, as we +have said, numerous chambers and several attics, only one of which was +occupied by the old woman who took charge of Jean Valjean’s +housekeeping; all the rest was uninhabited. + +It was this old woman, ornamented with the name of the _principal +lodger_, and in reality intrusted with the functions of portress, who +had let him the lodging on Christmas eve. He had represented himself to +her as a gentleman of means who had been ruined by Spanish bonds, who +was coming there to live with his little daughter. He had paid her six +months in advance, and had commissioned the old woman to furnish the +chamber and dressing-room, as we have seen. It was this good woman who +had lighted the fire in the stove, and prepared everything on the +evening of their arrival. + +Week followed week; these two beings led a happy life in that hovel. + +Cosette laughed, chattered, and sang from daybreak. Children have their +morning song as well as birds. + +It sometimes happened that Jean Valjean clasped her tiny red hand, all +cracked with chilblains, and kissed it. The poor child, who was used to +being beaten, did not know the meaning of this, and ran away in +confusion. + +At times she became serious and stared at her little black gown. +Cosette was no longer in rags; she was in mourning. She had emerged +from misery, and she was entering into life. + +Jean Valjean had undertaken to teach her to read. Sometimes, as he made +the child spell, he remembered that it was with the idea of doing evil +that he had learned to read in prison. This idea had ended in teaching +a child to read. Then the ex-convict smiled with the pensive smile of +the angels. + +He felt in it a premeditation from on high, the will of some one who +was not man, and he became absorbed in reverie. Good thoughts have +their abysses as well as evil ones. + +To teach Cosette to read, and to let her play, this constituted nearly +the whole of Jean Valjean’s existence. And then he talked of her +mother, and he made her pray. + +She called him _father_, and knew no other name for him. + +He passed hours in watching her dressing and undressing her doll, and +in listening to her prattle. Life, henceforth, appeared to him to be +full of interest; men seemed to him good and just; he no longer +reproached any one in thought; he saw no reason why he should not live +to be a very old man, now that this child loved him. He saw a whole +future stretching out before him, illuminated by Cosette as by a +charming light. The best of us are not exempt from egotistical +thoughts. At times, he reflected with a sort of joy that she would be +ugly. + +This is only a personal opinion; but, to utter our whole thought, at +the point where Jean Valjean had arrived when he began to love Cosette, +it is by no means clear to us that he did not need this encouragement +in order that he might persevere in well-doing. He had just viewed the +malice of men and the misery of society under a new aspect—incomplete +aspects, which unfortunately only exhibited one side of the truth, the +fate of woman as summed up in Fantine, and public authority as +personified in Javert. He had returned to prison, this time for having +done right; he had quaffed fresh bitterness; disgust and lassitude were +overpowering him; even the memory of the Bishop probably suffered a +temporary eclipse, though sure to reappear later on luminous and +triumphant; but, after all, that sacred memory was growing dim. Who +knows whether Jean Valjean had not been on the eve of growing +discouraged and of falling once more? He loved and grew strong again. +Alas! he walked with no less indecision than Cosette. He protected her, +and she strengthened him. Thanks to him, she could walk through life; +thanks to her, he could continue in virtue. He was that child’s stay, +and she was his prop. Oh, unfathomable and divine mystery of the +balances of destiny! + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL TENANT + + +Jean Valjean was prudent enough never to go out by day. Every evening, +at twilight, he walked for an hour or two, sometimes alone, often with +Cosette, seeking the most deserted side alleys of the boulevard, and +entering churches at nightfall. He liked to go to Saint-MĂ©dard, which +is the nearest church. When he did not take Cosette with him, she +remained with the old woman; but the child’s delight was to go out with +the good man. She preferred an hour with him to all her rapturous +_tĂȘte-Ă -tĂȘtes_ with Catherine. He held her hand as they walked, and +said sweet things to her. + +It turned out that Cosette was a very gay little person. + +The old woman attended to the housekeeping and cooking and went to +market. + +They lived soberly, always having a little fire, but like people in +very moderate circumstances. Jean Valjean had made no alterations in +the furniture as it was the first day; he had merely had the glass door +leading to Cosette’s dressing-room replaced by a solid door. + +He still wore his yellow coat, his black breeches, and his old hat. In +the street, he was taken for a poor man. It sometimes happened that +kind-hearted women turned back to bestow a sou on him. Jean Valjean +accepted the sou with a deep bow. It also happened occasionally that he +encountered some poor wretch asking alms; then he looked behind him to +make sure that no one was observing him, stealthily approached the +unfortunate man, put a piece of money into his hand, often a silver +coin, and walked rapidly away. This had its disadvantages. He began to +be known in the neighborhood under the name of _the beggar who gives +alms_. + +The old _principal lodger_, a cross-looking creature, who was +thoroughly permeated, so far as her neighbors were concerned, with the +inquisitiveness peculiar to envious persons, scrutinized Jean Valjean a +great deal, without his suspecting the fact. She was a little deaf, +which rendered her talkative. There remained to her from her past, two +teeth,—one above, the other below,—which she was continually knocking +against each other. She had questioned Cosette, who had not been able +to tell her anything, since she knew nothing herself except that she +had come from Montfermeil. One morning, this spy saw Jean Valjean, with +an air which struck the old gossip as peculiar, entering one of the +uninhabited compartments of the hovel. She followed him with the step +of an old cat, and was able to observe him without being seen, through +a crack in the door, which was directly opposite him. Jean Valjean had +his back turned towards this door, by way of greater security, no +doubt. The old woman saw him fumble in his pocket and draw thence a +case, scissors, and thread; then he began to rip the lining of one of +the skirts of his coat, and from the opening he took a bit of yellowish +paper, which he unfolded. The old woman recognized, with terror, the +fact that it was a bank-bill for a thousand francs. It was the second +or third only that she had seen in the course of her existence. She +fled in alarm. + +A moment later, Jean Valjean accosted her, and asked her to go and get +this thousand-franc bill changed for him, adding that it was his +quarterly income, which he had received the day before. “Where?” +thought the old woman. “He did not go out until six o’clock in the +evening, and the government bank certainly is not open at that hour.” +The old woman went to get the bill changed, and mentioned her surmises. +That thousand-franc note, commented on and multiplied, produced a vast +amount of terrified discussion among the gossips of the Rue des Vignes +Saint-Marcel. + +A few days later, it chanced that Jean Valjean was sawing some wood, in +his shirt-sleeves, in the corridor. The old woman was in the chamber, +putting things in order. She was alone. Cosette was occupied in +admiring the wood as it was sawed. The old woman caught sight of the +coat hanging on a nail, and examined it. The lining had been sewed up +again. The good woman felt of it carefully, and thought she observed in +the skirts and revers thicknesses of paper. More thousand-franc +bank-bills, no doubt! + +She also noticed that there were all sorts of things in the pockets. +Not only the needles, thread, and scissors which she had seen, but a +big pocket-book, a very large knife, and—a suspicious +circumstance—several wigs of various colors. Each pocket of this coat +had the air of being in a manner provided against unexpected accidents. + +Thus the inhabitants of the house reached the last days of winter. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A FIVE-FRANC PIECE FALLS ON THE GROUND AND PRODUCES A TUMULT + + +Near Saint-MĂ©dard’s church there was a poor man who was in the habit of +crouching on the brink of a public well which had been condemned, and +on whom Jean Valjean was fond of bestowing charity. He never passed +this man without giving him a few sous. Sometimes he spoke to him. +Those who envied this mendicant said that he belonged to the police. He +was an ex-beadle of seventy-five, who was constantly mumbling his +prayers. + +One evening, as Jean Valjean was passing by, when he had not Cosette +with him, he saw the beggar in his usual place, beneath the lantern +which had just been lighted. The man seemed engaged in prayer, +according to his custom, and was much bent over. Jean Valjean stepped +up to him and placed his customary alms in his hand. The mendicant +raised his eyes suddenly, stared intently at Jean Valjean, then dropped +his head quickly. This movement was like a flash of lightning. Jean +Valjean was seized with a shudder. It seemed to him that he had just +caught sight, by the light of the street lantern, not of the placid and +beaming visage of the old beadle, but of a well-known and startling +face. He experienced the same impression that one would have on finding +one’s self, all of a sudden, face to face, in the dark, with a tiger. +He recoiled, terrified, petrified, daring neither to breathe, to speak, +to remain, nor to flee, staring at the beggar who had dropped his head, +which was enveloped in a rag, and no longer appeared to know that he +was there. At this strange moment, an instinct—possibly the mysterious +instinct of self-preservation,—restrained Jean Valjean from uttering a +word. The beggar had the same figure, the same rags, the same +appearance as he had every day. “Bah!” said Jean Valjean, “I am mad! I +am dreaming! Impossible!” And he returned profoundly troubled. + +He hardly dared to confess, even to himself, that the face which he +thought he had seen was the face of Javert. + +That night, on thinking the matter over, he regretted not having +questioned the man, in order to force him to raise his head a second +time. + +On the following day, at nightfall, he went back. The beggar was at his +post. “Good day, my good man,” said Jean Valjean, resolutely, handing +him a sou. The beggar raised his head, and replied in a whining voice, +“Thanks, my good sir.” It was unmistakably the ex-beadle. + +Jean Valjean felt completely reassured. He began to laugh. “How the +deuce could I have thought that I saw Javert there?” he thought. “Am I +going to lose my eyesight now?” And he thought no more about it. + +A few days afterwards,—it might have been at eight o’clock in the +evening,—he was in his room, and engaged in making Cosette spell aloud, +when he heard the house door open and then shut again. This struck him +as singular. The old woman, who was the only inhabitant of the house +except himself, always went to bed at nightfall, so that she might not +burn out her candles. Jean Valjean made a sign to Cosette to be quiet. +He heard some one ascending the stairs. It might possibly be the old +woman, who might have fallen ill and have been out to the apothecary’s. +Jean Valjean listened. + +The step was heavy, and sounded like that of a man; but the old woman +wore stout shoes, and there is nothing which so strongly resembles the +step of a man as that of an old woman. Nevertheless, Jean Valjean blew +out his candle. + +He had sent Cosette to bed, saying to her in a low voice, “Get into bed +very softly”; and as he kissed her brow, the steps paused. + +Jean Valjean remained silent, motionless, with his back towards the +door, seated on the chair from which he had not stirred, and holding +his breath in the dark. + +After the expiration of a rather long interval, he turned round, as he +heard nothing more, and, as he raised his eyes towards the door of his +chamber, he saw a light through the keyhole. This light formed a sort +of sinister star in the blackness of the door and the wall. There was +evidently some one there, who was holding a candle in his hand and +listening. + +Several minutes elapsed thus, and the light retreated. But he heard no +sound of footsteps, which seemed to indicate that the person who had +been listening at the door had removed his shoes. + +Jean Valjean threw himself, all dressed as he was, on his bed, and +could not close his eyes all night. + +At daybreak, just as he was falling into a doze through fatigue, he was +awakened by the creaking of a door which opened on some attic at the +end of the corridor, then he heard the same masculine footstep which +had ascended the stairs on the preceding evening. The step was +approaching. He sprang off the bed and applied his eye to the keyhole, +which was tolerably large, hoping to see the person who had made his +way by night into the house and had listened at his door, as he passed. +It was a man, in fact, who passed, this time without pausing, in front +of Jean Valjean’s chamber. The corridor was too dark to allow of the +person’s face being distinguished; but when the man reached the +staircase, a ray of light from without made it stand out like a +silhouette, and Jean Valjean had a complete view of his back. The man +was of lofty stature, clad in a long frock-coat, with a cudgel under +his arm. The formidable neck and shoulders belonged to Javert. + +Jean Valjean might have attempted to catch another glimpse of him +through his window opening on the boulevard, but he would have been +obliged to open the window: he dared not. + +It was evident that this man had entered with a key, and like himself. +Who had given him that key? What was the meaning of this? + +When the old woman came to do the work, at seven o’clock in the +morning, Jean Valjean cast a penetrating glance on her, but he did not +question her. The good woman appeared as usual. + +As she swept up she remarked to him:— + +“Possibly Monsieur may have heard some one come in last night?” + + +At that age, and on that boulevard, eight o’clock in the evening was +the dead of the night. + +“That is true, by the way,” he replied, in the most natural tone +possible. “Who was it?” + + +“It was a new lodger who has come into the house,” said the old woman. + +“And what is his name?” + + +“I don’t know exactly; Dumont, or Daumont, or some name of that sort.” + + +“And who is this Monsieur Dumont?” + + +The old woman gazed at him with her little polecat eyes, and answered:— + +“A gentleman of property, like yourself.” + + +Perhaps she had no ulterior meaning. Jean Valjean thought he perceived +one. + +When the old woman had taken her departure, he did up a hundred francs +which he had in a cupboard, into a roll, and put it in his pocket. In +spite of all the precautions which he took in this operation so that he +might not be heard rattling silver, a hundred-sou piece escaped from +his hands and rolled noisily on the floor. + +When darkness came on, he descended and carefully scrutinized both +sides of the boulevard. He saw no one. The boulevard appeared to be +absolutely deserted. It is true that a person can conceal himself +behind trees. + +He went upstairs again. + +“Come.” he said to Cosette. + +He took her by the hand, and they both went out. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—FOR A BLACK HUNT, A MUTE PACK + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE ZIGZAGS OF STRATEGY + + +An observation here becomes necessary, in view of the pages which the +reader is about to peruse, and of others which will be met with further +on. + +The author of this book, who regrets the necessity of mentioning +himself, has been absent from Paris for many years. Paris has been +transformed since he quitted it. A new city has arisen, which is, after +a fashion, unknown to him. There is no need for him to say that he +loves Paris: Paris is his mind’s natal city. In consequence of +demolitions and reconstructions, the Paris of his youth, that Paris +which he bore away religiously in his memory, is now a Paris of days +gone by. He must be permitted to speak of that Paris as though it still +existed. It is possible that when the author conducts his readers to a +spot and says, “In such a street there stands such and such a house,” +neither street nor house will any longer exist in that locality. +Readers may verify the facts if they care to take the trouble. For his +own part, he is unacquainted with the new Paris, and he writes with the +old Paris before his eyes in an illusion which is precious to him. It +is a delight to him to dream that there still lingers behind him +something of that which he beheld when he was in his own country, and +that all has not vanished. So long as you go and come in your native +land, you imagine that those streets are a matter of indifference to +you; that those windows, those roofs, and those doors are nothing to +you; that those walls are strangers to you; that those trees are merely +the first encountered haphazard; that those houses, which you do not +enter, are useless to you; that the pavements which you tread are +merely stones. Later on, when you are no longer there, you perceive +that the streets are dear to you; that you miss those roofs, those +doors; and that those walls are necessary to you, those trees are well +beloved by you; that you entered those houses which you never entered, +every day, and that you have left a part of your heart, of your blood, +of your soul, in those pavements. All those places which you no longer +behold, which you may never behold again, perchance, and whose memory +you have cherished, take on a melancholy charm, recur to your mind with +the melancholy of an apparition, make the holy land visible to you, and +are, so to speak, the very form of France, and you love them; and you +call them up as they are, as they were, and you persist in this, and +you will submit to no change: for you are attached to the figure of +your fatherland as to the face of your mother. + +May we, then, be permitted to speak of the past in the present? That +said, we beg the reader to take note of it, and we continue. + +Jean Valjean instantly quitted the boulevard and plunged into the +streets, taking the most intricate lines which he could devise, +returning on his track at times, to make sure that he was not being +followed. + +[Illustration: The Black Hunt] + +This manƓuvre is peculiar to the hunted stag. On soil where an imprint +of the track may be left, this manƓuvre possesses, among other +advantages, that of deceiving the huntsmen and the dogs, by throwing +them on the wrong scent. In venery this is called _false +re-imbushment_. + +The moon was full that night. Jean Valjean was not sorry for this. The +moon, still very close to the horizon, cast great masses of light and +shadow in the streets. Jean Valjean could glide along close to the +houses on the dark side, and yet keep watch on the light side. He did +not, perhaps, take sufficiently into consideration the fact that the +dark side escaped him. Still, in the deserted lanes which lie near the +Rue Poliveau, he thought he felt certain that no one was following him. + +Cosette walked on without asking any questions. The sufferings of the +first six years of her life had instilled something passive into her +nature. Moreover,—and this is a remark to which we shall frequently +have occasion to recur,—she had grown used, without being herself aware +of it, to the peculiarities of this good man and to the freaks of +destiny. And then she was with him, and she felt safe. + +Jean Valjean knew no more where he was going than did Cosette. He +trusted in God, as she trusted in him. It seemed as though he also were +clinging to the hand of some one greater than himself; he thought he +felt a being leading him, though invisible. However, he had no settled +idea, no plan, no project. He was not even absolutely sure that it was +Javert, and then it might have been Javert, without Javert knowing that +he was Jean Valjean. Was not he disguised? Was not he believed to be +dead? Still, queer things had been going on for several days. He wanted +no more of them. He was determined not to return to the Gorbeau house. +Like the wild animal chased from its lair, he was seeking a hole in +which he might hide until he could find one where he might dwell. + +Jean Valjean described many and varied labyrinths in the Mouffetard +quarter, which was already asleep, as though the discipline of the +Middle Ages and the yoke of the curfew still existed; he combined in +various manners, with cunning strategy, the Rue Censier and the Rue +Copeau, the Rue du Battoir-Saint-Victor and the Rue du Puits l’Ermite. +There are lodging houses in this locality, but he did not even enter +one, finding nothing which suited him. He had no doubt that if any one +had chanced to be upon his track, they would have lost it. + +As eleven o’clock struck from Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, he was traversing +the Rue de Pontoise, in front of the office of the commissary of +police, situated at No. 14. A few moments later, the instinct of which +we have spoken above made him turn round. At that moment he saw +distinctly, thanks to the commissary’s lantern, which betrayed them, +three men who were following him closely, pass, one after the other, +under that lantern, on the dark side of the street. One of the three +entered the alley leading to the commissary’s house. The one who +marched at their head struck him as decidedly suspicious. + +“Come, child,” he said to Cosette; and he made haste to quit the Rue +Pontoise. + +He took a circuit, turned into the Passage des Patriarches, which was +closed on account of the hour, strode along the Rue de l’ÉpĂ©e-de-Bois +and the Rue de l’ArbalĂšte, and plunged into the Rue des Postes. + +At that time there was a square formed by the intersection of streets, +where the College Rollin stands to-day, and where the Rue +Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve turns off. + +It is understood, of course, that the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve is an +old street, and that a posting-chaise does not pass through the Rue des +Postes once in ten years. In the thirteenth century this Rue des Postes +was inhabited by potters, and its real name is Rue des Pots. + +The moon cast a livid light into this open space. Jean Valjean went +into ambush in a doorway, calculating that if the men were still +following him, he could not fail to get a good look at them, as they +traversed this illuminated space. + +In point of fact, three minutes had not elapsed when the men made their +appearance. There were four of them now. All were tall, dressed in +long, brown coats, with round hats, and huge cudgels in their hands. +Their great stature and their vast fists rendered them no less alarming +than did their sinister stride through the darkness. One would have +pronounced them four spectres disguised as bourgeois. + +They halted in the middle of the space and formed a group, like men in +consultation. They had an air of indecision. The one who appeared to be +their leader turned round and pointed hastily with his right hand in +the direction which Jean Valjean had taken; another seemed to indicate +the contrary direction with considerable obstinacy. At the moment when +the first man wheeled round, the moon fell full in his face. Jean +Valjean recognized Javert perfectly. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IT IS LUCKY THAT THE PONT D’AUSTERLITZ BEARS CARRIAGES + + +Uncertainty was at an end for Jean Valjean: fortunately it still lasted +for the men. He took advantage of their hesitation. It was time lost +for them, but gained for him. He slipped from under the gate where he +had concealed himself, and went down the Rue des Postes, towards the +region of the Jardin des Plantes. Cosette was beginning to be tired. He +took her in his arms and carried her. There were no passers-by, and the +street lanterns had not been lighted on account of there being a moon. + +He redoubled his pace. + +In a few strides he had reached the Goblet potteries, on the front of +which the moonlight rendered distinctly legible the ancient +inscription:— + +De Goblet fils c’est ici la fabrique; +Venez choisir des cruches et des brocs, +Des pots Ă  fleurs, des tuyaux, de la brique. +À tout venant le CƓur vend des Carreaux.14 + + +He left behind him the Rue de la Clef, then the Fountain Saint-Victor, +skirted the Jardin des Plantes by the lower streets, and reached the +quay. There he turned round. The quay was deserted. The streets were +deserted. There was no one behind him. He drew a long breath. + +He gained the Pont d’Austerlitz. + +Tolls were still collected there at that epoch. + +He presented himself at the toll office and handed over a sou. + +“It is two sous,” said the old soldier in charge of the bridge. “You +are carrying a child who can walk. Pay for two.” + + +He paid, vexed that his passage should have aroused remark. Every +flight should be an imperceptible slipping away. + +A heavy cart was crossing the Seine at the same time as himself, and on +its way, like him, to the right bank. This was of use to him. He could +traverse the bridge in the shadow of the cart. + +Towards the middle of the Bridge, Cosette, whose feet were benumbed, +wanted to walk. He set her on the ground and took her hand again. + +The bridge once crossed, he perceived some timber-yards on his right. +He directed his course thither. In order to reach them, it was +necessary to risk himself in a tolerably large unsheltered and +illuminated space. He did not hesitate. Those who were on his track had +evidently lost the scent, and Jean Valjean believed himself to be out +of danger. Hunted, yes; followed, no. + +A little street, the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, opened out +between two timber-yards enclosed in walls. This street was dark and +narrow and seemed made expressly for him. Before entering it he cast a +glance behind him. + +From the point where he stood he could see the whole extent of the Pont +d’Austerlitz. + +Four shadows were just entering on the bridge. + +These shadows had their backs turned to the Jardin des Plantes and were +on their way to the right bank. + +These four shadows were the four men. + +Jean Valjean shuddered like the wild beast which is recaptured. + +One hope remained to him; it was, that the men had not, perhaps, +stepped on the bridge, and had not caught sight of him while he was +crossing the large illuminated space, holding Cosette by the hand. + +In that case, by plunging into the little street before him, he might +escape, if he could reach the timber-yards, the marshes, the +market-gardens, the uninhabited ground which was not built upon. + +It seemed to him that he might commit himself to that silent little +street. He entered it. + + + + +CHAPTER III—TO WIT, THE PLAN OF PARIS IN 1727 + + +Three hundred paces further on, he arrived at a point where the street +forked. It separated into two streets, which ran in a slanting line, +one to the right, and the other to the left. + +Jean Valjean had before him what resembled the two branches of a Y. +Which should he choose? He did not hesitate, but took the one on the +right. + +Why? + +Because that to the left ran towards a suburb, that is to say, towards +inhabited regions, and the right branch towards the open country, that +is to say, towards deserted regions. + +However, they no longer walked very fast. Cosette’s pace retarded Jean +Valjean’s. + +He took her up and carried her again. Cosette laid her head on the +shoulder of the good man and said not a word. + +He turned round from time to time and looked behind him. He took care +to keep always on the dark side of the street. The street was straight +in his rear. The first two or three times that he turned round he saw +nothing; the silence was profound, and he continued his march somewhat +reassured. All at once, on turning round, he thought he perceived in +the portion of the street which he had just passed through, far off in +the obscurity, something which was moving. + +He rushed forward precipitately rather than walked, hoping to find some +side-street, to make his escape through it, and thus to break his scent +once more. + +He arrived at a wall. + +This wall, however, did not absolutely prevent further progress; it was +a wall which bordered a transverse street, in which the one he had +taken ended. + +Here again, he was obliged to come to a decision; should he go to the +right or to the left. + +He glanced to the right. The fragmentary lane was prolonged between +buildings which were either sheds or barns, then ended at a blind +alley. The extremity of the cul-de-sac was distinctly visible,—a lofty +white wall. + +He glanced to the left. On that side the lane was open, and about two +hundred paces further on, ran into a street of which it was the +affluent. On that side lay safety. + +At the moment when Jean Valjean was meditating a turn to the left, in +an effort to reach the street which he saw at the end of the lane, he +perceived a sort of motionless, black statue at the corner of the lane +and the street towards which he was on the point of directing his +steps. + +It was some one, a man, who had evidently just been posted there, and +who was barring the passage and waiting. + +Jean Valjean recoiled. + +The point of Paris where Jean Valjean found himself, situated between +the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and la RĂąpĂ©e, is one of those which recent +improvements have transformed from top to bottom,—resulting in +disfigurement according to some, and in a transfiguration according to +others. The market-gardens, the timber-yards, and the old buildings +have been effaced. To-day, there are brand-new, wide streets, arenas, +circuses, hippodromes, railway stations, and a prison, Mazas, there; +progress, as the reader sees, with its antidote. + +Half a century ago, in that ordinary, popular tongue, which is all +compounded of traditions, which persists in calling the Institut _les +Quatre-Nations_, and the Opera-Comique _Feydeau_, the precise spot +whither Jean Valjean had arrived was called _le Petit-Picpus_. The +Porte Saint-Jacques, the Porte Paris, the BarriĂšre des Sergents, the +Porcherons, la Galiote, les CĂ©lestins, les Capucins, le Mail, la +Bourbe, l’Arbre de Cracovie, la Petite-Pologne—these are the names of +old Paris which survive amid the new. The memory of the populace hovers +over these relics of the past. + +Le Petit-Picpus, which, moreover, hardly ever had any existence, and +never was more than the outline of a quarter, had nearly the monkish +aspect of a Spanish town. The roads were not much paved; the streets +were not much built up. With the exception of the two or three streets, +of which we shall presently speak, all was wall and solitude there. Not +a shop, not a vehicle, hardly a candle lighted here and there in the +windows; all lights extinguished after ten o’clock. Gardens, convents, +timber-yards, marshes; occasional lowly dwellings and great walls as +high as the houses. + +Such was this quarter in the last century. The Revolution snubbed it +soundly. The republican government demolished and cut through it. +Rubbish shoots were established there. Thirty years ago, this quarter +was disappearing under the erasing process of new buildings. To-day, it +has been utterly blotted out. The Petit-Picpus, of which no existing +plan has preserved a trace, is indicated with sufficient clearness in +the plan of 1727, published at Paris by Denis Thierry, Rue +Saint-Jacques, opposite the Rue du PlĂątre; and at Lyons, by Jean Girin, +Rue MerciĂšre, at the sign of Prudence. Petit-Picpus had, as we have +just mentioned, a Y of streets, formed by the Rue du +Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, which spread out in two branches, taking on +the left the name of Little Picpus Street, and on the right the name of +the Rue Polonceau. The two limbs of the Y were connected at the apex as +by a bar; this bar was called Rue Droit-Mur. The Rue Polonceau ended +there; Rue Petit-Picpus passed on, and ascended towards the Lenoir +market. A person coming from the Seine reached the extremity of the Rue +Polonceau, and had on his right the Rue Droit-Mur, turning abruptly at +a right angle, in front of him the wall of that street, and on his +right a truncated prolongation of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had no issue +and was called the Cul-de-Sac Genrot. + +It was here that Jean Valjean stood. + +As we have just said, on catching sight of that black silhouette +standing on guard at the angle of the Rue Droit-Mur and the Rue +Petit-Picpus, he recoiled. There could be no doubt of it. That phantom +was lying in wait for him. + +What was he to do? + +The time for retreating was passed. That which he had perceived in +movement an instant before, in the distant darkness, was Javert and his +squad without a doubt. Javert was probably already at the commencement +of the street at whose end Jean Valjean stood. Javert, to all +appearances, was acquainted with this little labyrinth, and had taken +his precautions by sending one of his men to guard the exit. These +surmises, which so closely resembled proofs, whirled suddenly, like a +handful of dust caught up by an unexpected gust of wind, through Jean +Valjean’s mournful brain. He examined the Cul-de-Sac Genrot; there he +was cut off. He examined the Rue Petit-Picpus; there stood a sentinel. +He saw that black form standing out in relief against the white +pavement, illuminated by the moon; to advance was to fall into this +man’s hands; to retreat was to fling himself into Javert’s arms. Jean +Valjean felt himself caught, as in a net, which was slowly contracting; +he gazed heavenward in despair. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE GROPINGS OF FLIGHT + + +In order to understand what follows, it is requisite to form an exact +idea of the Droit-Mur lane, and, in particular, of the angle which one +leaves on the left when one emerges from the Rue Polonceau into this +lane. Droit-Mur lane was almost entirely bordered on the right, as far +as the Rue Petit-Picpus, by houses of mean aspect; on the left by a +solitary building of severe outlines, composed of numerous parts which +grew gradually higher by a story or two as they approached the Rue +Petit-Picpus side; so that this building, which was very lofty on the +Rue Petit-Picpus side, was tolerably low on the side adjoining the Rue +Polonceau. There, at the angle of which we have spoken, it descended to +such a degree that it consisted of merely a wall. This wall did not +abut directly on the street; it formed a deeply retreating niche, +concealed by its two corners from two observers who might have been, +one in the Rue Polonceau, the other in the Rue Droit-Mur. + +Beginning with these angles of the niche, the wall extended along the +Rue Polonceau as far as a house which bore the number 49, and along the +Rue Droit-Mur, where the fragment was much shorter, as far as the +gloomy building which we have mentioned and whose gable it intersected, +thus forming another retreating angle in the street. This gable was +sombre of aspect; only one window was visible, or, to speak more +correctly, two shutters covered with a sheet of zinc and kept +constantly closed. + +The state of the places of which we are here giving a description is +rigorously exact, and will certainly awaken a very precise memory in +the mind of old inhabitants of the quarter. + +The niche was entirely filled by a thing which resembled a colossal and +wretched door; it was a vast, formless assemblage of perpendicular +planks, the upper ones being broader than the lower, bound together by +long transverse strips of iron. At one side there was a carriage gate +of the ordinary dimensions, and which had evidently not been cut more +than fifty years previously. + +A linden-tree showed its crest above the niche, and the wall was +covered with ivy on the side of the Rue Polonceau. + +In the imminent peril in which Jean Valjean found himself, this sombre +building had about it a solitary and uninhabited look which tempted +him. He ran his eyes rapidly over it; he said to himself, that if he +could contrive to get inside it, he might save himself. First he +conceived an idea, then a hope. + +In the central portion of the front of this building, on the Rue +Droit-Mur side, there were at all the windows of the different stories +ancient cistern pipes of lead. The various branches of the pipes which +led from one central pipe to all these little basins sketched out a +sort of tree on the front. These ramifications of pipes with their +hundred elbows imitated those old leafless vine-stocks which writhe +over the fronts of old farm-houses. + +This odd espalier, with its branches of lead and iron, was the first +thing that struck Jean Valjean. He seated Cosette with her back against +a stone post, with an injunction to be silent, and ran to the spot +where the conduit touched the pavement. Perhaps there was some way of +climbing up by it and entering the house. But the pipe was dilapidated +and past service, and hardly hung to its fastenings. Moreover, all the +windows of this silent dwelling were grated with heavy iron bars, even +the attic windows in the roof. And then, the moon fell full upon that +façade, and the man who was watching at the corner of the street would +have seen Jean Valjean in the act of climbing. And finally, what was to +be done with Cosette? How was she to be drawn up to the top of a +three-story house? + +He gave up all idea of climbing by means of the drain-pipe, and crawled +along the wall to get back into the Rue Polonceau. + +When he reached the slant of the wall where he had left Cosette, he +noticed that no one could see him there. As we have just explained, he +was concealed from all eyes, no matter from which direction they were +approaching; besides this, he was in the shadow. Finally, there were +two doors; perhaps they might be forced. The wall above which he saw +the linden-tree and the ivy evidently abutted on a garden where he +could, at least, hide himself, although there were as yet no leaves on +the trees, and spend the remainder of the night. + +Time was passing; he must act quickly. + +He felt over the carriage door, and immediately recognized the fact +that it was impracticable outside and in. + +He approached the other door with more hope; it was frightfully +decrepit; its very immensity rendered it less solid; the planks were +rotten; the iron bands—there were only three of them—were rusted. It +seemed as though it might be possible to pierce this worm-eaten +barrier. + +On examining it he found that the door was not a door; it had neither +hinges, cross-bars, lock, nor fissure in the middle; the iron bands +traversed it from side to side without any break. Through the crevices +in the planks he caught a view of unhewn slabs and blocks of stone +roughly cemented together, which passers-by might still have seen there +ten years ago. He was forced to acknowledge with consternation that +this apparent door was simply the wooden decoration of a building +against which it was placed. It was easy to tear off a plank; but then, +one found one’s self face to face with a wall. + + + + +CHAPTER V—WHICH WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE WITH GAS LANTERNS + + +At that moment a heavy and measured sound began to be audible at some +distance. Jean Valjean risked a glance round the corner of the street. +Seven or eight soldiers, drawn up in a platoon, had just debouched into +the Rue Polonceau. He saw the gleam of their bayonets. They were +advancing towards him; these soldiers, at whose head he distinguished +Javert’s tall figure, advanced slowly and cautiously. They halted +frequently; it was plain that they were searching all the nooks of the +walls and all the embrasures of the doors and alleys. + +This was some patrol that Javert had encountered—there could be no +mistake as to this surmise—and whose aid he had demanded. + +Javert’s two acolytes were marching in their ranks. + +At the rate at which they were marching, and in consideration of the +halts which they were making, it would take them about a quarter of an +hour to reach the spot where Jean Valjean stood. It was a frightful +moment. A few minutes only separated Jean Valjean from that terrible +precipice which yawned before him for the third time. And the galleys +now meant not only the galleys, but Cosette lost to him forever; that +is to say, a life resembling the interior of a tomb. + +There was but one thing which was possible. + +Jean Valjean had this peculiarity, that he carried, as one might say, +two beggar’s pouches: in one he kept his saintly thoughts; in the other +the redoubtable talents of a convict. He rummaged in the one or the +other, according to circumstances. + +Among his other resources, thanks to his numerous escapes from the +prison at Toulon, he was, as it will be remembered, a past master in +the incredible art of crawling up without ladder or climbing-irons, by +sheer muscular force, by leaning on the nape of his neck, his +shoulders, his hips, and his knees, by helping himself on the rare +projections of the stone, in the right angle of a wall, as high as the +sixth story, if need be; an art which has rendered so celebrated and so +alarming that corner of the wall of the Conciergerie of Paris by which +Battemolle, condemned to death, made his escape twenty years ago. + +Jean Valjean measured with his eyes the wall above which he espied the +linden; it was about eighteen feet in height. The angle which it formed +with the gable of the large building was filled, at its lower +extremity, by a mass of masonry of a triangular shape, probably +intended to preserve that too convenient corner from the rubbish of +those dirty creatures called the passers-by. This practice of filling +up corners of the wall is much in use in Paris. + +This mass was about five feet in height; the space above the summit of +this mass which it was necessary to climb was not more than fourteen +feet. + +The wall was surmounted by a flat stone without a coping. + +Cosette was the difficulty, for she did not know how to climb a wall. +Should he abandon her? Jean Valjean did not once think of that. It was +impossible to carry her. A man’s whole strength is required to +successfully carry out these singular ascents. The least burden would +disturb his centre of gravity and pull him downwards. + +A rope would have been required; Jean Valjean had none. Where was he to +get a rope at midnight, in the Rue Polonceau? Certainly, if Jean +Valjean had had a kingdom, he would have given it for a rope at that +moment. + +All extreme situations have their lightning flashes which sometimes +dazzle, sometimes illuminate us. + +Jean Valjean’s despairing glance fell on the street lantern-post of the +blind alley Genrot. + +At that epoch there were no gas-jets in the streets of Paris. At +nightfall lanterns placed at regular distances were lighted; they were +ascended and descended by means of a rope, which traversed the street +from side to side, and was adjusted in a groove of the post. The pulley +over which this rope ran was fastened underneath the lantern in a +little iron box, the key to which was kept by the lamp-lighter, and the +rope itself was protected by a metal case. + +Jean Valjean, with the energy of a supreme struggle, crossed the street +at one bound, entered the blind alley, broke the latch of the little +box with the point of his knife, and an instant later he was beside +Cosette once more. He had a rope. These gloomy inventors of expedients +work rapidly when they are fighting against fatality. + +We have already explained that the lanterns had not been lighted that +night. The lantern in the Cul-de-Sac Genrot was thus naturally extinct, +like the rest; and one could pass directly under it without even +noticing that it was no longer in its place. + +Nevertheless, the hour, the place, the darkness, Jean Valjean’s +absorption, his singular gestures, his goings and comings, all had +begun to render Cosette uneasy. Any other child than she would have +given vent to loud shrieks long before. She contented herself with +plucking Jean Valjean by the skirt of his coat. They could hear the +sound of the patrol’s approach ever more and more distinctly. + +“Father,” said she, in a very low voice, “I am afraid. Who is coming +yonder?” + + +“Hush!” replied the unhappy man; “it is Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Cosette shuddered. He added:— + +“Say nothing. Don’t interfere with me. If you cry out, if you weep, the +ThĂ©nardier is lying in wait for you. She is coming to take you back.” + + +Then, without haste, but without making a useless movement, with firm +and curt precision, the more remarkable at a moment when the patrol and +Javert might come upon him at any moment, he undid his cravat, passed +it round Cosette’s body under the armpits, taking care that it should +not hurt the child, fastened this cravat to one end of the rope, by +means of that knot which seafaring men call a “swallow knot,” took the +other end of the rope in his teeth, pulled off his shoes and stockings, +which he threw over the wall, stepped upon the mass of masonry, and +began to raise himself in the angle of the wall and the gable with as +much solidity and certainty as though he had the rounds of a ladder +under his feet and elbows. Half a minute had not elapsed when he was +resting on his knees on the wall. + +Cosette gazed at him in stupid amazement, without uttering a word. Jean +Valjean’s injunction, and the name of Madame ThĂ©nardier, had chilled +her blood. + +All at once she heard Jean Valjean’s voice crying to her, though in a +very low tone:— + +“Put your back against the wall.” + + +She obeyed. + +“Don’t say a word, and don’t be alarmed,” went on Jean Valjean. + +And she felt herself lifted from the ground. + +Before she had time to recover herself, she was on the top of the wall. + +Jean Valjean grasped her, put her on his back, took her two tiny hands +in his large left hand, lay down flat on his stomach and crawled along +on top of the wall as far as the cant. As he had guessed, there stood a +building whose roof started from the top of the wooden barricade and +descended to within a very short distance of the ground, with a gentle +slope which grazed the linden-tree. A lucky circumstance, for the wall +was much higher on this side than on the street side. Jean Valjean +could only see the ground at a great depth below him. + +He had just reached the slope of the roof, and had not yet left the +crest of the wall, when a violent uproar announced the arrival of the +patrol. The thundering voice of Javert was audible:— + +“Search the blind alley! The Rue Droit-Mur is guarded! so is the Rue +Petit-Picpus. I’ll answer for it that he is in the blind alley.” + + +The soldiers rushed into the Genrot alley. + +Jean Valjean allowed himself to slide down the roof, still holding fast +to Cosette, reached the linden-tree, and leaped to the ground. Whether +from terror or courage, Cosette had not breathed a sound, though her +hands were a little abraded. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE BEGINNING OF AN ENIGMA + + +Jean Valjean found himself in a sort of garden which was very vast and +of singular aspect; one of those melancholy gardens which seem made to +be looked at in winter and at night. This garden was oblong in shape, +with an alley of large poplars at the further end, tolerably tall +forest trees in the corners, and an unshaded space in the centre, where +could be seen a very large, solitary tree, then several fruit-trees, +gnarled and bristling like bushes, beds of vegetables, a melon patch, +whose glass frames sparkled in the moonlight, and an old well. Here and +there stood stone benches which seemed black with moss. The alleys were +bordered with gloomy and very erect little shrubs. The grass had half +taken possession of them, and a green mould covered the rest. + +Jean Valjean had beside him the building whose roof had served him as a +means of descent, a pile of fagots, and, behind the fagots, directly +against the wall, a stone statue, whose mutilated face was no longer +anything more than a shapeless mask which loomed vaguely through the +gloom. + +The building was a sort of ruin, where dismantled chambers were +distinguishable, one of which, much encumbered, seemed to serve as a +shed. + +The large building of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had a wing on the Rue +Petit-Picpus, turned two façades, at right angles, towards this garden. +These interior façades were even more tragic than the exterior. All the +windows were grated. Not a gleam of light was visible at any one of +them. The upper story had scuttles like prisons. One of those façades +cast its shadow on the other, which fell over the garden like an +immense black pall. + +No other house was visible. The bottom of the garden was lost in mist +and darkness. Nevertheless, walls could be confusedly made out, which +intersected as though there were more cultivated land beyond, and the +low roofs of the Rue Polonceau. + +Nothing more wild and solitary than this garden could be imagined. +There was no one in it, which was quite natural in view of the hour; +but it did not seem as though this spot were made for any one to walk +in, even in broad daylight. + +Jean Valjean’s first care had been to get hold of his shoes and put +them on again, then to step under the shed with Cosette. A man who is +fleeing never thinks himself sufficiently hidden. The child, whose +thoughts were still on the ThĂ©nardier, shared his instinct for +withdrawing from sight as much as possible. + +Cosette trembled and pressed close to him. They heard the tumultuous +noise of the patrol searching the blind alley and the streets; the +blows of their gun-stocks against the stones; Javert’s appeals to the +police spies whom he had posted, and his imprecations mingled with +words which could not be distinguished. + +At the expiration of a quarter of an hour it seemed as though that +species of stormy roar were becoming more distant. Jean Valjean held +his breath. + +He had laid his hand lightly on Cosette’s mouth. + +However, the solitude in which he stood was so strangely calm, that +this frightful uproar, close and furious as it was, did not disturb him +by so much as the shadow of a misgiving. It seemed as though those +walls had been built of the deaf stones of which the Scriptures speak. + +All at once, in the midst of this profound calm, a fresh sound arose; a +sound as celestial, divine, ineffable, ravishing, as the other had been +horrible. It was a hymn which issued from the gloom, a dazzling burst +of prayer and harmony in the obscure and alarming silence of the night; +women’s voices, but voices composed at one and the same time of the +pure accents of virgins and the innocent accents of children,—voices +which are not of the earth, and which resemble those that the newborn +infant still hears, and which the dying man hears already. This song +proceeded from the gloomy edifice which towered above the garden. At +the moment when the hubbub of demons retreated, one would have said +that a choir of angels was approaching through the gloom. + +Cosette and Jean Valjean fell on their knees. + +They knew not what it was, they knew not where they were; but both of +them, the man and the child, the penitent and the innocent, felt that +they must kneel. + +These voices had this strange characteristic, that they did not prevent +the building from seeming to be deserted. It was a supernatural chant +in an uninhabited house. + +While these voices were singing, Jean Valjean thought of nothing. He no +longer beheld the night; he beheld a blue sky. It seemed to him that he +felt those wings which we all have within us, unfolding. + +The song died away. It may have lasted a long time. Jean Valjean could +not have told. Hours of ecstasy are never more than a moment. + +All fell silent again. There was no longer anything in the street; +there was nothing in the garden. That which had menaced, that which had +reassured him,—all had vanished. The breeze swayed a few dry weeds on +the crest of the wall, and they gave out a faint, sweet, melancholy +sound. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—CONTINUATION OF THE ENIGMA + + +The night wind had risen, which indicated that it must be between one +and two o’clock in the morning. Poor Cosette said nothing. As she had +seated herself beside him and leaned her head against him, Jean Valjean +had fancied that she was asleep. He bent down and looked at her. +Cosette’s eyes were wide open, and her thoughtful air pained Jean +Valjean. + +She was still trembling. + +“Are you sleepy?” said Jean Valjean. + +“I am very cold,” she replied. + +A moment later she resumed:— + +“Is she still there?” + + +“Who?” said Jean Valjean. + +“Madame ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Jean Valjean had already forgotten the means which he had employed to +make Cosette keep silent. + +“Ah!” said he, “she is gone. You need fear nothing further.” + + +The child sighed as though a load had been lifted from her breast. + +The ground was damp, the shed open on all sides, the breeze grew more +keen every instant. The goodman took off his coat and wrapped it round +Cosette. + +“Are you less cold now?” said he. + +“Oh, yes, father.” + + +“Well, wait for me a moment. I will soon be back.” + + +He quitted the ruin and crept along the large building, seeking a +better shelter. He came across doors, but they were closed. There were +bars at all the windows of the ground floor. + +Just after he had turned the inner angle of the edifice, he observed +that he was coming to some arched windows, where he perceived a light. +He stood on tiptoe and peeped through one of these windows. They all +opened on a tolerably vast hall, paved with large flagstones, cut up by +arcades and pillars, where only a tiny light and great shadows were +visible. The light came from a taper which was burning in one corner. +The apartment was deserted, and nothing was stirring in it. +Nevertheless, by dint of gazing intently he thought he perceived on the +ground something which appeared to be covered with a winding-sheet, and +which resembled a human form. This form was lying face downward, flat +on the pavement, with the arms extended in the form of a cross, in the +immobility of death. One would have said, judging from a sort of +serpent which undulated over the floor, that this sinister form had a +rope round its neck. + +The whole chamber was bathed in that mist of places which are sparely +illuminated, which adds to horror. + +Jean Valjean often said afterwards, that, although many funereal +spectres had crossed his path in life, he had never beheld anything +more blood-curdling and terrible than that enigmatical form +accomplishing some inexplicable mystery in that gloomy place, and +beheld thus at night. It was alarming to suppose that that thing was +perhaps dead; and still more alarming to think that it was perhaps +alive. + +He had the courage to plaster his face to the glass, and to watch +whether the thing would move. In spite of his remaining thus what +seemed to him a very long time, the outstretched form made no movement. +All at once he felt himself overpowered by an inexpressible terror, and +he fled. He began to run towards the shed, not daring to look behind +him. It seemed to him, that if he turned his head, he should see that +form following him with great strides and waving its arms. + +He reached the ruin all out of breath. His knees were giving way +beneath him; the perspiration was pouring from him. + +Where was he? Who could ever have imagined anything like that sort of +sepulchre in the midst of Paris! What was this strange house? An +edifice full of nocturnal mystery, calling to souls through the +darkness with the voice of angels, and when they came, offering them +abruptly that terrible vision; promising to open the radiant portals of +heaven, and then opening the horrible gates of the tomb! And it +actually was an edifice, a house, which bore a number on the street! It +was not a dream! He had to touch the stones to convince himself that +such was the fact. + +Cold, anxiety, uneasiness, the emotions of the night, had given him a +genuine fever, and all these ideas were clashing together in his brain. + +He stepped up to Cosette. She was asleep. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE ENIGMA BECOMES DOUBLY MYSTERIOUS + + +The child had laid her head on a stone and fallen asleep. + +He sat down beside her and began to think. Little by little, as he +gazed at her, he grew calm and regained possession of his freedom of +mind. + +He clearly perceived this truth, the foundation of his life henceforth, +that so long as she was there, so long as he had her near him, he +should need nothing except for her, he should fear nothing except for +her. He was not even conscious that he was very cold, since he had +taken off his coat to cover her. + +Nevertheless, athwart this reverie into which he had fallen he had +heard for some time a peculiar noise. It was like the tinkling of a +bell. This sound proceeded from the garden. It could be heard +distinctly though faintly. It resembled the faint, vague music produced +by the bells of cattle at night in the pastures. + +This noise made Valjean turn round. + +He looked and saw that there was some one in the garden. + +A being resembling a man was walking amid the bell-glasses of the melon +beds, rising, stooping, halting, with regular movements, as though he +were dragging or spreading out something on the ground. This person +appeared to limp. + +Jean Valjean shuddered with the continual tremor of the unhappy. For +them everything is hostile and suspicious. They distrust the day +because it enables people to see them, and the night because it aids in +surprising them. A little while before he had shivered because the +garden was deserted, and now he shivered because there was some one +there. + +He fell back from chimerical terrors to real terrors. He said to +himself that Javert and the spies had, perhaps, not taken their +departure; that they had, no doubt, left people on the watch in the +street; that if this man should discover him in the garden, he would +cry out for help against thieves and deliver him up. He took the +sleeping Cosette gently in his arms and carried her behind a heap of +old furniture, which was out of use, in the most remote corner of the +shed. Cosette did not stir. + +From that point he scrutinized the appearance of the being in the melon +patch. The strange thing about it was, that the sound of the bell +followed each of this man’s movements. When the man approached, the +sound approached; when the man retreated, the sound retreated; if he +made any hasty gesture, a tremolo accompanied the gesture; when he +halted, the sound ceased. It appeared evident that the bell was +attached to that man; but what could that signify? Who was this man who +had a bell suspended about him like a ram or an ox? + +As he put these questions to himself, he touched Cosette’s hands. They +were icy cold. + +“Ah! good God!” he cried. + +He spoke to her in a low voice:— + +“Cosette!” + + +She did not open her eyes. + +He shook her vigorously. + +She did not wake. + +“Is she dead?” he said to himself, and sprang to his feet, quivering +from head to foot. + +The most frightful thoughts rushed pell-mell through his mind. There +are moments when hideous surmises assail us like a cohort of furies, +and violently force the partitions of our brains. When those we love +are in question, our prudence invents every sort of madness. He +remembered that sleep in the open air on a cold night may be fatal. + +Cosette was pale, and had fallen at full length on the ground at his +feet, without a movement. + +He listened to her breathing: she still breathed, but with a +respiration which seemed to him weak and on the point of extinction. + +How was he to warm her back to life? How was he to rouse her? All that +was not connected with this vanished from his thoughts. He rushed +wildly from the ruin. + +It was absolutely necessary that Cosette should be in bed and beside a +fire in less than a quarter of an hour. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE MAN WITH THE BELL + + +He walked straight up to the man whom he saw in the garden. He had +taken in his hand the roll of silver which was in the pocket of his +waistcoat. + +The man’s head was bent down, and he did not see him approaching. In a +few strides Jean Valjean stood beside him. + +Jean Valjean accosted him with the cry:— + +“One hundred francs!” + + +The man gave a start and raised his eyes. + +“You can earn a hundred francs,” went on Jean Valjean, “if you will +grant me shelter for this night.” + + +The moon shone full upon Jean Valjean’s terrified countenance. + +“What! so it is you, Father Madeleine!” said the man. + +That name, thus pronounced, at that obscure hour, in that unknown spot, +by that strange man, made Jean Valjean start back. + +He had expected anything but that. The person who thus addressed him +was a bent and lame old man, dressed almost like a peasant, who wore on +his left knee a leather knee-cap, whence hung a moderately large bell. +His face, which was in the shadow, was not distinguishable. + +However, the goodman had removed his cap, and exclaimed, trembling all +over:— + +“Ah, good God! How come you here, Father Madeleine? Where did you +enter? Dieu-JĂ©sus! Did you fall from heaven? There is no trouble about +that: if ever you do fall, it will be from there. And what a state you +are in! You have no cravat; you have no hat; you have no coat! Do you +know, you would have frightened any one who did not know you? No coat! +Lord God! Are the saints going mad nowadays? But how did you get in +here?” + + +His words tumbled over each other. The goodman talked with a rustic +volubility, in which there was nothing alarming. All this was uttered +with a mixture of stupefaction and _naĂŻve_ kindliness. + +“Who are you? and what house is this?” demanded Jean Valjean. + +“Ah! pardieu, this is too much!” exclaimed the old man. “I am the +person for whom you got the place here, and this house is the one where +you had me placed. What! You don’t recognize me?” + + +“No,” said Jean Valjean; “and how happens it that you know me?” + + +“You saved my life,” said the man. + +He turned. A ray of moonlight outlined his profile, and Jean Valjean +recognized old Fauchelevent. + +“Ah!” said Jean Valjean, “so it is you? Yes, I recollect you.” + + +“That is very lucky,” said the old man, in a reproachful tone. + +“And what are you doing here?” resumed Jean Valjean. + +“Why, I am covering my melons, of course!” + + +In fact, at the moment when Jean Valjean accosted him, old Fauchelevent +held in his hand the end of a straw mat which he was occupied in +spreading over the melon bed. During the hour or thereabouts that he +had been in the garden he had already spread out a number of them. It +was this operation which had caused him to execute the peculiar +movements observed from the shed by Jean Valjean. + +He continued:— + +“I said to myself, ‘The moon is bright: it is going to freeze. What if +I were to put my melons into their greatcoats?’ And,” he added, looking +at Jean Valjean with a broad smile,—“pardieu! you ought to have done +the same! But how do you come here?” + + +Jean Valjean, finding himself known to this man, at least only under +the name of Madeleine, thenceforth advanced only with caution. He +multiplied his questions. Strange to say, their rĂŽles seemed to be +reversed. It was he, the intruder, who interrogated. + +“And what is this bell which you wear on your knee?” + + +“This,” replied Fauchelevent, “is so that I may be avoided.” + + +“What! so that you may be avoided?” + + +Old Fauchelevent winked with an indescribable air. + +“Ah, goodness! there are only women in this house—many young girls. It +appears that I should be a dangerous person to meet. The bell gives +them warning. When I come, they go.” + + +“What house is this?” + + +“Come, you know well enough.” + + +“But I do not.” + + +“Not when you got me the place here as gardener?” + + +“Answer me as though I knew nothing.” + + +“Well, then, this is the Petit-Picpus convent.” + + +Memories recurred to Jean Valjean. Chance, that is to say, Providence, +had cast him into precisely that convent in the Quartier Saint-Antoine +where old Fauchelevent, crippled by the fall from his cart, had been +admitted on his recommendation two years previously. He repeated, as +though talking to himself:— + +“The Petit-Picpus convent.” + + +“Exactly,” returned old Fauchelevent. “But to come to the point, how +the deuce did you manage to get in here, you, Father Madeleine? No +matter if you are a saint; you are a man as well, and no man enters +here.” + + +“You certainly are here.” + + +“There is no one but me.” + + +“Still,” said Jean Valjean, “I must stay here.” + + +“Ah, good God!” cried Fauchelevent. + +Jean Valjean drew near to the old man, and said to him in a grave +voice:— + +“Father Fauchelevent, I saved your life.” + + +“I was the first to recall it,” returned Fauchelevent. + +“Well, you can do to-day for me that which I did for you in the olden +days.” + + +Fauchelevent took in his aged, trembling, and wrinkled hands Jean +Valjean’s two robust hands, and stood for several minutes as though +incapable of speaking. At length he exclaimed:— + +“Oh! that would be a blessing from the good God, if I could make you +some little return for that! Save your life! Monsieur le Maire, dispose +of the old man!” + + +A wonderful joy had transfigured this old man. His countenance seemed +to emit a ray of light. + +“What do you wish me to do?” he resumed. + +“That I will explain to you. You have a chamber?” + + +“I have an isolated hovel yonder, behind the ruins of the old convent, +in a corner which no one ever looks into. There are three rooms in it.” + + +The hut was, in fact, so well hidden behind the ruins, and so cleverly +arranged to prevent it being seen, that Jean Valjean had not perceived +it. + +“Good,” said Jean Valjean. “Now I am going to ask two things of you.” + + +“What are they, Mr. Mayor?” + + +“In the first place, you are not to tell any one what you know about +me. In the second, you are not to try to find out anything more.” + + +“As you please. I know that you can do nothing that is not honest, that +you have always been a man after the good God’s heart. And then, +moreover, you it was who placed me here. That concerns you. I am at +your service.” + + +“That is settled then. Now, come with me. We will go and get the +child.” + + +“Ah!” said Fauchelevent, “so there is a child?” + + +He added not a word further, and followed Jean Valjean as a dog follows +his master. + +Less than half an hour afterwards Cosette, who had grown rosy again +before the flame of a good fire, was lying asleep in the old gardener’s +bed. Jean Valjean had put on his cravat and coat once more; his hat, +which he had flung over the wall, had been found and picked up. While +Jean Valjean was putting on his coat, Fauchelevent had removed the bell +and kneecap, which now hung on a nail beside a vintage basket that +adorned the wall. The two men were warming themselves with their elbows +resting on a table upon which Fauchelevent had placed a bit of cheese, +black bread, a bottle of wine, and two glasses, and the old man was +saying to Jean Valjean, as he laid his hand on the latter’s knee: “Ah! +Father Madeleine! You did not recognize me immediately; you save +people’s lives, and then you forget them! That is bad! But they +remember you! You are an ingrate!” + + + + + +CHAPTER X—WHICH EXPLAINS HOW JAVERT GOT ON THE SCENT + + +The events of which we have just beheld the reverse side, so to speak, +had come about in the simplest possible manner. + +When Jean Valjean, on the evening of the very day when Javert had +arrested him beside Fantine’s death-bed, had escaped from the town jail +of M. sur M., the police had supposed that he had betaken himself to +Paris. Paris is a maelstrom where everything is lost, and everything +disappears in this belly of the world, as in the belly of the sea. No +forest hides a man as does that crowd. Fugitives of every sort know +this. They go to Paris as to an abyss; there are gulfs which save. The +police know it also, and it is in Paris that they seek what they have +lost elsewhere. They sought the ex-mayor of M. sur M. Javert was +summoned to Paris to throw light on their researches. Javert had, in +fact, rendered powerful assistance in the recapture of Jean Valjean. +Javert’s zeal and intelligence on that occasion had been remarked by M. +Chabouillet, secretary of the Prefecture under Comte AnglĂšs. M. +Chabouillet, who had, moreover, already been Javert’s patron, had the +inspector of M. sur M. attached to the police force of Paris. There +Javert rendered himself useful in divers and, though the word may seem +strange for such services, honorable manners. + +He no longer thought of Jean Valjean,—the wolf of to-day causes these +dogs who are always on the chase to forget the wolf of yesterday,—when, +in December, 1823, he read a newspaper, he who never read newspapers; +but Javert, a monarchical man, had a desire to know the particulars of +the triumphal entry of the “Prince Generalissimo” into Bayonne. Just as +he was finishing the article, which interested him; a name, the name of +Jean Valjean, attracted his attention at the bottom of a page. The +paper announced that the convict Jean Valjean was dead, and published +the fact in such formal terms that Javert did not doubt it. He confined +himself to the remark, “That’s a good entry.” Then he threw aside the +paper, and thought no more about it. + +Some time afterwards, it chanced that a police report was transmitted +from the prefecture of the Seine-et-Oise to the prefecture of police in +Paris, concerning the abduction of a child, which had taken place, +under peculiar circumstances, as it was said, in the commune of +Montfermeil. A little girl of seven or eight years of age, the report +said, who had been intrusted by her mother to an inn-keeper of that +neighborhood, had been stolen by a stranger; this child answered to the +name of Cosette, and was the daughter of a girl named Fantine, who had +died in the hospital, it was not known where or when. + +This report came under Javert’s eye and set him to thinking. + +The name of Fantine was well known to him. He remembered that Jean +Valjean had made him, Javert, burst into laughter, by asking him for a +respite of three days, for the purpose of going to fetch that +creature’s child. He recalled the fact that Jean Valjean had been +arrested in Paris at the very moment when he was stepping into the +coach for Montfermeil. Some signs had made him suspect at the time that +this was the second occasion of his entering that coach, and that he +had already, on the previous day, made an excursion to the neighborhood +of that village, for he had not been seen in the village itself. What +had he been intending to do in that region of Montfermeil? It could not +even be surmised. Javert understood it now. Fantine’s daughter was +there. Jean Valjean was going there in search of her. And now this +child had been stolen by a stranger! Who could that stranger be? Could +it be Jean Valjean? But Jean Valjean was dead. Javert, without saying +anything to anybody, took the coach from the _Pewter Platter_, +Cul-de-Sac de la Planchette, and made a trip to Montfermeil. + +He expected to find a great deal of light on the subject there; he +found a great deal of obscurity. + +For the first few days the ThĂ©nardiers had chattered in their rage. The +disappearance of the Lark had created a sensation in the village. He +immediately obtained numerous versions of the story, which ended in the +abduction of a child. Hence the police report. But their first vexation +having passed off, ThĂ©nardier, with his wonderful instinct, had very +quickly comprehended that it is never advisable to stir up the +prosecutor of the Crown, and that his complaints with regard to the +_abduction_ of Cosette would have as their first result to fix upon +himself, and upon many dark affairs which he had on hand, the +glittering eye of justice. The last thing that owls desire is to have a +candle brought to them. And in the first place, how explain the fifteen +hundred francs which he had received? He turned squarely round, put a +gag on his wife’s mouth, and feigned astonishment when the _stolen +child_ was mentioned to him. He understood nothing about it; no doubt +he had grumbled for awhile at having that dear little creature “taken +from him” so hastily; he should have liked to keep her two or three +days longer, out of tenderness; but her “grandfather” had come for her +in the most natural way in the world. He added the “grandfather,” which +produced a good effect. This was the story that Javert hit upon when he +arrived at Montfermeil. The grandfather caused Jean Valjean to vanish. + +Nevertheless, Javert dropped a few questions, like plummets, into +ThĂ©nardier’s history. “Who was that grandfather? and what was his +name?” ThĂ©nardier replied with simplicity: “He is a wealthy farmer. I +saw his passport. I think his name was M. Guillaume Lambert.” + + +Lambert is a respectable and extremely reassuring name. Thereupon +Javert returned to Paris. + +“Jean Valjean is certainly dead,” said he, “and I am a ninny.” + + +He had again begun to forget this history, when, in the course of +March, 1824, he heard of a singular personage who dwelt in the parish +of Saint-MĂ©dard and who had been surnamed “the mendicant who gives +alms.” This person, the story ran, was a man of means, whose name no +one knew exactly, and who lived alone with a little girl of eight +years, who knew nothing about herself, save that she had come from +Montfermeil. Montfermeil! that name was always coming up, and it made +Javert prick up his ears. An old beggar police spy, an ex-beadle, to +whom this person had given alms, added a few more details. This +gentleman of property was very shy,—never coming out except in the +evening, speaking to no one, except, occasionally to the poor, and +never allowing any one to approach him. He wore a horrible old yellow +frock-coat, which was worth many millions, being all wadded with +bank-bills. This piqued Javert’s curiosity in a decided manner. In +order to get a close look at this fantastic gentleman without alarming +him, he borrowed the beadle’s outfit for a day, and the place where the +old spy was in the habit of crouching every evening, whining orisons +through his nose, and playing the spy under cover of prayer. + +“The suspected individual” did indeed approach Javert thus disguised, +and bestow alms on him. At that moment Javert raised his head, and the +shock which Jean Valjean received on recognizing Javert was equal to +the one received by Javert when he thought he recognized Jean Valjean. + +However, the darkness might have misled him; Jean Valjean’s death was +official; Javert cherished very grave doubts; and when in doubt, +Javert, the man of scruples, never laid a finger on any one’s collar. + +He followed his man to the Gorbeau house, and got “the old woman” to +talking, which was no difficult matter. The old woman confirmed the +fact regarding the coat lined with millions, and narrated to him the +episode of the thousand-franc bill. She had seen it! She had handled +it! Javert hired a room; that evening he installed himself in it. He +came and listened at the mysterious lodger’s door, hoping to catch the +sound of his voice, but Jean Valjean saw his candle through the +key-hole, and foiled the spy by keeping silent. + +On the following day Jean Valjean decamped; but the noise made by the +fall of the five-franc piece was noticed by the old woman, who, hearing +the rattling of coin, suspected that he might be intending to leave, +and made haste to warn Javert. At night, when Jean Valjean came out, +Javert was waiting for him behind the trees of the boulevard with two +men. + +Javert had demanded assistance at the Prefecture, but he had not +mentioned the name of the individual whom he hoped to seize; that was +his secret, and he had kept it for three reasons: in the first place, +because the slightest indiscretion might put Jean Valjean on the alert; +next, because, to lay hands on an ex-convict who had made his escape +and was reputed dead, on a criminal whom justice had formerly classed +forever as _among malefactors of the most dangerous sort_, was a +magnificent success which the old members of the Parisian police would +assuredly not leave to a newcomer like Javert, and he was afraid of +being deprived of his convict; and lastly, because Javert, being an +artist, had a taste for the unforeseen. He hated those well-heralded +successes which are talked of long in advance and have had the bloom +brushed off. He preferred to elaborate his masterpieces in the dark and +to unveil them suddenly at the last. + +Javert had followed Jean Valjean from tree to tree, then from corner to +corner of the street, and had not lost sight of him for a single +instant; even at the moments when Jean Valjean believed himself to be +the most secure Javert’s eye had been on him. Why had not Javert +arrested Jean Valjean? Because he was still in doubt. + +It must be remembered that at that epoch the police was not precisely +at its ease; the free press embarrassed it; several arbitrary arrests +denounced by the newspapers, had echoed even as far as the Chambers, +and had rendered the Prefecture timid. Interference with individual +liberty was a grave matter. The police agents were afraid of making a +mistake; the prefect laid the blame on them; a mistake meant dismissal. +The reader can imagine the effect which this brief paragraph, +reproduced by twenty newspapers, would have caused in Paris: +“Yesterday, an aged grandfather, with white hair, a respectable and +well-to-do gentleman, who was walking with his grandchild, aged eight, +was arrested and conducted to the agency of the Prefecture as an +escaped convict!” + + +Let us repeat in addition that Javert had scruples of his own; +injunctions of his conscience were added to the injunctions of the +prefect. He was really in doubt. + +Jean Valjean turned his back on him and walked in the dark. + +Sadness, uneasiness, anxiety, depression, this fresh misfortune of +being forced to flee by night, to seek a chance refuge in Paris for +Cosette and himself, the necessity of regulating his pace to the pace +of the child—all this, without his being aware of it, had altered Jean +Valjean’s walk, and impressed on his bearing such senility, that the +police themselves, incarnate in the person of Javert, might, and did in +fact, make a mistake. The impossibility of approaching too close, his +costume of an _Ă©migrĂ©_ preceptor, the declaration of ThĂ©nardier which +made a grandfather of him, and, finally, the belief in his death in +prison, added still further to the uncertainty which gathered thick in +Javert’s mind. + +For an instant it occurred to him to make an abrupt demand for his +papers; but if the man was not Jean Valjean, and if this man was not a +good, honest old fellow living on his income, he was probably some +merry blade deeply and cunningly implicated in the obscure web of +Parisian misdeeds, some chief of a dangerous band, who gave alms to +conceal his other talents, which was an old dodge. He had trusty +fellows, accomplices’ retreats in case of emergencies, in which he +would, no doubt, take refuge. All these turns which he was making +through the streets seemed to indicate that he was not a simple and +honest man. To arrest him too hastily would be “to kill the hen that +laid the golden eggs.” Where was the inconvenience in waiting? Javert +was very sure that he would not escape. + +Thus he proceeded in a tolerably perplexed state of mind, putting to +himself a hundred questions about this enigmatical personage. + +It was only quite late in the Rue de Pontoise, that, thanks to the +brilliant light thrown from a dram-shop, he decidedly recognized Jean +Valjean. + +There are in this world two beings who give a profound start,—the +mother who recovers her child and the tiger who recovers his prey. +Javert gave that profound start. + +As soon as he had positively recognized Jean Valjean, the formidable +convict, he perceived that there were only three of them, and he asked +for reinforcements at the police station of the Rue de Pontoise. One +puts on gloves before grasping a thorn cudgel. + +This delay and the halt at the Carrefour Rollin to consult with his +agents came near causing him to lose the trail. He speedily divined, +however, that Jean Valjean would want to put the river between his +pursuers and himself. He bent his head and reflected like a blood-hound +who puts his nose to the ground to make sure that he is on the right +scent. Javert, with his powerful rectitude of instinct, went straight +to the bridge of Austerlitz. A word with the toll-keeper furnished him +with the information which he required: “Have you seen a man with a +little girl?” “I made him pay two sous,” replied the toll-keeper. +Javert reached the bridge in season to see Jean Valjean traverse the +small illuminated spot on the other side of the water, leading Cosette +by the hand. He saw him enter the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine; he +remembered the Cul-de-Sac Genrot arranged there like a trap, and of the +sole exit of the Rue Droit-Mur into the Rue Petit-Picpus. _He made sure +of his back burrows_, as huntsmen say; he hastily despatched one of his +agents, by a roundabout way, to guard that issue. A patrol which was +returning to the Arsenal post having passed him, he made a requisition +on it, and caused it to accompany him. In such games soldiers are aces. +Moreover, the principle is, that in order to get the best of a wild +boar, one must employ the science of venery and plenty of dogs. These +combinations having been effected, feeling that Jean Valjean was caught +between the blind alley Genrot on the right, his agent on the left, and +himself, Javert, in the rear, he took a pinch of snuff. + +Then he began the game. He experienced one ecstatic and infernal +moment; he allowed his man to go on ahead, knowing that he had him +safe, but desirous of postponing the moment of arrest as long as +possible, happy at the thought that he was taken and yet at seeing him +free, gloating over him with his gaze, with that voluptuousness of the +spider which allows the fly to flutter, and of the cat which lets the +mouse run. Claws and talons possess a monstrous sensuality,—the obscure +movements of the creature imprisoned in their pincers. What a delight +this strangling is! + +Javert was enjoying himself. The meshes of his net were stoutly +knotted. He was sure of success; all he had to do now was to close his +hand. + +Accompanied as he was, the very idea of resistance was impossible, +however vigorous, energetic, and desperate Jean Valjean might be. + +[Illustration: Javert on the Hunt] + +Javert advanced slowly, sounding, searching on his way all the nooks of +the street like so many pockets of thieves. + +When he reached the centre of the web he found the fly no longer there. + +His exasperation can be imagined. + +He interrogated his sentinel of the Rues Droit-Mur and Petit-Picpus; +that agent, who had remained imperturbably at his post, had not seen +the man pass. + +It sometimes happens that a stag is lost head and horns; that is to +say, he escapes although he has the pack on his very heels, and then +the oldest huntsmen know not what to say. Duvivier, Ligniville, and +Desprez halt short. In a discomfiture of this sort, Artonge exclaims, +“It was not a stag, but a sorcerer.” Javert would have liked to utter +the same cry. + +His disappointment bordered for a moment on despair and rage. + +It is certain that Napoleon made mistakes during the war with Russia, +that Alexander committed blunders in the war in India, that CĂŠsar made +mistakes in the war in Africa, that Cyrus was at fault in the war in +Scythia, and that Javert blundered in this campaign against Jean +Valjean. He was wrong, perhaps, in hesitating in his recognition of the +exconvict. The first glance should have sufficed him. He was wrong in +not arresting him purely and simply in the old building; he was wrong +in not arresting him when he positively recognized him in the Rue de +Pontoise. He was wrong in taking counsel with his auxiliaries in the +full light of the moon in the Carrefour Rollin. Advice is certainly +useful; it is a good thing to know and to interrogate those of the dogs +who deserve confidence; but the hunter cannot be too cautious when he +is chasing uneasy animals like the wolf and the convict. Javert, by +taking too much thought as to how he should set the bloodhounds of the +pack on the trail, alarmed the beast by giving him wind of the dart, +and so made him run. Above all, he was wrong in that after he had +picked up the scent again on the bridge of Austerlitz, he played that +formidable and puerile game of keeping such a man at the end of a +thread. He thought himself stronger than he was, and believed that he +could play at the game of the mouse and the lion. At the same time, he +reckoned himself as too weak, when he judged it necessary to obtain +reinforcement. Fatal precaution, waste of precious time! Javert +committed all these blunders, and nonetheless was one of the cleverest +and most correct spies that ever existed. He was, in the full force of +the term, what is called in venery a _knowing dog_. But what is there +that is perfect? + +Great strategists have their eclipses. + +The greatest follies are often composed, like the largest ropes, of a +multitude of strands. Take the cable thread by thread, take all the +petty determining motives separately, and you can break them one after +the other, and you say, “That is all there is of it!” Braid them, twist +them together; the result is enormous: it is Attila hesitating between +Marcian on the east and Valentinian on the west; it is Hannibal +tarrying at Capua; it is Danton falling asleep at Arcis-sur-Aube. + +However that may be, even at the moment when he saw that Jean Valjean +had escaped him, Javert did not lose his head. Sure that the convict +who had broken his ban could not be far off, he established sentinels, +he organized traps and ambuscades, and beat the quarter all that night. +The first thing he saw was the disorder in the street lantern whose +rope had been cut. A precious sign which, however, led him astray, +since it caused him to turn all his researches in the direction of the +Cul-de-Sac Genrot. In this blind alley there were tolerably low walls +which abutted on gardens whose bounds adjoined the immense stretches of +waste land. Jean Valjean evidently must have fled in that direction. +The fact is, that had he penetrated a little further in the Cul-de-Sac +Genrot, he would probably have done so and have been lost. Javert +explored these gardens and these waste stretches as though he had been +hunting for a needle. + +At daybreak he left two intelligent men on the outlook, and returned to +the Prefecture of Police, as much ashamed as a police spy who had been +captured by a robber might have been. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—LE PETIT-PICPUS + + + + +CHAPTER I—NUMBER 62 RUE PETIT-PICPUS + + +Nothing, half a century ago, more resembled every other carriage gate +than the carriage gate of Number 62 Rue Petit-Picpus. This entrance, +which usually stood ajar in the most inviting fashion, permitted a view +of two things, neither of which have anything very funereal about +them,—a courtyard surrounded by walls hung with vines, and the face of +a lounging porter. Above the wall, at the bottom of the court, tall +trees were visible. When a ray of sunlight enlivened the courtyard, +when a glass of wine cheered up the porter, it was difficult to pass +Number 62 Little Picpus Street without carrying away a smiling +impression of it. Nevertheless, it was a sombre place of which one had +had a glimpse. + +The threshold smiled; the house prayed and wept. + +If one succeeded in passing the porter, which was not easy,—which was +even nearly impossible for every one, for there was an _open sesame!_ +which it was necessary to know,—if, the porter once passed, one entered +a little vestibule on the right, on which opened a staircase shut in +between two walls and so narrow that only one person could ascend it at +a time, if one did not allow one’s self to be alarmed by a daubing of +canary yellow, with a dado of chocolate which clothed this staircase, +if one ventured to ascend it, one crossed a first landing, then a +second, and arrived on the first story at a corridor where the yellow +wash and the chocolate-hued plinth pursued one with a peaceable +persistency. Staircase and corridor were lighted by two beautiful +windows. The corridor took a turn and became dark. If one doubled this +cape, one arrived a few paces further on, in front of a door which was +all the more mysterious because it was not fastened. If one opened it, +one found one’s self in a little chamber about six feet square, tiled, +well-scrubbed, clean, cold, and hung with nankin paper with green +flowers, at fifteen sous the roll. A white, dull light fell from a +large window, with tiny panes, on the left, which usurped the whole +width of the room. One gazed about, but saw no one; one listened, one +heard neither a footstep nor a human murmur. The walls were bare, the +chamber was not furnished; there was not even a chair. + +One looked again, and beheld on the wall facing the door a quadrangular +hole, about a foot square, with a grating of interlacing iron bars, +black, knotted, solid, which formed squares—I had almost said meshes—of +less than an inch and a half in diagonal length. The little green +flowers of the nankin paper ran in a calm and orderly manner to those +iron bars, without being startled or thrown into confusion by their +funereal contact. Supposing that a living being had been so wonderfully +thin as to essay an entrance or an exit through the square hole, this +grating would have prevented it. It did not allow the passage of the +body, but it did allow the passage of the eyes; that is to say, of the +mind. This seems to have occurred to them, for it had been re-enforced +by a sheet of tin inserted in the wall a little in the rear, and +pierced with a thousand holes more microscopic than the holes of a +strainer. At the bottom of this plate, an aperture had been pierced +exactly similar to the orifice of a letter box. A bit of tape attached +to a bell-wire hung at the right of the grated opening. + +If the tape was pulled, a bell rang, and one heard a voice very near at +hand, which made one start. + +“Who is there?” the voice demanded. + +It was a woman’s voice, a gentle voice, so gentle that it was mournful. + +Here, again, there was a magical word which it was necessary to know. +If one did not know it, the voice ceased, the wall became silent once +more, as though the terrified obscurity of the sepulchre had been on +the other side of it. + +If one knew the password, the voice resumed, “Enter on the right.” + + +One then perceived on the right, facing the window, a glass door +surmounted by a frame glazed and painted gray. On raising the latch and +crossing the threshold, one experienced precisely the same impression +as when one enters at the theatre into a grated _baignoire_, before the +grating is lowered and the chandelier is lighted. One was, in fact, in +a sort of theatre-box, narrow, furnished with two old chairs, and a +much-frayed straw matting, sparely illuminated by the vague light from +the glass door; a regular box, with its front just of a height to lean +upon, bearing a tablet of black wood. This box was grated, only the +grating of it was not of gilded wood, as at the opera; it was a +monstrous lattice of iron bars, hideously interlaced and riveted to the +wall by enormous fastenings which resembled clenched fists. + +The first minutes passed; when one’s eyes began to grow used to this +cellar-like half-twilight, one tried to pass the grating, but got no +further than six inches beyond it. There he encountered a barrier of +black shutters, re-enforced and fortified with transverse beams of wood +painted a gingerbread yellow. These shutters were divided into long, +narrow slats, and they masked the entire length of the grating. They +were always closed. At the expiration of a few moments one heard a +voice proceeding from behind these shutters, and saying:— + +“I am here. What do you wish with me?” + + +It was a beloved, sometimes an adored, voice. No one was visible. +Hardly the sound of a breath was audible. It seemed as though it were a +spirit which had been evoked, that was speaking to you across the walls +of the tomb. + +If one chanced to be within certain prescribed and very rare +conditions, the slat of one of the shutters opened opposite you; the +evoked spirit became an apparition. Behind the grating, behind the +shutter, one perceived so far as the grating permitted sight, a head, +of which only the mouth and the chin were visible; the rest was covered +with a black veil. One caught a glimpse of a black guimpe, and a form +that was barely defined, covered with a black shroud. That head spoke +with you, but did not look at you and never smiled at you. + +The light which came from behind you was adjusted in such a manner that +you saw her in the white, and she saw you in the black. This light was +symbolical. + +Nevertheless, your eyes plunged eagerly through that opening which was +made in that place shut off from all glances. A profound vagueness +enveloped that form clad in mourning. Your eyes searched that +vagueness, and sought to make out the surroundings of the apparition. +At the expiration of a very short time you discovered that you could +see nothing. What you beheld was night, emptiness, shadows, a wintry +mist mingled with a vapor from the tomb, a sort of terrible peace, a +silence from which you could gather nothing, not even sighs, a gloom in +which you could distinguish nothing, not even phantoms. + +What you beheld was the interior of a cloister. + +It was the interior of that severe and gloomy edifice which was called +the Convent of the Bernardines of the Perpetual Adoration. The box in +which you stood was the parlor. The first voice which had addressed you +was that of the portress who always sat motionless and silent, on the +other side of the wall, near the square opening, screened by the iron +grating and the plate with its thousand holes, as by a double visor. +The obscurity which bathed the grated box arose from the fact that the +parlor, which had a window on the side of the world, had none on the +side of the convent. Profane eyes must see nothing of that sacred +place. + +Nevertheless, there was something beyond that shadow; there was a +light; there was life in the midst of that death. Although this was the +most strictly walled of all convents, we shall endeavor to make our way +into it, and to take the reader in, and to say, without transgressing +the proper bounds, things which story-tellers have never seen, and +have, therefore, never described. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE OBEDIENCE OF MARTIN VERGA + + +This convent, which in 1824 had already existed for many a long year in +the Rue Petit-Picpus, was a community of Bernardines of the obedience +of Martin Verga. + +These Bernardines were attached, in consequence, not to Clairvaux, like +the Bernardine monks, but to CĂźteaux, like the Benedictine monks. In +other words, they were the subjects, not of Saint Bernard, but of Saint +BenoĂźt. + +Any one who has turned over old folios to any extent knows that Martin +Verga founded in 1425 a congregation of Bernardines-Benedictines, with +Salamanca for the head of the order, and Alcala as the branch +establishment. + +This congregation had sent out branches throughout all the Catholic +countries of Europe. + +There is nothing unusual in the Latin Church in these grafts of one +order on another. To mention only a single order of Saint-BenoĂźt, which +is here in question: there are attached to this order, without counting +the obedience of Martin Verga, four congregations,—two in Italy, +Mont-Cassin and Sainte-Justine of Padua; two in France, Cluny and +Saint-Maur; and nine orders,—Vallombrosa, Granmont, the CĂ©lestins, the +Camaldules, the Carthusians, the HumiliĂ©s, the Olivateurs, the +Silvestrins, and lastly, CĂźteaux; for CĂźteaux itself, a trunk for other +orders, is only an offshoot of Saint-BenoĂźt. CĂźteaux dates from Saint +Robert, AbbĂ© de Molesme, in the diocese of Langres, in 1098. Now it was +in 529 that the devil, having retired to the desert of Subiaco—he was +old—had he turned hermit?—was chased from the ancient temple of Apollo, +where he dwelt, by Saint-BenoĂźt, then aged seventeen. + +After the rule of the Carmelites, who go barefoot, wear a bit of willow +on their throats, and never sit down, the harshest rule is that of the +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga. They are clothed in black, +with a guimpe, which, in accordance with the express command of +Saint-BenoĂźt, mounts to the chin. A robe of serge with large sleeves, a +large woollen veil, the guimpe which mounts to the chin cut square on +the breast, the band which descends over their brow to their eyes,—this +is their dress. All is black except the band, which is white. The +novices wear the same habit, but all in white. The professed nuns also +wear a rosary at their side. + +The Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga practise the Perpetual +Adoration, like the Benedictines called Ladies of the Holy Sacrament, +who, at the beginning of this century, had two houses in Paris,—one at +the Temple, the other in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve. However, the +Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus, of whom we are speaking, +were a totally different order from the Ladies of the Holy Sacrament, +cloistered in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve and at the Temple. There +were numerous differences in their rule; there were some in their +costume. The Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus wore the +black guimpe, and the Benedictines of the Holy Sacrament and of the Rue +Neuve-Sainte-GeneviĂšve wore a white one, and had, besides, on their +breasts, a Holy Sacrament about three inches long, in silver gilt or +gilded copper. The nuns of the Petit-Picpus did not wear this Holy +Sacrament. The Perpetual Adoration, which was common to the house of +the Petit-Picpus and to the house of the Temple, leaves those two +orders perfectly distinct. Their only resemblance lies in this practice +of the Ladies of the Holy Sacrament and the Bernardines of Martin +Verga, just as there existed a similarity in the study and the +glorification of all the mysteries relating to the infancy, the life, +and death of Jesus Christ and the Virgin, between the two orders, which +were, nevertheless, widely separated, and on occasion even hostile. The +Oratory of Italy, established at Florence by Philip de Neri, and the +Oratory of France, established by Pierre de BĂ©rulle. The Oratory of +France claimed the precedence, since Philip de Neri was only a saint, +while BĂ©rulle was a cardinal. + +Let us return to the harsh Spanish rule of Martin Verga. + +The Bernardines-Benedictines of this obedience fast all the year round, +abstain from meat, fast in Lent and on many other days which are +peculiar to them, rise from their first sleep, from one to three +o’clock in the morning, to read their breviary and chant matins, sleep +in all seasons between serge sheets and on straw, make no use of the +bath, never light a fire, scourge themselves every Friday, observe the +rule of silence, speak to each other only during the recreation hours, +which are very brief, and wear drugget chemises for six months in the +year, from September 14th, which is the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, +until Easter. These six months are a modification: the rule says all +the year, but this drugget chemise, intolerable in the heat of summer, +produced fevers and nervous spasms. The use of it had to be restricted. +Even with this palliation, when the nuns put on this chemise on the +14th of September, they suffer from fever for three or four days. +Obedience, poverty, chastity, perseverance in their seclusion,—these +are their vows, which the rule greatly aggravates. + +The prioress is elected for three years by the mothers, who are called +_mĂšres vocales_ because they have a voice in the chapter. A prioress +can only be re-elected twice, which fixes the longest possible reign of +a prioress at nine years. + +They never see the officiating priest, who is always hidden from them +by a serge curtain nine feet in height. During the sermon, when the +preacher is in the chapel, they drop their veils over their faces. They +must always speak low, walk with their eyes on the ground and their +heads bowed. One man only is allowed to enter the convent,—the +archbishop of the diocese. + +There is really one other,—the gardener. But he is always an old man, +and, in order that he may always be alone in the garden, and that the +nuns may be warned to avoid him, a bell is attached to his knee. + +Their submission to the prioress is absolute and passive. It is the +canonical subjection in the full force of its abnegation. As at the +voice of Christ, _ut voci Christi_, at a gesture, at the first sign, +_ad nutum, ad primum signum_, immediately, with cheerfulness, with +perseverance, with a certain blind obedience, _prompte, hilariter, +perseveranter et cĂŠca quadam obedientia_, as the file in the hand of +the workman, _quasi limam in manibus fabri_, without power to read or +to write without express permission, _legere vel scribere non +addiscerit sine expressa superioris licentia_. + +Each one of them in turn makes what they call _reparation_. The +reparation is the prayer for all the sins, for all the faults, for all +the dissensions, for all the violations, for all the iniquities, for +all the crimes committed on earth. For the space of twelve consecutive +hours, from four o’clock in the afternoon till four o’clock in the +morning, or from four o’clock in the morning until four o’clock in the +afternoon, the sister who is making _reparation_ remains on her knees +on the stone before the Holy Sacrament, with hands clasped, a rope +around her neck. When her fatigue becomes unendurable, she prostrates +herself flat on her face against the earth, with her arms outstretched +in the form of a cross; this is her only relief. In this attitude she +prays for all the guilty in the universe. This is great to sublimity. + +As this act is performed in front of a post on which burns a candle, it +is called without distinction, _to make reparation_ or _to be at the +post_. The nuns even prefer, out of humility, this last expression, +which contains an idea of torture and abasement. + +_To make reparation_ is a function in which the whole soul is absorbed. +The sister at the post would not turn round were a thunderbolt to fall +directly behind her. + +Besides this, there is always a sister kneeling before the Holy +Sacrament. This station lasts an hour. They relieve each other like +soldiers on guard. This is the Perpetual Adoration. + +The prioresses and the mothers almost always bear names stamped with +peculiar solemnity, recalling, not the saints and martyrs, but moments +in the life of Jesus Christ: as Mother Nativity, Mother Conception, +Mother Presentation, Mother Passion. But the names of saints are not +interdicted. + +When one sees them, one never sees anything but their mouths. + +All their teeth are yellow. No tooth-brush ever entered that convent. +Brushing one’s teeth is at the top of a ladder at whose bottom is the +loss of one’s soul. + +They never say _my_. They possess nothing of their own, and they must +not attach themselves to anything. They call everything _our_; thus: +our veil, our chaplet; if they were speaking of their chemise, they +would say _our chemise_. Sometimes they grow attached to some petty +object,—to a book of hours, a relic, a medal that has been blessed. As +soon as they become aware that they are growing attached to this +object, they must give it up. They recall the words of Saint ThĂ©rĂšse, +to whom a great lady said, as she was on the point of entering her +order, “Permit me, mother, to send for a Bible to which I am greatly +attached.” “Ah, you are attached to something! In that case, do not +enter our order!” + + +Every person whatever is forbidden to shut herself up, to have _a place +of her own, a chamber_. They live with their cells open. When they +meet, one says, “Blessed and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the +altar!” The other responds, “Forever.” The same ceremony when one taps +at the other’s door. Hardly has she touched the door when a soft voice +on the other side is heard to say hastily, “Forever!” Like all +practices, this becomes mechanical by force of habit; and one sometimes +says _forever_ before the other has had time to say the rather long +sentence, “Praised and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar.” + + +Among the Visitandines the one who enters says: “Ave Maria,” and the +one whose cell is entered says, “Gratia plena.” It is their way of +saying good day, which is in fact full of grace. + +At each hour of the day three supplementary strokes sound from the +church bell of the convent. At this signal prioress, vocal mothers, +professed nuns, lay-sisters, novices, postulants, interrupt what they +are saying, what they are doing, or what they are thinking, and all say +in unison if it is five o’clock, for instance, “At five o’clock and at +all hours praised and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar!” +If it is eight o’clock, “At eight o’clock and at all hours!” and so on, +according to the hour. + +This custom, the object of which is to break the thread of thought and +to lead it back constantly to God, exists in many communities; the +formula alone varies. Thus at The Infant Jesus they say, “At this hour +and at every hour may the love of Jesus kindle my heart!” The +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga, cloistered fifty years ago at +Petit-Picpus, chant the offices to a solemn psalmody, a pure Gregorian +chant, and always with full voice during the whole course of the +office. Everywhere in the missal where an asterisk occurs they pause, +and say in a low voice, “Jesus-Marie-Joseph.” For the office of the +dead they adopt a tone so low that the voices of women can hardly +descend to such a depth. The effect produced is striking and tragic. + +The nuns of the Petit-Picpus had made a vault under their grand altar +for the burial of their community. _The Government_, as they say, does +not permit this vault to receive coffins so they leave the convent when +they die. This is an affliction to them, and causes them consternation +as an infraction of the rules. + +They had obtained a mediocre consolation at best,—permission to be +interred at a special hour and in a special corner in the ancient +Vaugirard cemetery, which was made of land which had formerly belonged +to their community. + +On Fridays the nuns hear high mass, vespers, and all the offices, as on +Sunday. They scrupulously observe in addition all the little festivals +unknown to people of the world, of which the Church of France was so +prodigal in the olden days, and of which it is still prodigal in Spain +and Italy. Their stations in the chapel are interminable. As for the +number and duration of their prayers we can convey no better idea of +them than by quoting the ingenuous remark of one of them: “The prayers +of the postulants are frightful, the prayers of the novices are still +worse, and the prayers of the professed nuns are still worse.” + + +Once a week the chapter assembles: the prioress presides; the vocal +mothers assist. Each sister kneels in turn on the stones, and confesses +aloud, in the presence of all, the faults and sins which she has +committed during the week. The vocal mothers consult after each +confession and inflict the penance aloud. + +Besides this confession in a loud tone, for which all faults in the +least serious are reserved, they have for their venial offences what +they call the _coulpe. To make one’s coulpe_ means to prostrate one’s +self flat on one’s face during the office in front of the prioress +until the latter, who is never called anything but _our mother_, +notifies the culprit by a slight tap of her foot against the wood of +her stall that she can rise. The _coulpe_ or _peccavi_, is made for a +very small matter—a broken glass, a torn veil, an involuntary delay of +a few seconds at an office, a false note in church, etc.; this +suffices, and the _coulpe_ is made. The _coulpe_ is entirely +spontaneous; it is the culpable person herself (the word is +etymologically in its place here) who judges herself and inflicts it on +herself. On festival days and Sundays four mother precentors intone the +offices before a large reading-desk with four places. One day one of +the mother precentors intoned a psalm beginning with _Ecce_, and +instead of _Ecce_ she uttered aloud the three notes _do si sol_; for +this piece of absent-mindedness she underwent a _coulpe_ which lasted +during the whole service: what rendered the fault enormous was the fact +that the chapter had laughed. + +When a nun is summoned to the parlor, even were it the prioress +herself, she drops her veil, as will be remembered, so that only her +mouth is visible. + +The prioress alone can hold communication with strangers. The others +can see only their immediate family, and that very rarely. If, by +chance, an outsider presents herself to see a nun, or one whom she has +known and loved in the outer world, a regular series of negotiations is +required. If it is a woman, the authorization may sometimes be granted; +the nun comes, and they talk to her through the shutters, which are +opened only for a mother or sister. It is unnecessary to say that +permission is always refused to men. + +Such is the rule of Saint-BenoĂźt, aggravated by Martin Verga. + +These nuns are not gay, rosy, and fresh, as the daughters of other +orders often are. They are pale and grave. Between 1825 and 1830 three +of them went mad. + + + + +CHAPTER III—AUSTERITIES + + +One is a postulant for two years at least, often for four; a novice for +four. It is rare that the definitive vows can be pronounced earlier +than the age of twenty-three or twenty-four years. The +Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga do not admit widows to their +order. + +In their cells, they deliver themselves up to many unknown macerations, +of which they must never speak. + +On the day when a novice makes her profession, she is dressed in her +handsomest attire, she is crowned with white roses, her hair is brushed +until it shines, and curled. Then she prostrates herself; a great black +veil is thrown over her, and the office for the dead is sung. Then the +nuns separate into two files; one file passes close to her, saying in +plaintive accents, “Our sister is dead”; and the other file responds in +a voice of ecstasy, “Our sister is alive in Jesus Christ!” + + +At the epoch when this story takes place, a boarding-school was +attached to the convent—a boarding-school for young girls of noble and +mostly wealthy families, among whom could be remarked Mademoiselle de +Saint-Aulaire and de BĂ©lissen, and an English girl bearing the +illustrious Catholic name of Talbot. These young girls, reared by these +nuns between four walls, grew up with a horror of the world and of the +age. One of them said to us one day, “The sight of the street pavement +made me shudder from head to foot.” They were dressed in blue, with a +white cap and a Holy Spirit of silver gilt or of copper on their +breast. On certain grand festival days, particularly Saint Martha’s +day, they were permitted, as a high favor and a supreme happiness, to +dress themselves as nuns and to carry out the offices and practice of +Saint-BenoĂźt for a whole day. In the early days the nuns were in the +habit of lending them their black garments. This seemed profane, and +the prioress forbade it. Only the novices were permitted to lend. It is +remarkable that these performances, tolerated and encouraged, no doubt, +in the convent out of a secret spirit of proselytism and in order to +give these children a foretaste of the holy habit, were a genuine +happiness and a real recreation for the scholars. They simply amused +themselves with it. _It was new; it gave them a change_. Candid reasons +of childhood, which do not, however, succeed in making us worldlings +comprehend the felicity of holding a holy water sprinkler in one’s hand +and standing for hours together singing hard enough for four in front +of a reading-desk. + +The pupils conformed, with the exception of the austerities, to all the +practices of the convent. There was a certain young woman who entered +the world, and who after many years of married life had not succeeded +in breaking herself of the habit of saying in great haste whenever any +one knocked at her door, “forever!” Like the nuns, the pupils saw their +relatives only in the parlor. Their very mothers did not obtain +permission to embrace them. The following illustrates to what a degree +severity on that point was carried. One day a young girl received a +visit from her mother, who was accompanied by a little sister three +years of age. The young girl wept, for she wished greatly to embrace +her sister. Impossible. She begged that, at least, the child might be +permitted to pass her little hand through the bars so that she could +kiss it. This was almost indignantly refused. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—GAYETIES + + +Nonetheless, these young girls filled this grave house with charming +souvenirs. + +At certain hours childhood sparkled in that cloister. The recreation +hour struck. A door swung on its hinges. The birds said, “Good; here +come the children!” An irruption of youth inundated that garden +intersected with a cross like a shroud. Radiant faces, white foreheads, +innocent eyes, full of merry light, all sorts of auroras, were +scattered about amid these shadows. After the psalmodies, the bells, +the peals, and knells and offices, the sound of these little girls +burst forth on a sudden more sweetly than the noise of bees. The hive +of joy was opened, and each one brought her honey. They played, they +called to each other, they formed into groups, they ran about; pretty +little white teeth chattered in the corners; the veils superintended +the laughs from a distance, shades kept watch of the sunbeams, but what +mattered it? Still they beamed and laughed. Those four lugubrious walls +had their moment of dazzling brilliancy. They looked on, vaguely +blanched with the reflection of so much joy at this sweet swarming of +the hives. It was like a shower of roses falling athwart this house of +mourning. The young girls frolicked beneath the eyes of the nuns; the +gaze of impeccability does not embarrass innocence. Thanks to these +children, there was, among so many austere hours, one hour of +ingenuousness. The little ones skipped about; the elder ones danced. In +this cloister play was mingled with heaven. Nothing is so delightful +and so august as all these fresh, expanding young souls. Homer would +have come thither to laugh with Perrault; and there was in that black +garden, youth, health, noise, cries, giddiness, pleasure, happiness +enough to smooth out the wrinkles of all their ancestresses, those of +the epic as well as those of the fairy-tale, those of the throne as +well as those of the thatched cottage from Hecuba to la MĂšre-Grand. + +In that house more than anywhere else, perhaps, arise those children’s +sayings which are so graceful and which evoke a smile that is full of +thoughtfulness. It was between those four gloomy walls that a child of +five years exclaimed one day: “Mother! one of the big girls has just +told me that I have only nine years and ten months longer to remain +here. What happiness!” + + +It was here, too, that this memorable dialogue took place:— + +_A Vocal Mother_. Why are you weeping, my child? + +_The child_ (aged six). I told Alix that I knew my French history. She +says that I do not know it, but I do. + +_Alix_, the big girl (aged nine). No; she does not know it. + +_The Mother_. How is that, my child? + +_Alix_. She told me to open the book at random and to ask her any +question in the book, and she would answer it. + +“Well?” + + +“She did not answer it.” + + +“Let us see about it. What did you ask her?” + + +“I opened the book at random, as she proposed, and I put the first +question that I came across.” + + +“And what was the question?” + + +“It was, ‘What happened after that?’” + + +It was there that that profound remark was made anent a rather greedy +paroquet which belonged to a lady boarder:— + +“How well bred! it eats the top of the slice of bread and butter just +like a person!” + + +It was on one of the flagstones of this cloister that there was once +picked up a confession which had been written out in advance, in order +that she might not forget it, by a sinner of seven years:— + +“Father, I accuse myself of having been avaricious. + +“Father, I accuse myself of having been an adulteress. + +“Father, I accuse myself of having raised my eyes to the gentlemen.” + + +It was on one of the turf benches of this garden that a rosy mouth six +years of age improvised the following tale, which was listened to by +blue eyes aged four and five years:— + +“There were three little cocks who owned a country where there were a +great many flowers. They plucked the flowers and put them in their +pockets. After that they plucked the leaves and put them in their +playthings. There was a wolf in that country; there was a great deal of +forest; and the wolf was in the forest; and he ate the little cocks.” + + +And this other poem:— + +“There came a blow with a stick. + +“It was Punchinello who bestowed it on the cat. + +“It was not good for her; it hurt her. + +“Then a lady put Punchinello in prison.” + + +It was there that a little abandoned child, a foundling whom the +convent was bringing up out of charity, uttered this sweet and +heart-breaking saying. She heard the others talking of their mothers, +and she murmured in her corner:— + +“As for me, my mother was not there when I was born!” + + +There was a stout portress who could always be seen hurrying through +the corridors with her bunch of keys, and whose name was Sister Agatha. +The _big big girls_—those over ten years of age—called her +_Agathocles_. + +The refectory, a large apartment of an oblong square form, which +received no light except through a vaulted cloister on a level with the +garden, was dark and damp, and, as the children say, full of beasts. +All the places round about furnished their contingent of insects. + +Each of its four corners had received, in the language of the pupils, a +special and expressive name. There was Spider corner, Caterpillar +corner, Wood-louse corner, and Cricket corner. + +Cricket corner was near the kitchen and was highly esteemed. It was not +so cold there as elsewhere. From the refectory the names had passed to +the boarding-school, and there served as in the old College Mazarin to +distinguish four nations. Every pupil belonged to one of these four +nations according to the corner of the refectory in which she sat at +meals. One day Monseigneur the Archbishop while making his pastoral +visit saw a pretty little rosy girl with beautiful golden hair enter +the class-room through which he was passing. + +He inquired of another pupil, a charming brunette with rosy cheeks, who +stood near him:— + +“Who is that?” + + +“She is a spider, Monseigneur.” + + +“Bah! And that one yonder?” + + +“She is a cricket.” + + +“And that one?” + + +“She is a caterpillar.” + + +“Really! and yourself?” + + +“I am a wood-louse, Monseigneur.” + + +Every house of this sort has its own peculiarities. At the beginning of +this century Écouen was one of those strict and graceful places where +young girls pass their childhood in a shadow that is almost august. At +Écouen, in order to take rank in the procession of the Holy Sacrament, +a distinction was made between virgins and florists. There were also +the “dais” and the “censors,”—the first who held the cords of the dais, +and the others who carried incense before the Holy Sacrament. The +flowers belonged by right to the florists. Four “virgins” walked in +advance. On the morning of that great day it was no rare thing to hear +the question put in the dormitory, “Who is a virgin?” + + +Madame Campan used to quote this saying of a “little one” of seven +years, to a “big girl” of sixteen, who took the head of the procession, +while she, the little one, remained at the rear, “You are a virgin, but +I am not.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—DISTRACTIONS + + +Above the door of the refectory this prayer, which was called the +_white Paternoster_, and which possessed the property of bearing people +straight to paradise, was inscribed in large black letters:— + +“Little white Paternoster, which God made, which God said, which God +placed in paradise. In the evening, when I went to bed, I found three +angels sitting on my bed, one at the foot, two at the head, the good +Virgin Mary in the middle, who told me to lie down without hesitation. +The good God is my father, the good Virgin is my mother, the three +apostles are my brothers, the three virgins are my sisters. The shirt +in which God was born envelopes my body; Saint Margaret’s cross is +written on my breast. Madame the Virgin was walking through the +meadows, weeping for God, when she met M. Saint John. ‘Monsieur Saint +John, whence come you?’ ‘I come from _Ave Salus_.’ ‘You have not seen +the good God; where is he?’ ‘He is on the tree of the Cross, his feet +hanging, his hands nailed, a little cap of white thorns on his head.’ +Whoever shall say this thrice at eventide, thrice in the morning, shall +win paradise at the last.” + + +In 1827 this characteristic orison had disappeared from the wall under +a triple coating of daubing paint. At the present time it is finally +disappearing from the memories of several who were young girls then, +and who are old women now. + +A large crucifix fastened to the wall completed the decoration of this +refectory, whose only door, as we think we have mentioned, opened on +the garden. Two narrow tables, each flanked by two wooden benches, +formed two long parallel lines from one end to the other of the +refectory. The walls were white, the tables were black; these two +mourning colors constitute the only variety in convents. The meals were +plain, and the food of the children themselves severe. A single dish of +meat and vegetables combined, or salt fish—such was their luxury. This +meagre fare, which was reserved for the pupils alone, was, +nevertheless, an exception. The children ate in silence, under the eye +of the mother whose turn it was, who, if a fly took a notion to fly or +to hum against the rule, opened and shut a wooden book from time to +time. This silence was seasoned with the lives of the saints, read +aloud from a little pulpit with a desk, which was situated at the foot +of the crucifix. The reader was one of the big girls, in weekly turn. +At regular distances, on the bare tables, there were large, varnished +bowls in which the pupils washed their own silver cups and knives and +forks, and into which they sometimes threw some scrap of tough meat or +spoiled fish; this was punished. These bowls were called _ronds d’eau_. +The child who broke the silence “made a cross with her tongue.” Where? +On the ground. She licked the pavement. The dust, that end of all joys, +was charged with the chastisement of those poor little rose-leaves +which had been guilty of chirping. + +There was in the convent a book which has never been printed except as +a _unique copy_, and which it is forbidden to read. It is the rule of +Saint-BenoĂźt. An arcanum which no profane eye must penetrate. _Nemo +regulas, seu constitutiones nostras, externis communicabit_. + +The pupils one day succeeded in getting possession of this book, and +set to reading it with avidity, a reading which was often interrupted +by the fear of being caught, which caused them to close the volume +precipitately. + +From the great danger thus incurred they derived but a very moderate +amount of pleasure. The most “interesting thing” they found were some +unintelligible pages about the sins of young boys. + +They played in an alley of the garden bordered with a few shabby +fruit-trees. In spite of the extreme surveillance and the severity of +the punishments administered, when the wind had shaken the trees, they +sometimes succeeded in picking up a green apple or a spoiled apricot or +an inhabited pear on the sly. I will now cede the privilege of speech +to a letter which lies before me, a letter written five and twenty +years ago by an old pupil, now Madame la Duchesse de ——, one of the +most elegant women in Paris. I quote literally: “One hides one’s pear +or one’s apple as best one may. When one goes upstairs to put the veil +on the bed before supper, one stuffs them under one’s pillow and at +night one eats them in bed, and when one cannot do that, one eats them +in the closet.” That was one of their greatest luxuries. + +Once—it was at the epoch of the visit from the archbishop to the +convent—one of the young girls, Mademoiselle Bouchard, who was +connected with the Montmorency family, laid a wager that she would ask +for a day’s leave of absence—an enormity in so austere a community. The +wager was accepted, but not one of those who bet believed that she +would do it. When the moment came, as the archbishop was passing in +front of the pupils, Mademoiselle Bouchard, to the indescribable terror +of her companions, stepped out of the ranks, and said, “Monseigneur, a +day’s leave of absence.” Mademoiselle Bouchard was tall, blooming, with +the prettiest little rosy face in the world. M. de QuĂ©len smiled and +said, “What, my dear child, a day’s leave of absence! Three days if you +like. I grant you three days.” The prioress could do nothing; the +archbishop had spoken. Horror of the convent, but joy of the pupil. The +effect may be imagined. + +This stern cloister was not so well walled off, however, but that the +life of the passions of the outside world, drama, and even romance, did +not make their way in. To prove this, we will confine ourselves to +recording here and to briefly mentioning a real and incontestable fact, +which, however, bears no reference in itself to, and is not connected +by any thread whatever with the story which we are relating. We mention +the fact for the sake of completing the physiognomy of the convent in +the reader’s mind. + +About this time there was in the convent a mysterious person who was +not a nun, who was treated with great respect, and who was addressed as +_Madame Albertine_. Nothing was known about her, save that she was mad, +and that in the world she passed for dead. Beneath this history it was +said there lay the arrangements of fortune necessary for a great +marriage. + +This woman, hardly thirty years of age, of dark complexion and +tolerably pretty, had a vague look in her large black eyes. Could she +see? There was some doubt about this. She glided rather than walked, +she never spoke; it was not quite known whether she breathed. Her +nostrils were livid and pinched as after yielding up their last sigh. +To touch her hand was like touching snow. She possessed a strange +spectral grace. Wherever she entered, people felt cold. One day a +sister, on seeing her pass, said to another sister, “She passes for a +dead woman.” “Perhaps she is one,” replied the other. + +A hundred tales were told of Madame Albertine. This arose from the +eternal curiosity of the pupils. In the chapel there was a gallery +called _L’ƒil de BƓuf_. It was in this gallery, which had only a +circular bay, an _Ɠil de bƓuf_, that Madame Albertine listened to the +offices. She always occupied it alone because this gallery, being on +the level of the first story, the preacher or the officiating priest +could be seen, which was interdicted to the nuns. One day the pulpit +was occupied by a young priest of high rank, M. Le Duc de Rohan, peer +of France, officer of the Red Musketeers in 1815 when he was Prince de +LĂ©on, and who died afterward, in 1830, as cardinal and Archbishop of +Besançon. It was the first time that M. de Rohan had preached at the +Petit-Picpus convent. Madame Albertine usually preserved perfect +calmness and complete immobility during the sermons and services. That +day, as soon as she caught sight of M. de Rohan, she half rose, and +said, in a loud voice, amid the silence of the chapel, “Ah! Auguste!” +The whole community turned their heads in amazement, the preacher +raised his eyes, but Madame Albertine had relapsed into her immobility. +A breath from the outer world, a flash of life, had passed for an +instant across that cold and lifeless face and had then vanished, and +the mad woman had become a corpse again. + +Those two words, however, had set every one in the convent who had the +privilege of speech to chattering. How many things were contained in +that “Ah! Auguste!” what revelations! M. de Rohan’s name really was +Auguste. It was evident that Madame Albertine belonged to the very +highest society, since she knew M. de Rohan, and that her own rank +there was of the highest, since she spoke thus familiarly of so great a +lord, and that there existed between them some connection, of +relationship, perhaps, but a very close one in any case, since she knew +his “pet name.” + + +Two very severe duchesses, Mesdames de Choiseul and de SĂ©rent, often +visited the community, whither they penetrated, no doubt, in virtue of +the privilege _Magnates mulieres_, and caused great consternation in +the boarding-school. When these two old ladies passed by, all the poor +young girls trembled and dropped their eyes. + +Moreover, M. de Rohan, quite unknown to himself, was an object of +attention to the school-girls. At that epoch he had just been made, +while waiting for the episcopate, vicar-general of the Archbishop of +Paris. It was one of his habits to come tolerably often to celebrate +the offices in the chapel of the nuns of the Petit-Picpus. Not one of +the young recluses could see him, because of the serge curtain, but he +had a sweet and rather shrill voice, which they had come to know and to +distinguish. He had been a mousquetaire, and then, he was said to be +very coquettish, that his handsome brown hair was very well dressed in +a roll around his head, and that he had a broad girdle of magnificent +moire, and that his black cassock was of the most elegant cut in the +world. He held a great place in all these imaginations of sixteen +years. + +Not a sound from without made its way into the convent. But there was +one year when the sound of a flute penetrated thither. This was an +event, and the girls who were at school there at the time still recall +it. + +It was a flute which was played in the neighborhood. This flute always +played the same air, an air which is very far away nowadays,—“My +ZĂ©tulbĂ©, come reign o’er my soul,”—and it was heard two or three times +a day. The young girls passed hours in listening to it, the vocal +mothers were upset by it, brains were busy, punishments descended in +showers. This lasted for several months. The girls were all more or +less in love with the unknown musician. Each one dreamed that she was +ZĂ©tulbĂ©. The sound of the flute proceeded from the direction of the Rue +Droit-Mur; and they would have given anything, compromised everything, +attempted anything for the sake of seeing, of catching a glance, if +only for a second, of the “young man” who played that flute so +deliciously, and who, no doubt, played on all these souls at the same +time. There were some who made their escape by a back door, and +ascended to the third story on the Rue Droit-Mur side, in order to +attempt to catch a glimpse through the gaps. Impossible! One even went +so far as to thrust her arm through the grating, and to wave her white +handkerchief. Two were still bolder. They found means to climb on a +roof, and risked their lives there, and succeeded at last in seeing +“the young man.” He was an old _Ă©migrĂ©_ gentleman, blind and penniless, +who was playing his flute in his attic, in order to pass the time. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE LITTLE CONVENT + + +In this enclosure of the Petit-Picpus there were three perfectly +distinct buildings,—the Great Convent, inhabited by the nuns, the +Boarding-school, where the scholars were lodged; and lastly, what was +called the Little Convent. It was a building with a garden, in which +lived all sorts of aged nuns of various orders, the relics of cloisters +destroyed in the Revolution; a reunion of all the black, gray, and +white medleys of all communities and all possible varieties; what might +be called, if such a coupling of words is permissible, a sort of +harlequin convent. + +When the Empire was established, all these poor old dispersed and +exiled women had been accorded permission to come and take shelter +under the wings of the Bernardines-Benedictines. The government paid +them a small pension, the ladies of the Petit-Picpus received them +cordially. It was a singular pell-mell. Each followed her own rule. +Sometimes the pupils of the boarding-school were allowed, as a great +recreation, to pay them a visit; the result is, that all those young +memories have retained among other souvenirs that of Mother +Sainte-Bazile, Mother Sainte-Scolastique, and Mother Jacob. + +One of these refugees found herself almost at home. She was a nun of +Sainte-Aure, the only one of her order who had survived. The ancient +convent of the ladies of Sainte-Aure occupied, at the beginning of the +eighteenth century, this very house of the Petit-Picpus, which belonged +later to the Benedictines of Martin Verga. This holy woman, too poor to +wear the magnificent habit of her order, which was a white robe with a +scarlet scapulary, had piously put it on a little manikin, which she +exhibited with complacency and which she bequeathed to the house at her +death. In 1824, only one nun of this order remained; to-day, there +remains only a doll. + +In addition to these worthy mothers, some old society women had +obtained permission of the prioress, like Madame Albertine, to retire +into the Little Convent. Among the number were Madame Beaufort +d’Hautpoul and Marquise Dufresne. Another was never known in the +convent except by the formidable noise which she made when she blew her +nose. The pupils called her Madame Vacarmini (hubbub). + +About 1820 or 1821, Madame de Genlis, who was at that time editing a +little periodical publication called _l’IntrĂ©pide_, asked to be allowed +to enter the convent of the Petit-Picpus as lady resident. The Duc +d’OrlĂ©ans recommended her. Uproar in the hive; the vocal-mothers were +all in a flutter; Madame de Genlis had made romances. But she declared +that she was the first to detest them, and then, she had reached her +fierce stage of devotion. With the aid of God, and of the Prince, she +entered. She departed at the end of six or eight months, alleging as a +reason, that there was no shade in the garden. The nuns were delighted. +Although very old, she still played the harp, and did it very well. + +When she went away she left her mark in her cell. Madame de Genlis was +superstitious and a Latinist. These two words furnish a tolerably good +profile of her. A few years ago, there were still to be seen, pasted in +the inside of a little cupboard in her cell in which she locked up her +silverware and her jewels, these five lines in Latin, written with her +own hand in red ink on yellow paper, and which, in her opinion, +possessed the property of frightening away robbers:— + +Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis: +Dismas et Gesmas, media est divina potestas; +Alta petit Dismas, infelix, infima, Gesmas; +Nos et res nostras conservet summa potestas. +Hos versus dicas, ne tu furto tua perdas.15 + + +These verses in sixth century Latin raise the question whether the two +thieves of Calvary were named, as is commonly believed, Dismas and +Gestas, or Dismas and Gesmas. This orthography might have confounded +the pretensions put forward in the last century by the Vicomte de +Gestas, of a descent from the wicked thief. However, the useful virtue +attached to these verses forms an article of faith in the order of the +Hospitallers. + +The church of the house, constructed in such a manner as to separate +the Great Convent from the Boarding-school like a veritable +intrenchment, was, of course, common to the Boarding-school, the Great +Convent, and the Little Convent. The public was even admitted by a sort +of lazaretto entrance on the street. But all was so arranged, that none +of the inhabitants of the cloister could see a face from the outside +world. Suppose a church whose choir is grasped in a gigantic hand, and +folded in such a manner as to form, not, as in ordinary churches, a +prolongation behind the altar, but a sort of hall, or obscure cellar, +to the right of the officiating priest; suppose this hall to be shut +off by a curtain seven feet in height, of which we have already spoken; +in the shadow of that curtain, pile up on wooden stalls the nuns in the +choir on the left, the school-girls on the right, the lay-sisters and +the novices at the bottom, and you will have some idea of the nuns of +the Petit-Picpus assisting at divine service. That cavern, which was +called the choir, communicated with the cloister by a lobby. The church +was lighted from the garden. When the nuns were present at services +where their rule enjoined silence, the public was warned of their +presence only by the folding seats of the stalls noisily rising and +falling. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—SOME SILHOUETTES OF THIS DARKNESS + + +During the six years which separate 1819 from 1825, the prioress of the +Petit-Picpus was Mademoiselle de Blemeur, whose name, in religion, was +Mother Innocente. She came of the family of Marguerite de Blemeur, +author of _Lives of the Saints of the Order of Saint-BenoĂźt_. She had +been re-elected. She was a woman about sixty years of age, short, +thick, “singing like a cracked pot,” says the letter which we have +already quoted; an excellent woman, moreover, and the only merry one in +the whole convent, and for that reason adored. She was learned, +erudite, wise, competent, curiously proficient in history, crammed with +Latin, stuffed with Greek, full of Hebrew, and more of a Benedictine +monk than a Benedictine nun. + +The sub-prioress was an old Spanish nun, Mother Cineres, who was almost +blind. + +The most esteemed among the vocal mothers were Mother Sainte-Honorine; +the treasurer, Mother Sainte-Gertrude, the chief mistress of the +novices; Mother-Saint-Ange, the assistant mistress; Mother +Annonciation, the sacristan; Mother Saint-Augustin, the nurse, the only +one in the convent who was malicious; then Mother Sainte-Mechtilde +(Mademoiselle Gauvain), very young and with a beautiful voice; Mother +des Anges (Mademoiselle Drouet), who had been in the convent of the +Filles-Dieu, and in the convent du TrĂ©sor, between Gisors and Magny; +Mother Saint-Joseph (Mademoiselle de Cogolludo), Mother Sainte-AdĂ©laide +(Mademoiselle d’Auverney), Mother MisĂ©ricorde (Mademoiselle de +Cifuentes, who could not resist austerities), Mother Compassion +(Mademoiselle de la MiltiĂšre, received at the age of sixty in defiance +of the rule, and very wealthy); Mother Providence (Mademoiselle de +LaudiniĂšre), Mother PrĂ©sentation (Mademoiselle de Siguenza), who was +prioress in 1847; and finally, Mother Sainte-CĂ©ligne (sister of the +sculptor Ceracchi), who went mad; Mother Sainte-Chantal (Mademoiselle +de Suzon), who went mad. + +There was also, among the prettiest of them, a charming girl of three +and twenty, who was from the Isle de Bourbon, a descendant of the +Chevalier Roze, whose name had been Mademoiselle Roze, and who was +called Mother Assumption. + +Mother Sainte-Mechtilde, intrusted with the singing and the choir, was +fond of making use of the pupils in this quarter. She usually took a +complete scale of them, that is to say, seven, from ten to sixteen +years of age, inclusive, of assorted voices and sizes, whom she made +sing standing, drawn up in a line, side by side, according to age, from +the smallest to the largest. This presented to the eye, something in +the nature of a reed-pipe of young girls, a sort of living Pan-pipe +made of angels. + +Those of the lay-sisters whom the scholars loved most were Sister +Euphrasie, Sister Sainte-MarguĂ©rite, Sister Sainte-Marthe, who was in +her dotage, and Sister Sainte-Michel, whose long nose made them laugh. + +All these women were gentle with the children. The nuns were severe +only towards themselves. No fire was lighted except in the school, and +the food was choice compared to that in the convent. Moreover, they +lavished a thousand cares on their scholars. Only, when a child passed +near a nun and addressed her, the nun never replied. + +This rule of silence had had this effect, that throughout the whole +convent, speech had been withdrawn from human creatures, and bestowed +on inanimate objects. Now it was the church-bell which spoke, now it +was the gardener’s bell. A very sonorous bell, placed beside the +portress, and which was audible throughout the house, indicated by its +varied peals, which formed a sort of acoustic telegraph, all the +actions of material life which were to be performed, and summoned to +the parlor, in case of need, such or such an inhabitant of the house. +Each person and each thing had its own peal. The prioress had one and +one, the sub-prioress one and two. Six-five announced lessons, so that +the pupils never said “to go to lessons,” but “to go to six-five.” +Four-four was Madame de Genlis’s signal. It was very often heard. +“C’est le diable a quatre,”—it’s the very deuce—said the uncharitable. +Tennine strokes announced a great event. It was the opening of _the +door of seclusion_, a frightful sheet of iron bristling with bolts +which only turned on its hinges in the presence of the archbishop. + +With the exception of the archbishop and the gardener, no man entered +the convent, as we have already said. The schoolgirls saw two others: +one, the chaplain, the AbbĂ© BanĂ©s, old and ugly, whom they were +permitted to contemplate in the choir, through a grating; the other the +drawing-master, M. Ansiaux, whom the letter, of which we have perused a +few lines, calls _M. Anciot_, and describes as _a frightful old +hunchback_. + +It will be seen that all these men were carefully chosen. + +Such was this curious house. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—POST CORDA LAPIDES + + +After having sketched its moral face, it will not prove unprofitable to +point out, in a few words, its material configuration. The reader +already has some idea of it. + +The convent of the Petit-Picpus-Sainte-Antoine filled almost the whole +of the vast trapezium which resulted from the intersection of the Rue +Polonceau, the Rue Droit-Mur, the Rue Petit-Picpus, and the unused +lane, called Rue Aumarais on old plans. These four streets surrounded +this trapezium like a moat. The convent was composed of several +buildings and a garden. The principal building, taken in its entirety, +was a juxtaposition of hybrid constructions which, viewed from a +bird’s-eye view, outlined, with considerable exactness, a gibbet laid +flat on the ground. The main arm of the gibbet occupied the whole of +the fragment of the Rue Droit-Mur comprised between the Rue +Petit-Picpus and the Rue Polonceau; the lesser arm was a lofty, gray, +severe grated façade which faced the Rue Petit-Picpus; the carriage +entrance No. 62 marked its extremity. Towards the centre of this façade +was a low, arched door, whitened with dust and ashes, where the spiders +wove their webs, and which was open only for an hour or two on Sundays, +and on rare occasions, when the coffin of a nun left the convent. This +was the public entrance of the church. The elbow of the gibbet was a +square hall which was used as the servants’ hall, and which the nuns +called _the buttery_. In the main arm were the cells of the mothers, +the sisters, and the novices. In the lesser arm lay the kitchens, the +refectory, backed up by the cloisters and the church. Between the door +No. 62 and the corner of the closed Aumarais Lane, was the school, +which was not visible from without. The remainder of the trapezium +formed the garden, which was much lower than the level of the Rue +Polonceau, which caused the walls to be very much higher on the inside +than on the outside. The garden, which was slightly arched, had in its +centre, on the summit of a hillock, a fine pointed and conical +fir-tree, whence ran, as from the peaked boss of a shield, four grand +alleys, and, ranged by twos in between the branchings of these, eight +small ones, so that, if the enclosure had been circular, the +geometrical plan of the alleys would have resembled a cross superposed +on a wheel. As the alleys all ended in the very irregular walls of the +garden, they were of unequal length. They were bordered with currant +bushes. At the bottom, an alley of tall poplars ran from the ruins of +the old convent, which was at the angle of the Rue Droit-Mur to the +house of the Little Convent, which was at the angle of the Aumarais +Lane. In front of the Little Convent was what was called the little +garden. To this whole, let the reader add a courtyard, all sorts of +varied angles formed by the interior buildings, prison walls, the long +black line of roofs which bordered the other side of the Rue Polonceau +for its sole perspective and neighborhood, and he will be able to form +for himself a complete image of what the house of the Bernardines of +the Petit-Picpus was forty years ago. This holy house had been built on +the precise site of a famous tennis-ground of the fourteenth to the +sixteenth century, which was called the “tennis-ground of the eleven +thousand devils.” + + +All these streets, moreover, were more ancient than Paris. These names, +Droit-Mur and Aumarais, are very ancient; the streets which bear them +are very much more ancient still. Aumarais Lane was called Maugout +Lane; the Rue Droit-Mur was called the Rue des Églantiers, for God +opened flowers before man cut stones. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—A CENTURY UNDER A GUIMPE + + +Since we are engaged in giving details as to what the convent of the +Petit-Picpus was in former times, and since we have ventured to open a +window on that discreet retreat, the reader will permit us one other +little digression, utterly foreign to this book, but characteristic and +useful, since it shows that the cloister even has its original figures. + +In the Little Convent there was a centenarian who came from the Abbey +of Fontevrault. She had even been in society before the Revolution. She +talked a great deal of M. de Miromesnil, Keeper of the Seals under +Louis XVI. and of a Presidentess Duplat, with whom she had been very +intimate. It was her pleasure and her vanity to drag in these names on +every pretext. She told wonders of the Abbey of Fontevrault,—that it +was like a city, and that there were streets in the monastery. + +She talked with a Picard accent which amused the pupils. Every year, +she solemnly renewed her vows, and at the moment of taking the oath, +she said to the priest, “Monseigneur Saint-François gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Julien, Monseigneur Saint-Julien gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Eusebius, Monseigneur Saint-Eusebius gave it to +Monseigneur Saint-Procopius, etc., etc.; and thus I give it to you, +father.” And the school-girls would begin to laugh, not in their +sleeves, but under their veils; charming little stifled laughs which +made the vocal mothers frown. + +On another occasion, the centenarian was telling stories. She said that +_in her youth the Bernardine monks were every whit as good as the +mousquetaires_. It was a century which spoke through her, but it was +the eighteenth century. She told about the custom of the four wines, +which existed before the Revolution in Champagne and Bourgogne. When a +great personage, a marshal of France, a prince, a duke, and a peer, +traversed a town in Burgundy or Champagne, the city fathers came out to +harangue him and presented him with four silver gondolas into which +they had poured four different sorts of wine. On the first goblet this +inscription could be read, _monkey wine_; on the second, _lion wine_; +on the third, _sheep wine_; on the fourth, _hog wine_. These four +legends express the four stages descended by the drunkard; the first, +intoxication, which enlivens; the second, that which irritates; the +third, that which dulls; and the fourth, that which brutalizes. + +In a cupboard, under lock and key, she kept a mysterious object of +which she thought a great deal. The rule of Fontevrault did not forbid +this. She would not show this object to anyone. She shut herself up, +which her rule allowed her to do, and hid herself, every time that she +desired to contemplate it. If she heard a footstep in the corridor, she +closed the cupboard again as hastily as it was possible with her aged +hands. As soon as it was mentioned to her, she became silent, she who +was so fond of talking. The most curious were baffled by her silence +and the most tenacious by her obstinacy. Thus it furnished a subject of +comment for all those who were unoccupied or bored in the convent. What +could that treasure of the centenarian be, which was so precious and so +secret? Some holy book, no doubt? Some unique chaplet? Some authentic +relic? They lost themselves in conjectures. When the poor old woman +died, they rushed to her cupboard more hastily than was fitting, +perhaps, and opened it. They found the object beneath a triple linen +cloth, like some consecrated paten. It was a Faenza platter +representing little Loves flitting away pursued by apothecary lads +armed with enormous syringes. The chase abounds in grimaces and in +comical postures. One of the charming little Loves is already fairly +spitted. He is resisting, fluttering his tiny wings, and still making +an effort to fly, but the dancer is laughing with a satanical air. +Moral: Love conquered by the colic. This platter, which is very +curious, and which had, possibly, the honor of furnishing MoliĂšre with +an idea, was still in existence in September, 1845; it was for sale by +a bric-Ă -brac merchant in the Boulevard Beaumarchais. + +This good old woman would not receive any visits from outside +_because_, said she, the _parlor is too gloomy_. + + + + +CHAPTER X—ORIGIN OF THE PERPETUAL ADORATION + + +However, this almost sepulchral parlor, of which we have sought to +convey an idea, is a purely local trait which is not reproduced with +the same severity in other convents. At the convent of the Rue du +Temple, in particular, which belonged, in truth, to another order, the +black shutters were replaced by brown curtains, and the parlor itself +was a salon with a polished wood floor, whose windows were draped in +white muslin curtains and whose walls admitted all sorts of frames, a +portrait of a Benedictine nun with unveiled face, painted bouquets, and +even the head of a Turk. + +It is in that garden of the Temple convent, that stood that famous +chestnut-tree which was renowned as the finest and the largest in +France, and which bore the reputation among the good people of the +eighteenth century of being _the father of all the chestnut trees of +the realm_. + +As we have said, this convent of the Temple was occupied by +Benedictines of the Perpetual Adoration, Benedictines quite different +from those who depended on CĂźteaux. This order of the Perpetual +Adoration is not very ancient and does not go back more than two +hundred years. In 1649 the holy sacrament was profaned on two occasions +a few days apart, in two churches in Paris, at Saint-Sulpice and at +Saint-Jean en GrĂšve, a rare and frightful sacrilege which set the whole +town in an uproar. M. the Prior and Vicar-General of Saint-Germain des +PrĂ©s ordered a solemn procession of all his clergy, in which the Pope’s +Nuncio officiated. But this expiation did not satisfy two sainted +women, Madame Courtin, Marquise de Boucs, and the Comtesse de +ChĂąteauvieux. This outrage committed on “the most holy sacrament of the +altar,” though but temporary, would not depart from these holy souls, +and it seemed to them that it could only be extenuated by a “Perpetual +Adoration” in some female monastery. Both of them, one in 1652, the +other in 1653, made donations of notable sums to Mother Catherine de +Bar, called of the Holy Sacrament, a Benedictine nun, for the purpose +of founding, to this pious end, a monastery of the order of +Saint-BenoĂźt; the first permission for this foundation was given to +Mother Catherine de Bar by M. de Metz, AbbĂ© of Saint-Germain, “on +condition that no woman could be received unless she contributed three +hundred livres income, which amounts to six thousand livres, to the +principal.” After the AbbĂ© of Saint-Germain, the king accorded +letters-patent; and all the rest, abbatial charter, and royal letters, +was confirmed in 1654 by the Chamber of Accounts and the Parliament. + +Such is the origin of the legal consecration of the establishment of +the Benedictines of the Perpetual Adoration of the Holy Sacrament at +Paris. Their first convent was “a new building” in the Rue Cassette, +out of the contributions of Mesdames de Boucs and de ChĂąteauvieux. + +This order, as it will be seen, was not to be confounded with the +Benedictine nuns of CĂźteaux. It mounted back to the AbbĂ© of +Saint-Germain des PrĂ©s, in the same manner that the ladies of the +Sacred Heart go back to the general of the Jesuits, and the sisters of +charity to the general of the Lazarists. + +It was also totally different from the Bernardines of the Petit-Picpus, +whose interior we have just shown. In 1657, Pope Alexander VII. had +authorized, by a special brief, the Bernardines of the Rue +Petit-Picpus, to practise the Perpetual Adoration like the Benedictine +nuns of the Holy Sacrament. But the two orders remained distinct +nonetheless. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—END OF THE PETIT-PICPUS + + +At the beginning of the Restoration, the convent of the Petit-Picpus +was in its decay; this forms a part of the general death of the order, +which, after the eighteenth century, has been disappearing like all the +religious orders. Contemplation is, like prayer, one of humanity’s +needs; but, like everything which the Revolution touched, it will be +transformed, and from being hostile to social progress, it will become +favorable to it. + +The house of the Petit-Picpus was becoming rapidly depopulated. In +1840, the Little Convent had disappeared, the school had disappeared. +There were no longer any old women, nor young girls; the first were +dead, the latter had taken their departure. _Volaverunt_. + +The rule of the Perpetual Adoration is so rigid in its nature that it +alarms, vocations recoil before it, the order receives no recruits. In +1845, it still obtained lay-sisters here and there. But of professed +nuns, none at all. Forty years ago, the nuns numbered nearly a hundred; +fifteen years ago there were not more than twenty-eight of them. How +many are there to-day? In 1847, the prioress was young, a sign that the +circle of choice was restricted. She was not forty years old. In +proportion as the number diminishes, the fatigue increases, the service +of each becomes more painful; the moment could then be seen drawing +near when there would be but a dozen bent and aching shoulders to bear +the heavy rule of Saint-BenoĂźt. The burden is implacable, and remains +the same for the few as for the many. It weighs down, it crushes. Thus +they die. At the period when the author of this book still lived in +Paris, two died. One was twenty-five years old, the other twenty-three. +This latter can say, like Julia Alpinula: _“Hic jaceo. Vixi annos +viginti et tres.” _ It is in consequence of this decay that the convent +gave up the education of girls. + +We have not felt able to pass before this extraordinary house without +entering it, and without introducing the minds which accompany us, and +which are listening to our tale, to the profit of some, perchance, of +the melancholy history of Jean Valjean. We have penetrated into this +community, full of those old practices which seem so novel to-day. It +is the closed garden, _hortus conclusus_. We have spoken of this +singular place in detail, but with respect, in so far, at least, as +detail and respect are compatible. We do not understand all, but we +insult nothing. We are equally far removed from the hosanna of Joseph +de Maistre, who wound up by anointing the executioner, and from the +sneer of Voltaire, who even goes so far as to ridicule the cross. + +An illogical act on Voltaire’s part, we may remark, by the way; for +Voltaire would have defended Jesus as he defended Calas; and even for +those who deny superhuman incarnations, what does the crucifix +represent? The assassinated sage. + +In this nineteenth century, the religious idea is undergoing a crisis. +People are unlearning certain things, and they do well, provided that, +while unlearning them they learn this: There is no vacuum in the human +heart. Certain demolitions take place, and it is well that they do, but +on condition that they are followed by reconstructions. + +In the meantime, let us study things which are no more. It is necessary +to know them, if only for the purpose of avoiding them. The +counterfeits of the past assume false names, and gladly call themselves +the future. This spectre, this past, is given to falsifying its own +passport. Let us inform ourselves of the trap. Let us be on our guard. +The past has a visage, superstition, and a mask, hypocrisy. Let us +denounce the visage and let us tear off the mask. + +As for convents, they present a complex problem,—a question of +civilization, which condemns them; a question of liberty, which +protects them. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—PARENTHESIS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE CONVENT AS AN ABSTRACT IDEA + + +This book is a drama, whose leading personage is the Infinite. + +Man is the second. + +Such being the case, and a convent having happened to be on our road, +it has been our duty to enter it. Why? Because the convent, which is +common to the Orient as well as to the Occident, to antiquity as well +as to modern times, to paganism, to Buddhism, to Mahometanism, as well +as to Christianity, is one of the optical apparatuses applied by man to +the Infinite. + +This is not the place for enlarging disproportionately on certain +ideas; nevertheless, while absolutely maintaining our reserves, our +restrictions, and even our indignations, we must say that every time we +encounter man in the Infinite, either well or ill understood, we feel +ourselves overpowered with respect. There is, in the synagogue, in the +mosque, in the pagoda, in the wigwam, a hideous side which we execrate, +and a sublime side, which we adore. What a contemplation for the mind, +and what endless food for thought, is the reverberation of God upon the +human wall! + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE CONVENT AS AN HISTORICAL FACT + + +From the point of view of history, of reason, and of truth, monasticism +is condemned. Monasteries, when they abound in a nation, are clogs in +its circulation, cumbrous establishments, centres of idleness where +centres of labor should exist. Monastic communities are to the great +social community what the mistletoe is to the oak, what the wart is to +the human body. Their prosperity and their fatness mean the +impoverishment of the country. The monastic regime, good at the +beginning of civilization, useful in the reduction of the brutal by the +spiritual, is bad when peoples have reached their manhood. Moreover, +when it becomes relaxed, and when it enters into its period of +disorder, it becomes bad for the very reasons which rendered it +salutary in its period of purity, because it still continues to set the +example. + +Claustration has had its day. Cloisters, useful in the early education +of modern civilization, have embarrassed its growth, and are injurious +to its development. So far as institution and formation with relation +to man are concerned, monasteries, which were good in the tenth +century, questionable in the fifteenth, are detestable in the +nineteenth. The leprosy of monasticism has gnawed nearly to a skeleton +two wonderful nations, Italy and Spain; the one the light, the other +the splendor of Europe for centuries; and, at the present day, these +two illustrious peoples are but just beginning to convalesce, thanks to +the healthy and vigorous hygiene of 1789 alone. + +The convent—the ancient female convent in particular, such as it still +presents itself on the threshold of this century, in Italy, in Austria, +in Spain—is one of the most sombre concretions of the Middle Ages. The +cloister, that cloister, is the point of intersection of horrors. The +Catholic cloister, properly speaking, is wholly filled with the black +radiance of death. + +The Spanish convent is the most funereal of all. There rise, in +obscurity, beneath vaults filled with gloom, beneath domes vague with +shadow, massive altars of Babel, as high as cathedrals; there immense +white crucifixes hang from chains in the dark; there are extended, all +nude on the ebony, great Christs of ivory; more than bleeding,—bloody; +hideous and magnificent, with their elbows displaying the bones, their +knee-pans showing their integuments, their wounds showing their flesh, +crowned with silver thorns, nailed with nails of gold, with blood drops +of rubies on their brows, and diamond tears in their eyes. The diamonds +and rubies seem wet, and make veiled beings in the shadow below weep, +their sides bruised with the hair shirt and their iron-tipped scourges, +their breasts crushed with wicker hurdles, their knees excoriated with +prayer; women who think themselves wives, spectres who think themselves +seraphim. Do these women think? No. Have they any will? No. Do they +love? No. Do they live? No. Their nerves have turned to bone; their +bones have turned to stone. Their veil is of woven night. Their breath +under their veil resembles the indescribably tragic respiration of +death. The abbess, a spectre, sanctifies them and terrifies them. The +immaculate one is there, and very fierce. Such are the ancient +monasteries of Spain. Liars of terrible devotion, caverns of virgins, +ferocious places. + +Catholic Spain is more Roman than Rome herself. The Spanish convent +was, above all others, the Catholic convent. There was a flavor of the +Orient about it. The archbishop, the kislar-aga of heaven, locked up +and kept watch over this seraglio of souls reserved for God. The nun +was the odalisque, the priest was the eunuch. The fervent were chosen +in dreams and possessed Christ. At night, the beautiful, nude young man +descended from the cross and became the ecstasy of the cloistered one. +Lofty walls guarded the mystic sultana, who had the crucified for her +sultan, from all living distraction. A glance on the outer world was +infidelity. The _in pace_ replaced the leather sack. That which was +cast into the sea in the East was thrown into the ground in the West. +In both quarters, women wrung their hands; the waves for the first, the +grave for the last; here the drowned, there the buried. Monstrous +parallel. + +To-day the upholders of the past, unable to deny these things, have +adopted the expedient of smiling at them. There has come into fashion a +strange and easy manner of suppressing the revelations of history, of +invalidating the commentaries of philosophy, of eliding all +embarrassing facts and all gloomy questions. _A matter for +declamations_, say the clever. Declamations, repeat the foolish. +Jean-Jacques a declaimer; Diderot a declaimer; Voltaire on Calas, +Labarre, and Sirven, declaimers. I know not who has recently discovered +that Tacitus was a declaimer, that Nero was a victim, and that pity is +decidedly due to “that poor Holofernes.” + + +Facts, however, are awkward things to disconcert, and they are +obstinate. The author of this book has seen, with his own eyes, eight +leagues distant from Brussels,—there are relics of the Middle Ages +there which are attainable for everybody,—at the Abbey of Villers, the +hole of the oubliettes, in the middle of the field which was formerly +the courtyard of the cloister, and on the banks of the Thil, four stone +dungeons, half under ground, half under the water. They were _in pace_. +Each of these dungeons has the remains of an iron door, a vault, and a +grated opening which, on the outside, is two feet above the level of +the river, and on the inside, six feet above the level of the ground. +Four feet of river flow past along the outside wall. The ground is +always soaked. The occupant of the _in pace_ had this wet soil for his +bed. In one of these dungeons, there is a fragment of an iron necklet +riveted to the wall; in another, there can be seen a square box made of +four slabs of granite, too short for a person to lie down in, too low +for him to stand upright in. A human being was put inside, with a +coverlid of stone on top. This exists. It can be seen. It can be +touched. These _in pace_, these dungeons, these iron hinges, these +necklets, that lofty peep-hole on a level with the river’s current, +that box of stone closed with a lid of granite like a tomb, with this +difference, that the dead man here was a living being, that soil which +is but mud, that vault hole, those oozing walls,—what declaimers! + + + + +CHAPTER III—ON WHAT CONDITIONS ONE CAN RESPECT THE PAST + + +Monasticism, such as it existed in Spain, and such as it still exists +in Thibet, is a sort of phthisis for civilization. It stops life short. +It simply depopulates. Claustration, castration. It has been the +scourge of Europe. Add to this the violence so often done to the +conscience, the forced vocations, feudalism bolstered up by the +cloister, the right of the first-born pouring the excess of the family +into monasticism, the ferocities of which we have just spoken, the _in +pace_, the closed mouths, the walled-up brains, so many unfortunate +minds placed in the dungeon of eternal vows, the taking of the habit, +the interment of living souls. Add individual tortures to national +degradations, and, whoever you may be, you will shudder before the +frock and the veil,—those two winding-sheets of human devising. +Nevertheless, at certain points and in certain places, in spite of +philosophy, in spite of progress, the spirit of the cloister persists +in the midst of the nineteenth century, and a singular ascetic +recrudescence is, at this moment, astonishing the civilized world. The +obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves +resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our +hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being +eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on +clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to +embrace the living. + +“Ingrates!” says the garment, “I protected you in inclement weather. +Why will you have nothing to do with me?” “I have just come from the +deep sea,” says the fish. “I have been a rose,” says the perfume. “I +have loved you,” says the corpse. “I have civilized you,” says the +convent. + +To this there is but one reply: “In former days.” + + +To dream of the indefinite prolongation of defunct things, and of the +government of men by embalming, to restore dogmas in a bad condition, +to regild shrines, to patch up cloisters, to rebless reliquaries, to +refurnish superstitions, to revictual fanaticisms, to put new handles +on holy water brushes and militarism, to reconstitute monasticism and +militarism, to believe in the salvation of society by the +multiplication of parasites, to force the past on the present,—this +seems strange. Still, there are theorists who hold such theories. These +theorists, who are in other respects people of intelligence, have a +very simple process; they apply to the past a glazing which they call +social order, divine right, morality, family, the respect of elders, +antique authority, sacred tradition, legitimacy, religion; and they go +about shouting, “Look! take this, honest people.” This logic was known +to the ancients. The soothsayers practise it. They rubbed a black +heifer over with chalk, and said, “She is white, _Bos cretatus_.” + + +As for us, we respect the past here and there, and we spare it, above +all, provided that it consents to be dead. If it insists on being +alive, we attack it, and we try to kill it. + +Superstitions, bigotries, affected devotion, prejudices, those forms, +all forms as they are, are tenacious of life; they have teeth and nails +in their smoke, and they must be clasped close, body to body, and war +must be made on them, and that without truce; for it is one of the +fatalities of humanity to be condemned to eternal combat with phantoms. +It is difficult to seize darkness by the throat, and to hurl it to the +earth. + +A convent in France, in the broad daylight of the nineteenth century, +is a college of owls facing the light. A cloister, caught in the very +act of asceticism, in the very heart of the city of ’89 and of 1830 and +of 1848, Rome blossoming out in Paris, is an anachronism. In ordinary +times, in order to dissolve an anachronism and to cause it to vanish, +one has only to make it spell out the date. But we are not in ordinary +times. + +Let us fight. + +Let us fight, but let us make a distinction. The peculiar property of +truth is never to commit excesses. What need has it of exaggeration? +There is that which it is necessary to destroy, and there is that which +it is simply necessary to elucidate and examine. What a force is kindly +and serious examination! Let us not apply a flame where only a light is +required. + +So, given the nineteenth century, we are opposed, as a general +proposition, and among all peoples, in Asia as well as in Europe, in +India as well as in Turkey, to ascetic claustration. Whoever says +cloister, says marsh. Their putrescence is evident, their stagnation is +unhealthy, their fermentation infects people with fever, and etiolates +them; their multiplication becomes a plague of Egypt. We cannot think +without affright of those lands where fakirs, bonzes, santons, Greek +monks, marabouts, talapoins, and dervishes multiply even like swarms of +vermin. + +This said, the religious question remains. This question has certain +mysterious, almost formidable sides; may we be permitted to look at it +fixedly. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE CONVENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PRINCIPLES + + +Men unite themselves and dwell in communities. By virtue of what right? +By virtue of the right of association. + +They shut themselves up at home. By virtue of what right? By virtue of +the right which every man has to open or shut his door. + +They do not come forth. By virtue of what right? By virtue of the right +to go and come, which implies the right to remain at home. + +There, at home, what do they do? + +They speak in low tones; they drop their eyes; they toil. They renounce +the world, towns, sensualities, pleasures, vanities, pride, interests. +They are clothed in coarse woollen or coarse linen. Not one of them +possesses in his own right anything whatever. On entering there, each +one who was rich makes himself poor. What he has, he gives to all. He +who was what is called noble, a gentleman and a lord, is the equal of +him who was a peasant. The cell is identical for all. All undergo the +same tonsure, wear the same frock, eat the same black bread, sleep on +the same straw, die on the same ashes. The same sack on their backs, +the same rope around their loins. If the decision has been to go +barefoot, all go barefoot. There may be a prince among them; that +prince is the same shadow as the rest. No titles. Even family names +have disappeared. They bear only first names. All are bowed beneath the +equality of baptismal names. They have dissolved the carnal family, and +constituted in their community a spiritual family. They have no other +relatives than all men. They succor the poor, they care for the sick. +They elect those whom they obey. They call each other “my brother.” + + +You stop me and exclaim, “But that is the ideal convent!” + + +It is sufficient that it may be the possible convent, that I should +take notice of it. + +Thence it results that, in the preceding book, I have spoken of a +convent with respectful accents. The Middle Ages cast aside, Asia cast +aside, the historical and political question held in reserve, from the +purely philosophical point of view, outside the requirements of +militant policy, on condition that the monastery shall be absolutely a +voluntary matter and shall contain only consenting parties, I shall +always consider a cloistered community with a certain attentive, and, +in some respects, a deferential gravity. + +Wherever there is a community, there is a commune; where there is a +commune, there is right. The monastery is the product of the formula: +Equality, Fraternity. Oh! how grand is liberty! And what a splendid +transfiguration! Liberty suffices to transform the monastery into a +republic. + +Let us continue. + +But these men, or these women who are behind these four walls. They +dress themselves in coarse woollen, they are equals, they call each +other brothers, that is well; but they do something else? + +Yes. + +What? + +They gaze on the darkness, they kneel, and they clasp their hands. + +What does this signify? + + + + +CHAPTER V—PRAYER + + +They pray. + +To whom? + +To God. + +To pray to God,—what is the meaning of these words? + +Is there an infinite beyond us? Is that infinite there, inherent, +permanent; necessarily substantial, since it is infinite; and because, +if it lacked matter it would be bounded; necessarily intelligent, since +it is infinite, and because, if it lacked intelligence, it would end +there? Does this infinite awaken in us the idea of essence, while we +can attribute to ourselves only the idea of existence? In other terms, +is it not the absolute, of which we are only the relative? + +At the same time that there is an infinite without us, is there not an +infinite within us? Are not these two infinites (what an alarming +plural!) superposed, the one upon the other? Is not this second +infinite, so to speak, subjacent to the first? Is it not the latter’s +mirror, reflection, echo, an abyss which is concentric with another +abyss? Is this second infinity intelligent also? Does it think? Does it +love? Does it will? If these two infinities are intelligent, each of +them has a will principle, and there is an _I_ in the upper infinity as +there is an _I_ in the lower infinity. The _I_ below is the soul; the +_I_ on high is God. + +To place the infinity here below in contact, by the medium of thought, +with the infinity on high, is called praying. + +Let us take nothing from the human mind; to suppress is bad. We must +reform and transform. Certain faculties in man are directed towards the +Unknown; thought, reverie, prayer. The Unknown is an ocean. What is +conscience? It is the compass of the Unknown. Thought, reverie, +prayer,—these are great and mysterious radiations. Let us respect them. +Whither go these majestic irradiations of the soul? Into the shadow; +that is to say, to the light. + +The grandeur of democracy is to disown nothing and to deny nothing of +humanity. Close to the right of the man, beside it, at the least, there +exists the right of the soul. + +To crush fanaticism and to venerate the infinite, such is the law. Let +us not confine ourselves to prostrating ourselves before the tree of +creation, and to the contemplation of its branches full of stars. We +have a duty to labor over the human soul, to defend the mystery against +the miracle, to adore the incomprehensible and reject the absurd, to +admit, as an inexplicable fact, only what is necessary, to purify +belief, to remove superstitions from above religion; to clear God of +caterpillars. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE ABSOLUTE GOODNESS OF PRAYER + + +With regard to the modes of prayer, all are good, provided that they +are sincere. Turn your book upside down and be in the infinite. + +There is, as we know, a philosophy which denies the infinite. There is +also a philosophy, pathologically classified, which denies the sun; +this philosophy is called blindness. + +To erect a sense which we lack into a source of truth, is a fine blind +man’s self-sufficiency. + +The curious thing is the haughty, superior, and compassionate airs +which this groping philosophy assumes towards the philosophy which +beholds God. One fancies he hears a mole crying, “I pity them with +their sun!” + + +There are, as we know, powerful and illustrious atheists. At bottom, +led back to the truth by their very force, they are not absolutely sure +that they are atheists; it is with them only a question of definition, +and in any case, if they do not believe in God, being great minds, they +prove God. + +We salute them as philosophers, while inexorably denouncing their +philosophy. + +Let us go on. + +The remarkable thing about it is, also, their facility in paying +themselves off with words. A metaphysical school of the North, +impregnated to some extent with fog, has fancied that it has worked a +revolution in human understanding by replacing the word Force with the +word Will. + +To say: “the plant wills,” instead of: “the plant grows”: this would be +fecund in results, indeed, if we were to add: “the universe wills.” +Why? Because it would come to this: the plant wills, therefore it has +an _I_; the universe wills, therefore it has a God. + +As for us, who, however, in contradistinction to this school, reject +nothing _a priori_, a will in the plant, accepted by this school, +appears to us more difficult to admit than a will in the universe +denied by it. + +To deny the will of the infinite, that is to say, God, is impossible on +any other conditions than a denial of the infinite. We have +demonstrated this. + +The negation of the infinite leads straight to nihilism. Everything +becomes “a mental conception.” + + +With nihilism, no discussion is possible; for the nihilist logic doubts +the existence of its interlocutor, and is not quite sure that it exists +itself. + +From its point of view, it is possible that it may be for itself, only +“a mental conception.” + + +Only, it does not perceive that all which it has denied it admits in +the lump, simply by the utterance of the word, mind. + +In short, no way is open to the thought by a philosophy which makes all +end in the monosyllable, No. + +To No there is only one reply, Yes. + +Nihilism has no point. + +There is no such thing as nothingness. Zero does not exist. Everything +is something. Nothing is nothing. + +Man lives by affirmation even more than by bread. + +Even to see and to show does not suffice. Philosophy should be an +energy; it should have for effort and effect to ameliorate the +condition of man. Socrates should enter into Adam and produce Marcus +Aurelius; in other words, the man of wisdom should be made to emerge +from the man of felicity. Eden should be changed into a Lyceum. Science +should be a cordial. To enjoy,—what a sad aim, and what a paltry +ambition! The brute enjoys. To offer thought to the thirst of men, to +give them all as an elixir the notion of God, to make conscience and +science fraternize in them, to render them just by this mysterious +confrontation; such is the function of real philosophy. Morality is a +blossoming out of truths. Contemplation leads to action. The absolute +should be practicable. It is necessary that the ideal should be +breathable, drinkable, and eatable to the human mind. It is the ideal +which has the right to say: _Take, this is my body, this is my blood_. +Wisdom is holy communion. It is on this condition that it ceases to be +a sterile love of science and becomes the one and sovereign mode of +human rallying, and that philosophy herself is promoted to religion. + +Philosophy should not be a corbel erected on mystery to gaze upon it at +its ease, without any other result than that of being convenient to +curiosity. + +For our part, adjourning the development of our thought to another +occasion, we will confine ourselves to saying that we neither +understand man as a point of departure nor progress as an end, without +those two forces which are their two motors: faith and love. + +Progress is the goal, the ideal is the type. + +What is this ideal? It is God. + +Ideal, absolute, perfection, infinity: identical words. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAME + + +History and philosophy have eternal duties, which are, at the same +time, simple duties; to combat Caiphas the High-priest, Draco the +Lawgiver, Trimalcion the Legislator, Tiberius the Emperor; this is +clear, direct, and limpid, and offers no obscurity. + +But the right to live apart, even with its inconveniences and its +abuses, insists on being stated and taken into account. Cenobitism is a +human problem. + +When one speaks of convents, those abodes of error, but of innocence, +of aberration but of good-will, of ignorance but of devotion, of +torture but of martyrdom, it always becomes necessary to say either yes +or no. + +A convent is a contradiction. Its object, salvation; its means thereto, +sacrifice. The convent is supreme egoism having for its result supreme +abnegation. + +To abdicate with the object of reigning seems to be the device of +monasticism. + +In the cloister, one suffers in order to enjoy. One draws a bill of +exchange on death. One discounts in terrestrial gloom celestial light. +In the cloister, hell is accepted in advance as a post obit on +paradise. + +The taking of the veil or the frock is a suicide paid for with +eternity. + +It does not seem to us, that on such a subject mockery is permissible. +All about it is serious, the good as well as the bad. + +The just man frowns, but never smiles with a malicious sneer. We +understand wrath, but not malice. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—FAITH, LAW + + +A few words more. + +We blame the church when she is saturated with intrigues, we despise +the spiritual which is harsh toward the temporal; but we everywhere +honor the thoughtful man. + +We salute the man who kneels. + +A faith; this is a necessity for man. Woe to him who believes nothing. + +One is not unoccupied because one is absorbed. There is visible labor +and invisible labor. + +To contemplate is to labor, to think is to act. + +Folded arms toil, clasped hands work. A gaze fixed on heaven is a work. + +Thales remained motionless for four years. He founded philosophy. + +In our opinion, cenobites are not lazy men, and recluses are not +idlers. + +To meditate on the Shadow is a serious thing. + +Without invalidating anything that we have just said, we believe that a +perpetual memory of the tomb is proper for the living. On this point, +the priest and the philosopher agree. _We must die_. The AbbĂ© de la +Trappe replies to Horace. + +To mingle with one’s life a certain presence of the sepulchre,—this is +the law of the sage; and it is the law of the ascetic. In this respect, +the ascetic and the sage converge. There is a material growth; we admit +it. There is a moral grandeur; we hold to that. Thoughtless and +vivacious spirits say:— + +“What is the good of those motionless figures on the side of mystery? +What purpose do they serve? What do they do?” + + +Alas! In the presence of the darkness which environs us, and which +awaits us, in our ignorance of what the immense dispersion will make of +us, we reply: “There is probably no work more divine than that +performed by these souls.” And we add: “There is probably no work which +is more useful.” + + +There certainly must be some who pray constantly for those who never +pray at all. + +In our opinion the whole question lies in the amount of thought that is +mingled with prayer. + +Leibnitz praying is grand, Voltaire adoring is fine. _Deo erexit +Voltaire_. + +We are for religion as against religions. + +We are of the number who believe in the wretchedness of orisons, and +the sublimity of prayer. + +Moreover, at this minute which we are now traversing,—a minute which +will not, fortunately, leave its impress on the nineteenth century,—at +this hour, when so many men have low brows and souls but little +elevated, among so many mortals whose morality consists in enjoyment, +and who are busied with the brief and misshapen things of matter, +whoever exiles himself seems worthy of veneration to us. + +The monastery is a renunciation. Sacrifice wrongly directed is still +sacrifice. To mistake a grave error for a duty has a grandeur of its +own. + +Taken by itself, and ideally, and in order to examine the truth on all +sides until all aspects have been impartially exhausted, the monastery, +the female convent in particular,—for in our century it is woman who +suffers the most, and in this exile of the cloister there is something +of protestation,—the female convent has incontestably a certain +majesty. + +This cloistered existence which is so austere, so depressing, a few of +whose features we have just traced, is not life, for it is not liberty; +it is not the tomb, for it is not plenitude; it is the strange place +whence one beholds, as from the crest of a lofty mountain, on one side +the abyss where we are, on the other, the abyss whither we shall go; it +is the narrow and misty frontier separating two worlds, illuminated and +obscured by both at the same time, where the ray of life which has +become enfeebled is mingled with the vague ray of death; it is the half +obscurity of the tomb. + +We, who do not believe what these women believe, but who, like them, +live by faith,—we have never been able to think without a sort of +tender and religious terror, without a sort of pity, that is full of +envy, of those devoted, trembling and trusting creatures, of these +humble and august souls, who dare to dwell on the very brink of the +mystery, waiting between the world which is closed and heaven which is +not yet open, turned towards the light which one cannot see, possessing +the sole happiness of thinking that they know where it is, aspiring +towards the gulf, and the unknown, their eyes fixed motionless on the +darkness, kneeling, bewildered, stupefied, shuddering, half lifted, at +times, by the deep breaths of eternity. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—CEMETERIES TAKE THAT WHICH IS COMMITTED THEM + + + + + +CHAPTER I—WHICH TREATS OF THE MANNER OF ENTERING A CONVENT + + +It was into this house that Jean Valjean had, as Fauchelevent expressed +it, “fallen from the sky.” + + +He had scaled the wall of the garden which formed the angle of the Rue +Polonceau. That hymn of the angels which he had heard in the middle of +the night, was the nuns chanting matins; that hall, of which he had +caught a glimpse in the gloom, was the chapel. That phantom which he +had seen stretched on the ground was the sister who was making +reparation; that bell, the sound of which had so strangely surprised +him, was the gardener’s bell attached to the knee of Father +Fauchelevent. + +Cosette once put to bed, Jean Valjean and Fauchelevent had, as we have +already seen, supped on a glass of wine and a bit of cheese before a +good, crackling fire; then, the only bed in the hut being occupied by +Cosette, each threw himself on a truss of straw. + +Before he shut his eyes, Jean Valjean said: “I must remain here +henceforth.” This remark trotted through Fauchelevent’s head all night +long. + +To tell the truth, neither of them slept. + +Jean Valjean, feeling that he was discovered and that Javert was on his +scent, understood that he and Cosette were lost if they returned to +Paris. Then the new storm which had just burst upon him had stranded +him in this cloister. Jean Valjean had, henceforth, but one thought,—to +remain there. Now, for an unfortunate man in his position, this convent +was both the safest and the most dangerous of places; the most +dangerous, because, as no men might enter there, if he were discovered, +it was a flagrant offence, and Jean Valjean would find but one step +intervening between the convent and prison; the safest, because, if he +could manage to get himself accepted there and remain there, who would +ever seek him in such a place? To dwell in an impossible place was +safety. + +On his side, Fauchelevent was cudgelling his brains. He began by +declaring to himself that he understood nothing of the matter. How had +M. Madeleine got there, when the walls were what they were? Cloister +walls are not to be stepped over. How did he get there with a child? +One cannot scale a perpendicular wall with a child in one’s arms. Who +was that child? Where did they both come from? Since Fauchelevent had +lived in the convent, he had heard nothing of M. sur M., and he knew +nothing of what had taken place there. Father Madeleine had an air +which discouraged questions; and besides, Fauchelevent said to himself: +“One does not question a saint.” M. Madeleine had preserved all his +prestige in Fauchelevent’s eyes. Only, from some words which Jean +Valjean had let fall, the gardener thought he could draw the inference +that M. Madeleine had probably become bankrupt through the hard times, +and that he was pursued by his creditors; or that he had compromised +himself in some political affair, and was in hiding; which last did not +displease Fauchelevent, who, like many of our peasants of the North, +had an old fund of Bonapartism about him. While in hiding, M. Madeleine +had selected the convent as a refuge, and it was quite simple that he +should wish to remain there. But the inexplicable point, to which +Fauchelevent returned constantly and over which he wearied his brain, +was that M. Madeleine should be there, and that he should have that +little girl with him. Fauchelevent saw them, touched them, spoke to +them, and still did not believe it possible. The incomprehensible had +just made its entrance into Fauchelevent’s hut. Fauchelevent groped +about amid conjectures, and could see nothing clearly but this: “M. +Madeleine saved my life.” This certainty alone was sufficient and +decided his course. He said to himself: “It is my turn now.” He added +in his conscience: “M. Madeleine did not stop to deliberate when it was +a question of thrusting himself under the cart for the purpose of +dragging me out.” He made up his mind to save M. Madeleine. + +Nevertheless, he put many questions to himself and made himself divers +replies: “After what he did for me, would I save him if he were a +thief? Just the same. If he were an assassin, would I save him? Just +the same. Since he is a saint, shall I save him? Just the same.” + + +But what a problem it was to manage to have him remain in the convent! +Fauchelevent did not recoil in the face of this almost chimerical +undertaking; this poor peasant of Picardy without any other ladder than +his self-devotion, his good will, and a little of that old rustic +cunning, on this occasion enlisted in the service of a generous +enterprise, undertook to scale the difficulties of the cloister, and +the steep escarpments of the rule of Saint-BenoĂźt. Father Fauchelevent +was an old man who had been an egoist all his life, and who, towards +the end of his days, halt, infirm, with no interest left to him in the +world, found it sweet to be grateful, and perceiving a generous action +to be performed, flung himself upon it like a man, who at the moment +when he is dying, should find close to his hand a glass of good wine +which he had never tasted, and should swallow it with avidity. We may +add, that the air which he had breathed for many years in this convent +had destroyed all personality in him, and had ended by rendering a good +action of some kind absolutely necessary to him. + +So he took his resolve: to devote himself to M. Madeleine. + +We have just called him a _poor peasant of Picardy_. That description +is just, but incomplete. At the point of this story which we have now +reached, a little of Father Fauchelevent’s physiology becomes useful. +He was a peasant, but he had been a notary, which added trickery to his +cunning, and penetration to his ingenuousness. Having, through various +causes, failed in his business, he had descended to the calling of a +carter and a laborer. But, in spite of oaths and lashings, which horses +seem to require, something of the notary had lingered in him. He had +some natural wit; he talked good grammar; he conversed, which is a rare +thing in a village; and the other peasants said of him: “He talks +almost like a gentleman with a hat.” Fauchelevent belonged, in fact, to +that species, which the impertinent and flippant vocabulary of the last +century qualified as _demi-bourgeois, demi-lout_, and which the +metaphors showered by the chĂąteau upon the thatched cottage ticketed in +the pigeon-hole of the plebeian: _rather rustic, rather citified; +pepper and salt_. Fauchelevent, though sorely tried and harshly used by +fate, worn out, a sort of poor, threadbare old soul, was, nevertheless, +an impulsive man, and extremely spontaneous in his actions; a precious +quality which prevents one from ever being wicked. His defects and his +vices, for he had some, were all superficial; in short, his physiognomy +was of the kind which succeeds with an observer. His aged face had none +of those disagreeable wrinkles at the top of the forehead, which +signify malice or stupidity. + +At daybreak, Father Fauchelevent opened his eyes, after having done an +enormous deal of thinking, and beheld M. Madeleine seated on his truss +of straw, and watching Cosette’s slumbers. Fauchelevent sat up and +said:— + +“Now that you are here, how are you going to contrive to enter?” + + +This remark summed up the situation and aroused Jean Valjean from his +reverie. + +The two men took counsel together. + +“In the first place,” said Fauchelevent, “you will begin by not setting +foot outside of this chamber, either you or the child. One step in the +garden and we are done for.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“Monsieur Madeleine,” resumed Fauchelevent, “you have arrived at a very +auspicious moment, I mean to say a very inauspicious moment; one of the +ladies is very ill. This will prevent them from looking much in our +direction. It seems that she is dying. The prayers of the forty hours +are being said. The whole community is in confusion. That occupies +them. The one who is on the point of departure is a saint. In fact, we +are all saints here; all the difference between them and me is that +they say ‘our cell,’ and that I say ‘my cabin.’ The prayers for the +dying are to be said, and then the prayers for the dead. We shall be at +peace here for to-day; but I will not answer for to-morrow.” + + +“Still,” observed Jean Valjean, “this cottage is in the niche of the +wall, it is hidden by a sort of ruin, there are trees, it is not +visible from the convent.” + + +“And I add that the nuns never come near it.” + + +“Well?” said Jean Valjean. + +The interrogation mark which accentuated this “well” signified: “it +seems to me that one may remain concealed here?” It was to this +interrogation point that Fauchelevent responded:— + +“There are the little girls.” + + +“What little girls?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Just as Fauchelevent opened his mouth to explain the words which he had +uttered, a bell emitted one stroke. + +“The nun is dead,” said he. “There is the knell.” + + +And he made a sign to Jean Valjean to listen. + +The bell struck a second time. + +“It is the knell, Monsieur Madeleine. The bell will continue to strike +once a minute for twenty-four hours, until the body is taken from the +church.—You see, they play. At recreation hours it suffices to have a +ball roll aside, to send them all hither, in spite of prohibitions, to +hunt and rummage for it all about here. Those cherubs are devils.” + + +“Who?” asked Jean Valjean. + +“The little girls. You would be very quickly discovered. They would +shriek: ‘Oh! a man!’ There is no danger to-day. There will be no +recreation hour. The day will be entirely devoted to prayers. You hear +the bell. As I told you, a stroke each minute. It is the death knell.” + + +“I understand, Father Fauchelevent. There are pupils.” + + +And Jean Valjean thought to himself:— + +“Here is Cosette’s education already provided.” + + +Fauchelevent exclaimed:— + +“Pardine! There are little girls indeed! And they would bawl around +you! And they would rush off! To be a man here is to have the plague. +You see how they fasten a bell to my paw as though I were a wild +beast.” + + +Jean Valjean fell into more and more profound thought.—“This convent +would be our salvation,” he murmured. + +Then he raised his voice:— + +“Yes, the difficulty is to remain here.” + + +“No,” said Fauchelevent, “the difficulty is to get out.” + + +Jean Valjean felt the blood rush back to his heart. + +“To get out!” + + +“Yes, Monsieur Madeleine. In order to return here it is first necessary +to get out.” + + +And after waiting until another stroke of the knell had sounded, +Fauchelevent went on:— + +“You must not be found here in this fashion. Whence come you? For me, +you fall from heaven, because I know you; but the nuns require one to +enter by the door.” + + +All at once they heard a rather complicated pealing from another bell. + +“Ah!” said Fauchelevent, “they are ringing up the vocal mothers. They +are going to the chapter. They always hold a chapter when any one dies. +She died at daybreak. People generally do die at daybreak. But cannot +you get out by the way in which you entered? Come, I do not ask for the +sake of questioning you, but how did you get in?” + + +Jean Valjean turned pale; the very thought of descending again into +that terrible street made him shudder. You make your way out of a +forest filled with tigers, and once out of it, imagine a friendly +counsel that shall advise you to return thither! Jean Valjean pictured +to himself the whole police force still engaged in swarming in that +quarter, agents on the watch, sentinels everywhere, frightful fists +extended towards his collar, Javert at the corner of the intersection +of the streets perhaps. + +“Impossible!” said he. “Father Fauchelevent, say that I fell from the +sky.” + + +“But I believe it, I believe it,” retorted Fauchelevent. “You have no +need to tell me that. The good God must have taken you in his hand for +the purpose of getting a good look at you close to, and then dropped +you. Only, he meant to place you in a man’s convent; he made a mistake. +Come, there goes another peal, that is to order the porter to go and +inform the municipality that the dead-doctor is to come here and view a +corpse. All that is the ceremony of dying. These good ladies are not at +all fond of that visit. A doctor is a man who does not believe in +anything. He lifts the veil. Sometimes he lifts something else too. How +quickly they have had the doctor summoned this time! What is the +matter? Your little one is still asleep. What is her name?” + + +“Cosette.” + + +“She is your daughter? You are her grandfather, that is?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“It will be easy enough for her to get out of here. I have my service +door which opens on the courtyard. I knock. The porter opens; I have my +vintage basket on my back, the child is in it, I go out. Father +Fauchelevent goes out with his basket—that is perfectly natural. You +will tell the child to keep very quiet. She will be under the cover. I +will leave her for whatever time is required with a good old friend, a +fruit-seller whom I know in the Rue Chemin-Vert, who is deaf, and who +has a little bed. I will shout in the fruit-seller’s ear, that she is a +niece of mine, and that she is to keep her for me until to-morrow. Then +the little one will re-enter with you; for I will contrive to have you +re-enter. It must be done. But how will you manage to get out?” + + +Jean Valjean shook his head. + +“No one must see me, the whole point lies there, Father Fauchelevent. +Find some means of getting me out in a basket, under cover, like +Cosette.” + + +Fauchelevent scratched the lobe of his ear with the middle finger of +his left hand, a sign of serious embarrassment. + +A third peal created a diversion. + +“That is the dead-doctor taking his departure,” said Fauchelevent. “He +has taken a look and said: ‘She is dead, that is well.’ When the doctor +has signed the passport for paradise, the undertaker’s company sends a +coffin. If it is a mother, the mothers lay her out; if she is a sister, +the sisters lay her out. After which, I nail her up. That forms a part +of my gardener’s duty. A gardener is a bit of a grave-digger. She is +placed in a lower hall of the church which communicates with the +street, and into which no man may enter save the doctor of the dead. I +don’t count the undertaker’s men and myself as men. It is in that hall +that I nail up the coffin. The undertaker’s men come and get it, and +whip up, coachman! that’s the way one goes to heaven. They fetch a box +with nothing in it, they take it away again with something in it. +That’s what a burial is like. _De profundis_.” + + +A horizontal ray of sunshine lightly touched the face of the sleeping +Cosette, who lay with her mouth vaguely open, and had the air of an +angel drinking in the light. Jean Valjean had fallen to gazing at her. +He was no longer listening to Fauchelevent. + +That one is not listened to is no reason for preserving silence. The +good old gardener went on tranquilly with his babble:— + +“The grave is dug in the Vaugirard cemetery. They declare that they are +going to suppress that Vaugirard cemetery. It is an ancient cemetery +which is outside the regulations, which has no uniform, and which is +going to retire. It is a shame, for it is convenient. I have a friend +there, Father Mestienne, the grave-digger. The nuns here possess one +privilege, it is to be taken to that cemetery at nightfall. There is a +special permission from the Prefecture on their behalf. But how many +events have happened since yesterday! Mother Crucifixion is dead, and +Father Madeleine—” + + +“Is buried,” said Jean Valjean, smiling sadly. + +Fauchelevent caught the word. + +“Goodness! if you were here for good, it would be a real burial.” + + +A fourth peal burst out. Fauchelevent hastily detached the belled +knee-cap from its nail and buckled it on his knee again. + +“This time it is for me. The Mother Prioress wants me. Good, now I am +pricking myself on the tongue of my buckle. Monsieur Madeleine, don’t +stir from here, and wait for me. Something new has come up. If you are +hungry, there is wine, bread and cheese.” + + +And he hastened out of the hut, crying: “Coming! coming!” + + +Jean Valjean watched him hurrying across the garden as fast as his +crooked leg would permit, casting a sidelong glance by the way on his +melon patch. + +Less than ten minutes later, Father Fauchelevent, whose bell put the +nuns in his road to flight, tapped gently at a door, and a gentle voice +replied: _“Forever! Forever!” _ that is to say: _“Enter.” _ + +The door was the one leading to the parlor reserved for seeing the +gardener on business. This parlor adjoined the chapter hall. The +prioress, seated on the only chair in the parlor, was waiting for +Fauchelevent. + + + + +CHAPTER II—FAUCHELEVENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A DIFFICULTY + + +It is the peculiarity of certain persons and certain professions, +notably priests and nuns, to wear a grave and agitated air on critical +occasions. At the moment when Fauchelevent entered, this double form of +preoccupation was imprinted on the countenance of the prioress, who was +that wise and charming Mademoiselle de Blemeur, Mother Innocente, who +was ordinarily cheerful. + +The gardener made a timid bow, and remained at the door of the cell. +The prioress, who was telling her beads, raised her eyes and said:— + +“Ah! it is you, Father Fauvent.” + + +This abbreviation had been adopted in the convent. + +Fauchelevent bowed again. + +“Father Fauvent, I have sent for you.” + + +“Here I am, reverend Mother.” + + +“I have something to say to you.” + + +“And so have I,” said Fauchelevent with a boldness which caused him +inward terror, “I have something to say to the very reverend Mother.” + + +The prioress stared at him. + +“Ah! you have a communication to make to me.” + + +“A request.” + + +“Very well, speak.” + + +Goodman Fauchelevent, the ex-notary, belonged to the category of +peasants who have assurance. A certain clever ignorance constitutes a +force; you do not distrust it, and you are caught by it. Fauchelevent +had been a success during the something more than two years which he +had passed in the convent. Always solitary and busied about his +gardening, he had nothing else to do than to indulge his curiosity. As +he was at a distance from all those veiled women passing to and fro, he +saw before him only an agitation of shadows. By dint of attention and +sharpness he had succeeded in clothing all those phantoms with flesh, +and those corpses were alive for him. He was like a deaf man whose +sight grows keener, and like a blind man whose hearing becomes more +acute. He had applied himself to riddling out the significance of the +different peals, and he had succeeded, so that this taciturn and +enigmatical cloister possessed no secrets for him; the sphinx babbled +all her secrets in his ear. Fauchelevent knew all and concealed all; +that constituted his art. The whole convent thought him stupid. A great +merit in religion. The vocal mothers made much of Fauchelevent. He was +a curious mute. He inspired confidence. Moreover, he was regular, and +never went out except for well-demonstrated requirements of the orchard +and vegetable garden. This discretion of conduct had inured to his +credit. Nonetheless, he had set two men to chattering: the porter, in +the convent, and he knew the singularities of their parlor, and the +grave-digger, at the cemetery, and he was acquainted with the +peculiarities of their sepulture; in this way, he possessed a double +light on the subject of these nuns, one as to their life, the other as +to their death. But he did not abuse his knowledge. The congregation +thought a great deal of him. Old, lame, blind to everything, probably a +little deaf into the bargain,—what qualities! They would have found it +difficult to replace him. + +The goodman, with the assurance of a person who feels that he is +appreciated, entered into a rather diffuse and very deep rustic +harangue to the reverend prioress. He talked a long time about his age, +his infirmities, the surcharge of years counting double for him +henceforth, of the increasing demands of his work, of the great size of +the garden, of nights which must be passed, like the last, for +instance, when he had been obliged to put straw mats over the melon +beds, because of the moon, and he wound up as follows: “That he had a +brother”—(the prioress made a movement),—“a brother no longer young”—(a +second movement on the part of the prioress, but one expressive of +reassurance),—“that, if he might be permitted, this brother would come +and live with him and help him, that he was an excellent gardener, that +the community would receive from him good service, better than his own; +that, otherwise, if his brother were not admitted, as he, the elder, +felt that his health was broken and that he was insufficient for the +work, he should be obliged, greatly to his regret, to go away; and that +his brother had a little daughter whom he would bring with him, who +might be reared for God in the house, and who might, who knows, become +a nun some day.” + + +When he had finished speaking, the prioress stayed the slipping of her +rosary between her fingers, and said to him:— + +“Could you procure a stout iron bar between now and this evening?” + + +“For what purpose?” + + +“To serve as a lever.” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother,” replied Fauchelevent. + +The prioress, without adding a word, rose and entered the adjoining +room, which was the hall of the chapter, and where the vocal mothers +were probably assembled. Fauchelevent was left alone. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MOTHER INNOCENTE + + +About a quarter of an hour elapsed. The prioress returned and seated +herself once more on her chair. + +The two interlocutors seemed preoccupied. We will present a +stenographic report of the dialogue which then ensued, to the best of +our ability. + +“Father Fauvent!” + + +“Reverend Mother!” + + +“Do you know the chapel?” + + +“I have a little cage there, where I hear the mass and the offices.” + + +“And you have been in the choir in pursuance of your duties?” + + +“Two or three times.” + + +“There is a stone to be raised.” + + +“Heavy?” + + +“The slab of the pavement which is at the side of the altar.” + + +“The slab which closes the vault?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“It would be a good thing to have two men for it.” + + +“Mother Ascension, who is as strong as a man, will help you.” + + +“A woman is never a man.” + + +“We have only a woman here to help you. Each one does what he can. +Because Dom Mabillon gives four hundred and seventeen epistles of Saint +Bernard, while Merlonus Horstius only gives three hundred and +sixty-seven, I do not despise Merlonus Horstius.” + + +“Neither do I.” + + +“Merit consists in working according to one’s strength. A cloister is +not a dock-yard.” + + +“And a woman is not a man. But my brother is the strong one, though!” + + +“And can you get a lever?” + + +“That is the only sort of key that fits that sort of door.” + + +“There is a ring in the stone.” + + +“I will put the lever through it.” + + +“And the stone is so arranged that it swings on a pivot.” + + +“That is good, reverend Mother. I will open the vault.” + + +“And the four Mother Precentors will help you.” + + +“And when the vault is open?” + + +“It must be closed again.” + + +“Will that be all?” + + +“No.” + + +“Give me your orders, very reverend Mother.” + + +“Fauvent, we have confidence in you.” + + +“I am here to do anything you wish.” + + +“And to hold your peace about everything!” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“When the vault is open—” + + +“I will close it again.” + + +“But before that—” + + +“What, reverend Mother?” + + +“Something must be lowered into it.” + + +A silence ensued. The prioress, after a pout of the under lip which +resembled hesitation, broke it. + +“Father Fauvent!” + + +“Reverend Mother!” + + +“You know that a mother died this morning?” + + +“No.” + + +“Did you not hear the bell?” + + +“Nothing can be heard at the bottom of the garden.” + + +“Really?” + + +“I can hardly distinguish my own signal.” + + +“She died at daybreak.” + + +“And then, the wind did not blow in my direction this morning.” + + +“It was Mother Crucifixion. A blessed woman.” + + +The prioress paused, moved her lips, as though in mental prayer, and +resumed:— + +“Three years ago, Madame de BĂ©thune, a Jansenist, turned orthodox, +merely from having seen Mother Crucifixion at prayer.” + + +“Ah! yes, now I hear the knell, reverend Mother.” + + +“The mothers have taken her to the dead-room, which opens on the +church.” + + +“I know.” + + +“No other man than you can or must enter that chamber. See to that. A +fine sight it would be, to see a man enter the dead-room!” + + +“More often!” + + +“Hey?” + + +“More often!” + + +“What do you say?” + + +“I say more often.” + + +“More often than what?” + + +“Reverend Mother, I did not say more often than what, I said more +often.” + + +“I don’t understand you. Why do you say more often?” + + +“In order to speak like you, reverend Mother.” + + +“But I did not say ‘more often.’” + + +At that moment, nine o’clock struck. + +“At nine o’clock in the morning and at all hours, praised and adored be +the most Holy Sacrament of the altar,” said the prioress. + +“Amen,” said Fauchelevent. + +The clock struck opportunely. It cut “more often” short. It is +probable, that had it not been for this, the prioress and Fauchelevent +would never have unravelled that skein. + +Fauchelevent mopped his forehead. + +The prioress indulged in another little inward murmur, probably sacred, +then raised her voice:— + +“In her lifetime, Mother Crucifixion made converts; after her death, +she will perform miracles.” + + +“She will!” replied Father Fauchelevent, falling into step, and +striving not to flinch again. + +“Father Fauvent, the community has been blessed in Mother Crucifixion. +No doubt, it is not granted to every one to die, like Cardinal de +BĂ©rulle, while saying the holy mass, and to breathe forth their souls +to God, while pronouncing these words: _Hanc igitur oblationem_. But +without attaining to such happiness, Mother Crucifixion’s death was +very precious. She retained her consciousness to the very last moment. +She spoke to us, then she spoke to the angels. She gave us her last +commands. If you had a little more faith, and if you could have been in +her cell, she would have cured your leg merely by touching it. She +smiled. We felt that she was regaining her life in God. There was +something of paradise in that death.” + + +Fauchelevent thought that it was an orison which she was finishing. + +“Amen,” said he. + +“Father Fauvent, what the dead wish must be done.” + + +The prioress took off several beads of her chaplet. Fauchelevent held +his peace. + +She went on:— + +“I have consulted upon this point many ecclesiastics laboring in Our +Lord, who occupy themselves in the exercises of the clerical life, and +who bear wonderful fruit.” + + +“Reverend Mother, you can hear the knell much better here than in the +garden.” + + +“Besides, she is more than a dead woman, she is a saint.” + + +“Like yourself, reverend Mother.” + + +“She slept in her coffin for twenty years, by express permission of our +Holy Father, Pius VII.—” + + +“The one who crowned the Emp—Buonaparte.” + + +For a clever man like Fauchelevent, this allusion was an awkward one. +Fortunately, the prioress, completely absorbed in her own thoughts, did +not hear it. She continued:— + +“Father Fauvent?” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“Saint Didorus, Archbishop of Cappadocia, desired that this single word +might be inscribed on his tomb: _Acarus_, which signifies, a worm of +the earth; this was done. Is this true?” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“The blessed Mezzocane, Abbot of Aquila, wished to be buried beneath +the gallows; this was done.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“Saint Terentius, Bishop of Port, where the mouth of the Tiber empties +into the sea, requested that on his tomb might be engraved the sign +which was placed on the graves of parricides, in the hope that +passers-by would spit on his tomb. This was done. The dead must be +obeyed.” + + +“So be it.” + + +“The body of Bernard Guidonis, born in France near Roche-Abeille, was, +as he had ordered, and in spite of the king of Castile, borne to the +church of the Dominicans in Limoges, although Bernard Guidonis was +Bishop of Tuy in Spain. Can the contrary be affirmed?” + + +“For that matter, no, reverend Mother.” + + +“The fact is attested by Plantavit de la Fosse.” + + +Several beads of the chaplet were told off, still in silence. The +prioress resumed:— + +“Father Fauvent, Mother Crucifixion will be interred in the coffin in +which she has slept for the last twenty years.” + + +“That is just.” + + +“It is a continuation of her slumber.” + + +“So I shall have to nail up that coffin?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And we are to reject the undertaker’s coffin?” + + +“Precisely.” + + +“I am at the orders of the very reverend community.” + + +“The four Mother Precentors will assist you.” + + +“In nailing up the coffin? I do not need them.” + + +“No. In lowering the coffin.” + + +“Where?” + + +“Into the vault.” + + +“What vault?” + + +“Under the altar.” + + +Fauchelevent started. + +“The vault under the altar?” + + +“Under the altar.” + + +“But—” + + +“You will have an iron bar.” + + +“Yes, but—” + + +“You will raise the stone with the bar by means of the ring.” + + +“But—” + + +“The dead must be obeyed. To be buried in the vault under the altar of +the chapel, not to go to profane earth; to remain there in death where +she prayed while living; such was the last wish of Mother Crucifixion. +She asked it of us; that is to say, commanded us.” + + +“But it is forbidden.” + + +“Forbidden by men, enjoined by God.” + + +“What if it became known?” + + +“We have confidence in you.” + + +“Oh! I am a stone in your walls.” + + +“The chapter assembled. The vocal mothers, whom I have just consulted +again, and who are now deliberating, have decided that Mother +Crucifixion shall be buried, according to her wish, in her own coffin, +under our altar. Think, Father Fauvent, if she were to work miracles +here! What a glory of God for the community! And miracles issue from +tombs.” + + +“But, reverend Mother, if the agent of the sanitary commission—” + + +“Saint BenoĂźt II., in the matter of sepulture, resisted Constantine +Pogonatus.” + + +“But the commissary of police—” + + +“Chonodemaire, one of the seven German kings who entered among the +Gauls under the Empire of Constantius, expressly recognized the right +of nuns to be buried in religion, that is to say, beneath the altar.” + + +“But the inspector from the Prefecture—” + + +“The world is nothing in the presence of the cross. Martin, the +eleventh general of the Carthusians, gave to his order this device: +_Stat crux dum volvitur orbis_.” + + +“Amen,” said Fauchelevent, who imperturbably extricated himself in this +manner from the dilemma, whenever he heard Latin. + +Any audience suffices for a person who has held his peace too long. On +the day when the rhetorician Gymnastoras left his prison, bearing in +his body many dilemmas and numerous syllogisms which had struck in, he +halted in front of the first tree which he came to, harangued it and +made very great efforts to convince it. The prioress, who was usually +subjected to the barrier of silence, and whose reservoir was overfull, +rose and exclaimed with the loquacity of a dam which has broken away:— + +“I have on my right BenoĂźt and on my left Bernard. Who was Bernard? The +first abbot of Clairvaux. Fontaines in Burgundy is a country that is +blest because it gave him birth. His father was named TĂ©celin, and his +mother AlĂšthe. He began at CĂźteaux, to end in Clairvaux; he was +ordained abbot by the bishop of ChĂąlon-sur-SaĂŽne, Guillaume de +Champeaux; he had seven hundred novices, and founded a hundred and +sixty monasteries; he overthrew Abeilard at the council of Sens in +1140, and Pierre de Bruys and Henry his disciple, and another sort of +erring spirits who were called the Apostolics; he confounded Arnauld de +Brescia, darted lightning at the monk Raoul, the murderer of the Jews, +dominated the council of Reims in 1148, caused the condemnation of +Gilbert de PorĂ©a, Bishop of Poitiers, caused the condemnation of Éon de +l’Étoile, arranged the disputes of princes, enlightened King Louis the +Young, advised Pope Eugene III., regulated the Temple, preached the +crusade, performed two hundred and fifty miracles during his lifetime, +and as many as thirty-nine in one day. Who was BenoĂźt? He was the +patriarch of Mont-Cassin; he was the second founder of the SaintetĂ© +Claustrale, he was the Basil of the West. His order has produced forty +popes, two hundred cardinals, fifty patriarchs, sixteen hundred +archbishops, four thousand six hundred bishops, four emperors, twelve +empresses, forty-six kings, forty-one queens, three thousand six +hundred canonized saints, and has been in existence for fourteen +hundred years. On one side Saint Bernard, on the other the agent of the +sanitary department! On one side Saint BenoĂźt, on the other the +inspector of public ways! The state, the road commissioners, the public +undertaker, regulations, the administration, what do we know of all +that? There is not a chance passer-by who would not be indignant to see +how we are treated. We have not even the right to give our dust to +Jesus Christ! Your sanitary department is a revolutionary invention. +God subordinated to the commissary of police; such is the age. Silence, +Fauvent!” + + +Fauchelevent was but ill at ease under this shower bath. The prioress +continued:— + +“No one doubts the right of the monastery to sepulture. Only fanatics +and those in error deny it. We live in times of terrible confusion. We +do not know that which it is necessary to know, and we know that which +we should ignore. We are ignorant and impious. In this age there exist +people who do not distinguish between the very great Saint Bernard and +the Saint Bernard denominated of the poor Catholics, a certain good +ecclesiastic who lived in the thirteenth century. Others are so +blasphemous as to compare the scaffold of Louis XVI. to the cross of +Jesus Christ. Louis XVI. was merely a king. Let us beware of God! There +is no longer just nor unjust. The name of Voltaire is known, but not +the name of CĂ©sar de Bus. Nevertheless, CĂ©sar de Bus is a man of +blessed memory, and Voltaire one of unblessed memory. The last +arch-bishop, the Cardinal de PĂ©rigord, did not even know that Charles +de Gondren succeeded to Berulle, and François Bourgoin to Gondren, and +Jean-François Senault to Bourgoin, and Father Sainte-Marthe to +Jean-François Senault. The name of Father Coton is known, not because +he was one of the three who urged the foundation of the Oratorie, but +because he furnished Henri IV., the Huguenot king, with the material +for an oath. That which pleases people of the world in Saint François +de Sales, is that he cheated at play. And then, religion is attacked. +Why? Because there have been bad priests, because Sagittaire, Bishop of +Gap, was the brother of Salone, Bishop of Embrun, and because both of +them followed Mommol. What has that to do with the question? Does that +prevent Martin de Tours from being a saint, and giving half of his +cloak to a beggar? They persecute the saints. They shut their eyes to +the truth. Darkness is the rule. The most ferocious beasts are beasts +which are blind. No one thinks of hell as a reality. Oh! how wicked +people are! By order of the king signifies to-day, by order of the +revolution. One no longer knows what is due to the living or to the +dead. A holy death is prohibited. Burial is a civil matter. This is +horrible. Saint Leo II. wrote two special letters, one to Pierre +Notaire, the other to the king of the Visigoths, for the purpose of +combating and rejecting, in questions touching the dead, the authority +of the exarch and the supremacy of the Emperor. Gauthier, Bishop of +ChĂąlons, held his own in this matter against Otho, Duke of Burgundy. +The ancient magistracy agreed with him. In former times we had voices +in the chapter, even on matters of the day. The Abbot of CĂźteaux, the +general of the order, was councillor by right of birth to the +parliament of Burgundy. We do what we please with our dead. Is not the +body of Saint BenoĂźt himself in France, in the abbey of Fleury, called +Saint BenoĂźt-sur-Loire, although he died in Italy at Mont-Cassin, on +Saturday, the 21st of the month of March, of the year 543? All this is +incontestable. I abhor psalm-singers, I hate priors, I execrate +heretics, but I should detest yet more any one who should maintain the +contrary. One has only to read Arnoul Wion, Gabriel Bucelin, Trithemus, +Maurolics, and Dom Luc d’Achery.” + + +The prioress took breath, then turned to Fauchelevent. + +“Is it settled, Father Fauvent?” + + +“It is settled, reverend Mother.” + + +“We may depend on you?” + + +“I will obey.” + + +“That is well.” + + +“I am entirely devoted to the convent.” + + +“That is understood. You will close the coffin. The sisters will carry +it to the chapel. The office for the dead will then be said. Then we +shall return to the cloister. Between eleven o’clock and midnight, you +will come with your iron bar. All will be done in the most profound +secrecy. There will be in the chapel only the four Mother Precentors, +Mother Ascension and yourself.” + + +“And the sister at the post?” + + +“She will not turn round.” + + +“But she will hear.” + + +“She will not listen. Besides, what the cloister knows the world learns +not.” + + +A pause ensued. The prioress went on:— + +“You will remove your bell. It is not necessary that the sister at the +post should perceive your presence.” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“What, Father Fauvent?” + + +“Has the doctor for the dead paid his visit?” + + +“He will pay it at four o’clock to-day. The peal which orders the +doctor for the dead to be summoned has already been rung. But you do +not understand any of the peals?” + + +“I pay no attention to any but my own.” + + +“That is well, Father Fauvent.” + + +“Reverend Mother, a lever at least six feet long will be required.” + + +“Where will you obtain it?” + + +“Where gratings are not lacking, iron bars are not lacking. I have my +heap of old iron at the bottom of the garden.” + + +“About three-quarters of an hour before midnight; do not forget.” + + +“Reverend Mother?” + + +“What?” + + +“If you were ever to have any other jobs of this sort, my brother is +the strong man for you. A perfect Turk!” + + +“You will do it as speedily as possible.” + + +“I cannot work very fast. I am infirm; that is why I require an +assistant. I limp.” + + +“To limp is no sin, and perhaps it is a blessing. The Emperor Henry +II., who combated Antipope Gregory and re-established BenoĂźt VIII., has +two surnames, the Saint and the Lame.” + + +“Two surtouts are a good thing,” murmured Fauchelevent, who really was +a little hard of hearing. + +“Now that I think of it, Father Fauvent, let us give a whole hour to +it. That is not too much. Be near the principal altar, with your iron +bar, at eleven o’clock. The office begins at midnight. Everything must +have been completed a good quarter of an hour before that.” + + +“I will do anything to prove my zeal towards the community. These are +my orders. I am to nail up the coffin. At eleven o’clock exactly, I am +to be in the chapel. The Mother Precentors will be there. Mother +Ascension will be there. Two men would be better. However, never mind! +I shall have my lever. We will open the vault, we will lower the +coffin, and we will close the vault again. After which, there will be +no trace of anything. The government will have no suspicion. Thus all +has been arranged, reverend Mother?” + + +“No!” + + +“What else remains?” + + +“The empty coffin remains.” + + +This produced a pause. Fauchelevent meditated. The prioress meditated. + +“What is to be done with that coffin, Father Fauvent?” + + +“It will be given to the earth.” + + +“Empty?” + + +Another silence. Fauchelevent made, with his left hand, that sort of a +gesture which dismisses a troublesome subject. + +“Reverend Mother, I am the one who is to nail up the coffin in the +basement of the church, and no one can enter there but myself, and I +will cover the coffin with the pall.” + + +“Yes, but the bearers, when they place it in the hearse and lower it +into the grave, will be sure to feel that there is nothing in it.” + + +“Ah! the de—!” exclaimed Fauchelevent. + +The prioress began to make the sign of the cross, and looked fixedly at +the gardener. The _vil_ stuck fast in his throat. + +He made haste to improvise an expedient to make her forget the oath. + +“I will put earth in the coffin, reverend Mother. That will produce the +effect of a corpse.” + + +“You are right. Earth, that is the same thing as man. So you will +manage the empty coffin?” + + +“I will make that my special business.” + + +The prioress’s face, up to that moment troubled and clouded, grew +serene once more. She made the sign of a superior dismissing an +inferior to him. Fauchelevent went towards the door. As he was on the +point of passing out, the prioress raised her voice gently:— + +“I am pleased with you, Father Fauvent; bring your brother to me +to-morrow, after the burial, and tell him to fetch his daughter.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—IN WHICH JEAN VALJEAN HAS QUITE THE AIR OF HAVING READ +AUSTIN CASTILLEJO + + +The strides of a lame man are like the ogling glances of a one-eyed +man; they do not reach their goal very promptly. Moreover, Fauchelevent +was in a dilemma. He took nearly a quarter of an hour to return to his +cottage in the garden. Cosette had waked up. Jean Valjean had placed +her near the fire. At the moment when Fauchelevent entered, Jean +Valjean was pointing out to her the vintner’s basket on the wall, and +saying to her, “Listen attentively to me, my little Cosette. We must go +away from this house, but we shall return to it, and we shall be very +happy here. The good man who lives here is going to carry you off on +his back in that. You will wait for me at a lady’s house. I shall come +to fetch you. Obey, and say nothing, above all things, unless you want +Madame ThĂ©nardier to get you again!” + + +Cosette nodded gravely. + +Jean Valjean turned round at the noise made by Fauchelevent opening the +door. + +“Well?” + + +“Everything is arranged, and nothing is,” said Fauchelevent. “I have +permission to bring you in; but before bringing you in you must be got +out. That’s where the difficulty lies. It is easy enough with the +child.” + + +“You will carry her out?” + + +“And she will hold her tongue?” + + +“I answer for that.” + + +“But you, Father Madeleine?” + + +And, after a silence, fraught with anxiety, Fauchelevent exclaimed:— + +“Why, get out as you came in!” + + +Jean Valjean, as in the first instance, contented himself with saying, +“Impossible.” + + +Fauchelevent grumbled, more to himself than to Jean Valjean:— + +“There is another thing which bothers me. I have said that I would put +earth in it. When I come to think it over, the earth instead of the +corpse will not seem like the real thing, it won’t do, it will get +displaced, it will move about. The men will bear it. You understand, +Father Madeleine, the government will notice it.” + + +Jean Valjean stared him straight in the eye and thought that he was +raving. + +Fauchelevent went on:— + +“How the de—uce are you going to get out? It must all be done by +to-morrow morning. It is to-morrow that I am to bring you in. The +prioress expects you.” + + +Then he explained to Jean Valjean that this was his recompense for a +service which he, Fauchelevent, was to render to the community. That it +fell among his duties to take part in their burials, that he nailed up +the coffins and helped the grave-digger at the cemetery. That the nun +who had died that morning had requested to be buried in the coffin +which had served her for a bed, and interred in the vault under the +altar of the chapel. That the police regulations forbade this, but that +she was one of those dead to whom nothing is refused. That the prioress +and the vocal mothers intended to fulfil the wish of the deceased. That +it was so much the worse for the government. That he, Fauchelevent, was +to nail up the coffin in the cell, raise the stone in the chapel, and +lower the corpse into the vault. And that, by way of thanks, the +prioress was to admit his brother to the house as a gardener, and his +niece as a pupil. That his brother was M. Madeleine, and that his niece +was Cosette. That the prioress had told him to bring his brother on the +following evening, after the counterfeit interment in the cemetery. But +that he could not bring M. Madeleine in from the outside if M. +Madeleine was not outside. That that was the first problem. And then, +that there was another: the empty coffin. + +“What is that empty coffin?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“The coffin of the administration.” + + +“What coffin? What administration?” + + +“A nun dies. The municipal doctor comes and says, ‘A nun has died.’ The +government sends a coffin. The next day it sends a hearse and +undertaker’s men to get the coffin and carry it to the cemetery. The +undertaker’s men will come and lift the coffin; there will be nothing +in it.” + + +“Put something in it.” + + +“A corpse? I have none.” + + +“No.” + + +“What then?” + + +“A living person.” + + +“What person?” + + +“Me!” said Jean Valjean. + +Fauchelevent, who was seated, sprang up as though a bomb had burst +under his chair. + +“You!” + + +“Why not?” + + +Jean Valjean gave way to one of those rare smiles which lighted up his +face like a flash from heaven in the winter. + +“You know, Fauchelevent, what you have said: ‘Mother Crucifixion is +dead.’ and I add: ‘and Father Madeleine is buried.’” + + +“Ah! good, you can laugh, you are not speaking seriously.” + + +“Very seriously, I must get out of this place.” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“l have told you to find a basket, and a cover for me also.” + + +“Well?” + + +“The basket will be of pine, and the cover a black cloth.” + + +“In the first place, it will be a white cloth. Nuns are buried in +white.” + + +“Let it be a white cloth, then.” + + +“You are not like other men, Father Madeleine.” + + +To behold such devices, which are nothing else than the savage and +daring inventions of the galleys, spring forth from the peaceable +things which surrounded him, and mingle with what he called the “petty +course of life in the convent,” caused Fauchelevent as much amazement +as a gull fishing in the gutter of the Rue Saint-Denis would inspire in +a passer-by. + +Jean Valjean went on:— + +“The problem is to get out of here without being seen. This offers the +means. But give me some information, in the first place. How is it +managed? Where is this coffin?” + + +“The empty one?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Downstairs, in what is called the dead-room. It stands on two +trestles, under the pall.” + + +“How long is the coffin?” + + +“Six feet.” + + +“What is this dead-room?” + + +“It is a chamber on the ground floor which has a grated window opening +on the garden, which is closed on the outside by a shutter, and two +doors; one leads into the convent, the other into the church.” + + +“What church?” + + +“The church in the street, the church which any one can enter.” + + +“Have you the keys to those two doors?” + + +“No; I have the key to the door which communicates with the convent; +the porter has the key to the door which communicates with the church.” + + +“When does the porter open that door?” + + +“Only to allow the undertaker’s men to enter, when they come to get the +coffin. When the coffin has been taken out, the door is closed again.” + + +“Who nails up the coffin?” + + +“I do.” + + +“Who spreads the pall over it?” + + +“I do.” + + +“Are you alone?” + + +“Not another man, except the police doctor, can enter the dead-room. +That is even written on the wall.” + + +“Could you hide me in that room to-night when every one is asleep?” + + +“No. But I could hide you in a small, dark nook which opens on the +dead-room, where I keep my tools to use for burials, and of which I +have the key.” + + +“At what time will the hearse come for the coffin to-morrow?” + + +“About three o’clock in the afternoon. The burial will take place at +the Vaugirard cemetery a little before nightfall. It is not very near.” + + +“I will remain concealed in your tool-closet all night and all the +morning. And how about food? I shall be hungry.” + + +“I will bring you something.” + + +“You can come and nail me up in the coffin at two o’clock.” + + +Fauchelevent recoiled and cracked his finger-joints. + +“But that is impossible!” + + +“Bah! Impossible to take a hammer and drive some nails in a plank?” + + +What seemed unprecedented to Fauchelevent was, we repeat, a simple +matter to Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean had been in worse straits than +this. Any man who has been a prisoner understands how to contract +himself to fit the diameter of the escape. The prisoner is subject to +flight as the sick man is subject to a crisis which saves or kills him. +An escape is a cure. What does not a man undergo for the sake of a +cure? To have himself nailed up in a case and carried off like a bale +of goods, to live for a long time in a box, to find air where there is +none, to economize his breath for hours, to know how to stifle without +dying—this was one of Jean Valjean’s gloomy talents. + +Moreover, a coffin containing a living being,—that convict’s +expedient,—is also an imperial expedient. If we are to credit the monk +Austin Castillejo, this was the means employed by Charles the Fifth, +desirous of seeing the Plombes for the last time after his abdication. + +He had her brought into and carried out of the monastery of Saint-Yuste +in this manner. + +Fauchelevent, who had recovered himself a little, exclaimed:— + +“But how will you manage to breathe?” + + +“I will breathe.” + + +“In that box! The mere thought of it suffocates me.” + + +“You surely must have a gimlet, you will make a few holes here and +there, around my mouth, and you will nail the top plank on loosely.” + + +“Good! And what if you should happen to cough or to sneeze?” + + +“A man who is making his escape does not cough or sneeze.” + + +And Jean Valjean added:— + +“Father Fauchelevent, we must come to a decision: I must either be +caught here, or accept this escape through the hearse.” + + +Every one has noticed the taste which cats have for pausing and +lounging between the two leaves of a half-shut door. Who is there who +has not said to a cat, “Do come in!” There are men who, when an +incident stands half-open before them, have the same tendency to halt +in indecision between two resolutions, at the risk of getting crushed +through the abrupt closing of the adventure by fate. The over-prudent, +cats as they are, and because they are cats, sometimes incur more +danger than the audacious. Fauchelevent was of this hesitating nature. +But Jean Valjean’s coolness prevailed over him in spite of himself. He +grumbled:— + +“Well, since there is no other means.” + + +Jean Valjean resumed:— + +“The only thing which troubles me is what will take place at the +cemetery.” + + +“That is the very point that is not troublesome,” exclaimed +Fauchelevent. “If you are sure of coming out of the coffin all right, I +am sure of getting you out of the grave. The grave-digger is a +drunkard, and a friend of mine. He is Father Mestienne. An old fellow +of the old school. The grave-digger puts the corpses in the grave, and +I put the grave-digger in my pocket. I will tell you what will take +place. They will arrive a little before dusk, three-quarters of an hour +before the gates of the cemetery are closed. The hearse will drive +directly up to the grave. I shall follow; that is my business. I shall +have a hammer, a chisel, and some pincers in my pocket. The hearse +halts, the undertaker’s men knot a rope around your coffin and lower +you down. The priest says the prayers, makes the sign of the cross, +sprinkles the holy water, and takes his departure. I am left alone with +Father Mestienne. He is my friend, I tell you. One of two things will +happen, he will either be sober, or he will not be sober. If he is not +drunk, I shall say to him: ‘Come and drink a bout while the _Bon Coing_ +[the Good Quince] is open.’ I carry him off, I get him drunk,—it does +not take long to make Father Mestienne drunk, he always has the +beginning of it about him,—I lay him under the table, I take his card, +so that I can get into the cemetery again, and I return without him. +Then you have no longer any one but me to deal with. If he is drunk, I +shall say to him: ‘Be off; I will do your work for you.’ Off he goes, +and I drag you out of the hole.” + + +Jean Valjean held out his hand, and Fauchelevent precipitated himself +upon it with the touching effusion of a peasant. + +“That is settled, Father Fauchelevent. All will go well.” + + +“Provided nothing goes wrong,” thought Fauchelevent. “In that case, it +would be terrible.” + + + + + +CHAPTER V—IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BE DRUNK IN ORDER TO BE IMMORTAL + + +On the following day, as the sun was declining, the very rare +passers-by on the Boulevard du Maine pulled off their hats to an +old-fashioned hearse, ornamented with skulls, cross-bones, and tears. +This hearse contained a coffin covered with a white cloth over which +spread a large black cross, like a huge corpse with drooping arms. A +mourning-coach, in which could be seen a priest in his surplice, and a +choir boy in his red cap, followed. Two undertaker’s men in gray +uniforms trimmed with black walked on the right and the left of the +hearse. Behind it came an old man in the garments of a laborer, who +limped along. The procession was going in the direction of the +Vaugirard cemetery. + +The handle of a hammer, the blade of a cold chisel, and the antennĂŠ of +a pair of pincers were visible, protruding from the man’s pocket. + +The Vaugirard cemetery formed an exception among the cemeteries of +Paris. It had its peculiar usages, just as it had its carriage entrance +and its house door, which old people in the quarter, who clung +tenaciously to ancient words, still called the _porte cavaliĂšre_ and +the _porte piĂ©tonne_.16 The Bernardines-Benedictines of the Rue +Petit-Picpus had obtained permission, as we have already stated, to be +buried there in a corner apart, and at night, the plot of land having +formerly belonged to their community. The grave-diggers being thus +bound to service in the evening in summer and at night in winter, in +this cemetery, they were subjected to a special discipline. The gates +of the Paris cemeteries closed, at that epoch, at sundown, and this +being a municipal regulation, the Vaugirard cemetery was bound by it +like the rest. The carriage gate and the house door were two contiguous +grated gates, adjoining a pavilion built by the architect Perronet, and +inhabited by the door-keeper of the cemetery. These gates, therefore, +swung inexorably on their hinges at the instant when the sun +disappeared behind the dome of the Invalides. If any grave-digger were +delayed after that moment in the cemetery, there was but one way for +him to get out—his grave-digger’s card furnished by the department of +public funerals. A sort of letter-box was constructed in the porter’s +window. The grave-digger dropped his card into this box, the porter +heard it fall, pulled the rope, and the small door opened. If the man +had not his card, he mentioned his name, the porter, who was sometimes +in bed and asleep, rose, came out and identified the man, and opened +the gate with his key; the grave-digger stepped out, but had to pay a +fine of fifteen francs. + +This cemetery, with its peculiarities outside the regulations, +embarrassed the symmetry of the administration. It was suppressed a +little later than 1830. The cemetery of Mont-Parnasse, called the +Eastern cemetery, succeeded to it, and inherited that famous dram-shop +next to the Vaugirard cemetery, which was surmounted by a quince +painted on a board, and which formed an angle, one side on the +drinkers’ tables, and the other on the tombs, with this sign: _Au Bon +Coing_. + +The Vaugirard cemetery was what may be called a faded cemetery. It was +falling into disuse. Dampness was invading it, the flowers were +deserting it. The bourgeois did not care much about being buried in the +Vaugirard; it hinted at poverty. PĂšre-Lachaise if you please! to be +buried in PĂšre-Lachaise is equivalent to having furniture of mahogany. +It is recognized as elegant. The Vaugirard cemetery was a venerable +enclosure, planted like an old-fashioned French garden. Straight +alleys, box, thuya-trees, holly, ancient tombs beneath aged +cypress-trees, and very tall grass. In the evening it was tragic there. +There were very lugubrious lines about it. + +The sun had not yet set when the hearse with the white pall and the +black cross entered the avenue of the Vaugirard cemetery. The lame man +who followed it was no other than Fauchelevent. + +The interment of Mother Crucifixion in the vault under the altar, the +exit of Cosette, the introduction of Jean Valjean to the dead-room,—all +had been executed without difficulty, and there had been no hitch. + +Let us remark in passing, that the burial of Mother Crucifixion under +the altar of the convent is a perfectly venial offence in our sight. It +is one of the faults which resemble a duty. The nuns had committed it, +not only without difficulty, but even with the applause of their own +consciences. In the cloister, what is called the “government” is only +an intermeddling with authority, an interference which is always +questionable. In the first place, the rule; as for the code, we shall +see. Make as many laws as you please, men; but keep them for +yourselves. The tribute to CĂŠsar is never anything but the remnants of +the tribute to God. A prince is nothing in the presence of a principle. + +Fauchelevent limped along behind the hearse in a very contented frame +of mind. His twin plots, the one with the nuns, the one for the +convent, the other against it, the other with M. Madeleine, had +succeeded, to all appearance. Jean Valjean’s composure was one of those +powerful tranquillities which are contagious. Fauchelevent no longer +felt doubtful as to his success. + +What remained to be done was a mere nothing. Within the last two years, +he had made good Father Mestienne, a chubby-cheeked person, drunk at +least ten times. He played with Father Mestienne. He did what he liked +with him. He made him dance according to his whim. Mestienne’s head +adjusted itself to the cap of Fauchelevent’s will. Fauchelevent’s +confidence was perfect. + +At the moment when the convoy entered the avenue leading to the +cemetery, Fauchelevent glanced cheerfully at the hearse, and said half +aloud, as he rubbed his big hands:— + +“Here’s a fine farce!” + + +All at once the hearse halted; it had reached the gate. The permission +for interment must be exhibited. The undertaker’s man addressed himself +to the porter of the cemetery. During this colloquy, which always is +productive of a delay of from one to two minutes, some one, a stranger, +came and placed himself behind the hearse, beside Fauchelevent. He was +a sort of laboring man, who wore a waistcoat with large pockets and +carried a mattock under his arm. + +Fauchelevent surveyed this stranger. + +“Who are you?” he demanded. + +“The man replied:— + +“The grave-digger.” + + +If a man could survive the blow of a cannon-ball full in the breast, he +would make the same face that Fauchelevent made. + +“The grave-digger?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“Father Mestienne is the grave-digger.” + + +“He was.” + + +“What! He was?” + + +“He is dead.” + + +Fauchelevent had expected anything but this, that a grave-digger could +die. It is true, nevertheless, that grave-diggers do die themselves. By +dint of excavating graves for other people, one hollows out one’s own. + +Fauchelevent stood there with his mouth wide open. He had hardly the +strength to stammer:— + +“But it is not possible!” + + +“It is so.” + + +“But,” he persisted feebly, “Father Mestienne is the grave-digger.” + + +“After Napoleon, Louis XVIII. After Mestienne, Gribier. Peasant, my +name is Gribier.” + + +Fauchelevent, who was deadly pale, stared at this Gribier. + +He was a tall, thin, livid, utterly funereal man. He had the air of an +unsuccessful doctor who had turned grave-digger. + +Fauchelevent burst out laughing. + +“Ah!” said he, “what queer things do happen! Father Mestienne is dead, +but long live little Father Lenoir! Do you know who little Father +Lenoir is? He is a jug of red wine. It is a jug of SurĂȘne, morbigou! of +real Paris SurĂȘne? Ah! So old Mestienne is dead! I am sorry for it; he +was a jolly fellow. But you are a jolly fellow, too. Are you not, +comrade? We’ll go and have a drink together presently.” + + +The man replied:— + +“I have been a student. I passed my fourth examination. I never drink.” + + +The hearse had set out again, and was rolling up the grand alley of the +cemetery. + +Fauchelevent had slackened his pace. He limped more out of anxiety than +from infirmity. + +The grave-digger walked on in front of him. + +Fauchelevent passed the unexpected Gribier once more in review. + +He was one of those men who, though very young, have the air of age, +and who, though slender, are extremely strong. + +“Comrade!” cried Fauchelevent. + +The man turned round. + +“I am the convent grave-digger.” + + +“My colleague,” said the man. + +Fauchelevent, who was illiterate but very sharp, understood that he had +to deal with a formidable species of man, with a fine talker. He +muttered: + +“So Father Mestienne is dead.” + + +The man replied:— + +“Completely. The good God consulted his note-book which shows when the +time is up. It was Father Mestienne’s turn. Father Mestienne died.” + + +Fauchelevent repeated mechanically: “The good God—” + + +“The good God,” said the man authoritatively. “According to the +philosophers, the Eternal Father; according to the Jacobins, the +Supreme Being.” + + +“Shall we not make each other’s acquaintance?” stammered Fauchelevent. + +“It is made. You are a peasant, I am a Parisian.” + + +“People do not know each other until they have drunk together. He who +empties his glass empties his heart. You must come and have a drink +with me. Such a thing cannot be refused.” + + +“Business first.” + + +Fauchelevent thought: “I am lost.” + + +They were only a few turns of the wheel distant from the small alley +leading to the nuns’ corner. + +The grave-digger resumed:— + +“Peasant, I have seven small children who must be fed. As they must +eat, I cannot drink.” + + +And he added, with the satisfaction of a serious man who is turning a +phrase well:— + +“Their hunger is the enemy of my thirst.” + + +The hearse skirted a clump of cypress-trees, quitted the grand alley, +turned into a narrow one, entered the waste land, and plunged into a +thicket. This indicated the immediate proximity of the place of +sepulture. Fauchelevent slackened his pace, but he could not detain the +hearse. Fortunately, the soil, which was light and wet with the winter +rains, clogged the wheels and retarded its speed. + +He approached the grave-digger. + +“They have such a nice little Argenteuil wine,” murmured Fauchelevent. + +“Villager,” retorted the man, “I ought not be a grave-digger. My father +was a porter at the Prytaneum [Town-Hall]. He destined me for +literature. But he had reverses. He had losses on ’change. I was +obliged to renounce the profession of author. But I am still a public +writer.” + + +“So you are not a grave-digger, then?” returned Fauchelevent, clutching +at this branch, feeble as it was. + +“The one does not hinder the other. I cumulate.” + + +Fauchelevent did not understand this last word. + +“Come have a drink,” said he. + +Here a remark becomes necessary. Fauchelevent, whatever his anguish, +offered a drink, but he did not explain himself on one point; who was +to pay? Generally, Fauchelevent offered and Father Mestienne paid. An +offer of a drink was the evident result of the novel situation created +by the new grave-digger, and it was necessary to make this offer, but +the old gardener left the proverbial quarter of an hour named after +Rabelais in the dark, and that not unintentionally. As for himself, +Fauchelevent did not wish to pay, troubled as he was. + +The grave-digger went on with a superior smile:— + +“One must eat. I have accepted Father Mestienne’s reversion. One gets +to be a philosopher when one has nearly completed his classes. To the +labor of the hand I join the labor of the arm. I have my scrivener’s +stall in the market of the Rue de SĂšvres. You know? the Umbrella +Market. All the cooks of the Red Cross apply to me. I scribble their +declarations of love to the raw soldiers. In the morning I write love +letters; in the evening I dig graves. Such is life, rustic.” + + +The hearse was still advancing. Fauchelevent, uneasy to the last +degree, was gazing about him on all sides. Great drops of perspiration +trickled down from his brow. + +“But,” continued the grave-digger, “a man cannot serve two mistresses. +I must choose between the pen and the mattock. The mattock is ruining +my hand.” + + +The hearse halted. + +The choir boy alighted from the mourning-coach, then the priest. + +One of the small front wheels of the hearse had run up a little on a +pile of earth, beyond which an open grave was visible. + +“What a farce this is!” repeated Fauchelevent in consternation. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—BETWEEN FOUR PLANKS + + +Who was in the coffin? The reader knows. Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had arranged things so that he could exist there, and he +could almost breathe. + +It is a strange thing to what a degree security of conscience confers +security of the rest. Every combination thought out by Jean Valjean had +been progressing, and progressing favorably, since the preceding day. +He, like Fauchelevent, counted on Father Mestienne. He had no doubt as +to the end. Never was there a more critical situation, never more +complete composure. + +The four planks of the coffin breathe out a kind of terrible peace. It +seemed as though something of the repose of the dead entered into Jean +Valjean’s tranquillity. + +From the depths of that coffin he had been able to follow, and he had +followed, all the phases of the terrible drama which he was playing +with death. + +Shortly after Fauchelevent had finished nailing on the upper plank, +Jean Valjean had felt himself carried out, then driven off. He knew, +from the diminution in the jolting, when they left the pavements and +reached the earth road. He had divined, from a dull noise, that they +were crossing the bridge of Austerlitz. At the first halt, he had +understood that they were entering the cemetery; at the second halt, he +said to himself:— + +“Here is the grave.” + + +Suddenly, he felt hands seize the coffin, then a harsh grating against +the planks; he explained it to himself as the rope which was being +fastened round the casket in order to lower it into the cavity. + +Then he experienced a giddiness. + +The undertaker’s man and the grave-digger had probably allowed the +coffin to lose its balance, and had lowered the head before the foot. +He recovered himself fully when he felt himself horizontal and +motionless. He had just touched the bottom. + +He had a certain sensation of cold. + +A voice rose above him, glacial and solemn. He heard Latin words, which +he did not understand, pass over him, so slowly that he was able to +catch them one by one:— + +_“Qui dormiunt in terrĂŠ pulvere, evigilabunt; alii in vitam ĂŠternam, et +alii in approbrium, ut videant semper.” _ + +A child’s voice said:— + +_“De profundis.” _ + +The grave voice began again:— + +_“Requiem ĂŠternam dona ei, Domine.” _ + +The child’s voice responded:— + +_“Et lux perpetua luceat ei.” _ + +He heard something like the gentle patter of several drops of rain on +the plank which covered him. It was probably the holy water. + +He thought: “This will be over soon now. Patience for a little while +longer. The priest will take his departure. Fauchelevent will take +Mestienne off to drink. I shall be left. Then Fauchelevent will return +alone, and I shall get out. That will be the work of a good hour.” + + +The grave voice resumed + +_“Requiescat in pace.” _ + +And the child’s voice said:— + +_“Amen.” _ + +Jean Valjean strained his ears, and heard something like retreating +footsteps. + +“There, they are going now,” thought he. “I am alone.” + + +All at once, he heard over his head a sound which seemed to him to be a +clap of thunder. + +It was a shovelful of earth falling on the coffin. + +A second shovelful fell. + +One of the holes through which he breathed had just been stopped up. + +A third shovelful of earth fell. + +Then a fourth. + +There are things which are too strong for the strongest man. Jean +Valjean lost consciousness. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE ORIGIN OF THE SAYING: DON’T LOSE +THE CARD + + +This is what had taken place above the coffin in which lay Jean +Valjean. + +When the hearse had driven off, when the priest and the choir boy had +entered the carriage again and taken their departure, Fauchelevent, who +had not taken his eyes from the grave-digger, saw the latter bend over +and grasp his shovel, which was sticking upright in the heap of dirt. + +Then Fauchelevent took a supreme resolve. + +He placed himself between the grave and the grave-digger, crossed his +arms and said:— + +“I am the one to pay!” + + +The grave-digger stared at him in amazement, and replied:— + +“What’s that, peasant?” + + +Fauchelevent repeated:— + +“I am the one who pays!” + + +“What?” + + +“For the wine.” + + +“What wine?” + + +“That Argenteuil wine.” + + +“Where is the Argenteuil?” + + +“At the _Bon Coing_.” + + +“Go to the devil!” said the grave-digger. + +And he flung a shovelful of earth on the coffin. + +The coffin gave back a hollow sound. Fauchelevent felt himself stagger +and on the point of falling headlong into the grave himself. He shouted +in a voice in which the strangling sound of the death rattle began to +mingle:— + +“Comrade! Before the _Bon Coing_ is shut!” + + +The grave-digger took some more earth on his shovel. Fauchelevent +continued. + +“I will pay.” + + +And he seized the man’s arm. + +“Listen to me, comrade. I am the convent grave-digger, I have come to +help you. It is a business which can be performed at night. Let us +begin, then, by going for a drink.” + + +And as he spoke, and clung to this desperate insistence, this +melancholy reflection occurred to him: “And if he drinks, will he get +drunk?” + + +“Provincial,” said the man, “if you positively insist upon it, I +consent. We will drink. After work, never before.” + + +And he flourished his shovel briskly. Fauchelevent held him back. + +“It is Argenteuil wine, at six.” + + +“Oh, come,” said the grave-digger, “you are a bell-ringer. Ding dong, +ding dong, that’s all you know how to say. Go hang yourself.” + + +And he threw in a second shovelful. + +Fauchelevent had reached a point where he no longer knew what he was +saying. + +“Come along and drink,” he cried, “since it is I who pays the bill.” + + +“When we have put the child to bed,” said the grave-digger. + +He flung in a third shovelful. + +Then he thrust his shovel into the earth and added:— + +“It’s cold to-night, you see, and the corpse would shriek out after us +if we were to plant her there without a coverlet.” + + +At that moment, as he loaded his shovel, the grave-digger bent over, +and the pocket of his waistcoat gaped. Fauchelevent’s wild gaze fell +mechanically into that pocket, and there it stopped. + +The sun was not yet hidden behind the horizon; there was still light +enough to enable him to distinguish something white at the bottom of +that yawning pocket. + +The sum total of lightning that the eye of a Picard peasant can +contain, traversed Fauchelevent’s pupils. An idea had just occurred to +him. + +He thrust his hand into the pocket from behind, without the +grave-digger, who was wholly absorbed in his shovelful of earth, +observing it, and pulled out the white object which lay at the bottom +of it. + +The man sent a fourth shovelful tumbling into the grave. + +Just as he turned round to get the fifth, Fauchelevent looked calmly at +him and said:— + +“By the way, you new man, have you your card?” + + +The grave-digger paused. + +“What card?” + + +“The sun is on the point of setting.” + + +“That’s good, it is going to put on its nightcap.” + + +“The gate of the cemetery will close immediately.” + + +“Well, what then?” + + +“Have you your card?” + + +“Ah! my card?” said the grave-digger. + +And he fumbled in his pocket. + +Having searched one pocket, he proceeded to search the other. He passed +on to his fobs, explored the first, returned to the second. + +“Why, no,” said he, “I have not my card. I must have forgotten it.” + + +“Fifteen francs fine,” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger turned green. Green is the pallor of livid people. + +“Ah! JĂ©sus-mon-Dieu-bancroche-Ă -bas-la-lune!”17 he exclaimed. “Fifteen +francs fine!” + + +“Three pieces of a hundred sous,” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger dropped his shovel. + +Fauchelevent’s turn had come. + +“Ah, come now, conscript,” said Fauchelevent, “none of this despair. +There is no question of committing suicide and benefiting the grave. +Fifteen francs is fifteen francs, and besides, you may not be able to +pay it. I am an old hand, you are a new one. I know all the ropes and +the devices. I will give you some friendly advice. One thing is clear, +the sun is on the point of setting, it is touching the dome now, the +cemetery will be closed in five minutes more.” + + +“That is true,” replied the man. + +“Five minutes more and you will not have time to fill the grave, it is +as hollow as the devil, this grave, and to reach the gate in season to +pass it before it is shut.” + + +“That is true.” + + +“In that case, a fine of fifteen francs.” + + +“Fifteen francs.” + + +“But you have time. Where do you live?” + + +“A couple of steps from the barrier, a quarter of an hour from here. +No. 87 Rue de Vaugirard.” + + +“You have just time to get out by taking to your heels at your best +speed.” + + +“That is exactly so.” + + +“Once outside the gate, you gallop home, you get your card, you return, +the cemetery porter admits you. As you have your card, there will be +nothing to pay. And you will bury your corpse. I’ll watch it for you in +the meantime, so that it shall not run away.” + + +“I am indebted to you for my life, peasant.” + + +“Decamp!” said Fauchelevent. + +The grave-digger, overwhelmed with gratitude, shook his hand and set +off on a run. + +When the man had disappeared in the thicket, Fauchelevent listened +until he heard his footsteps die away in the distance, then he leaned +over the grave, and said in a low tone:— + +“Father Madeleine!” + + +There was no reply. + +Fauchelevent was seized with a shudder. He tumbled rather than climbed +into the grave, flung himself on the head of the coffin and cried:— + +“Are you there?” + + +Silence in the coffin. + +Fauchelevent, hardly able to draw his breath for trembling, seized his +cold chisel and his hammer, and pried up the coffin lid. + +Jean Valjean’s face appeared in the twilight; it was pale and his eyes +were closed. + +Fauchelevent’s hair rose upright on his head, he sprang to his feet, +then fell back against the side of the grave, ready to swoon on the +coffin. He stared at Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean lay there pallid and motionless. + +Fauchelevent murmured in a voice as faint as a sigh:— + +“He is dead!” + + +And, drawing himself up, and folding his arms with such violence that +his clenched fists came in contact with his shoulders, he cried:— + +“And this is the way I save his life!” + + +Then the poor man fell to sobbing. He soliloquized the while, for it is +an error to suppose that the soliloquy is unnatural. Powerful emotion +often talks aloud. + +“It is Father Mestienne’s fault. Why did that fool die? What need was +there for him to give up the ghost at the very moment when no one was +expecting it? It is he who has killed M. Madeleine. Father Madeleine! +He is in the coffin. It is quite handy. All is over. Now, is there any +sense in these things? Ah! my God! he is dead! Well! and his little +girl, what am I to do with her? What will the fruit-seller say? The +idea of its being possible for a man like that to die like this! When I +think how he put himself under that cart! Father Madeleine! Father +Madeleine! Pardine! He was suffocated, I said so. He wouldn’t believe +me. Well! Here’s a pretty trick to play! He is dead, that good man, the +very best man out of all the good God’s good folks! And his little +girl! Ah! In the first place, I won’t go back there myself. I shall +stay here. After having done such a thing as that! What’s the use of +being two old men, if we are two old fools! But, in the first place, +how did he manage to enter the convent? That was the beginning of it +all. One should not do such things. Father Madeleine! Father Madeleine! +Father Madeleine! Madeleine! Monsieur Madeleine! Monsieur le Maire! He +does not hear me. Now get out of this scrape if you can!” + + +And he tore his hair. + +A grating sound became audible through the trees in the distance. It +was the cemetery gate closing. + +Fauchelevent bent over Jean Valjean, and all at once he bounded back +and recoiled so far as the limits of a grave permit. + +Jean Valjean’s eyes were open and gazing at him. + +To see a corpse is alarming, to behold a resurrection is almost as much +so. Fauchelevent became like stone, pale, haggard, overwhelmed by all +these excesses of emotion, not knowing whether he had to do with a +living man or a dead one, and staring at Jean Valjean, who was gazing +at him. + +[Illustration: The Resurrection] + +“I fell asleep,” said Jean Valjean. + +And he raised himself to a sitting posture. + +Fauchelevent fell on his knees. + +“Just, good Virgin! How you frightened me!” + + +Then he sprang to his feet and cried:— + +“Thanks, Father Madeleine!” + + +Jean Valjean had merely fainted. The fresh air had revived him. + +Joy is the ebb of terror. Fauchelevent found almost as much difficulty +in recovering himself as Jean Valjean had. + +“So you are not dead! Oh! How wise you are! I called you so much that +you came back. When I saw your eyes shut, I said: ‘Good! there he is, +stifled,’ I should have gone raving mad, mad enough for a strait +jacket. They would have put me in BicĂȘtre. What do you suppose I should +have done if you had been dead? And your little girl? There’s that +fruit-seller,—she would never have understood it! The child is thrust +into your arms, and then—the grandfather is dead! What a story! good +saints of paradise, what a tale! Ah! you are alive, that’s the best of +it!” + + +“I am cold,” said Jean Valjean. + +This remark recalled Fauchelevent thoroughly to reality, and there was +pressing need of it. The souls of these two men were troubled even when +they had recovered themselves, although they did not realize it, and +there was about them something uncanny, which was the sinister +bewilderment inspired by the place. + +“Let us get out of here quickly,” exclaimed Fauchelevent. + +He fumbled in his pocket, and pulled out a gourd with which he had +provided himself. + +“But first, take a drop,” said he. + +The flask finished what the fresh air had begun, Jean Valjean swallowed +a mouthful of brandy, and regained full possession of his faculties. + +He got out of the coffin, and helped Fauchelevent to nail on the lid +again. + +Three minutes later they were out of the grave. + +Moreover, Fauchelevent was perfectly composed. He took his time. The +cemetery was closed. The arrival of the grave-digger Gribier was not to +be apprehended. That “conscript” was at home busily engaged in looking +for his card, and at some difficulty in finding it in his lodgings, +since it was in Fauchelevent’s pocket. Without a card, he could not get +back into the cemetery. + +Fauchelevent took the shovel, and Jean Valjean the pick-axe, and +together they buried the empty coffin. + +When the grave was full, Fauchelevent said to Jean Valjean:— + +“Let us go. I will keep the shovel; do you carry off the mattock.” + + +Night was falling. + +Jean Valjean experienced some difficulty in moving and in walking. He +had stiffened himself in that coffin, and had become a little like a +corpse. The rigidity of death had seized upon him between those four +planks. He had, in a manner, to thaw out, from the tomb. + +“You are benumbed,” said Fauchelevent. “It is a pity that I have a game +leg, for otherwise we might step out briskly.” + + +“Bah!” replied Jean Valjean, “four paces will put life into my legs +once more.” + + +They set off by the alleys through which the hearse had passed. On +arriving before the closed gate and the porter’s pavilion Fauchelevent, +who held the grave-digger’s card in his hand, dropped it into the box, +the porter pulled the rope, the gate opened, and they went out. + +“How well everything is going!” said Fauchelevent; “what a capital idea +that was of yours, Father Madeleine!” + + +They passed the Vaugirard barrier in the simplest manner in the world. +In the neighborhood of the cemetery, a shovel and pick are equal to two +passports. + +The Rue Vaugirard was deserted. + +“Father Madeleine,” said Fauchelevent as they went along, and raising +his eyes to the houses, “Your eyes are better than mine. Show me No. +87.” + + +“Here it is,” said Jean Valjean. + +“There is no one in the street,” said Fauchelevent. “Give me your +mattock and wait a couple of minutes for me.” + + +Fauchelevent entered No. 87, ascended to the very top, guided by the +instinct which always leads the poor man to the garret, and knocked in +the dark, at the door of an attic. + +A voice replied: “Come in.” + + +It was Gribier’s voice. + +Fauchelevent opened the door. The grave-digger’s dwelling was, like all +such wretched habitations, an unfurnished and encumbered garret. A +packing-case—a coffin, perhaps—took the place of a commode, a +butter-pot served for a drinking-fountain, a straw mattress served for +a bed, the floor served instead of tables and chairs. In a corner, on a +tattered fragment which had been a piece of an old carpet, a thin woman +and a number of children were piled in a heap. The whole of this +poverty-stricken interior bore traces of having been overturned. One +would have said that there had been an earthquake “for one.” The covers +were displaced, the rags scattered about, the jug broken, the mother +had been crying, the children had probably been beaten; traces of a +vigorous and ill-tempered search. It was plain that the grave-digger +had made a desperate search for his card, and had made everybody in the +garret, from the jug to his wife, responsible for its loss. He wore an +air of desperation. + +But Fauchelevent was in too great a hurry to terminate this adventure +to take any notice of this sad side of his success. + +He entered and said:— + +“I have brought you back your shovel and pick.” + + +Gribier gazed at him in stupefaction. + +“Is it you, peasant?” + + +“And to-morrow morning you will find your card with the porter of the +cemetery.” + + +And he laid the shovel and mattock on the floor. + +“What is the meaning of this?” demanded Gribier. + +“The meaning of it is, that you dropped your card out of your pocket, +that I found it on the ground after you were gone, that I have buried +the corpse, that I have filled the grave, that I have done your work, +that the porter will return your card to you, and that you will not +have to pay fifteen francs. There you have it, conscript.” + + +“Thanks, villager!” exclaimed Gribier, radiant. “The next time I will +pay for the drinks.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—A SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATORY + + +An hour later, in the darkness of night, two men and a child presented +themselves at No. 62 Rue Petit-Picpus. The elder of the men lifted the +knocker and rapped. + +They were Fauchelevent, Jean Valjean, and Cosette. + +The two old men had gone to fetch Cosette from the fruiterer’s in the +Rue du Chemin-Vert, where Fauchelevent had deposited her on the +preceding day. Cosette had passed these twenty-four hours trembling +silently and understanding nothing. She trembled to such a degree that +she wept. She had neither eaten nor slept. The worthy fruit-seller had +plied her with a hundred questions, without obtaining any other reply +than a melancholy and unvarying gaze. Cosette had betrayed nothing of +what she had seen and heard during the last two days. She divined that +they were passing through a crisis. She was deeply conscious that it +was necessary to “be good.” Who has not experienced the sovereign power +of those two words, pronounced with a certain accent in the ear of a +terrified little being: _Say nothing! _ Fear is mute. Moreover, no one +guards a secret like a child. + +But when, at the expiration of these lugubrious twenty-four hours, she +beheld Jean Valjean again, she gave vent to such a cry of joy, that any +thoughtful person who had chanced to hear that cry, would have guessed +that it issued from an abyss. + +Fauchelevent belonged to the convent and knew the pass-words. All the +doors opened. + +Thus was solved the double and alarming problem of how to get out and +how to get in. + +The porter, who had received his instructions, opened the little +servant’s door which connected the courtyard with the garden, and which +could still be seen from the street twenty years ago, in the wall at +the bottom of the court, which faced the carriage entrance. + +The porter admitted all three of them through this door, and from that +point they reached the inner, reserved parlor where Fauchelevent, on +the preceding day, had received his orders from the prioress. + +The prioress, rosary in hand, was waiting for them. A vocal mother, +with her veil lowered, stood beside her. + +A discreet candle lighted, one might almost say, made a show of +lighting the parlor. + +The prioress passed Jean Valjean in review. There is nothing which +examines like a downcast eye. + +Then she questioned him:— + +“You are the brother?” + + +“Yes, reverend Mother,” replied Fauchelevent. + +“What is your name?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Ultime Fauchelevent.” + + +He really had had a brother named Ultime, who was dead. + +“Where do you come from?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“From Picquigny, near Amiens.” + + +“What is your age?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Fifty.” + + +“What is your profession?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Gardener.” + + +“Are you a good Christian?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Every one is in the family.” + + +“Is this your little girl?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Yes, reverend Mother.” + + +“You are her father?” + + +Fauchelevent replied:— + +“Her grandfather.” + + +The vocal mother said to the prioress in a low voice + +“He answers well.” + + +Jean Valjean had not uttered a single word. + +The prioress looked attentively at Cosette, and said half aloud to the +vocal mother:— + +“She will grow up ugly.” + + +The two mothers consulted for a few moments in very low tones in the +corner of the parlor, then the prioress turned round and said:— + +“Father Fauvent, you will get another knee-cap with a bell. Two will be +required now.” + + +On the following day, therefore, two bells were audible in the garden, +and the nuns could not resist the temptation to raise the corner of +their veils. At the extreme end of the garden, under the trees, two +men, Fauvent and another man, were visible as they dug side by side. An +enormous event. Their silence was broken to the extent of saying to +each other: “He is an assistant gardener.” + + +The vocal mothers added: “He is a brother of Father Fauvent.” + + +Jean Valjean was, in fact, regularly installed; he had his belled +knee-cap; henceforth he was official. His name was Ultime Fauchelevent. + +The most powerful determining cause of his admission had been the +prioress’s observation upon Cosette: “She will grow up ugly.” + + +The prioress, that pronounced prognosticator, immediately took a fancy +to Cosette and gave her a place in the school as a charity pupil. + +There is nothing that is not strictly logical about this. + +It is in vain that mirrors are banished from the convent, women are +conscious of their faces; now, girls who are conscious of their beauty +do not easily become nuns; the vocation being voluntary in inverse +proportion to their good looks, more is to be hoped from the ugly than +from the pretty. Hence a lively taste for plain girls. + +The whole of this adventure increased the importance of good, old +Fauchelevent; he won a triple success; in the eyes of Jean Valjean, +whom he had saved and sheltered; in those of grave-digger Gribier, who +said to himself: “He spared me that fine”; with the convent, which, +being enabled, thanks to him, to retain the coffin of Mother +Crucifixion under the altar, eluded CĂŠsar and satisfied God. There was +a coffin containing a body in the Petit-Picpus, and a coffin without a +body in the Vaugirard cemetery, public order had no doubt been deeply +disturbed thereby, but no one was aware of it. + +As for the convent, its gratitude to Fauchelevent was very great. +Fauchelevent became the best of servitors and the most precious of +gardeners. Upon the occasion of the archbishop’s next visit, the +prioress recounted the affair to his Grace, making something of a +confession at the same time, and yet boasting of her deed. On leaving +the convent, the archbishop mentioned it with approval, and in a +whisper to M. de Latil, Monsieur’s confessor, afterwards Archbishop of +Reims and Cardinal. This admiration for Fauchelevent became widespread, +for it made its way to Rome. We have seen a note addressed by the then +reigning Pope, Leo XII., to one of his relatives, a Monsignor in the +Nuncio’s establishment in Paris, and bearing, like himself, the name of +Della Genga; it contained these lines: “It appears that there is in a +convent in Paris an excellent gardener, who is also a holy man, named +Fauvent.” Nothing of this triumph reached Fauchelevent in his hut; he +went on grafting, weeding, and covering up his melon beds, without in +the least suspecting his excellences and his sanctity. Neither did he +suspect his glory, any more than a Durham or Surrey bull whose portrait +is published in the _London Illustrated News_, with this inscription: +“Bull which carried off the prize at the Cattle Show.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IX—CLOISTERED + + +Cosette continued to hold her tongue in the convent. + +It was quite natural that Cosette should think herself Jean Valjean’s +daughter. Moreover, as she knew nothing, she could say nothing, and +then, she would not have said anything in any case. As we have just +observed, nothing trains children to silence like unhappiness. Cosette +had suffered so much, that she feared everything, even to speak or to +breathe. A single word had so often brought down an avalanche upon her. +She had hardly begun to regain her confidence since she had been with +Jean Valjean. She speedily became accustomed to the convent. Only she +regretted Catherine, but she dared not say so. Once, however, she did +say to Jean Valjean: “Father, if I had known, I would have brought her +away with me.” + + +Cosette had been obliged, on becoming a scholar in the convent, to don +the garb of the pupils of the house. Jean Valjean succeeded in getting +them to restore to him the garments which she laid aside. This was the +same mourning suit which he had made her put on when she had quitted +the ThĂ©nardiers’ inn. It was not very threadbare even now. Jean Valjean +locked up these garments, plus the stockings and the shoes, with a +quantity of camphor and all the aromatics in which convents abound, in +a little valise which he found means of procuring. He set this valise +on a chair near his bed, and he always carried the key about his +person. “Father,” Cosette asked him one day, “what is there in that box +which smells so good?” + + +Father Fauchelevent received other recompense for his good action, in +addition to the glory which we just mentioned, and of which he knew +nothing; in the first place it made him happy; next, he had much less +work, since it was shared. Lastly, as he was very fond of snuff, he +found the presence of M. Madeleine an advantage, in that he used three +times as much as he had done previously, and that in an infinitely more +luxurious manner, seeing that M. Madeleine paid for it. + +The nuns did not adopt the name of Ultime; they called Jean Valjean +_the other Fauvent_. + +If these holy women had possessed anything of Javert’s glance, they +would eventually have noticed that when there was any errand to be done +outside in the behalf of the garden, it was always the elder +Fauchelevent, the old, the infirm, the lame man, who went, and never +the other; but whether it is that eyes constantly fixed on God know not +how to spy, or whether they were, by preference, occupied in keeping +watch on each other, they paid no heed to this. + +Moreover, it was well for Jean Valjean that he kept close and did not +stir out. Javert watched the quarter for more than a month. + +This convent was for Jean Valjean like an island surrounded by gulfs. +Henceforth, those four walls constituted his world. He saw enough of +the sky there to enable him to preserve his serenity, and Cosette +enough to remain happy. + +A very sweet life began for him. + +He inhabited the old hut at the end of the garden, in company with +Fauchelevent. This hovel, built of old rubbish, which was still in +existence in 1845, was composed, as the reader already knows, of three +chambers, all of which were utterly bare and had nothing beyond the +walls. The principal one had been given up, by force, for Jean Valjean +had opposed it in vain, to M. Madeleine, by Father Fauchelevent. The +walls of this chamber had for ornament, in addition to the two nails +whereon to hang the knee-cap and the basket, a Royalist bank-note of +’93, applied to the wall over the chimney-piece, and of which the +following is an exact facsimile:— + +[Illustration: Royalist Bank-note] + +This specimen of Vendean paper money had been nailed to the wall by the +preceding gardener, an old Chouan, who had died in the convent, and +whose place Fauchelevent had taken. + +Jean Valjean worked in the garden every day and made himself very +useful. He had formerly been a pruner of trees, and he gladly found +himself a gardener once more. It will be remembered that he knew all +sorts of secrets and receipts for agriculture. He turned these to +advantage. Almost all the trees in the orchard were ungrafted, and +wild. He budded them and made them produce excellent fruit. + +Cosette had permission to pass an hour with him every day. As the +sisters were melancholy and he was kind, the child made comparisons and +adored him. At the appointed hour she flew to the hut. When she entered +the lowly cabin, she filled it with paradise. Jean Valjean blossomed +out and felt his happiness increase with the happiness which he +afforded Cosette. The joy which we inspire has this charming property, +that, far from growing meagre, like all reflections, it returns to us +more radiant than ever. At recreation hours, Jean Valjean watched her +running and playing in the distance, and he distinguished her laugh +from that of the rest. + +For Cosette laughed now. + +Cosette’s face had even undergone a change, to a certain extent. The +gloom had disappeared from it. A smile is the same as sunshine; it +banishes winter from the human countenance. + +Recreation over, when Cosette went into the house again, Jean Valjean +gazed at the windows of her class-room, and at night he rose to look at +the windows of her dormitory. + +God has his own ways, moreover; the convent contributed, like Cosette, +to uphold and complete the Bishop’s work in Jean Valjean. It is certain +that virtue adjoins pride on one side. A bridge built by the devil +exists there. Jean Valjean had been, unconsciously, perhaps, tolerably +near that side and that bridge, when Providence cast his lot in the +convent of the Petit-Picpus; so long as he had compared himself only to +the Bishop, he had regarded himself as unworthy and had remained +humble; but for some time past he had been comparing himself to men in +general, and pride was beginning to spring up. Who knows? He might have +ended by returning very gradually to hatred. + +The convent stopped him on that downward path. + +This was the second place of captivity which he had seen. In his youth, +in what had been for him the beginning of his life, and later on, quite +recently again, he had beheld another,—a frightful place, a terrible +place, whose severities had always appeared to him the iniquity of +justice, and the crime of the law. Now, after the galleys, he saw the +cloister; and when he meditated how he had formed a part of the +galleys, and that he now, so to speak, was a spectator of the cloister, +he confronted the two in his own mind with anxiety. + +Sometimes he crossed his arms and leaned on his hoe, and slowly +descended the endless spirals of reverie. + +He recalled his former companions: how wretched they were; they rose at +dawn, and toiled until night; hardly were they permitted to sleep; they +lay on camp beds, where nothing was tolerated but mattresses two inches +thick, in rooms which were heated only in the very harshest months of +the year; they were clothed in frightful red blouses; they were +allowed, as a great favor, linen trousers in the hottest weather, and a +woollen carter’s blouse on their backs when it was very cold; they +drank no wine, and ate no meat, except when they went on “fatigue +duty.” They lived nameless, designated only by numbers, and converted, +after a manner, into ciphers themselves, with downcast eyes, with +lowered voices, with shorn heads, beneath the cudgel and in disgrace. + +Then his mind reverted to the beings whom he had under his eyes. + +These beings also lived with shorn heads, with downcast eyes, with +lowered voices, not in disgrace, but amid the scoffs of the world, not +with their backs bruised with the cudgel, but with their shoulders +lacerated with their discipline. Their names, also, had vanished from +among men; they no longer existed except under austere appellations. +They never ate meat and they never drank wine; they often remained +until evening without food; they were attired, not in a red blouse, but +in a black shroud, of woollen, which was heavy in summer and thin in +winter, without the power to add or subtract anything from it; without +having even, according to the season, the resource of the linen garment +or the woollen cloak; and for six months in the year they wore serge +chemises which gave them fever. They dwelt, not in rooms warmed only +during rigorous cold, but in cells where no fire was ever lighted; they +slept, not on mattresses two inches thick, but on straw. And finally, +they were not even allowed their sleep; every night, after a day of +toil, they were obliged, in the weariness of their first slumber, at +the moment when they were falling sound asleep and beginning to get +warm, to rouse themselves, to rise and to go and pray in an ice-cold +and gloomy chapel, with their knees on the stones. + +On certain days each of these beings in turn had to remain for twelve +successive hours in a kneeling posture, or prostrate, with face upon +the pavement, and arms outstretched in the form of a cross. + +The others were men; these were women. + +What had those men done? They had stolen, violated, pillaged, murdered, +assassinated. They were bandits, counterfeiters, poisoners, +incendiaries, murderers, parricides. What had these women done? They +had done nothing whatever. + +On the one hand, highway robbery, fraud, deceit, violence, sensuality, +homicide, all sorts of sacrilege, every variety of crime; on the other, +one thing only, innocence. + +Perfect innocence, almost caught up into heaven in a mysterious +assumption, attached to the earth by virtue, already possessing +something of heaven through holiness. + +On the one hand, confidences over crimes, which are exchanged in +whispers; on the other, the confession of faults made aloud. And what +crimes! And what faults! + +On the one hand, miasms; on the other, an ineffable perfume. On the one +hand, a moral pest, guarded from sight, penned up under the range of +cannon, and literally devouring its plague-stricken victims; on the +other, the chaste flame of all souls on the same hearth. There, +darkness; here, the shadow; but a shadow filled with gleams of light, +and of gleams full of radiance. + +Two strongholds of slavery; but in the first, deliverance possible, a +legal limit always in sight, and then, escape. In the second, +perpetuity; the sole hope, at the distant extremity of the future, that +faint light of liberty which men call death. + +In the first, men are bound only with chains; in the other, chained by +faith. + +What flowed from the first? An immense curse, the gnashing of teeth, +hatred, desperate viciousness, a cry of rage against human society, a +sarcasm against heaven. + +What results flowed from the second? Blessings and love. + +And in these two places, so similar yet so unlike, these two species of +beings who were so very unlike, were undergoing the same work, +expiation. + +Jean Valjean understood thoroughly the expiation of the former; that +personal expiation, the expiation for one’s self. But he did not +understand that of these last, that of creatures without reproach and +without stain, and he trembled as he asked himself: The expiation of +what? What expiation? + +A voice within his conscience replied: “The most divine of human +generosities, the expiation for others.” + + +Here all personal theory is withheld; we are only the narrator; we +place ourselves at Jean Valjean’s point of view, and we translate his +impressions. + +Before his eyes he had the sublime summit of abnegation, the highest +possible pitch of virtue; the innocence which pardons men their faults, +and which expiates in their stead; servitude submitted to, torture +accepted, punishment claimed by souls which have not sinned, for the +sake of sparing it to souls which have fallen; the love of humanity +swallowed up in the love of God, but even there preserving its distinct +and mediatorial character; sweet and feeble beings possessing the +misery of those who are punished and the smile of those who are +recompensed. + +And he remembered that he had dared to murmur! + +Often, in the middle of the night, he rose to listen to the grateful +song of those innocent creatures weighed down with severities, and the +blood ran cold in his veins at the thought that those who were justly +chastised raised their voices heavenward only in blasphemy, and that +he, wretch that he was, had shaken his fist at God. + +There was one striking thing which caused him to meditate deeply, like +a warning whisper from Providence itself: the scaling of that wall, the +passing of those barriers, the adventure accepted even at the risk of +death, the painful and difficult ascent, all those efforts even, which +he had made to escape from that other place of expiation, he had made +in order to gain entrance into this one. Was this a symbol of his +destiny? This house was a prison likewise and bore a melancholy +resemblance to that other one whence he had fled, and yet he had never +conceived an idea of anything similar. + +Again he beheld gratings, bolts, iron bars—to guard whom? Angels. + +These lofty walls which he had seen around tigers, he now beheld once +more around lambs. + +This was a place of expiation, and not of punishment; and yet, it was +still more austere, more gloomy, and more pitiless than the other. + +These virgins were even more heavily burdened than the convicts. A +cold, harsh wind, that wind which had chilled his youth, traversed the +barred and padlocked grating of the vultures; a still harsher and more +biting breeze blew in the cage of these doves. + +Why? + +When he thought on these things, all that was within him was lost in +amazement before this mystery of sublimity. + +In these meditations, his pride vanished. He scrutinized his own heart +in all manner of ways; he felt his pettiness, and many a time he wept. +All that had entered into his life for the last six months had led him +back towards the Bishop’s holy injunctions; Cosette through love, the +convent through humility. + +Sometimes at eventide, in the twilight, at an hour when the garden was +deserted, he could be seen on his knees in the middle of the walk which +skirted the chapel, in front of the window through which he had gazed +on the night of his arrival, and turned towards the spot where, as he +knew, the sister was making reparation, prostrated in prayer. Thus he +prayed as he knelt before the sister. + +It seemed as though he dared not kneel directly before God. + +Everything that surrounded him, that peaceful garden, those fragrant +flowers, those children who uttered joyous cries, those grave and +simple women, that silent cloister, slowly permeated him, and little by +little, his soul became compounded of silence like the cloister, of +perfume like the flowers, of simplicity like the women, of joy like the +children. And then he reflected that these had been two houses of God +which had received him in succession at two critical moments in his +life: the first, when all doors were closed and when human society +rejected him; the second, at a moment when human society had again set +out in pursuit of him, and when the galleys were again yawning; and +that, had it not been for the first, he should have relapsed into +crime, and had it not been for the second, into torment. + +His whole heart melted in gratitude, and he loved more and more. + +Many years passed in this manner; Cosette was growing up. + +[THE END OF VOLUME II “COSETTE”] + + + + +VOLUME III +MARIUS + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Three] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Three] + + + + +BOOK FIRST—PARIS STUDIED IN ITS ATOM + + + + +CHAPTER I—PARVULUS + + +Paris has a child, and the forest has a bird; the bird is called the +sparrow; the child is called the gamin. + +Couple these two ideas which contain, the one all the furnace, the +other all the dawn; strike these two sparks together, Paris, childhood; +there leaps out from them a little being. _Homuncio_, Plautus would +say. + +This little being is joyous. He has not food every day, and he goes to +the play every evening, if he sees good. He has no shirt on his body, +no shoes on his feet, no roof over his head; he is like the flies of +heaven, who have none of these things. He is from seven to thirteen +years of age, he lives in bands, roams the streets, lodges in the open +air, wears an old pair of trousers of his father’s, which descend below +his heels, an old hat of some other father, which descends below his +ears, a single suspender of yellow listing; he runs, lies in wait, +rummages about, wastes time, blackens pipes, swears like a convict, +haunts the wine-shop, knows thieves, calls gay women _thou_, talks +slang, sings obscene songs, and has no evil in his heart. This is +because he has in his heart a pearl, innocence; and pearls are not to +be dissolved in mud. So long as man is in his childhood, God wills that +he shall be innocent. + +If one were to ask that enormous city: “What is this?” she would reply: +“It is my little one.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—SOME OF HIS PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS + + +The gamin—the street Arab—of Paris is the dwarf of the giant. + +Let us not exaggerate, this cherub of the gutter sometimes has a shirt, +but, in that case, he owns but one; he sometimes has shoes, but then +they have no soles; he sometimes has a lodging, and he loves it, for he +finds his mother there; but he prefers the street, because there he +finds liberty. He has his own games, his own bits of mischief, whose +foundation consists of hatred for the bourgeois; his peculiar +metaphors: to be dead is _to eat dandelions by the root_; his own +occupations, calling hackney-coaches, letting down carriage-steps, +establishing means of transit between the two sides of a street in +heavy rains, which he calls _making the bridge of arts_, crying +discourses pronounced by the authorities in favor of the French people, +cleaning out the cracks in the pavement; he has his own coinage, which +is composed of all the little morsels of worked copper which are found +on the public streets. This curious money, which receives the name of +_loques_—rags—has an invariable and well-regulated currency in this +little Bohemia of children. + +Lastly, he has his own fauna, which he observes attentively in the +corners; the lady-bird, the death’s-head plant-louse, the +daddy-long-legs, “the devil,” a black insect, which menaces by twisting +about its tail armed with two horns. He has his fabulous monster, which +has scales under its belly, but is not a lizard, which has pustules on +its back, but is not a toad, which inhabits the nooks of old lime-kilns +and wells that have run dry, which is black, hairy, sticky, which +crawls sometimes slowly, sometimes rapidly, which has no cry, but which +has a look, and is so terrible that no one has ever beheld it; he calls +this monster “the deaf thing.” The search for these “deaf things” among +the stones is a joy of formidable nature. Another pleasure consists in +suddenly prying up a paving-stone, and taking a look at the wood-lice. +Each region of Paris is celebrated for the interesting treasures which +are to be found there. There are ear-wigs in the timber-yards of the +Ursulines, there are millepeds in the Pantheon, there are tadpoles in +the ditches of the Champs-de-Mars. + +As far as sayings are concerned, this child has as many of them as +Talleyrand. He is no less cynical, but he is more honest. He is endowed +with a certain indescribable, unexpected joviality; he upsets the +composure of the shopkeeper with his wild laughter. He ranges boldly +from high comedy to farce. + +A funeral passes by. Among those who accompany the dead there is a +doctor. “Hey there!” shouts some street Arab, “how long has it been +customary for doctors to carry home their own work?” + + +Another is in a crowd. A grave man, adorned with spectacles and +trinkets, turns round indignantly: “You good-for-nothing, you have +seized my wife’s waist!”—“I, sir? Search me!” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—HE IS AGREEABLE + + +In the evening, thanks to a few sous, which he always finds means to +procure, the _homuncio_ enters a theatre. On crossing that magic +threshold, he becomes transfigured; he was the street Arab, he becomes +the titi.18 Theatres are a sort of ship turned upside down with the +keel in the air. It is in that keel that the titi huddle together. The +titi is to the gamin what the moth is to the larva; the same being +endowed with wings and soaring. It suffices for him to be there, with +his radiance of happiness, with his power of enthusiasm and joy, with +his hand-clapping, which resembles a clapping of wings, to confer on +that narrow, dark, fetid, sordid, unhealthy, hideous, abominable keel, +the name of Paradise. + +Bestow on an individual the useless and deprive him of the necessary, +and you have the gamin. + +The gamin is not devoid of literary intuition. His tendency, and we say +it with the proper amount of regret, would not constitute classic +taste. He is not very academic by nature. Thus, to give an example, the +popularity of Mademoiselle Mars among that little audience of stormy +children was seasoned with a touch of irony. The gamin called her +_Mademoiselle Muche_—“hide yourself.” + + +This being bawls and scoffs and ridicules and fights, has rags like a +baby and tatters like a philosopher, fishes in the sewer, hunts in the +cesspool, extracts mirth from foulness, whips up the squares with his +wit, grins and bites, whistles and sings, shouts, and shrieks, tempers +Alleluia with Matanturlurette, chants every rhythm from the De +Profundis to the Jack-pudding, finds without seeking, knows what he is +ignorant of, is a Spartan to the point of thieving, is mad to wisdom, +is lyrical to filth, would crouch down on Olympus, wallows in the +dunghill and emerges from it covered with stars. The gamin of Paris is +Rabelais in this youth. + +He is not content with his trousers unless they have a watch-pocket. + +He is not easily astonished, he is still less easily terrified, he +makes songs on superstitions, he takes the wind out of exaggerations, +he twits mysteries, he thrusts out his tongue at ghosts, he takes the +poetry out of stilted things, he introduces caricature into epic +extravaganzas. It is not that he is prosaic; far from that; but he +replaces the solemn vision by the farcical phantasmagoria. If Adamastor +were to appear to him, the street Arab would say: “Hi there! The +bugaboo!” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—HE MAY BE OF USE + + +Paris begins with the lounger and ends with the street Arab, two beings +of which no other city is capable; the passive acceptance, which +contents itself with gazing, and the inexhaustible initiative; +Prudhomme and Fouillou. Paris alone has this in its natural history. +The whole of the monarchy is contained in the lounger; the whole of +anarchy in the gamin. + +This pale child of the Parisian faubourgs lives and develops, makes +connections, “grows supple” in suffering, in the presence of social +realities and of human things, a thoughtful witness. He thinks himself +heedless; and he is not. He looks and is on the verge of laughter; he +is on the verge of something else also. Whoever you may be, if your +name is Prejudice, Abuse, Ignorance, Oppression, Iniquity, Despotism, +Injustice, Fanaticism, Tyranny, beware of the gaping gamin. + +The little fellow will grow up. + +Of what clay is he made? Of the first mud that comes to hand. A handful +of dirt, a breath, and behold Adam. It suffices for a God to pass by. A +God has always passed over the street Arab. Fortune labors at this tiny +being. By the word “fortune” we mean chance, to some extent. That pigmy +kneaded out of common earth, ignorant, unlettered, giddy, vulgar, low. +Will that become an Ionian or a BƓotian? Wait, _currit rota_, the +Spirit of Paris, that demon which creates the children of chance and +the men of destiny, reversing the process of the Latin potter, makes of +a jug an amphora. + + + + +CHAPTER V—HIS FRONTIERS + + +The gamin loves the city, he also loves solitude, since he has +something of the sage in him. _Urbis amator_, like Fuscus; _ruris +amator_, like Flaccus. + +To roam thoughtfully about, that is to say, to lounge, is a fine +employment of time in the eyes of the philosopher; particularly in that +rather illegitimate species of campaign, which is tolerably ugly but +odd and composed of two natures, which surrounds certain great cities, +notably Paris. To study the suburbs is to study the amphibious animal. +End of the trees, beginning of the roofs; end of the grass, beginning +of the pavements; end of the furrows, beginning of the shops, end of +the wheel-ruts, beginning of the passions; end of the divine murmur, +beginning of the human uproar; hence an extraordinary interest. + +Hence, in these not very attractive places, indelibly stamped by the +passing stroller with the epithet: _melancholy_, the apparently +objectless promenades of the dreamer. + +He who writes these lines has long been a prowler about the barriers of +Paris, and it is for him a source of profound souvenirs. That +close-shaven turf, those pebbly paths, that chalk, those pools, those +harsh monotonies of waste and fallow lands, the plants of early +market-garden suddenly springing into sight in a bottom, that mixture +of the savage and the citizen, those vast desert nooks where the +garrison drums practise noisily, and produce a sort of lisping of +battle, those hermits by day and cut-throats by night, that clumsy mill +which turns in the wind, the hoisting-wheels of the quarries, the +tea-gardens at the corners of the cemeteries; the mysterious charm of +great, sombre walls squarely intersecting immense, vague stretches of +land inundated with sunshine and full of butterflies,—all this +attracted him. + +There is hardly any one on earth who is not acquainted with those +singular spots, the GlaciĂšre, the Cunette, the hideous wall of Grenelle +all speckled with balls, Mont-Parnasse, the Fosse-aux-Loups, Aubiers on +the bank of the Marne, Mont-Souris, the Tombe-Issoire, the Pierre-Plate +de ChĂątillon, where there is an old, exhausted quarry which no longer +serves any purpose except to raise mushrooms, and which is closed, on a +level with the ground, by a trap-door of rotten planks. The campagna of +Rome is one idea, the banlieue of Paris is another; to behold nothing +but fields, houses, or trees in what a stretch of country offers us, is +to remain on the surface; all aspects of things are thoughts of God. +The spot where a plain effects its junction with a city is always +stamped with a certain piercing melancholy. Nature and humanity both +appeal to you at the same time there. Local originalities there make +their appearance. + +Any one who, like ourselves, has wandered about in these solitudes +contiguous to our faubourgs, which may be designated as the limbos of +Paris, has seen here and there, in the most desert spot, at the most +unexpected moment, behind a meagre hedge, or in the corner of a +lugubrious wall, children grouped tumultuously, fetid, muddy, dusty, +ragged, dishevelled, playing hide-and-seek, and crowned with +corn-flowers. All of them are little ones who have made their escape +from poor families. The outer boulevard is their breathing space; the +suburbs belong to them. There they are eternally playing truant. There +they innocently sing their repertory of dirty songs. There they are, or +rather, there they exist, far from every eye, in the sweet light of May +or June, kneeling round a hole in the ground, snapping marbles with +their thumbs, quarrelling over half-farthings, irresponsible, volatile, +free and happy; and, no sooner do they catch sight of you than they +recollect that they have an industry, and that they must earn their +living, and they offer to sell you an old woollen stocking filled with +cockchafers, or a bunch of lilacs. These encounters with strange +children are one of the charming and at the same time poignant graces +of the environs of Paris. + +Sometimes there are little girls among the throng of boys,—are they +their sisters?—who are almost young maidens, thin, feverish, with +sunburnt hands, covered with freckles, crowned with poppies and ears of +rye, gay, haggard, barefooted. They can be seen devouring cherries +among the wheat. In the evening they can be heard laughing. These +groups, warmly illuminated by the full glow of midday, or indistinctly +seen in the twilight, occupy the thoughtful man for a very long time, +and these visions mingle with his dreams. + +Paris, centre, banlieue, circumference; this constitutes all the earth +to those children. They never venture beyond this. They can no more +escape from the Parisian atmosphere than fish can escape from the +water. For them, nothing exists two leagues beyond the barriers: Ivry, +Gentilly, Arcueil, Belleville, Aubervilliers, MĂ©nilmontant, +Choisy-le-Roi, Billancourt, Meudon, Issy, Vanvre, SĂšvres, Puteaux, +Neuilly, Gennevilliers, Colombes, Romainville, Chatou, AsniĂšres, +Bougival, Nanterre, Enghien, Noisy-le-Sec, Nogent, Gournay, Drancy, +Gonesse; the universe ends there. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—A BIT OF HISTORY + + +At the epoch, nearly contemporary by the way, when the action of this +book takes place, there was not, as there is to-day, a policeman at the +corner of every street (a benefit which there is no time to discuss +here); stray children abounded in Paris. The statistics give an average +of two hundred and sixty homeless children picked up annually at that +period, by the police patrols, in unenclosed lands, in houses in +process of construction, and under the arches of the bridges. One of +these nests, which has become famous, produced “the swallows of the +bridge of Arcola.” This is, moreover, the most disastrous of social +symptoms. All crimes of the man begin in the vagabondage of the child. + +Let us make an exception in favor of Paris, nevertheless. In a relative +measure, and in spite of the souvenir which we have just recalled, the +exception is just. While in any other great city the vagabond child is +a lost man, while nearly everywhere the child left to itself is, in +some sort, sacrificed and abandoned to a kind of fatal immersion in the +public vices which devour in him honesty and conscience, the street boy +of Paris, we insist on this point, however defaced and injured on the +surface, is almost intact on the interior. It is a magnificent thing to +put on record, and one which shines forth in the splendid probity of +our popular revolutions, that a certain incorruptibility results from +the idea which exists in the air of Paris, as salt exists in the water +of the ocean. To breathe Paris preserves the soul. + +What we have just said takes away nothing of the anguish of heart which +one experiences every time that one meets one of these children around +whom one fancies that he beholds floating the threads of a broken +family. In the civilization of the present day, incomplete as it still +is, it is not a very abnormal thing to behold these fractured families +pouring themselves out into the darkness, not knowing clearly what has +become of their children, and allowing their own entrails to fall on +the public highway. Hence these obscure destinies. This is called, for +this sad thing has given rise to an expression, “to be cast on the +pavements of Paris.” + + +Let it be said by the way, that this abandonment of children was not +discouraged by the ancient monarchy. A little of Egypt and Bohemia in +the lower regions suited the upper spheres, and compassed the aims of +the powerful. The hatred of instruction for the children of the people +was a dogma. What is the use of “half-lights”? Such was the +countersign. Now, the erring child is the corollary of the ignorant +child. + +Besides this, the monarchy sometimes was in need of children, and in +that case it skimmed the streets. + +Under Louis XIV., not to go any further back, the king rightly desired +to create a fleet. The idea was a good one. But let us consider the +means. There can be no fleet, if, beside the sailing ship, that +plaything of the winds, and for the purpose of towing it, in case of +necessity, there is not the vessel which goes where it pleases, either +by means of oars or of steam; the galleys were then to the marine what +steamers are to-day. Therefore, galleys were necessary; but the galley +is moved only by the galley-slave; hence, galley-slaves were required. +Colbert had the commissioners of provinces and the parliaments make as +many convicts as possible. The magistracy showed a great deal of +complaisance in the matter. A man kept his hat on in the presence of a +procession—it was a Huguenot attitude; he was sent to the galleys. A +child was encountered in the streets; provided that he was fifteen +years of age and did not know where he was to sleep, he was sent to the +galleys. Grand reign; grand century. + +Under Louis XV. children disappeared in Paris; the police carried them +off, for what mysterious purpose no one knew. People whispered with +terror monstrous conjectures as to the king’s baths of purple. Barbier +speaks ingenuously of these things. It sometimes happened that the +exempts of the guard, when they ran short of children, took those who +had fathers. The fathers, in despair, attacked the exempts. In that +case, the parliament intervened and had some one hung. Who? The +exempts? No, the fathers. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE GAMIN SHOULD HAVE HIS PLACE IN THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF +INDIA + + +The body of street Arabs in Paris almost constitutes a caste. One might +almost say: Not every one who wishes to belong to it can do so. + +This word _gamin_ was printed for the first time, and reached popular +speech through the literary tongue, in 1834. It is in a little work +entitled _Claude Gueux_ that this word made its appearance. The horror +was lively. The word passed into circulation. + +The elements which constitute the consideration of the gamins for each +other are very various. We have known and associated with one who was +greatly respected and vastly admired because he had seen a man fall +from the top of the tower of Notre-Dame; another, because he had +succeeded in making his way into the rear courtyard where the statues +of the dome of the Invalides had been temporarily deposited, and had +“prigged” some lead from them; a third, because he had seen a diligence +tip over; still another, because he “knew” a soldier who came near +putting out the eye of a citizen. + +This explains that famous exclamation of a Parisian gamin, a profound +epiphonema, which the vulgar herd laughs at without comprehending,— +_Dieu de Dieu! What ill-luck I do have! to think that I have never yet +seen anybody tumble from a fifth-story window! _ (_I have_ pronounced +_I’ave_ and _fifth_ pronounced _fift’_.) + +Surely, this saying of a peasant is a fine one: “Father So-and-So, your +wife has died of her malady; why did you not send for the doctor?” +“What would you have, sir, we poor folks _die of ourselves_.” But if +the peasant’s whole passivity lies in this saying, the whole of the +free-thinking anarchy of the brat of the faubourgs is, assuredly, +contained in this other saying. A man condemned to death is listening +to his confessor in the tumbrel. The child of Paris exclaims: “He is +talking to his black cap! Oh, the sneak!” + + +A certain audacity on matters of religion sets off the gamin. To be +strong-minded is an important item. + +To be present at executions constitutes a duty. He shows himself at the +guillotine, and he laughs. He calls it by all sorts of pet names: The +End of the Soup, The Growler, The Mother in the Blue (the sky), The +Last Mouthful, etc., etc. In order not to lose anything of the affair, +he scales the walls, he hoists himself to balconies, he ascends trees, +he suspends himself to gratings, he clings fast to chimneys. The gamin +is born a tiler as he is born a mariner. A roof inspires him with no +more fear than a mast. There is no festival which comes up to an +execution on the Place de GrĂšve. Samson and the AbbĂ© MontĂšs are the +truly popular names. They hoot at the victim in order to encourage him. +They sometimes admire him. Lacenaire, when a gamin, on seeing the +hideous Dautin die bravely, uttered these words which contain a future: +“I was jealous of him.” In the brotherhood of gamins Voltaire is not +known, but Papavoine is. “Politicians” are confused with assassins in +the same legend. They have a tradition as to everybody’s last garment. +It is known that Tolleron had a fireman’s cap, Avril an otter cap, +Losvel a round hat, that old Delaporte was bald and bareheaded, that +Castaing was all ruddy and very handsome, that Bories had a romantic +small beard, that Jean Martin kept on his suspenders, that LecouffĂ© and +his mother quarrelled. “Don’t reproach each other for your basket,” +shouted a gamin to them. Another, in order to get a look at Debacker as +he passed, and being too small in the crowd, caught sight of the +lantern on the quay and climbed it. A gendarme stationed opposite +frowned. “Let me climb up, m’sieu le gendarme,” said the gamin. And, to +soften the heart of the authorities he added: “I will not fall.” “I +don’t care if you do,” retorted the gendarme. + +In the brotherhood of gamins, a memorable accident counts for a great +deal. One reaches the height of consideration if one chances to cut +one’s self very deeply, “to the very bone.” + + +The fist is no mediocre element of respect. One of the things that the +gamin is fondest of saying is: “I am fine and strong, come now!” To be +left-handed renders you very enviable. A squint is highly esteemed. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—IN WHICH THE READER WILL FIND A CHARMING SAYING OF THE +LAST KING + + +In summer, he metamorphoses himself into a frog; and in the evening, +when night is falling, in front of the bridges of Austerlitz and Jena, +from the tops of coal wagons, and the washerwomen’s boats, he hurls +himself headlong into the Seine, and into all possible infractions of +the laws of modesty and of the police. Nevertheless the police keep an +eye on him, and the result is a highly dramatic situation which once +gave rise to a fraternal and memorable cry; that cry which was +celebrated about 1830, is a strategic warning from gamin to gamin; it +scans like a verse from Homer, with a notation as inexpressible as the +eleusiac chant of the PanathenĂŠa, and in it one encounters again the +ancient Evohe. Here it is: “OhĂ©, Titi, ohĂ©Ă©Ă©! Here comes the bobby, +here comes the p’lice, pick up your duds and be off, through the sewer +with you!” + + +Sometimes this gnat—that is what he calls himself—knows how to read; +sometimes he knows how to write; he always knows how to daub. He does +not hesitate to acquire, by no one knows what mysterious mutual +instruction, all the talents which can be of use to the public; from +1815 to 1830, he imitated the cry of the turkey; from 1830 to 1848, he +scrawled pears on the walls. One summer evening, when Louis Philippe +was returning home on foot, he saw a little fellow, no higher than his +knee, perspiring and climbing up to draw a gigantic pear in charcoal on +one of the pillars of the gate of Neuilly; the King, with that +good-nature which came to him from Henry IV., helped the gamin, +finished the pear, and gave the child a louis, saying: “The pear is on +that also.”19 The gamin loves uproar. A certain state of violence +pleases him. He execrates “the curĂ©s.” One day, in the Rue de +l’UniversitĂ©, one of these scamps was putting his thumb to his nose at +the carriage gate of No. 69. “Why are you doing that at the gate?” a +passer-by asked. The boy replied: “There is a curĂ© there.” It was +there, in fact, that the Papal Nuncio lived. + +Nevertheless, whatever may be the Voltairianism of the small gamin, if +the occasion to become a chorister presents itself, it is quite +possible that he will accept, and in that case he serves the mass +civilly. There are two things to which he plays Tantalus, and which he +always desires without ever attaining them: to overthrow the +government, and to get his trousers sewed up again. + +The gamin in his perfect state possesses all the policemen of Paris, +and can always put the name to the face of any one which he chances to +meet. He can tell them off on the tips of his fingers. He studies their +habits, and he has special notes on each one of them. He reads the +souls of the police like an open book. He will tell you fluently and +without flinching: “Such an one is a _traitor_; such another is very +_malicious_; such another is _great_; such another is _ridiculous_.” +(All these words: traitor, malicious, great, ridiculous, have a +particular meaning in his mouth.) That one imagines that he owns the +Pont-Neuf, and he prevents _people_ from walking on the cornice outside +the parapet; that other has a mania for pulling _person’s_ ears; etc., +etc. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—THE OLD SOUL OF GAUL + + +There was something of that boy in Poquelin, the son of the +fish-market; Beaumarchais had something of it. Gaminerie is a shade of +the Gallic spirit. Mingled with good sense, it sometimes adds force to +the latter, as alcohol does to wine. Sometimes it is a defect. Homer +repeats himself eternally, granted; one may say that Voltaire plays the +gamin. Camille Desmoulins was a native of the faubourgs. Championnet, +who treated miracles brutally, rose from the pavements of Paris; he +had, when a small lad, inundated the porticos of Saint-Jean de +Beauvais, and of Saint-Étienne du Mont; he had addressed the shrine of +Sainte-GeneviĂšve familiarly to give orders to the phial of Saint +Januarius. + +The gamin of Paris is respectful, ironical, and insolent. He has +villainous teeth, because he is badly fed and his stomach suffers, and +handsome eyes because he has wit. If Jehovah himself were present, he +would go hopping up the steps of paradise on one foot. He is strong on +boxing. All beliefs are possible to him. He plays in the gutter, and +straightens himself up with a revolt; his effrontery persists even in +the presence of grape-shot; he was a scapegrace, he is a hero; like the +little Theban, he shakes the skin from the lion; Barra the drummer-boy +was a gamin of Paris; he Shouts: “Forward!” as the horse of Scripture +says “Vah!” and in a moment he has passed from the small brat to the +giant. + +This child of the puddle is also the child of the ideal. Measure that +spread of wings which reaches from MoliĂšre to Barra. + +To sum up the whole, and in one word, the gamin is a being who amuses +himself, because he is unhappy. + + + + +CHAPTER X—ECCE PARIS, ECCE HOMO + + +To sum it all up once more, the Paris gamin of to-day, like the +_grĂŠculus_ of Rome in days gone by, is the infant populace with the +wrinkle of the old world on his brow. + +The gamin is a grace to the nation, and at the same time a disease; a +disease which must be cured, how? By light. + +Light renders healthy. + +Light kindles. + +All generous social irradiations spring from science, letters, arts, +education. Make men, make men. Give them light that they may warm you. +Sooner or later the splendid question of universal education will +present itself with the irresistible authority of the absolute truth; +and then, those who govern under the superintendence of the French idea +will have to make this choice; the children of France or the gamins of +Paris; flames in the light or will-o’-the-wisps in the gloom. + +The gamin expresses Paris, and Paris expresses the world. + +For Paris is a total. Paris is the ceiling of the human race. The whole +of this prodigious city is a foreshortening of dead manners and living +manners. He who sees Paris thinks he sees the bottom of all history +with heaven and constellations in the intervals. Paris has a capital, +the Town-Hall, a Parthenon, Notre-Dame, a Mount Aventine, the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine, an Asinarium, the Sorbonne, a Pantheon, the Pantheon, a +Via Sacra, the Boulevard des Italiens, a temple of the winds, opinion; +and it replaces the GemoniĂŠ by ridicule. Its _majo_ is called “faraud,” +its Transteverin is the man of the faubourgs, its _hammal_ is the +market-porter, its lazzarone is the pĂšgre, its cockney is the native of +Ghent. Everything that exists elsewhere exists at Paris. The fishwoman +of Dumarsais can retort on the herb-seller of Euripides, the discobols +Vejanus lives again in the Forioso, the tight-rope dancer. +Therapontigonus Miles could walk arm in arm with VadeboncƓur the +grenadier, Damasippus the second-hand dealer would be happy among +bric-Ă -brac merchants, Vincennes could grasp Socrates in its fist as +just as Agora could imprison Diderot, Grimod de la ReyniĂšre discovered +larded roast beef, as Curtillus invented roast hedgehog, we see the +trapeze which figures in Plautus reappear under the vault of the Arc of +l’Etoile, the sword-eater of PƓcilus encountered by Apuleius is a +sword-swallower on the Pont-Neuf, the nephew of Rameau and Curculio the +parasite make a pair, Ergasilus could get himself presented to +CambacĂšres by d’Aigrefeuille; the four dandies of Rome: Alcesimarchus, +PhƓdromus, Diabolus, and Argyrippus, descend from Courtille in +Labatut’s posting-chaise; Aulus Gellius would halt no longer in front +of Congrio than would Charles Nodier in front of Punchinello; Marto is +not a tigress, but Pardalisca was not a dragon; Pantolabus the wag +jeers in the CafĂ© Anglais at Nomentanus the fast liver, Hermogenus is a +tenor in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, and round him, Thracius the beggar, clad +like BobĂšche, takes up a collection; the bore who stops you by the +button of your coat in the Tuileries makes you repeat after a lapse of +two thousand years Thesprion’s apostrophe: _Quis properantem me +prehendit pallio? _ The wine on SurĂȘne is a parody of the wine of Alba, +the red border of Desaugiers forms a balance to the great cutting of +Balatro, PĂšre-Lachaise exhales beneath nocturnal rains the same gleams +as the EsquiliĂŠ, and the grave of the poor bought for five years, is +certainly the equivalent of the slave’s hived coffin. + +Seek something that Paris has not. The vat of Trophonius contains +nothing that is not in Mesmer’s tub; Ergaphilas lives again in +Cagliostro; the Brahmin VĂąsaphantĂą become incarnate in the Comte de +Saint-Germain; the cemetery of Saint-MĂ©dard works quite as good +miracles as the Mosque of OumoumiĂ© at Damascus. + +Paris has an Æsop-Mayeux, and a Canidia, Mademoiselle Lenormand. It is +terrified, like Delphos at the fulgurating realities of the vision; it +makes tables turn as Dodona did tripods. It places the grisette on the +throne, as Rome placed the courtesan there; and, taking it altogether, +if Louis XV. is worse than Claudian, Madame Dubarry is better than +Messalina. Paris combines in an unprecedented type, which has existed +and which we have elbowed, Grecian nudity, the Hebraic ulcer, and the +Gascon pun. It mingles Diogenes, Job, and Jack-pudding, dresses up a +spectre in old numbers of the _Constitutional_, and makes Chodruc +Duclos. + +Although Plutarch says: _the tyrant never grows old_, Rome, under Sylla +as under Domitian, resigned itself and willingly put water in its wine. +The Tiber was a Lethe, if the rather doctrinary eulogium made of it by +Varus Vibiscus is to be credited: _Contra Gracchos Tiberim habemus, +Bibere Tiberim, id est seditionem oblivisci_. Paris drinks a million +litres of water a day, but that does not prevent it from occasionally +beating the general alarm and ringing the tocsin. + +With that exception, Paris is amiable. It accepts everything royally; +it is not too particular about its Venus; its Callipyge is Hottentot; +provided that it is made to laugh, it condones; ugliness cheers it, +deformity provokes it to laughter, vice diverts it; be eccentric and +you may be an eccentric; even hypocrisy, that supreme cynicism, does +not disgust it; it is so literary that it does not hold its nose before +Basile, and is no more scandalized by the prayer of Tartuffe than +Horace was repelled by the “hiccup” of Priapus. No trait of the +universal face is lacking in the profile of Paris. The bal Mabile is +not the polymnia dance of the Janiculum, but the dealer in ladies’ +wearing apparel there devours the lorette with her eyes, exactly as the +procuress Staphyla lay in wait for the virgin Planesium. The BarriĂšre +du Combat is not the Coliseum, but people are as ferocious there as +though CĂŠsar were looking on. The Syrian hostess has more grace than +Mother Saguet, but, if Virgil haunted the Roman wine-shop, David +d’Angers, Balzac and Charlet have sat at the tables of Parisian +taverns. Paris reigns. Geniuses flash forth there, the red tails +prosper there. AdonaĂŻ passes on his chariot with its twelve wheels of +thunder and lightning; Silenus makes his entry there on his ass. For +Silenus read Ramponneau. + +Paris is the synonym of Cosmos, Paris is Athens, Sybaris, Jerusalem, +Pantin. All civilizations are there in an abridged form, all barbarisms +also. Paris would greatly regret it if it had not a guillotine. + +A little of the Place de GrĂšve is a good thing. What would all that +eternal festival be without this seasoning? Our laws are wisely +provided, and thanks to them, this blade drips on this Shrove Tuesday. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—TO SCOFF, TO REIGN + + +There is no limit to Paris. No city has had that domination which +sometimes derides those whom it subjugates. To please you, O Athenians! +exclaimed Alexander. Paris makes more than the law, it makes the +fashion; Paris sets more than the fashion, it sets the routine. Paris +may be stupid, if it sees fit; it sometimes allows itself this luxury; +then the universe is stupid in company with it; then Paris awakes, rubs +its eyes, says: “How stupid I am!” and bursts out laughing in the face +of the human race. What a marvel is such a city! it is a strange thing +that this grandioseness and this burlesque should be amicable +neighbors, that all this majesty should not be thrown into disorder by +all this parody, and that the same mouth can to-day blow into the trump +of the Judgment Day, and to-morrow into the reed-flute! Paris has a +sovereign joviality. Its gayety is of the thunder and its farce holds a +sceptre. + +Its tempest sometimes proceeds from a grimace. Its explosions, its +days, its masterpieces, its prodigies, its epics, go forth to the +bounds of the universe, and so also do its cock-and-bull stories. Its +laugh is the mouth of a volcano which spatters the whole earth. Its +jests are sparks. It imposes its caricatures as well as its ideal on +people; the highest monuments of human civilization accept its ironies +and lend their eternity to its mischievous pranks. It is superb; it has +a prodigious 14th of July, which delivers the globe; it forces all +nations to take the oath of tennis; its night of the 4th of August +dissolves in three hours a thousand years of feudalism; it makes of its +logic the muscle of unanimous will; it multiplies itself under all +sorts of forms of the sublime; it fills with its light Washington, +Kosciusko, Bolivar, Bozzaris, Riego, Bem, Manin, Lopez, John Brown, +Garibaldi; it is everywhere where the future is being lighted up, at +Boston in 1779, at the Isle de LĂ©on in 1820, at Pesth in 1848, at +Palermo in 1860, it whispers the mighty countersign: Liberty, in the +ear of the American abolitionists grouped about the boat at Harper’s +Ferry, and in the ear of the patriots of Ancona assembled in the +shadow, to the Archi before the Gozzi inn on the seashore; it creates +Canaris; it creates Quiroga; it creates Pisacane; it irradiates the +great on earth; it was while proceeding whither its breath urge them, +that Byron perished at Missolonghi, and that Mazet died at Barcelona; +it is the tribune under the feet of Mirabeau, and a crater under the +feet of Robespierre; its books, its theatre, its art, its science, its +literature, its philosophy, are the manuals of the human race; it has +Pascal, RĂ©gnier, Corneille, Descartes, Jean-Jacques: Voltaire for all +moments, MoliĂšre for all centuries; it makes its language to be talked +by the universal mouth, and that language becomes the word; it +constructs in all minds the idea of progress, the liberating dogmas +which it forges are for the generations trusty friends, and it is with +the soul of its thinkers and its poets that all heroes of all nations +have been made since 1789; this does not prevent vagabondism, and that +enormous genius which is called Paris, while transfiguring the world by +its light, sketches in charcoal Bouginier’s nose on the wall of the +temple of Theseus and writes _Credeville the thief_ on the Pyramids. + +Paris is always showing its teeth; when it is not scolding it is +laughing. + +Such is Paris. The smoke of its roofs forms the ideas of the universe. +A heap of mud and stone, if you will, but, above all, a moral being. It +is more than great, it is immense. Why? Because it is daring. + +To dare; that is the price of progress. + +All sublime conquests are, more or less, the prizes of daring. In order +that the Revolution should take place, it does not suffice that +Montesquieu should foresee it, that Diderot should preach it, that +Beaumarchais should announce it, that Condorcet should calculate it, +that Arouet should prepare it, that Rousseau should premeditate it; it +is necessary that Danton should dare it. + +The cry: _Audacity! _ is a _Fiat lux_. It is necessary, for the sake of +the forward march of the human race, that there should be proud lessons +of courage permanently on the heights. Daring deeds dazzle history and +are one of man’s great sources of light. The dawn dares when it rises. +To attempt, to brave, to persist, to persevere, to be faithful to one’s +self, to grasp fate bodily, to astound catastrophe by the small amount +of fear that it occasions us, now to affront unjust power, again to +insult drunken victory, to hold one’s position, to stand one’s ground; +that is the example which nations need, that is the light which +electrifies them. The same formidable lightning proceeds from the torch +of Prometheus to Cambronne’s short pipe. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE FUTURE LATENT IN THE PEOPLE + + +As for the Parisian populace, even when a man grown, it is always the +street Arab; to paint the child is to paint the city; and it is for +that reason that we have studied this eagle in this arrant sparrow. It +is in the faubourgs, above all, we maintain, that the Parisian race +appears; there is the pure blood; there is the true physiognomy; there +this people toils and suffers, and suffering and toil are the two faces +of man. There exist there immense numbers of unknown beings, among whom +swarm types of the strangest, from the porter of la RĂąpĂ©e to the +knacker of Montfaucon. _Fex urbis_, exclaims Cicero; _mob_, adds Burke, +indignantly; rabble, multitude, populace. These are words and quickly +uttered. But so be it. What does it matter? What is it to me if they do +go barefoot! They do not know how to read; so much the worse. Would you +abandon them for that? Would you turn their distress into a +malediction? Cannot the light penetrate these masses? Let us return to +that cry: Light! and let us obstinately persist therein! Light! Light! +Who knows whether these opacities will not become transparent? Are not +revolutions transfigurations? Come, philosophers, teach, enlighten, +light up, think aloud, speak aloud, hasten joyously to the great sun, +fraternize with the public place, announce the good news, spend your +alphabets lavishly, proclaim rights, sing the Marseillaises, sow +enthusiasms, tear green boughs from the oaks. Make a whirlwind of the +idea. This crowd may be rendered sublime. Let us learn how to make use +of that vast conflagration of principles and virtues, which sparkles, +bursts forth and quivers at certain hours. These bare feet, these bare +arms, these rags, these ignorances, these abjectnesses, these +darknesses, may be employed in the conquest of the ideal. Gaze past the +people, and you will perceive truth. Let that vile sand which you +trample under foot be cast into the furnace, let it melt and seethe +there, it will become a splendid crystal, and it is thanks to it that +Galileo and Newton will discover stars. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + + +[Illustration: Little Gavroche] + + +Eight or nine years after the events narrated in the second part of +this story, people noticed on the Boulevard du Temple, and in the +regions of the ChĂąteau-d’Eau, a little boy eleven or twelve years of +age, who would have realized with tolerable accuracy that ideal of the +gamin sketched out above, if, with the laugh of his age on his lips, he +had not had a heart absolutely sombre and empty. This child was well +muffled up in a pair of man’s trousers, but he did not get them from +his father, and a woman’s chemise, but he did not get it from his +mother. Some people or other had clothed him in rags out of charity. +Still, he had a father and a mother. But his father did not think of +him, and his mother did not love him. + +He was one of those children most deserving of pity, among all, one of +those who have father and mother, and who are orphans nevertheless. + +This child never felt so well as when he was in the street. The +pavements were less hard to him than his mother’s heart. + +His parents had despatched him into life with a kick. + +He simply took flight. + +He was a boisterous, pallid, nimble, wide-awake, jeering, lad, with a +vivacious but sickly air. He went and came, sang, played at hopscotch, +scraped the gutters, stole a little, but, like cats and sparrows, gayly +laughed when he was called a rogue, and got angry when called a thief. +He had no shelter, no bread, no fire, no love; but he was merry because +he was free. + +When these poor creatures grow to be men, the millstones of the social +order meet them and crush them, but so long as they are children, they +escape because of their smallness. The tiniest hole saves them. + +Nevertheless, abandoned as this child was, it sometimes happened, every +two or three months, that he said, “Come, I’ll go and see mamma!” Then +he quitted the boulevard, the Cirque, the Porte Saint-Martin, descended +to the quays, crossed the bridges, reached the suburbs, arrived at the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre, and came to a halt, where? Precisely at that double number +50-52 with which the reader is acquainted—at the Gorbeau hovel. + +At that epoch, the hovel 50-52 generally deserted and eternally +decorated with the placard: “Chambers to let,” chanced to be, a rare +thing, inhabited by numerous individuals who, however, as is always the +case in Paris, had no connection with each other. All belonged to that +indigent class which begins to separate from the lowest of petty +bourgeoisie in straitened circumstances, and which extends from misery +to misery into the lowest depths of society down to those two beings in +whom all the material things of civilization end, the sewer-man who +sweeps up the mud, and the rag-picker who collects scraps. + +The “principal lodger” of Jean Valjean’s day was dead and had been +replaced by another exactly like her. I know not what philosopher has +said: “Old women are never lacking.” + + +This new old woman was named Madame Bourgon, and had nothing remarkable +about her life except a dynasty of three paroquets, who had reigned in +succession over her soul. + +The most miserable of those who inhabited the hovel were a family of +four persons, consisting of father, mother, and two daughters, already +well grown, all four of whom were lodged in the same attic, one of the +cells which we have already mentioned. + +At first sight, this family presented no very special feature except +its extreme destitution; the father, when he hired the chamber, had +stated that his name was Jondrette. Some time after his moving in, +which had borne a singular resemblance to _the entrance of nothing at +all_, to borrow the memorable expression of the principal tenant, this +Jondrette had said to the woman, who, like her predecessor, was at the +same time portress and stair-sweeper: “Mother So-and-So, if any one +should chance to come and inquire for a Pole or an Italian, or even a +Spaniard, perchance, it is I.” + + +This family was that of the merry barefoot boy. He arrived there and +found distress, and, what is still sadder, no smile; a cold hearth and +cold hearts. When he entered, he was asked: “Whence come you?” He +replied: “From the street.” When he went away, they asked him: “Whither +are you going?” He replied: “Into the streets.” His mother said to him: +“What did you come here for?” + + +This child lived, in this absence of affection, like the pale plants +which spring up in cellars. It did not cause him suffering, and he +blamed no one. He did not know exactly how a father and mother should +be. + +Nevertheless, his mother loved his sisters. + +We have forgotten to mention, that on the Boulevard du Temple this +child was called Little Gavroche. Why was he called Little Gavroche? + +Probably because his father’s name was Jondrette. + +It seems to be the instinct of certain wretched families to break the +thread. + +The chamber which the Jondrettes inhabited in the Gorbeau hovel was the +last at the end of the corridor. The cell next to it was occupied by a +very poor young man who was called M. Marius. + +Let us explain who this M. Marius was. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE GREAT BOURGEOIS + + + + +CHAPTER I—NINETY YEARS AND THIRTY-TWO TEETH + + +In the Rue Boucherat, Rue de Normandie and the Rue de Saintonge there +still exist a few ancient inhabitants who have preserved the memory of +a worthy man named M. Gillenormand, and who mention him with +complaisance. This good man was old when they were young. This +silhouette has not yet entirely disappeared—for those who regard with +melancholy that vague swarm of shadows which is called the past—from +the labyrinth of streets in the vicinity of the Temple to which, under +Louis XIV., the names of all the provinces of France were appended +exactly as in our day, the streets of the new Tivoli quarter have +received the names of all the capitals of Europe; a progression, by the +way, in which progress is visible. + +M. Gillenormand, who was as much alive as possible in 1831, was one of +those men who had become curiosities to be viewed, simply because they +have lived a long time, and who are strange because they formerly +resembled everybody, and now resemble nobody. He was a peculiar old +man, and in very truth, a man of another age, the real, complete and +rather haughty bourgeois of the eighteenth century, who wore his good, +old bourgeoisie with the air with which marquises wear their +marquisates. He was over ninety years of age, his walk was erect, he +talked loudly, saw clearly, drank neat, ate, slept, and snored. He had +all thirty-two of his teeth. He only wore spectacles when he read. He +was of an amorous disposition, but declared that, for the last ten +years, he had wholly and decidedly renounced women. He could no longer +please, he said; he did not add: “I am too old,” but: “I am too poor.” +He said: “If I were not ruined—HĂ©Ă©e!” All he had left, in fact, was an +income of about fifteen thousand francs. His dream was to come into an +inheritance and to have a hundred thousand livres income for +mistresses. He did not belong, as the reader will perceive, to that +puny variety of octogenaries who, like M. de Voltaire, have been dying +all their life; his was no longevity of a cracked pot; this jovial old +man had always had good health. He was superficial, rapid, easily +angered. He flew into a passion at everything, generally quite contrary +to all reason. When contradicted, he raised his cane; he beat people as +he had done in the great century. He had a daughter over fifty years of +age, and unmarried, whom he chastised severely with his tongue, when in +a rage, and whom he would have liked to whip. She seemed to him to be +eight years old. He boxed his servants’ ears soundly, and said: “Ah! +carogne!” One of his oaths was: “By the pantoufloche of the +pantouflochade!” He had singular freaks of tranquillity; he had himself +shaved every day by a barber who had been mad and who detested him, +being jealous of M. Gillenormand on account of his wife, a pretty and +coquettish barberess. M. Gillenormand admired his own discernment in +all things, and declared that he was extremely sagacious; here is one +of his sayings: “I have, in truth, some penetration; I am able to say +when a flea bites me, from what woman it came.” + + +The words which he uttered the most frequently were: _the sensible +man_, and _nature_. He did not give to this last word the grand +acceptation which our epoch has accorded to it, but he made it enter, +after his own fashion, into his little chimney-corner satires: +“Nature,” he said, “in order that civilization may have a little of +everything, gives it even specimens of its amusing barbarism. Europe +possesses specimens of Asia and Africa on a small scale. The cat is a +drawing-room tiger, the lizard is a pocket crocodile. The dancers at +the opera are pink female savages. They do not eat men, they crunch +them; or, magicians that they are, they transform them into oysters and +swallow them. The Caribbeans leave only the bones, they leave only the +shell. Such are our morals. We do not devour, we gnaw; we do not +exterminate, we claw.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—LIKE MASTER, LIKE HOUSE + + +He lived in the Marais, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6. He owned the +house. This house has since been demolished and rebuilt, and the number +has probably been changed in those revolutions of numeration which the +streets of Paris undergo. He occupied an ancient and vast apartment on +the first floor, between street and gardens, furnished to the very +ceilings with great Gobelins and Beauvais tapestries representing +pastoral scenes; the subjects of the ceilings and the panels were +repeated in miniature on the armchairs. He enveloped his bed in a vast, +nine-leaved screen of Coromandel lacquer. Long, full curtains hung from +the windows, and formed great, broken folds that were very magnificent. +The garden situated immediately under his windows was attached to that +one of them which formed the angle, by means of a staircase twelve or +fifteen steps long, which the old gentleman ascended and descended with +great agility. In addition to a library adjoining his chamber, he had a +boudoir of which he thought a great deal, a gallant and elegant +retreat, with magnificent hangings of straw, with a pattern of flowers +and fleurs-de-lys made on the galleys of Louis XIV. and ordered of his +convicts by M. de Vivonne for his mistress. M. Gillenormand had +inherited it from a grim maternal great-aunt, who had died a +centenarian. He had had two wives. His manners were something between +those of the courtier, which he had never been, and the lawyer, which +he might have been. He was gay, and caressing when he had a mind. In +his youth he had been one of those men who are always deceived by their +wives and never by their mistresses, because they are, at the same +time, the most sullen of husbands and the most charming of lovers in +existence. He was a connoisseur of painting. He had in his chamber a +marvellous portrait of no one knows whom, painted by Jordaens, executed +with great dashes of the brush, with millions of details, in a confused +and hap-hazard manner. M. Gillenormand’s attire was not the habit of +Louis XIV. nor yet that of Louis XVI.; it was that of the Incroyables +of the Directory. He had thought himself young up to that period and +had followed the fashions. His coat was of light-weight cloth with +voluminous revers, a long swallow-tail and large steel buttons. With +this he wore knee-breeches and buckle shoes. He always thrust his hands +into his fobs. He said authoritatively: “The French Revolution is a +heap of blackguards.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—LUC-ESPRIT + + +At the age of sixteen, one evening at the opera, he had had the honor +to be stared at through opera-glasses by two beauties at the same +time—ripe and celebrated beauties then, and sung by Voltaire, the +Camargo and the SallĂ©. Caught between two fires, he had beaten a heroic +retreat towards a little dancer, a young girl named Nahenry, who was +sixteen like himself, obscure as a cat, and with whom he was in love. +He abounded in memories. He was accustomed to exclaim: “How pretty she +was—that Guimard-Guimardini-Guimardinette, the last time I saw her at +Longchamps, her hair curled in sustained sentiments, with her +come-and-see of turquoises, her gown of the color of persons newly +arrived, and her little agitation muff!” He had worn in his young +manhood a waistcoat of Nain-Londrin, which he was fond of talking about +effusively. “I was dressed like a Turk of the Levant Levantin,” said +he. Madame de Boufflers, having seen him by chance when he was twenty, +had described him as “a charming fool.” He was horrified by all the +names which he saw in politics and in power, regarding them as vulgar +and bourgeois. He read the journals, the _newspapers, the gazettes_ as +he said, stifling outbursts of laughter the while. “Oh!” he said, “what +people these are! CorbiĂšre! Humann! Casimir PĂ©rier! There’s a minister +for you! I can imagine this in a journal: ‘M. Gillenorman, minister!’ +that would be a farce. Well! They are so stupid that it would pass”; he +merrily called everything by its name, whether decent or indecent, and +did not restrain himself in the least before ladies. He uttered coarse +speeches, obscenities, and filth with a certain tranquillity and lack +of astonishment which was elegant. It was in keeping with the +unceremoniousness of his century. It is to be noted that the age of +periphrase in verse was the age of crudities in prose. His god-father +had predicted that he would turn out a man of genius, and had bestowed +on him these two significant names: Luc-Esprit. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A CENTENARIAN ASPIRANT + + +He had taken prizes in his boyhood at the College of Moulins, where he +was born, and he had been crowned by the hand of the Duc de Nivernais, +whom he called the Duc de Nevers. Neither the Convention, nor the death +of Louis XVI., nor the Napoleon, nor the return of the Bourbons, nor +anything else had been able to efface the memory of this crowning. _The +Duc de Nevers_ was, in his eyes, the great figure of the century. “What +a charming grand seigneur,” he said, “and what a fine air he had with +his blue ribbon!” + + +In the eyes of M. Gillenormand, Catherine the Second had made +reparation for the crime of the partition of Poland by purchasing, for +three thousand roubles, the secret of the elixir of gold, from +Bestucheff. He grew animated on this subject: “The elixir of gold,” he +exclaimed, “the yellow dye of Bestucheff, General Lamotte’s drops, in +the eighteenth century,—this was the great remedy for the catastrophes +of love, the panacea against Venus, at one louis the half-ounce phial. +Louis XV. sent two hundred phials of it to the Pope.” He would have +been greatly irritated and thrown off his balance, had any one told him +that the elixir of gold is nothing but the perchloride of iron. M. +Gillenormand adored the Bourbons, and had a horror of 1789; he was +forever narrating in what manner he had saved himself during the +Terror, and how he had been obliged to display a vast deal of gayety +and cleverness in order to escape having his head cut off. If any young +man ventured to pronounce an eulogium on the Republic in his presence, +he turned purple and grew so angry that he was on the point of +swooning. He sometimes alluded to his ninety years, and said, “I hope +that I shall not see ninety-three twice.” On these occasions, he hinted +to people that he meant to live to be a hundred. + + + + +CHAPTER V—BASQUE AND NICOLETTE + + +He had theories. Here is one of them: “When a man is passionately fond +of women, and when he has himself a wife for whom he cares but little, +who is homely, cross, legitimate, with plenty of rights, perched on the +code, and jealous at need, there is but one way of extricating himself +from the quandry and of procuring peace, and that is to let his wife +control the purse-strings. This abdication sets him free. Then his wife +busies herself, grows passionately fond of handling coin, gets her +fingers covered with verdigris in the process, undertakes the education +of half-share tenants and the training of farmers, convokes lawyers, +presides over notaries, harangues scriveners, visits limbs of the law, +follows lawsuits, draws up leases, dictates contracts, feels herself +the sovereign, sells, buys, regulates, promises and compromises, binds +fast and annuls, yields, concedes and retrocedes, arranges, +disarranges, hoards, lavishes; she commits follies, a supreme and +personal delight, and that consoles her. While her husband disdains +her, she has the satisfaction of ruining her husband.” This theory M. +Gillenormand had himself applied, and it had become his history. His +wife—the second one—had administered his fortune in such a manner that, +one fine day, when M. Gillenormand found himself a widower, there +remained to him just sufficient to live on, by sinking nearly the whole +of it in an annuity of fifteen thousand francs, three-quarters of which +would expire with him. He had not hesitated on this point, not being +anxious to leave a property behind him. Besides, he had noticed that +patrimonies are subject to adventures, and, for instance, become +_national property_; he had been present at the avatars of consolidated +three per cents, and he had no great faith in the Great Book of the +Public Debt. “All that’s the Rue Quincampois!” he said. His house in +the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire belonged to him, as we have already +stated. He had two servants, “a male and a female.” When a servant +entered his establishment, M. Gillenormand re-baptized him. He bestowed +on the men the name of their province: NĂźmois, Comtois, Poitevin, +Picard. His last valet was a big, foundered, short-winded fellow of +fifty-five, who was incapable of running twenty paces; but, as he had +been born at Bayonne, M. Gillenormand called him _Basque_. All the +female servants in his house were called Nicolette (even the Magnon, of +whom we shall hear more farther on). One day, a haughty cook, a cordon +bleu, of the lofty race of porters, presented herself. “How much wages +do you want a month?” asked M. Gillenormand. “Thirty francs.” “What is +your name?” “Olympie.” “You shall have fifty francs, and you shall be +called Nicolette.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—IN WHICH MAGNON AND HER TWO CHILDREN ARE SEEN + + +With M. Gillenormand, sorrow was converted into wrath; he was furious +at being in despair. He had all sorts of prejudices and took all sorts +of liberties. One of the facts of which his exterior relief and his +internal satisfaction was composed, was, as we have just hinted, that +he had remained a brisk spark, and that he passed energetically for +such. This he called having “royal renown.” This royal renown sometimes +drew down upon him singular windfalls. One day, there was brought to +him in a basket, as though it had been a basket of oysters, a stout, +newly born boy, who was yelling like the deuce, and duly wrapped in +swaddling-clothes, which a servant-maid, dismissed six months +previously, attributed to him. M. Gillenormand had, at that time, fully +completed his eighty-fourth year. Indignation and uproar in the +establishment. And whom did that bold hussy think she could persuade to +believe that? What audacity! What an abominable calumny! M. +Gillenormand himself was not at all enraged. He gazed at the brat with +the amiable smile of a good man who is flattered by the calumny, and +said in an aside: “Well, what now? What’s the matter? You are finely +taken aback, and really, you are excessively ignorant. M. le Duc +d’AngoulĂȘme, the bastard of his Majesty Charles IX., married a silly +jade of fifteen when he was eighty-five; M. Virginal, Marquis d’Alluye, +brother to the Cardinal de Sourdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, had, at the +age of eighty-three, by the maid of Madame la PrĂ©sidente Jacquin, a +son, a real child of love, who became a Chevalier of Malta and a +counsellor of state; one of the great men of this century, the AbbĂ© +Tabaraud, is the son of a man of eighty-seven. There is nothing out of +the ordinary in these things. And then, the Bible! Upon that I declare +that this little gentleman is none of mine. Let him be taken care of. +It is not his fault.” This manner of procedure was good-tempered. The +woman, whose name was Magnon, sent him another parcel in the following +year. It was a boy again. Thereupon, M. Gillenormand capitulated. He +sent the two brats back to their mother, promising to pay eighty francs +a month for their maintenance, on the condition that the said mother +would not do so any more. He added: “I insist upon it that the mother +shall treat them well. I shall go to see them from time to time.” And +this he did. He had had a brother who was a priest, and who had been +rector of the Academy of Poitiers for three and thirty years, and had +died at seventy-nine. “I lost him young,” said he. This brother, of +whom but little memory remains, was a peaceable miser, who, being a +priest, thought himself bound to bestow alms on the poor whom he met, +but he never gave them anything except bad or demonetized sous, thereby +discovering a means of going to hell by way of paradise. As for M. +Gillenormand the elder, he never haggled over his alms-giving, but gave +gladly and nobly. He was kindly, abrupt, charitable, and if he had been +rich, his turn of mind would have been magnificent. He desired that all +which concerned him should be done in a grand manner, even his +rogueries. One day, having been cheated by a business man in a matter +of inheritance, in a gross and apparent manner, he uttered this solemn +exclamation: “That was indecently done! I am really ashamed of this +pilfering. Everything has degenerated in this century, even the +rascals. Morbleu! this is not the way to rob a man of my standing. I am +robbed as though in a forest, but badly robbed. _SilvĂŠ sint consule +dignĂŠ! _” He had had two wives, as we have already mentioned; by the +first he had had a daughter, who had remained unmarried, and by the +second another daughter, who had died at about the age of thirty, who +had wedded, through love, or chance, or otherwise, a soldier of fortune +who had served in the armies of the Republic and of the Empire, who had +won the cross at Austerlitz and had been made colonel at Waterloo. _“He +is the disgrace of my family,” _ said the old bourgeois. He took an +immense amount of snuff, and had a particularly graceful manner of +plucking at his lace ruffle with the back of one hand. He believed very +little in God. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—RULE: RECEIVE NO ONE EXCEPT IN THE EVENING + + +Such was M. Luc-Esprit Gillenormand, who had not lost his hair,—which +was gray rather than white,—and which was always dressed in “dog’s +ears.” To sum up, he was venerable in spite of all this. + +He had something of the eighteenth century about him; frivolous and +great. + +In 1814 and during the early years of the Restoration, M. Gillenormand, +who was still young,—he was only seventy-four,—lived in the Faubourg +Saint Germain, Rue Servandoni, near Saint-Sulpice. He had only retired +to the Marais when he quitted society, long after attaining the age of +eighty. + +And, on abandoning society, he had immured himself in his habits. The +principal one, and that which was invariable, was to keep his door +absolutely closed during the day, and never to receive any one whatever +except in the evening. He dined at five o’clock, and after that his +door was open. That had been the fashion of his century, and he would +not swerve from it. “The day is vulgar,” said he, “and deserves only a +closed shutter. Fashionable people only light up their minds when the +zenith lights up its stars.” And he barricaded himself against every +one, even had it been the king himself. This was the antiquated +elegance of his day. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—TWO DO NOT MAKE A PAIR + + +We have just spoken of M. Gillenormand’s two daughters. They had come +into the world ten years apart. In their youth they had borne very +little resemblance to each other, either in character or countenance, +and had also been as little like sisters to each other as possible. The +youngest had a charming soul, which turned towards all that belongs to +the light, was occupied with flowers, with verses, with music, which +fluttered away into glorious space, enthusiastic, ethereal, and was +wedded from her very youth, in ideal, to a vague and heroic figure. The +elder had also her chimera; she espied in the azure some very wealthy +purveyor, a contractor, a splendidly stupid husband, a million made +man, or even a prefect; the receptions of the Prefecture, an usher in +the antechamber with a chain on his neck, official balls, the harangues +of the town-hall, to be “Madame la PrĂ©fĂšte,”—all this had created a +whirlwind in her imagination. Thus the two sisters strayed, each in her +own dream, at the epoch when they were young girls. Both had wings, the +one like an angel, the other like a goose. + +No ambition is ever fully realized, here below at least. No paradise +becomes terrestrial in our day. The younger wedded the man of her +dreams, but she died. The elder did not marry at all. + +At the moment when she makes her entrance into this history which we +are relating, she was an antique virtue, an incombustible prude, with +one of the sharpest noses, and one of the most obtuse minds that it is +possible to see. A characteristic detail; outside of her immediate +family, no one had ever known her first name. She was called +_Mademoiselle Gillenormand, the elder_. + +In the matter of _cant_, Mademoiselle Gillenormand could have given +points to a miss. Her modesty was carried to the other extreme of +blackness. She cherished a frightful memory of her life; one day, a man +had beheld her garter. + +Age had only served to accentuate this pitiless modesty. Her guimpe was +never sufficiently opaque, and never ascended sufficiently high. She +multiplied clasps and pins where no one would have dreamed of looking. +The peculiarity of prudery is to place all the more sentinels in +proportion as the fortress is the less menaced. + +Nevertheless, let him who can explain these antique mysteries of +innocence, she allowed an officer of the Lancers, her grand nephew, +named ThĂ©odule, to embrace her without displeasure. + +In spite of this favored Lancer, the label: _Prude_, under which we +have classed her, suited her to absolute perfection. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand was a sort of twilight soul. Prudery is a demi-virtue and +a demi-vice. + +To prudery she added bigotry, a well-assorted lining. She belonged to +the society of the Virgin, wore a white veil on certain festivals, +mumbled special orisons, revered “the holy blood,” venerated “the +sacred heart,” remained for hours in contemplation before a +rococo-jesuit altar in a chapel which was inaccessible to the rank and +file of the faithful, and there allowed her soul to soar among little +clouds of marble, and through great rays of gilded wood. + +She had a chapel friend, an ancient virgin like herself, named +Mademoiselle Vaubois, who was a positive blockhead, and beside whom +Mademoiselle Gillenormand had the pleasure of being an eagle. Beyond +the Agnus Dei and Ave Maria, Mademoiselle Vaubois had no knowledge of +anything except of the different ways of making preserves. Mademoiselle +Vaubois, perfect in her style, was the ermine of stupidity without a +single spot of intelligence. + +Let us say it plainly, Mademoiselle Gillenormand had gained rather than +lost as she grew older. This is the case with passive natures. She had +never been malicious, which is relative kindness; and then, years wear +away the angles, and the softening which comes with time had come to +her. She was melancholy with an obscure sadness of which she did not +herself know the secret. There breathed from her whole person the +stupor of a life that was finished, and which had never had a +beginning. + +She kept house for her father. M. Gillenormand had his daughter near +him, as we have seen that Monseigneur Bienvenu had his sister with him. +These households comprised of an old man and an old spinster are not +rare, and always have the touching aspect of two weaknesses leaning on +each other for support. + +There was also in this house, between this elderly spinster and this +old man, a child, a little boy, who was always trembling and mute in +the presence of M. Gillenormand. M. Gillenormand never addressed this +child except in a severe voice, and sometimes, with uplifted cane: +“Here, sir! rascal, scoundrel, come here!—Answer me, you scamp! Just +let me see you, you good-for-nothing!” etc., etc. He idolized him. + +This was his grandson. We shall meet with this child again later on. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—THE GRANDFATHER AND THE GRANDSON + + + + +CHAPTER I—AN ANCIENT SALON + + +When M. Gillenormand lived in the Rue Servandoni, he had frequented +many very good and very aristocratic salons. Although a bourgeois, M. +Gillenormand was received in society. As he had a double measure of +wit, in the first place, that which was born with him, and secondly, +that which was attributed to him, he was even sought out and made much +of. He never went anywhere except on condition of being the chief +person there. There are people who will have influence at any price, +and who will have other people busy themselves over them; when they +cannot be oracles, they turn wags. M. Gillenormand was not of this +nature; his domination in the Royalist salons which he frequented cost +his self-respect nothing. He was an oracle everywhere. It had happened +to him to hold his own against M. de Bonald, and even against M. +Bengy-Puy-VallĂ©e. + +About 1817, he invariably passed two afternoons a week in a house in +his own neighborhood, in the Rue FĂ©rou, with Madame la Baronne de T., a +worthy and respectable person, whose husband had been Ambassador of +France to Berlin under Louis XVI. Baron de T., who, during his +lifetime, had gone very passionately into ecstasies and magnetic +visions, had died bankrupt, during the emigration, leaving, as his +entire fortune, some very curious Memoirs about Mesmer and his tub, in +ten manuscript volumes, bound in red morocco and gilded on the edges. +Madame de T. had not published the memoirs, out of pride, and +maintained herself on a meagre income which had survived no one knew +how. + +Madame de T. lived far from the Court; “a very mixed society,” as she +said, in a noble isolation, proud and poor. A few friends assembled +twice a week about her widowed hearth, and these constituted a purely +Royalist salon. They sipped tea there, and uttered groans or cries of +horror at the century, the charter, the Bonapartists, the prostitution +of the blue ribbon, or the Jacobinism of Louis XVIII., according as the +wind veered towards elegy or dithyrambs; and they spoke in low tones of +the hopes which were presented by Monsieur, afterwards Charles X. + +The songs of the fishwomen, in which Napoleon was called _Nicolas_, +were received there with transports of joy. Duchesses, the most +delicate and charming women in the world, went into ecstasies over +couplets like the following, addressed to “the federates”:— + +Refoncez dans vos culottes +Le bout d’ chemis’ qui vous pend. +Qu’on n’ dis’ pas qu’ les patriotes +Ont arborĂ© l’ drapeau blanc?20 + + +There they amused themselves with puns which were considered terrible, +with innocent plays upon words which they supposed to be venomous, with +quatrains, with distiches even; thus, upon the Dessolles ministry, a +moderate cabinet, of which MM. Decazes and Deserre were members:— + +Pour raffermir le trĂŽne Ă©branlĂ© sur sa base, +Il faut changer de sol, et de serre et de case.21 + + +Or they drew up a list of the chamber of peers, “an abominably Jacobin +chamber,” and from this list they combined alliances of names, in such +a manner as to form, for example, phrases like the following: _Damas. +Sabran. Gouvion-Saint-Cyr_.—All this was done merrily. In that society, +they parodied the Revolution. They used I know not what desires to give +point to the same wrath in inverse sense. They sang their little _Ça +ira: _— + +Ah! ça ira ça ira ça ira! +Les Bonapartistes Ă  la lanterne! + + +Songs are like the guillotine; they chop away indifferently, to-day +this head, to-morrow that. It is only a variation. + +In the FualdĂšs affair, which belongs to this epoch, 1816, they took +part for Bastide and Jausion, because FualdĂšs was “a Buonapartist.” +They designated the liberals as f_riends and brothers_; this +constituted the most deadly insult. + +Like certain church towers, Madame de T.’s salon had two cocks. One of +them was M. Gillenormand, the other was Comte de Lamothe-Valois, of +whom it was whispered about, with a sort of respect: “Do you know? That +is the Lamothe of the affair of the necklace.” These singular amnesties +do occur in parties. + +Let us add the following: in the bourgeoisie, honored situations decay +through too easy relations; one must beware whom one admits; in the +same way that there is a loss of caloric in the vicinity of those who +are cold, there is a diminution of consideration in the approach of +despised persons. The ancient society of the upper classes held +themselves above this law, as above every other. Marigny, the brother +of the Pompadour, had his entry with M. le Prince de Soubise. In spite +of? No, because. Du Barry, the god-father of the Vaubernier, was very +welcome at the house of M. le MarĂ©chal de Richelieu. This society is +Olympus. Mercury and the Prince de GuĂ©menĂ©e are at home there. A thief +is admitted there, provided he be a god. + +The Comte de Lamothe, who, in 1815, was an old man seventy-five years +of age, had nothing remarkable about him except his silent and +sententious air, his cold and angular face, his perfectly polished +manners, his coat buttoned up to his cravat, and his long legs always +crossed in long, flabby trousers of the hue of burnt sienna. His face +was the same color as his trousers. + +This M. de Lamothe was “held in consideration” in this salon on account +of his “celebrity” and, strange to say, though true, because of his +name of Valois. + +As for M. Gillenormand, his consideration was of absolutely first-rate +quality. He had, in spite of his levity, and without its interfering in +any way with his dignity, a certain manner about him which was +imposing, dignified, honest, and lofty, in a bourgeois fashion; and his +great age added to it. One is not a century with impunity. The years +finally produce around a head a venerable dishevelment. + +In addition to this, he said things which had the genuine sparkle of +the old rock. Thus, when the King of Prussia, after having restored +Louis XVIII., came to pay the latter a visit under the name of the +Count de Ruppin, he was received by the descendant of Louis XIV. +somewhat as though he had been the Marquis de Brandebourg, and with the +most delicate impertinence. M. Gillenormand approved: “All kings who +are not the King of France,” said he, “are provincial kings.” One day, +the following question was put and the following answer returned in his +presence: “To what was the editor of the _Courrier Français_ +condemned?” “To be suspended.” “_Sus_ is superfluous,” observed M. +Gillenormand.22 Remarks of this nature found a situation. + +At the Te Deum on the anniversary of the return of the Bourbons, he +said, on seeing M. de Talleyrand pass by: “There goes his Excellency +the Evil One.” + + +M. Gillenormand was always accompanied by his daughter, that tall +mademoiselle, who was over forty and looked fifty, and by a handsome +little boy of seven years, white, rosy, fresh, with happy and trusting +eyes, who never appeared in that salon without hearing voices murmur +around him: “How handsome he is! What a pity! Poor child!” This child +was the one of whom we dropped a word a while ago. He was called “poor +child,” because he had for a father “a brigand of the Loire.” + + +This brigand of the Loire was M. Gillenormand’s son-in-law, who has +already been mentioned, and whom M. Gillenormand called “the disgrace +of his family.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—ONE OF THE RED SPECTRES OF THAT EPOCH + + +Any one who had chanced to pass through the little town of Vernon at +this epoch, and who had happened to walk across that fine monumental +bridge, which will soon be succeeded, let us hope, by some hideous iron +cable bridge, might have observed, had he dropped his eyes over the +parapet, a man about fifty years of age wearing a leather cap, and +trousers and a waistcoat of coarse gray cloth, to which something +yellow which had been a red ribbon, was sewn, shod with wooden sabots, +tanned by the sun, his face nearly black and his hair nearly white, a +large scar on his forehead which ran down upon his cheek, bowed, bent, +prematurely aged, who walked nearly every day, hoe and sickle in hand, +in one of those compartments surrounded by walls which abut on the +bridge, and border the left bank of the Seine like a chain of terraces, +charming enclosures full of flowers of which one could say, were they +much larger: “these are gardens,” and were they a little smaller: +“these are bouquets.” All these enclosures abut upon the river at one +end, and on a house at the other. The man in the waistcoat and the +wooden shoes of whom we have just spoken, inhabited the smallest of +these enclosures and the most humble of these houses about 1817. He +lived there alone and solitary, silently and poorly, with a woman who +was neither young nor old, neither homely nor pretty, neither a peasant +nor a bourgeoise, who served him. The plot of earth which he called his +garden was celebrated in the town for the beauty of the flowers which +he cultivated there. These flowers were his occupation. + +By dint of labor, of perseverance, of attention, and of buckets of +water, he had succeeded in creating after the Creator, and he had +invented certain tulips and certain dahlias which seemed to have been +forgotten by nature. He was ingenious; he had forestalled Soulange +Bodin in the formation of little clumps of earth of heath mould, for +the cultivation of rare and precious shrubs from America and China. He +was in his alleys from the break of day, in summer, planting, cutting, +hoeing, watering, walking amid his flowers with an air of kindness, +sadness, and sweetness, sometimes standing motionless and thoughtful +for hours, listening to the song of a bird in the trees, the babble of +a child in a house, or with his eyes fixed on a drop of dew at the tip +of a spear of grass, of which the sun made a carbuncle. His table was +very plain, and he drank more milk than wine. A child could make him +give way, and his servant scolded him. He was so timid that he seemed +shy, he rarely went out, and he saw no one but the poor people who +tapped at his pane and his curĂ©, the AbbĂ© Mabeuf, a good old man. +Nevertheless, if the inhabitants of the town, or strangers, or any +chance comers, curious to see his tulips, rang at his little cottage, +he opened his door with a smile. He was the “brigand of the Loire.” + + +Any one who had, at the same time, read military memoirs, biographies, +the _Moniteur_, and the bulletins of the grand army, would have been +struck by a name which occurs there with tolerable frequency, the name +of Georges Pontmercy. When very young, this Georges Pontmercy had been +a soldier in Saintonge’s regiment. The revolution broke out. +Saintonge’s regiment formed a part of the army of the Rhine; for the +old regiments of the monarchy preserved their names of provinces even +after the fall of the monarchy, and were only divided into brigades in +1794. Pontmercy fought at Spire, at Worms, at Neustadt, at Turkheim, at +Alzey, at Mayence, where he was one of the two hundred who formed +Houchard’s rearguard. It was the twelfth to hold its ground against the +corps of the Prince of Hesse, behind the old rampart of Andernach, and +only rejoined the main body of the army when the enemy’s cannon had +opened a breach from the cord of the parapet to the foot of the glacis. +He was under KlĂ©ber at Marchiennes and at the battle of Mont-Palissel, +where a ball from a biscaĂŻen broke his arm. Then he passed to the +frontier of Italy, and was one of the thirty grenadiers who defended +the Col de Tende with Joubert. Joubert was appointed its +adjutant-general, and Pontmercy sub-lieutenant. Pontmercy was by +Berthier’s side in the midst of the grape-shot of that day at Lodi +which caused Bonaparte to say: “Berthier has been cannoneer, cavalier, +and grenadier.” He beheld his old general, Joubert, fall at Novi, at +the moment when, with uplifted sabre, he was shouting: “Forward!” +Having been embarked with his company in the exigencies of the +campaign, on board a pinnace which was proceeding from Genoa to some +obscure port on the coast, he fell into a wasps’-nest of seven or eight +English vessels. The Genoese commander wanted to throw his cannon into +the sea, to hide the soldiers between decks, and to slip along in the +dark as a merchant vessel. Pontmercy had the colors hoisted to the +peak, and sailed proudly past under the guns of the British frigates. +Twenty leagues further on, his audacity having increased, he attacked +with his pinnace, and captured a large English transport which was +carrying troops to Sicily, and which was so loaded down with men and +horses that the vessel was sunk to the level of the sea. In 1805 he was +in that Malher division which took GĂŒnzberg from the Archduke +Ferdinand. At Weltingen he received into his arms, beneath a storm of +bullets, Colonel Maupetit, mortally wounded at the head of the 9th +Dragoons. He distinguished himself at Austerlitz in that admirable +march in echelons effected under the enemy’s fire. When the cavalry of +the Imperial Russian Guard crushed a battalion of the 4th of the line, +Pontmercy was one of those who took their revenge and overthrew the +Guard. The Emperor gave him the cross. Pontmercy saw Wurmser at Mantua, +MĂ©las, and Alexandria, Mack at Ulm, made prisoners in succession. He +formed a part of the eighth corps of the grand army which Mortier +commanded, and which captured Hamburg. Then he was transferred to the +55th of the line, which was the old regiment of Flanders. At Eylau he +was in the cemetery where, for the space of two hours, the heroic +Captain Louis Hugo, the uncle of the author of this book, sustained +alone with his company of eighty-three men every effort of the hostile +army. Pontmercy was one of the three who emerged alive from that +cemetery. He was at Friedland. Then he saw Moscow. Then La BĂ©rĂ©sina, +then Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Wachau, Leipzig, and the defiles of +Gelenhausen; then Montmirail, ChĂąteau-Thierry, Craon, the banks of the +Marne, the banks of the Aisne, and the redoubtable position of Laon. At +Arnay-Le-Duc, being then a captain, he put ten Cossacks to the sword, +and saved, not his general, but his corporal. He was well slashed up on +this occasion, and twenty-seven splinters were extracted from his left +arm alone. Eight days before the capitulation of Paris he had just +exchanged with a comrade and entered the cavalry. He had what was +called under the old regime, _the double hand_, that is to say, an +equal aptitude for handling the sabre or the musket as a soldier, or a +squadron or a battalion as an officer. It is from this aptitude, +perfected by a military education, which certain special branches of +the service arise, the dragoons, for example, who are both cavalry-men +and infantry at one and the same time. He accompanied Napoleon to the +Island of Elba. At Waterloo, he was chief of a squadron of cuirassiers, +in Dubois’ brigade. It was he who captured the standard of the +Lunenburg battalion. He came and cast the flag at the Emperor’s feet. +He was covered with blood. While tearing down the banner he had +received a sword-cut across his face. The Emperor, greatly pleased, +shouted to him: “You are a colonel, you are a baron, you are an officer +of the Legion of Honor!” Pontmercy replied: “Sire, I thank you for my +widow.” An hour later, he fell in the ravine of Ohain. Now, who was +this Georges Pontmercy? He was this same “brigand of the Loire.” + + +We have already seen something of his history. After Waterloo, +Pontmercy, who had been pulled out of the hollow road of Ohain, as it +will be remembered, had succeeded in joining the army, and had dragged +himself from ambulance to ambulance as far as the cantonments of the +Loire. + +The Restoration had placed him on half-pay, then had sent him into +residence, that is to say, under surveillance, at Vernon. King Louis +XVIII., regarding all that which had taken place during the Hundred +Days as not having occurred at all, did not recognize his quality as an +officer of the Legion of Honor, nor his grade of colonel, nor his title +of baron. He, on his side, neglected no occasion of signing himself +“Colonel Baron Pontmercy.” He had only an old blue coat, and he never +went out without fastening to it his rosette as an officer of the +Legion of Honor. The Attorney for the Crown had him warned that the +authorities would prosecute him for “illegal” wearing of this +decoration. When this notice was conveyed to him through an officious +intermediary, Pontmercy retorted with a bitter smile: “I do not know +whether I no longer understand French, or whether you no longer speak +it; but the fact is that I do not understand.” Then he went out for +eight successive days with his rosette. They dared not interfere with +him. Two or three times the Minister of War and the general in command +of the department wrote to him with the following address: _“A Monsieur +le Commandant Pontmercy.” _ He sent back the letters with the seals +unbroken. At the same moment, Napoleon at Saint Helena was treating in +the same fashion the missives of Sir Hudson Lowe addressed to _General +Bonaparte_. Pontmercy had ended, may we be pardoned the expression, by +having in his mouth the same saliva as his Emperor. + +In the same way, there were at Rome Carthaginian prisoners who refused +to salute Flaminius, and who had a little of Hannibal’s spirit. + +One day he encountered the district-attorney in one of the streets of +Vernon, stepped up to him, and said: “Mr. Crown Attorney, am I +permitted to wear my scar?” + + +He had nothing save his meagre half-pay as chief of squadron. He had +hired the smallest house which he could find at Vernon. He lived there +alone, we have just seen how. Under the Empire, between two wars, he +had found time to marry Mademoiselle Gillenormand. The old bourgeois, +thoroughly indignant at bottom, had given his consent with a sigh, +saying: “The greatest families are forced into it.” In 1815, Madame +Pontmercy, an admirable woman in every sense, by the way, lofty in +sentiment and rare, and worthy of her husband, died, leaving a child. +This child had been the colonel’s joy in his solitude; but the +grandfather had imperatively claimed his grandson, declaring that if +the child were not given to him he would disinherit him. The father had +yielded in the little one’s interest, and had transferred his love to +flowers. + +Moreover, he had renounced everything, and neither stirred up mischief +nor conspired. He shared his thoughts between the innocent things which +he was then doing and the great things which he had done. He passed his +time in expecting a pink or in recalling Austerlitz. + +M. Gillenormand kept up no relations with his son-in-law. The colonel +was “a bandit” to him. M. Gillenormand never mentioned the colonel, +except when he occasionally made mocking allusions to “his Baronship.” +It had been expressly agreed that Pontmercy should never attempt to see +his son nor to speak to him, under penalty of having the latter handed +over to him disowned and disinherited. For the Gillenormands, Pontmercy +was a man afflicted with the plague. They intended to bring up the +child in their own way. Perhaps the colonel was wrong to accept these +conditions, but he submitted to them, thinking that he was doing right +and sacrificing no one but himself. + +The inheritance of Father Gillenormand did not amount to much; but the +inheritance of Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder was considerable. +This aunt, who had remained unmarried, was very rich on the maternal +side, and her sister’s son was her natural heir. The boy, whose name +was Marius, knew that he had a father, but nothing more. No one opened +his mouth to him about it. Nevertheless, in the society into which his +grandfather took him, whispers, innuendoes, and winks, had eventually +enlightened the little boy’s mind; he had finally understood something +of the case, and as he naturally took in the ideas and opinions which +were, so to speak, the air he breathed, by a sort of infiltration and +slow penetration, he gradually came to think of his father only with +shame and with a pain at his heart. + +While he was growing up in this fashion, the colonel slipped away every +two or three months, came to Paris on the sly, like a criminal breaking +his ban, and went and posted himself at Saint-Sulpice, at the hour when +Aunt Gillenormand led Marius to the mass. There, trembling lest the +aunt should turn round, concealed behind a pillar, motionless, not +daring to breathe, he gazed at his child. The scarred veteran was +afraid of that old spinster. + +From this had arisen his connection with the curĂ© of Vernon, M. l’AbbĂ© +Mabeuf. + +That worthy priest was the brother of a warden of Saint-Sulpice, who +had often observed this man gazing at his child, and the scar on his +cheek, and the large tears in his eyes. That man, who had so manly an +air, yet who was weeping like a woman, had struck the warden. That face +had clung to his mind. One day, having gone to Vernon to see his +brother, he had encountered Colonel Pontmercy on the bridge, and had +recognized the man of Saint-Sulpice. The warden had mentioned the +circumstance to the curĂ©, and both had paid the colonel a visit, on +some pretext or other. This visit led to others. The colonel, who had +been extremely reserved at first, ended by opening his heart, and the +curĂ© and the warden finally came to know the whole history, and how +Pontmercy was sacrificing his happiness to his child’s future. This +caused the curĂ© to regard him with veneration and tenderness, and the +colonel, on his side, became fond of the curĂ©. And moreover, when both +are sincere and good, no men so penetrate each other, and so amalgamate +with each other, as an old priest and an old soldier. At bottom, the +man is the same. The one has devoted his life to his country here +below, the other to his country on high; that is the only difference. + +Twice a year, on the first of January and on St. George’s day, Marius +wrote duty letters to his father, which were dictated by his aunt, and +which one would have pronounced to be copied from some formula; this +was all that M. Gillenormand tolerated; and the father answered them +with very tender letters which the grandfather thrust into his pocket +unread. + + + + +CHAPTER III—REQUIESCANT + + +Madame de T.’s salon was all that Marius Pontmercy knew of the world. +It was the only opening through which he could get a glimpse of life. +This opening was sombre, and more cold than warmth, more night than +day, came to him through this skylight. This child, who had been all +joy and light on entering this strange world, soon became melancholy, +and, what is still more contrary to his age, grave. Surrounded by all +those singular and imposing personages, he gazed about him with serious +amazement. Everything conspired to increase this astonishment in him. +There were in Madame de T.’s salon some very noble ladies named Mathan, +NoĂ©, LĂ©vis,—which was pronounced LĂ©vi,—Cambis, pronounced Cambyse. +These antique visages and these Biblical names mingled in the child’s +mind with the Old Testament which he was learning by heart, and when +they were all there, seated in a circle around a dying fire, sparely +lighted by a lamp shaded with green, with their severe profiles, their +gray or white hair, their long gowns of another age, whose lugubrious +colors could not be distinguished, dropping, at rare intervals, words +which were both majestic and severe, little Marius stared at them with +frightened eyes, in the conviction that he beheld not women, but +patriarchs and magi, not real beings, but phantoms. + +With these phantoms, priests were sometimes mingled, frequenters of +this ancient salon, and some gentlemen; the Marquis de Sass****, +private secretary to Madame de Berry, the Vicomte de Val***, who +published, under the pseudonym of _Charles-Antoine_, monorhymed odes, +the Prince de Beauff*******, who, though very young, had a gray head +and a pretty and witty wife, whose very low-necked toilettes of scarlet +velvet with gold torsades alarmed these shadows, the Marquis de C***** +d’E******, the man in all France who best understood “proportioned +politeness,” the Comte d’Am*****, the kindly man with the amiable chin, +and the ChĂ©valier de Port-de-Guy, a pillar of the library of the +Louvre, called the King’s cabinet, M. de Port-de-Guy, bald, and rather +aged than old, was wont to relate that in 1793, at the age of sixteen, +he had been put in the galleys as refractory and chained with an +octogenarian, the Bishop of Mirepoix, also refractory, but as a priest, +while he was so in the capacity of a soldier. This was at Toulon. Their +business was to go at night and gather up on the scaffold the heads and +bodies of the persons who had been guillotined during the day; they +bore away on their backs these dripping corpses, and their red +galley-slave blouses had a clot of blood at the back of the neck, which +was dry in the morning and wet at night. These tragic tales abounded in +Madame de T.’s salon, and by dint of cursing Marat, they applauded +Trestaillon. Some deputies of the undiscoverable variety played their +whist there; M. Thibord du Chalard, M. Lemarchant de Gomicourt, and the +celebrated scoffer of the right, M. Cornet-Dincourt. The bailiff de +Ferrette, with his short breeches and his thin legs, sometimes +traversed this salon on his way to M. de Talleyrand. He had been M. le +Comte d’Artois’ companion in pleasures and unlike Aristotle crouching +under Campaspe, he had made the Guimard crawl on all fours, and in that +way he had exhibited to the ages a philosopher avenged by a bailiff. As +for the priests, there was the AbbĂ© Halma, the same to whom M. Larose, +his collaborator on _la Foudre_, said: “Bah! Who is there who is not +fifty years old? a few greenhorns perhaps?” The AbbĂ© Letourneur, +preacher to the King, the AbbĂ© Frayssinous, who was not, as yet, either +count, or bishop, or minister, or peer, and who wore an old cassock +whose buttons were missing, and the AbbĂ© Keravenant, CurĂ© of +Saint-Germain-des-PrĂ©s; also the Pope’s Nuncio, then Monsignor Macchi, +Archbishop of Nisibi, later on Cardinal, remarkable for his long, +pensive nose, and another Monsignor, entitled thus: Abbate Palmieri, +domestic prelate, one of the seven participant prothonotaries of the +Holy See, Canon of the illustrious Liberian basilica, Advocate of the +saints, _Postulatore dei Santi_, which refers to matters of +canonization, and signifies very nearly: Master of Requests of the +section of Paradise. Lastly, two cardinals, M. de la Luzerne, and M. de +Cl****** T*******. The Cardinal of Luzerne was a writer and was +destined to have, a few years later, the honor of signing in the +_Conservateur_ articles side by side with Chateaubriand; M. de Cl****** +T******* was Archbishop of Toul****, and often made trips to Paris, to +his nephew, the Marquis de T*******, who was Minister of Marine and +War. The Cardinal of Cl****** T******* was a merry little man, who +displayed his red stockings beneath his tucked-up cassock; his +specialty was a hatred of the EncyclopĂŠdia, and his desperate play at +billiards, and persons who, at that epoch, passed through the Rue +M***** on summer evenings, where the hotel de Cl****** T******* then +stood, halted to listen to the shock of the balls and the piercing +voice of the Cardinal shouting to his conclavist, Monseigneur Cotiret, +Bishop _in partibus_ of Caryste: “Mark, AbbĂ©, I make a cannon.” The +Cardinal de Cl****** T******* had been brought to Madame de T.’s by his +most intimate friend, M. de Roquelaure, former Bishop of Senlis, and +one of the Forty. M. de Roquelaure was notable for his lofty figure and +his assiduity at the Academy; through the glass door of the neighboring +hall of the library where the French Academy then held its meetings, +the curious could, on every Tuesday, contemplate the Ex-Bishop of +Senlis, usually standing erect, freshly powdered, in violet hose, with +his back turned to the door, apparently for the purpose of allowing a +better view of his little collar. All these ecclesiastics, though for +the most part as much courtiers as churchmen, added to the gravity of +the T. salon, whose seigniorial aspect was accentuated by five peers of +France, the Marquis de Vib****, the Marquis de Tal***, the Marquis de +Herb*******, the Vicomte Damb***, and the Duc de Val********. This Duc +de Val********, although Prince de Mon***, that is to say a reigning +prince abroad, had so high an idea of France and its peerage, that he +viewed everything through their medium. It was he who said: “The +Cardinals are the peers of France of Rome; the lords are the peers of +France of England.” Moreover, as it is indispensable that the +Revolution should be everywhere in this century, this feudal salon was, +as we have said, dominated by a bourgeois. M. Gillenormand reigned +there. + +There lay the essence and quintessence of the Parisian white society. +There reputations, even Royalist reputations, were held in quarantine. +There is always a trace of anarchy in renown. Chateaubriand, had he +entered there, would have produced the effect of PĂšre DuchĂȘne. Some of +the scoffed-at did, nevertheless, penetrate thither on sufferance. +Comte Beug*** was received there, subject to correction. + +The “noble” salons of the present day no longer resemble those salons. +The Faubourg Saint-Germain reeks of the fagot even now. The Royalists +of to-day are demagogues, let us record it to their credit. + +At Madame de T.’s the society was superior, taste was exquisite and +haughty, under the cover of a great show of politeness. Manners there +admitted of all sorts of involuntary refinements which were the old +rĂ©gime itself, buried but still alive. Some of these habits, especially +in the matter of language, seem eccentric. Persons but superficially +acquainted with them would have taken for provincial that which was +only antique. A woman was called _Madame la GĂ©nĂ©rale. Madame la +Colonelle_ was not entirely disused. The charming Madame de LĂ©on, in +memory, no doubt, of the Duchesses de Longueville and de Chevreuse, +preferred this appellation to her title of Princesse. The Marquise de +CrĂ©quy was also called _Madame la Colonelle_. + +It was this little high society which invented at the Tuileries the +refinement of speaking to the King in private as _the King_, in the +third person, and never as _Your Majesty_, the designation of _Your +Majesty_ having been “soiled by the usurper.” + + +Men and deeds were brought to judgment there. They jeered at the age, +which released them from the necessity of understanding it. They +abetted each other in amazement. They communicated to each other that +modicum of light which they possessed. Methuselah bestowed information +on Epimenides. The deaf man made the blind man acquainted with the +course of things. They declared that the time which had elapsed since +Coblentz had not existed. In the same manner that Louis XVIII. was by +the grace of God, in the five and twentieth year of his reign, the +emigrants were, by rights, in the five and twentieth year of their +adolescence. + +All was harmonious; nothing was too much alive; speech hardly amounted +to a breath; the newspapers, agreeing with the salons, seemed a +papyrus. There were some young people, but they were rather dead. The +liveries in the antechamber were antiquated. These utterly obsolete +personages were served by domestics of the same stamp. + +They all had the air of having lived a long time ago, and of +obstinately resisting the sepulchre. Nearly the whole dictionary +consisted of _Conserver, Conservation, Conservateur; to be in good +odor_,—that was the point. There are, in fact, aromatics in the +opinions of these venerable groups, and their ideas smelled of it. It +was a mummified society. The masters were embalmed, the servants were +stuffed with straw. + +A worthy old marquise, an _emigrĂ©e_ and ruined, who had but a solitary +maid, continued to say: “My people.” + + +What did they do in Madame de T.’s salon? They were ultra. + +To be ultra; this word, although what it represents may not have +disappeared, has no longer any meaning at the present day. Let us +explain it. + +To be ultra is to go beyond. It is to attack the sceptre in the name of +the throne, and the mitre in the name of the altar; it is to ill-treat +the thing which one is dragging, it is to kick over the traces; it is +to cavil at the fagot on the score of the amount of cooking received by +heretics; it is to reproach the idol with its small amount of idolatry; +it is to insult through excess of respect; it is to discover that the +Pope is not sufficiently papish, that the King is not sufficiently +royal, and that the night has too much light; it is to be discontented +with alabaster, with snow, with the swan and the lily in the name of +whiteness; it is to be a partisan of things to the point of becoming +their enemy; it is to be so strongly for, as to be against. + +The ultra spirit especially characterizes the first phase of the +Restoration. + +Nothing in history resembles that quarter of an hour which begins in +1814 and terminates about 1820, with the advent of M. de VillĂšle, the +practical man of the Right. These six years were an extraordinary +moment; at one and the same time brilliant and gloomy, smiling and +sombre, illuminated as by the radiance of dawn and entirely covered, at +the same time, with the shadows of the great catastrophes which still +filled the horizon and were slowly sinking into the past. There existed +in that light and that shadow, a complete little new and old world, +comic and sad, juvenile and senile, which was rubbing its eyes; nothing +resembles an awakening like a return; a group which regarded France +with ill-temper, and which France regarded with irony; good old owls of +marquises by the streetful, who had returned, and of ghosts, the +“former” subjects of amazement at everything, brave and noble gentlemen +who smiled at being in France but wept also, delighted to behold their +country once more, in despair at not finding their monarchy; the +nobility of the Crusades treating the nobility of the Empire, that is +to say, the nobility of the sword, with scorn; historic races who had +lost the sense of history; the sons of the companions of Charlemagne +disdaining the companions of Napoleon. The swords, as we have just +remarked, returned the insult; the sword of Fontenoy was laughable and +nothing but a scrap of rusty iron; the sword of Marengo was odious and +was only a sabre. Former days did not recognize Yesterday. People no +longer had the feeling for what was grand. There was some one who +called Bonaparte Scapin. This Society no longer exists. Nothing of it, +we repeat, exists to-day. When we select from it some one figure at +random, and attempt to make it live again in thought, it seems as +strange to us as the world before the Deluge. It is because it, too, as +a matter of fact, has been engulfed in a deluge. It has disappeared +beneath two Revolutions. What billows are ideas! How quickly they cover +all that it is their mission to destroy and to bury, and how promptly +they create frightful gulfs! + +Such was the physiognomy of the salons of those distant and candid +times when M. Martainville had more wit than Voltaire. + +These salons had a literature and politics of their own. They believed +in FiĂ©vĂ©e. M. Agier laid down the law in them. They commentated M. +Colnet, the old bookseller and publicist of the Quay Malaquais. +Napoleon was to them thoroughly the Corsican Ogre. Later on the +introduction into history of M. le Marquis de Bonaparte, +Lieutenant-General of the King’s armies, was a concession to the spirit +of the age. + +These salons did not long preserve their purity. Beginning with 1818, +doctrinarians began to spring up in them, a disturbing shade. Their way +was to be Royalists and to excuse themselves for being so. Where the +ultras were very proud, the doctrinarians were rather ashamed. They had +wit; they had silence; their political dogma was suitably impregnated +with arrogance; they should have succeeded. They indulged, and usefully +too, in excesses in the matter of white neckties and tightly buttoned +coats. The mistake or the misfortune of the doctrinarian party was to +create aged youth. They assumed the poses of wise men. They dreamed of +engrafting a temperate power on the absolute and excessive principle. +They opposed, and sometimes with rare intelligence, conservative +liberalism to the liberalism which demolishes. They were heard to say: +“Thanks for Royalism! It has rendered more than one service. It has +brought back tradition, worship, religion, respect. It is faithful, +brave, chivalric, loving, devoted. It has mingled, though with regret, +the secular grandeurs of the monarchy with the new grandeurs of the +nation. Its mistake is not to understand the Revolution, the Empire, +glory, liberty, young ideas, young generations, the age. But this +mistake which it makes with regard to us,—have we not sometimes been +guilty of it towards them? The Revolution, whose heirs we are, ought to +be intelligent on all points. To attack Royalism is a misconstruction +of liberalism. What an error! And what blindness! Revolutionary France +is wanting in respect towards historic France, that is to say, towards +its mother, that is to say, towards itself. After the 5th of September, +the nobility of the monarchy is treated as the nobility of the Empire +was treated after the 5th of July. They were unjust to the eagle, we +are unjust to the fleur-de-lys. It seems that we must always have +something to proscribe! Does it serve any purpose to ungild the crown +of Louis XIV., to scrape the coat of arms of Henry IV.? We scoff at M. +de Vaublanc for erasing the N’s from the bridge of Jena! What was it +that he did? What are we doing? Bouvines belongs to us as well as +Marengo. The fleurs-de-lys are ours as well as the N’s. That is our +patrimony. To what purpose shall we diminish it? We must not deny our +country in the past any more than in the present. Why not accept the +whole of history? Why not love the whole of France?” + + +It is thus that doctrinarians criticised and protected Royalism, which +was displeased at criticism and furious at protection. + +The ultras marked the first epoch of Royalism, congregation +characterized the second. Skill follows ardor. Let us confine ourselves +here to this sketch. + +In the course of this narrative, the author of this book has +encountered in his path this curious moment of contemporary history; he +has been forced to cast a passing glance upon it, and to trace once +more some of the singular features of this society which is unknown +to-day. But he does it rapidly and without any bitter or derisive idea. +Souvenirs both respectful and affectionate, for they touch his mother, +attach him to this past. Moreover, let us remark, this same petty world +had a grandeur of its own. One may smile at it, but one can neither +despise nor hate it. It was the France of former days. + +Marius Pontmercy pursued some studies, as all children do. When he +emerged from the hands of Aunt Gillenormand, his grandfather confided +him to a worthy professor of the most purely classic innocence. This +young soul which was expanding passed from a prude to a vulgar pedant. + +Marius went through his years of college, then he entered the law +school. He was a Royalist, fanatical and severe. He did not love his +grandfather much, as the latter’s gayety and cynicism repelled him, and +his feelings towards his father were gloomy. + +He was, on the whole, a cold and ardent, noble, generous, proud, +religious, enthusiastic lad; dignified to harshness, pure to shyness. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—END OF THE BRIGAND + + +The conclusion of Marius’ classical studies coincided with M. +Gillenormand’s departure from society. The old man bade farewell to the +Faubourg Saint-Germain and to Madame de T.’s salon, and established +himself in the Marais, in his house of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. +There he had for servants, in addition to the porter, that chambermaid, +Nicolette, who had succeeded to Magnon, and that short-breathed and +pursy Basque, who have been mentioned above. + +In 1827, Marius had just attained his seventeenth year. One evening, on +his return home, he saw his grandfather holding a letter in his hand. + +“Marius,” said M. Gillenormand, “you will set out for Vernon +to-morrow.” + + +“Why?” said Marius. + +“To see your father.” + + +Marius was seized with a trembling fit. He had thought of everything +except this—that he should one day be called upon to see his father. +Nothing could be more unexpected, more surprising, and, let us admit +it, more disagreeable to him. It was forcing estrangement into +reconciliation. It was not an affliction, but it was an unpleasant +duty. + +Marius, in addition to his motives of political antipathy, was +convinced that his father, _the slasher_, as M. Gillenormand called him +on his amiable days, did not love him; this was evident, since he had +abandoned him to others. Feeling that he was not beloved, he did not +love. “Nothing is more simple,” he said to himself. + +He was so astounded that he did not question M. Gillenormand. The +grandfather resumed:— + +“It appears that he is ill. He demands your presence.” + + +And after a pause, he added:— + +“Set out to-morrow morning. I think there is a coach which leaves the +Cour des Fontaines at six o’clock, and which arrives in the evening. +Take it. He says that here is haste.” + + +Then he crushed the letter in his hand and thrust it into his pocket. +Marius might have set out that very evening and have been with his +father on the following morning. A diligence from the Rue du Bouloi +took the trip to Rouen by night at that date, and passed through +Vernon. Neither Marius nor M. Gillenormand thought of making inquiries +about it. + +The next day, at twilight, Marius reached Vernon. People were just +beginning to light their candles. He asked the first person whom he met +for “M. Pontmercy’s house.” For in his own mind, he agreed with the +Restoration, and like it, did not recognize his father’s claim to the +title of either colonel or baron. + +The house was pointed out to him. He rang; a woman with a little lamp +in her hand opened the door. + +“M. Pontmercy?” said Marius. + +The woman remained motionless. + +“Is this his house?” demanded Marius. + +The woman nodded affirmatively. + +“Can I speak with him?” + + +The woman shook her head. + +“But I am his son!” persisted Marius. “He is expecting me.” + + +“He no longer expects you,” said the woman. + +Then he perceived that she was weeping. + +She pointed to the door of a room on the ground floor; he entered. + +In that room, which was lighted by a tallow candle standing on the +chimney-piece, there were three men, one standing erect, another +kneeling, and one lying at full length, on the floor in his shirt. The +one on the floor was the colonel. + +The other two were the doctor, and the priest, who was engaged in +prayer. + +The colonel had been attacked by brain fever three days previously. As +he had a foreboding of evil at the very beginning of his illness, he +had written to M. Gillenormand to demand his son. The malady had grown +worse. On the very evening of Marius’ arrival at Vernon, the colonel +had had an attack of delirium; he had risen from his bed, in spite of +the servant’s efforts to prevent him, crying: “My son is not coming! I +shall go to meet him!” Then he ran out of his room and fell prostrate +on the floor of the antechamber. He had just expired. + +The doctor had been summoned, and the curĂ©. The doctor had arrived too +late. The son had also arrived too late. + +By the dim light of the candle, a large tear could be distinguished on +the pale and prostrate colonel’s cheek, where it had trickled from his +dead eye. The eye was extinguished, but the tear was not yet dry. That +tear was his son’s delay. + +Marius gazed upon that man whom he beheld for the first time, on that +venerable and manly face, on those open eyes which saw not, on those +white locks, those robust limbs, on which, here and there, brown lines, +marking sword-thrusts, and a sort of red stars, which indicated +bullet-holes, were visible. He contemplated that gigantic sear which +stamped heroism on that countenance upon which God had imprinted +goodness. He reflected that this man was his father, and that this man +was dead, and a chill ran over him. + +The sorrow which he felt was the sorrow which he would have felt in the +presence of any other man whom he had chanced to behold stretched out +in death. + +Anguish, poignant anguish, was in that chamber. The servant-woman was +lamenting in a corner, the curĂ© was praying, and his sobs were audible, +the doctor was wiping his eyes; the corpse itself was weeping. + +The doctor, the priest, and the woman gazed at Marius in the midst of +their affliction without uttering a word; he was the stranger there. +Marius, who was far too little affected, felt ashamed and embarrassed +at his own attitude; he held his hat in his hand; and he dropped it on +the floor, in order to produce the impression that grief had deprived +him of the strength to hold it. + +At the same time, he experienced remorse, and he despised himself for +behaving in this manner. But was it his fault? He did not love his +father? Why should he! + +The colonel had left nothing. The sale of big furniture barely paid the +expenses of his burial. + +The servant found a scrap of paper, which she handed to Marius. It +contained the following, in the colonel’s handwriting:— + +“_For my son_.—The Emperor made me a Baron on the battle-field of +Waterloo. Since the Restoration disputes my right to this title which I +purchased with my blood, my son shall take it and bear it. That he will +be worthy of it is a matter of course.” Below, the colonel had added: +“At that same battle of Waterloo, a sergeant saved my life. The man’s +name was ThĂ©nardier. I think that he has recently been keeping a little +inn, in a village in the neighborhood of Paris, at Chelles or +Montfermeil. If my son meets him, he will do all the good he can to +ThĂ©nardier.” + + +Marius took this paper and preserved it, not out of duty to his father, +but because of that vague respect for death which is always imperious +in the heart of man. + +Nothing remained of the colonel. M. Gillenormand had his sword and +uniform sold to an old-clothes dealer. The neighbors devastated the +garden and pillaged the rare flowers. The other plants turned to +nettles and weeds, and died. + +Marius remained only forty-eight hours at Vernon. After the interment +he returned to Paris, and applied himself again to his law studies, +with no more thought of his father than if the latter had never lived. +In two days the colonel was buried, and in three forgotten. + +Marius wore crape on his hat. That was all. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE UTILITY OF GOING TO MASS, IN ORDER TO BECOME A +REVOLUTIONIST + + +Marius had preserved the religious habits of his childhood. One Sunday, +when he went to hear mass at Saint-Sulpice, at that same chapel of the +Virgin whither his aunt had led him when a small lad, he placed himself +behind a pillar, being more absent-minded and thoughtful than usual on +that occasion, and knelt down, without paying any special heed, upon a +chair of Utrecht velvet, on the back of which was inscribed this name: +_Monsieur Mabeuf, warden_. Mass had hardly begun when an old man +presented himself and said to Marius:— + +“This is my place, sir.” + + +Marius stepped aside promptly, and the old man took possession of his +chair. + +The mass concluded, Marius still stood thoughtfully a few paces +distant; the old man approached him again and said:— + +“I beg your pardon, sir, for having disturbed you a while ago, and for +again disturbing you at this moment; you must have thought me +intrusive, and I will explain myself.” + + +“There is no need of that, Sir,” said Marius. + +“Yes!” went on the old man, “I do not wish you to have a bad opinion of +me. You see, I am attached to this place. It seems to me that the mass +is better from here. Why? I will tell you. It is from this place, that +I have watched a poor, brave father come regularly, every two or three +months, for the last ten years, since he had no other opportunity and +no other way of seeing his child, because he was prevented by family +arrangements. He came at the hour when he knew that his son would be +brought to mass. The little one never suspected that his father was +there. Perhaps he did not even know that he had a father, poor +innocent! The father kept behind a pillar, so that he might not be +seen. He gazed at his child and he wept. He adored that little fellow, +poor man! I could see that. This spot has become sanctified in my +sight, and I have contracted a habit of coming hither to listen to the +mass. I prefer it to the stall to which I have a right, in my capacity +of warden. I knew that unhappy gentleman a little, too. He had a +father-in-law, a wealthy aunt, relatives, I don’t know exactly what +all, who threatened to disinherit the child if he, the father, saw him. +He sacrificed himself in order that his son might be rich and happy +some day. He was separated from him because of political opinions. +Certainly, I approve of political opinions, but there are people who do +not know where to stop. Mon Dieu! a man is not a monster because he was +at Waterloo; a father is not separated from his child for such a reason +as that. He was one of Bonaparte’s colonels. He is dead, I believe. He +lived at Vernon, where I have a brother who is a curĂ©, and his name was +something like Pontmarie or Montpercy. He had a fine sword-cut, on my +honor.” + + +“Pontmercy,” suggested Marius, turning pale. + +“Precisely, Pontmercy. Did you know him?” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, “he was my father.” + + +The old warden clasped his hands and exclaimed:— + +“Ah! you are the child! Yes, that’s true, he must be a man by this +time. Well! poor child, you may say that you had a father who loved you +dearly!” + + +Marius offered his arm to the old man and conducted him to his +lodgings. + +On the following day, he said to M. Gillenormand:— + +“I have arranged a hunting-party with some friends. Will you permit me +to be absent for three days?” + + +“Four!” replied his grandfather. “Go and amuse yourself.” + + +And he said to his daughter in a low tone, and with a wink, “Some love +affair!” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE CONSEQUENCES OF HAVING MET A WARDEN + + +Where it was that Marius went will be disclosed a little further on. + +Marius was absent for three days, then he returned to Paris, went +straight to the library of the law-school and asked for the files of +the _Moniteur_. + +He read the _Moniteur_, he read all the histories of the Republic and +the Empire, the _Memorial de Sainte-HĂ©lĂšne_, all the memoirs, all the +newspapers, the bulletins, the proclamations; he devoured everything. +The first time that he came across his father’s name in the bulletins +of the grand army, he had a fever for a week. He went to see the +generals under whom Georges Pontmercy had served, among others, Comte +H. Church-warden Mabeuf, whom he went to see again, told him about the +life at Vernon, the colonel’s retreat, his flowers, his solitude. +Marius came to a full knowledge of that rare, sweet, and sublime man, +that species of lion-lamb who had been his father. + +In the meanwhile, occupied as he was with this study which absorbed all +his moments as well as his thoughts, he hardly saw the Gillenormands at +all. He made his appearance at meals; then they searched for him, and +he was not to be found. Father Gillenormand smiled. “Bah! bah! He is +just of the age for the girls!” Sometimes the old man added: “The +deuce! I thought it was only an affair of gallantry. It seems that it +is an affair of passion!” + + +It was a passion, in fact. Marius was on the high road to adoring his +father. + +At the same time, his ideas underwent an extraordinary change. The +phases of this change were numerous and successive. As this is the +history of many minds of our day, we think it will prove useful to +follow these phases step by step and to indicate them all. + +That history upon which he had just cast his eyes appalled him. + +The first effect was to dazzle him. + +Up to that time, the Republic, the Empire, had been to him only +monstrous words. The Republic, a guillotine in the twilight; the +Empire, a sword in the night. He had just taken a look at it, and where +he had expected to find only a chaos of shadows, he had beheld, with a +sort of unprecedented surprise, mingled with fear and joy, stars +sparkling, Mirabeau, Vergniaud, Saint-Just, Robespierre, Camille, +Desmoulins, Danton, and a sun arise, Napoleon. He did not know where he +stood. He recoiled, blinded by the brilliant lights. Little by little, +when his astonishment had passed off, he grew accustomed to this +radiance, he contemplated these deeds without dizziness, he examined +these personages without terror; the Revolution and the Empire +presented themselves luminously, in perspective, before his mind’s eye; +he beheld each of these groups of events and of men summed up in two +tremendous facts: the Republic in the sovereignty of civil right +restored to the masses, the Empire in the sovereignty of the French +idea imposed on Europe; he beheld the grand figure of the people emerge +from the Revolution, and the grand figure of France spring forth from +the Empire. He asserted in his conscience, that all this had been good. +What his dazzled state neglected in this, his first far too synthetic +estimation, we do not think it necessary to point out here. It is the +state of a mind on the march that we are recording. Progress is not +accomplished in one stage. That stated, once for all, in connection +with what precedes as well as with what is to follow, we continue. + +He then perceived that, up to that moment, he had comprehended his +country no more than he had comprehended his father. He had not known +either the one or the other, and a sort of voluntary night had obscured +his eyes. Now he saw, and on the one hand he admired, while on the +other he adored. + +He was filled with regret and remorse, and he reflected in despair that +all he had in his soul could now be said only to the tomb. Oh! if his +father had still been in existence, if he had still had him, if God, in +his compassion and his goodness, had permitted his father to be still +among the living, how he would have run, how he would have precipitated +himself, how he would have cried to his father: “Father! Here I am! It +is I! I have the same heart as thou! I am thy son!” How he would have +embraced that white head, bathed his hair in tears, gazed upon his +scar, pressed his hands, adored his garment, kissed his feet! Oh! Why +had his father died so early, before his time, before the justice, the +love of his son had come to him? Marius had a continual sob in his +heart, which said to him every moment: “Alas!” At the same time, he +became more truly serious, more truly grave, more sure of his thought +and his faith. At each instant, gleams of the true came to complete his +reason. An inward growth seemed to be in progress within him. He was +conscious of a sort of natural enlargement, which gave him two things +that were new to him—his father and his country. + +As everything opens when one has a key, so he explained to himself that +which he had hated, he penetrated that which he had abhorred; +henceforth he plainly perceived the providential, divine and human +sense of the great things which he had been taught to detest, and of +the great men whom he had been instructed to curse. When he reflected +on his former opinions, which were but those of yesterday, and which, +nevertheless, seemed to him already so very ancient, he grew indignant, +yet he smiled. + +From the rehabilitation of his father, he naturally passed to the +rehabilitation of Napoleon. + +But the latter, we will confess, was not effected without labor. + +From his infancy, he had been imbued with the judgments of the party of +1814, on Bonaparte. Now, all the prejudices of the Restoration, all its +interests, all its instincts tended to disfigure Napoleon. It execrated +him even more than it did Robespierre. It had very cleverly turned to +sufficiently good account the fatigue of the nation, and the hatred of +mothers. Bonaparte had become an almost fabulous monster, and in order +to paint him to the imagination of the people, which, as we lately +pointed out, resembles the imagination of children, the party of 1814 +made him appear under all sorts of terrifying masks in succession, from +that which is terrible though it remains grandiose to that which is +terrible and becomes grotesque, from Tiberius to the bugaboo. Thus, in +speaking of Bonaparte, one was free to sob or to puff up with laughter, +provided that hatred lay at the bottom. Marius had never +entertained—about _that man_, as he was called—any other ideas in his +mind. They had combined with the tenacity which existed in his nature. +There was in him a headstrong little man who hated Napoleon. + +On reading history, on studying him, especially in the documents and +materials for history, the veil which concealed Napoleon from the eyes +of Marius was gradually rent. He caught a glimpse of something immense, +and he suspected that he had been deceived up to that moment, on the +score of Bonaparte as about all the rest; each day he saw more +distinctly; and he set about mounting, slowly, step by step, almost +regretfully in the beginning, then with intoxication and as though +attracted by an irresistible fascination, first the sombre steps, then +the vaguely illuminated steps, at last the luminous and splendid steps +of enthusiasm. + +One night, he was alone in his little chamber near the roof. His candle +was burning; he was reading, with his elbows resting on his table close +to the open window. All sorts of reveries reached him from space, and +mingled with his thoughts. What a spectacle is the night! One hears +dull sounds, without knowing whence they proceed; one beholds Jupiter, +which is twelve hundred times larger than the earth, glowing like a +firebrand, the azure is black, the stars shine; it is formidable. + +He was perusing the bulletins of the grand army, those heroic strophes +penned on the field of battle; there, at intervals, he beheld his +father’s name, always the name of the Emperor; the whole of that great +Empire presented itself to him; he felt a flood swelling and rising +within him; it seemed to him at moments that his father passed close to +him like a breath, and whispered in his ear; he gradually got into a +singular state; he thought that he heard drums, cannon, trumpets, the +measured tread of battalions, the dull and distant gallop of the +cavalry; from time to time, his eyes were raised heavenward, and gazed +upon the colossal constellations as they gleamed in the measureless +depths of space, then they fell upon his book once more, and there they +beheld other colossal things moving confusedly. His heart contracted +within him. He was in a transport, trembling, panting. All at once, +without himself knowing what was in him, and what impulse he was +obeying, he sprang to his feet, stretched both arms out of the window, +gazed intently into the gloom, the silence, the infinite darkness, the +eternal immensity, and exclaimed: “Long live the Emperor!” + + +From that moment forth, all was over; the Ogre of Corsica,—the +usurper,—the tyrant,—the monster who was the lover of his own +sisters,—the actor who took lessons of Talma,—the poisoner of +Jaffa,—the tiger,—Buonaparte,—all this vanished, and gave place in his +mind to a vague and brilliant radiance in which shone, at an +inaccessible height, the pale marble phantom of CĂŠsar. The Emperor had +been for his father only the well-beloved captain whom one admires, for +whom one sacrifices one’s self; he was something more to Marius. He was +the predestined constructor of the French group, succeeding the Roman +group in the domination of the universe. He was a prodigious architect, +of a destruction, the continuer of Charlemagne, of Louis XI., of Henry +IV., of Richelieu, of Louis XIV., and of the Committee of Public +Safety, having his spots, no doubt, his faults, his crimes even, being +a man, that is to say; but august in his faults, brilliant in his +spots, powerful in his crime. + +He was the predestined man, who had forced all nations to say: “The +great nation!” He was better than that, he was the very incarnation of +France, conquering Europe by the sword which he grasped, and the world +by the light which he shed. Marius saw in Bonaparte the dazzling +spectre which will always rise upon the frontier, and which will guard +the future. Despot but dictator; a despot resulting from a republic and +summing up a revolution. Napoleon became for him the man-people as +Jesus Christ is the man-God. + +It will be perceived, that like all new converts to a religion, his +conversion intoxicated him, he hurled himself headlong into adhesion +and he went too far. His nature was so constructed; once on the +downward slope, it was almost impossible for him to put on the drag. +Fanaticism for the sword took possession of him, and complicated in his +mind his enthusiasm for the idea. He did not perceive that, along with +genius, and pell-mell, he was admitting force, that is to say, that he +was installing in two compartments of his idolatry, on the one hand +that which is divine, on the other that which is brutal. In many +respects, he had set about deceiving himself otherwise. He admitted +everything. There is a way of encountering error while on one’s way to +the truth. He had a violent sort of good faith which took everything in +the lump. In the new path which he had entered on, in judging the +mistakes of the old regime, as in measuring the glory of Napoleon, he +neglected the attenuating circumstances. + +At all events, a tremendous step had been taken. Where he had formerly +beheld the fall of the monarchy, he now saw the advent of France. His +orientation had changed. What had been his East became the West. He had +turned squarely round. + +All these revolutions were accomplished within him, without his family +obtaining an inkling of the case. + +When, during this mysterious labor, he had entirely shed his old +Bourbon and ultra skin, when he had cast off the aristocrat, the +Jacobite and the Royalist, when he had become thoroughly a +revolutionist, profoundly democratic and republican, he went to an +engraver on the Quai des OrfĂ©vres and ordered a hundred cards bearing +this name: _Le Baron Marius Pontmercy_. + +This was only the strictly logical consequence of the change which had +taken place in him, a change in which everything gravitated round his +father. + +Only, as he did not know any one and could not sow his cards with any +porter, he put them in his pocket. + +By another natural consequence, in proportion as he drew nearer to his +father, to the latter’s memory, and to the things for which the colonel +had fought five and twenty years before, he receded from his +grandfather. We have long ago said, that M. Gillenormand’s temper did +not please him. There already existed between them all the dissonances +of the grave young man and the frivolous old man. The gayety of GĂ©ronte +shocks and exasperates the melancholy of Werther. So long as the same +political opinions and the same ideas had been common to them both, +Marius had met M. Gillenormand there as on a bridge. When the bridge +fell, an abyss was formed. And then, over and above all, Marius +experienced unutterable impulses to revolt, when he reflected that it +was M. Gillenormand who had, from stupid motives, torn him ruthlessly +from the colonel, thus depriving the father of the child, and the child +of the father. + +By dint of pity for his father, Marius had nearly arrived at aversion +for his grandfather. + +Nothing of this sort, however, was betrayed on the exterior, as we have +already said. Only he grew colder and colder; laconic at meals, and +rare in the house. When his aunt scolded him for it, he was very gentle +and alleged his studies, his lectures, the examinations, etc., as a +pretext. His grandfather never departed from his infallible diagnosis: +“In love! I know all about it.” + + +From time to time Marius absented himself. + +“Where is it that he goes off like this?” said his aunt. + +On one of these trips, which were always very brief, he went to +Montfermeil, in order to obey the injunction which his father had left +him, and he sought the old sergeant to Waterloo, the inn-keeper +ThĂ©nardier. ThĂ©nardier had failed, the inn was closed, and no one knew +what had become of him. Marius was away from the house for four days on +this quest. + +“He is getting decidedly wild,” said his grandfather. + +They thought they had noticed that he wore something on his breast, +under his shirt, which was attached to his neck by a black ribbon. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—SOME PETTICOAT + + +We have mentioned a lancer. + +He was a great-grand-nephew of M. Gillenormand, on the paternal side, +who led a garrison life, outside the family and far from the domestic +hearth. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule Gillenormand fulfilled all the conditions +required to make what is called a fine officer. He had “a lady’s +waist,” a victorious manner of trailing his sword and of twirling his +moustache in a hook. He visited Paris very rarely, and so rarely that +Marius had never seen him. The cousins knew each other only by name. We +think we have said that ThĂ©odule was the favorite of Aunt Gillenormand, +who preferred him because she did not see him. Not seeing people +permits one to attribute to them all possible perfections. + +One morning, Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder returned to her +apartment as much disturbed as her placidity was capable of allowing. +Marius had just asked his grandfather’s permission to take a little +trip, adding that he meant to set out that very evening. “Go!” had been +his grandfather’s reply, and M. Gillenormand had added in an aside, as +he raised his eyebrows to the top of his forehead: “Here he is passing +the night out again.” Mademoiselle Gillenormand had ascended to her +chamber greatly puzzled, and on the staircase had dropped this +exclamation: “This is too much!”—and this interrogation: “But where is +it that he goes?” She espied some adventure of the heart, more or less +illicit, a woman in the shadow, a rendezvous, a mystery, and she would +not have been sorry to thrust her spectacles into the affair. Tasting a +mystery resembles getting the first flavor of a scandal; sainted souls +do not detest this. There is some curiosity about scandal in the secret +compartments of bigotry. + +So she was the prey of a vague appetite for learning a history. + +In order to get rid of this curiosity which agitated her a little +beyond her wont, she took refuge in her talents, and set about +scalloping, with one layer of cotton after another, one of those +embroideries of the Empire and the Restoration, in which there are +numerous cart-wheels. The work was clumsy, the worker cross. She had +been seated at this for several hours when the door opened. +Mademoiselle Gillenormand raised her nose. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule stood +before her, making the regulation salute. She uttered a cry of delight. +One may be old, one may be a prude, one may be pious, one may be an +aunt, but it is always agreeable to see a lancer enter one’s chamber. + +“You here, ThĂ©odule!” she exclaimed. + +“On my way through town, aunt.” + + +“Embrace me.” + + +“Here goes!” said ThĂ©odule. + +And he kissed her. Aunt Gillenormand went to her writing-desk and +opened it. + +“You will remain with us a week at least?” + + +“I leave this very evening, aunt.” + + +“It is not possible!” + + +“Mathematically!” + + +“Remain, my little ThĂ©odule, I beseech you.” + + +“My heart says ‘yes,’ but my orders say ‘no.’ The matter is simple. +They are changing our garrison; we have been at Melun, we are being +transferred to Gaillon. It is necessary to pass through Paris in order +to get from the old post to the new one. I said: ‘I am going to see my +aunt.’” + + +“Here is something for your trouble.” + + +And she put ten louis into his hand. + +“For my pleasure, you mean to say, my dear aunt.” + + +ThĂ©odule kissed her again, and she experienced the joy of having some +of the skin scratched from her neck by the braidings on his uniform. + +“Are you making the journey on horseback, with your regiment?” she +asked him. + +“No, aunt. I wanted to see you. I have special permission. My servant +is taking my horse; I am travelling by diligence. And, by the way, I +want to ask you something.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“Is my cousin Marius Pontmercy travelling so, too?” + + +“How do you know that?” said his aunt, suddenly pricked to the quick +with a lively curiosity. + +“On my arrival, I went to the diligence to engage my seat in the +coupĂ©.” + + +“Well?” + + +“A traveller had already come to engage a seat in the imperial. I saw +his name on the card.” + + +“What name?” + + +“Marius Pontmercy.” + + +“The wicked fellow!” exclaimed his aunt. “Ah! your cousin is not a +steady lad like yourself. To think that he is to pass the night in a +diligence!” + + +“Just as I am going to do.” + + +“But you—it is your duty; in his case, it is wildness.” + + +“Bosh!” said ThĂ©odule. + +Here an event occurred to Mademoiselle Gillenormand the elder,—an idea +struck her. If she had been a man, she would have slapped her brow. She +apostrophized ThĂ©odule:— + +“Are you aware whether your cousin knows you?” + + +“No. I have seen him; but he has never deigned to notice me.” + + +“So you are going to travel together?” + + +“He in the imperial, I in the coupĂ©.” + + +“Where does this diligence run?” + + +“To Andelys.” + + +“Then that is where Marius is going?” + + +“Unless, like myself, he should stop on the way. I get down at Vernon, +in order to take the branch coach for Gaillon. I know nothing of +Marius’ plan of travel.” + + +“Marius! what an ugly name! what possessed them to name him Marius? +While you, at least, are called ThĂ©odule.” + + +“I would rather be called Alfred,” said the officer. + +“Listen, ThĂ©odule.” + + +“I am listening, aunt.” + + +“Pay attention.” + + +“I am paying attention.” + + +“You understand?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well, Marius absents himself!” + + +“Eh! eh!” + + +“He travels.” + + +“Ah! ah!” + + +“He spends the night out.” + + +“Oh! oh!” + + +“We should like to know what there is behind all this.” + + +ThĂ©odule replied with the composure of a man of bronze:— + +“Some petticoat or other.” + + +And with that inward laugh which denotes certainty, he added:— + +“A lass.” + + +“That is evident,” exclaimed his aunt, who thought she heard M. +Gillenormand speaking, and who felt her conviction become irresistible +at that word _fillette_, accentuated in almost the very same fashion by +the granduncle and the grandnephew. She resumed:— + +“Do us a favor. Follow Marius a little. He does not know you, it will +be easy. Since a lass there is, try to get a sight of her. You must +write us the tale. It will amuse his grandfather.” + + +ThĂ©odule had no excessive taste for this sort of spying; but he was +much touched by the ten louis, and he thought he saw a chance for a +possible sequel. He accepted the commission and said: “As you please, +aunt.” + + +And he added in an aside, to himself: “Here I am a duenna.” + + +Mademoiselle Gillenormand embraced him. + +“You are not the man to play such pranks, ThĂ©odule. You obey +discipline, you are the slave of orders, you are a man of scruples and +duty, and you would not quit your family to go and see a creature.” + + +The lancer made the pleased grimace of Cartouche when praised for his +probity. + +Marius, on the evening following this dialogue, mounted the diligence +without suspecting that he was watched. As for the watcher, the first +thing he did was to fall asleep. His slumber was complete and +conscientious. Argus snored all night long. + +At daybreak, the conductor of the diligence shouted: “Vernon! relay of +Vernon! Travellers for Vernon!” And Lieutenant ThĂ©odule woke. + +“Good,” he growled, still half asleep, “this is where I get out.” + + +Then, as his memory cleared by degrees, the effect of waking, he +recalled his aunt, the ten louis, and the account which he had +undertaken to render of the deeds and proceedings of Marius. This set +him to laughing. + +“Perhaps he is no longer in the coach,” he thought, as he rebuttoned +the waistcoat of his undress uniform. “He may have stopped at Poissy; +he may have stopped at Triel; if he did not get out at Meulan, he may +have got out at Mantes, unless he got out at Rolleboise, or if he did +not go on as far as Pacy, with the choice of turning to the left at +Évreus, or to the right at Laroche-Guyon. Run after him, aunty. What +the devil am I to write to that good old soul?” + + +At that moment a pair of black trousers descending from the imperial, +made its appearance at the window of the coupĂ©. + +“Can that be Marius?” said the lieutenant. + +It was Marius. + +A little peasant girl, all entangled with the horses and the postilions +at the end of the vehicle, was offering flowers to the travellers. +“Give your ladies flowers!” she cried. + +Marius approached her and purchased the finest flowers in her flat +basket. + +“Come now,” said ThĂ©odule, leaping down from the coupĂ©, “this piques my +curiosity. Who the deuce is he going to carry those flowers to? She +must be a splendidly handsome woman for so fine a bouquet. I want to +see her.” + + +And no longer in pursuance of orders, but from personal curiosity, like +dogs who hunt on their own account, he set out to follow Marius. + +Marius paid no attention to ThĂ©odule. Elegant women descended from the +diligence; he did not glance at them. He seemed to see nothing around +him. + +“He is pretty deeply in love!” thought ThĂ©odule. + +Marius directed his steps towards the church. + +“Capital,” said ThĂ©odule to himself. “Rendezvous seasoned with a bit of +mass are the best sort. Nothing is so exquisite as an ogle which passes +over the good God’s head.” + + +On arriving at the church, Marius did not enter it, but skirted the +apse. He disappeared behind one of the angles of the apse. + +“The rendezvous is appointed outside,” said ThĂ©odule. “Let’s have a +look at the lass.” + + +And he advanced on the tips of his boots towards the corner which +Marius had turned. + +On arriving there, he halted in amazement. + +Marius, with his forehead clasped in his hands, was kneeling upon the +grass on a grave. He had strewn his bouquet there. At the extremity of +the grave, on a little swelling which marked the head, there stood a +cross of black wood with this name in white letters: COLONEL BARON +PONTMERCY. Marius’ sobs were audible. + +The “lass” was a grave. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MARBLE AGAINST GRANITE + + +It was hither that Marius had come on the first occasion of his +absenting himself from Paris. It was hither that he had come every time +that M. Gillenormand had said: “He is sleeping out.” + + +Lieutenant ThĂ©odule was absolutely put out of countenance by this +unexpected encounter with a sepulchre; he experienced a singular and +disagreeable sensation which he was incapable of analyzing, and which +was composed of respect for the tomb, mingled with respect for the +colonel. He retreated, leaving Marius alone in the cemetery, and there +was discipline in this retreat. Death appeared to him with large +epaulets, and he almost made the military salute to him. Not knowing +what to write to his aunt, he decided not to write at all; and it is +probable that nothing would have resulted from the discovery made by +ThĂ©odule as to the love affairs of Marius, if, by one of those +mysterious arrangements which are so frequent in chance, the scene at +Vernon had not had an almost immediate counter-shock at Paris. + +Marius returned from Vernon on the third day, in the middle of the +morning, descended at his grandfather’s door, and, wearied by the two +nights spent in the diligence, and feeling the need of repairing his +loss of sleep by an hour at the swimming-school, he mounted rapidly to +his chamber, took merely time enough to throw off his travelling-coat, +and the black ribbon which he wore round his neck, and went off to the +bath. + +M. Gillenormand, who had risen betimes like all old men in good health, +had heard his entrance, and had made haste to climb, as quickly as his +old legs permitted, the stairs to the upper story where Marius lived, +in order to embrace him, and to question him while so doing, and to +find out where he had been. + +But the youth had taken less time to descend than the old man had to +ascend, and when Father Gillenormand entered the attic, Marius was no +longer there. + +The bed had not been disturbed, and on the bed lay, outspread, but not +defiantly the great-coat and the black ribbon. + +“I like this better,” said M. Gillenormand. + +And a moment later, he made his entrance into the salon, where +Mademoiselle Gillenormand was already seated, busily embroidering her +cart-wheels. + +The entrance was a triumphant one. + +M. Gillenormand held in one hand the great-coat, and in the other the +neck-ribbon, and exclaimed:— + +“Victory! We are about to penetrate the mystery! We are going to learn +the most minute details; we are going to lay our finger on the +debaucheries of our sly friend! Here we have the romance itself. I have +the portrait!” + + +In fact, a case of black shagreen, resembling a medallion portrait, was +suspended from the ribbon. + +The old man took this case and gazed at it for some time without +opening it, with that air of enjoyment, rapture, and wrath, with which +a poor hungry fellow beholds an admirable dinner which is not for him, +pass under his very nose. + +“For this evidently is a portrait. I know all about such things. That +is worn tenderly on the heart. How stupid they are! Some abominable +fright that will make us shudder, probably! Young men have such bad +taste nowadays!” + + +“Let us see, father,” said the old spinster. + +The case opened by the pressure of a spring. They found in it nothing +but a carefully folded paper. + +_“From the same to the same,”_ said M. Gillenormand, bursting with +laughter. “I know what it is. A billet-doux.” + + +“Ah! let us read it!” said the aunt. + +And she put on her spectacles. They unfolded the paper and read as +follows:— + +“_For my son_.—The Emperor made me a Baron on the battlefield of +Waterloo. Since the Restoration disputes my right to this title which I +purchased with my blood, my son shall take it and bear it. That he will +be worthy of it is a matter of course.” + + +The feelings of father and daughter cannot be described. They felt +chilled as by the breath of a death’s-head. They did not exchange a +word. + +Only, M. Gillenormand said in a low voice and as though speaking to +himself:— + +“It is the slasher’s handwriting.” + + +The aunt examined the paper, turned it about in all directions, then +put it back in its case. + +At the same moment a little oblong packet, enveloped in blue paper, +fell from one of the pockets of the great-coat. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand picked it up and unfolded the blue paper. + +It contained Marius’ hundred cards. She handed one of them to M. +Gillenormand, who read: _Le Baron Marius Pontmercy_. + +The old man rang the bell. Nicolette came. M. Gillenormand took the +ribbon, the case, and the coat, flung them all on the floor in the +middle of the room, and said:— + +“Carry those duds away.” + + +A full hour passed in the most profound silence. The old man and the +old spinster had seated themselves with their backs to each other, and +were thinking, each on his own account, the same things, in all +probability. + +At the expiration of this hour, Aunt Gillenormand said:—“A pretty state +of things!” + + +A few moments later, Marius made his appearance. He entered. Even +before he had crossed the threshold, he saw his grandfather holding one +of his own cards in his hand, and on catching sight of him, the latter +exclaimed with his air of bourgeois and grinning superiority which was +something crushing:— + +“Well! well! well! well! well! so you are a baron now. I present you my +compliments. What is the meaning of this?” + + +Marius reddened slightly and replied:— + +“It means that I am the son of my father.” + + +M. Gillenormand ceased to laugh, and said harshly:— + +“I am your father.” + + +“My father,” retorted Marius, with downcast eyes and a severe air, “was +a humble and heroic man, who served the Republic and France gloriously, +who was great in the greatest history that men have ever made, who +lived in the bivouac for a quarter of a century, beneath grape-shot and +bullets, in snow and mud by day, beneath rain at night, who captured +two flags, who received twenty wounds, who died forgotten and +abandoned, and who never committed but one mistake, which was to love +too fondly two ingrates, his country and myself.” + + +This was more than M. Gillenormand could bear to hear. At the word +_republic_, he rose, or, to speak more correctly, he sprang to his +feet. Every word that Marius had just uttered produced on the visage of +the old Royalist the effect of the puffs of air from a forge upon a +blazing brand. From a dull hue he had turned red, from red, purple, and +from purple, flame-colored. + +“Marius!” he cried. “Abominable child! I do not know what your father +was! I do not wish to know! I know nothing about that, and I do not +know him! But what I do know is, that there never was anything but +scoundrels among those men! They were all rascals, assassins, red-caps, +thieves! I say all! I say all! I know not one! I say all! Do you hear +me, Marius! See here, you are no more a baron than my slipper is! They +were all bandits in the service of Robespierre! All who served +B-u-o-napartĂ© were brigands! They were all traitors who betrayed, +betrayed, betrayed their legitimate king! All cowards who fled before +the Prussians and the English at Waterloo! That is what I do know! +Whether Monsieur your father comes in that category, I do not know! I +am sorry for it, so much the worse, your humble servant!” + + +In his turn, it was Marius who was the firebrand and M. Gillenormand +who was the bellows. Marius quivered in every limb, he did not know +what would happen next, his brain was on fire. He was the priest who +beholds all his sacred wafers cast to the winds, the fakir who beholds +a passer-by spit upon his idol. It could not be that such things had +been uttered in his presence. What was he to do? His father had just +been trampled under foot and stamped upon in his presence, but by whom? +By his grandfather. How was he to avenge the one without outraging the +other? It was impossible for him to insult his grandfather and it was +equally impossible for him to leave his father unavenged. On the one +hand was a sacred grave, on the other hoary locks. + +He stood there for several moments, staggering as though intoxicated, +with all this whirlwind dashing through his head; then he raised his +eyes, gazed fixedly at his grandfather, and cried in a voice of +thunder:— + +“Down with the Bourbons, and that great hog of a Louis XVIII.!” + + +Louis XVIII. had been dead for four years; but it was all the same to +him. + +The old man, who had been crimson, turned whiter than his hair. He +wheeled round towards a bust of M. le Duc de Berry, which stood on the +chimney-piece, and made a profound bow, with a sort of peculiar +majesty. Then he paced twice, slowly and in silence, from the fireplace +to the window and from the window to the fireplace, traversing the +whole length of the room, and making the polished floor creak as though +he had been a stone statue walking. + +On his second turn, he bent over his daughter, who was watching this +encounter with the stupefied air of an antiquated lamb, and said to her +with a smile that was almost calm: “A baron like this gentleman, and a +bourgeois like myself cannot remain under the same roof.” + + +And drawing himself up, all at once, pallid, trembling, terrible, with +his brow rendered more lofty by the terrible radiance of wrath, he +extended his arm towards Marius and shouted to him:— + +“Be off!” + + +Marius left the house. + +On the following day, M. Gillenormand said to his daughter: + +“You will send sixty pistoles every six months to that blood-drinker, +and you will never mention his name to me.” + + +Having an immense reserve fund of wrath to get rid of, and not knowing +what to do with it, he continued to address his daughter as _you_ +instead of _thou_ for the next three months. + +Marius, on his side, had gone forth in indignation. There was one +circumstance which, it must be admitted, aggravated his exasperation. +There are always petty fatalities of the sort which complicate domestic +dramas. They augment the grievances in such cases, although, in +reality, the wrongs are not increased by them. While carrying Marius’ +“duds” precipitately to his chamber, at his grandfather’s command, +Nicolette had, inadvertently, let fall, probably, on the attic +staircase, which was dark, that medallion of black shagreen which +contained the paper penned by the colonel. Neither paper nor case could +afterwards be found. Marius was convinced that “Monsieur +Gillenormand”—from that day forth he never alluded to him otherwise—had +flung “his father’s testament” in the fire. He knew by heart the few +lines which the colonel had written, and, consequently, nothing was +lost. But the paper, the writing, that sacred relic,—all that was his +very heart. What had been done with it? + +Marius had taken his departure without saying whither he was going, and +without knowing where, with thirty francs, his watch, and a few clothes +in a hand-bag. He had entered a hackney-coach, had engaged it by the +hour, and had directed his course at hap-hazard towards the Latin +quarter. + +What was to become of Marius? + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—THE FRIENDS OF THE A B C + + + + +CHAPTER I—A GROUP WHICH BARELY MISSED BECOMING HISTORIC + + +At that epoch, which was, to all appearances indifferent, a certain +revolutionary quiver was vaguely current. Breaths which had started +forth from the depths of ’89 and ’93 were in the air. Youth was on the +point, may the reader pardon us the word, of moulting. People were +undergoing a transformation, almost without being conscious of it, +through the movement of the age. The needle which moves round the +compass also moves in souls. Each person was taking that step in +advance which he was bound to take. The Royalists were becoming +liberals, liberals were turning democrats. It was a flood tide +complicated with a thousand ebb movements; the peculiarity of ebbs is +to create intermixtures; hence the combination of very singular ideas; +people adored both Napoleon and liberty. We are making history here. +These were the mirages of that period. Opinions traverse phases. +Voltairian royalism, a quaint variety, had a no less singular sequel, +Bonapartist liberalism. + +Other groups of minds were more serious. In that direction, they +sounded principles, they attached themselves to the right. They grew +enthusiastic for the absolute, they caught glimpses of infinite +realizations; the absolute, by its very rigidity, urges spirits towards +the sky and causes them to float in illimitable space. There is nothing +like dogma for bringing forth dreams. And there is nothing like dreams +for engendering the future. Utopia to-day, flesh and blood to-morrow. + +These advanced opinions had a double foundation. A beginning of mystery +menaced “the established order of things,” which was suspicious and +underhand. A sign which was revolutionary to the highest degree. The +second thoughts of power meet the second thoughts of the populace in +the mine. The incubation of insurrections gives the retort to the +premeditation of _coups d’état_. + +There did not, as yet, exist in France any of those vast underlying +organizations, like the German _tugendbund_ and Italian Carbonarism; +but here and there there were dark underminings, which were in process +of throwing off shoots. The Cougourde was being outlined at Aix; there +existed at Paris, among other affiliations of that nature, the society +of the Friends of the A B C. + +What were these Friends of the A B C? A society which had for its +object apparently the education of children, in reality the elevation +of man. + +They declared themselves the Friends of the A B C,—the _AbaissĂ©_,—the +debased,—that is to say, the people. They wished to elevate the people. +It was a pun which we should do wrong to smile at. Puns are sometimes +serious factors in politics; witness the _Castratus ad castra_, which +made a general of the army of Narses; witness: _Barbari et Barberini_; +witness: _Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram_, etc., etc. + +The Friends of the A B C were not numerous, it was a secret society in +the state of embryo, we might almost say a coterie, if coteries ended +in heroes. They assembled in Paris in two localities, near the +fish-market, in a wine-shop called _Corinthe_, of which more will be +heard later on, and near the Pantheon in a little cafĂ© in the Rue +Saint-Michel called the _CafĂ© Musain_, now torn down; the first of +these meeting-places was close to the workingman, the second to the +students. + +The assemblies of the Friends of the A B C were usually held in a back +room of the CafĂ© Musain. + +This hall, which was tolerably remote from the cafĂ©, with which it was +connected by an extremely long corridor, had two windows and an exit +with a private stairway on the little Rue des GrĂšs. There they smoked +and drank, and gambled and laughed. There they conversed in very loud +tones about everything, and in whispers of other things. An old map of +France under the Republic was nailed to the wall,—a sign quite +sufficient to excite the suspicion of a police agent. + +The greater part of the Friends of the A B C were students, who were on +cordial terms with the working classes. Here are the names of the +principal ones. They belong, in a certain measure, to history: +Enjolras, Combeferre, Jean Prouvaire, Feuilly, Courfeyrac, Bahorel, +Lesgle or Laigle, Joly, Grantaire. + +These young men formed a sort of family, through the bond of +friendship. All, with the exception of Laigle, were from the South. + +[Illustration: Friends of the a B C] + +This was a remarkable group. It vanished in the invisible depths which +lie behind us. At the point of this drama which we have now reached, it +will not perhaps be superfluous to throw a ray of light upon these +youthful heads, before the reader beholds them plunging into the shadow +of a tragic adventure. + +Enjolras, whose name we have mentioned first of all,—the reader shall +see why later on,—was an only son and wealthy. + +Enjolras was a charming young man, who was capable of being terrible. +He was angelically handsome. He was a savage Antinous. One would have +said, to see the pensive thoughtfulness of his glance, that he had +already, in some previous state of existence, traversed the +revolutionary apocalypse. He possessed the tradition of it as though he +had been a witness. He was acquainted with all the minute details of +the great affair. A pontifical and warlike nature, a singular thing in +a youth. He was an officiating priest and a man of war; from the +immediate point of view, a soldier of the democracy; above the +contemporary movement, the priest of the ideal. His eyes were deep, his +lids a little red, his lower lip was thick and easily became +disdainful, his brow was lofty. A great deal of brow in a face is like +a great deal of horizon in a view. Like certain young men at the +beginning of this century and the end of the last, who became +illustrious at an early age, he was endowed with excessive youth, and +was as rosy as a young girl, although subject to hours of pallor. +Already a man, he still seemed a child. His two and twenty years +appeared to be but seventeen; he was serious, it did not seem as though +he were aware there was on earth a thing called woman. He had but one +passion—the right; but one thought—to overthrow the obstacle. On Mount +Aventine, he would have been Gracchus; in the Convention, he would have +been Saint-Just. He hardly saw the roses, he ignored spring, he did not +hear the carolling of the birds; the bare throat of Evadne would have +moved him no more than it would have moved Aristogeiton; he, like +Harmodius, thought flowers good for nothing except to conceal the +sword. He was severe in his enjoyments. He chastely dropped his eyes +before everything which was not the Republic. He was the marble lover +of liberty. His speech was harshly inspired, and had the thrill of a +hymn. He was subject to unexpected outbursts of soul. Woe to the +love-affair which should have risked itself beside him! If any grisette +of the Place Cambrai or the Rue Saint-Jean-de-Beauvais, seeing that +face of a youth escaped from college, that page’s mien, those long, +golden lashes, those blue eyes, that hair billowing in the wind, those +rosy cheeks, those fresh lips, those exquisite teeth, had conceived an +appetite for that complete aurora, and had tried her beauty on +Enjolras, an astounding and terrible glance would have promptly shown +her the abyss, and would have taught her not to confound the mighty +cherub of Ezekiel with the gallant Cherubino of Beaumarchais. + +By the side of Enjolras, who represented the logic of the Revolution, +Combeferre represented its philosophy. Between the logic of the +Revolution and its philosophy there exists this difference—that its +logic may end in war, whereas its philosophy can end only in peace. +Combeferre complemented and rectified Enjolras. He was less lofty, but +broader. He desired to pour into all minds the extensive principles of +general ideas: he said: “Revolution, but civilization”; and around the +mountain peak he opened out a vast view of the blue sky. The Revolution +was more adapted for breathing with Combeferre than with Enjolras. +Enjolras expressed its divine right, and Combeferre its natural right. +The first attached himself to Robespierre; the second confined himself +to Condorcet. Combeferre lived the life of all the rest of the world +more than did Enjolras. If it had been granted to these two young men +to attain to history, the one would have been the just, the other the +wise man. Enjolras was the more virile, Combeferre the more humane. +_Homo_ and _vir_, that was the exact effect of their different shades. +Combeferre was as gentle as Enjolras was severe, through natural +whiteness. He loved the word _citizen_, but he preferred the word +_man_. He would gladly have said: _Hombre_, like the Spanish. He read +everything, went to the theatres, attended the courses of public +lecturers, learned the polarization of light from Arago, grew +enthusiastic over a lesson in which Geoffroy Sainte-Hilaire explained +the double function of the external carotid artery, and the internal, +the one which makes the face, and the one which makes the brain; he +kept up with what was going on, followed science step by step, compared +Saint-Simon with Fourier, deciphered hieroglyphics, broke the pebble +which he found and reasoned on geology, drew from memory a silkworm +moth, pointed out the faulty French in the Dictionary of the Academy, +studied PuysĂ©gur and Deleuze, affirmed nothing, not even miracles; +denied nothing, not even ghosts; turned over the files of the +_Moniteur_, reflected. He declared that the future lies in the hand of +the schoolmaster, and busied himself with educational questions. He +desired that society should labor without relaxation at the elevation +of the moral and intellectual level, at coining science, at putting +ideas into circulation, at increasing the mind in youthful persons, and +he feared lest the present poverty of method, the paltriness from a +literary point of view confined to two or three centuries called +classic, the tyrannical dogmatism of official pedants, scholastic +prejudices and routines should end by converting our colleges into +artificial oyster beds. He was learned, a purist, exact, a graduate of +the Polytechnic, a close student, and at the same time, thoughtful +“even to chimĂŠras,” so his friends said. He believed in all dreams, +railroads, the suppression of suffering in chirurgical operations, the +fixing of images in the dark chamber, the electric telegraph, the +steering of balloons. Moreover, he was not much alarmed by the citadels +erected against the human mind in every direction, by superstition, +despotism, and prejudice. He was one of those who think that science +will eventually turn the position. Enjolras was a chief, Combeferre was +a guide. One would have liked to fight under the one and to march +behind the other. It is not that Combeferre was not capable of +fighting, he did not refuse a hand-to-hand combat with the obstacle, +and to attack it by main force and explosively; but it suited him +better to bring the human race into accord with its destiny gradually, +by means of education, the inculcation of axioms, the promulgation of +positive laws; and, between two lights, his preference was rather for +illumination than for conflagration. A conflagration can create an +aurora, no doubt, but why not await the dawn? A volcano illuminates, +but daybreak furnishes a still better illumination. Possibly, +Combeferre preferred the whiteness of the beautiful to the blaze of the +sublime. A light troubled by smoke, progress purchased at the expense +of violence, only half satisfied this tender and serious spirit. The +headlong precipitation of a people into the truth, a ‘93, terrified +him; nevertheless, stagnation was still more repulsive to him, in it he +detected putrefaction and death; on the whole, he preferred scum to +miasma, and he preferred the torrent to the cesspool, and the falls of +Niagara to the lake of Montfaucon. In short, he desired neither halt +nor haste. While his tumultuous friends, captivated by the absolute, +adored and invoked splendid revolutionary adventures, Combeferre was +inclined to let progress, good progress, take its own course; he may +have been cold, but he was pure; methodical, but irreproachable; +phlegmatic, but imperturbable. Combeferre would have knelt and clasped +his hands to enable the future to arrive in all its candor, and that +nothing might disturb the immense and virtuous evolution of the races. +_The good must be innocent_, he repeated incessantly. And in fact, if +the grandeur of the Revolution consists in keeping the dazzling ideal +fixedly in view, and of soaring thither athwart the lightnings, with +fire and blood in its talons, the beauty of progress lies in being +spotless; and there exists between Washington, who represents the one, +and Danton, who incarnates the other, that difference which separates +the swan from the angel with the wings of an eagle. + +Jean Prouvaire was a still softer shade than Combeferre. His name was +Jehan, owing to that petty momentary freak which mingled with the +powerful and profound movement whence sprang the very essential study +of the Middle Ages. Jean Prouvaire was in love; he cultivated a pot of +flowers, played on the flute, made verses, loved the people, pitied +woman, wept over the child, confounded God and the future in the same +confidence, and blamed the Revolution for having caused the fall of a +royal head, that of AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier. His voice was ordinarily delicate, +but suddenly grew manly. He was learned even to erudition, and almost +an Orientalist. Above all, he was good; and, a very simple thing to +those who know how nearly goodness borders on grandeur, in the matter +of poetry, he preferred the immense. He knew Italian, Latin, Greek, and +Hebrew; and these served him only for the perusal of four poets: Dante, +Juvenal, Æschylus, and Isaiah. In French, he preferred Corneille to +Racine, and Agrippa d’AubignĂ© to Corneille. He loved to saunter through +fields of wild oats and corn-flowers, and busied himself with clouds +nearly as much as with events. His mind had two attitudes, one on the +side towards man, the other on that towards God; he studied or he +contemplated. All day long, he buried himself in social questions, +salary, capital, credit, marriage, religion, liberty of thought, +education, penal servitude, poverty, association, property, production +and sharing, the enigma of this lower world which covers the human +ant-hill with darkness; and at night, he gazed upon the planets, those +enormous beings. Like Enjolras, he was wealthy and an only son. He +spoke softly, bowed his head, lowered his eyes, smiled with +embarrassment, dressed badly, had an awkward air, blushed at a mere +nothing, and was very timid. Yet he was intrepid. + +Feuilly was a workingman, a fan-maker, orphaned both of father and +mother, who earned with difficulty three francs a day, and had but one +thought, to deliver the world. He had one other preoccupation, to +educate himself; he called this also, delivering himself. He had taught +himself to read and write; everything that he knew, he had learned by +himself. Feuilly had a generous heart. The range of his embrace was +immense. This orphan had adopted the peoples. As his mother had failed +him, he meditated on his country. He brooded with the profound +divination of the man of the people, over what we now call the _idea of +the nationality_, had learned history with the express object of raging +with full knowledge of the case. In this club of young Utopians, +occupied chiefly with France, he represented the outside world. He had +for his specialty Greece, Poland, Hungary, Roumania, Italy. He uttered +these names incessantly, appropriately and inappropriately, with the +tenacity of right. The violations of Turkey on Greece and Thessaly, of +Russia on Warsaw, of Austria on Venice, enraged him. Above all things, +the great violence of 1772 aroused him. There is no more sovereign +eloquence than the true in indignation; he was eloquent with that +eloquence. He was inexhaustible on that infamous date of 1772, on the +subject of that noble and valiant race suppressed by treason, and that +three-sided crime, on that monstrous ambush, the prototype and pattern +of all those horrible suppressions of states, which, since that time, +have struck many a noble nation, and have annulled their certificate of +birth, so to speak. All contemporary social crimes have their origin in +the partition of Poland. The partition of Poland is a theorem of which +all present political outrages are the corollaries. There has not been +a despot, nor a traitor for nearly a century back, who has not signed, +approved, counter-signed, and copied, _ne variatur_, the partition of +Poland. When the record of modern treasons was examined, that was the +first thing which made its appearance. The congress of Vienna consulted +that crime before consummating its own. 1772 sounded the onset; 1815 +was the death of the game. Such was Feuilly’s habitual text. This poor +workingman had constituted himself the tutor of Justice, and she +recompensed him by rendering him great. The fact is, that there is +eternity in right. Warsaw can no more be Tartar than Venice can be +Teuton. Kings lose their pains and their honor in the attempt to make +them so. Sooner or later, the submerged part floats to the surface and +reappears. Greece becomes Greece again, Italy is once more Italy. The +protest of right against the deed persists forever. The theft of a +nation cannot be allowed by prescription. These lofty deeds of +rascality have no future. A nation cannot have its mark extracted like +a pocket handkerchief. + +Courfeyrac had a father who was called M. de Courfeyrac. One of the +false ideas of the bourgeoisie under the Restoration as regards +aristocracy and the nobility was to believe in the particle. The +particle, as every one knows, possesses no significance. But the +bourgeois of the epoch of _la Minerve_ estimated so highly that poor +_de_, that they thought themselves bound to abdicate it. M. de +Chauvelin had himself called M. Chauvelin; M. de Caumartin, M. +Caumartin; M. de Constant de Robecque, Benjamin Constant; M. de +Lafayette, M. Lafayette. Courfeyrac had not wished to remain behind the +rest, and called himself plain Courfeyrac. + +We might almost, so far as Courfeyrac is concerned, stop here, and +confine ourselves to saying with regard to what remains: “For +Courfeyrac, see TholomyĂšs.” + + +Courfeyrac had, in fact, that animation of youth which may be called +the _beautĂ© du diable_ of the mind. Later on, this disappears like the +playfulness of the kitten, and all this grace ends, with the bourgeois, +on two legs, and with the tomcat, on four paws. + +This sort of wit is transmitted from generation to generation of the +successive levies of youth who traverse the schools, who pass it from +hand to hand, _quasi cursores_, and is almost always exactly the same; +so that, as we have just pointed out, any one who had listened to +Courfeyrac in 1828 would have thought he heard TholomyĂšs in 1817. Only, +Courfeyrac was an honorable fellow. Beneath the apparent similarities +of the exterior mind, the difference between him and TholomyĂšs was very +great. The latent man which existed in the two was totally different in +the first from what it was in the second. There was in TholomyĂšs a +district attorney, and in Courfeyrac a paladin. + +Enjolras was the chief, Combeferre was the guide, Courfeyrac was the +centre. The others gave more light, he shed more warmth; the truth is, +that he possessed all the qualities of a centre, roundness and +radiance. + +Bahorel had figured in the bloody tumult of June, 1822, on the occasion +of the burial of young Lallemand. + +Bahorel was a good-natured mortal, who kept bad company, brave, a +spendthrift, prodigal, and to the verge of generosity, talkative, and +at times eloquent, bold to the verge of effrontery; the best fellow +possible; he had daring waistcoats, and scarlet opinions; a wholesale +blusterer, that is to say, loving nothing so much as a quarrel, unless +it were an uprising; and nothing so much as an uprising, unless it were +a revolution; always ready to smash a window-pane, then to tear up the +pavement, then to demolish a government, just to see the effect of it; +a student in his eleventh year. He had nosed about the law, but did not +practise it. He had taken for his device: “Never a lawyer,” and for his +armorial bearings a nightstand in which was visible a square cap. Every +time that he passed the law-school, which rarely happened, he buttoned +up his frock-coat,—the paletot had not yet been invented,—and took +hygienic precautions. Of the school porter he said: “What a fine old +man!” and of the dean, M. Delvincourt: “What a monument!” In his +lectures he espied subjects for ballads, and in his professors +occasions for caricature. He wasted a tolerably large allowance, +something like three thousand francs a year, in doing nothing. + +He had peasant parents whom he had contrived to imbue with respect for +their son. + +He said of them: “They are peasants and not bourgeois; that is the +reason they are intelligent.” + + +Bahorel, a man of caprice, was scattered over numerous cafĂ©s; the +others had habits, he had none. He sauntered. To stray is human. To +saunter is Parisian. In reality, he had a penetrating mind and was more +of a thinker than appeared to view. + +He served as a connecting link between the Friends of the A B C and +other still unorganized groups, which were destined to take form later +on. + +In this conclave of young heads, there was one bald member. + +The Marquis d’Avaray, whom Louis XVIII. made a duke for having assisted +him to enter a hackney-coach on the day when he emigrated, was wont to +relate, that in 1814, on his return to France, as the King was +disembarking at Calais, a man handed him a petition. + +“What is your request?” said the King. + +“Sire, a post-office.” + + +“What is your name?” + + +“L’Aigle.” + + +The King frowned, glanced at the signature of the petition and beheld +the name written thus: LESGLE. This non-Bonaparte orthography touched +the King and he began to smile. “Sire,” resumed the man with the +petition, “I had for ancestor a keeper of the hounds surnamed +Lesgueules. This surname furnished my name. I am called Lesgueules, by +contraction Lesgle, and by corruption l’Aigle.” This caused the King to +smile broadly. Later on he gave the man the posting office of Meaux, +either intentionally or accidentally. + +The bald member of the group was the son of this Lesgle, or LĂ©gle, and +he signed himself, LĂ©gle [de Meaux]. As an abbreviation, his companions +called him Bossuet. + +Bossuet was a gay but unlucky fellow. His specialty was not to succeed +in anything. As an offset, he laughed at everything. At five and twenty +he was bald. His father had ended by owning a house and a field; but +he, the son, had made haste to lose that house and field in a bad +speculation. He had nothing left. He possessed knowledge and wit, but +all he did miscarried. Everything failed him and everybody deceived +him; what he was building tumbled down on top of him. If he were +splitting wood, he cut off a finger. If he had a mistress, he speedily +discovered that he had a friend also. Some misfortune happened to him +every moment, hence his joviality. He said: “I live under falling +tiles.” He was not easily astonished, because, for him, an accident was +what he had foreseen, he took his bad luck serenely, and smiled at the +teasing of fate, like a person who is listening to pleasantries. He was +poor, but his fund of good humor was inexhaustible. He soon reached his +last sou, never his last burst of laughter. When adversity entered his +doors, he saluted this old acquaintance cordially, he tapped all +catastrophes on the stomach; he was familiar with fatality to the point +of calling it by its nickname: “Good day, Guignon,” he said to it. + +These persecutions of fate had rendered him inventive. He was full of +resources. He had no money, but he found means, when it seemed good to +him, to indulge in “unbridled extravagance.” One night, he went so far +as to eat a “hundred francs” in a supper with a wench, which inspired +him to make this memorable remark in the midst of the orgy: “Pull off +my boots, you five-louis jade.” + + +Bossuet was slowly directing his steps towards the profession of a +lawyer; he was pursuing his law studies after the manner of Bahorel. +Bossuet had not much domicile, sometimes none at all. He lodged now +with one, now with another, most often with Joly. Joly was studying +medicine. He was two years younger than Bossuet. + +Joly was the “malade imaginaire” junior. What he had won in medicine +was to be more of an invalid than a doctor. At three and twenty he +thought himself a valetudinarian, and passed his life in inspecting his +tongue in the mirror. He affirmed that man becomes magnetic like a +needle, and in his chamber he placed his bed with its head to the +south, and the foot to the north, so that, at night, the circulation of +his blood might not be interfered with by the great electric current of +the globe. During thunder storms, he felt his pulse. Otherwise, he was +the gayest of them all. All these young, maniacal, puny, merry +incoherences lived in harmony together, and the result was an eccentric +and agreeable being whom his comrades, who were prodigal of winged +consonants, called Jolllly. “You may fly away on the four _L’s_,” Jean +Prouvaire said to him.23 + +Joly had a trick of touching his nose with the tip of his cane, which +is an indication of a sagacious mind. + +All these young men who differed so greatly, and who, on the whole, can +only be discussed seriously, held the same religion: Progress. + +All were the direct sons of the French Revolution. The most giddy of +them became solemn when they pronounced that date: ’89. Their fathers +in the flesh had been, either royalists, doctrinaires, it matters not +what; this confusion anterior to themselves, who were young, did not +concern them at all; the pure blood of principle ran in their veins. +They attached themselves, without intermediate shades, to incorruptible +right and absolute duty. + +Affiliated and initiated, they sketched out the ideal underground. + +Among all these glowing hearts and thoroughly convinced minds, there +was one sceptic. How came he there? By juxtaposition. This sceptic’s +name was Grantaire, and he was in the habit of signing himself with +this rebus: R. Grantaire was a man who took good care not to believe in +anything. Moreover, he was one of the students who had learned the most +during their course at Paris; he knew that the best coffee was to be +had at the CafĂ© Lemblin, and the best billiards at the CafĂ© Voltaire, +that good cakes and lasses were to be found at the Ermitage, on the +Boulevard du Maine, spatchcocked chickens at Mother Sauget’s, excellent +matelotes at the BarriĂšre de la Cunette, and a certain thin white wine +at the BarriĂšre du Compat. He knew the best place for everything; in +addition, boxing and foot-fencing and some dances; and he was a +thorough single-stick player. He was a tremendous drinker to boot. He +was inordinately homely: the prettiest boot-stitcher of that day, Irma +Boissy, enraged with his homeliness, pronounced sentence on him as +follows: “Grantaire is impossible”; but Grantaire’s fatuity was not to +be disconcerted. He stared tenderly and fixedly at all women, with the +air of saying to them all: “If I only chose!” and of trying to make his +comrades believe that he was in general demand. + +All those words: rights of the people, rights of man, the social +contract, the French Revolution, the Republic, democracy, humanity, +civilization, religion, progress, came very near to signifying nothing +whatever to Grantaire. He smiled at them. Scepticism, that caries of +the intelligence, had not left him a single whole idea. He lived with +irony. This was his axiom: “There is but one certainty, my full glass.” +He sneered at all devotion in all parties, the father as well as the +brother, Robespierre junior as well as Loizerolles. “They are greatly +in advance to be dead,” he exclaimed. He said of the crucifix: “There +is a gibbet which has been a success.” A rover, a gambler, a libertine, +often drunk, he displeased these young dreamers by humming incessantly: +“J’aimons les filles, et j’aimons le bon vin.” Air: Vive Henri IV. + +However, this sceptic had one fanaticism. This fanaticism was neither a +dogma, nor an idea, nor an art, nor a science; it was a man: Enjolras. +Grantaire admired, loved, and venerated Enjolras. To whom did this +anarchical scoffer unite himself in this phalanx of absolute minds? To +the most absolute. In what manner had Enjolras subjugated him? By his +ideas? No. By his character. A phenomenon which is often observable. A +sceptic who adheres to a believer is as simple as the law of +complementary colors. That which we lack attracts us. No one loves the +light like the blind man. The dwarf adores the drum-major. The toad +always has his eyes fixed on heaven. Why? In order to watch the bird in +its flight. Grantaire, in whom writhed doubt, loved to watch faith soar +in Enjolras. He had need of Enjolras. That chaste, healthy, firm, +upright, hard, candid nature charmed him, without his being clearly +aware of it, and without the idea of explaining it to himself having +occurred to him. He admired his opposite by instinct. His soft, +yielding, dislocated, sickly, shapeless ideas attached themselves to +Enjolras as to a spinal column. His moral backbone leaned on that +firmness. Grantaire in the presence of Enjolras became some one once +more. He was, himself, moreover, composed of two elements, which were, +to all appearance, incompatible. He was ironical and cordial. His +indifference loved. His mind could get along without belief, but his +heart could not get along without friendship. A profound contradiction; +for an affection is a conviction. His nature was thus constituted. +There are men who seem to be born to be the reverse, the obverse, the +wrong side. They are Pollux, Patrocles, Nisus, Eudamidas, Ephestion, +Pechmeja. They only exist on condition that they are backed up with +another man; their name is a sequel, and is only written preceded by +the conjunction _and_; and their existence is not their own; it is the +other side of an existence which is not theirs. Grantaire was one of +these men. He was the obverse of Enjolras. + +One might almost say that affinities begin with the letters of the +alphabet. In the series O and P are inseparable. You can, at will, +pronounce O and P or Orestes and Pylades. + +Grantaire, Enjolras’ true satellite, inhabited this circle of young +men; he lived there, he took no pleasure anywhere but there; he +followed them everywhere. His joy was to see these forms go and come +through the fumes of wine. They tolerated him on account of his good +humor. + +Enjolras, the believer, disdained this sceptic; and, a sober man +himself, scorned this drunkard. He accorded him a little lofty pity. +Grantaire was an unaccepted Pylades. Always harshly treated by +Enjolras, roughly repulsed, rejected yet ever returning to the charge, +he said of Enjolras: “What fine marble!” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—BLONDEAU’S FUNERAL ORATION BY BOSSUET + + +On a certain afternoon, which had, as will be seen hereafter, some +coincidence with the events heretofore related, Laigle de Meaux was to +be seen leaning in a sensual manner against the doorpost of the CafĂ© +Musain. He had the air of a caryatid on a vacation; he carried nothing +but his reverie, however. He was staring at the Place Saint-Michel. To +lean one’s back against a thing is equivalent to lying down while +standing erect, which attitude is not hated by thinkers. Laigle de +Meaux was pondering without melancholy, over a little misadventure +which had befallen him two days previously at the law-school, and which +had modified his personal plans for the future, plans which were rather +indistinct in any case. + +Reverie does not prevent a cab from passing by, nor the dreamer from +taking note of that cab. Laigle de Meaux, whose eyes were straying +about in a sort of diffuse lounging, perceived, athwart his +somnambulism, a two-wheeled vehicle proceeding through the place, at a +foot pace and apparently in indecision. For whom was this cabriolet? +Why was it driving at a walk? Laigle took a survey. In it, beside the +coachman, sat a young man, and in front of the young man lay a rather +bulky hand-bag. The bag displayed to passers-by the following name +inscribed in large black letters on a card which was sewn to the stuff: +MARIUS PONTMERCY. + +This name caused Laigle to change his attitude. He drew himself up and +hurled this apostrophe at the young man in the cabriolet:— + +“Monsieur Marius Pontmercy!” + + +The cabriolet thus addressed came to a halt. + +The young man, who also seemed deeply buried in thought, raised his +eyes:— + +“Hey?” said he. + +“You are M. Marius Pontmercy?” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“I was looking for you,” resumed Laigle de Meaux. + +“How so?” demanded Marius; for it was he: in fact, he had just quitted +his grandfather’s, and had before him a face which he now beheld for +the first time. “I do not know you.” + + +“Neither do I know you,” responded Laigle. + +Marius thought he had encountered a wag, the beginning of a +mystification in the open street. He was not in a very good humor at +the moment. He frowned. Laigle de Meaux went on imperturbably:— + +“You were not at the school day before yesterday.” + + +“That is possible.” + + +“That is certain.” + + +“You are a student?” demanded Marius. + +“Yes, sir. Like yourself. Day before yesterday, I entered the school, +by chance. You know, one does have such freaks sometimes. The professor +was just calling the roll. You are not unaware that they are very +ridiculous on such occasions. At the third call, unanswered, your name +is erased from the list. Sixty francs in the gulf.” + + +Marius began to listen. + +“It was Blondeau who was making the call. You know Blondeau, he has a +very pointed and very malicious nose, and he delights to scent out the +absent. He slyly began with the letter P. I was not listening, not +being compromised by that letter. The call was not going badly. No +erasures; the universe was present. Blondeau was grieved. I said to +myself: ‘Blondeau, my love, you will not get the very smallest sort of +an execution to-day.’ All at once Blondeau calls, ‘Marius Pontmercy!’ +No one answers. Blondeau, filled with hope, repeats more loudly: +‘Marius Pontmercy!’ And he takes his pen. Monsieur, I have bowels of +compassion. I said to myself hastily: ‘Here’s a brave fellow who is +going to get scratched out. Attention. Here is a veritable mortal who +is not exact. He’s not a good student. Here is none of your +heavy-sides, a student who studies, a greenhorn pedant, strong on +letters, theology, science, and sapience, one of those dull wits cut by +the square; a pin by profession. He is an honorable idler who lounges, +who practises country jaunts, who cultivates the grisette, who pays +court to the fair sex, who is at this very moment, perhaps, with my +mistress. Let us save him. Death to Blondeau!’ At that moment, Blondeau +dipped his pen in, all black with erasures in the ink, cast his yellow +eyes round the audience room, and repeated for the third time: ‘Marius +Pontmercy!’ I replied: ‘Present!’ This is why you were not crossed +off.” + + +“Monsieur!—” said Marius. + +“And why I was,” added Laigle de Meaux. + +“I do not understand you,” said Marius. + +Laigle resumed:— + +“Nothing is more simple. I was close to the desk to reply, and close to +the door for the purpose of flight. The professor gazed at me with a +certain intensity. All of a sudden, Blondeau, who must be the malicious +nose alluded to by Boileau, skipped to the letter L. L is my letter. I +am from Meaux, and my name is Lesgle.” + + +“L’Aigle!” interrupted Marius, “what fine name!” + + +“Monsieur, Blondeau came to this fine name, and called: ‘Laigle!’ I +reply: ‘Present!’ Then Blondeau gazes at me, with the gentleness of a +tiger, and says to me: ‘If you are Pontmercy, you are not Laigle.’ A +phrase which has a disobliging air for you, but which was lugubrious +only for me. That said, he crossed me off.” + + +Marius exclaimed:— + +“I am mortified, sir—” + + +“First of all,” interposed Laigle, “I demand permission to embalm +Blondeau in a few phrases of deeply felt eulogium. I will assume that +he is dead. There will be no great change required in his gauntness, in +his pallor, in his coldness, and in his smell. And I say: ‘_Erudimini +qui judicatis terram_. Here lies Blondeau, Blondeau the Nose, Blondeau +Nasica, the ox of discipline, _bos disciplinĂŠ_, the bloodhound of the +password, the angel of the roll-call, who was upright, square, exact, +rigid, honest, and hideous. God crossed him off as he crossed me off.’” + + +Marius resumed:— + +“I am very sorry—” + + +“Young man,” said Laigle de Meaux, “let this serve you as a lesson. In +future, be exact.” + + +“I really beg you a thousand pardons.” + + +“Do not expose your neighbor to the danger of having his name erased +again.” + + +“I am extremely sorry—” + + +Laigle burst out laughing. + +“And I am delighted. I was on the brink of becoming a lawyer. This +erasure saves me. I renounce the triumphs of the bar. I shall not +defend the widow, and I shall not attack the orphan. No more toga, no +more stage. Here is my erasure all ready for me. It is to you that I am +indebted for it, Monsieur Pontmercy. I intend to pay a solemn call of +thanks upon you. Where do you live?” + + +“In this cab,” said Marius. + +“A sign of opulence,” retorted Laigle calmly. “I congratulate you. You +have there a rent of nine thousand francs per annum.” + + +At that moment, Courfeyrac emerged from the cafĂ©. + +Marius smiled sadly. + +“I have paid this rent for the last two hours, and I aspire to get rid +of it; but there is a sort of history attached to it, and I don’t know +where to go.” + + +“Come to my place, sir,” said Courfeyrac. + +“I have the priority,” observed Laigle, “but I have no home.” + + +“Hold your tongue, Bossuet,” said Courfeyrac. + +“Bossuet,” said Marius, “but I thought that your name was Laigle.” + + +“De Meaux,” replied Laigle; “by metaphor, Bossuet.” + + +Courfeyrac entered the cab. + +“Coachman,” said he, “hotel de la Porte-Saint-Jacques.” + + +And that very evening, Marius found himself installed in a chamber of +the hotel de la Porte-Saint-Jacques side by side with Courfeyrac. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS’ ASTONISHMENTS + + +In a few days, Marius had become Courfeyrac’s friend. Youth is the +season for prompt welding and the rapid healing of scars. Marius +breathed freely in Courfeyrac’s society, a decidedly new thing for him. +Courfeyrac put no questions to him. He did not even think of such a +thing. At that age, faces disclose everything on the spot. Words are +superfluous. There are young men of whom it can be said that their +countenances chatter. One looks at them and one knows them. + +One morning, however, Courfeyrac abruptly addressed this interrogation +to him:— + +“By the way, have you any political opinions?” + + +“The idea!” said Marius, almost affronted by the question. + +“What are you?” + + +“A democrat-Bonapartist.” + + +“The gray hue of a reassured rat,” said Courfeyrac. + +On the following day, Courfeyrac introduced Marius at the CafĂ© Musain. +Then he whispered in his ear, with a smile: “I must give you your entry +to the revolution.” And he led him to the hall of the Friends of the A +B C. He presented him to the other comrades, saying this simple word +which Marius did not understand: “A pupil.” + + +Marius had fallen into a wasps’-nest of wits. However, although he was +silent and grave, he was, nonetheless, both winged and armed. + +Marius, up to that time solitary and inclined to soliloquy, and to +asides, both by habit and by taste, was a little fluttered by this +covey of young men around him. All these various initiatives solicited +his attention at once, and pulled him about. The tumultuous movements +of these minds at liberty and at work set his ideas in a whirl. +Sometimes, in his trouble, they fled so far from him, that he had +difficulty in recovering them. He heard them talk of philosophy, of +literature, of art, of history, of religion, in unexpected fashion. He +caught glimpses of strange aspects; and, as he did not place them in +proper perspective, he was not altogether sure that it was not chaos +that he grasped. On abandoning his grandfather’s opinions for the +opinions of his father, he had supposed himself fixed; he now +suspected, with uneasiness, and without daring to avow it to himself, +that he was not. The angle at which he saw everything began to be +displaced anew. A certain oscillation set all the horizons of his +brains in motion. An odd internal upsetting. He almost suffered from +it. + +It seemed as though there were no “consecrated things” for those young +men. Marius heard singular propositions on every sort of subject, which +embarrassed his still timid mind. + +A theatre poster presented itself, adorned with the title of a tragedy +from the ancient repertory called classic: “Down with tragedy dear to +the bourgeois!” cried Bahorel. And Marius heard Combeferre reply:— + +“You are wrong, Bahorel. The bourgeoisie loves tragedy, and the +bourgeoisie must be left at peace on that score. Bewigged tragedy has a +reason for its existence, and I am not one of those who, by order of +Æschylus, contest its right to existence. There are rough outlines in +nature; there are, in creation, ready-made parodies; a beak which is +not a beak, wings which are not wings, gills which are not gills, paws +which are not paws, a cry of pain which arouses a desire to laugh, +there is the duck. Now, since poultry exists by the side of the bird, I +do not see why classic tragedy should not exist in the face of antique +tragedy.” + + +Or chance decreed that Marius should traverse Rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau +between Enjolras and Courfeyrac. + +Courfeyrac took his arm:— + +“Pay attention. This is the Rue PlĂątriĂšre, now called Rue Jean-Jacques +Rousseau, on account of a singular household which lived in it sixty +years ago. This consisted of Jean-Jacques and ThĂ©rĂšse. From time to +time, little beings were born there. ThĂ©rĂšse gave birth to them, +Jean-Jacques represented them as foundlings.” + + +And Enjolras addressed Courfeyrac roughly:— + +“Silence in the presence of Jean-Jacques! I admire that man. He denied +his own children, that may be; but he adopted the people.” + + +Not one of these young men articulated the word: The Emperor. Jean +Prouvaire alone sometimes said Napoleon; all the others said +“Bonaparte.” Enjolras pronounced it “Buonaparte.” + + +Marius was vaguely surprised. _Initium sapientiĂŠ_. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE BACK ROOM OF THE CAFÉ MUSAIN + + +One of the conversations among the young men, at which Marius was +present and in which he sometimes joined, was a veritable shock to his +mind. + +This took place in the back room of the CafĂ© Musain. Nearly all the +Friends of the A B C had convened that evening. The argand lamp was +solemnly lighted. They talked of one thing and another, without passion +and with noise. With the exception of Enjolras and Marius, who held +their peace, all were haranguing rather at hap-hazard. Conversations +between comrades sometimes are subject to these peaceable tumults. It +was a game and an uproar as much as a conversation. They tossed words +to each other and caught them up in turn. They were chattering in all +quarters. + +No woman was admitted to this back room, except Louison, the +dish-washer of the cafĂ©, who passed through it from time to time, to go +to her washing in the “lavatory.” + + +Grantaire, thoroughly drunk, was deafening the corner of which he had +taken possession, reasoning and contradicting at the top of his lungs, +and shouting:— + +“I am thirsty. Mortals, I am dreaming: that the tun of Heidelberg has +an attack of apoplexy, and that I am one of the dozen leeches which +will be applied to it. I want a drink. I desire to forget life. Life is +a hideous invention of I know not whom. It lasts no time at all, and is +worth nothing. One breaks one’s neck in living. Life is a theatre set +in which there are but few practicable entrances. Happiness is an +antique reliquary painted on one side only. Ecclesiastes says: ‘All is +vanity.’ I agree with that good man, who never existed, perhaps. Zero +not wishing to go stark naked, clothed himself in vanity. O vanity! The +patching up of everything with big words! a kitchen is a laboratory, a +dancer is a professor, an acrobat is a gymnast, a boxer is a pugilist, +an apothecary is a chemist, a wigmaker is an artist, a hodman is an +architect, a jockey is a sportsman, a wood-louse is a pterigybranche. +Vanity has a right and a wrong side; the right side is stupid, it is +the negro with his glass beads; the wrong side is foolish, it is the +philosopher with his rags. I weep over the one and I laugh over the +other. What are called honors and dignities, and even dignity and +honor, are generally of pinchbeck. Kings make playthings of human +pride. Caligula made a horse a consul; Charles II. made a knight of a +sirloin. Wrap yourself up now, then, between Consul Incitatus and +Baronet Roastbeef. As for the intrinsic value of people, it is no +longer respectable in the least. Listen to the panegyric which neighbor +makes of neighbor. White on white is ferocious; if the lily could +speak, what a setting down it would give the dove! A bigoted woman +prating of a devout woman is more venomous than the asp and the cobra. +It is a shame that I am ignorant, otherwise I would quote to you a mass +of things; but I know nothing. For instance, I have always been witty; +when I was a pupil of Gros, instead of daubing wretched little +pictures, I passed my time in pilfering apples; _rapin_24 is the +masculine of _rapine_. So much for myself; as for the rest of you, you +are worth no more than I am. I scoff at your perfections, excellencies, +and qualities. Every good quality tends towards a defect; economy +borders on avarice, the generous man is next door to the prodigal, the +brave man rubs elbows with the braggart; he who says very pious says a +trifle bigoted; there are just as many vices in virtue as there are +holes in Diogenes’ cloak. Whom do you admire, the slain or the slayer, +CĂŠsar or Brutus? Generally men are in favor of the slayer. Long live +Brutus, he has slain! There lies the virtue. Virtue, granted, but +madness also. There are queer spots on those great men. The Brutus who +killed CĂŠsar was in love with the statue of a little boy. This statue +was from the hand of the Greek sculptor Strongylion, who also carved +that figure of an Amazon known as the Beautiful Leg, Eucnemos, which +Nero carried with him in his travels. This Strongylion left but two +statues which placed Nero and Brutus in accord. Brutus was in love with +the one, Nero with the other. All history is nothing but wearisome +repetition. One century is the plagiarist of the other. The battle of +Marengo copies the battle of Pydna; the Tolbiac of Clovis and the +Austerlitz of Napoleon are as like each other as two drops of water. I +don’t attach much importance to victory. Nothing is so stupid as to +conquer; true glory lies in convincing. But try to prove something! If +you are content with success, what mediocrity, and with conquering, +what wretchedness! Alas, vanity and cowardice everywhere. Everything +obeys success, even grammar. _Si volet usus_, says Horace. Therefore I +disdain the human race. Shall we descend to the party at all? Do you +wish me to begin admiring the peoples? What people, if you please? +Shall it be Greece? The Athenians, those Parisians of days gone by, +slew Phocion, as we might say Coligny, and fawned upon tyrants to such +an extent that Anacephorus said of Pisistratus: “His urine attracts the +bees.” The most prominent man in Greece for fifty years was that +grammarian Philetas, who was so small and so thin that he was obliged +to load his shoes with lead in order not to be blown away by the wind. +There stood on the great square in Corinth a statue carved by Silanion +and catalogued by Pliny; this statue represented Episthates. What did +Episthates do? He invented a trip. That sums up Greece and glory. Let +us pass on to others. Shall I admire England? Shall I admire France? +France? Why? Because of Paris? I have just told you my opinion of +Athens. England? Why? Because of London? I hate Carthage. And then, +London, the metropolis of luxury, is the headquarters of wretchedness. +There are a hundred deaths a year of hunger in the parish of +Charing-Cross alone. Such is Albion. I add, as the climax, that I have +seen an Englishwoman dancing in a wreath of roses and blue spectacles. +A fig then for England! If I do not admire John Bull, shall I admire +Brother Jonathan? I have but little taste for that slave-holding +brother. Take away _Time is money_, what remains of England? Take away +_Cotton is king_, what remains of America? Germany is the lymph, Italy +is the bile. Shall we go into ecstasies over Russia? Voltaire admired +it. He also admired China. I admit that Russia has its beauties, among +others, a stout despotism; but I pity the despots. Their health is +delicate. A decapitated Alexis, a poignarded Peter, a strangled Paul, +another Paul crushed flat with kicks, divers Ivans strangled, with +their throats cut, numerous Nicholases and Basils poisoned, all this +indicates that the palace of the Emperors of Russia is in a condition +of flagrant insalubrity. All civilized peoples offer this detail to the +admiration of the thinker; war; now, war, civilized war, exhausts and +sums up all the forms of ruffianism, from the brigandage of the +Trabuceros in the gorges of Mont Jaxa to the marauding of the Comanche +Indians in the Doubtful Pass. ‘Bah!’ you will say to me, ‘but Europe is +certainly better than Asia?’ I admit that Asia is a farce; but I do not +precisely see what you find to laugh at in the Grand Lama, you peoples +of the west, who have mingled with your fashions and your elegances all +the complicated filth of majesty, from the dirty chemise of Queen +Isabella to the chamber-chair of the Dauphin. Gentlemen of the human +race, I tell you, not a bit of it! It is at Brussels that the most beer +is consumed, at Stockholm the most brandy, at Madrid the most +chocolate, at Amsterdam the most gin, at London the most wine, at +Constantinople the most coffee, at Paris the most absinthe; there are +all the useful notions. Paris carries the day, in short. In Paris, even +the rag-pickers are sybarites; Diogenes would have loved to be a +rag-picker of the Place Maubert better than to be a philosopher at the +PirĂŠus. Learn this in addition; the wineshops of the rag-pickers are +called _bibines_; the most celebrated are the _Saucepan_ and _The +Slaughter-House_. Hence, tea-gardens, goguettes, caboulots, bouibuis, +mastroquets, bastringues, manezingues, bibines of the rag-pickers, +caravanseries of the caliphs, I certify to you, I am a voluptuary, I +eat at Richard’s at forty sous a head, I must have Persian carpets to +roll naked Cleopatra in! Where is Cleopatra? Ah! So it is you, Louison. +Good day.” + + +Thus did Grantaire, more than intoxicated, launch into speech, catching +at the dish-washer in her passage, from his corner in the back room of +the CafĂ© Musain. + +Bossuet, extending his hand towards him, tried to impose silence on +him, and Grantaire began again worse than ever:— + +“Aigle de Meaux, down with your paws. You produce on me no effect with +your gesture of Hippocrates refusing Artaxerxes’ bric-Ă -brac. I excuse +you from the task of soothing me. Moreover, I am sad. What do you wish +me to say to you? Man is evil, man is deformed; the butterfly is a +success, man is a failure. God made a mistake with that animal. A crowd +offers a choice of ugliness. The first comer is a wretch, +_Femme_—woman—rhymes with _infĂąme_,—infamous. Yes, I have the spleen, +complicated with melancholy, with homesickness, plus hypochondria, and +I am vexed and I rage, and I yawn, and I am bored, and I am tired to +death, and I am stupid! Let God go to the devil!” + + +“Silence then, capital R!” resumed Bossuet, who was discussing a point +of law behind the scenes, and who was plunged more than waist high in a +phrase of judicial slang, of which this is the conclusion:— + +“—And as for me, although I am hardly a legist, and at the most, an +amateur attorney, I maintain this: that, in accordance with the terms +of the customs of Normandy, at Saint-Michel, and for each year, an +equivalent must be paid to the profit of the lord of the manor, saving +the rights of others, and by all and several, the proprietors as well +as those seized with inheritance, and that, for all emphyteuses, +leases, freeholds, contracts of domain, mortgages—” + + +“Echo, plaintive nymph,” hummed Grantaire. + +Near Grantaire, an almost silent table, a sheet of paper, an inkstand +and a pen between two glasses of brandy, announced that a vaudeville +was being sketched out. + +This great affair was being discussed in a low voice, and the two heads +at work touched each other: “Let us begin by finding names. When one +has the names, one finds the subject.” + + +“That is true. Dictate. I will write.” + + +“Monsieur Dorimon.” + + +“An independent gentleman?” + + +“Of course.” + + +“His daughter, CĂ©lestine.” + + +“—tine. What next?” + + +“Colonel Sainval.” + + +“Sainval is stale. I should say Valsin.” + + +Beside the vaudeville aspirants, another group, which was also taking +advantage of the uproar to talk low, was discussing a duel. An old +fellow of thirty was counselling a young one of eighteen, and +explaining to him what sort of an adversary he had to deal with. + +“The deuce! Look out for yourself. He is a fine swordsman. His play is +neat. He has the attack, no wasted feints, wrist, dash, lightning, a +just parade, mathematical parries, _bigre!_ and he is left-handed.” + + +In the angle opposite Grantaire, Joly and Bahorel were playing +dominoes, and talking of love. + +“You are in luck, that you are,” Joly was saying. “You have a mistress +who is always laughing.” + + +“That is a fault of hers,” returned Bahorel. “One’s mistress does wrong +to laugh. That encourages one to deceive her. To see her gay removes +your remorse; if you see her sad, your conscience pricks you.” + + +“Ingrate! a woman who laughs is such a good thing! And you never +quarrel!” + + +“That is because of the treaty which we have made. On forming our +little Holy Alliance we assigned ourselves each our frontier, which we +never cross. What is situated on the side of winter belongs to Vaud, on +the side of the wind to Gex. Hence the peace.” + + +“Peace is happiness digesting.” + + +“And you, Jolllly, where do you stand in your entanglement with +Mamselle—you know whom I mean?” + + +“She sulks at me with cruel patience.” + + +“Yet you are a lover to soften the heart with gauntness.” + + +“Alas!” + + +“In your place, I would let her alone.” + + +“That is easy enough to say.” + + +“And to do. Is not her name Musichetta?” + + +“Yes. Ah! my poor Bahorel, she is a superb girl, very literary, with +tiny feet, little hands, she dresses well, and is white and dimpled, +with the eyes of a fortune-teller. I am wild over her.” + + +“My dear fellow, then in order to please her, you must be elegant, and +produce effects with your knees. Buy a good pair of trousers of +double-milled cloth at Staub’s. That will assist.” + + +“At what price?” shouted Grantaire. + +The third corner was delivered up to a poetical discussion. Pagan +mythology was giving battle to Christian mythology. The question was +about Olympus, whose part was taken by Jean Prouvaire, out of pure +romanticism. + +Jean Prouvaire was timid only in repose. Once excited, he burst forth, +a sort of mirth accentuated his enthusiasm, and he was at once both +laughing and lyric. + +“Let us not insult the gods,” said he. “The gods may not have taken +their departure. Jupiter does not impress me as dead. The gods are +dreams, you say. Well, even in nature, such as it is to-day, after the +flight of these dreams, we still find all the grand old pagan myths. +Such and such a mountain with the profile of a citadel, like the +Vignemale, for example, is still to me the headdress of Cybele; it has +not been proved to me that Pan does not come at night to breathe into +the hollow trunks of the willows, stopping up the holes in turn with +his fingers, and I have always believed that Io had something to do +with the cascade of Pissevache.” + + +In the last corner, they were talking politics. The Charter which had +been granted was getting roughly handled. Combeferre was upholding it +weakly. Courfeyrac was energetically making a breach in it. On the +table lay an unfortunate copy of the famous Touquet Charter. Courfeyrac +had seized it, and was brandishing it, mingling with his arguments the +rattling of this sheet of paper. + +“In the first place, I won’t have any kings; if it were only from an +economical point of view, I don’t want any; a king is a parasite. One +does not have kings gratis. Listen to this: the dearness of kings. At +the death of François I., the national debt of France amounted to an +income of thirty thousand livres; at the death of Louis XIV. it was two +milliards, six hundred millions, at twenty-eight livres the mark, which +was equivalent in 1760, according to Desmarets, to four milliards, five +hundred millions, which would to-day be equivalent to twelve milliards. +In the second place, and no offence to Combeferre, a charter granted is +but a poor expedient of civilization. To save the transition, to soften +the passage, to deaden the shock, to cause the nation to pass +insensibly from the monarchy to democracy by the practice of +constitutional fictions,—what detestable reasons all those are! No! no! +let us never enlighten the people with false daylight. Principles +dwindle and pale in your constitutional cellar. No illegitimacy, no +compromise, no grant from the king to the people. In all such grants +there is an Article 14. By the side of the hand which gives there is +the claw which snatches back. I refuse your charter point-blank. A +charter is a mask; the lie lurks beneath it. A people which accepts a +charter abdicates. The law is only the law when entire. No! no +charter!” + + +It was winter; a couple of fagots were crackling in the fireplace. This +was tempting, and Courfeyrac could not resist. He crumpled the poor +Touquet Charter in his fist, and flung it in the fire. The paper +flashed up. Combeferre watched the masterpiece of Louis XVIII. burn +philosophically, and contented himself with saying:— + +“The charter metamorphosed into flame.” + + +And sarcasms, sallies, jests, that French thing which is called +_entrain_, and that English thing which is called humor, good and bad +taste, good and bad reasons, all the wild pyrotechnics of dialogue, +mounting together and crossing from all points of the room, produced a +sort of merry bombardment over their heads. + + + + +CHAPTER V—ENLARGEMENT OF HORIZON + + +The shocks of youthful minds among themselves have this admirable +property, that one can never foresee the spark, nor divine the +lightning flash. What will dart out presently? No one knows. The burst +of laughter starts from a tender feeling. + +At the moment of jest, the serious makes its entry. Impulses depend on +the first chance word. The spirit of each is sovereign, jest suffices +to open the field to the unexpected. These are conversations with +abrupt turns, in which the perspective changes suddenly. Chance is the +stage-manager of such conversations. + +A severe thought, starting oddly from a clash of words, suddenly +traversed the conflict of quips in which Grantaire, Bahorel, Prouvaire, +Bossuet, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac were confusedly fencing. + +How does a phrase crop up in a dialogue? Whence comes it that it +suddenly impresses itself on the attention of those who hear it? We +have just said, that no one knows anything about it. In the midst of +the uproar, Bossuet all at once terminated some apostrophe to +Combeferre, with this date:— + +“June 18th, 1815, Waterloo.” + + +At this name of Waterloo, Marius, who was leaning his elbows on a +table, beside a glass of water, removed his wrist from beneath his +chin, and began to gaze fixedly at the audience. + +“Pardieu!” exclaimed Courfeyrac (“Parbleu” was falling into disuse at +this period), “that number 18 is strange and strikes me. It is +Bonaparte’s fatal number. Place Louis in front and Brumaire behind, you +have the whole destiny of the man, with this significant peculiarity, +that the end treads close on the heels of the commencement.” + + +Enjolras, who had remained mute up to that point, broke the silence and +addressed this remark to Combeferre:— + +“You mean to say, the crime and the expiation.” + + +This word _crime_ overpassed the measure of what Marius, who was +already greatly agitated by the abrupt evocation of Waterloo, could +accept. + +He rose, walked slowly to the map of France spread out on the wall, and +at whose base an island was visible in a separate compartment, laid his +finger on this compartment and said:— + +“Corsica, a little island which has rendered France very great.” + + +This was like a breath of icy air. All ceased talking. They felt that +something was on the point of occurring. + +Bahorel, replying to Bossuet, was just assuming an attitude of the +torso to which he was addicted. He gave it up to listen. + +Enjolras, whose blue eye was not fixed on any one, and who seemed to be +gazing at space, replied, without glancing at Marius:— + +“France needs no Corsica to be great. France is great because she is +France. _Quia nomina leo_.” + + +Marius felt no desire to retreat; he turned towards Enjolras, and his +voice burst forth with a vibration which came from a quiver of his very +being:— + +“God forbid that I should diminish France! But amalgamating Napoleon +with her is not diminishing her. Come! let us argue the question. I am +a newcomer among you, but I will confess that you amaze me. Where do we +stand? Who are we? Who are you? Who am I? Let us come to an explanation +about the Emperor. I hear you say _Buonaparte_, accenting the _u_ like +the Royalists. I warn you that my grandfather does better still; he +says _BuonapartĂ©_’. I thought you were young men. Where, then, is your +enthusiasm? And what are you doing with it? Whom do you admire, if you +do not admire the Emperor? And what more do you want? If you will have +none of that great man, what great men would you like? He had +everything. He was complete. He had in his brain the sum of human +faculties. He made codes like Justinian, he dictated like CĂŠsar, his +conversation was mingled with the lightning-flash of Pascal, with the +thunderclap of Tacitus, he made history and he wrote it, his bulletins +are Iliads, he combined the cipher of Newton with the metaphor of +Mahomet, he left behind him in the East words as great as the pyramids, +at Tilsit he taught Emperors majesty, at the Academy of Sciences he +replied to Laplace, in the Council of State he held his own against +Merlin, he gave a soul to the geometry of the first, and to the +chicanery of the last, he was a legist with the attorneys and sidereal +with the astronomers; like Cromwell blowing out one of two candles, he +went to the Temple to bargain for a curtain tassel; he saw everything; +he knew everything; which did not prevent him from laughing +good-naturedly beside the cradle of his little child; and all at once, +frightened Europe lent an ear, armies put themselves in motion, parks +of artillery rumbled, pontoons stretched over the rivers, clouds of +cavalry galloped in the storm, cries, trumpets, a trembling of thrones +in every direction, the frontiers of kingdoms oscillated on the map, +the sound of a superhuman sword was heard, as it was drawn from its +sheath; they beheld him, him, rise erect on the horizon with a blazing +brand in his hand, and a glow in his eyes, unfolding amid the thunder, +his two wings, the grand army and the old guard, and he was the +archangel of war!” + + +All held their peace, and Enjolras bowed his head. Silence always +produces somewhat the effect of acquiescence, of the enemy being driven +to the wall. Marius continued with increased enthusiasm, and almost +without pausing for breath:— + +“Let us be just, my friends! What a splendid destiny for a nation to be +the Empire of such an Emperor, when that nation is France and when it +adds its own genius to the genius of that man! To appear and to reign, +to march and to triumph, to have for halting-places all capitals, to +take his grenadiers and to make kings of them, to decree the falls of +dynasties, and to transfigure Europe at the pace of a charge; to make +you feel that when you threaten you lay your hand on the hilt of the +sword of God; to follow in a single man, Hannibal, CĂŠsar, Charlemagne; +to be the people of some one who mingles with your dawns the startling +announcement of a battle won, to have the cannon of the Invalides to +rouse you in the morning, to hurl into abysses of light prodigious +words which flame forever, Marengo, Arcola, Austerlitz, Jena, Wagram! +To cause constellations of victories to flash forth at each instant +from the zenith of the centuries, to make the French Empire a pendant +to the Roman Empire, to be the great nation and to give birth to the +grand army, to make its legions fly forth over all the earth, as a +mountain sends out its eagles on all sides to conquer, to dominate, to +strike with lightning, to be in Europe a sort of nation gilded through +glory, to sound athwart the centuries a trumpet-blast of Titans, to +conquer the world twice, by conquest and by dazzling, that is sublime; +and what greater thing is there?” + + +“To be free,” said Combeferre. + +Marius lowered his head in his turn; that cold and simple word had +traversed his epic effusion like a blade of steel, and he felt it +vanishing within him. When he raised his eyes, Combeferre was no longer +there. Probably satisfied with his reply to the apotheosis, he had just +taken his departure, and all, with the exception of Enjolras, had +followed him. The room had been emptied. Enjolras, left alone with +Marius, was gazing gravely at him. Marius, however, having rallied his +ideas to some extent, did not consider himself beaten; there lingered +in him a trace of inward fermentation which was on the point, no doubt, +of translating itself into syllogisms arrayed against Enjolras, when +all of a sudden, they heard some one singing on the stairs as he went. +It was Combeferre, and this is what he was singing:— + +“Si CĂ©sar m’avait donnĂ© +La gloire et la guerre, +Et qu’il me fallait quitter +L’amour de ma mĂšre, +Je dirais au grand CĂ©sar: +Reprends ton sceptre et ton char, +J’aime mieux ma mĂšre, ĂŽ guĂ©! +J’aime mieux ma mĂšre!”25 + + +The wild and tender accents with which Combeferre sang communicated to +this couplet a sort of strange grandeur. Marius, thoughtfully, and with +his eyes diked on the ceiling, repeated almost mechanically: “My +mother?—” + + +At that moment, he felt Enjolras’ hand on his shoulder. + +“Citizen,” said Enjolras to him, “my mother is the Republic.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—RES ANGUSTA + + +That evening left Marius profoundly shaken, and with a melancholy +shadow in his soul. He felt what the earth may possibly feel, at the +moment when it is torn open with the iron, in order that grain may be +deposited within it; it feels only the wound; the quiver of the germ +and the joy of the fruit only arrive later. + +Marius was gloomy. He had but just acquired a faith; must he then +reject it already? He affirmed to himself that he would not. He +declared to himself that he would not doubt, and he began to doubt in +spite of himself. To stand between two religions, from one of which you +have not as yet emerged, and another into which you have not yet +entered, is intolerable; and twilight is pleasing only to bat-like +souls. Marius was clear-eyed, and he required the true light. The +half-lights of doubt pained him. Whatever may have been his desire to +remain where he was, he could not halt there, he was irresistibly +constrained to continue, to advance, to examine, to think, to march +further. Whither would this lead him? He feared, after having taken so +many steps which had brought him nearer to his father, to now take a +step which should estrange him from that father. His discomfort was +augmented by all the reflections which occurred to him. An escarpment +rose around him. He was in accord neither with his grandfather nor with +his friends; daring in the eyes of the one, he was behind the times in +the eyes of the others, and he recognized the fact that he was doubly +isolated, on the side of age and on the side of youth. He ceased to go +to the CafĂ© Musain. + +In the troubled state of his conscience, he no longer thought of +certain serious sides of existence. The realities of life do not allow +themselves to be forgotten. They soon elbowed him abruptly. + +One morning, the proprietor of the hotel entered Marius’ room and said +to him:— + +“Monsieur Courfeyrac answered for you.” + + +“Yes.” + + +“But I must have my money.” + + +“Request Courfeyrac to come and talk with me,” said Marius. + +Courfeyrac having made his appearance, the host left them. Marius then +told him what it had not before occurred to him to relate, that he was +the same as alone in the world, and had no relatives. + +“What is to become of you?” said Courfeyrac. + +“I do not know in the least,” replied Marius. + +“What are you going to do?” + + +“I do not know.” + + +“Have you any money?” + + +“Fifteen francs.” + + +“Do you want me to lend you some?” + + +“Never.” + + +“Have you clothes?” + + +“Here is what I have.” + + +“Have you trinkets?” + + +“A watch.” + + +“Silver?” + + +“Gold; here it is.” + + +“I know a clothes-dealer who will take your frock-coat and a pair of +trousers.” + + +“That is good.” + + +“You will then have only a pair of trousers, a waistcoat, a hat and a +coat.” + + +“And my boots.” + + +“What! you will not go barefoot? What opulence!” + + +“That will be enough.” + + +“I know a watchmaker who will buy your watch.” + + +“That is good.” + + +“No; it is not good. What will you do after that?” + + +“Whatever is necessary. Anything honest, that is to say.” + + +“Do you know English?” + + +“No.” + + +“Do you know German?” + + +“No.” + + +“So much the worse.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because one of my friends, a publisher, is getting up a sort of an +encyclopĂŠdia, for which you might have translated English or German +articles. It is badly paid work, but one can live by it.” + + +“I will learn English and German.” + + +“And in the meanwhile?” + + +“In the meanwhile I will live on my clothes and my watch.” + + +The clothes-dealer was sent for. He paid twenty francs for the cast-off +garments. They went to the watchmaker’s. He bought the watch for +forty-five francs. + +“That is not bad,” said Marius to Courfeyrac, on their return to the +hotel, “with my fifteen francs, that makes eighty.” + + +“And the hotel bill?” observed Courfeyrac. + +“Hello, I had forgotten that,” said Marius. + +The landlord presented his bill, which had to be paid on the spot. It +amounted to seventy francs. + +“I have ten francs left,” said Marius. + +“The deuce,” exclaimed Courfeyrac, “you will eat up five francs while +you are learning English, and five while learning German. That will be +swallowing a tongue very fast, or a hundred sous very slowly.” + + +In the meantime Aunt Gillenormand, a rather good-hearted person at +bottom in difficulties, had finally hunted up Marius’ abode. + +One morning, on his return from the law-school, Marius found a letter +from his aunt, and the _sixty pistoles_, that is to say, six hundred +francs in gold, in a sealed box. + +Marius sent back the thirty louis to his aunt, with a respectful +letter, in which he stated that he had sufficient means of subsistence +and that he should be able thenceforth to supply all his needs. At that +moment, he had three francs left. + +His aunt did not inform his grandfather of this refusal for fear of +exasperating him. Besides, had he not said: “Let me never hear the name +of that blood-drinker again!” + + +Marius left the hotel de la Porte Saint-Jacques, as he did not wish to +run in debt there. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE EXCELLENCE OF MISFORTUNE + + + + +CHAPTER I—MARIUS INDIGENT + + + + +[Illustration: Excellence of Misfortune] + + +Life became hard for Marius. It was nothing to eat his clothes and his +watch. He ate of that terrible, inexpressible thing that is called _de +la vache enragĂ©_; that is to say, he endured great hardships and +privations. A terrible thing it is, containing days without bread, +nights without sleep, evenings without a candle, a hearth without a +fire, weeks without work, a future without hope, a coat out at the +elbows, an old hat which evokes the laughter of young girls, a door +which one finds locked on one at night because one’s rent is not paid, +the insolence of the porter and the cook-shop man, the sneers of +neighbors, humiliations, dignity trampled on, work of whatever nature +accepted, disgusts, bitterness, despondency. Marius learned how all +this is eaten, and how such are often the only things which one has to +devour. At that moment of his existence when a man needs his pride, +because he needs love, he felt that he was jeered at because he was +badly dressed, and ridiculous because he was poor. At the age when +youth swells the heart with imperial pride, he dropped his eyes more +than once on his dilapidated boots, and he knew the unjust shame and +the poignant blushes of wretchedness. Admirable and terrible trial from +which the feeble emerge base, from which the strong emerge sublime. A +crucible into which destiny casts a man, whenever it desires a +scoundrel or a demi-god. + +For many great deeds are performed in petty combats. There are +instances of bravery ignored and obstinate, which defend themselves +step by step in that fatal onslaught of necessities and turpitudes. +Noble and mysterious triumphs which no eye beholds, which are requited +with no renown, which are saluted with no trumpet blast. Life, +misfortune, isolation, abandonment, poverty, are the fields of battle +which have their heroes; obscure heroes, who are, sometimes, grander +than the heroes who win renown. + +Firm and rare natures are thus created; misery, almost always a +step-mother, is sometimes a mother; destitution gives birth to might of +soul and spirit; distress is the nurse of pride; unhappiness is a good +milk for the magnanimous. + +There came a moment in Marius’ life, when he swept his own landing, +when he bought his sou’s worth of Brie cheese at the fruiterer’s, when +he waited until twilight had fallen to slip into the baker’s and +purchase a loaf, which he carried off furtively to his attic as though +he had stolen it. Sometimes there could be seen gliding into the +butcher’s shop on the corner, in the midst of the bantering cooks who +elbowed him, an awkward young man, carrying big books under his arm, +who had a timid yet angry air, who, on entering, removed his hat from a +brow whereon stood drops of perspiration, made a profound bow to the +butcher’s astonished wife, asked for a mutton cutlet, paid six or seven +sous for it, wrapped it up in a paper, put it under his arm, between +two books, and went away. It was Marius. On this cutlet, which he +cooked for himself, he lived for three days. + +On the first day he ate the meat, on the second he ate the fat, on the +third he gnawed the bone. Aunt Gillenormand made repeated attempts, and +sent him the sixty pistoles several times. Marius returned them on +every occasion, saying that he needed nothing. + +He was still in mourning for his father when the revolution which we +have just described was effected within him. From that time forth, he +had not put off his black garments. But his garments were quitting him. +The day came when he had no longer a coat. The trousers would go next. +What was to be done? Courfeyrac, to whom he had, on his side, done some +good turns, gave him an old coat. For thirty sous, Marius got it turned +by some porter or other, and it was a new coat. But this coat was +green. Then Marius ceased to go out until after nightfall. This made +his coat black. As he wished always to appear in mourning, he clothed +himself with the night. + +In spite of all this, he got admitted to practice as a lawyer. He was +supposed to live in Courfeyrac’s room, which was decent, and where a +certain number of law-books backed up and completed by several +dilapidated volumes of romance, passed as the library required by the +regulations. He had his letters addressed to Courfeyrac’s quarters. + +When Marius became a lawyer, he informed his grandfather of the fact in +a letter which was cold but full of submission and respect. M. +Gillenormand trembled as he took the letter, read it, tore it in four +pieces, and threw it into the waste-basket. Two or three days later, +Mademoiselle Gillenormand heard her father, who was alone in his room, +talking aloud to himself. He always did this whenever he was greatly +agitated. She listened, and the old man was saying: “If you were not a +fool, you would know that one cannot be a baron and a lawyer at the +same time.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS POOR + + +It is the same with wretchedness as with everything else. It ends by +becoming bearable. It finally assumes a form, and adjusts itself. One +vegetates, that is to say, one develops in a certain meagre fashion, +which is, however, sufficient for life. This is the mode in which the +existence of Marius Pontmercy was arranged: + +He had passed the worst straits; the narrow pass was opening out a +little in front of him. By dint of toil, perseverance, courage, and +will, he had managed to draw from his work about seven hundred francs a +year. He had learned German and English; thanks to Courfeyrac, who had +put him in communication with his friend the publisher, Marius filled +the modest post of utility man in the literature of the publishing +house. He drew up prospectuses, translated newspapers, annotated +editions, compiled biographies, etc.; net product, year in and year +out, seven hundred francs. He lived on it. How? Not so badly. We will +explain. + +Marius occupied in the Gorbeau house, for an annual sum of thirty +francs, a den minus a fireplace, called a cabinet, which contained only +the most indispensable articles of furniture. This furniture belonged +to him. He gave three francs a month to the old _principal tenant_ to +come and sweep his hole, and to bring him a little hot water every +morning, a fresh egg, and a penny roll. He breakfasted on this egg and +roll. His breakfast varied in cost from two to four sous, according as +eggs were dear or cheap. At six o’clock in the evening he descended the +Rue Saint-Jacques to dine at Rousseau’s, opposite Basset’s, the +stamp-dealer’s, on the corner of the Rue des Mathurins. He ate no soup. +He took a six-sou plate of meat, a half-portion of vegetables for three +sous, and a three-sou dessert. For three sous he got as much bread as +he wished. As for wine, he drank water. When he paid at the desk where +Madam Rousseau, at that period still plump and rosy majestically +presided, he gave a sou to the waiter, and Madam Rousseau gave him a +smile. Then he went away. For sixteen sous he had a smile and a dinner. + +This Restaurant Rousseau, where so few bottles and so many water +carafes were emptied, was a calming potion rather than a restaurant. It +no longer exists. The proprietor had a fine nickname: he was called +_Rousseau the Aquatic_. + +Thus, breakfast four sous, dinner sixteen sous; his food cost him +twenty sous a day; which made three hundred and sixty-five francs a +year. Add the thirty francs for rent, and the thirty-six francs to the +old woman, plus a few trifling expenses; for four hundred and fifty +francs, Marius was fed, lodged, and waited on. His clothing cost him a +hundred francs, his linen fifty francs, his washing fifty francs; the +whole did not exceed six hundred and fifty francs. He was rich. He +sometimes lent ten francs to a friend. Courfeyrac had once been able to +borrow sixty francs of him. As far as fire was concerned, as Marius had +no fireplace, he had “simplified matters.” + + +Marius always had two complete suits of clothes, the one old, “for +every day”; the other, brand new for special occasions. Both were +black. He had but three shirts, one on his person, the second in the +commode, and the third in the washerwoman’s hands. He renewed them as +they wore out. They were always ragged, which caused him to button his +coat to the chin. + +It had required years for Marius to attain to this flourishing +condition. Hard years; difficult, some of them, to traverse, others to +climb. Marius had not failed for a single day. He had endured +everything in the way of destitution; he had done everything except +contract debts. He did himself the justice to say that he had never +owed any one a sou. A debt was, to him, the beginning of slavery. He +even said to himself, that a creditor is worse than a master; for the +master possesses only your person, a creditor possesses your dignity +and can administer to it a box on the ear. Rather than borrow, he went +without food. He had passed many a day fasting. Feeling that all +extremes meet, and that, if one is not on one’s guard, lowered fortunes +may lead to baseness of soul, he kept a jealous watch on his pride. +Such and such a formality or action, which, in any other situation +would have appeared merely a deference to him, now seemed insipidity, +and he nerved himself against it. His face wore a sort of severe flush. +He was timid even to rudeness. + +During all these trials he had felt himself encouraged and even +uplifted, at times, by a secret force that he possessed within himself. +The soul aids the body, and at certain moments, raises it. It is the +only bird which bears up its own cage. + +Besides his father’s name, another name was graven in Marius’ heart, +the name of ThĂ©nardier. Marius, with his grave and enthusiastic nature, +surrounded with a sort of aureole the man to whom, in his thoughts, he +owed his father’s life,—that intrepid sergeant who had saved the +colonel amid the bullets and the cannon-balls of Waterloo. He never +separated the memory of this man from the memory of his father, and he +associated them in his veneration. It was a sort of worship in two +steps, with the grand altar for the colonel and the lesser one for +ThĂ©nardier. What redoubled the tenderness of his gratitude towards +ThĂ©nardier, was the idea of the distress into which he knew that +ThĂ©nardier had fallen, and which had engulfed the latter. Marius had +learned at Montfermeil of the ruin and bankruptcy of the unfortunate +inn-keeper. Since that time, he had made unheard-of efforts to find +traces of him and to reach him in that dark abyss of misery in which +ThĂ©nardier had disappeared. Marius had beaten the whole country; he had +gone to Chelles, to Bondy, to Gourney, to Nogent, to Lagny. He had +persisted for three years, expending in these explorations the little +money which he had laid by. No one had been able to give him any news +of ThĂ©nardier: he was supposed to have gone abroad. His creditors had +also sought him, with less love than Marius, but with as much +assiduity, and had not been able to lay their hands on him. Marius +blamed himself, and was almost angry with himself for his lack of +success in his researches. It was the only debt left him by the +colonel, and Marius made it a matter of honor to pay it. “What,” he +thought, “when my father lay dying on the field of battle, did +ThĂ©nardier contrive to find him amid the smoke and the grape-shot, and +bear him off on his shoulders, and yet he owed him nothing, and I, who +owe so much to ThĂ©nardier, cannot join him in this shadow where he is +lying in the pangs of death, and in my turn bring him back from death +to life! Oh! I will find him!” To find ThĂ©nardier, in fact, Marius +would have given one of his arms, to rescue him from his misery, he +would have sacrificed all his blood. To see ThĂ©nardier, to render +ThĂ©nardier some service, to say to him: “You do not know me; well, I do +know you! Here I am. Dispose of me!” This was Marius’ sweetest and most +magnificent dream. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS GROWN UP + + +At this epoch, Marius was twenty years of age. It was three years since +he had left his grandfather. Both parties had remained on the same +terms, without attempting to approach each other, and without seeking +to see each other. Besides, what was the use of seeing each other? +Marius was the brass vase, while Father Gillenormand was the iron pot. + +We admit that Marius was mistaken as to his grandfather’s heart. He had +imagined that M. Gillenormand had never loved him, and that that +crusty, harsh, and smiling old fellow who cursed, shouted, and stormed +and brandished his cane, cherished for him, at the most, only that +affection, which is at once slight and severe, of the dotards of +comedy. Marius was in error. There are fathers who do not love their +children; there exists no grandfather who does not adore his grandson. +At bottom, as we have said, M. Gillenormand idolized Marius. He +idolized him after his own fashion, with an accompaniment of +snappishness and boxes on the ear; but, this child once gone, he felt a +black void in his heart; he would allow no one to mention the child to +him, and all the while secretly regretted that he was so well obeyed. +At first, he hoped that this Buonapartist, this Jacobin, this +terrorist, this Septembrist, would return. But the weeks passed by, +years passed; to M. Gillenormand’s great despair, the “blood-drinker” +did not make his appearance. “I could not do otherwise than turn him +out,” said the grandfather to himself, and he asked himself: “If the +thing were to do over again, would I do it?” His pride instantly +answered “yes,” but his aged head, which he shook in silence, replied +sadly “no.” He had his hours of depression. He missed Marius. Old men +need affection as they need the sun. It is warmth. Strong as his nature +was, the absence of Marius had wrought some change in him. Nothing in +the world could have induced him to take a step towards “that rogue”; +but he suffered. He never inquired about him, but he thought of him +incessantly. He lived in the Marais in a more and more retired manner; +he was still merry and violent as of old, but his merriment had a +convulsive harshness, and his violences always terminated in a sort of +gentle and gloomy dejection. He sometimes said: “Oh! if he only would +return, what a good box on the ear I would give him!” + + +As for his aunt, she thought too little to love much; Marius was no +longer for her much more than a vague black form; and she eventually +came to occupy herself with him much less than with the cat or the +paroquet which she probably had. What augmented Father Gillenormand’s +secret suffering was, that he locked it all up within his breast, and +did not allow its existence to be divined. His sorrow was like those +recently invented furnaces which consume their own smoke. It sometimes +happened that officious busybodies spoke to him of Marius, and asked +him: “What is your grandson doing?” “What has become of him?” The old +bourgeois replied with a sigh, that he was a sad case, and giving a +fillip to his cuff, if he wished to appear gay: “Monsieur le Baron de +Pontmercy is practising pettifogging in some corner or other.” + + +While the old man regretted, Marius applauded himself. As is the case +with all good-hearted people, misfortune had eradicated his bitterness. +He only thought of M. Gillenormand in an amiable light, but he had set +his mind on not receiving anything more from the man who _had been +unkind to his father_. This was the mitigated translation of his first +indignation. Moreover, he was happy at having suffered, and at +suffering still. It was for his father’s sake. The hardness of his life +satisfied and pleased him. He said to himself with a sort of joy that— +_it was certainly the least he could do_; that it was an +expiation;—that, had it not been for that, he would have been punished +in some other way and later on for his impious indifference towards his +father, and such a father! that it would not have been just that his +father should have all the suffering, and he none of it; and that, in +any case, what were his toils and his destitution compared with the +colonel’s heroic life? that, in short, the only way for him to approach +his father and resemble him, was to be brave in the face of indigence, +as the other had been valiant before the enemy; and that that was, no +doubt, what the colonel had meant to imply by the words: “He will be +worthy of it.” Words which Marius continued to wear, not on his breast, +since the colonel’s writing had disappeared, but in his heart. + +And then, on the day when his grandfather had turned him out of doors, +he had been only a child, now he was a man. He felt it. Misery, we +repeat, had been good for him. Poverty in youth, when it succeeds, has +this magnificent property about it, that it turns the whole will +towards effort, and the whole soul towards aspiration. Poverty +instantly lays material life bare and renders it hideous; hence +inexpressible bounds towards the ideal life. The wealthy young man has +a hundred coarse and brilliant distractions, horse races, hunting, +dogs, tobacco, gaming, good repasts, and all the rest of it; +occupations for the baser side of the soul, at the expense of the +loftier and more delicate sides. The poor young man wins his bread with +difficulty; he eats; when he has eaten, he has nothing more but +meditation. He goes to the spectacles which God furnishes gratis; he +gazes at the sky, space, the stars, flowers, children, the humanity +among which he is suffering, the creation amid which he beams. He gazes +so much on humanity that he perceives its soul, he gazes upon creation +to such an extent that he beholds God. He dreams, he feels himself +great; he dreams on, and feels himself tender. From the egotism of the +man who suffers he passes to the compassion of the man who meditates. +An admirable sentiment breaks forth in him, forgetfulness of self and +pity for all. As he thinks of the innumerable enjoyments which nature +offers, gives, and lavishes to souls which stand open, and refuses to +souls that are closed, he comes to pity, he the millionnaire of the +mind, the millionnaire of money. All hatred departs from his heart, in +proportion as light penetrates his spirit. And is he unhappy? No. The +misery of a young man is never miserable. The first young lad who comes +to hand, however poor he may be, with his strength, his health, his +rapid walk, his brilliant eyes, his warmly circulating blood, his black +hair, his red lips, his white teeth, his pure breath, will always +arouse the envy of an aged emperor. And then, every morning, he sets +himself afresh to the task of earning his bread; and while his hands +earn his bread, his dorsal column gains pride, his brain gathers ideas. +His task finished, he returns to ineffable ecstasies, to contemplation, +to joys; he beholds his feet set in afflictions, in obstacles, on the +pavement, in the nettles, sometimes in the mire; his head in the light. +He is firm, serene, gentle, peaceful, attentive, serious, content with +little, kindly; and he thanks God for having bestowed on him those two +forms of riches which many a rich man lacks: work, which makes him +free; and thought, which makes him dignified. + +This is what had happened with Marius. To tell the truth, he inclined a +little too much to the side of contemplation. From the day when he had +succeeded in earning his living with some approach to certainty, he had +stopped, thinking it good to be poor, and retrenching time from his +work to give to thought; that is to say, he sometimes passed entire +days in meditation, absorbed, engulfed, like a visionary, in the mute +voluptuousness of ecstasy and inward radiance. He had thus propounded +the problem of his life: to toil as little as possible at material +labor, in order to toil as much as possible at the labor which is +impalpable; in other words, to bestow a few hours on real life, and to +cast the rest to the infinite. As he believed that he lacked nothing, +he did not perceive that contemplation, thus understood, ends by +becoming one of the forms of idleness; that he was contenting himself +with conquering the first necessities of life, and that he was resting +from his labors too soon. + +It was evident that, for this energetic and enthusiastic nature, this +could only be a transitory state, and that, at the first shock against +the inevitable complications of destiny, Marius would awaken. + +In the meantime, although he was a lawyer, and whatever Father +Gillenormand thought about the matter, he was not practising, he was +not even pettifogging. Meditation had turned him aside from pleading. +To haunt attorneys, to follow the court, to hunt up cases—what a bore! +Why should he do it? He saw no reason for changing the manner of +gaining his livelihood! The obscure and ill-paid publishing +establishment had come to mean for him a sure source of work which did +not involve too much labor, as we have explained, and which sufficed +for his wants. + +One of the publishers for whom he worked, M. Magimel, I think, offered +to take him into his own house, to lodge him well, to furnish him with +regular occupation, and to give him fifteen hundred francs a year. To +be well lodged! Fifteen hundred francs! No doubt. But renounce his +liberty! Be on fixed wages! A sort of hired man of letters! According +to Marius’ opinion, if he accepted, his position would become both +better and worse at the same time, he acquired comfort, and lost his +dignity; it was a fine and complete unhappiness converted into a +repulsive and ridiculous state of torture: something like the case of a +blind man who should recover the sight of one eye. He refused. + +Marius dwelt in solitude. Owing to his taste for remaining outside of +everything, and through having been too much alarmed, he had not +entered decidedly into the group presided over by Enjolras. They had +remained good friends; they were ready to assist each other on occasion +in every possible way; but nothing more. Marius had two friends: one +young, Courfeyrac; and one old, M. Mabeuf. He inclined more to the old +man. In the first place, he owed to him the revolution which had taken +place within him; to him he was indebted for having known and loved his +father. “He operated on me for a cataract,” he said. + +The churchwarden had certainly played a decisive part. + +It was not, however, that M. Mabeuf had been anything but the calm and +impassive agent of Providence in this connection. He had enlightened +Marius by chance and without being aware of the fact, as does a candle +which some one brings; he had been the candle and not the some one. + +As for Marius’ inward political revolution, M. Mabeuf was totally +incapable of comprehending it, of willing or of directing it. + +As we shall see M. Mabeuf again, later on, a few words will not be +superfluous. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—M. MABEUF + + +On the day when M. Mabeuf said to Marius: “Certainly I approve of +political opinions,” he expressed the real state of his mind. All +political opinions were matters of indifference to him, and he approved +them all, without distinction, provided they left him in peace, as the +Greeks called the Furies “the beautiful, the good, the charming,” the +Eumenides. M. Mabeuf’s political opinion consisted in a passionate love +for plants, and, above all, for books. Like all the rest of the world, +he possessed the termination in _ist_, without which no one could exist +at that time, but he was neither a Royalist, a Bonapartist, a Chartist, +an Orleanist, nor an Anarchist; he was a _bouquinist_, a collector of +old books. He did not understand how men could busy themselves with +hating each other because of silly stuff like the charter, democracy, +legitimacy, monarchy, the republic, etc., when there were in the world +all sorts of mosses, grasses, and shrubs which they might be looking +at, and heaps of folios, and even of 32mos, which they might turn over. +He took good care not to become useless; having books did not prevent +his reading, being a botanist did not prevent his being a gardener. +When he made Pontmercy’s acquaintance, this sympathy had existed +between the colonel and himself—that what the colonel did for flowers, +he did for fruits. M. Mabeuf had succeeded in producing seedling pears +as savory as the pears of St. Germain; it is from one of his +combinations, apparently, that the October Mirabelle, now celebrated +and no less perfumed than the summer Mirabelle, owes its origin. He +went to mass rather from gentleness than from piety, and because, as he +loved the faces of men, but hated their noise, he found them assembled +and silent only in church. Feeling that he must be something in the +State, he had chosen the career of warden. However, he had never +succeeded in loving any woman as much as a tulip bulb, nor any man as +much as an Elzevir. He had long passed sixty, when, one day, some one +asked him: “Have you never been married?” “I have forgotten,” said he. +When it sometimes happened to him—and to whom does it not happen?—to +say: “Oh! if I were only rich!” it was not when ogling a pretty girl, +as was the case with Father Gillenormand, but when contemplating an old +book. He lived alone with an old housekeeper. He was somewhat gouty, +and when he was asleep, his aged fingers, stiffened with rheumatism, +lay crooked up in the folds of his sheets. He had composed and +published a _Flora of the Environs of Cauteretz_, with colored plates, +a work which enjoyed a tolerable measure of esteem and which sold well. +People rang his bell, in the Rue MĂ©siĂšres, two or three times a day, to +ask for it. He drew as much as two thousand francs a year from it; this +constituted nearly the whole of his fortune. Although poor, he had had +the talent to form for himself, by dint of patience, privations, and +time, a precious collection of rare copies of every sort. He never went +out without a book under his arm, and he often returned with two. The +sole decoration of the four rooms on the ground floor, which composed +his lodgings, consisted of framed herbariums, and engravings of the old +masters. The sight of a sword or a gun chilled his blood. He had never +approached a cannon in his life, even at the Invalides. He had a +passable stomach, a brother who was a curĂ©, perfectly white hair, no +teeth, either in his mouth or his mind, a trembling in every limb, a +Picard accent, an infantile laugh, the air of an old sheep, and he was +easily frightened. Add to this, that he had no other friendship, no +other acquaintance among the living, than an old bookseller of the +Porte-Saint-Jacques, named Royal. His dream was to naturalize indigo in +France. + +His servant was also a sort of innocent. The poor good old woman was a +spinster. Sultan, her cat, which might have mewed Allegri’s miserere in +the Sixtine Chapel, had filled her heart and sufficed for the quantity +of passion which existed in her. None of her dreams had ever proceeded +as far as man. She had never been able to get further than her cat. +Like him, she had a moustache. Her glory consisted in her caps, which +were always white. She passed her time, on Sundays, after mass, in +counting over the linen in her chest, and in spreading out on her bed +the dresses in the piece which she bought and never had made up. She +knew how to read. M. Mabeuf had nicknamed her Mother Plutarque. + +M. Mabeuf had taken a fancy to Marius, because Marius, being young and +gentle, warmed his age without startling his timidity. Youth combined +with gentleness produces on old people the effect of the sun without +wind. When Marius was saturated with military glory, with gunpowder, +with marches and countermarches, and with all those prodigious battles +in which his father had given and received such tremendous blows of the +sword, he went to see M. Mabeuf, and M. Mabeuf talked to him of his +hero from the point of view of flowers. + +His brother the curĂ© died about 1830, and almost immediately, as when +the night is drawing on, the whole horizon grew dark for M. Mabeuf. A +notary’s failure deprived him of the sum of ten thousand francs, which +was all that he possessed in his brother’s right and his own. The +Revolution of July brought a crisis to publishing. In a period of +embarrassment, the first thing which does not sell is a _Flora. The +Flora of the Environs of Cauteretz_ stopped short. Weeks passed by +without a single purchaser. Sometimes M. Mabeuf started at the sound of +the bell. “Monsieur,” said Mother Plutarque sadly, “it is the +water-carrier.” In short, one day, M. Mabeuf quitted the Rue MĂ©siĂšres, +abdicated the functions of warden, gave up Saint-Sulpice, sold not a +part of his books, but of his prints,—that to which he was the least +attached,—and installed himself in a little house on the Rue +Montparnasse, where, however, he remained but one quarter for two +reasons: in the first place, the ground floor and the garden cost three +hundred francs, and he dared not spend more than two hundred francs on +his rent; in the second, being near Faton’s shooting-gallery, he could +hear the pistol-shots; which was intolerable to him. + +He carried off his _Flora_, his copper-plates, his herbariums, his +portfolios, and his books, and established himself near the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre, in a sort of thatched cottage of the village of +Austerlitz, where, for fifty crowns a year, he got three rooms and a +garden enclosed by a hedge, and containing a well. He took advantage of +this removal to sell off nearly all his furniture. On the day of his +entrance into his new quarters, he was very gay, and drove the nails on +which his engravings and herbariums were to hang, with his own hands, +dug in his garden the rest of the day, and at night, perceiving that +Mother Plutarque had a melancholy air, and was very thoughtful, he +tapped her on the shoulder and said to her with a smile: “We have the +indigo!” + + +Only two visitors, the bookseller of the Porte-Saint-Jacques and +Marius, were admitted to view the thatched cottage at Austerlitz, a +brawling name which was, to tell the truth, extremely disagreeable to +him. + +However, as we have just pointed out, brains which are absorbed in some +bit of wisdom, or folly, or, as it often happens, in both at once, are +but slowly accessible to the things of actual life. Their own destiny +is a far-off thing to them. There results from such concentration a +passivity, which, if it were the outcome of reasoning, would resemble +philosophy. One declines, descends, trickles away, even crumbles away, +and yet is hardly conscious of it one’s self. It always ends, it is +true, in an awakening, but the awakening is tardy. In the meantime, it +seems as though we held ourselves neutral in the game which is going on +between our happiness and our unhappiness. We are the stake, and we +look on at the game with indifference. + +It is thus that, athwart the cloud which formed about him, when all his +hopes were extinguished one after the other, M. Mabeuf remained rather +puerilely, but profoundly serene. His habits of mind had the regular +swing of a pendulum. Once mounted on an illusion, he went for a very +long time, even after the illusion had disappeared. A clock does not +stop short at the precise moment when the key is lost. + +M. Mabeuf had his innocent pleasures. These pleasures were inexpensive +and unexpected; the merest chance furnished them. One day, Mother +Plutarque was reading a romance in one corner of the room. She was +reading aloud, finding that she understood better thus. To read aloud +is to assure one’s self of what one is reading. There are people who +read very loud, and who have the appearance of giving themselves their +word of honor as to what they are perusing. + +It was with this sort of energy that Mother Plutarque was reading the +romance which she had in hand. M. Mabeuf heard her without listening to +her. + +In the course of her reading, Mother Plutarque came to this phrase. It +was a question of an officer of dragoons and a beauty:— + +“—The beauty pouted, and the dragoon—” + + +Here she interrupted herself to wipe her glasses. + +“Bouddha and the Dragon,” struck in M. Mabeuf in a low voice. “Yes, it +is true that there was a dragon, which, from the depths of its cave, +spouted flame through his maw and set the heavens on fire. Many stars +had already been consumed by this monster, which, besides, had the +claws of a tiger. Bouddha went into its den and succeeded in converting +the dragon. That is a good book that you are reading, Mother Plutarque. +There is no more beautiful legend in existence.” + + +And M. Mabeuf fell into a delicious reverie. + + + + +CHAPTER V—POVERTY A GOOD NEIGHBOR FOR MISERY + + +Marius liked this candid old man who saw himself gradually falling into +the clutches of indigence, and who came to feel astonishment, little by +little, without, however, being made melancholy by it. Marius met +Courfeyrac and sought out M. Mabeuf. Very rarely, however; twice a +month at most. + +Marius’ pleasure consisted in taking long walks alone on the outer +boulevards, or in the Champs-de-Mars, or in the least frequented alleys +of the Luxembourg. He often spent half a day in gazing at a market +garden, the beds of lettuce, the chickens on the dung-heap, the horse +turning the water-wheel. The passers-by stared at him in surprise, and +some of them thought his attire suspicious and his mien sinister. He +was only a poor young man dreaming in an objectless way. + +It was during one of his strolls that he had hit upon the Gorbeau +house, and, tempted by its isolation and its cheapness, had taken up +his abode there. He was known there only under the name of M. Marius. + +Some of his father’s old generals or old comrades had invited him to go +and see them, when they learned about him. Marius had not refused their +invitations. They afforded opportunities of talking about his father. +Thus he went from time to time, to Comte Pajol, to General Bellavesne, +to General Fririon, to the Invalides. There was music and dancing +there. On such evenings, Marius put on his new coat. But he never went +to these evening parties or balls except on days when it was freezing +cold, because he could not afford a carriage, and he did not wish to +arrive with boots otherwise than like mirrors. + +He said sometimes, but without bitterness: “Men are so made that in a +drawing-room you may be soiled everywhere except on your shoes. In +order to insure a good reception there, only one irreproachable thing +is asked of you; your conscience? No, your boots.” + + +All passions except those of the heart are dissipated by reverie. +Marius’ political fevers vanished thus. The Revolution of 1830 assisted +in the process, by satisfying and calming him. He remained the same, +setting aside his fits of wrath. He still held the same opinions. Only, +they had been tempered. To speak accurately, he had no longer any +opinions, he had sympathies. To what party did he belong? To the party +of humanity. Out of humanity he chose France; out of the Nation he +chose the people; out of the people he chose the woman. It was to that +point above all, that his pity was directed. Now he preferred an idea +to a deed, a poet to a hero, and he admired a book like Job more than +an event like Marengo. And then, when, after a day spent in meditation, +he returned in the evening through the boulevards, and caught a glimpse +through the branches of the trees of the fathomless space beyond, the +nameless gleams, the abyss, the shadow, the mystery, all that which is +only human seemed very pretty indeed to him. + +He thought that he had, and he really had, in fact, arrived at the +truth of life and of human philosophy, and he had ended by gazing at +nothing but heaven, the only thing which Truth can perceive from the +bottom of her well. + +This did not prevent him from multiplying his plans, his combinations, +his scaffoldings, his projects for the future. In this state of +reverie, an eye which could have cast a glance into Marius’ interior +would have been dazzled with the purity of that soul. In fact, had it +been given to our eyes of the flesh to gaze into the consciences of +others, we should be able to judge a man much more surely according to +what he dreams, than according to what he thinks. There is will in +thought, there is none in dreams. Reverie, which is utterly +spontaneous, takes and keeps, even in the gigantic and the ideal, the +form of our spirit. Nothing proceeds more directly and more sincerely +from the very depth of our soul, than our unpremeditated and boundless +aspirations towards the splendors of destiny. In these aspirations, +much more than in deliberate, rational co-ordinated ideas, is the real +character of a man to be found. Our chimĂŠras are the things which the +most resemble us. Each one of us dreams of the unknown and the +impossible in accordance with his nature. + +Towards the middle of this year 1831, the old woman who waited on +Marius told him that his neighbors, the wretched Jondrette family, had +been turned out of doors. Marius, who passed nearly the whole of his +days out of the house, hardly knew that he had any neighbors. + +“Why are they turned out?” he asked. + +“Because they do not pay their rent; they owe for two quarters.” + + +“How much is it?” + + +“Twenty francs,” said the old woman. + +Marius had thirty francs saved up in a drawer. + +“Here,” he said to the old woman, “take these twenty-five francs. Pay +for the poor people and give them five francs, and do not tell them +that it was I.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE SUBSTITUTE + + +It chanced that the regiment to which Lieutenant ThĂ©odule belonged came +to perform garrison duty in Paris. This inspired Aunt Gillenormand with +a second idea. She had, on the first occasion, hit upon the plan of +having Marius spied upon by ThĂ©odule; now she plotted to have ThĂ©odule +take Marius’ place. + +At all events and in case the grandfather should feel the vague need of +a young face in the house,—these rays of dawn are sometimes sweet to +ruin,—it was expedient to find another Marius. “Take it as a simple +erratum,” she thought, “such as one sees in books. For Marius, read +ThĂ©odule.” + + +A grandnephew is almost the same as a grandson; in default of a lawyer +one takes a lancer. + +One morning, when M. Gillenormand was about to read something in the +_Quotidienne_, his daughter entered and said to him in her sweetest +voice; for the question concerned her favorite:— + +“Father, ThĂ©odule is coming to present his respects to you this +morning.” + + +“Who’s ThĂ©odule?” + + +“Your grandnephew.” + + +“Ah!” said the grandfather. + +Then he went back to his reading, thought no more of his grandnephew, +who was merely some ThĂ©odule or other, and soon flew into a rage, which +almost always happened when he read. The “sheet” which he held, +although Royalist, of course, announced for the following day, without +any softening phrases, one of these little events which were of daily +occurrence at that date in Paris: “That the students of the schools of +law and medicine were to assemble on the Place du PanthĂ©on, at +midday,—to deliberate.” The discussion concerned one of the questions +of the moment, the artillery of the National Guard, and a conflict +between the Minister of War and “the citizen’s militia,” on the subject +of the cannon parked in the courtyard of the Louvre. The students were +to “deliberate” over this. It did not take much more than this to swell +M. Gillenormand’s rage. + +He thought of Marius, who was a student, and who would probably go with +the rest, to “deliberate, at midday, on the Place du PanthĂ©on.” + + +As he was indulging in this painful dream, Lieutenant ThĂ©odule entered +clad in plain clothes as a bourgeois, which was clever of him, and was +discreetly introduced by Mademoiselle Gillenormand. The lancer had +reasoned as follows: “The old druid has not sunk all his money in a +life pension. It is well to disguise one’s self as a civilian from time +to time.” + + +Mademoiselle Gillenormand said aloud to her father:— + +“ThĂ©odule, your grandnephew.” + + +And in a low voice to the lieutenant:— + +“Approve of everything.” + + +And she withdrew. + +The lieutenant, who was but little accustomed to such venerable +encounters, stammered with some timidity: “Good day, uncle,”—and made a +salute composed of the involuntary and mechanical outline of the +military salute finished off as a bourgeois salute. + +“Ah! so it’s you; that is well, sit down,” said the old gentleman. + +That said, he totally forgot the lancer. + +ThĂ©odule seated himself, and M. Gillenormand rose. + +M. Gillenormand began to pace back and forth, his hands in his pockets, +talking aloud, and twitching, with his irritated old fingers, at the +two watches which he wore in his two fobs. + +“That pack of brats! they convene on the Place du PanthĂ©on! by my life! +urchins who were with their nurses but yesterday! If one were to +squeeze their noses, milk would burst out. And they deliberate +to-morrow, at midday. What are we coming to? What are we coming to? It +is clear that we are making for the abyss. That is what the +_descamisados_ have brought us to! To deliberate on the citizen +artillery! To go and jabber in the open air over the jibes of the +National Guard! And with whom are they to meet there? Just see whither +Jacobinism leads. I will bet anything you like, a million against a +counter, that there will be no one there but returned convicts and +released galley-slaves. The Republicans and the galley-slaves,—they +form but one nose and one handkerchief. Carnot used to say: ‘Where +would you have me go, traitor?’ FouchĂ© replied: ‘Wherever you please, +imbecile!’ That’s what the Republicans are like.” + + +“That is true,” said ThĂ©odule. + +M. Gillenormand half turned his head, saw ThĂ©odule, and went on:— + +“When one reflects that that scoundrel was so vile as to turn +carbonaro! Why did you leave my house? To go and become a Republican! +Pssst! In the first place, the people want none of your republic, they +have common sense, they know well that there always have been kings, +and that there always will be; they know well that the people are only +the people, after all, they make sport of it, of your republic—do you +understand, idiot? Is it not a horrible caprice? To fall in love with +PĂšre Duchesne, to make sheep’s-eyes at the guillotine, to sing +romances, and play on the guitar under the balcony of ’93—it’s enough +to make one spit on all these young fellows, such fools are they! They +are all alike. Not one escapes. It suffices for them to breathe the air +which blows through the street to lose their senses. The nineteenth +century is poison. The first scamp that happens along lets his beard +grow like a goat’s, thinks himself a real scoundrel, and abandons his +old relatives. He’s a Republican, he’s a romantic. What does that mean, +romantic? Do me the favor to tell me what it is. All possible follies. +A year ago, they ran to _Hernani_. Now, I just ask you, _Hernani!_ +antitheses! abominations which are not even written in French! And +then, they have cannons in the courtyard of the Louvre. Such are the +rascalities of this age!” + + +“You are right, uncle,” said ThĂ©odule. + +M. Gillenormand resumed:— + +“Cannons in the courtyard of the Museum! For what purpose? Do you want +to fire grape-shot at the Apollo Belvedere? What have those cartridges +to do with the Venus de Medici? Oh! the young men of the present day +are all blackguards! What a pretty creature is their Benjamin Constant! +And those who are not rascals are simpletons! They do all they can to +make themselves ugly, they are badly dressed, they are afraid of women, +in the presence of petticoats they have a mendicant air which sets the +girls into fits of laughter; on my word of honor, one would say the +poor creatures were ashamed of love. They are deformed, and they +complete themselves by being stupid; they repeat the puns of Tiercelin +and Potier, they have sack coats, stablemen’s waistcoats, shirts of +coarse linen, trousers of coarse cloth, boots of coarse leather, and +their rigmarole resembles their plumage. One might make use of their +jargon to put new soles on their old shoes. And all this awkward batch +of brats has political opinions, if you please. Political opinions +should be strictly forbidden. They fabricate systems, they recast +society, they demolish the monarchy, they fling all laws to the earth, +they put the attic in the cellar’s place and my porter in the place of +the King, they turn Europe topsy-turvy, they reconstruct the world, and +all their love affairs consist in staring slily at the ankles of the +laundresses as these women climb into their carts. Ah! Marius! Ah! you +blackguard! to go and vociferate on the public place! to discuss, to +debate, to take measures! They call that measures, just God! Disorder +humbles itself and becomes silly. I have seen chaos, I now see a mess. +Students deliberating on the National Guard,—such a thing could not be +seen among the Ogibewas nor the Cadodaches! Savages who go naked, with +their noddles dressed like a shuttlecock, with a club in their paws, +are less of brutes than those bachelors of arts! The four-penny +monkeys! And they set up for judges! Those creatures deliberate and +ratiocinate! The end of the world is come! This is plainly the end of +this miserable terraqueous globe! A final hiccough was required, and +France has emitted it. Deliberate, my rascals! Such things will happen +so long as they go and read the newspapers under the arcades of the +OdĂ©on. That costs them a sou, and their good sense, and their +intelligence, and their heart and their soul, and their wits. They +emerge thence, and decamp from their families. All newspapers are +pests; all, even the _Drapeau Blanc!_ At bottom, Martainville was a +Jacobin. Ah! just Heaven! you may boast of having driven your +grandfather to despair, that you may!” + + +“That is evident,” said ThĂ©odule. + +And profiting by the fact that M. Gillenormand was taking breath, the +lancer added in a magisterial manner:— + +“There should be no other newspaper than the _Moniteur_, and no other +book than the _Annuaire Militaire_.” + + +M. Gillenormand continued:— + +“It is like their SieyĂšs! A regicide ending in a senator; for that is +the way they always end. They give themselves a scar with the address +of _thou_ as citizens, in order to get themselves called, eventually, +_Monsieur le Comte_. Monsieur le Comte as big as my arm, assassins of +September. The philosopher SieyĂšs! I will do myself the justice to say, +that I have never had any better opinion of the philosophies of all +those philosophers, than of the spectacles of the grimacer of Tivoli! +One day I saw the Senators cross the Quai Malplaquet in mantles of +violet velvet sown with bees, with hats Ă  la Henri IV. They were +hideous. One would have pronounced them monkeys from the tiger’s court. +Citizens, I declare to you, that your progress is madness, that your +humanity is a dream, that your revolution is a crime, that your +republic is a monster, that your young and virgin France comes from the +brothel, and I maintain it against all, whoever you may be, whether +journalists, economists, legists, or even were you better judges of +liberty, of equality, and fraternity than the knife of the guillotine! +And that I announce to you, my fine fellows!” + + +“Parbleu!” cried the lieutenant, “that is wonderfully true.” + + +M. Gillenormand paused in a gesture which he had begun, wheeled round, +stared Lancer ThĂ©odule intently in the eyes, and said to him:— + +“You are a fool.” + + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—THE CONJUNCTION OF TWO STARS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SOBRIQUET: MODE OF FORMATION OF FAMILY NAMES + + +Marius was, at this epoch, a handsome young man, of medium stature, +with thick and intensely black hair, a lofty and intelligent brow, +well-opened and passionate nostrils, an air of calmness and sincerity, +and with something indescribably proud, thoughtful, and innocent over +his whole countenance. His profile, all of whose lines were rounded, +without thereby losing their firmness, had a certain Germanic +sweetness, which has made its way into the French physiognomy by way of +Alsace and Lorraine, and that complete absence of angles which rendered +the Sicambres so easily recognizable among the Romans, and which +distinguishes the leonine from the aquiline race. He was at that period +of life when the mind of men who think is composed, in nearly equal +parts, of depth and ingenuousness. A grave situation being given, he +had all that is required to be stupid: one more turn of the key, and he +might be sublime. His manners were reserved, cold, polished, not very +genial. As his mouth was charming, his lips the reddest, and his teeth +the whitest in the world, his smile corrected the severity of his face, +as a whole. At certain moments, that pure brow and that voluptuous +smile presented a singular contrast. His eyes were small, but his +glance was large. + +At the period of his most abject misery, he had observed that young +girls turned round when he passed by, and he fled or hid, with death in +his soul. He thought that they were staring at him because of his old +clothes, and that they were laughing at them; the fact is, that they +stared at him because of his grace, and that they dreamed of him. + +This mute misunderstanding between him and the pretty passers-by had +made him shy. He chose none of them for the excellent reason that he +fled from all of them. He lived thus indefinitely,—stupidly, as +Courfeyrac said. + +Courfeyrac also said to him: “Do not aspire to be venerable” [they +called each other _thou_; it is the tendency of youthful friendships to +slip into this mode of address]. “Let me give you a piece of advice, my +dear fellow. Don’t read so many books, and look a little more at the +lasses. The jades have some good points about them, O Marius! By dint +of fleeing and blushing, you will become brutalized.” + + +On other occasions, Courfeyrac encountered him and said:—“Good morning, +Monsieur l’AbbĂ©!” + + +When Courfeyrac had addressed to him some remark of this nature, Marius +avoided women, both young and old, more than ever for a week to come, +and he avoided Courfeyrac to boot. + +Nevertheless, there existed in all the immensity of creation, two women +whom Marius did not flee, and to whom he paid no attention whatever. In +truth, he would have been very much amazed if he had been informed that +they were women. One was the bearded old woman who swept out his +chamber, and caused Courfeyrac to say: “Seeing that his servant woman +wears his beard, Marius does not wear his own beard.” The other was a +sort of little girl whom he saw very often, and whom he never looked +at. + +For more than a year, Marius had noticed in one of the walks of the +Luxembourg, the one which skirts the parapet of the PĂ©piniĂšre, a man +and a very young girl, who were almost always seated side by side on +the same bench, at the most solitary end of the alley, on the Rue de +l’Ouest side. Every time that that chance which meddles with the +strolls of persons whose gaze is turned inwards, led Marius to that +walk,—and it was nearly every day,—he found this couple there. The man +appeared to be about sixty years of age; he seemed sad and serious; his +whole person presented the robust and weary aspect peculiar to military +men who have retired from the service. If he had worn a decoration, +Marius would have said: “He is an ex-officer.” He had a kindly but +unapproachable air, and he never let his glance linger on the eyes of +any one. He wore blue trousers, a blue frock coat and a broad-brimmed +hat, which always appeared to be new, a black cravat, a quaker shirt, +that is to say, it was dazzlingly white, but of coarse linen. A +grisette who passed near him one day, said: “Here’s a very tidy +widower.” His hair was very white. + +The first time that the young girl who accompanied him came and seated +herself on the bench which they seemed to have adopted, she was a sort +of child thirteen or fourteen years of age, so thin as to be almost +homely, awkward, insignificant, and with a possible promise of handsome +eyes. Only, they were always raised with a sort of displeasing +assurance. Her dress was both aged and childish, like the dress of the +scholars in a convent; it consisted of a badly cut gown of black +merino. They had the air of being father and daughter. + +Marius scanned this old man, who was not yet aged, and this little +girl, who was not yet a person, for a few days, and thereafter paid no +attention to them. They, on their side, did not appear even to see him. +They conversed together with a peaceful and indifferent air. The girl +chattered incessantly and merrily. The old man talked but little, and, +at times, he fixed on her eyes overflowing with an ineffable paternity. + +Marius had acquired the mechanical habit of strolling in that walk. He +invariably found them there. + +This is the way things went:— + +Marius liked to arrive by the end of the alley which was furthest from +their bench; he walked the whole length of the alley, passed in front +of them, then returned to the extremity whence he had come, and began +again. This he did five or six times in the course of his promenade, +and the promenade was taken five or six times a week, without its +having occurred to him or to these people to exchange a greeting. That +personage, and that young girl, although they appeared,—and perhaps +because they appeared,—to shun all glances, had, naturally, caused some +attention on the part of the five or six students who strolled along +the PĂ©piniĂšre from time to time; the studious after their lectures, the +others after their game of billiards. Courfeyrac, who was among the +last, had observed them several times, but, finding the girl homely, he +had speedily and carefully kept out of the way. He had fled, +discharging at them a sobriquet, like a Parthian dart. Impressed solely +with the child’s gown and the old man’s hair, he had dubbed the +daughter Mademoiselle Lanoire, and the father, Monsieur Leblanc, so +that as no one knew them under any other title, this nickname became a +law in the default of any other name. The students said: “Ah! Monsieur +Leblanc is on his bench.” And Marius, like the rest, had found it +convenient to call this unknown gentleman Monsieur Leblanc. + +We shall follow their example, and we shall say M. Leblanc, in order to +facilitate this tale. + +So Marius saw them nearly every day, at the same hour, during the first +year. He found the man to his taste, but the girl insipid. + + + + +CHAPTER II—LUX FACTA EST + + +During the second year, precisely at the point in this history which +the reader has now reached, it chanced that this habit of the +Luxembourg was interrupted, without Marius himself being quite aware +why, and nearly six months elapsed, during which he did not set foot in +the alley. One day, at last, he returned thither once more; it was a +serene summer morning, and Marius was in joyous mood, as one is when +the weather is fine. It seemed to him that he had in his heart all the +songs of the birds that he was listening to, and all the bits of blue +sky of which he caught glimpses through the leaves of the trees. + +He went straight to “his alley,” and when he reached the end of it he +perceived, still on the same bench, that well-known couple. Only, when +he approached, it certainly was the same man; but it seemed to him that +it was no longer the same girl. The person whom he now beheld was a +tall and beautiful creature, possessed of all the most charming lines +of a woman at the precise moment when they are still combined with all +the most ingenuous graces of the child; a pure and fugitive moment, +which can be expressed only by these two words,—“fifteen years.” She +had wonderful brown hair, shaded with threads of gold, a brow that +seemed made of marble, cheeks that seemed made of rose-leaf, a pale +flush, an agitated whiteness, an exquisite mouth, whence smiles darted +like sunbeams, and words like music, a head such as Raphael would have +given to Mary, set upon a neck that Jean Goujon would have attributed +to a Venus. And, in order that nothing might be lacking to this +bewitching face, her nose was not handsome—it was pretty; neither +straight nor curved, neither Italian nor Greek; it was the Parisian +nose, that is to say, spiritual, delicate, irregular, pure,—which +drives painters to despair, and charms poets. + +When Marius passed near her, he could not see her eyes, which were +constantly lowered. He saw only her long chestnut lashes, permeated +with shadow and modesty. + +This did not prevent the beautiful child from smiling as she listened +to what the white-haired old man was saying to her, and nothing could +be more fascinating than that fresh smile, combined with those drooping +eyes. + +For a moment, Marius thought that she was another daughter of the same +man, a sister of the former, no doubt. But when the invariable habit of +his stroll brought him, for the second time, near the bench, and he had +examined her attentively, he recognized her as the same. In six months +the little girl had become a young maiden; that was all. Nothing is +more frequent than this phenomenon. There is a moment when girls +blossom out in the twinkling of an eye, and become roses all at once. +One left them children but yesterday; today, one finds them disquieting +to the feelings. + +This child had not only grown, she had become idealized. As three days +in April suffice to cover certain trees with flowers, six months had +sufficed to clothe her with beauty. Her April had arrived. + +One sometimes sees people, who, poor and mean, seem to wake up, pass +suddenly from indigence to luxury, indulge in expenditures of all +sorts, and become dazzling, prodigal, magnificent, all of a sudden. +That is the result of having pocketed an income; a note fell due +yesterday. The young girl had received her quarterly income. + +And then, she was no longer the school-girl with her felt hat, her +merino gown, her scholar’s shoes, and red hands; taste had come to her +with beauty; she was a well-dressed person, clad with a sort of rich +and simple elegance, and without affectation. She wore a dress of black +damask, a cape of the same material, and a bonnet of white crape. Her +white gloves displayed the delicacy of the hand which toyed with the +carved, Chinese ivory handle of a parasol, and her silken shoe outlined +the smallness of her foot. When one passed near her, her whole toilette +exhaled a youthful and penetrating perfume. + +As for the man, he was the same as usual. + +The second time that Marius approached her, the young girl raised her +eyelids; her eyes were of a deep, celestial blue, but in that veiled +azure, there was, as yet, nothing but the glance of a child. She looked +at Marius indifferently, as she would have stared at the brat running +beneath the sycamores, or the marble vase which cast a shadow on the +bench, and Marius, on his side, continued his promenade, and thought +about something else. + +He passed near the bench where the young girl sat, five or six times, +but without even turning his eyes in her direction. + +On the following days, he returned, as was his wont, to the Luxembourg; +as usual, he found there “the father and daughter;” but he paid no +further attention to them. He thought no more about the girl now that +she was beautiful than he had when she was homely. He passed very near +the bench where she sat, because such was his habit. + + + + +CHAPTER III—EFFECT OF THE SPRING + + +One day, the air was warm, the Luxembourg was inundated with light and +shade, the sky was as pure as though the angels had washed it that +morning, the sparrows were giving vent to little twitters in the depths +of the chestnut-trees. Marius had thrown open his whole soul to nature, +he was not thinking of anything, he simply lived and breathed, he +passed near the bench, the young girl raised her eyes to him, the two +glances met. + +What was there in the young girl’s glance on this occasion? Marius +could not have told. There was nothing and there was everything. It was +a strange flash. + +She dropped her eyes, and he pursued his way. + +What he had just seen was no longer the ingenuous and simple eye of a +child; it was a mysterious gulf which had half opened, then abruptly +closed again. + +There comes a day when the young girl glances in this manner. Woe to +him who chances to be there! + +That first gaze of a soul which does not, as yet, know itself, is like +the dawn in the sky. It is the awakening of something radiant and +strange. Nothing can give any idea of the dangerous charm of that +unexpected gleam, which flashes suddenly and vaguely forth from +adorable shadows, and which is composed of all the innocence of the +present, and of all the passion of the future. It is a sort of +undecided tenderness which reveals itself by chance, and which waits. +It is a snare which the innocent maiden sets unknown to herself, and in +which she captures hearts without either wishing or knowing it. It is a +virgin looking like a woman. + +It is rare that a profound reverie does not spring from that glance, +where it falls. All purities and all candors meet in that celestial and +fatal gleam which, more than all the best-planned tender glances of +coquettes, possesses the magic power of causing the sudden blossoming, +in the depths of the soul, of that sombre flower, impregnated with +perfume and with poison, which is called love. + +That evening, on his return to his garret, Marius cast his eyes over +his garments, and perceived, for the first time, that he had been so +slovenly, indecorous, and inconceivably stupid as to go for his walk in +the Luxembourg with his “every-day clothes,” that is to say, with a hat +battered near the band, coarse carter’s boots, black trousers which +showed white at the knees, and a black coat which was pale at the +elbows. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—BEGINNING OF A GREAT MALADY + + +On the following day, at the accustomed hour, Marius drew from his +wardrobe his new coat, his new trousers, his new hat, and his new +boots; he clothed himself in this complete panoply, put on his gloves, +a tremendous luxury, and set off for the Luxembourg. + +On the way thither, he encountered Courfeyrac, and pretended not to see +him. Courfeyrac, on his return home, said to his friends:— + +“I have just met Marius’ new hat and new coat, with Marius inside them. +He was going to pass an examination, no doubt. He looked utterly +stupid.” + + +On arriving at the Luxembourg, Marius made the tour of the fountain +basin, and stared at the swans; then he remained for a long time in +contemplation before a statue whose head was perfectly black with +mould, and one of whose hips was missing. Near the basin there was a +bourgeois forty years of age, with a prominent stomach, who was holding +by the hand a little urchin of five, and saying to him: “Shun excess, +my son, keep at an equal distance from despotism and from anarchy.” +Marius listened to this bourgeois. Then he made the circuit of the +basin once more. At last he directed his course towards “his alley,” +slowly, and as if with regret. One would have said that he was both +forced to go there and withheld from doing so. He did not perceive it +himself, and thought that he was doing as he always did. + +On turning into the walk, he saw M. Leblanc and the young girl at the +other end, “on their bench.” He buttoned his coat up to the very top, +pulled it down on his body so that there might be no wrinkles, +examined, with a certain complaisance, the lustrous gleams of his +trousers, and marched on the bench. This march savored of an attack, +and certainly of a desire for conquest. So I say that he marched on the +bench, as I should say: “Hannibal marched on Rome.” + + +However, all his movements were purely mechanical, and he had +interrupted none of the habitual preoccupations of his mind and labors. +At that moment, he was thinking that the _Manuel du BaccalaurĂ©at_ was a +stupid book, and that it must have been drawn up by rare idiots, to +allow of three tragedies of Racine and only one comedy of MoliĂšre being +analyzed therein as masterpieces of the human mind. There was a +piercing whistling going on in his ears. As he approached the bench, he +held fast to the folds in his coat, and fixed his eyes on the young +girl. It seemed to him that she filled the entire extremity of the +alley with a vague blue light. + +In proportion as he drew near, his pace slackened more and more. On +arriving at some little distance from the bench, and long before he had +reached the end of the walk, he halted, and could not explain to +himself why he retraced his steps. He did not even say to himself that +he would not go as far as the end. It was only with difficulty that the +young girl could have perceived him in the distance and noted his fine +appearance in his new clothes. Nevertheless, he held himself very +erect, in case any one should be looking at him from behind. + +He attained the opposite end, then came back, and this time he +approached a little nearer to the bench. He even got to within three +intervals of trees, but there he felt an indescribable impossibility of +proceeding further, and he hesitated. He thought he saw the young +girl’s face bending towards him. But he exerted a manly and violent +effort, subdued his hesitation, and walked straight ahead. A few +seconds later, he rushed in front of the bench, erect and firm, +reddening to the very ears, without daring to cast a glance either to +the right or to the left, with his hand thrust into his coat like a +statesman. At the moment when he passed,—under the cannon of the +place,—he felt his heart beat wildly. As on the preceding day, she wore +her damask gown and her crape bonnet. He heard an ineffable voice, +which must have been “her voice.” She was talking tranquilly. She was +very pretty. He felt it, although he made no attempt to see her. “She +could not, however,” he thought, “help feeling esteem and consideration +for me, if she only knew that I am the veritable author of the +dissertation on Marcos ObrĂ©gon de la Ronde, which M. François de +NeufchĂąteau put, as though it were his own, at the head of his edition +of _Gil Blas_.” He went beyond the bench as far as the extremity of the +walk, which was very near, then turned on his heel and passed once more +in front of the lovely girl. This time, he was very pale. Moreover, all +his emotions were disagreeable. As he went further from the bench and +the young girl, and while his back was turned to her, he fancied that +she was gazing after him, and that made him stumble. + +He did not attempt to approach the bench again; he halted near the +middle of the walk, and there, a thing which he never did, he sat down, +and reflecting in the most profoundly indistinct depths of his spirit, +that after all, it was hard that persons whose white bonnet and black +gown he admired should be absolutely insensible to his splendid +trousers and his new coat. + +At the expiration of a quarter of an hour, he rose, as though he were +on the point of again beginning his march towards that bench which was +surrounded by an aureole. But he remained standing there, motionless. +For the first time in fifteen months, he said to himself that that +gentleman who sat there every day with his daughter, had, on his side, +noticed him, and probably considered his assiduity singular. + +For the first time, also, he was conscious of some irreverence in +designating that stranger, even in his secret thoughts, by the +sobriquet of M. Leblanc. + +He stood thus for several minutes, with drooping head, tracing figures +in the sand, with the cane which he held in his hand. + +Then he turned abruptly in the direction opposite to the bench, to M. +Leblanc and his daughter, and went home. + +That day he forgot to dine. At eight o’clock in the evening he +perceived this fact, and as it was too late to go down to the Rue +Saint-Jacques, he said: “Never mind!” and ate a bit of bread. + +He did not go to bed until he had brushed his coat and folded it up +with great care. + + + + +CHAPTER V—DIVERS CLAPS OF THUNDER FALL ON MA’AM BOUGON + + +On the following day, Ma’am Bougon, as Courfeyrac styled the old +portress-principal-tenant, housekeeper of the Gorbeau hovel, Ma’am +Bougon, whose name was, in reality, Madame Burgon, as we have found +out, but this iconoclast, Courfeyrac, respected nothing,—Ma’am Bougon +observed, with stupefaction, that M. Marius was going out again in his +new coat. + +He went to the Luxembourg again, but he did not proceed further than +his bench midway of the alley. He seated himself there, as on the +preceding day, surveying from a distance, and clearly making out, the +white bonnet, the black dress, and above all, that blue light. He did +not stir from it, and only went home when the gates of the Luxembourg +closed. He did not see M. Leblanc and his daughter retire. He concluded +that they had quitted the garden by the gate on the Rue de l’Ouest. +Later on, several weeks afterwards, when he came to think it over, he +could never recall where he had dined that evening. + +On the following day, which was the third, Ma’am Bougon was +thunderstruck. Marius went out in his new coat. “Three days in +succession!” she exclaimed. + +She tried to follow him, but Marius walked briskly, and with immense +strides; it was a hippopotamus undertaking the pursuit of a chamois. +She lost sight of him in two minutes, and returned breathless, +three-quarters choked with asthma, and furious. “If there is any +sense,” she growled, “in putting on one’s best clothes every day, and +making people run like this!” + + +Marius betook himself to the Luxembourg. + +The young girl was there with M. Leblanc. Marius approached as near as +he could, pretending to be busy reading a book, but he halted afar off, +then returned and seated himself on his bench, where he spent four +hours in watching the house-sparrows who were skipping about the walk, +and who produced on him the impression that they were making sport of +him. + +A fortnight passed thus. Marius went to the Luxembourg no longer for +the sake of strolling there, but to seat himself always in the same +spot, and that without knowing why. Once arrived there, he did not +stir. He put on his new coat every morning, for the purpose of not +showing himself, and he began all over again on the morrow. + +She was decidedly a marvellous beauty. The only remark approaching a +criticism, that could be made, was, that the contradiction between her +gaze, which was melancholy, and her smile, which was merry, gave a +rather wild effect to her face, which sometimes caused this sweet +countenance to become strange without ceasing to be charming. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—TAKEN PRISONER + + +On one of the last days of the second week, Marius was seated on his +bench, as usual, holding in his hand an open book, of which he had not +turned a page for the last two hours. All at once he started. An event +was taking place at the other extremity of the walk. Leblanc and his +daughter had just left their seat, and the daughter had taken her +father’s arm, and both were advancing slowly, towards the middle of the +alley where Marius was. Marius closed his book, then opened it again, +then forced himself to read; he trembled; the aureole was coming +straight towards him. “Ah! good Heavens!” thought he, “I shall not have +time to strike an attitude.” Still the white-haired man and the girl +advanced. It seemed to him that this lasted for a century, and that it +was but a second. “What are they coming in this direction for?” he +asked himself. “What! She will pass here? Her feet will tread this +sand, this walk, two paces from me?” He was utterly upset, he would +have liked to be very handsome, he would have liked to own the cross. +He heard the soft and measured sound of their approaching footsteps. He +imagined that M. Leblanc was darting angry glances at him. “Is that +gentleman going to address me?” he thought to himself. He dropped his +head; when he raised it again, they were very near him. The young girl +passed, and as she passed, she glanced at him. She gazed steadily at +him, with a pensive sweetness which thrilled Marius from head to foot. +It seemed to him that she was reproaching him for having allowed so +long a time to elapse without coming as far as her, and that she was +saying to him: “I am coming myself.” Marius was dazzled by those eyes +fraught with rays and abysses. + +He felt his brain on fire. She had come to him, what joy! And then, how +she had looked at him! She appeared to him more beautiful than he had +ever seen her yet. Beautiful with a beauty which was wholly feminine +and angelic, with a complete beauty which would have made Petrarch sing +and Dante kneel. It seemed to him that he was floating free in the +azure heavens. At the same time, he was horribly vexed because there +was dust on his boots. + +He thought he felt sure that she had looked at his boots too. + +He followed her with his eyes until she disappeared. Then he started up +and walked about the Luxembourg garden like a madman. It is possible +that, at times, he laughed to himself and talked aloud. He was so +dreamy when he came near the children’s nurses, that each one of them +thought him in love with her. + +He quitted the Luxembourg, hoping to find her again in the street. + +He encountered Courfeyrac under the arcades of the OdĂ©on, and said to +him: “Come and dine with me.” They went off to Rousseau’s and spent six +francs. Marius ate like an ogre. He gave the waiter six sous. At +dessert, he said to Courfeyrac. “Have you read the paper? What a fine +discourse Audry de Puyraveau delivered!” + + +He was desperately in love. + +After dinner, he said to Courfeyrac: “I will treat you to the play.” +They went to the Porte-Sainte-Martin to see FrĂ©dĂ©rick in _l’Auberge des +Adrets_. Marius was enormously amused. + +At the same time, he had a redoubled attack of shyness. On emerging +from the theatre, he refused to look at the garter of a modiste who was +stepping across a gutter, and Courfeyrac, who said: “I should like to +put that woman in my collection,” almost horrified him. + +Courfeyrac invited him to breakfast at the CafĂ© Voltaire on the +following morning. Marius went thither, and ate even more than on the +preceding evening. He was very thoughtful and very merry. One would +have said that he was taking advantage of every occasion to laugh +uproariously. He tenderly embraced some man or other from the +provinces, who was presented to him. A circle of students formed round +the table, and they spoke of the nonsense paid for by the State which +was uttered from the rostrum in the Sorbonne, then the conversation +fell upon the faults and omissions in Guicherat’s dictionaries and +grammars. Marius interrupted the discussion to exclaim: “But it is very +agreeable, all the same to have the cross!” + + +“That’s queer!” whispered Courfeyrac to Jean Prouvaire. + +“No,” responded Prouvaire, “that’s serious.” + + +It was serious; in fact, Marius had reached that first violent and +charming hour with which grand passions begin. + +A glance had wrought all this. + +When the mine is charged, when the conflagration is ready, nothing is +more simple. A glance is a spark. + +It was all over with him. Marius loved a woman. His fate was entering +the unknown. + +The glance of women resembles certain combinations of wheels, which are +tranquil in appearance yet formidable. You pass close to them every +day, peaceably and with impunity, and without a suspicion of anything. +A moment arrives when you forget that the thing is there. You go and +come, dream, speak, laugh. All at once you feel yourself clutched; all +is over. The wheels hold you fast, the glance has ensnared you. It has +caught you, no matter where or how, by some portion of your thought +which was fluttering loose, by some distraction which had attacked you. +You are lost. The whole of you passes into it. A chain of mysterious +forces takes possession of you. You struggle in vain; no more human +succor is possible. You go on falling from gearing to gearing, from +agony to agony, from torture to torture, you, your mind, your fortune, +your future, your soul; and, according to whether you are in the power +of a wicked creature, or of a noble heart, you will not escape from +this terrifying machine otherwise than disfigured with shame, or +transfigured by passion. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—ADVENTURES OF THE LETTER U DELIVERED OVER TO CONJECTURES + + +Isolation, detachment, from everything, pride, independence, the taste +of nature, the absence of daily and material activity, the life within +himself, the secret conflicts of chastity, a benevolent ecstasy towards +all creation, had prepared Marius for this possession which is called +passion. His worship of his father had gradually become a religion, +and, like all religions, it had retreated to the depths of his soul. +Something was required in the foreground. Love came. + +A full month elapsed, during which Marius went every day to the +Luxembourg. When the hour arrived, nothing could hold him back.—“He is +on duty,” said Courfeyrac. Marius lived in a state of delight. It is +certain that the young girl did look at him. + +He had finally grown bold, and approached the bench. Still, he did not +pass in front of it any more, in obedience to the instinct of timidity +and to the instinct of prudence common to lovers. He considered it +better not to attract “the attention of the father.” He combined his +stations behind the trees and the pedestals of the statues with a +profound diplomacy, so that he might be seen as much as possible by the +young girl and as little as possible by the old gentleman. Sometimes, +he remained motionless by the half-hour together in the shade of a +Leonidas or a Spartacus, holding in his hand a book, above which his +eyes, gently raised, sought the beautiful girl, and she, on her side, +turned her charming profile towards him with a vague smile. While +conversing in the most natural and tranquil manner in the world with +the white-haired man, she bent upon Marius all the reveries of a +virginal and passionate eye. Ancient and time-honored manƓuvre which +Eve understood from the very first day of the world, and which every +woman understands from the very first day of her life! her mouth +replied to one, and her glance replied to another. + +It must be supposed, that M. Leblanc finally noticed something, for +often, when Marius arrived, he rose and began to walk about. He had +abandoned their accustomed place and had adopted the bench by the +Gladiator, near the other end of the walk, as though with the object of +seeing whether Marius would pursue them thither. Marius did not +understand, and committed this error. “The father” began to grow +inexact, and no longer brought “his daughter” every day. Sometimes, he +came alone. Then Marius did not stay. Another blunder. + +Marius paid no heed to these symptoms. From the phase of timidity, he +had passed, by a natural and fatal progress, to the phase of blindness. +His love increased. He dreamed of it every night. And then, an +unexpected bliss had happened to him, oil on the fire, a redoubling of +the shadows over his eyes. One evening, at dusk, he had found, on the +bench which “M. Leblanc and his daughter” had just quitted, a +handkerchief, a very simple handkerchief, without embroidery, but +white, and fine, and which seemed to him to exhale ineffable perfume. +He seized it with rapture. This handkerchief was marked with the +letters U. F. Marius knew nothing about this beautiful child,—neither +her family name, her Christian name nor her abode; these two letters +were the first thing of her that he had gained possession of, adorable +initials, upon which he immediately began to construct his scaffolding. +U was evidently the Christian name. “Ursule!” he thought, “what a +delicious name!” He kissed the handkerchief, drank it in, placed it on +his heart, on his flesh, during the day, and at night, laid it beneath +his lips that he might fall asleep on it. + +“I feel that her whole soul lies within it!” he exclaimed. + +This handkerchief belonged to the old gentleman, who had simply let it +fall from his pocket. + +In the days which followed the finding of this treasure, he only +displayed himself at the Luxembourg in the act of kissing the +handkerchief and laying it on his heart. The beautiful child understood +nothing of all this, and signified it to him by imperceptible signs. + +“O modesty!” said Marius. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE VETERANS THEMSELVES CAN BE HAPPY + + +Since we have pronounced the word modesty, and since we conceal +nothing, we ought to say that once, nevertheless, in spite of his +ecstasies, “his Ursule” caused him very serious grief. It was on one of +the days when she persuaded M. Leblanc to leave the bench and stroll +along the walk. A brisk May breeze was blowing, which swayed the crests +of the plaintain-trees. The father and daughter, arm in arm, had just +passed Marius’ bench. Marius had risen to his feet behind them, and was +following them with his eyes, as was fitting in the desperate situation +of his soul. + +All at once, a gust of wind, more merry than the rest, and probably +charged with performing the affairs of Springtime, swept down from the +nursery, flung itself on the alley, enveloped the young girl in a +delicious shiver, worthy of Virgil’s nymphs, and the fawns of +Theocritus, and lifted her dress, the robe more sacred than that of +Isis, almost to the height of her garter. A leg of exquisite shape +appeared. Marius saw it. He was exasperated and furious. + +The young girl had hastily thrust down her dress, with a divinely +troubled motion, but he was nonetheless angry for all that. He was +alone in the alley, it is true. But there might have been some one +there. And what if there had been some one there! Can any one +comprehend such a thing? What she had just done is horrible!—Alas, the +poor child had done nothing; there had been but one culprit, the wind; +but Marius, in whom quivered the Bartholo who exists in Cherubin, was +determined to be vexed, and was jealous of his own shadow. It is thus, +in fact, that the harsh and capricious jealousy of the flesh awakens in +the human heart, and takes possession of it, even without any right. +Moreover, setting aside even that jealousy, the sight of that charming +leg had contained nothing agreeable for him; the white stocking of the +first woman he chanced to meet would have afforded him more pleasure. + +When “his Ursule,” after having reached the end of the walk, retraced +her steps with M. Leblanc, and passed in front of the bench on which +Marius had seated himself once more, Marius darted a sullen and +ferocious glance at her. The young girl gave way to that slight +straightening up with a backward movement, accompanied by a raising of +the eyelids, which signifies: “Well, what is the matter?” + + +This was “their first quarrel.” + + +Marius had hardly made this scene at her with his eyes, when some one +crossed the walk. It was a veteran, very much bent, extremely wrinkled, +and pale, in a uniform of the Louis XV. pattern, bearing on his breast +the little oval plaque of red cloth, with the crossed swords, the +soldier’s cross of Saint-Louis, and adorned, in addition, with a +coat-sleeve, which had no arm within it, with a silver chin and a +wooden leg. Marius thought he perceived that this man had an extremely +well satisfied air. It even struck him that the aged cynic, as he +hobbled along past him, addressed to him a very fraternal and very +merry wink, as though some chance had created an understanding between +them, and as though they had shared some piece of good luck together. +What did that relic of Mars mean by being so contented? What had passed +between that wooden leg and the other? Marius reached a paroxysm of +jealousy.—“Perhaps he was there!” he said to himself; “perhaps he +saw!”—And he felt a desire to exterminate the veteran. + +With the aid of time, all points grow dull. Marius’ wrath against +“Ursule,” just and legitimate as it was, passed off. He finally +pardoned her; but this cost him a great effort; he sulked for three +days. + +Nevertheless, in spite of all this, and because of all this, his +passion augmented and grew to madness. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—ECLIPSE + + +The reader has just seen how Marius discovered, or thought that he +discovered, that _She_ was named Ursule. + +Appetite grows with loving. To know that her name was Ursule was a +great deal; it was very little. In three or four weeks, Marius had +devoured this bliss. He wanted another. He wanted to know where she +lived. + +He had committed his first blunder, by falling into the ambush of the +bench by the Gladiator. He had committed a second, by not remaining at +the Luxembourg when M. Leblanc came thither alone. He now committed a +third, and an immense one. He followed “Ursule.” + + +She lived in the Rue de l’Ouest, in the most unfrequented spot, in a +new, three-story house, of modest appearance. + +From that moment forth, Marius added to his happiness of seeing her at +the Luxembourg the happiness of following her home. + +His hunger was increasing. He knew her first name, at least, a charming +name, a genuine woman’s name; he knew where she lived; he wanted to +know who she was. + +One evening, after he had followed them to their dwelling, and had seen +them disappear through the carriage gate, he entered in their train and +said boldly to the porter:— + +“Is that the gentleman who lives on the first floor, who has just come +in?” + + +“No,” replied the porter. “He is the gentleman on the third floor.” + + +Another step gained. This success emboldened Marius. + +“On the front?” he asked. + +“Parbleu!” said the porter, “the house is only built on the street.” + + +“And what is that gentleman’s business?” began Marius again. + +“He is a gentleman of property, sir. A very kind man who does good to +the unfortunate, though not rich himself.” + + +“What is his name?” resumed Marius. + +The porter raised his head and said:— + +“Are you a police spy, sir?” + + +Marius went off quite abashed, but delighted. He was getting on. + +“Good,” thought he, “I know that her name is Ursule, that she is the +daughter of a gentleman who lives on his income, and that she lives +there, on the third floor, in the Rue de l’Ouest.” + + +On the following day, M. Leblanc and his daughter made only a very +brief stay in the Luxembourg; they went away while it was still broad +daylight. Marius followed them to the Rue de l’Ouest, as he had taken +up the habit of doing. On arriving at the carriage entrance M. Leblanc +made his daughter pass in first, then paused, before crossing the +threshold, and stared intently at Marius. + +On the next day they did not come to the Luxembourg. Marius waited for +them all day in vain. + +At nightfall, he went to the Rue de l’Ouest, and saw a light in the +windows of the third story. + +He walked about beneath the windows until the light was extinguished. + +The next day, no one at the Luxembourg. Marius waited all day, then +went and did sentinel duty under their windows. This carried him on to +ten o’clock in the evening. + +His dinner took care of itself. Fever nourishes the sick man, and love +the lover. + +He spent a week in this manner. M. Leblanc no longer appeared at the +Luxembourg. + +Marius indulged in melancholy conjectures; he dared not watch the +porte-cochĂšre during the day; he contented himself with going at night +to gaze upon the red light of the windows. At times he saw shadows flit +across them, and his heart began to beat. + +On the eighth day, when he arrived under the windows, there was no +light in them. + +“Hello!” he said, “the lamp is not lighted yet. But it is dark. Can +they have gone out?” He waited until ten o’clock. Until midnight. Until +one in the morning. Not a light appeared in the windows of the third +story, and no one entered the house. + +He went away in a very gloomy frame of mind. + +On the morrow,—for he only existed from morrow to morrow, there was, so +to speak, no to-day for him,—on the morrow, he found no one at the +Luxembourg; he had expected this. At dusk, he went to the house. + +No light in the windows; the shades were drawn; the third floor was +totally dark. + +Marius rapped at the porte-cochĂšre, entered, and said to the porter:— + +“The gentleman on the third floor?” + + +“Has moved away,” replied the porter. + +Marius reeled and said feebly:— + +“How long ago?” + + +“Yesterday.” + + +“Where is he living now?” + + +“I don’t know anything about it.” + + +“So he has not left his new address?” + + +“No.” + + +And the porter, raising his eyes, recognized Marius. + +“Come! So it’s you!” said he; “but you are decidedly a spy then?” + + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—PATRON MINETTE + + + + +CHAPTER I—MINES AND MINERS + + +Human societies all have what is called in theatrical parlance, _a +third lower floor_. The social soil is everywhere undermined, sometimes +for good, sometimes for evil. These works are superposed one upon the +other. There are superior mines and inferior mines. There is a top and +a bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which sometimes gives way beneath +civilization, and which our indifference and heedlessness trample under +foot. The Encyclopedia, in the last century, was a mine that was almost +open to the sky. The shades, those sombre hatchers of primitive +Christianity, only awaited an opportunity to bring about an explosion +under the CĂŠsars and to inundate the human race with light. For in the +sacred shadows there lies latent light. Volcanoes are full of a shadow +that is capable of flashing forth. Every form begins by being night. +The catacombs, in which the first mass was said, were not alone the +cellar of Rome, they were the vaults of the world. + +Beneath the social construction, that complicated marvel of a +structure, there are excavations of all sorts. There is the religious +mine, the philosophical mine, the economic mine, the revolutionary +mine. Such and such a pick-axe with the idea, such a pick with ciphers. +Such another with wrath. People hail and answer each other from one +catacomb to another. Utopias travel about underground, in the pipes. +There they branch out in every direction. They sometimes meet, and +fraternize there. Jean-Jacques lends his pick to Diogenes, who lends +him his lantern. Sometimes they enter into combat there. Calvin seizes +Socinius by the hair. But nothing arrests nor interrupts the tension of +all these energies toward the goal, and the vast, simultaneous +activity, which goes and comes, mounts, descends, and mounts again in +these obscurities, and which immense unknown swarming slowly transforms +the top and the bottom and the inside and the outside. Society hardly +even suspects this digging which leaves its surface intact and changes +its bowels. There are as many different subterranean stages as there +are varying works, as there are extractions. What emerges from these +deep excavations? The future. + +The deeper one goes, the more mysterious are the toilers. The work is +good, up to a degree which the social philosophies are able to +recognize; beyond that degree it is doubtful and mixed; lower down, it +becomes terrible. At a certain depth, the excavations are no longer +penetrable by the spirit of civilization, the limit breathable by man +has been passed; a beginning of monsters is possible. + +The descending scale is a strange one; and each one of the rungs of +this ladder corresponds to a stage where philosophy can find foothold, +and where one encounters one of these workmen, sometimes divine, +sometimes misshapen. Below John Huss, there is Luther; below Luther, +there is Descartes; below Descartes, there is Voltaire; below Voltaire, +there is Condorcet; below Condorcet, there is Robespierre; below +Robespierre, there is Marat; below Marat there is Babeuf. And so it +goes on. Lower down, confusedly, at the limit which separates the +indistinct from the invisible, one perceives other gloomy men, who +perhaps do not exist as yet. The men of yesterday are spectres; those +of to-morrow are forms. The eye of the spirit distinguishes them but +obscurely. The embryonic work of the future is one of the visions of +philosophy. + +A world in limbo, in the state of fƓtus, what an unheard-of spectre! + +Saint-Simon, Owen, Fourier, are there also, in lateral galleries. + +Surely, although a divine and invisible chain unknown to themselves, +binds together all these subterranean pioneers who, almost always, +think themselves isolated, and who are not so, their works vary +greatly, and the light of some contrasts with the blaze of others. The +first are paradisiacal, the last are tragic. Nevertheless, whatever may +be the contrast, all these toilers, from the highest to the most +nocturnal, from the wisest to the most foolish, possess one likeness, +and this is it: disinterestedness. Marat forgets himself like Jesus. +They throw themselves on one side, they omit themselves, they think not +of themselves. They have a glance, and that glance seeks the absolute. +The first has the whole heavens in his eyes; the last, enigmatical +though he may be, has still, beneath his eyelids, the pale beam of the +infinite. Venerate the man, whoever he may be, who has this sign—the +starry eye. + +The shadowy eye is the other sign. + +With it, evil commences. Reflect and tremble in the presence of any one +who has no glance at all. The social order has its black miners. + +There is a point where depth is tantamount to burial, and where light +becomes extinct. + +Below all these mines which we have just mentioned, below all these +galleries, below this whole immense, subterranean, venous system of +progress and utopia, much further on in the earth, much lower than +Marat, lower than Babeuf, lower, much lower, and without any connection +with the upper levels, there lies the last mine. A formidable spot. +This is what we have designated as the _le troisiĂšme dessous_. It is +the grave of shadows. It is the cellar of the blind. _Inferi_. + +This communicates with the abyss. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE LOWEST DEPTHS + + +There disinterestedness vanishes. The demon is vaguely outlined; each +one is for himself. The _I_ in the eyes howls, seeks, fumbles, and +gnaws. The social Ugolino is in this gulf. + +The wild spectres who roam in this grave, almost beasts, almost +phantoms, are not occupied with universal progress; they are ignorant +both of the idea and of the word; they take no thought for anything but +the satisfaction of their individual desires. They are almost +unconscious, and there exists within them a sort of terrible +obliteration. They have two mothers, both step-mothers, ignorance and +misery. They have a guide, necessity; and for all forms of +satisfaction, appetite. They are brutally voracious, that is to say, +ferocious, not after the fashion of the tyrant, but after the fashion +of the tiger. From suffering these spectres pass to crime; fatal +affiliation, dizzy creation, logic of darkness. That which crawls in +the social third lower level is no longer complaint stifled by the +absolute; it is the protest of matter. Man there becomes a dragon. To +be hungry, to be thirsty—that is the point of departure; to be +Satan—that is the point reached. From that vault Lacenaire emerges. + +We have just seen, in Book Fourth, one of the compartments of the upper +mine, of the great political, revolutionary, and philosophical +excavation. There, as we have just said, all is pure, noble, dignified, +honest. There, assuredly, one might be misled; but error is worthy of +veneration there, so thoroughly does it imply heroism. The work there +effected, taken as a whole has a name: Progress. + +The moment has now come when we must take a look at other depths, +hideous depths. There exists beneath society, we insist upon this +point, and there will exist, until that day when ignorance shall be +dissipated, the great cavern of evil. + +This cavern is below all, and is the foe of all. It is hatred, without +exception. This cavern knows no philosophers; its dagger has never cut +a pen. Its blackness has no connection with the sublime blackness of +the inkstand. Never have the fingers of night which contract beneath +this stifling ceiling, turned the leaves of a book nor unfolded a +newspaper. Babeuf is a speculator to Cartouche; Marat is an aristocrat +to Schinderhannes. This cavern has for its object the destruction of +everything. + +Of everything. Including the upper superior mines, which it execrates. +It not only undermines, in its hideous swarming, the actual social +order; it undermines philosophy, it undermines human thought, it +undermines civilization, it undermines revolution, it undermines +progress. Its name is simply theft, prostitution, murder, +assassination. It is darkness, and it desires chaos. Its vault is +formed of ignorance. + +All the others, those above it, have but one object—to suppress it. It +is to this point that philosophy and progress tend, with all their +organs simultaneously, by their amelioration of the real, as well as by +their contemplation of the absolute. Destroy the cavern Ignorance and +you destroy the lair Crime. + +Let us condense, in a few words, a part of what we have just written. +The only social peril is darkness. + +Humanity is identity. All men are made of the same clay. There is no +difference, here below, at least, in predestination. The same shadow in +front, the same flesh in the present, the same ashes afterwards. But +ignorance, mingled with the human paste, blackens it. This incurable +blackness takes possession of the interior of a man and is there +converted into evil. + + + + +CHAPTER III—BABET, GUEULEMER, CLAQUESOUS, AND MONTPARNASSE + + +A quartette of ruffians, Claquesous, Gueulemer, Babet, and Montparnasse +governed the third lower floor of Paris, from 1830 to 1835. + +Gueulemer was a Hercules of no defined position. For his lair he had +the sewer of the Arche-Marion. He was six feet high, his pectoral +muscles were of marble, his biceps of brass, his breath was that of a +cavern, his torso that of a colossus, his head that of a bird. One +thought one beheld the Farnese Hercules clad in duck trousers and a +cotton velvet waistcoat. Gueulemer, built after this sculptural +fashion, might have subdued monsters; he had found it more expeditious +to be one. A low brow, large temples, less than forty years of age, but +with crow’s-feet, harsh, short hair, cheeks like a brush, a beard like +that of a wild boar; the reader can see the man before him. His muscles +called for work, his stupidity would have none of it. He was a great, +idle force. He was an assassin through coolness. He was thought to be a +creole. He had, probably, somewhat to do with Marshal Brune, having +been a porter at Avignon in 1815. After this stage, he had turned +ruffian. + +The diaphaneity of Babet contrasted with the grossness of Gueulemer. +Babet was thin and learned. He was transparent but impenetrable. +Daylight was visible through his bones, but nothing through his eyes. +He declared that he was a chemist. He had been a jack of all trades. He +had played in vaudeville at Saint-Mihiel. He was a man of purpose, a +fine talker, who underlined his smiles and accentuated his gestures. +His occupation consisted in selling, in the open air, plaster busts and +portraits of “the head of the State.” In addition to this, he extracted +teeth. He had exhibited phenomena at fairs, and he had owned a booth +with a trumpet and this poster: “Babet, Dental Artist, Member of the +Academies, makes physical experiments on metals and metalloids, +extracts teeth, undertakes stumps abandoned by his brother +practitioners. Price: one tooth, one franc, fifty centimes; two teeth, +two francs; three teeth, two francs, fifty. Take advantage of this +opportunity.” This _Take advantage of this opportunity_ meant: Have as +many teeth extracted as possible. He had been married and had had +children. He did not know what had become of his wife and children. He +had lost them as one loses his handkerchief. Babet read the papers, a +striking exception in the world to which he belonged. One day, at the +period when he had his family with him in his booth on wheels, he had +read in the _Messager_, that a woman had just given birth to a child, +who was doing well, and had a calf’s muzzle, and he exclaimed: “There’s +a fortune! my wife has not the wit to present me with a child like +that!” + + +Later on he had abandoned everything, in order to “undertake Paris.” +This was his expression. + +Who was Claquesous? He was night. He waited until the sky was daubed +with black, before he showed himself. At nightfall he emerged from the +hole whither he returned before daylight. Where was this hole? No one +knew. He only addressed his accomplices in the most absolute darkness, +and with his back turned to them. Was his name Claquesous? Certainly +not. If a candle was brought, he put on a mask. He was a ventriloquist. +Babet said: “Claquesous is a nocturne for two voices.” Claquesous was +vague, terrible, and a roamer. No one was sure whether he had a name, +Claquesous being a sobriquet; none was sure that he had a voice, as his +stomach spoke more frequently than his voice; no one was sure that he +had a face, as he was never seen without his mask. He disappeared as +though he had vanished into thin air; when he appeared, it was as +though he sprang from the earth. + +A lugubrious being was Montparnasse. Montparnasse was a child; less +than twenty years of age, with a handsome face, lips like cherries, +charming black hair, the brilliant light of springtime in his eyes; he +had all vices and aspired to all crimes. + +The digestion of evil aroused in him an appetite for worse. It was the +street boy turned pickpocket, and a pickpocket turned garroter. He was +genteel, effeminate, graceful, robust, sluggish, ferocious. The rim of +his hat was curled up on the left side, in order to make room for a +tuft of hair, after the style of 1829. He lived by robbery with +violence. His coat was of the best cut, but threadbare. Montparnasse +was a fashion-plate in misery and given to the commission of murders. +The cause of all this youth’s crimes was the desire to be well-dressed. +The first grisette who had said to him: “You are handsome!” had cast +the stain of darkness into his heart, and had made a Cain of this Abel. +Finding that he was handsome, he desired to be elegant: now, the height +of elegance is idleness; idleness in a poor man means crime. Few +prowlers were so dreaded as Montparnasse. At eighteen, he had already +numerous corpses in his past. More than one passer-by lay with +outstretched arms in the presence of this wretch, with his face in a +pool of blood. Curled, pomaded, with laced waist, the hips of a woman, +the bust of a Prussian officer, the murmur of admiration from the +boulevard wenches surrounding him, his cravat knowingly tied, a +bludgeon in his pocket, a flower in his buttonhole; such was this dandy +of the sepulchre. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—COMPOSITION OF THE TROUPE + + +These four ruffians formed a sort of Proteus, winding like a serpent +among the police, and striving to escape Vidocq’s indiscreet glances +“under divers forms, tree, flame, fountain,” lending each other their +names and their traps, hiding in their own shadows, boxes with secret +compartments and refuges for each other, stripping off their +personalities, as one removes his false nose at a masked ball, +sometimes simplifying matters to the point of consisting of but one +individual, sometimes multiplying themselves to such a point that +Coco-Latour himself took them for a whole throng. + +These four men were not four men; they were a sort of mysterious robber +with four heads, operating on a grand scale on Paris; they were that +monstrous polyp of evil, which inhabits the crypt of society. + +Thanks to their ramifications, and to the network underlying their +relations, Babet, Gueulemer, Claquesous, and Montparnasse were charged +with the general enterprise of the ambushes of the department of the +Seine. The inventors of ideas of that nature, men with nocturnal +imaginations, applied to them to have their ideas executed. They +furnished the canvas to the four rascals, and the latter undertook the +preparation of the scenery. They labored at the stage setting. They +were always in a condition to lend a force proportioned and suitable to +all crimes which demanded a lift of the shoulder, and which were +sufficiently lucrative. When a crime was in quest of arms, they +under-let their accomplices. They kept a troupe of actors of the +shadows at the disposition of all underground tragedies. + +They were in the habit of assembling at nightfall, the hour when they +woke up, on the plains which adjoin the SalpĂȘtriĂšre. There they held +their conferences. They had twelve black hours before them; they +regulated their employment accordingly. + +_Patron-Minette_,—such was the name which was bestowed in the +subterranean circulation on the association of these four men. In the +fantastic, ancient, popular parlance, which is vanishing day by day, +_Patron-Minette_ signifies the morning, the same as _entre chien et +loup_—between dog and wolf—signifies the evening. This appellation, +_Patron-Minette_, was probably derived from the hour at which their +work ended, the dawn being the vanishing moment for phantoms and for +the separation of ruffians. These four men were known under this title. +When the President of the Assizes visited Lacenaire in his prison, and +questioned him concerning a misdeed which Lacenaire denied, “Who did +it?” demanded the President. Lacenaire made this response, enigmatical +so far as the magistrate was concerned, but clear to the police: +“Perhaps it was Patron-Minette.” + + +A piece can sometimes be divined on the enunciation of the personages; +in the same manner a band can almost be judged from the list of +ruffians composing it. Here are the appellations to which the principal +members of Patron-Minette answered,—for the names have survived in +special memoirs. + +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille. + +Brujon. [There was a Brujon dynasty; we cannot refrain from +interpolating this word.] + +Boulatruelle, the road-mender already introduced. + +Laveuve. + +FinistĂšre. + +HomĂšre-Hogu, a negro. + +Mardisoir. (Tuesday evening.) + +DĂ©pĂȘche. (Make haste.) + +Fauntleroy, alias BouquetiĂšre (the Flower Girl). + +Glorieux, a discharged convict. + +Barrecarrosse (Stop-carriage), called Monsieur Dupont. + +L’Esplanade-du-Sud. + +Poussagrive. + +Carmagnolet. + +Kruideniers, called Bizarro. + +Mangedentelle. (Lace-eater.) + +Les-pieds-en-l’Air. (Feet in the air.) + +Demi-Liard, called Deux-Milliards. + +Etc., etc. + +We pass over some, and not the worst of them. These names have faces +attached. They do not express merely beings, but species. Each one of +these names corresponds to a variety of those misshapen fungi from the +under side of civilization. + +Those beings, who were not very lavish with their countenances, were +not among the men whom one sees passing along the streets. Fatigued by +the wild nights which they passed, they went off by day to sleep, +sometimes in the lime-kilns, sometimes in the abandoned quarries of +Montmatre or Montrouge, sometimes in the sewers. They ran to earth. + +What became of these men? They still exist. They have always existed. +Horace speaks of them: _Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolĂŠ, mendici, +mimĂŠ_; and so long as society remains what it is, they will remain what +they are. Beneath the obscure roof of their cavern, they are +continually born again from the social ooze. They return, spectres, but +always identical; only, they no longer bear the same names and they are +no longer in the same skins. The individuals extirpated, the tribe +subsists. + +They always have the same faculties. From the vagrant to the tramp, the +race is maintained in its purity. They divine purses in pockets, they +scent out watches in fobs. Gold and silver possess an odor for them. +There exist ingenuous bourgeois, of whom it might be said, that they +have a “stealable” air. These men patiently pursue these bourgeois. +They experience the quivers of a spider at the passage of a stranger or +of a man from the country. + +These men are terrible, when one encounters them, or catches a glimpse +of them, towards midnight, on a deserted boulevard. They do not seem to +be men but forms composed of living mists; one would say that they +habitually constitute one mass with the shadows, that they are in no +wise distinct from them, that they possess no other soul than the +darkness, and that it is only momentarily and for the purpose of living +for a few minutes a monstrous life, that they have separated from the +night. + +What is necessary to cause these spectres to vanish? Light. Light in +floods. Not a single bat can resist the dawn. Light up society from +below. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—THE WICKED POOR MAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—MARIUS, WHILE SEEKING A GIRL IN A BONNET, ENCOUNTERS A MAN IN +A CAP + + +Summer passed, then the autumn; winter came. Neither M. Leblanc nor the +young girl had again set foot in the Luxembourg garden. Thenceforth, +Marius had but one thought,—to gaze once more on that sweet and +adorable face. He sought constantly, he sought everywhere; he found +nothing. He was no longer Marius, the enthusiastic dreamer, the firm, +resolute, ardent man, the bold defier of fate, the brain which erected +future on future, the young spirit encumbered with plans, with +projects, with pride, with ideas and wishes; he was a lost dog. He fell +into a black melancholy. All was over. Work disgusted him, walking +tired him. Vast nature, formerly so filled with forms, lights, voices, +counsels, perspectives, horizons, teachings, now lay empty before him. +It seemed to him that everything had disappeared. + +He thought incessantly, for he could not do otherwise; but he no longer +took pleasure in his thoughts. To everything that they proposed to him +in a whisper, he replied in his darkness: “What is the use?” + + +He heaped a hundred reproaches on himself. “Why did I follow her? I was +so happy at the mere sight of her! She looked at me; was not that +immense? She had the air of loving me. Was not that everything? I +wished to have, what? There was nothing after that. I have been absurd. +It is my own fault,” etc., etc. Courfeyrac, to whom he confided +nothing,—it was his nature,—but who made some little guess at +everything,—that was his nature,—had begun by congratulating him on +being in love, though he was amazed at it; then, seeing Marius fall +into this melancholy state, he ended by saying to him: “I see that you +have been simply an animal. Here, come to the ChaumiĂšre.” + + +Once, having confidence in a fine September sun, Marius had allowed +himself to be taken to the ball at Sceaux by Courfeyrac, Bossuet, and +Grantaire, hoping, what a dream! that he might, perhaps, find her +there. Of course he did not see the one he sought.—“But this is the +place, all the same, where all lost women are found,” grumbled +Grantaire in an aside. Marius left his friends at the ball and returned +home on foot, alone, through the night, weary, feverish, with sad and +troubled eyes, stunned by the noise and dust of the merry wagons filled +with singing creatures on their way home from the feast, which passed +close to him, as he, in his discouragement, breathed in the acrid scent +of the walnut-trees, along the road, in order to refresh his head. + +He took to living more and more alone, utterly overwhelmed, wholly +given up to his inward anguish, going and coming in his pain like the +wolf in the trap, seeking the absent one everywhere, stupefied by love. + +On another occasion, he had an encounter which produced on him a +singular effect. He met, in the narrow streets in the vicinity of the +Boulevard des Invalides, a man dressed like a workingman and wearing a +cap with a long visor, which allowed a glimpse of locks of very white +hair. Marius was struck with the beauty of this white hair, and +scrutinized the man, who was walking slowly and as though absorbed in +painful meditation. Strange to say, he thought that he recognized M. +Leblanc. The hair was the same, also the profile, so far as the cap +permitted a view of it, the mien identical, only more depressed. But +why these workingman’s clothes? What was the meaning of this? What +signified that disguise? Marius was greatly astonished. When he +recovered himself, his first impulse was to follow the man; who knows +whether he did not hold at last the clue which he was seeking? In any +case, he must see the man near at hand, and clear up the mystery. But +the idea occurred to him too late, the man was no longer there. He had +turned into some little side street, and Marius could not find him. +This encounter occupied his mind for three days and then was effaced. +“After all,” he said to himself, “it was probably only a resemblance.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—TREASURE TROVE + + +Marius had not left the Gorbeau house. He paid no attention to any one +there. + +At that epoch, to tell the truth, there were no other inhabitants in +the house, except himself and those Jondrettes whose rent he had once +paid, without, moreover, ever having spoken to either father, mother, +or daughters. The other lodgers had moved away or had died, or had been +turned out in default of payment. + +One day during that winter, the sun had shown itself a little in the +afternoon, but it was the 2d of February, that ancient Candlemas day +whose treacherous sun, the precursor of a six weeks’ cold spell, +inspired Mathieu Laensberg with these two lines, which have with +justice remained classic:— + +Qu’il luise ou qu’il luiserne, +L’ours rentre dans en sa caverne.26 + + +Marius had just emerged from his: night was falling. It was the hour +for his dinner; for he had been obliged to take to dining again, alas! +oh, infirmities of ideal passions! + +He had just crossed his threshold, where Ma’am Bougon was sweeping at +the moment, as she uttered this memorable monologue:— + +“What is there that is cheap now? Everything is dear. There is nothing +in the world that is cheap except trouble; you can get that for +nothing, the trouble of the world!” + + +Marius slowly ascended the boulevard towards the barrier, in order to +reach the Rue Saint-Jacques. He was walking along with drooping head. + +All at once, he felt some one elbow him in the dusk; he wheeled round, +and saw two young girls clad in rags, the one tall and slim, the other +a little shorter, who were passing rapidly, all out of breath, in +terror, and with the appearance of fleeing; they had been coming to +meet him, had not seen him, and had jostled him as they passed. Through +the twilight, Marius could distinguish their livid faces, their wild +heads, their dishevelled hair, their hideous bonnets, their ragged +petticoats, and their bare feet. They were talking as they ran. The +taller said in a very low voice:— + +“The bobbies have come. They came near nabbing me at the half-circle.” +The other answered: “I saw them. I bolted, bolted, bolted!” + + +Through this repulsive slang, Marius understood that gendarmes or the +police had come near apprehending these two children, and that the +latter had escaped. + +They plunged among the trees of the boulevard behind him, and there +created, for a few minutes, in the gloom, a sort of vague white spot, +then disappeared. + +Marius had halted for a moment. + +He was about to pursue his way, when his eye lighted on a little +grayish package lying on the ground at his feet. He stooped and picked +it up. It was a sort of envelope which appeared to contain papers. + +“Good,” he said to himself, “those unhappy girls dropped it.” + + +He retraced his steps, he called, he did not find them; he reflected +that they must already be far away, put the package in his pocket, and +went off to dine. + +On the way, he saw in an alley of the Rue Mouffetard, a child’s coffin, +covered with a black cloth resting on three chairs, and illuminated by +a candle. The two girls of the twilight recurred to his mind. + +“Poor mothers!” he thought. “There is one thing sadder than to see +one’s children die; it is to see them leading an evil life.” + + +Then those shadows which had varied his melancholy vanished from his +thoughts, and he fell back once more into his habitual preoccupations. +He fell to thinking once more of his six months of love and happiness +in the open air and the broad daylight, beneath the beautiful trees of +Luxembourg. + +“How gloomy my life has become!” he said to himself. “Young girls are +always appearing to me, only formerly they were angels and now they are +ghouls.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—QUADRIFRONS + + +That evening, as he was undressing preparatory to going to bed, his +hand came in contact, in the pocket of his coat, with the packet which +he had picked up on the boulevard. He had forgotten it. He thought that +it would be well to open it, and that this package might possibly +contain the address of the young girls, if it really belonged to them, +and, in any case, the information necessary to a restitution to the +person who had lost it. + +He opened the envelope. + +It was not sealed and contained four letters, also unsealed. + +They bore addresses. + +All four exhaled a horrible odor of tobacco. + +The first was addressed: _“To Madame, Madame la Marquise de Grucheray, +the place opposite the Chamber of Deputies, No.—”_ + +Marius said to himself, that he should probably find in it the +information which he sought, and that, moreover, the letter being open, +it was probable that it could be read without impropriety. + +It was conceived as follows:— + +Madame la Marquise: The virtue of clemency and piety is that which most +closely unites sosiety. Turn your Christian spirit and cast a look of +compassion on this unfortunate Spanish victim of loyalty and attachment +to the sacred cause of legitimacy, who has given with his blood, +consecrated his fortune, evverything, to defend that cause, and to-day +finds himself in the greatest missery. He doubts not that your +honorable person will grant succor to preserve an existence exteremely +painful for a military man of education and honor full of wounds, +counts in advance on the humanity which animates you and on the +interest which Madame la Marquise bears to a nation so unfortunate. +Their prayer will not be in vain, and their gratitude will preserve +theirs charming souvenir. + +My respectful sentiments, with which I have the honor to be + + Madame, + DON ALVARÈS, Spanish Captain of Cavalry, a royalist who has take + refuge in France, who finds himself on travells for his country, + and the resources are lacking him to continue his travells. + + +No address was joined to the signature. Marius hoped to find the +address in the second letter, whose superscription read: _À Madame, +Madame la Comtesse de Montvernet, Rue Cassette, No. 9_. This is what +Marius read in it:— + + MADAME LA COMTESSE: It is an unhappy mother of a family of six + children the last of which is only eight months old. I sick since + my last confinement, abandoned by my husband five months ago, + haveing no resources in the world the most frightful indigance. + + In the hope of Madame la Comtesse, she has the honor to be, Madame, + with profound respect, + + MISTRESS BALIZARD. + + +Marius turned to the third letter, which was a petition like the +preceding; he read:— + + Monsieur PABOURGEOT, Elector, wholesale stocking merchant, Rue + Saint-Denis on the corner of the Rue aux Fers. + + I permit myself to address you this letter to beg you to grant me + the pretious favor of your simpaties and to interest yourself in a + man of letters who has just sent a drama to the ThĂ©Ăątre-Français. + The subject is historical, and the action takes place in Auvergne + in the time of the Empire; the style, I think, is natural, laconic, + and may have some merit. There are couplets to be sung in four + places. The comic, the serious, the unexpected, are mingled in a + variety of characters, and a tinge of romanticism lightly spread + through all the intrigue which proceeds misteriously, and ends, + after striking altarations, in the midst of many beautiful strokes + of brilliant scenes. + + My principal object is to satisfi the desire which progressively + animates the man of our century, that is to say, the fashion, that + capritious and bizarre weathervane which changes at almost every + new wind. + + In spite of these qualities I have reason to fear that jealousy, + the egotism of priviliged authors, may obtaine my exclusion from + the theatre, for I am not ignorant of the mortifications with which + newcomers are treated. + + Monsiuer Pabourgeot, your just reputation as an enlightened + protector of men of litters emboldens me to send you my daughter + who will explain our indigant situation to you, lacking bread and + fire in this wynter season. When I say to you that I beg you to + accept the dedication of my drama which I desire to make to you and + of all those that I shall make, is to prove to you how great is my + ambition to have the honor of sheltering myself under your + protection, and of adorning my writings with your name. If you + deign to honor me with the most modest offering, I shall + immediately occupy myself in making a piesse of verse to pay you my + tribute of gratitude. Which I shall endeavor to render this piesse + as perfect as possible, will be sent to you before it is inserted + at the beginning of the drama and delivered on the stage. + +To Monsieur +and Madame Pabourgeot, +My most respectful complements, +GENFLOT, man of letters. + +P. S. Even if it is only forty sous. + + Excuse me for sending my daughter and not presenting myself, but + sad motives connected with the toilet do not permit me, alas! to go + out. + + +Finally, Marius opened the fourth letter. The address ran: _To the +benevolent Gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-haut-Pas_. It +contained the following lines:— + + BENEVOLENT MAN: If you deign to accompany my daughter, you will + behold a misserable calamity, and I will show you my certificates. + + At the aspect of these writings your generous soul will be moved + with a sentiment of obvious benevolence, for true philosophers + always feel lively emotions. + + Admit, compassionate man, that it is necessary to suffer the most + cruel need, and that it is very painful, for the sake of obtaining + a little relief, to get oneself attested by the authorities as + though one were not free to suffer and to die of inanition while + waiting to have our misery relieved. Destinies are very fatal for + several and too prodigal or too protecting for others. + + I await your presence or your offering, if you deign to make one, + and I beseech you to accept the respectful sentiments with which I + have the honor to be, + +truly magnanimous man, +your very humble +and very obedient servant, +P. FABANTOU, dramatic artist. + + +After perusing these four letters, Marius did not find himself much +further advanced than before. + +In the first place, not one of the signers gave his address. + +Then, they seemed to come from four different individuals, Don AlvarĂšs, +Mistress Balizard, the poet Genflot, and dramatic artist Fabantou; but +the singular thing about these letters was, that all four were written +by the same hand. + +What conclusion was to be drawn from this, except that they all come +from the same person? + +Moreover, and this rendered the conjecture all the more probable, the +coarse and yellow paper was the same in all four, the odor of tobacco +was the same, and, although an attempt had been made to vary the style, +the same orthographical faults were reproduced with the greatest +tranquillity, and the man of letters Genflot was no more exempt from +them than the Spanish captain. + +It was waste of trouble to try to solve this petty mystery. Had it not +been a chance find, it would have borne the air of a mystification. +Marius was too melancholy to take even a chance pleasantry well, and to +lend himself to a game which the pavement of the street seemed desirous +of playing with him. It seemed to him that he was playing the part of +the blind man in blind man’s buff between the four letters, and that +they were making sport of him. + +Nothing, however, indicated that these letters belonged to the two +young girls whom Marius had met on the boulevard. After all, they were +evidently papers of no value. Marius replaced them in their envelope, +flung the whole into a corner and went to bed. About seven o’clock in +the morning, he had just risen and breakfasted, and was trying to +settle down to work, when there came a soft knock at his door. + +As he owned nothing, he never locked his door, unless occasionally, +though very rarely, when he was engaged in some pressing work. Even +when absent he left his key in the lock. “You will be robbed,” said +Ma’am Bougon. “Of what?” said Marius. The truth is, however, that he +had, one day, been robbed of an old pair of boots, to the great triumph +of Ma’am Bougon. + +There came a second knock, as gentle as the first. + +“Come in,” said Marius. + +The door opened. + +“What do you want, Ma’am Bougon?” asked Marius, without raising his +eyes from the books and manuscripts on his table. + +A voice which did not belong to Ma’am Bougon replied:— + +“Excuse me, sir—” + + +It was a dull, broken, hoarse, strangled voice, the voice of an old +man, roughened with brandy and liquor. + +Marius turned round hastily, and beheld a young girl. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A ROSE IN MISERY + + + + +[Illustration: Rose in Misery] + + +A very young girl was standing in the half-open door. The dormer window +of the garret, through which the light fell, was precisely opposite the +door, and illuminated the figure with a wan light. She was a frail, +emaciated, slender creature; there was nothing but a chemise and a +petticoat upon that chilled and shivering nakedness. Her girdle was a +string, her head ribbon a string, her pointed shoulders emerged from +her chemise, a blond and lymphatic pallor, earth-colored collar-bones, +red hands, a half-open and degraded mouth, missing teeth, dull, bold, +base eyes; she had the form of a young girl who has missed her youth, +and the look of a corrupt old woman; fifty years mingled with fifteen; +one of those beings which are both feeble and horrible, and which cause +those to shudder whom they do not cause to weep. + +Marius had risen, and was staring in a sort of stupor at this being, +who was almost like the forms of the shadows which traverse dreams. + +The most heart-breaking thing of all was, that this young girl had not +come into the world to be homely. In her early childhood she must even +have been pretty. The grace of her age was still struggling against the +hideous, premature decrepitude of debauchery and poverty. The remains +of beauty were dying away in that face of sixteen, like the pale +sunlight which is extinguished under hideous clouds at dawn on a +winter’s day. + +That face was not wholly unknown to Marius. He thought he remembered +having seen it somewhere. + +“What do you wish, Mademoiselle?” he asked. + +The young girl replied in her voice of a drunken convict:— + +“Here is a letter for you, Monsieur Marius.” + + +She called Marius by his name; he could not doubt that he was the +person whom she wanted; but who was this girl? How did she know his +name? + +Without waiting for him to tell her to advance, she entered. She +entered resolutely, staring, with a sort of assurance that made the +heart bleed, at the whole room and the unmade bed. Her feet were bare. +Large holes in her petticoat permitted glimpses of her long legs and +her thin knees. She was shivering. + +She held a letter in her hand, which she presented to Marius. + +Marius, as he opened the letter, noticed that the enormous wafer which +sealed it was still moist. The message could not have come from a +distance. He read:— + + MY AMIABLE NEIGHBOR, YOUNG MAN: I have learned of your goodness to + me, that you paid my rent six months ago. I bless you, young man. + My eldest daughter will tell you that we have been without a morsel + of bread for two days, four persons and my spouse ill. If I am not + deseaved in my opinion, I think I may hope that your generous heart + will melt at this statement and the desire will subjugate you to be + propitious to me by daigning to lavish on me a slight favor. + + I am with the distinguished consideration which is due to the + benefactors of humanity,— + + JONDRETTE. + + P.S. My eldest daughter will await your orders, dear Monsieur Marius. + + +This letter, coming in the very midst of the mysterious adventure which +had occupied Marius’ thoughts ever since the preceding evening, was +like a candle in a cellar. All was suddenly illuminated. + +This letter came from the same place as the other four. There was the +same writing, the same style, the same orthography, the same paper, the +same odor of tobacco. + +There were five missives, five histories, five signatures, and a single +signer. The Spanish Captain Don AlvarĂšs, the unhappy Mistress Balizard, +the dramatic poet Genflot, the old comedian Fabantou, were all four +named Jondrette, if, indeed, Jondrette himself were named Jondrette. + +Marius had lived in the house for a tolerably long time, and he had +had, as we have said, but very rare occasion to see, to even catch a +glimpse of, his extremely mean neighbors. His mind was elsewhere, and +where the mind is, there the eyes are also. He had been obliged more +than once to pass the Jondrettes in the corridor or on the stairs; but +they were mere forms to him; he had paid so little heed to them, that, +on the preceding evening, he had jostled the Jondrette girls on the +boulevard, without recognizing them, for it had evidently been they, +and it was with great difficulty that the one who had just entered his +room had awakened in him, in spite of disgust and pity, a vague +recollection of having met her elsewhere. + +Now he saw everything clearly. He understood that his neighbor +Jondrette, in his distress, exercised the industry of speculating on +the charity of benevolent persons, that he procured addresses, and that +he wrote under feigned names to people whom he judged to be wealthy and +compassionate, letters which his daughters delivered at their risk and +peril, for this father had come to such a pass, that he risked his +daughters; he was playing a game with fate, and he used them as the +stake. Marius understood that probably, judging from their flight on +the evening before, from their breathless condition, from their terror +and from the words of slang which he had overheard, these unfortunate +creatures were plying some inexplicably sad profession, and that the +result of the whole was, in the midst of human society, as it is now +constituted, two miserable beings who were neither girls nor women, a +species of impure and innocent monsters produced by misery. + +Sad creatures, without name, or sex, or age, to whom neither good nor +evil were any longer possible, and who, on emerging from childhood, +have already nothing in this world, neither liberty, nor virtue, nor +responsibility. Souls which blossomed out yesterday, and are faded +to-day, like those flowers let fall in the streets, which are soiled +with every sort of mire, while waiting for some wheel to crush them. +Nevertheless, while Marius bent a pained and astonished gaze on her, +the young girl was wandering back and forth in the garret with the +audacity of a spectre. She kicked about, without troubling herself as +to her nakedness. Occasionally her chemise, which was untied and torn, +fell almost to her waist. She moved the chairs about, she disarranged +the toilet articles which stood on the commode, she handled Marius’ +clothes, she rummaged about to see what there was in the corners. + +“Hullo!” said she, “you have a mirror!” + + +And she hummed scraps of vaudevilles, as though she had been alone, +frolicsome refrains which her hoarse and guttural voice rendered +lugubrious. + +An indescribable constraint, weariness, and humiliation were +perceptible beneath this hardihood. Effrontery is a disgrace. + +Nothing could be more melancholy than to see her sport about the room, +and, so to speak, flit with the movements of a bird which is frightened +by the daylight, or which has broken its wing. One felt that under +other conditions of education and destiny, the gay and over-free mien +of this young girl might have turned out sweet and charming. Never, +even among animals, does the creature born to be a dove change into an +osprey. That is only to be seen among men. + +Marius reflected, and allowed her to have her way. + +She approached the table. + +“Ah!” said she, “books!” + + +A flash pierced her glassy eye. She resumed, and her accent expressed +the happiness which she felt in boasting of something, to which no +human creature is insensible:— + +“I know how to read, I do!” + + +She eagerly seized a book which lay open on the table, and read with +tolerable fluency:— + +“—General Bauduin received orders to take the chĂąteau of Hougomont +which stands in the middle of the plain of Waterloo, with five +battalions of his brigade.” + + +She paused. + +“Ah! Waterloo! I know about that. It was a battle long ago. My father +was there. My father has served in the armies. We are fine Bonapartists +in our house, that we are! Waterloo was against the English.” + + +She laid down the book, caught up a pen, and exclaimed:— + +“And I know how to write, too!” + + +She dipped her pen in the ink, and turning to Marius:— + +“Do you want to see? Look here, I’m going to write a word to show you.” + + +And before he had time to answer, she wrote on a sheet of white paper, +which lay in the middle of the table: “The bobbies are here.” + + +Then throwing down the pen:— + +“There are no faults of orthography. You can look. We have received an +education, my sister and I. We have not always been as we are now. We +were not made—” + + +Here she paused, fixed her dull eyes on Marius, and burst out laughing, +saying, with an intonation which contained every form of anguish, +stifled by every form of cynicism:— + +“Bah!” + + +And she began to hum these words to a gay air:— + +“J’ai faim, mon pĂšre.” +Pas de fricot. +J’ai froid, ma mĂšre. +Pas de tricot. + Grelotte, + Lolotte! + Sanglote, + Jacquot!” + +I am hungry, father. +I have no food. +I am cold, mother. +I have no clothes. + Lolotte! + Shiver, + Sob, + Jacquot!” + + +She had hardly finished this couplet, when she exclaimed:— + +“Do you ever go to the play, Monsieur Marius? I do. I have a little +brother who is a friend of the artists, and who gives me tickets +sometimes. But I don’t like the benches in the galleries. One is +cramped and uncomfortable there. There are rough people there +sometimes; and people who smell bad.” + + +Then she scrutinized Marius, assumed a singular air and said:— + +“Do you know, Mr. Marius, that you are a very handsome fellow?” + + +And at the same moment the same idea occurred to them both, and made +her smile and him blush. She stepped up to him, and laid her hand on +his shoulder: “You pay no heed to me, but I know you, Mr. Marius. I +meet you here on the staircase, and then I often see you going to a +person named Father Mabeuf who lives in the direction of Austerlitz, +sometimes when I have been strolling in that quarter. It is very +becoming to you to have your hair tumbled thus.” + + +She tried to render her voice soft, but only succeeded in making it +very deep. A portion of her words was lost in the transit from her +larynx to her lips, as though on a piano where some notes are missing. + +Marius had retreated gently. + +“Mademoiselle,” said he, with his cool gravity, “I have here a package +which belongs to you, I think. Permit me to return it to you.” + + +And he held out the envelope containing the four letters. + +She clapped her hands and exclaimed:— + +“We have been looking everywhere for that!” + + +Then she eagerly seized the package and opened the envelope, saying as +she did so:— + +“Dieu de Dieu! how my sister and I have hunted! And it was you who +found it! On the boulevard, was it not? It must have been on the +boulevard? You see, we let it fall when we were running. It was that +brat of a sister of mine who was so stupid. When we got home, we could +not find it anywhere. As we did not wish to be beaten, as that is +useless, as that is entirely useless, as that is absolutely useless, we +said that we had carried the letters to the proper persons, and that +they had said to us: ‘Nix.’ So here they are, those poor letters! And +how did you find out that they belonged to me? Ah! yes, the writing. So +it was you that we jostled as we passed last night. We couldn’t see. I +said to my sister: ‘Is it a gentleman?’ My sister said to me: ‘I think +it is a gentleman.’” + + +In the meanwhile she had unfolded the petition addressed to “the +benevolent gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” + + +“Here!” said she, “this is for that old fellow who goes to mass. By the +way, this is his hour. I’ll go and carry it to him. Perhaps he will +give us something to breakfast on.” + + +Then she began to laugh again, and added:— + +“Do you know what it will mean if we get a breakfast today? It will +mean that we shall have had our breakfast of the day before yesterday, +our breakfast of yesterday, our dinner of to-day, and all that at once, +and this morning. Come! Parbleu! if you are not satisfied, dogs, +burst!” + + +This reminded Marius of the wretched girl’s errand to himself. He +fumbled in his waistcoat pocket, and found nothing there. + +The young girl went on, and seemed to have no consciousness of Marius’ +presence. + +“I often go off in the evening. Sometimes I don’t come home again. Last +winter, before we came here, we lived under the arches of the bridges. +We huddled together to keep from freezing. My little sister cried. How +melancholy the water is! When I thought of drowning myself, I said to +myself: ‘No, it’s too cold.’ I go out alone, whenever I choose, I +sometimes sleep in the ditches. Do you know, at night, when I walk +along the boulevard, I see the trees like forks, I see houses, all +black and as big as Notre Dame, I fancy that the white walls are the +river, I say to myself: ‘Why, there’s water there!’ The stars are like +the lamps in illuminations, one would say that they smoked and that the +wind blew them out, I am bewildered, as though horses were breathing in +my ears; although it is night, I hear hand-organs and +spinning-machines, and I don’t know what all. I think people are +flinging stones at me, I flee without knowing whither, everything +whirls and whirls. You feel very queer when you have had no food.” + + +And then she stared at him with a bewildered air. + +By dint of searching and ransacking his pockets, Marius had finally +collected five francs sixteen sous. This was all he owned in the world +for the moment. “At all events,” he thought, “there is my dinner for +to-day, and to-morrow we will see.” He kept the sixteen sous, and +handed the five francs to the young girl. + +She seized the coin. + +“Good!” said she, “the sun is shining!” + + +And, as though the sun had possessed the property of melting the +avalanches of slang in her brain, she went on:— + +“Five francs! the shiner! a monarch! in this hole! Ain’t this fine! +You’re a jolly thief! I’m your humble servant! Bravo for the good +fellows! Two days’ wine! and meat! and stew! we’ll have a royal feast! +and a good fill!” + + +She pulled her chemise up on her shoulders, made a low bow to Marius, +then a familiar sign with her hand, and went towards the door, saying:— + +“Good morning, sir. It’s all right. I’ll go and find my old man.” + + +As she passed, she caught sight of a dry crust of bread on the commode, +which was moulding there amid the dust; she flung herself upon it and +bit into it, muttering:— + +“That’s good! it’s hard! it breaks my teeth!” + + +Then she departed. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A PROVIDENTIAL PEEP-HOLE + + +Marius had lived for five years in poverty, in destitution, even in +distress, but he now perceived that he had not known real misery. True +misery he had but just had a view of. It was its spectre which had just +passed before his eyes. In fact, he who has only beheld the misery of +man has seen nothing; the misery of woman is what he must see; he who +has seen only the misery of woman has seen nothing; he must see the +misery of the child. + +When a man has reached his last extremity, he has reached his last +resources at the same time. Woe to the defenceless beings who surround +him! Work, wages, bread, fire, courage, good will, all fail him +simultaneously. The light of day seems extinguished without, the moral +light within; in these shadows man encounters the feebleness of the +woman and the child, and bends them violently to ignominy. + +Then all horrors become possible. Despair is surrounded with fragile +partitions which all open on either vice or crime. + +Health, youth, honor, all the shy delicacies of the young body, the +heart, virginity, modesty, that epidermis of the soul, are manipulated +in sinister wise by that fumbling which seeks resources, which +encounters opprobrium, and which accommodates itself to it. Fathers, +mothers, children, brothers, sisters, men, women, daughters, adhere and +become incorporated, almost like a mineral formation, in that dusky +promiscuousness of sexes, relationships, ages, infamies, and +innocences. They crouch, back to back, in a sort of hut of fate. They +exchange woe-begone glances. Oh, the unfortunate wretches! How pale +they are! How cold they are! It seems as though they dwelt in a planet +much further from the sun than ours. + +This young girl was to Marius a sort of messenger from the realm of sad +shadows. She revealed to him a hideous side of the night. + +Marius almost reproached himself for the preoccupations of reverie and +passion which had prevented his bestowing a glance on his neighbors up +to that day. The payment of their rent had been a mechanical movement, +which any one would have yielded to; but he, Marius, should have done +better than that. What! only a wall separated him from those abandoned +beings who lived gropingly in the dark outside the pale of the rest of +the world, he was elbow to elbow with them, he was, in some sort, the +last link of the human race which they touched, he heard them live, or +rather, rattle in the death agony beside him, and he paid no heed to +them! Every day, every instant, he heard them walking on the other side +of the wall, he heard them go, and come, and speak, and he did not even +lend an ear! And groans lay in those words, and he did not even listen +to them, his thoughts were elsewhere, given up to dreams, to impossible +radiances, to loves in the air, to follies; and all the while, human +creatures, his brothers in Jesus Christ, his brothers in the people, +were agonizing in vain beside him! He even formed a part of their +misfortune, and he aggravated it. For if they had had another neighbor +who was less chimerical and more attentive, any ordinary and charitable +man, evidently their indigence would have been noticed, their signals +of distress would have been perceived, and they would have been taken +hold of and rescued! They appeared very corrupt and very depraved, no +doubt, very vile, very odious even; but those who fall without becoming +degraded are rare; besides, there is a point where the unfortunate and +the infamous unite and are confounded in a single word, a fatal word, +_the miserable_; whose fault is this? And then should not the charity +be all the more profound, in proportion as the fall is great? + +While reading himself this moral lesson, for there were occasions on +which Marius, like all truly honest hearts, was his own pedagogue and +scolded himself more than he deserved, he stared at the wall which +separated him from the Jondrettes, as though he were able to make his +gaze, full of pity, penetrate that partition and warm these wretched +people. The wall was a thin layer of plaster upheld by lathes and +beams, and, as the reader had just learned, it allowed the sound of +voices and words to be clearly distinguished. Only a man as dreamy as +Marius could have failed to perceive this long before. There was no +paper pasted on the wall, either on the side of the Jondrettes or on +that of Marius; the coarse construction was visible in its nakedness. +Marius examined the partition, almost unconsciously; sometimes reverie +examines, observes, and scrutinizes as thought would. All at once he +sprang up; he had just perceived, near the top, close to the ceiling, a +triangular hole, which resulted from the space between three lathes. +The plaster which should have filled this cavity was missing, and by +mounting on the commode, a view could be had through this aperture into +the Jondrettes’ attic. Commiseration has, and should have, its +curiosity. This aperture formed a sort of peep-hole. It is permissible +to gaze at misfortune like a traitor in order to succor it.27 + +“Let us get some little idea of what these people are like,” thought +Marius, “and in what condition they are.” + + +He climbed upon the commode, put his eye to the crevice, and looked. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE WILD MAN IN HIS LAIR + + +Cities, like forests, have their caverns in which all the most wicked +and formidable creatures which they contain conceal themselves. Only, +in cities, that which thus conceals itself is ferocious, unclean, and +petty, that is to say, ugly; in forests, that which conceals itself is +ferocious, savage, and grand, that is to say, beautiful. Taking one +lair with another, the beast’s is preferable to the man’s. Caverns are +better than hovels. + +What Marius now beheld was a hovel. + +Marius was poor, and his chamber was poverty-stricken, but as his +poverty was noble, his garret was neat. The den upon which his eye now +rested was abject, dirty, fetid, pestiferous, mean, sordid. The only +furniture consisted of a straw chair, an infirm table, some old bits of +crockery, and in two of the corners, two indescribable pallets; all the +light was furnished by a dormer window of four panes, draped with +spiders’ webs. Through this aperture there penetrated just enough light +to make the face of a man appear like the face of a phantom. The walls +had a leprous aspect, and were covered with seams and scars, like a +visage disfigured by some horrible malady; a repulsive moisture exuded +from them. Obscene sketches roughly sketched with charcoal could be +distinguished upon them. + +The chamber which Marius occupied had a dilapidated brick pavement; +this one was neither tiled nor planked; its inhabitants stepped +directly on the antique plaster of the hovel, which had grown black +under the long-continued pressure of feet. Upon this uneven floor, +where the dirt seemed to be fairly incrusted, and which possessed but +one virginity, that of the broom, were capriciously grouped +constellations of old shoes, socks, and repulsive rags; however, this +room had a fireplace, so it was let for forty francs a year. There was +every sort of thing in that fireplace, a brazier, a pot, broken boards, +rags suspended from nails, a bird-cage, ashes, and even a little fire. +Two brands were smouldering there in a melancholy way. + +One thing which added still more to the horrors of this garret was, +that it was large. It had projections and angles and black holes, the +lower sides of roofs, bays, and promontories. Hence horrible, +unfathomable nooks where it seemed as though spiders as big as one’s +fist, wood-lice as large as one’s foot, and perhaps even—who +knows?—some monstrous human beings, must be hiding. + +One of the pallets was near the door, the other near the window. One +end of each touched the fireplace and faced Marius. In a corner near +the aperture through which Marius was gazing, a colored engraving in a +black frame was suspended to a nail on the wall, and at its bottom, in +large letters, was the inscription: THE DREAM. This represented a +sleeping woman, and a child, also asleep, the child on the woman’s lap, +an eagle in a cloud, with a crown in his beak, and the woman thrusting +the crown away from the child’s head, without awaking the latter; in +the background, Napoleon in a glory, leaning on a very blue column with +a yellow capital ornamented with this inscription: + +MARINGO +AUSTERLITS +IENA +WAGRAMME +ELOT + + +Beneath this frame, a sort of wooden panel, which was no longer than it +was broad, stood on the ground and rested in a sloping attitude against +the wall. It had the appearance of a picture with its face turned to +the wall, of a frame probably showing a daub on the other side, of some +pier-glass detached from a wall and lying forgotten there while waiting +to be rehung. + +Near the table, upon which Marius descried a pen, ink, and paper, sat a +man about sixty years of age, small, thin, livid, haggard, with a +cunning, cruel, and uneasy air; a hideous scoundrel. + +If Lavater had studied this visage, he would have found the vulture +mingled with the attorney there, the bird of prey and the pettifogger +rendering each other mutually hideous and complementing each other; the +pettifogger making the bird of prey ignoble, the bird of prey making +the pettifogger horrible. + +This man had a long gray beard. He was clad in a woman’s chemise, which +allowed his hairy breast and his bare arms, bristling with gray hair, +to be seen. Beneath this chemise, muddy trousers and boots through +which his toes projected were visible. + +He had a pipe in his mouth and was smoking. There was no bread in the +hovel, but there was still tobacco. + +He was writing probably some more letters like those which Marius had +read. + +On the corner of the table lay an ancient, dilapidated, reddish volume, +and the size, which was the antique 12mo of reading-rooms, betrayed a +romance. On the cover sprawled the following title, printed in large +capitals: + +GOD; THE KING; HONOR AND THE LADIES; +by +DUCRAY DUMINIL, +1814. + +As the man wrote, he talked aloud, and Marius heard his words:— + +“The idea that there is no equality, even when you are dead! Just look +at PĂšre-Lachaise! The great, those who are rich, are up above, in the +acacia alley, which is paved. They can reach it in a carriage. The +little people, the poor, the unhappy, well, what of them? they are put +down below, where the mud is up to your knees, in the damp places. They +are put there so that they will decay the sooner! You cannot go to see +them without sinking into the earth.” + + +He paused, smote the table with his fist, and added, as he ground his +teeth:— + +“Oh! I could eat the whole world!” + + +A big woman, who might be forty years of age, or a hundred, was +crouching near the fireplace on her bare heels. + +She, too, was clad only in a chemise and a knitted petticoat patched +with bits of old cloth. A coarse linen apron concealed the half of her +petticoat. Although this woman was doubled up and bent together, it +could be seen that she was of very lofty stature. She was a sort of +giant, beside her husband. She had hideous hair, of a reddish blond +which was turning gray, and which she thrust back from time to time, +with her enormous shining hands, with their flat nails. + +Beside her, on the floor, wide open, lay a book of the same form as the +other, and probably a volume of the same romance. + +On one of the pallets, Marius caught a glimpse of a sort of tall pale +young girl, who sat there half naked and with pendant feet, and who did +not seem to be listening or seeing or living. + +No doubt the younger sister of the one who had come to his room. + +She seemed to be eleven or twelve years of age. On closer scrutiny it +was evident that she really was fourteen. She was the child who had +said, on the boulevard the evening before: “I bolted, bolted, bolted!” + + +She was of that puny sort which remains backward for a long time, then +suddenly starts up rapidly. It is indigence which produces these +melancholy human plants. These creatures have neither childhood nor +youth. At fifteen years of age they appear to be twelve, at sixteen +they seem twenty. To-day a little girl, to-morrow a woman. One might +say that they stride through life, in order to get through with it the +more speedily. + +At this moment, this being had the air of a child. + +Moreover, no trace of work was revealed in that dwelling; no +handicraft, no spinning-wheel, not a tool. In one corner lay some +ironmongery of dubious aspect. It was the dull listlessness which +follows despair and precedes the death agony. + +Marius gazed for a while at this gloomy interior, more terrifying than +the interior of a tomb, for the human soul could be felt fluttering +there, and life was palpitating there. The garret, the cellar, the +lowly ditch where certain indigent wretches crawl at the very bottom of +the social edifice, is not exactly the sepulchre, but only its +antechamber; but, as the wealthy display their greatest magnificence at +the entrance of their palaces, it seems that death, which stands +directly side by side with them, places its greatest miseries in that +vestibule. + +The man held his peace, the woman spoke no word, the young girl did not +even seem to breathe. The scratching of the pen on the paper was +audible. + +The man grumbled, without pausing in his writing. “Canaille! canaille! +everybody is canaille!” + + +This variation to Solomon’s exclamation elicited a sigh from the woman. + +“Calm yourself, my little friend,” she said. “Don’t hurt yourself, my +dear. You are too good to write to all those people, husband.” + + +Bodies press close to each other in misery, as in cold, but hearts draw +apart. This woman must have loved this man, to all appearance, judging +from the amount of love within her; but probably, in the daily and +reciprocal reproaches of the horrible distress which weighed on the +whole group, this had become extinct. There no longer existed in her +anything more than the ashes of affection for her husband. +Nevertheless, caressing appellations had survived, as is often the +case. She called him: _My dear, my little friend, my good man_, etc., +with her mouth while her heart was silent. + +The man resumed his writing. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—STRATEGY AND TACTICS + + +Marius, with a load upon his breast, was on the point of descending +from the species of observatory which he had improvised, when a sound +attracted his attention and caused him to remain at his post. + +The door of the attic had just burst open abruptly. The eldest girl +made her appearance on the threshold. On her feet, she had large, +coarse, men’s shoes, bespattered with mud, which had splashed even to +her red ankles, and she was wrapped in an old mantle which hung in +tatters. Marius had not seen it on her an hour previously, but she had +probably deposited it at his door, in order that she might inspire the +more pity, and had picked it up again on emerging. She entered, pushed +the door to behind her, paused to take breath, for she was completely +breathless, then exclaimed with an expression of triumph and joy:— + +“He is coming!” + + +The father turned his eyes towards her, the woman turned her head, the +little sister did not stir. + +“Who?” demanded her father. + +“The gentleman!” + + +“The philanthropist?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“From the church of Saint-Jacques?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That old fellow?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“And he is coming?” + + +“He is following me.” + + +“You are sure?” + + +“I am sure.” + + +“There, truly, he is coming?” + + +“He is coming in a fiacre.” + + +“In a fiacre. He is Rothschild.” + + +The father rose. + +“How are you sure? If he is coming in a fiacre, how is it that you +arrive before him? You gave him our address at least? Did you tell him +that it was the last door at the end of the corridor, on the right? If +he only does not make a mistake! So you found him at the church? Did he +read my letter? What did he say to you?” + + +“Ta, ta, ta,” said the girl, “how you do gallop on, my good man! See +here: I entered the church, he was in his usual place, I made him a +reverence, and I handed him the letter; he read it and said to me: +‘Where do you live, my child?’ I said: ‘Monsieur, I will show you.’ He +said to me: ‘No, give me your address, my daughter has some purchases +to make, I will take a carriage and reach your house at the same time +that you do.’ I gave him the address. When I mentioned the house, he +seemed surprised and hesitated for an instant, then he said: ‘Never +mind, I will come.’ When the mass was finished, I watched him leave the +church with his daughter, and I saw them enter a carriage. I certainly +did tell him the last door in the corridor, on the right.” + + +“And what makes you think that he will come?” + + +“I have just seen the fiacre turn into the Rue Petit-Banquier. That is +what made me run so.” + + +“How do you know that it was the same fiacre?” + + +“Because I took notice of the number, so there!” + + +“What was the number?” + + +“440.” + + +“Good, you are a clever girl.” + + +The girl stared boldly at her father, and showing the shoes which she +had on her feet:— + +“A clever girl, possibly; but I tell you I won’t put these shoes on +again, and that I won’t, for the sake of my health, in the first place, +and for the sake of cleanliness, in the next. I don’t know anything +more irritating than shoes that squelch, and go _ghi, ghi, ghi,_ the +whole time. I prefer to go barefoot.” + + +“You are right,” said her father, in a sweet tone which contrasted with +the young girl’s rudeness, “but then, you will not be allowed to enter +churches, for poor people must have shoes to do that. One cannot go +barefoot to the good God,” he added bitterly. + +Then, returning to the subject which absorbed him:— + +“So you are sure that he will come?” + + +“He is following on my heels,” said she. + +The man started up. A sort of illumination appeared on his countenance. + +“Wife!” he exclaimed, “you hear. Here is the philanthropist. Extinguish +the fire.” + + +The stupefied mother did not stir. + +The father, with the agility of an acrobat, seized a broken-nosed jug +which stood on the chimney, and flung the water on the brands. + +Then, addressing his eldest daughter:— + +“Here you! Pull the straw off that chair!” + + +His daughter did not understand. + +He seized the chair, and with one kick he rendered it seatless. His leg +passed through it. + +As he withdrew his leg, he asked his daughter:— + +“Is it cold?” + + +“Very cold. It is snowing.” + + +The father turned towards the younger girl who sat on the bed near the +window, and shouted to her in a thundering voice:— + +“Quick! get off that bed, you lazy thing! will you never do anything? +Break a pane of glass!” + + +The little girl jumped off the bed with a shiver. + +“Break a pane!” he repeated. + +The child stood still in bewilderment. + +“Do you hear me?” repeated her father, “I tell you to break a pane!” + + +The child, with a sort of terrified obedience, rose on tiptoe, and +struck a pane with her fist. The glass broke and fell with a loud +clatter. + +“Good,” said the father. + +He was grave and abrupt. His glance swept rapidly over all the crannies +of the garret. One would have said that he was a general making the +final preparation at the moment when the battle is on the point of +beginning. + +The mother, who had not said a word so far, now rose and demanded in a +dull, slow, languid voice, whence her words seemed to emerge in a +congealed state:— + +“What do you mean to do, my dear?” + + +“Get into bed,” replied the man. + +His intonation admitted of no deliberation. The mother obeyed, and +threw herself heavily on one of the pallets. + +In the meantime, a sob became audible in one corner. + +“What’s that?” cried the father. + +The younger daughter exhibited her bleeding fist, without quitting the +corner in which she was cowering. She had wounded herself while +breaking the window; she went off, near her mother’s pallet and wept +silently. + +It was now the mother’s turn to start up and exclaim:— + +“Just see there! What follies you commit! She has cut herself breaking +that pane for you!” + + +“So much the better!” said the man. “I foresaw that.” + + +“What? So much the better?” retorted his wife. + +“Peace!” replied the father, “I suppress the liberty of the press.” + + +Then tearing the woman’s chemise which he was wearing, he made a strip +of cloth with which he hastily swathed the little girl’s bleeding +wrist. + +That done, his eye fell with a satisfied expression on his torn +chemise. + +“And the chemise too,” said he, “this has a good appearance.” + + +An icy breeze whistled through the window and entered the room. The +outer mist penetrated thither and diffused itself like a whitish sheet +of wadding vaguely spread by invisible fingers. Through the broken pane +the snow could be seen falling. The snow promised by the Candlemas sun +of the preceding day had actually come. + +The father cast a glance about him as though to make sure that he had +forgotten nothing. He seized an old shovel and spread ashes over the +wet brands in such a manner as to entirely conceal them. + +Then drawing himself up and leaning against the chimney-piece:— + +“Now,” said he, “we can receive the philanthropist.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE RAY OF LIGHT IN THE HOVEL + + +The big girl approached and laid her hand in her father’s. + +“Feel how cold I am,” said she. + +“Bah!” replied the father, “I am much colder than that.” + + +The mother exclaimed impetuously:— + +“You always have something better than any one else, so you do! even +bad things.” + + +“Down with you!” said the man. + +The mother, being eyed after a certain fashion, held her tongue. + +Silence reigned for a moment in the hovel. The elder girl was removing +the mud from the bottom of her mantle, with a careless air; her younger +sister continued to sob; the mother had taken the latter’s head between +her hands, and was covering it with kisses, whispering to her the +while:— + +“My treasure, I entreat you, it is nothing of consequence, don’t cry, +you will anger your father.” + + +“No!” exclaimed the father, “quite the contrary! sob! sob! that’s +right.” + + +Then turning to the elder:— + +“There now! He is not coming! What if he were not to come! I shall have +extinguished my fire, wrecked my chair, torn my shirt, and broken my +pane all for nothing.” + + +“And wounded the child!” murmured the mother. + +“Do you know,” went on the father, “that it’s beastly cold in this +devil’s garret! What if that man should not come! Oh! See there, you! +He makes us wait! He says to himself: ‘Well! they will wait for me! +That’s what they’re there for.’ Oh! how I hate them, and with what joy, +jubilation, enthusiasm, and satisfaction I could strangle all those +rich folks! all those rich folks! These men who pretend to be +charitable, who put on airs, who go to mass, who make presents to the +priesthood, _preachy, preachy_, in their skullcaps, and who think +themselves above us, and who come for the purpose of humiliating us, +and to bring us ‘clothes,’ as they say! old duds that are not worth +four sous! And bread! That’s not what I want, pack of rascals that they +are, it’s money! Ah! money! Never! Because they say that we would go +off and drink it up, and that we are drunkards and idlers! And they! +What are they, then, and what have they been in their time! Thieves! +They never could have become rich otherwise! Oh! Society ought to be +grasped by the four corners of the cloth and tossed into the air, all +of it! It would all be smashed, very likely, but at least, no one would +have anything, and there would be that much gained! But what is that +blockhead of a benevolent gentleman doing? Will he come? Perhaps the +animal has forgotten the address! I’ll bet that that old beast—” + + +At that moment there came a light tap at the door, the man rushed to it +and opened it, exclaiming, amid profound bows and smiles of adoration:— + +“Enter, sir! Deign to enter, most respected benefactor, and your +charming young lady, also.” + + +A man of ripe age and a young girl made their appearance on the +threshold of the attic. + +Marius had not quitted his post. His feelings for the moment surpassed +the powers of the human tongue. + +It was She! + +Whoever has loved knows all the radiant meanings contained in those +three letters of that word: She. + +It was certainly she. Marius could hardly distinguish her through the +luminous vapor which had suddenly spread before his eyes. It was that +sweet, absent being, that star which had beamed upon him for six +months; it was those eyes, that brow, that mouth, that lovely vanished +face which had created night by its departure. The vision had been +eclipsed, now it reappeared. + +It reappeared in that gloom, in that garret, in that misshapen attic, +in all that horror. + +Marius shuddered in dismay. What! It was she! The palpitations of his +heart troubled his sight. He felt that he was on the brink of bursting +into tears! What! He beheld her again at last, after having sought her +so long! It seemed to him that he had lost his soul, and that he had +just found it again. + +She was the same as ever, only a little pale; her delicate face was +framed in a bonnet of violet velvet, her figure was concealed beneath a +pelisse of black satin. Beneath her long dress, a glimpse could be +caught of her tiny foot shod in a silken boot. + +She was still accompanied by M. Leblanc. + +She had taken a few steps into the room, and had deposited a tolerably +bulky parcel on the table. + +The eldest Jondrette girl had retired behind the door, and was staring +with sombre eyes at that velvet bonnet, that silk mantle, and that +charming, happy face. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—JONDRETTE COMES NEAR WEEPING + + +The hovel was so dark, that people coming from without felt on entering +it the effect produced on entering a cellar. The two newcomers +advanced, therefore, with a certain hesitation, being hardly able to +distinguish the vague forms surrounding them, while they could be +clearly seen and scrutinized by the eyes of the inhabitants of the +garret, who were accustomed to this twilight. + +M. Leblanc approached, with his sad but kindly look, and said to +Jondrette the father:— + +“Monsieur, in this package you will find some new clothes and some +woollen stockings and blankets.” + + +“Our angelic benefactor overwhelms us,” said Jondrette, bowing to the +very earth. + +Then, bending down to the ear of his eldest daughter, while the two +visitors were engaged in examining this lamentable interior, he added +in a low and rapid voice:— + +“Hey? What did I say? Duds! No money! They are all alike! By the way, +how was the letter to that old blockhead signed?” + + +“Fabantou,” replied the girl. + +“The dramatic artist, good!” + + +It was lucky for Jondrette, that this had occurred to him, for at the +very moment, M. Leblanc turned to him, and said to him with the air of +a person who is seeking to recall a name:— + +“I see that you are greatly to be pitied, Monsieur—” + + +“Fabantou,” replied Jondrette quickly. + +“Monsieur Fabantou, yes, that is it. I remember.” + + +“Dramatic artist, sir, and one who has had some success.” + + +Here Jondrette evidently judged the moment propitious for capturing the +“philanthropist.” He exclaimed with an accent which smacked at the same +time of the vainglory of the mountebank at fairs, and the humility of +the mendicant on the highway:— + +“A pupil of Talma! Sir! I am a pupil of Talma! Fortune formerly smiled +on me—Alas! Now it is misfortune’s turn. You see, my benefactor, no +bread, no fire. My poor babes have no fire! My only chair has no seat! +A broken pane! And in such weather! My spouse in bed! Ill!” + + +“Poor woman!” said M. Leblanc. + +“My child wounded!” added Jondrette. + +The child, diverted by the arrival of the strangers, had fallen to +contemplating “the young lady,” and had ceased to sob. + +“Cry! bawl!” said Jondrette to her in a low voice. + +At the same time he pinched her sore hand. All this was done with the +talent of a juggler. + +The little girl gave vent to loud shrieks. + +The adorable young girl, whom Marius, in his heart, called “his +Ursule,” approached her hastily. + +“Poor, dear child!” said she. + +“You see, my beautiful young lady,” pursued Jondrette “her bleeding +wrist! It came through an accident while working at a machine to earn +six sous a day. It may be necessary to cut off her arm.” + + +“Really?” said the old gentleman, in alarm. + +The little girl, taking this seriously, fell to sobbing more violently +than ever. + +“Alas! yes, my benefactor!” replied the father. + +For several minutes, Jondrette had been scrutinizing “the benefactor” +in a singular fashion. As he spoke, he seemed to be examining the other +attentively, as though seeking to summon up his recollections. All at +once, profiting by a moment when the newcomers were questioning the +child with interest as to her injured hand, he passed near his wife, +who lay in her bed with a stupid and dejected air, and said to her in a +rapid but very low tone:— + +“Take a look at that man!” + + +Then, turning to M. Leblanc, and continuing his lamentations:— + +“You see, sir! All the clothing that I have is my wife’s chemise! And +all torn at that! In the depths of winter! I can’t go out for lack of a +coat. If I had a coat of any sort, I would go and see Mademoiselle +Mars, who knows me and is very fond of me. Does she not still reside in +the Rue de la Tour-des-Dames? Do you know, sir? We played together in +the provinces. I shared her laurels. CĂ©limĂšne would come to my succor, +sir! Elmire would bestow alms on BĂ©lisaire! But no, nothing! And not a +sou in the house! My wife ill, and not a sou! My daughter dangerously +injured, not a sou! My wife suffers from fits of suffocation. It comes +from her age, and besides, her nervous system is affected. She ought to +have assistance, and my daughter also! But the doctor! But the +apothecary! How am I to pay them? I would kneel to a penny, sir! Such +is the condition to which the arts are reduced. And do you know, my +charming young lady, and you, my generous protector, do you know, you +who breathe forth virtue and goodness, and who perfume that church +where my daughter sees you every day when she says her prayers?—For I +have brought up my children religiously, sir. I did not want them to +take to the theatre. Ah! the hussies! If I catch them tripping! I do +not jest, that I don’t! I read them lessons on honor, on morality, on +virtue! Ask them! They have got to walk straight. They are none of your +unhappy wretches who begin by having no family, and end by espousing +the public. One is Mamselle Nobody, and one becomes Madame Everybody. +Deuce take it! None of that in the Fabantou family! I mean to bring +them up virtuously, and they shall be honest, and nice, and believe in +God, by the sacred name! Well, sir, my worthy sir, do you know what is +going to happen to-morrow? To-morrow is the fourth day of February, the +fatal day, the last day of grace allowed me by my landlord; if by this +evening I have not paid my rent, to-morrow my oldest daughter, my +spouse with her fever, my child with her wound,—we shall all four be +turned out of here and thrown into the street, on the boulevard, +without shelter, in the rain, in the snow. There, sir. I owe for four +quarters—a whole year! that is to say, sixty francs.” + + +Jondrette lied. Four quarters would have amounted to only forty francs, +and he could not owe four, because six months had not elapsed since +Marius had paid for two. + +M. Leblanc drew five francs from his pocket and threw them on the +table. + +Jondrette found time to mutter in the ear of his eldest daughter:— + +“The scoundrel! What does he think I can do with his five francs? That +won’t pay me for my chair and pane of glass! That’s what comes of +incurring expenses!” + + +In the meanwhile, M. Leblanc had removed the large brown great-coat +which he wore over his blue coat, and had thrown it over the back of +the chair. + +“Monsieur Fabantou,” he said, “these five francs are all that I have +about me, but I shall now take my daughter home, and I will return this +evening,—it is this evening that you must pay, is it not?” + + +Jondrette’s face lighted up with a strange expression. He replied +vivaciously:— + +“Yes, respected sir. At eight o’clock, I must be at my landlord’s.” + + +“I will be here at six, and I will fetch you the sixty francs.” + + +“My benefactor!” exclaimed Jondrette, overwhelmed. And he added, in a +low tone: “Take a good look at him, wife!” + + +M. Leblanc had taken the arm of the young girl, once more, and had +turned towards the door. + +“Farewell until this evening, my friends!” said he. + +“Six o’clock?” said Jondrette. + +“Six o’clock precisely.” + + +At that moment, the overcoat lying on the chair caught the eye of the +elder Jondrette girl. + +“You are forgetting your coat, sir,” said she. + +Jondrette darted an annihilating look at his daughter, accompanied by a +formidable shrug of the shoulders. + +M. Leblanc turned back and said, with a smile:— + +“I have not forgotten it, I am leaving it.” + + +“O my protector!” said Jondrette, “my august benefactor, I melt into +tears! Permit me to accompany you to your carriage.” + + +“If you come out,” answered M. Leblanc, “put on this coat. It really is +very cold.” + + +Jondrette did not need to be told twice. He hastily donned the brown +great-coat. And all three went out, Jondrette preceding the two +strangers. + + + + +CHAPTER X—TARIFF OF LICENSED CABS: TWO FRANCS AN HOUR + + +Marius had lost nothing of this entire scene, and yet, in reality, had +seen nothing. His eyes had remained fixed on the young girl, his heart +had, so to speak, seized her and wholly enveloped her from the moment +of her very first step in that garret. During her entire stay there, he +had lived that life of ecstasy which suspends material perceptions and +precipitates the whole soul on a single point. He contemplated, not +that girl, but that light which wore a satin pelisse and a velvet +bonnet. The star Sirius might have entered the room, and he would not +have been any more dazzled. + +While the young girl was engaged in opening the package, unfolding the +clothing and the blankets, questioning the sick mother kindly, and the +little injured girl tenderly, he watched her every movement, he sought +to catch her words. He knew her eyes, her brow, her beauty, her form, +her walk, he did not know the sound of her voice. He had once fancied +that he had caught a few words at the Luxembourg, but he was not +absolutely sure of the fact. He would have given ten years of his life +to hear it, in order that he might bear away in his soul a little of +that music. But everything was drowned in the lamentable exclamations +and trumpet bursts of Jondrette. This added a touch of genuine wrath to +Marius’ ecstasy. He devoured her with his eyes. He could not believe +that it really was that divine creature whom he saw in the midst of +those vile creatures in that monstrous lair. It seemed to him that he +beheld a humming-bird in the midst of toads. + +When she took her departure, he had but one thought, to follow her, to +cling to her trace, not to quit her until he learned where she lived, +not to lose her again, at least, after having so miraculously +re-discovered her. He leaped down from the commode and seized his hat. +As he laid his hand on the lock of the door, and was on the point of +opening it, a sudden reflection caused him to pause. The corridor was +long, the staircase steep, Jondrette was talkative, M. Leblanc had, no +doubt, not yet regained his carriage; if, on turning round in the +corridor, or on the staircase, he were to catch sight of him, Marius, +in that house, he would, evidently, take the alarm, and find means to +escape from him again, and this time it would be final. What was he to +do? Should he wait a little? But while he was waiting, the carriage +might drive off. Marius was perplexed. At last he accepted the risk and +quitted his room. + +There was no one in the corridor. He hastened to the stairs. There was +no one on the staircase. He descended in all haste, and reached the +boulevard in time to see a fiacre turning the corner of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier, on its way back to Paris. + +Marius rushed headlong in that direction. On arriving at the angle of +the boulevard, he caught sight of the fiacre again, rapidly descending +the Rue Mouffetard; the carriage was already a long way off, and there +was no means of overtaking it; what! run after it? Impossible; and +besides, the people in the carriage would assuredly notice an +individual running at full speed in pursuit of a fiacre, and the father +would recognize him. At that moment, wonderful and unprecedented good +luck, Marius perceived an empty cab passing along the boulevard. There +was but one thing to be done, to jump into this cab and follow the +fiacre. That was sure, efficacious, and free from danger. + +Marius made the driver a sign to halt, and called to him:— + +“By the hour?” + + +Marius wore no cravat, he had on his working-coat, which was destitute +of buttons, his shirt was torn along one of the plaits on the bosom. + +The driver halted, winked, and held out his left hand to Marius, +rubbing his forefinger gently with his thumb. + +“What is it?” said Marius. + +“Pay in advance,” said the coachman. + +Marius recollected that he had but sixteen sous about him. + +“How much?” he demanded. + +“Forty sous.” + + +“I will pay on my return.” + + +The driver’s only reply was to whistle the air of La Palisse and to +whip up his horse. + +Marius stared at the retreating cabriolet with a bewildered air. For +the lack of four and twenty sous, he was losing his joy, his happiness, +his love! He had seen, and he was becoming blind again. He reflected +bitterly, and it must be confessed, with profound regret, on the five +francs which he had bestowed, that very morning, on that miserable +girl. If he had had those five francs, he would have been saved, he +would have been born again, he would have emerged from the limbo and +darkness, he would have made his escape from isolation and spleen, from +his widowed state; he might have re-knotted the black thread of his +destiny to that beautiful golden thread, which had just floated before +his eyes and had broken at the same instant, once more! He returned to +his hovel in despair. + +He might have told himself that M. Leblanc had promised to return in +the evening, and that all he had to do was to set about the matter more +skilfully, so that he might follow him on that occasion; but, in his +contemplation, it is doubtful whether he had heard this. + +As he was on the point of mounting the staircase, he perceived, on the +other side of the boulevard, near the deserted wall skirting the Rue De +la BarriĂšre-des-Gobelins, Jondrette, wrapped in the “philanthropist’s” +great-coat, engaged in conversation with one of those men of +disquieting aspect who have been dubbed by common consent, _prowlers of +the barriers_; people of equivocal face, of suspicious monologues, who +present the air of having evil minds, and who generally sleep in the +daytime, which suggests the supposition that they work by night. + +These two men, standing there motionless and in conversation, in the +snow which was falling in whirlwinds, formed a group that a policeman +would surely have observed, but which Marius hardly noticed. + +Still, in spite of his mournful preoccupation, he could not refrain +from saying to himself that this prowler of the barriers with whom +Jondrette was talking resembled a certain Panchaud, alias Printanier, +alias Bigrenaille, whom Courfeyrac had once pointed out to him as a +very dangerous nocturnal roamer. This man’s name the reader has learned +in the preceding book. This Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias +Bigrenaille, figured later on in many criminal trials, and became a +notorious rascal. He was at that time only a famous rascal. To-day he +exists in the state of tradition among ruffians and assassins. He was +at the head of a school towards the end of the last reign. And in the +evening, at nightfall, at the hour when groups form and talk in +whispers, he was discussed at La Force in the Fosse-aux-Lions. One +might even, in that prison, precisely at the spot where the sewer which +served the unprecedented escape, in broad daylight, of thirty +prisoners, in 1843, passes under the culvert, read his name, PANCHAUD, +audaciously carved by his own hand on the wall of the sewer, during one +of his attempts at flight. In 1832, the police already had their eye on +him, but he had not as yet made a serious beginning. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—OFFERS OF SERVICE FROM MISERY TO WRETCHEDNESS + + +Marius ascended the stairs of the hovel with slow steps; at the moment +when he was about to re-enter his cell, he caught sight of the elder +Jondrette girl following him through the corridor. The very sight of +this girl was odious to him; it was she who had his five francs, it was +too late to demand them back, the cab was no longer there, the fiacre +was far away. Moreover, she would not have given them back. As for +questioning her about the residence of the persons who had just been +there, that was useless; it was evident that she did not know, since +the letter signed Fabantou had been addressed “to the benevolent +gentleman of the church of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” + + +Marius entered his room and pushed the door to after him. + +It did not close; he turned round and beheld a hand which held the door +half open. + +“What is it?” he asked, “who is there?” + + +It was the Jondrette girl. + +“Is it you?” resumed Marius almost harshly, “still you! What do you +want with me?” + + +She appeared to be thoughtful and did not look at him. She no longer +had the air of assurance which had characterized her that morning. She +did not enter, but held back in the darkness of the corridor, where +Marius could see her through the half-open door. + +“Come now, will you answer?” cried Marius. “What do you want with me?” + + +She raised her dull eyes, in which a sort of gleam seemed to flicker +vaguely, and said:— + +“Monsieur Marius, you look sad. What is the matter with you?” + + +“With me!” said Marius. + +“Yes, you.” + + +“There is nothing the matter with me.” + + +“Yes, there is!” + + +“No.” + + +“I tell you there is!” + + +“Let me alone!” + + +Marius gave the door another push, but she retained her hold on it. + +“Stop,” said she, “you are in the wrong. Although you are not rich, you +were kind this morning. Be so again now. You gave me something to eat, +now tell me what ails you. You are grieved, that is plain. I do not +want you to be grieved. What can be done for it? Can I be of any +service? Employ me. I do not ask for your secrets, you need not tell +them to me, but I may be of use, nevertheless. I may be able to help +you, since I help my father. When it is necessary to carry letters, to +go to houses, to inquire from door to door, to find out an address, to +follow any one, I am of service. Well, you may assuredly tell me what +is the matter with you, and I will go and speak to the persons; +sometimes it is enough if some one speaks to the persons, that suffices +to let them understand matters, and everything comes right. Make use of +me.” + + +An idea flashed across Marius’ mind. What branch does one disdain when +one feels that one is falling? + +He drew near to the Jondrette girl. + +“Listen—” he said to her. + +She interrupted him with a gleam of joy in her eyes. + +“Oh yes, do call me _thou!_ I like that better.” + + +“Well,” he resumed, “thou hast brought hither that old gentleman and +his daughter!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Dost thou know their address?” + + +“No.” + + +“Find it for me.” + + +The Jondrette’s dull eyes had grown joyous, and they now became gloomy. + +“Is that what you want?” she demanded. + +“Yes.” + + +“Do you know them?” + + +“No.” + + +“That is to say,” she resumed quickly, “you do not know her, but you +wish to know her.” + + +This _them_ which had turned into _her_ had something indescribably +significant and bitter about it. + +“Well, can you do it?” said Marius. + +“You shall have the beautiful lady’s address.” + + +There was still a shade in the words “the beautiful lady” which +troubled Marius. He resumed:— + +“Never mind, after all, the address of the father and daughter. Their +address, indeed!” + + +She gazed fixedly at him. + +“What will you give me?” + + +“Anything you like.” + + +“Anything I like?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You shall have the address.” + + +She dropped her head; then, with a brusque movement, she pulled to the +door, which closed behind her. + +Marius found himself alone. + +He dropped into a chair, with his head and both elbows on his bed, +absorbed in thoughts which he could not grasp, and as though a prey to +vertigo. All that had taken place since the morning, the appearance of +the angel, her disappearance, what that creature had just said to him, +a gleam of hope floating in an immense despair,—this was what filled +his brain confusedly. + +All at once he was violently aroused from his reverie. + +He heard the shrill, hard voice of Jondrette utter these words, which +were fraught with a strange interest for him:— + +“I tell you that I am sure of it, and that I recognized him.” + + +Of whom was Jondrette speaking? Whom had he recognized? M. Leblanc? The +father of “his Ursule”? What! Did Jondrette know him? Was Marius about +to obtain in this abrupt and unexpected fashion all the information +without which his life was so dark to him? Was he about to learn at +last who it was that he loved, who that young girl was? Who her father +was? Was the dense shadow which enwrapped them on the point of being +dispelled? Was the veil about to be rent? Ah! Heavens! + +He bounded rather than climbed upon his commode, and resumed his post +near the little peep-hole in the partition wall. + +Again he beheld the interior of Jondrette’s hovel. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE USE MADE OF M. LEBLANC’S FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + +Nothing in the aspect of the family was altered, except that the wife +and daughters had levied on the package and put on woollen stockings +and jackets. Two new blankets were thrown across the two beds. + +Jondrette had evidently just returned. He still had the breathlessness +of out of doors. His daughters were seated on the floor near the +fireplace, the elder engaged in dressing the younger’s wounded hand. +His wife had sunk back on the bed near the fireplace, with a face +indicative of astonishment. Jondrette was pacing up and down the garret +with long strides. His eyes were extraordinary. + +The woman, who seemed timid and overwhelmed with stupor in the presence +of her husband, turned to say:— + +“What, really? You are sure?” + + +“Sure! Eight years have passed! But I recognize him! Ah! I recognize +him. I knew him at once! What! Didn’t it force itself on you?” + + +“No.” + + +“But I told you: ‘Pay attention!’ Why, it is his figure, it is his +face, only older,—there are people who do not grow old, I don’t know +how they manage it,—it is the very sound of his voice. He is better +dressed, that is all! Ah! you mysterious old devil, I’ve got you, that +I have!” + + +He paused, and said to his daughters:— + +“Get out of here, you!—It’s queer that it didn’t strike you!” + + +They arose to obey. + +The mother stammered:— + +“With her injured hand.” + + +“The air will do it good,” said Jondrette. “Be off.” + + +It was plain that this man was of the sort to whom no one offers to +reply. The two girls departed. + +At the moment when they were about to pass through the door, the father +detained the elder by the arm, and said to her with a peculiar accent:— + +“You will be here at five o’clock precisely. Both of you. I shall need +you.” + + +Marius redoubled his attention. + +On being left alone with his wife, Jondrette began to pace the room +again, and made the tour of it two or three times in silence. Then he +spent several minutes in tucking the lower part of the woman’s chemise +which he wore into his trousers. + +All at once, he turned to the female Jondrette, folded his arms and +exclaimed:— + +“And would you like to have me tell you something? The young lady—” + + +“Well, what?” retorted his wife, “the young lady?” + + +Marius could not doubt that it was really she of whom they were +speaking. He listened with ardent anxiety. His whole life was in his +ears. + +But Jondrette had bent over and spoke to his wife in a whisper. Then he +straightened himself up and concluded aloud:— + +“It is she!” + + +“That one?” said his wife. + +“That very one,” said the husband. + +No expression can reproduce the significance of the mother’s words. +Surprise, rage, hate, wrath, were mingled and combined in one monstrous +intonation. The pronunciation of a few words, the name, no doubt, which +her husband had whispered in her ear, had sufficed to rouse this huge, +somnolent woman, and from being repulsive she became terrible. + +“It is not possible!” she cried. “When I think that my daughters are +going barefoot, and have not a gown to their backs! What! A satin +pelisse, a velvet bonnet, boots, and everything; more than two hundred +francs’ worth of clothes! so that one would think she was a lady! No, +you are mistaken! Why, in the first place, the other was hideous, and +this one is not so bad-looking! She really is not bad-looking! It can’t +be she!” + + +“I tell you that it is she. You will see.” + + +At this absolute assertion, the Jondrette woman raised her large, red, +blonde face and stared at the ceiling with a horrible expression. At +that moment, she seemed to Marius even more to be feared than her +husband. She was a sow with the look of a tigress. + +“What!” she resumed, “that horrible, beautiful young lady, who gazed at +my daughters with an air of pity,—she is that beggar brat! Oh! I should +like to kick her stomach in for her!” + + +She sprang off of the bed, and remained standing for a moment, her hair +in disorder, her nostrils dilating, her mouth half open, her fists +clenched and drawn back. Then she fell back on the bed once more. The +man paced to and fro and paid no attention to his female. + +After a silence lasting several minutes, he approached the female +Jondrette, and halted in front of her, with folded arms, as he had done +a moment before:— + +“And shall I tell you another thing?” + + +“What is it?” she asked. + +He answered in a low, curt voice:— + +“My fortune is made.” + + +The woman stared at him with the look that signifies: “Is the person +who is addressing me on the point of going mad?” + + +He went on:— + +“Thunder! It was not so very long ago that I was a parishioner of the +parish of +die-of-hunger-if-you-have-a-fire,-die-of-cold-if-you-have-bread! I have +had enough of misery! my share and other people’s share! I am not +joking any longer, I don’t find it comic any more, I’ve had enough of +puns, good God! no more farces, Eternal Father! I want to eat till I am +full, I want to drink my fill! to gormandize! to sleep! to do nothing! +I want to have my turn, so I do, come now! before I die! I want to be a +bit of a millionnaire!” + + +He took a turn round the hovel, and added:— + +“Like other people.” + + +“What do you mean by that?” asked the woman. + +He shook his head, winked, screwed up one eye, and raised his voice +like a medical professor who is about to make a demonstration:— + +“What do I mean by that? Listen!” + + +“Hush!” muttered the woman, “not so loud! These are matters which must +not be overheard.” + + +“Bah! Who’s here? Our neighbor? I saw him go out a little while ago. +Besides, he doesn’t listen, the big booby. And I tell you that I saw +him go out.” + + +Nevertheless, by a sort of instinct, Jondrette lowered his voice, +although not sufficiently to prevent Marius hearing his words. One +favorable circumstance, which enabled Marius not to lose a word of this +conversation was the falling snow which deadened the sound of vehicles +on the boulevard. + +This is what Marius heard:— + +“Listen carefully. The CrƓsus is caught, or as good as caught! That’s +all settled already. Everything is arranged. I have seen some people. +He will come here this evening at six o’clock. To bring sixty francs, +the rascal! Did you notice how I played that game on him, my sixty +francs, my landlord, my fourth of February? I don’t even owe for one +quarter! Isn’t he a fool! So he will come at six o’clock! That’s the +hour when our neighbor goes to his dinner. Mother Bougon is off washing +dishes in the city. There’s not a soul in the house. The neighbor never +comes home until eleven o’clock. The children shall stand on watch. You +shall help us. He will give in.” + + +“And what if he does not give in?” demanded his wife. + +Jondrette made a sinister gesture, and said:— + +“We’ll fix him.” + + +And he burst out laughing. + +This was the first time Marius had seen him laugh. The laugh was cold +and sweet, and provoked a shudder. + +Jondrette opened a cupboard near the fireplace, and drew from it an old +cap, which he placed on his head, after brushing it with his sleeve. + +“Now,” said he, “I’m going out. I have some more people that I must +see. Good ones. You’ll see how well the whole thing will work. I shall +be away as short a time as possible, it’s a fine stroke of business, do +you look after the house.” + + +And with both fists thrust into the pockets of his trousers, he stood +for a moment in thought, then exclaimed:— + +“Do you know, it’s mighty lucky, by the way, that he didn’t recognize +me! If he had recognized me on his side, he would not have come back +again. He would have slipped through our fingers! It was my beard that +saved us! my romantic beard! my pretty little romantic beard!” + + +And again he broke into a laugh. + +He stepped to the window. The snow was still falling, and streaking the +gray of the sky. + +“What beastly weather!” said he. + +Then lapping his overcoat across his breast:— + +“This rind is too large for me. Never mind,” he added, “he did a +devilish good thing in leaving it for me, the old scoundrel! If it +hadn’t been for that, I couldn’t have gone out, and everything would +have gone wrong! What small points things hang on, anyway!” + + +And pulling his cap down over his eyes, he quitted the room. + +He had barely had time to take half a dozen steps from the door, when +the door opened again, and his savage but intelligent face made its +appearance once more in the opening. + +“I came near forgetting,” said he. “You are to have a brazier of +charcoal ready.” + + +And he flung into his wife’s apron the five-franc piece which the +“philanthropist” had left with him. + +“A brazier of charcoal?” asked his wife. + +“Yes.” + + +“How many bushels?” + + +“Two good ones.” + + +“That will come to thirty sous. With the rest I will buy something for +dinner.” + + +“The devil, no.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Don’t go and spend the hundred-sou piece.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Because I shall have to buy something, too.” + + +“What?” + + +“Something.” + + +“How much shall you need?” + + +“Whereabouts in the neighborhood is there an ironmonger’s shop?” + + +“Rue Mouffetard.” + + +“Ah! yes, at the corner of a street; I can see the shop.” + + +“But tell me how much you will need for what you have to purchase?” + + +“Fifty sous—three francs.” + + +“There won’t be much left for dinner.” + + +“Eating is not the point to-day. There’s something better to be done.” + + +“That’s enough, my jewel.” + + +At this word from his wife, Jondrette closed the door again, and this +time, Marius heard his step die away in the corridor of the hovel, and +descend the staircase rapidly. + +At that moment, one o’clock struck from the church of Saint-MĂ©dard. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—SOLUS CUM SOLO, IN LOCO REMOTO, NON COGITABUNTUR ORARE +PATER NOSTER + + +Marius, dreamer as he was, was, as we have said, firm and energetic by +nature. His habits of solitary meditation, while they had developed in +him sympathy and compassion, had, perhaps, diminished the faculty for +irritation, but had left intact the power of waxing indignant; he had +the kindliness of a brahmin, and the severity of a judge; he took pity +upon a toad, but he crushed a viper. Now, it was into a hole of vipers +that his glance had just been directed, it was a nest of monsters that +he had beneath his eyes. + +“These wretches must be stamped upon,” said he. + +Not one of the enigmas which he had hoped to see solved had been +elucidated; on the contrary, all of them had been rendered more dense, +if anything; he knew nothing more about the beautiful maiden of the +Luxembourg and the man whom he called M. Leblanc, except that Jondrette +was acquainted with them. Athwart the mysterious words which had been +uttered, the only thing of which he caught a distinct glimpse was the +fact that an ambush was in course of preparation, a dark but terrible +trap; that both of them were incurring great danger, she probably, her +father certainly; that they must be saved; that the hideous plots of +the Jondrettes must be thwarted, and the web of these spiders broken. + +He scanned the female Jondrette for a moment. She had pulled an old +sheet-iron stove from a corner, and she was rummaging among the old +heap of iron. + +He descended from the commode as softly as possible, taking care not to +make the least noise. Amid his terror as to what was in preparation, +and in the horror with which the Jondrettes had inspired him, he +experienced a sort of joy at the idea that it might be granted to him +perhaps to render a service to the one whom he loved. + +But how was it to be done? How warn the persons threatened? He did not +know their address. They had reappeared for an instant before his eyes, +and had then plunged back again into the immense depths of Paris. +Should he wait for M. Leblanc at the door that evening at six o’clock, +at the moment of his arrival, and warn him of the trap? But Jondrette +and his men would see him on the watch, the spot was lonely, they were +stronger than he, they would devise means to seize him or to get him +away, and the man whom Marius was anxious to save would be lost. One +o’clock had just struck, the trap was to be sprung at six. Marius had +five hours before him. + +There was but one thing to be done. + +He put on his decent coat, knotted a silk handkerchief round his neck, +took his hat, and went out, without making any more noise than if he +had been treading on moss with bare feet. + +Moreover, the Jondrette woman continued to rummage among her old iron. + +Once outside of the house, he made for the Rue du Petit-Banquier. + +He had almost reached the middle of this street, near a very low wall +which a man can easily step over at certain points, and which abuts on +a waste space, and was walking slowly, in consequence of his +preoccupied condition, and the snow deadened the sound of his steps; +all at once he heard voices talking very close by. He turned his head, +the street was deserted, there was not a soul in it, it was broad +daylight, and yet he distinctly heard voices. + +It occurred to him to glance over the wall which he was skirting. + +There, in fact, sat two men, flat on the snow, with their backs against +the wall, talking together in subdued tones. + +These two persons were strangers to him; one was a bearded man in a +blouse, and the other a long-haired individual in rags. The bearded man +had on a fez, the other’s head was bare, and the snow had lodged in his +hair. + +By thrusting his head over the wall, Marius could hear their remarks. + +The hairy one jogged the other man’s elbow and said:— + +“—With the assistance of Patron-Minette, it can’t fail.” + + +“Do you think so?” said the bearded man. + +And the long-haired one began again:— + +“It’s as good as a warrant for each one, of five hundred balls, and the +worst that can happen is five years, six years, ten years at the most!” + + +The other replied with some hesitation, and shivering beneath his fez:— + +“That’s a real thing. You can’t go against such things.” + + +“I tell you that the affair can’t go wrong,” resumed the long-haired +man. “Father What’s-his-name’s team will be already harnessed.” + + +Then they began to discuss a melodrama that they had seen on the +preceding evening at the GaĂźtĂ© Theatre. + +Marius went his way. + +It seemed to him that the mysterious words of these men, so strangely +hidden behind that wall, and crouching in the snow, could not but bear +some relation to Jondrette’s abominable projects. That must be _the +affair_. + +He directed his course towards the faubourg Saint-Marceau and asked at +the first shop he came to where he could find a commissary of police. + +He was directed to Rue de Pontoise, No. 14. + +Thither Marius betook himself. + +As he passed a baker’s shop, he bought a two-penny roll, and ate it, +foreseeing that he should not dine. + +On the way, he rendered justice to Providence. He reflected that had he +not given his five francs to the Jondrette girl in the morning, he +would have followed M. Leblanc’s fiacre, and consequently have remained +ignorant of everything, and that there would have been no obstacle to +the trap of the Jondrettes and that M. Leblanc would have been lost, +and his daughter with him, no doubt. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—IN WHICH A POLICE AGENT BESTOWS TWO FISTFULS ON A LAWYER + + +On arriving at No. 14, Rue de Pontoise, he ascended to the first floor +and inquired for the commissary of police. + +“The commissary of police is not here,” said a clerk; “but there is an +inspector who takes his place. Would you like to speak to him? Are you +in haste?” + + +“Yes,” said Marius. + +The clerk introduced him into the commissary’s office. There stood a +tall man behind a grating, leaning against a stove, and holding up with +both hands the tails of a vast topcoat, with three collars. His face +was square, with a thin, firm mouth, thick, gray, and very ferocious +whiskers, and a look that was enough to turn your pockets inside out. +Of that glance it might have been well said, not that it penetrated, +but that it searched. + +This man’s air was not much less ferocious nor less terrible than +Jondrette’s; the dog is, at times, no less terrible to meet than the +wolf. + +“What do you want?” he said to Marius, without adding “monsieur.” + + +“Is this Monsieur le Commissaire de Police?” + + +“He is absent. I am here in his stead.” + + +“The matter is very private.” + + +“Then speak.” + + +“And great haste is required.” + + +“Then speak quick.” + + +This calm, abrupt man was both terrifying and reassuring at one and the +same time. He inspired fear and confidence. Marius related the +adventure to him: That a person with whom he was not acquainted +otherwise than by sight, was to be inveigled into a trap that very +evening; that, as he occupied the room adjoining the den, he, Marius +Pontmercy, a lawyer, had heard the whole plot through the partition; +that the wretch who had planned the trap was a certain Jondrette; that +there would be accomplices, probably some prowlers of the barriers, +among others a certain Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille; +that Jondrette’s daughters were to lie in wait; that there was no way +of warning the threatened man, since he did not even know his name; and +that, finally, all this was to be carried out at six o’clock that +evening, at the most deserted point of the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, in +house No. 50-52. + +At the sound of this number, the inspector raised his head, and said +coldly:— + +“So it is in the room at the end of the corridor?” + + +“Precisely,” answered Marius, and he added: “Are you acquainted with +that house?” + + +The inspector remained silent for a moment, then replied, as he warmed +the heel of his boot at the door of the stove:— + +“Apparently.” + + +He went on, muttering between his teeth, and not addressing Marius so +much as his cravat:— + +“Patron-Minette must have had a hand in this.” + + +This word struck Marius. + +“Patron-Minette,” said he, “I did hear that word pronounced, in fact.” + + +And he repeated to the inspector the dialogue between the long-haired +man and the bearded man in the snow behind the wall of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier. + +The inspector muttered:— + +“The long-haired man must be Brujon, and the bearded one Demi-Liard, +alias Deux-Milliards.” + + +He had dropped his eyelids again, and became absorbed in thought. + +“As for Father What’s-his-name, I think I recognize him. Here, I’ve +burned my coat. They always have too much fire in these cursed stoves. +Number 50-52. Former property of Gorbeau.” + + +Then he glanced at Marius. + +“You saw only that bearded and that long-haired man?” + + +“And Panchaud.” + + +“You didn’t see a little imp of a dandy prowling about the premises?” + + +“No.” + + +“Nor a big lump of matter, resembling an elephant in the Jardin des +Plantes?” + + +“No.” + + +“Nor a scamp with the air of an old red tail?” + + +“No.” + + +“As for the fourth, no one sees him, not even his adjutants, clerks, +and employees. It is not surprising that you did not see him.” + + +“No. Who are all those persons?” asked Marius. + +The inspector answered:— + +“Besides, this is not the time for them.” + + +He relapsed into silence, then resumed:— + +“50-52. I know that barrack. Impossible to conceal ourselves inside it +without the artists seeing us, and then they will get off simply by +countermanding the vaudeville. They are so modest! An audience +embarrasses them. None of that, none of that. I want to hear them sing +and make them dance.” + + +This monologue concluded, he turned to Marius, and demanded, gazing at +him intently the while:— + +“Are you afraid?” + + +“Of what?” said Marius. + +“Of these men?” + + +“No more than yourself!” retorted Marius rudely, who had begun to +notice that this police agent had not yet said “monsieur” to him. + +The inspector stared still more intently at Marius, and continued with +sententious solemnity:— + +“There, you speak like a brave man, and like an honest man. Courage +does not fear crime, and honesty does not fear authority.” + + +Marius interrupted him:— + +“That is well, but what do you intend to do?” + + +The inspector contented himself with the remark:— + +“The lodgers have pass-keys with which to get in at night. You must +have one.” + + +“Yes,” said Marius. + +“Have you it about you?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Give it to me,” said the inspector. + +Marius took his key from his waistcoat pocket, handed it to the +inspector and added:— + +“If you will take my advice, you will come in force.” + + +The inspector cast on Marius such a glance as Voltaire might have +bestowed on a provincial academician who had suggested a rhyme to him; +with one movement he plunged his hands, which were enormous, into the +two immense pockets of his top-coat, and pulled out two small steel +pistols, of the sort called “knock-me-downs.” Then he presented them to +Marius, saying rapidly, in a curt tone:— + +“Take these. Go home. Hide in your chamber, so that you may be supposed +to have gone out. They are loaded. Each one carries two balls. You will +keep watch; there is a hole in the wall, as you have informed me. These +men will come. Leave them to their own devices for a time. When you +think matters have reached a crisis, and that it is time to put a stop +to them, fire a shot. Not too soon. The rest concerns me. A shot into +the ceiling, the air, no matter where. Above all things, not too soon. +Wait until they begin to put their project into execution; you are a +lawyer; you know the proper point.” Marius took the pistols and put +them in the side pocket of his coat. + +“That makes a lump that can be seen,” said the inspector. “Put them in +your trousers pocket.” + + +Marius hid the pistols in his trousers pockets. + +“Now,” pursued the inspector, “there is not a minute more to be lost by +any one. What time is it? Half-past two. Seven o’clock is the hour?” + + +“Six o’clock,” answered Marius. + +“I have plenty of time,” said the inspector, “but no more than enough. +Don’t forget anything that I have said to you. Bang. A pistol shot.” + + +“Rest easy,” said Marius. + +And as Marius laid his hand on the handle of the door on his way out, +the inspector called to him:— + +“By the way, if you have occasion for my services between now and then, +come or send here. You will ask for Inspector Javert.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XV—JONDRETTE MAKES HIS PURCHASES + + +A few moments later, about three o’clock, Courfeyrac chanced to be +passing along the Rue Mouffetard in company with Bossuet. The snow had +redoubled in violence, and filled the air. Bossuet was just saying to +Courfeyrac:— + +“One would say, to see all these snow-flakes fall, that there was a +plague of white butterflies in heaven.” All at once, Bossuet caught +sight of Marius coming up the street towards the barrier with a +peculiar air. + +“Hold!” said Bossuet. “There’s Marius.” + + +“I saw him,” said Courfeyrac. “Don’t let’s speak to him.” + + +“Why?” + + +“He is busy.” + + +“With what?” + + +“Don’t you see his air?” + + +“What air?” + + +“He has the air of a man who is following some one.” + + +“That’s true,” said Bossuet. + +“Just see the eyes he is making!” said Courfeyrac. + +“But who the deuce is he following?” + + +“Some fine, flowery bonneted wench! He’s in love.” + + +“But,” observed Bossuet, “I don’t see any wench nor any flowery bonnet +in the street. There’s not a woman round.” + + +Courfeyrac took a survey, and exclaimed:— + +“He’s following a man!” + + +A man, in fact, wearing a gray cap, and whose gray beard could be +distinguished, although they only saw his back, was walking along about +twenty paces in advance of Marius. + +This man was dressed in a great-coat which was perfectly new and too +large for him, and in a frightful pair of trousers all hanging in rags +and black with mud. + +Bossuet burst out laughing. + +“Who is that man?” + + +“He?” retorted Courfeyrac, “he’s a poet. Poets are very fond of wearing +the trousers of dealers in rabbit skins and the overcoats of peers of +France.” + + +“Let’s see where Marius will go,” said Bossuet; “let’s see where the +man is going, let’s follow them, hey?” + + +“Bossuet!” exclaimed Courfeyrac, “eagle of Meaux! You are a prodigious +brute. Follow a man who is following another man, indeed!” + + +They retraced their steps. + +Marius had, in fact, seen Jondrette passing along the Rue Mouffetard, +and was spying on his proceedings. + +Jondrette walked straight ahead, without a suspicion that he was +already held by a glance. + +He quitted the Rue Mouffetard, and Marius saw him enter one of the most +terrible hovels in the Rue Gracieuse; he remained there about a quarter +of an hour, then returned to the Rue Mouffetard. He halted at an +ironmonger’s shop, which then stood at the corner of the Rue +Pierre-Lombard, and a few minutes later Marius saw him emerge from the +shop, holding in his hand a huge cold chisel with a white wood handle, +which he concealed beneath his great-coat. At the top of the Rue +Petit-Gentilly he turned to the left and proceeded rapidly to the Rue +du Petit-Banquier. The day was declining; the snow, which had ceased +for a moment, had just begun again. Marius posted himself on the watch +at the very corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier, which was deserted, as +usual, and did not follow Jondrette into it. It was lucky that he did +so, for, on arriving in the vicinity of the wall where Marius had heard +the long-haired man and the bearded man conversing, Jondrette turned +round, made sure that no one was following him, did not see him, then +sprang across the wall and disappeared. + +The waste land bordered by this wall communicated with the back yard of +an ex-livery stable-keeper of bad repute, who had failed and who still +kept a few old single-seated berlins under his sheds. + +Marius thought that it would be wise to profit by Jondrette’s absence +to return home; moreover, it was growing late; every evening, Ma’am +Bougon when she set out for her dish-washing in town, had a habit of +locking the door, which was always closed at dusk. Marius had given his +key to the inspector of police; it was important, therefore, that he +should make haste. + +Evening had arrived, night had almost closed in; on the horizon and in +the immensity of space, there remained but one spot illuminated by the +sun, and that was the moon. + +It was rising in a ruddy glow behind the low dome of SalpĂȘtriĂšre. + +Marius returned to No. 50-52 with great strides. The door was still +open when he arrived. He mounted the stairs on tip-toe and glided along +the wall of the corridor to his chamber. This corridor, as the reader +will remember, was bordered on both sides by attics, all of which were, +for the moment, empty and to let. Ma’am Bougon was in the habit of +leaving all the doors open. As he passed one of these attics, Marius +thought he perceived in the uninhabited cell the motionless heads of +four men, vaguely lighted up by a remnant of daylight, falling through +a dormer window. + +Marius made no attempt to see, not wishing to be seen himself. He +succeeded in reaching his chamber without being seen and without making +any noise. It was high time. A moment later he heard Ma’am Bougon take +her departure, locking the door of the house behind her. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE WORDS TO AN ENGLISH AIR WHICH +WAS IN FASHION IN 1832 + + +Marius seated himself on his bed. It might have been half-past five +o’clock. Only half an hour separated him from what was about to happen. +He heard the beating of his arteries as one hears the ticking of a +watch in the dark. He thought of the double march which was going on at +that moment in the dark,—crime advancing on one side, justice coming up +on the other. He was not afraid, but he could not think without a +shudder of what was about to take place. As is the case with all those +who are suddenly assailed by an unforeseen adventure, the entire day +produced upon him the effect of a dream, and in order to persuade +himself that he was not the prey of a nightmare, he had to feel the +cold barrels of the steel pistols in his trousers pockets. + +It was no longer snowing; the moon disengaged itself more and more +clearly from the mist, and its light, mingled with the white reflection +of the snow which had fallen, communicated to the chamber a sort of +twilight aspect. + +There was a light in the Jondrette den. Marius saw the hole in the wall +shining with a reddish glow which seemed bloody to him. + +It was true that the light could not be produced by a candle. However, +there was not a sound in the Jondrette quarters, not a soul was moving +there, not a soul speaking, not a breath; the silence was glacial and +profound, and had it not been for that light, he might have thought +himself next door to a sepulchre. + +Marius softly removed his boots and pushed them under his bed. + +Several minutes elapsed. Marius heard the lower door turn on its +hinges; a heavy step mounted the staircase, and hastened along the +corridor; the latch of the hovel was noisily lifted; it was Jondrette +returning. + +Instantly, several voices arose. The whole family was in the garret. +Only, it had been silent in the master’s absence, like wolf whelps in +the absence of the wolf. + +“It’s I,” said he. + +“Good evening, daddy,” yelped the girls. + +“Well?” said the mother. + +“All’s going first-rate,” responded Jondrette, “but my feet are beastly +cold. Good! You have dressed up. You have done well! You must inspire +confidence.” + + +“All ready to go out.” + + +“Don’t forget what I told you. You will do everything sure?” + + +“Rest easy.” + + +“Because—” said Jondrette. And he left the phrase unfinished. + +Marius heard him lay something heavy on the table, probably the chisel +which he had purchased. + +“By the way,” said Jondrette, “have you been eating here?” + + +“Yes,” said the mother. “I got three large potatoes and some salt. I +took advantage of the fire to cook them.” + + +“Good,” returned Jondrette. “To-morrow I will take you out to dine with +me. We will have a duck and fixings. You shall dine like Charles the +Tenth; all is going well!” + + +Then he added:— + +“The mouse-trap is open. The cats are there.” + + +He lowered his voice still further, and said:— + +“Put this in the fire.” + + +Marius heard a sound of charcoal being knocked with the tongs or some +iron utensil, and Jondrette continued:— + +“Have you greased the hinges of the door so that they will not squeak?” + + +“Yes,” replied the mother. + +“What time is it?” + + +“Nearly six. The half-hour struck from Saint-MĂ©dard a while ago.” + + +“The devil!” ejaculated Jondrette; “the children must go and watch. +Come you, do you listen here.” + + +A whispering ensued. + +Jondrette’s voice became audible again:— + +“Has old Bougon left?” + + +“Yes,” said the mother. + +“Are you sure that there is no one in our neighbor’s room?” + + +“He has not been in all day, and you know very well that this is his +dinner hour.” + + +“You are sure?” + + +“Sure.” + + +“All the same,” said Jondrette, “there’s no harm in going to see +whether he is there. Here, my girl, take the candle and go there.” + + +Marius fell on his hands and knees and crawled silently under his bed. + +Hardly had he concealed himself, when he perceived a light through the +crack of his door. + +“P’pa,” cried a voice, “he is not in here.” + + +He recognized the voice of the eldest daughter. + +“Did you go in?” demanded her father. + +“No,” replied the girl, “but as his key is in the door, he must be +out.” + + +The father exclaimed:— + +“Go in, nevertheless.” + + +The door opened, and Marius saw the tall Jondrette come in with a +candle in her hand. She was as she had been in the morning, only still +more repulsive in this light. + +She walked straight up to the bed. Marius endured an indescribable +moment of anxiety; but near the bed there was a mirror nailed to the +wall, and it was thither that she was directing her steps. She raised +herself on tiptoe and looked at herself in it. In the neighboring room, +the sound of iron articles being moved was audible. + +She smoothed her hair with the palm of her hand, and smiled into the +mirror, humming with her cracked and sepulchral voice:— + +Nos amours ont durĂ© toute une semaine, +Mais que du bonheur les instants sont courts! +S’adorer huit jours, c’était bien la peine! +Le temps des amours devrait durer toujours! +Devrait durer toujours! devrait durer toujours!28 + + +In the meantime, Marius trembled. It seemed impossible to him that she +should not hear his breathing. + +She stepped to the window and looked out with the half-foolish way she +had. + +“How ugly Paris is when it has put on a white chemise!” said she. + +She returned to the mirror and began again to put on airs before it, +scrutinizing herself full-face and three-quarters face in turn. + +“Well!” cried her father, “what are you about there?” + + +“I am looking under the bed and the furniture,” she replied, continuing +to arrange her hair; “there’s no one here.” + + +“Booby!” yelled her father. “Come here this minute! And don’t waste any +time about it!” + + +“Coming! Coming!” said she. “One has no time for anything in this +hovel!” + + +She hummed:— + +Vous me quittez pour aller Ă  la gloire; +Mon triste cƓur suivra partout.29 + + +She cast a parting glance in the mirror and went out, shutting the door +behind her. + +A moment more, and Marius heard the sound of the two young girls’ bare +feet in the corridor, and Jondrette’s voice shouting to them:— + +“Pay strict heed! One on the side of the barrier, the other at the +corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier. Don’t lose sight for a moment of +the door of this house, and the moment you see anything, rush here on +the instant! as hard as you can go! You have a key to get in.” + + +The eldest girl grumbled:— + +“The idea of standing watch in the snow barefoot!” + + +“To-morrow you shall have some dainty little green silk boots!” said +the father. + +They ran downstairs, and a few seconds later the shock of the outer +door as it banged to announced that they were outside. + +There now remained in the house only Marius, the Jondrettes and +probably, also, the mysterious persons of whom Marius had caught a +glimpse in the twilight, behind the door of the unused attic. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—THE USE MADE OF MARIUS’ FIVE-FRANC PIECE + + +Marius decided that the moment had now arrived when he must resume his +post at his observatory. In a twinkling, and with the agility of his +age, he had reached the hole in the partition. + +He looked. + +The interior of the Jondrette apartment presented a curious aspect, and +Marius found an explanation of the singular light which he had noticed. +A candle was burning in a candlestick covered with verdigris, but that +was not what really lighted the chamber. The hovel was completely +illuminated, as it were, by the reflection from a rather large +sheet-iron brazier standing in the fireplace, and filled with burning +charcoal, the brazier prepared by the Jondrette woman that morning. The +charcoal was glowing hot and the brazier was red; a blue flame +flickered over it, and helped him to make out the form of the chisel +purchased by Jondrette in the Rue Pierre-Lombard, where it had been +thrust into the brazier to heat. In one corner, near the door, and as +though prepared for some definite use, two heaps were visible, which +appeared to be, the one a heap of old iron, the other a heap of ropes. +All this would have caused the mind of a person who knew nothing of +what was in preparation, to waver between a very sinister and a very +simple idea. The lair thus lighted up more resembled a forge than a +mouth of hell, but Jondrette, in this light, had rather the air of a +demon than of a smith. + +The heat of the brazier was so great, that the candle on the table was +melting on the side next the chafing-dish, and was drooping over. An +old dark-lantern of copper, worthy of Diogenes turned Cartouche, stood +on the chimney-piece. + +The brazier, placed in the fireplace itself, beside the nearly extinct +brands, sent its vapors up the chimney, and gave out no odor. + +The moon, entering through the four panes of the window, cast its +whiteness into the crimson and flaming garret; and to the poetic spirit +of Marius, who was dreamy even in the moment of action, it was like a +thought of heaven mingled with the misshapen reveries of earth. + +A breath of air which made its way in through the open pane, helped to +dissipate the smell of the charcoal and to conceal the presence of the +brazier. + +The Jondrette lair was, if the reader recalls what we have said of the +Gorbeau building, admirably chosen to serve as the theatre of a violent +and sombre deed, and as the envelope for a crime. It was the most +retired chamber in the most isolated house on the most deserted +boulevard in Paris. If the system of ambush and traps had not already +existed, they would have been invented there. + +The whole thickness of a house and a multitude of uninhabited rooms +separated this den from the boulevard, and the only window that existed +opened on waste lands enclosed with walls and palisades. + +Jondrette had lighted his pipe, seated himself on the seatless chair, +and was engaged in smoking. His wife was talking to him in a low tone. + +If Marius had been Courfeyrac, that is to say, one of those men who +laugh on every occasion in life, he would have burst with laughter when +his gaze fell on the Jondrette woman. She had on a black bonnet with +plumes not unlike the hats of the heralds-at-arms at the coronation of +Charles X., an immense tartan shawl over her knitted petticoat, and the +man’s shoes which her daughter had scorned in the morning. It was this +toilette which had extracted from Jondrette the exclamation: “Good! You +have dressed up. You have done well. You must inspire confidence!” + + +As for Jondrette, he had not taken off the new surtout, which was too +large for him, and which M. Leblanc had given him, and his costume +continued to present that contrast of coat and trousers which +constituted the ideal of a poet in Courfeyrac’s eyes. + +All at once, Jondrette lifted up his voice:— + +“By the way! Now that I think of it. In this weather, he will come in a +carriage. Light the lantern, take it and go downstairs. You will stand +behind the lower door. The very moment that you hear the carriage stop, +you will open the door, instantly, he will come up, you will light the +staircase and the corridor, and when he enters here, you will go +downstairs again as speedily as possible, you will pay the coachman, +and dismiss the fiacre.” + + +“And the money?” inquired the woman. + +Jondrette fumbled in his trousers pocket and handed her five francs. + +“What’s this?” she exclaimed. + +Jondrette replied with dignity:— + +“That is the monarch which our neighbor gave us this morning.” + + +And he added:— + +“Do you know what? Two chairs will be needed here.” + + +“What for?” + + +“To sit on.” + + +Marius felt a cold chill pass through his limbs at hearing this mild +answer from Jondrette. + +“Pardieu! I’ll go and get one of our neighbor’s.” + + +And with a rapid movement, she opened the door of the den, and went out +into the corridor. + +Marius absolutely had not the time to descend from the commode, reach +his bed, and conceal himself beneath it. + +“Take the candle,” cried Jondrette. + +“No,” said she, “it would embarrass me, I have the two chairs to carry. +There is moonlight.” + + +Marius heard Mother Jondrette’s heavy hand fumbling at his lock in the +dark. The door opened. He remained nailed to the spot with the shock +and with horror. + +The Jondrette entered. + +The dormer window permitted the entrance of a ray of moonlight between +two blocks of shadow. One of these blocks of shadow entirely covered +the wall against which Marius was leaning, so that he disappeared +within it. + +Mother Jondrette raised her eyes, did not see Marius, took the two +chairs, the only ones which Marius possessed, and went away, letting +the door fall heavily to behind her. + +She re-entered the lair. + +“Here are the two chairs.” + + +“And here is the lantern. Go down as quick as you can.” + + +She hastily obeyed, and Jondrette was left alone. + +He placed the two chairs on opposite sides of the table, turned the +chisel in the brazier, set in front of the fireplace an old screen +which masked the chafing-dish, then went to the corner where lay the +pile of rope, and bent down as though to examine something. Marius then +recognized the fact, that what he had taken for a shapeless mass was a +very well-made rope-ladder, with wooden rungs and two hooks with which +to attach it. + +This ladder, and some large tools, veritable masses of iron, which were +mingled with the old iron piled up behind the door, had not been in the +Jondrette hovel in the morning, and had evidently been brought thither +in the afternoon, during Marius’ absence. + +“Those are the utensils of an edge-tool maker,” thought Marius. + +Had Marius been a little more learned in this line, he would have +recognized in what he took for the engines of an edge-tool maker, +certain instruments which will force a lock or pick a lock, and others +which will cut or slice, the two families of tools which burglars call +_cadets_ and _fauchants_. + +The fireplace and the two chairs were exactly opposite Marius. The +brazier being concealed, the only light in the room was now furnished +by the candle; the smallest bit of crockery on the table or on the +chimney-piece cast a large shadow. There was something indescribably +calm, threatening, and hideous about this chamber. One felt that there +existed in it the anticipation of something terrible. + +Jondrette had allowed his pipe to go out, a serious sign of +preoccupation, and had again seated himself. The candle brought out the +fierce and the fine angles of his countenance. He indulged in scowls +and in abrupt unfoldings of the right hand, as though he were +responding to the last counsels of a sombre inward monologue. In the +course of one of these dark replies which he was making to himself, he +pulled the table drawer rapidly towards him, took out a long kitchen +knife which was concealed there, and tried the edge of its blade on his +nail. That done, he put the knife back in the drawer and shut it. + +Marius, on his side, grasped the pistol in his right pocket, drew it +out and cocked it. + +The pistol emitted a sharp, clear click, as he cocked it. + +Jondrette started, half rose, listened a moment, then began to laugh +and said:— + +“What a fool I am! It’s the partition cracking!” + + +Marius kept the pistol in his hand. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—MARIUS’ TWO CHAIRS FORM A VIS-A-VIS + + +Suddenly, the distant and melancholy vibration of a clock shook the +panes. Six o’clock was striking from Saint-MĂ©dard. + +Jondrette marked off each stroke with a toss of his head. When the +sixth had struck, he snuffed the candle with his fingers. + +Then he began to pace up and down the room, listened at the corridor, +walked on again, then listened once more. + +“Provided only that he comes!” he muttered, then he returned to his +chair. + +He had hardly reseated himself when the door opened. + +Mother Jondrette had opened it, and now remained in the corridor making +a horrible, amiable grimace, which one of the holes of the dark-lantern +illuminated from below. + +“Enter, sir,” she said. + +“Enter, my benefactor,” repeated Jondrette, rising hastily. + +M. Leblanc made his appearance. + +He wore an air of serenity which rendered him singularly venerable. + +He laid four louis on the table. + +“Monsieur Fabantou,” said he, “this is for your rent and your most +pressing necessities. We will attend to the rest hereafter.” + + +“May God requite it to you, my generous benefactor!” said Jondrette. + +And rapidly approaching his wife:— + +“Dismiss the carriage!” + + +She slipped out while her husband was lavishing salutes and offering M. +Leblanc a chair. An instant later she returned and whispered in his +ear:— + +“’Tis done.” + + +The snow, which had not ceased falling since the morning, was so deep +that the arrival of the fiacre had not been audible, and they did not +now hear its departure. + +Meanwhile, M. Leblanc had seated himself. + +Jondrette had taken possession of the other chair, facing M. Leblanc. + +Now, in order to form an idea of the scene which is to follow, let the +reader picture to himself in his own mind, a cold night, the solitudes +of the SalpĂȘtriĂšre covered with snow and white as winding-sheets in the +moonlight, the taper-like lights of the street lanterns which shone +redly here and there along those tragic boulevards, and the long rows +of black elms, not a passer-by for perhaps a quarter of a league +around, the Gorbeau hovel, at its highest pitch of silence, of horror, +and of darkness; in that building, in the midst of those solitudes, in +the midst of that darkness, the vast Jondrette garret lighted by a +single candle, and in that den two men seated at a table, M. Leblanc +tranquil, Jondrette smiling and alarming, the Jondrette woman, the +female wolf, in one corner, and, behind the partition, Marius, +invisible, erect, not losing a word, not missing a single movement, his +eye on the watch, and pistol in hand. + +However, Marius experienced only an emotion of horror, but no fear. He +clasped the stock of the pistol firmly and felt reassured. “I shall be +able to stop that wretch whenever I please,” he thought. + +He felt that the police were there somewhere in ambuscade, waiting for +the signal agreed upon and ready to stretch out their arm. + +Moreover, he was in hopes, that this violent encounter between +Jondrette and M. Leblanc would cast some light on all the things which +he was interested in learning. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—OCCUPYING ONE’S SELF WITH OBSCURE DEPTHS + + +Hardly was M. Leblanc seated, when he turned his eyes towards the +pallets, which were empty. + +“How is the poor little wounded girl?” he inquired. + +“Bad,” replied Jondrette with a heart-broken and grateful smile, “very +bad, my worthy sir. Her elder sister has taken her to the Bourbe to +have her hurt dressed. You will see them presently; they will be back +immediately.” + + +“Madame Fabantou seems to me to be better,” went on M. Leblanc, casting +his eyes on the eccentric costume of the Jondrette woman, as she stood +between him and the door, as though already guarding the exit, and +gazed at him in an attitude of menace and almost of combat. + +“She is dying,” said Jondrette. “But what do you expect, sir! She has +so much courage, that woman has! She’s not a woman, she’s an ox.” + + +The Jondrette, touched by his compliment, deprecated it with the +affected airs of a flattered monster. + +“You are always too good to me, Monsieur Jondrette!” + + +“Jondrette!” said M. Leblanc, “I thought your name was Fabantou?” + + +“Fabantou, alias Jondrette!” replied the husband hurriedly. “An +artistic sobriquet!” + + +And launching at his wife a shrug of the shoulders which M. Leblanc did +not catch, he continued with an emphatic and caressing inflection of +voice:— + +“Ah! we have had a happy life together, this poor darling and I! What +would there be left for us if we had not that? We are so wretched, my +respectable sir! We have arms, but there is no work! We have the will, +no work! I don’t know how the government arranges that, but, on my word +of honor, sir, I am not Jacobin, sir, I am not a bousingot.30 I don’t +wish them any evil, but if I were the ministers, on my most sacred +word, things would be different. Here, for instance, I wanted to have +my girls taught the trade of paper-box makers. You will say to me: +‘What! a trade?’ Yes! A trade! A simple trade! A bread-winner! What a +fall, my benefactor! What a degradation, when one has been what we have +been! Alas! There is nothing left to us of our days of prosperity! One +thing only, a picture, of which I think a great deal, but which I am +willing to part with, for I must live! Item, one must live!” + + +While Jondrette thus talked, with an apparent incoherence which +detracted nothing from the thoughtful and sagacious expression of his +physiognomy, Marius raised his eyes, and perceived at the other end of +the room a person whom he had not seen before. A man had just entered, +so softly that the door had not been heard to turn on its hinges. This +man wore a violet knitted vest, which was old, worn, spotted, cut and +gaping at every fold, wide trousers of cotton velvet, wooden shoes on +his feet, no shirt, had his neck bare, his bare arms tattooed, and his +face smeared with black. He had seated himself in silence on the +nearest bed, and, as he was behind Jondrette, he could only be +indistinctly seen. + +That sort of magnetic instinct which turns aside the gaze, caused M. +Leblanc to turn round almost at the same moment as Marius. He could not +refrain from a gesture of surprise which did not escape Jondrette. + +“Ah! I see!” exclaimed Jondrette, buttoning up his coat with an air of +complaisance, “you are looking at your overcoat? It fits me! My faith, +but it fits me!” + + +“Who is that man?” said M. Leblanc. + +“Him?” ejaculated Jondrette, “he’s a neighbor of mine. Don’t pay any +attention to him.” + + +The neighbor was a singular-looking individual. However, manufactories +of chemical products abound in the Faubourg Saint-Marceau. Many of the +workmen might have black faces. Besides this, M. Leblanc’s whole person +was expressive of candid and intrepid confidence. + +He went on:— + +“Excuse me; what were you saying, M. Fabantou?” + + +“I was telling you, sir, and dear protector,” replied Jondrette placing +his elbows on the table and contemplating M. Leblanc with steady and +tender eyes, not unlike the eyes of the boa-constrictor, “I was telling +you, that I have a picture to sell.” + + +A slight sound came from the door. A second man had just entered and +seated himself on the bed, behind Jondrette. + +Like the first, his arms were bare, and he had a mask of ink or +lampblack. + +Although this man had, literally, glided into the room, he had not been +able to prevent M. Leblanc catching sight of him. + +“Don’t mind them,” said Jondrette, “they are people who belong in the +house. So I was saying, that there remains in my possession a valuable +picture. But stop, sir, take a look at it.” + + +He rose, went to the wall at the foot of which stood the panel which we +have already mentioned, and turned it round, still leaving it supported +against the wall. It really was something which resembled a picture, +and which the candle illuminated, somewhat. Marius could make nothing +out of it, as Jondrette stood between the picture and him; he only saw +a coarse daub, and a sort of principal personage colored with the harsh +crudity of foreign canvasses and screen paintings. + +“What is that?” asked M. Leblanc. + +Jondrette exclaimed:— + +“A painting by a master, a picture of great value, my benefactor! I am +as much attached to it as I am to my two daughters; it recalls +souvenirs to me! But I have told you, and I will not take it back, that +I am so wretched that I will part with it.” + + +Either by chance, or because he had begun to feel a dawning uneasiness, +M. Leblanc’s glance returned to the bottom of the room as he examined +the picture. + +There were now four men, three seated on the bed, one standing near the +door-post, all four with bare arms and motionless, with faces smeared +with black. One of those on the bed was leaning against the wall, with +closed eyes, and it might have been supposed that he was asleep. He was +old; his white hair contrasting with his blackened face produced a +horrible effect. The other two seemed to be young; one wore a beard, +the other wore his hair long. None of them had on shoes; those who did +not wear socks were barefooted. + +Jondrette noticed that M. Leblanc’s eye was fixed on these men. + +“They are friends. They are neighbors,” said he. “Their faces are black +because they work in charcoal. They are chimney-builders. Don’t trouble +yourself about them, my benefactor, but buy my picture. Have pity on my +misery. I will not ask you much for it. How much do you think it is +worth?” + + +“Well,” said M. Leblanc, looking Jondrette full in the eye, and with +the manner of a man who is on his guard, “it is some signboard for a +tavern, and is worth about three francs.” + + +Jondrette replied sweetly:— + +“Have you your pocket-book with you? I should be satisfied with a +thousand crowns.” + + +M. Leblanc sprang up, placed his back against the wall, and cast a +rapid glance around the room. He had Jondrette on his left, on the side +next the window, and the Jondrette woman and the four men on his right, +on the side next the door. The four men did not stir, and did not even +seem to be looking on. + +Jondrette had again begun to speak in a plaintive tone, with so vague +an eye, and so lamentable an intonation, that M. Leblanc might have +supposed that what he had before him was a man who had simply gone mad +with misery. + +“If you do not buy my picture, my dear benefactor,” said Jondrette, “I +shall be left without resources; there will be nothing left for me but +to throw myself into the river. When I think that I wanted to have my +two girls taught the middle-class paper-box trade, the making of boxes +for New Year’s gifts! Well! A table with a board at the end to keep the +glasses from falling off is required, then a special stove is needed, a +pot with three compartments for the different degrees of strength of +the paste, according as it is to be used for wood, paper, or stuff, a +paring-knife to cut the cardboard, a mould to adjust it, a hammer to +nail the steels, pincers, how the devil do I know what all? And all +that in order to earn four sous a day! And you have to work fourteen +hours a day! And each box passes through the workwoman’s hands thirteen +times! And you can’t wet the paper! And you mustn’t spot anything! And +you must keep the paste hot. The devil, I tell you! Four sous a day! +How do you suppose a man is to live?” + + +As he spoke, Jondrette did not look at M. Leblanc, who was observing +him. M. Leblanc’s eye was fixed on Jondrette, and Jondrette’s eye was +fixed on the door. Marius’ eager attention was transferred from one to +the other. M. Leblanc seemed to be asking himself: “Is this man an +idiot?” Jondrette repeated two or three distinct times, with all manner +of varying inflections of the whining and supplicating order: “There is +nothing left for me but to throw myself into the river! I went down +three steps at the side of the bridge of Austerlitz the other day for +that purpose.” + + +All at once his dull eyes lighted up with a hideous flash; the little +man drew himself up and became terrible, took a step toward M. Leblanc +and cried in a voice of thunder: “That has nothing to do with the +question! Do you know me?” + + + + + +CHAPTER XX—THE TRAP + + +The door of the garret had just opened abruptly, and allowed a view of +three men clad in blue linen blouses, and masked with masks of black +paper. The first was thin, and had a long, iron-tipped cudgel; the +second, who was a sort of colossus, carried, by the middle of the +handle, with the blade downward, a butcher’s pole-axe for slaughtering +cattle. The third, a man with thick-set shoulders, not so slender as +the first, held in his hand an enormous key stolen from the door of +some prison. + +It appeared that the arrival of these men was what Jondrette had been +waiting for. A rapid dialogue ensued between him and the man with the +cudgel, the thin one. + +“Is everything ready?” said Jondrette. + +“Yes,” replied the thin man. + +“Where is Montparnasse?” + + +“The young principal actor stopped to chat with your girl.” + + +“Which?” + + +“The eldest.” + + +“Is there a carriage at the door?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Is the team harnessed?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“With two good horses?” + + +“Excellent.” + + +“Is it waiting where I ordered?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Good,” said Jondrette. + +M. Leblanc was very pale. He was scrutinizing everything around him in +the den, like a man who understands what he has fallen into, and his +head, directed in turn toward all the heads which surrounded him, moved +on his neck with an astonished and attentive slowness, but there was +nothing in his air which resembled fear. He had improvised an +intrenchment out of the table; and the man, who but an instant +previously, had borne merely the appearance of a kindly old man, had +suddenly become a sort of athlete, and placed his robust fist on the +back of his chair, with a formidable and surprising gesture. + +This old man, who was so firm and so brave in the presence of such a +danger, seemed to possess one of those natures which are as courageous +as they are kind, both easily and simply. The father of a woman whom we +love is never a stranger to us. Marius felt proud of that unknown man. + +Three of the men, of whom Jondrette had said: “They are +chimney-builders,” had armed themselves from the pile of old iron, one +with a heavy pair of shears, the second with weighing-tongs, the third +with a hammer, and had placed themselves across the entrance without +uttering a syllable. The old man had remained on the bed, and had +merely opened his eyes. The Jondrette woman had seated herself beside +him. + +Marius decided that in a few seconds more the moment for intervention +would arrive, and he raised his right hand towards the ceiling, in the +direction of the corridor, in readiness to discharge his pistol. + +Jondrette having terminated his colloquy with the man with the cudgel, +turned once more to M. Leblanc, and repeated his question, accompanying +it with that low, repressed, and terrible laugh which was peculiar to +him:— + +“So you do not recognize me?” + + +M. Leblanc looked him full in the face, and replied:— + +“No.” + + +Then Jondrette advanced to the table. He leaned across the candle, +crossing his arms, putting his angular and ferocious jaw close to M. +Leblanc’s calm face, and advancing as far as possible without forcing +M. Leblanc to retreat, and, in this posture of a wild beast who is +about to bite, he exclaimed:— + +“My name is not Fabantou, my name is not Jondrette, my name is +ThĂ©nardier. I am the inn-keeper of Montfermeil! Do you understand? +ThĂ©nardier! Now do you know me?” + + +An almost imperceptible flush crossed M. Leblanc’s brow, and he replied +with a voice which neither trembled nor rose above its ordinary level, +with his accustomed placidity:— + +“No more than before.” + + +Marius did not hear this reply. Any one who had seen him at that moment +through the darkness would have perceived that he was haggard, stupid, +thunder-struck. At the moment when Jondrette said: “My name is +ThĂ©nardier,” Marius had trembled in every limb, and had leaned against +the wall, as though he felt the cold of a steel blade through his +heart. Then his right arm, all ready to discharge the signal shot, +dropped slowly, and at the moment when Jondrette repeated, “ThĂ©nardier, +do you understand?” Marius’s faltering fingers had come near letting +the pistol fall. Jondrette, by revealing his identity, had not moved M. +Leblanc, but he had quite upset Marius. That name of ThĂ©nardier, with +which M. Leblanc did not seem to be acquainted, Marius knew well. Let +the reader recall what that name meant to him! That name he had worn on +his heart, inscribed in his father’s testament! He bore it at the +bottom of his mind, in the depths of his memory, in that sacred +injunction: “A certain ThĂ©nardier saved my life. If my son encounters +him, he will do him all the good that lies in his power.” That name, it +will be remembered, was one of the pieties of his soul; he mingled it +with the name of his father in his worship. What! This man was that +ThĂ©nardier, that inn-keeper of Montfermeil whom he had so long and so +vainly sought! He had found him at last, and how? His father’s saviour +was a ruffian! That man, to whose service Marius was burning to devote +himself, was a monster! That liberator of Colonel Pontmercy was on the +point of committing a crime whose scope Marius did not, as yet, clearly +comprehend, but which resembled an assassination! And against whom, +great God! what a fatality! What a bitter mockery of fate! His father +had commanded him from the depths of his coffin to do all the good in +his power to this ThĂ©nardier, and for four years Marius had cherished +no other thought than to acquit this debt of his father’s, and at the +moment when he was on the eve of having a brigand seized in the very +act of crime by justice, destiny cried to him: “This is ThĂ©nardier!” He +could at last repay this man for his father’s life, saved amid a +hail-storm of grape-shot on the heroic field of Waterloo, and repay it +with the scaffold! He had sworn to himself that if ever he found that +ThĂ©nardier, he would address him only by throwing himself at his feet; +and now he actually had found him, but it was only to deliver him over +to the executioner! His father said to him: “Succor ThĂ©nardier!” And he +replied to that adored and sainted voice by crushing ThĂ©nardier! He was +about to offer to his father in his grave the spectacle of that man who +had torn him from death at the peril of his own life, executed on the +Place Saint-Jacques through the means of his son, of that Marius to +whom he had entrusted that man by his will! And what a mockery to have +so long worn on his breast his father’s last commands, written in his +own hand, only to act in so horribly contrary a sense! But, on the +other hand, now look on that trap and not prevent it! Condemn the +victim and to spare the assassin! Could one be held to any gratitude +towards so miserable a wretch? All the ideas which Marius had cherished +for the last four years were pierced through and through, as it were, +by this unforeseen blow. + +He shuddered. Everything depended on him. Unknown to themselves, he +held in his hand all those beings who were moving about there before +his eyes. If he fired his pistol, M. Leblanc was saved, and ThĂ©nardier +lost; if he did not fire, M. Leblanc would be sacrificed, and, who +knows? ThĂ©nardier would escape. Should he dash down the one or allow +the other to fall? Remorse awaited him in either case. + +What was he to do? What should he choose? Be false to the most +imperious souvenirs, to all those solemn vows to himself, to the most +sacred duty, to the most venerated text! Should he ignore his father’s +testament, or allow the perpetration of a crime! On the one hand, it +seemed to him that he heard “his Ursule” supplicating for her father +and on the other, the colonel commending ThĂ©nardier to his care. He +felt that he was going mad. His knees gave way beneath him. And he had +not even the time for deliberation, so great was the fury with which +the scene before his eyes was hastening to its catastrophe. It was like +a whirlwind of which he had thought himself the master, and which was +now sweeping him away. He was on the verge of swooning. + +In the meantime, ThĂ©nardier, whom we shall henceforth call by no other +name, was pacing up and down in front of the table in a sort of frenzy +and wild triumph. + +He seized the candle in his fist, and set it on the chimney-piece with +so violent a bang that the wick came near being extinguished, and the +tallow bespattered the wall. + +Then he turned to M. Leblanc with a horrible look, and spit out these +words:— + +“Done for! Smoked brown! Cooked! Spitchcocked!” + + +And again he began to march back and forth, in full eruption. + +“Ah!” he cried, “so I’ve found you again at last, Mister +philanthropist! Mister threadbare millionnaire! Mister giver of dolls! +you old ninny! Ah! so you don’t recognize me! No, it wasn’t you who +came to Montfermeil, to my inn, eight years ago, on Christmas eve, +1823! It wasn’t you who carried off that Fantine’s child from me! The +Lark! It wasn’t you who had a yellow great-coat! No! Nor a package of +duds in your hand, as you had this morning here! Say, wife, it seems to +be his mania to carry packets of woollen stockings into houses! Old +charity monger, get out with you! Are you a hosier, Mister +millionnaire? You give away your stock in trade to the poor, holy man! +What bosh! merry Andrew! Ah! and you don’t recognize me? Well, I +recognize you, that I do! I recognized you the very moment you poked +your snout in here. Ah! you’ll find out presently, that it isn’t all +roses to thrust yourself in that fashion into people’s houses, under +the pretext that they are taverns, in wretched clothes, with the air of +a poor man, to whom one would give a sou, to deceive persons, to play +the generous, to take away their means of livelihood, and to make +threats in the woods, and you can’t call things quits because +afterwards, when people are ruined, you bring a coat that is too large, +and two miserable hospital blankets, you old blackguard, you +child-stealer!” + + +He paused, and seemed to be talking to himself for a moment. One would +have said that his wrath had fallen into some hole, like the Rhone; +then, as though he were concluding aloud the things which he had been +saying to himself in a whisper, he smote the table with his fist, and +shouted:— + +“And with his goody-goody air!” + + +And, apostrophizing M. Leblanc:— + +“Parbleu! You made game of me in the past! You are the cause of all my +misfortunes! For fifteen hundred francs you got a girl whom I had, and +who certainly belonged to rich people, and who had already brought in a +great deal of money, and from whom I might have extracted enough to +live on all my life! A girl who would have made up to me for everything +that I lost in that vile cook-shop, where there was nothing but one +continual row, and where, like a fool, I ate up my last farthing! Oh! I +wish all the wine folks drank in my house had been poison to those who +drank it! Well, never mind! Say, now! You must have thought me +ridiculous when you went off with the Lark! You had your cudgel in the +forest. You were the stronger. Revenge. I’m the one to hold the trumps +to-day! You’re in a sorry case, my good fellow! Oh, but I can laugh! +Really, I laugh! Didn’t he fall into the trap! I told him that I was an +actor, that my name was Fabantou, that I had played comedy with +Mamselle Mars, with Mamselle Muche, that my landlord insisted on being +paid tomorrow, the 4th of February, and he didn’t even notice that the +8th of January, and not the 4th of February is the time when the +quarter runs out! Absurd idiot! And the four miserable Philippes which +he has brought me! Scoundrel! He hadn’t the heart even to go as high as +a hundred francs! And how he swallowed my platitudes! That did amuse +me. I said to myself: ‘Blockhead! Come, I’ve got you! I lick your paws +this morning, but I’ll gnaw your heart this evening!’” + + +ThĂ©nardier paused. He was out of breath. His little, narrow chest +panted like a forge bellows. His eyes were full of the ignoble +happiness of a feeble, cruel, and cowardly creature, which finds that +it can, at last, harass what it has feared, and insult what it has +flattered, the joy of a dwarf who should be able to set his heel on the +head of Goliath, the joy of a jackal which is beginning to rend a sick +bull, so nearly dead that he can no longer defend himself, but +sufficiently alive to suffer still. + +M. Leblanc did not interrupt him, but said to him when he paused:— + +“I do not know what you mean to say. You are mistaken in me. I am a +very poor man, and anything but a millionnaire. I do not know you. You +are mistaking me for some other person.” + + +“Ah!” roared ThĂ©nardier hoarsely, “a pretty lie! You stick to that +pleasantry, do you! You’re floundering, my old buck! Ah! You don’t +remember! You don’t see who I am?” + + +“Excuse me, sir,” said M. Leblanc with a politeness of accent, which at +that moment seemed peculiarly strange and powerful, “I see that you are +a villain!” + + +Who has not remarked the fact that odious creatures possess a +susceptibility of their own, that monsters are ticklish! At this word +“villain,” the female ThĂ©nardier sprang from the bed, ThĂ©nardier +grasped his chair as though he were about to crush it in his hands. +“Don’t you stir!” he shouted to his wife; and, turning to M. Leblanc:— + +“Villain! Yes, I know that you call us that, you rich gentlemen! Stop! +it’s true that I became bankrupt, that I am in hiding, that I have no +bread, that I have not a single sou, that I am a villain! It’s three +days since I have had anything to eat, so I’m a villain! Ah! you folks +warm your feet, you have Sakoski boots, you have wadded great-coats, +like archbishops, you lodge on the first floor in houses that have +porters, you eat truffles, you eat asparagus at forty francs the bunch +in the month of January, and green peas, you gorge yourselves, and when +you want to know whether it is cold, you look in the papers to see what +the engineer Chevalier’s thermometer says about it. We, it is we who +are thermometers. We don’t need to go out and look on the quay at the +corner of the Tour de l’Horologe, to find out the number of degrees of +cold; we feel our blood congealing in our veins, and the ice forming +round our hearts, and we say: ‘There is no God!’ And you come to our +caverns, yes our caverns, for the purpose of calling us villains! But +we’ll devour you! But we’ll devour you, poor little things! Just see +here, Mister millionnaire: I have been a solid man, I have held a +license, I have been an elector, I am a bourgeois, that I am! And it’s +quite possible that you are not!” + + +Here ThĂ©nardier took a step towards the men who stood near the door, +and added with a shudder:— + +“When I think that he has dared to come here and talk to me like a +cobbler!” + + +Then addressing M. Leblanc with a fresh outburst of frenzy:— + +“And listen to this also, Mister philanthropist! I’m not a suspicious +character, not a bit of it! I’m not a man whose name nobody knows, and +who comes and abducts children from houses! I’m an old French soldier, +I ought to have been decorated! I was at Waterloo, so I was! And in the +battle I saved a general called the Comte of I don’t know what. He told +me his name, but his beastly voice was so weak that I didn’t hear. All +I caught was Merci [thanks]. I’d rather have had his name than his +thanks. That would have helped me to find him again. The picture that +you see here, and which was painted by David at Bruqueselles,—do you +know what it represents? It represents me. David wished to immortalize +that feat of prowess. I have that general on my back, and I am carrying +him through the grape-shot. There’s the history of it! That general +never did a single thing for me; he was no better than the rest! But +nonetheless, I saved his life at the risk of my own, and I have the +certificate of the fact in my pocket! I am a soldier of Waterloo, by +all the furies! And now that I have had the goodness to tell you all +this, let’s have an end of it. I want money, I want a deal of money, I +must have an enormous lot of money, or I’ll exterminate you, by the +thunder of the good God!” + + +Marius had regained some measure of control over his anguish, and was +listening. The last possibility of doubt had just vanished. It +certainly was the ThĂ©nardier of the will. Marius shuddered at that +reproach of ingratitude directed against his father, and which he was +on the point of so fatally justifying. His perplexity was redoubled. + +Moreover, there was in all these words of ThĂ©nardier, in his accent, in +his gesture, in his glance which darted flames at every word, there +was, in this explosion of an evil nature disclosing everything, in that +mixture of braggadocio and abjectness, of pride and pettiness, of rage +and folly, in that chaos of real griefs and false sentiments, in that +immodesty of a malicious man tasting the voluptuous delights of +violence, in that shameless nudity of a repulsive soul, in that +conflagration of all sufferings combined with all hatreds, something +which was as hideous as evil, and as heart-rending as the truth. + +The picture of the master, the painting by David which he had proposed +that M. Leblanc should purchase, was nothing else, as the reader has +divined, than the sign of his tavern painted, as it will be remembered, +by himself, the only relic which he had preserved from his shipwreck at +Montfermeil. + +As he had ceased to intercept Marius’ visual ray, Marius could examine +this thing, and in the daub, he actually did recognize a battle, a +background of smoke, and a man carrying another man. It was the group +composed of Pontmercy and ThĂ©nardier; the sergeant the rescuer, the +colonel rescued. Marius was like a drunken man; this picture restored +his father to life in some sort; it was no longer the signboard of the +wine-shop at Montfermeil, it was a resurrection; a tomb had yawned, a +phantom had risen there. Marius heard his heart beating in his temples, +he had the cannon of Waterloo in his ears, his bleeding father, vaguely +depicted on that sinister panel terrified him, and it seemed to him +that the misshapen spectre was gazing intently at him. + +When ThĂ©nardier had recovered his breath, he turned his bloodshot eyes +on M. Leblanc, and said to him in a low, curt voice:— + +“What have you to say before we put the handcuffs on you?” + + +M. Leblanc held his peace. + +In the midst of this silence, a cracked voice launched this lugubrious +sarcasm from the corridor:— + +“If there’s any wood to be split, I’m there!” + + +It was the man with the axe, who was growing merry. + +At the same moment, an enormous, bristling, and clayey face made its +appearance at the door, with a hideous laugh which exhibited not teeth, +but fangs. + +It was the face of the man with the butcher’s axe. + +“Why have you taken off your mask?” cried ThĂ©nardier in a rage. + +“For fun,” retorted the man. + +For the last few minutes M. Leblanc had appeared to be watching and +following all the movements of ThĂ©nardier, who, blinded and dazzled by +his own rage, was stalking to and fro in the den with full confidence +that the door was guarded, and of holding an unarmed man fast, he being +armed himself, of being nine against one, supposing that the female +ThĂ©nardier counted for but one man. + +During his address to the man with the pole-axe, he had turned his back +to M. Leblanc. + +M. Leblanc seized this moment, overturned the chair with his foot and +the table with his fist, and with one bound, with prodigious agility, +before ThĂ©nardier had time to turn round, he had reached the window. To +open it, to scale the frame, to bestride it, was the work of a second +only. He was half out when six robust fists seized him and dragged him +back energetically into the hovel. These were the three +“chimney-builders,” who had flung themselves upon him. At the same time +the ThĂ©nardier woman had wound her hands in his hair. + +At the trampling which ensued, the other ruffians rushed up from the +corridor. The old man on the bed, who seemed under the influence of +wine, descended from the pallet and came reeling up, with a +stone-breaker’s hammer in his hand. + +One of the “chimney-builders,” whose smirched face was lighted up by +the candle, and in whom Marius recognized, in spite of his daubing, +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, lifted above M. +Leblanc’s head a sort of bludgeon made of two balls of lead, at the two +ends of a bar of iron. + +Marius could not resist this sight. “My father,” he thought, “forgive +me!” + + +And his finger sought the trigger of his pistol. + +The shot was on the point of being discharged when ThĂ©nardier’s voice +shouted:— + +“Don’t harm him!” + + +This desperate attempt of the victim, far from exasperating ThĂ©nardier, +had calmed him. There existed in him two men, the ferocious man and the +adroit man. Up to that moment, in the excess of his triumph in the +presence of the prey which had been brought down, and which did not +stir, the ferocious man had prevailed; when the victim struggled and +tried to resist, the adroit man reappeared and took the upper hand. + +“Don’t hurt him!” he repeated, and without suspecting it, his first +success was to arrest the pistol in the act of being discharged, and to +paralyze Marius, in whose opinion the urgency of the case disappeared, +and who, in the face of this new phase, saw no inconvenience in waiting +a while longer. + +Who knows whether some chance would not arise which would deliver him +from the horrible alternative of allowing Ursule’s father to perish, or +of destroying the colonel’s saviour? + +A herculean struggle had begun. With one blow full in the chest, M. +Leblanc had sent the old man tumbling, rolling in the middle of the +room, then with two backward sweeps of his hand he had overthrown two +more assailants, and he held one under each of his knees; the wretches +were rattling in the throat beneath this pressure as under a granite +millstone; but the other four had seized the formidable old man by both +arms and the back of his neck, and were holding him doubled up over the +two “chimney-builders” on the floor. + +Thus, the master of some and mastered by the rest, crushing those +beneath him and stifling under those on top of him, endeavoring in vain +to shake off all the efforts which were heaped upon him, M. Leblanc +disappeared under the horrible group of ruffians like the wild boar +beneath a howling pile of dogs and hounds. + +They succeeded in overthrowing him upon the bed nearest the window, and +there they held him in awe. The ThĂ©nardier woman had not released her +clutch on his hair. + +“Don’t you mix yourself up in this affair,” said ThĂ©nardier. “You’ll +tear your shawl.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier obeyed, as the female wolf obeys the male wolf, with a +growl. + +“Now,” said ThĂ©nardier, “search him, you other fellows!” + + +M. Leblanc seemed to have renounced the idea of resistance. + +They searched him. + +He had nothing on his person except a leather purse containing six +francs, and his handkerchief. + +ThĂ©nardier put the handkerchief into his own pocket. + +“What! No pocket-book?” he demanded. + +“No, nor watch,” replied one of the “chimney-builders.” + + +“Never mind,” murmured the masked man who carried the big key, in the +voice of a ventriloquist, “he’s a tough old fellow.” + + +ThĂ©nardier went to the corner near the door, picked up a bundle of +ropes and threw them at the men. + +“Tie him to the leg of the bed,” said he. + +And, catching sight of the old man who had been stretched across the +room by the blow from M. Leblanc’s fist, and who made no movement, he +added:— + +“Is Boulatruelle dead?” + + +“No,” replied Bigrenaille, “he’s drunk.” + + +“Sweep him into a corner,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +Two of the “chimney-builders” pushed the drunken man into the corner +near the heap of old iron with their feet. + +“Babet,” said ThĂ©nardier in a low tone to the man with the cudgel, “why +did you bring so many; they were not needed.” + + +“What can you do?” replied the man with the cudgel, “they all wanted to +be in it. This is a bad season. There’s no business going on.” + + +The pallet on which M. Leblanc had been thrown was a sort of hospital +bed, elevated on four coarse wooden legs, roughly hewn. + +M. Leblanc let them take their own course. + +The ruffians bound him securely, in an upright attitude, with his feet +on the ground at the head of the bed, the end which was most remote +from the window, and nearest to the fireplace. + +When the last knot had been tied, ThĂ©nardier took a chair and seated +himself almost facing M. Leblanc. + +ThĂ©nardier no longer looked like himself; in the course of a few +moments his face had passed from unbridled violence to tranquil and +cunning sweetness. + +Marius found it difficult to recognize in that polished smile of a man +in official life the almost bestial mouth which had been foaming but a +moment before; he gazed with amazement on that fantastic and alarming +metamorphosis, and he felt as a man might feel who should behold a +tiger converted into a lawyer. + +“Monsieur—” said ThĂ©nardier. + +And dismissing with a gesture the ruffians who still kept their hands +on M. Leblanc:— + +“Stand off a little, and let me have a talk with the gentleman.” + + +All retired towards the door. + +He went on:— + +“Monsieur, you did wrong to try to jump out of the window. You might +have broken your leg. Now, if you will permit me, we will converse +quietly. In the first place, I must communicate to you an observation +which I have made which is, that you have not uttered the faintest +cry.” + + +ThĂ©nardier was right, this detail was correct, although it had escaped +Marius in his agitation. M. Leblanc had barely pronounced a few words, +without raising his voice, and even during his struggle with the six +ruffians near the window he had preserved the most profound and +singular silence. + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“Mon Dieu! You might have shouted ‘stop thief’ a bit, and I should not +have thought it improper. ‘Murder!’ That, too, is said occasionally, +and, so far as I am concerned, I should not have taken it in bad part. +It is very natural that you should make a little row when you find +yourself with persons who don’t inspire you with sufficient confidence. +You might have done that, and no one would have troubled you on that +account. You would not even have been gagged. And I will tell you why. +This room is very private. That’s its only recommendation, but it has +that in its favor. You might fire off a mortar and it would produce +about as much noise at the nearest police station as the snores of a +drunken man. Here a cannon would make a _boum_, and the thunder would +make a _pouf_. It’s a handy lodging. But, in short, you did not shout, +and it is better so. I present you my compliments, and I will tell you +the conclusion that I draw from that fact: My dear sir, when a man +shouts, who comes? The police. And after the police? Justice. Well! You +have not made an outcry; that is because you don’t care to have the +police and the courts come in any more than we do. It is because,—I +have long suspected it,—you have some interest in hiding something. On +our side we have the same interest. So we can come to an +understanding.” + + +As he spoke thus, it seemed as though ThĂ©nardier, who kept his eyes +fixed on M. Leblanc, were trying to plunge the sharp points which +darted from the pupils into the very conscience of his prisoner. +Moreover, his language, which was stamped with a sort of moderated, +subdued insolence and crafty insolence, was reserved and almost choice, +and in that rascal, who had been nothing but a robber a short time +previously, one now felt “the man who had studied for the priesthood.” + + +The silence preserved by the prisoner, that precaution which had been +carried to the point of forgetting all anxiety for his own life, that +resistance opposed to the first impulse of nature, which is to utter a +cry, all this, it must be confessed, now that his attention had been +called to it, troubled Marius, and affected him with painful +astonishment. + +ThĂ©nardier’s well-grounded observation still further obscured for +Marius the dense mystery which enveloped that grave and singular person +on whom Courfeyrac had bestowed the sobriquet of Monsieur Leblanc. + +But whoever he was, bound with ropes, surrounded with executioners, +half plunged, so to speak, in a grave which was closing in upon him to +the extent of a degree with every moment that passed, in the presence +of ThĂ©nardier’s wrath, as in the presence of his sweetness, this man +remained impassive; and Marius could not refrain from admiring at such +a moment the superbly melancholy visage. + +Here, evidently, was a soul which was inaccessible to terror, and which +did not know the meaning of despair. Here was one of those men who +command amazement in desperate circumstances. Extreme as was the +crisis, inevitable as was the catastrophe, there was nothing here of +the agony of the drowning man, who opens his horror-filled eyes under +the water. + +ThĂ©nardier rose in an unpretending manner, went to the fireplace, +shoved aside the screen, which he leaned against the neighboring +pallet, and thus unmasked the brazier full of glowing coals, in which +the prisoner could plainly see the chisel white-hot and spotted here +and there with tiny scarlet stars. + +Then ThĂ©nardier returned to his seat beside M. Leblanc. + +“I continue,” said he. “We can come to an understanding. Let us arrange +this matter in an amicable way. I was wrong to lose my temper just now, +I don’t know what I was thinking of, I went a great deal too far, I +said extravagant things. For example, because you are a millionnaire, I +told you that I exacted money, a lot of money, a deal of money. That +would not be reasonable. Mon Dieu, in spite of your riches, you have +expenses of your own—who has not? I don’t want to ruin you, I am not a +greedy fellow, after all. I am not one of those people who, because +they have the advantage of the position, profit by the fact to make +themselves ridiculous. Why, I’m taking things into consideration and +making a sacrifice on my side. I only want two hundred thousand +francs.” + + +M. Leblanc uttered not a word. + +ThĂ©nardier went on:— + +“You see that I put not a little water in my wine; I’m very moderate. I +don’t know the state of your fortune, but I do know that you don’t +stick at money, and a benevolent man like yourself can certainly give +two hundred thousand francs to the father of a family who is out of +luck. Certainly, you are reasonable, too; you haven’t imagined that I +should take all the trouble I have to-day and organized this affair +this evening, which has been labor well bestowed, in the opinion of +these gentlemen, merely to wind up by asking you for enough to go and +drink red wine at fifteen sous and eat veal at Desnoyer’s. Two hundred +thousand francs—it’s surely worth all that. This trifle once out of +your pocket, I guarantee you that that’s the end of the matter, and +that you have no further demands to fear. You will say to me: ‘But I +haven’t two hundred thousand francs about me.’ Oh! I’m not +extortionate. I don’t demand that. I only ask one thing of you. Have +the goodness to write what I am about to dictate to you.” + + +Here ThĂ©nardier paused; then he added, emphasizing his words, and +casting a smile in the direction of the brazier:— + +“I warn you that I shall not admit that you don’t know how to write.” + + +A grand inquisitor might have envied that smile. + +ThĂ©nardier pushed the table close to M. Leblanc, and took an inkstand, +a pen, and a sheet of paper from the drawer which he left half open, +and in which gleamed the long blade of the knife. + +He placed the sheet of paper before M. Leblanc. + +“Write,” said he. + +The prisoner spoke at last. + +“How do you expect me to write? I am bound.” + + +“That’s true, excuse me!” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier, “you are quite right.” + + +And turning to Bigrenaille:— + +“Untie the gentleman’s right arm.” + + +Panchaud, alias Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, executed ThĂ©nardier’s +order. + +When the prisoner’s right arm was free, ThĂ©nardier dipped the pen in +the ink and presented it to him. + +“Understand thoroughly, sir, that you are in our power, at our +discretion, that no human power can get you out of this, and that we +shall be really grieved if we are forced to proceed to disagreeable +extremities. I know neither your name, nor your address, but I warn +you, that you will remain bound until the person charged with carrying +the letter which you are about to write shall have returned. Now, be so +good as to write.” + + +“What?” demanded the prisoner. + +“I will dictate.” + + +M. Leblanc took the pen. + +ThĂ©nardier began to dictate:— + +“My daughter—” + + +The prisoner shuddered, and raised his eyes to ThĂ©nardier. + +“Put down ‘My dear daughter’—” said ThĂ©nardier. + +M. Leblanc obeyed. + +ThĂ©nardier continued:— + +“Come instantly—” + + +He paused:— + +“You address her as _thou_, do you not?” + + +“Who?” asked M. Leblanc. + +“Parbleu!” cried ThĂ©nardier, “the little one, the Lark.” + + +M. Leblanc replied without the slightest apparent emotion:— + +“I do not know what you mean.” + + +“Go on, nevertheless,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier, and he continued to +dictate:— + +“Come immediately, I am in absolute need of thee. The person who will +deliver this note to thee is instructed to conduct thee to me. I am +waiting for thee. Come with confidence.” + + +M. Leblanc had written the whole of this. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Ah! erase ‘come with confidence’; that might lead her to suppose that +everything was not as it should be, and that distrust is possible.” + + +M. Leblanc erased the three words. + +“Now,” pursued ThĂ©nardier, “sign it. What’s your name?” + + +The prisoner laid down the pen and demanded:— + +“For whom is this letter?” + + +“You know well,” retorted ThĂ©nardier, “for the little one I just told +you so.” + + +It was evident that ThĂ©nardier avoided naming the young girl in +question. He said “the Lark,” he said “the little one,” but he did not +pronounce her name—the precaution of a clever man guarding his secret +from his accomplices. To mention the name was to deliver the whole +“affair” into their hands, and to tell them more about it than there +was any need of their knowing. + +He went on:— + +“Sign. What is your name?” + + +“Urbain Fabre,” said the prisoner. + +ThĂ©nardier, with the movement of a cat, dashed his hand into his pocket +and drew out the handkerchief which had been seized on M. Leblanc. He +looked for the mark on it, and held it close to the candle. + +“U. F. That’s it. Urbain Fabre. Well, sign it U. F.” + + +The prisoner signed. + +“As two hands are required to fold the letter, give it to me, I will +fold it.” + + +That done, ThĂ©nardier resumed:— + +“Address it, ‘Mademoiselle Fabre,’ at your house. I know that you live +a long distance from here, near Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, because you +go to mass there every day, but I don’t know in what street. I see that +you understand your situation. As you have not lied about your name, +you will not lie about your address. Write it yourself.” + + +The prisoner paused thoughtfully for a moment, then he took the pen and +wrote:— + +“Mademoiselle Fabre, at M. Urbain Fabre’s, Rue Saint-Dominique-D’Enfer, +No. 17.” + + +ThĂ©nardier seized the letter with a sort of feverish convulsion. + +“Wife!” he cried. + +The ThĂ©nardier woman hastened to him. + +“Here’s the letter. You know what you have to do. There is a carriage +at the door. Set out at once, and return ditto.” + + +And addressing the man with the meat-axe:— + +“Since you have taken off your nose-screen, accompany the mistress. You +will get up behind the fiacre. You know where you left the team?” + + +“Yes,” said the man. + +And depositing his axe in a corner, he followed Madame ThĂ©nardier. + +As they set off, ThĂ©nardier thrust his head through the half-open door, +and shouted into the corridor:— + +“Above all things, don’t lose the letter! remember that you carry two +hundred thousand francs with you!” + + +The ThĂ©nardier’s hoarse voice replied:— + +“Be easy. I have it in my bosom.” + + +A minute had not elapsed, when the sound of the cracking of a whip was +heard, which rapidly retreated and died away. + +“Good!” growled ThĂ©nardier. “They’re going at a fine pace. At such a +gallop, the bourgeoise will be back inside three-quarters of an hour.” + + +He drew a chair close to the fireplace, folding his arms, and +presenting his muddy boots to the brazier. + +“My feet are cold!” said he. + +Only five ruffians now remained in the den with ThĂ©nardier and the +prisoner. + +These men, through the black masks or paste which covered their faces, +and made of them, at fear’s pleasure, charcoal-burners, negroes, or +demons, had a stupid and gloomy air, and it could be felt that they +perpetrated a crime like a bit of work, tranquilly, without either +wrath or mercy, with a sort of ennui. They were crowded together in one +corner like brutes, and remained silent. + +ThĂ©nardier warmed his feet. + +The prisoner had relapsed into his taciturnity. A sombre calm had +succeeded to the wild uproar which had filled the garret but a few +moments before. + +The candle, on which a large “stranger” had formed, cast but a dim +light in the immense hovel, the brazier had grown dull, and all those +monstrous heads cast misshapen shadows on the walls and ceiling. + +No sound was audible except the quiet breathing of the old drunken man, +who was fast asleep. + +Marius waited in a state of anxiety that was augmented by every trifle. +The enigma was more impenetrable than ever. + +Who was this “little one” whom ThĂ©nardier had called the Lark? Was she +his “Ursule”? The prisoner had not seemed to be affected by that word, +“the Lark,” and had replied in the most natural manner in the world: “I +do not know what you mean.” On the other hand, the two letters U. F. +were explained; they meant Urbain Fabre; and Ursule was no longer named +Ursule. This was what Marius perceived most clearly of all. + +A sort of horrible fascination held him nailed to his post, from which +he was observing and commanding this whole scene. There he stood, +almost incapable of movement or reflection, as though annihilated by +the abominable things viewed at such close quarters. He waited, in the +hope of some incident, no matter of what nature, since he could not +collect his thoughts and did not know upon what course to decide. + +“In any case,” he said, “if she is the Lark, I shall see her, for the +ThĂ©nardier woman is to bring her hither. That will be the end, and then +I will give my life and my blood if necessary, but I will deliver her! +Nothing shall stop me.” + + +Nearly half an hour passed in this manner. ThĂ©nardier seemed to be +absorbed in gloomy reflections, the prisoner did not stir. Still, +Marius fancied that at intervals, and for the last few moments, he had +heard a faint, dull noise in the direction of the prisoner. + +All at once, ThĂ©nardier addressed the prisoner: + +“By the way, Monsieur Fabre, I might as well say it to you at once.” + + +These few words appeared to be the beginning of an explanation. Marius +strained his ears. + +“My wife will be back shortly, don’t get impatient. I think that the +Lark really is your daughter, and it seems to me quite natural that you +should keep her. Only, listen to me a bit. My wife will go and hunt her +up with your letter. I told my wife to dress herself in the way she +did, so that your young lady might make no difficulty about following +her. They will both enter the carriage with my comrade behind. +Somewhere, outside the barrier, there is a trap harnessed to two very +good horses. Your young lady will be taken to it. She will alight from +the fiacre. My comrade will enter the other vehicle with her, and my +wife will come back here to tell us: ‘It’s done.’ As for the young +lady, no harm will be done to her; the trap will conduct her to a place +where she will be quiet, and just as soon as you have handed over to me +those little two hundred thousand francs, she will be returned to you. +If you have me arrested, my comrade will give a turn of his thumb to +the Lark, that’s all.” + + +The prisoner uttered not a syllable. After a pause, ThĂ©nardier +continued:— + +“It’s very simple, as you see. There’ll be no harm done unless you wish +that there should be harm done. I’m telling you how things stand. I +warn you so that you may be prepared.” + + +He paused: the prisoner did not break the silence, and ThĂ©nardier +resumed:— + +“As soon as my wife returns and says to me: ‘The Lark is on the way,’ +we will release you, and you will be free to go and sleep at home. You +see that our intentions are not evil.” + + +Terrible images passed through Marius’ mind. What! That young girl whom +they were abducting was not to be brought back? One of those monsters +was to bear her off into the darkness? Whither? And what if it were +she! + +It was clear that it was she. Marius felt his heart stop beating. + +What was he to do? Discharge the pistol? Place all those scoundrels in +the hands of justice? But the horrible man with the meat-axe would, +nonetheless, be out of reach with the young girl, and Marius reflected +on ThĂ©nardier’s words, of which he perceived the bloody significance: +“If you have me arrested, my comrade will give a turn of his thumb to +the Lark.” + + +Now, it was not alone by the colonel’s testament, it was by his own +love, it was by the peril of the one he loved, that he felt himself +restrained. + +This frightful situation, which had already lasted above half an hour, +was changing its aspect every moment. + +Marius had sufficient strength of mind to review in succession all the +most heart-breaking conjectures, seeking hope and finding none. + +The tumult of his thoughts contrasted with the funereal silence of the +den. + +In the midst of this silence, the door at the bottom of the staircase +was heard to open and shut again. + +The prisoner made a movement in his bonds. + +“Here’s the bourgeoise,” said ThĂ©nardier. + +He had hardly uttered the words, when the ThĂ©nardier woman did in fact +rush hastily into the room, red, panting, breathless, with flaming +eyes, and cried, as she smote her huge hands on her thighs +simultaneously:— + +“False address!” + + +The ruffian who had gone with her made his appearance behind her and +picked up his axe again. + +She resumed:— + +“Nobody there! Rue Saint-Dominique, No. 17, no Monsieur Urbain Fabre! +They know not what it means!” + + +She paused, choking, then went on:— + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nardier! That old fellow has duped you! You are too good, +you see! If it had been me, I’d have chopped the beast in four quarters +to begin with! And if he had acted ugly, I’d have boiled him alive! He +would have been obliged to speak, and say where the girl is, and where +he keeps his shiners! That’s the way I should have managed matters! +People are perfectly right when they say that men are a deal stupider +than women! Nobody at No. 17. It’s nothing but a big carriage gate! No +Monsieur Fabre in the Rue Saint-Dominique! And after all that racing +and fee to the coachman and all! I spoke to both the porter and the +portress, a fine, stout woman, and they know nothing about him!” + + +Marius breathed freely once more. + +She, Ursule or the Lark, he no longer knew what to call her, was safe. + +While his exasperated wife vociferated, ThĂ©nardier had seated himself +on the table. + +For several minutes he uttered not a word, but swung his right foot, +which hung down, and stared at the brazier with an air of savage +reverie. + +Finally, he said to the prisoner, with a slow and singularly ferocious +tone: + +“A false address? What did you expect to gain by that?” + + +“To gain time!” cried the prisoner in a thundering voice, and at the +same instant he shook off his bonds; they were cut. The prisoner was +only attached to the bed now by one leg. + +Before the seven men had time to collect their senses and dash forward, +he had bent down into the fireplace, had stretched out his hand to the +brazier, and had then straightened himself up again, and now +ThĂ©nardier, the female ThĂ©nardier, and the ruffians, huddled in +amazement at the extremity of the hovel, stared at him in stupefaction, +as almost free and in a formidable attitude, he brandished above his +head the red-hot chisel, which emitted a threatening glow. + +The judicial examination to which the ambush in the Gorbeau house +eventually gave rise, established the fact that a large sou piece, cut +and worked in a peculiar fashion, was found in the garret, when the +police made their descent on it. This sou piece was one of those +marvels of industry, which are engendered by the patience of the +galleys in the shadows and for the shadows, marvels which are nothing +else than instruments of escape. These hideous and delicate products of +wonderful art are to jewellers’ work what the metaphors of slang are to +poetry. There are Benvenuto Cellinis in the galleys, just as there are +Villons in language. The unhappy wretch who aspires to deliverance +finds means sometimes without tools, sometimes with a common +wooden-handled knife, to saw a sou into two thin plates, to hollow out +these plates without affecting the coinage stamp, and to make a furrow +on the edge of the sou in such a manner that the plates will adhere +again. This can be screwed together and unscrewed at will; it is a box. +In this box he hides a watch-spring, and this watch-spring, properly +handled, cuts good-sized chains and bars of iron. The unfortunate +convict is supposed to possess merely a sou; not at all, he possesses +liberty. It was a large sou of this sort which, during the subsequent +search of the police, was found under the bed near the window. They +also found a tiny saw of blue steel which would fit the sou. + +It is probable that the prisoner had this sou piece on his person at +the moment when the ruffians searched him, that he contrived to conceal +it in his hand, and that afterward, having his right hand free, he +unscrewed it, and used it as a saw to cut the cords which fastened him, +which would explain the faint noise and almost imperceptible movements +which Marius had observed. + +As he had not been able to bend down, for fear of betraying himself, he +had not cut the bonds of his left leg. + +The ruffians had recovered from their first surprise. + +“Be easy,” said Bigrenaille to ThĂ©nardier. “He still holds by one leg, +and he can’t get away. I’ll answer for that. I tied that paw for him.” + + +In the meanwhile, the prisoner had begun to speak:— + +“You are wretches, but my life is not worth the trouble of defending +it. When you think that you can make me speak, that you can make me +write what I do not choose to write, that you can make me say what I do +not choose to say—” + + +He stripped up his left sleeve, and added:— + +“See here.” + + +At the same moment he extended his arm, and laid the glowing chisel +which he held in his left hand by its wooden handle on his bare flesh. + +The crackling of the burning flesh became audible, and the odor +peculiar to chambers of torture filled the hovel. + +[Illustration: Red Hot Chisel] + +Marius reeled in utter horror, the very ruffians shuddered, hardly a +muscle of the old man’s face contracted, and while the red-hot iron +sank into the smoking wound, impassive and almost august, he fixed on +ThĂ©nardier his beautiful glance, in which there was no hatred, and +where suffering vanished in serene majesty. + +With grand and lofty natures, the revolts of the flesh and the senses +when subjected to physical suffering cause the soul to spring forth, +and make it appear on the brow, just as rebellions among the soldiery +force the captain to show himself. + +“Wretches!” said he, “have no more fear of me than I have for you!” + + +And, tearing the chisel from the wound, he hurled it through the +window, which had been left open; the horrible, glowing tool +disappeared into the night, whirling as it flew, and fell far away on +the snow. + +The prisoner resumed:— + +“Do what you please with me.” He was disarmed. + +“Seize him!” said ThĂ©nardier. + +Two of the ruffians laid their hands on his shoulder, and the masked +man with the ventriloquist’s voice took up his station in front of him, +ready to smash his skull at the slightest movement. + +At the same time, Marius heard below him, at the base of the partition, +but so near that he could not see who was speaking, this colloquy +conducted in a low tone:— + +“There is only one thing left to do.” + + +“Cut his throat.” + + +“That’s it.” + + +It was the husband and wife taking counsel together. + +ThĂ©nardier walked slowly towards the table, opened the drawer, and took +out the knife. Marius fretted with the handle of his pistol. +Unprecedented perplexity! For the last hour he had had two voices in +his conscience, the one enjoining him to respect his father’s +testament, the other crying to him to rescue the prisoner. These two +voices continued uninterruptedly that struggle which tormented him to +agony. Up to that moment he had cherished a vague hope that he should +find some means of reconciling these two duties, but nothing within the +limits of possibility had presented itself. + +However, the peril was urgent, the last bounds of delay had been +reached; ThĂ©nardier was standing thoughtfully a few paces distant from +the prisoner. + +Marius cast a wild glance about him, the last mechanical resource of +despair. All at once a shudder ran through him. + +At his feet, on the table, a bright ray of light from the full moon +illuminated and seemed to point out to him a sheet of paper. On this +paper he read the following line written that very morning, in large +letters, by the eldest of the ThĂ©nardier girls:— + +“THE BOBBIES ARE HERE.” + + +An idea, a flash, crossed Marius’ mind; this was the expedient of which +he was in search, the solution of that frightful problem which was +torturing him, of sparing the assassin and saving the victim. + +He knelt down on his commode, stretched out his arm, seized the sheet +of paper, softly detached a bit of plaster from the wall, wrapped the +paper round it, and tossed the whole through the crevice into the +middle of the den. + +It was high time. ThĂ©nardier had conquered his last fears or his last +scruples, and was advancing on the prisoner. + +“Something is falling!” cried the ThĂ©nardier woman. + +“What is it?” asked her husband. + +The woman darted forward and picked up the bit of plaster. She handed +it to her husband. + +“Where did this come from?” demanded ThĂ©nardier. + +“Pardie!” ejaculated his wife, “where do you suppose it came from? +Through the window, of course.” + + +“I saw it pass,” said Bigrenaille. + +ThĂ©nardier rapidly unfolded the paper and held it close to the candle. + +“It’s in Éponine’s handwriting. The devil!” + + +He made a sign to his wife, who hastily drew near, and showed her the +line written on the sheet of paper, then he added in a subdued voice:— + +“Quick! The ladder! Let’s leave the bacon in the mousetrap and decamp!” + + +“Without cutting that man’s throat?” asked, the ThĂ©nardier woman. + +“We haven’t the time.” + + +“Through what?” resumed Bigrenaille. + +“Through the window,” replied ThĂ©nardier. “Since Ponine has thrown the +stone through the window, it indicates that the house is not watched on +that side.” + + +The mask with the ventriloquist’s voice deposited his huge key on the +floor, raised both arms in the air, and opened and clenched his fists, +three times rapidly without uttering a word. + +This was the signal like the signal for clearing the decks for action +on board ship. + +The ruffians who were holding the prisoner released him; in the +twinkling of an eye the rope ladder was unrolled outside the window, +and solidly fastened to the sill by the two iron hooks. + +The prisoner paid no attention to what was going on around him. He +seemed to be dreaming or praying. + +As soon as the ladder was arranged, ThĂ©nardier cried: + +“Come! the bourgeoise first!” + + +And he rushed headlong to the window. + +But just as he was about to throw his leg over, Bigrenaille seized him +roughly by the collar. + +“Not much, come now, you old dog, after us!” + + +“After us!” yelled the ruffians. + +“You are children,” said ThĂ©nardier, “we are losing time. The police +are on our heels.” + + +“Well,” said the ruffians, “let’s draw lots to see who shall go down +first.” + + +ThĂ©nardier exclaimed:— + +“Are you mad! Are you crazy! What a pack of boobies! You want to waste +time, do you? Draw lots, do you? By a wet finger, by a short straw! +With written names! Thrown into a hat!—” + + +“Would you like my hat?” cried a voice on the threshold. + +All wheeled round. It was Javert. + +He had his hat in his hand, and was holding it out to them with a +smile. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI—ONE SHOULD ALWAYS BEGIN BY ARRESTING THE VICTIMS + + +At nightfall, Javert had posted his men and had gone into ambush +himself between the trees of the Rue de la BarriĂšre-des-Gobelins which +faced the Gorbeau house, on the other side of the boulevard. He had +begun operations by opening “his pockets,” and dropping into it the two +young girls who were charged with keeping a watch on the approaches to +the den. But he had only “caged” Azelma. As for Éponine, she was not at +her post, she had disappeared, and he had not been able to seize her. +Then Javert had made a point and had bent his ear to waiting for the +signal agreed upon. The comings and goings of the fiacres had greatly +agitated him. At last, he had grown impatient, and, _sure that there +was a nest there_, sure of being in “luck,” having recognized many of +the ruffians who had entered, he had finally decided to go upstairs +without waiting for the pistol-shot. + +It will be remembered that he had Marius’ pass-key. + +He had arrived just in the nick of time. + +The terrified ruffians flung themselves on the arms which they had +abandoned in all the corners at the moment of flight. In less than a +second, these seven men, horrible to behold, had grouped themselves in +an attitude of defence, one with his meat-axe, another with his key, +another with his bludgeon, the rest with shears, pincers, and hammers. +ThĂ©nardier had his knife in his fist. The ThĂ©nardier woman snatched up +an enormous paving-stone which lay in the angle of the window and +served her daughters as an ottoman. + +[Illustration: Snatched up a Paving Stone] + +Javert put on his hat again, and advanced a couple of paces into the +room, with arms folded, his cane under one arm, his sword in its +sheath. + +“Halt there,” said he. “You shall not go out by the window, you shall +go through the door. It’s less unhealthy. There are seven of you, there +are fifteen of us. Don’t let’s fall to collaring each other like men of +Auvergne.” + + +Bigrenaille drew out a pistol which he had kept concealed under his +blouse, and put it in ThĂ©nardier’s hand, whispering in the latter’s +ear:— + +“It’s Javert. I don’t dare fire at that man. Do you dare?” + + +“Parbleu!” replied ThĂ©nardier. + +“Well, then, fire.” + + +ThĂ©nardier took the pistol and aimed at Javert. + +Javert, who was only three paces from him, stared intently at him and +contented himself with saying:— + +“Come now, don’t fire. You’ll miss fire.” + + +ThĂ©nardier pulled the trigger. The pistol missed fire. + +“Didn’t I tell you so!” ejaculated Javert. + +Bigrenaille flung his bludgeon at Javert’s feet. + +“You’re the emperor of the fiends! I surrender.” + + +“And you?” Javert asked the rest of the ruffians. + +They replied:— + +“So do we.” + + +Javert began again calmly:— + +“That’s right, that’s good, I said so, you are nice fellows.” + + +“I only ask one thing,” said Bigrenaille, “and that is, that I may not +be denied tobacco while I am in confinement.” + + +“Granted,” said Javert. + +And turning round and calling behind him:— + +“Come in now!” + + +A squad of policemen, sword in hand, and agents armed with bludgeons +and cudgels, rushed in at Javert’s summons. They pinioned the ruffians. + +This throng of men, sparely lighted by the single candle, filled the +den with shadows. + +“Handcuff them all!” shouted Javert. + +“Come on!” cried a voice which was not the voice of a man, but of which +no one would ever have said: “It is a woman’s voice.” + + +The ThĂ©nardier woman had entrenched herself in one of the angles of the +window, and it was she who had just given vent to this roar. + +The policemen and agents recoiled. + +She had thrown off her shawl, but retained her bonnet; her husband, who +was crouching behind her, was almost hidden under the discarded shawl, +and she was shielding him with her body, as she elevated the +paving-stone above her head with the gesture of a giantess on the point +of hurling a rock. + +“Beware!” she shouted. + +All crowded back towards the corridor. A broad open space was cleared +in the middle of the garret. + +The ThĂ©nardier woman cast a glance at the ruffians who had allowed +themselves to be pinioned, and muttered in hoarse and guttural +accents:— + +“The cowards!” + + +Javert smiled, and advanced across the open space which the ThĂ©nardier +was devouring with her eyes. + +“Don’t come near me,” she cried, “or I’ll crush you.” + + +“What a grenadier!” ejaculated Javert; “you’ve got a beard like a man, +mother, but I have claws like a woman.” + + +And he continued to advance. + +The ThĂ©nardier, dishevelled and terrible, set her feet far apart, threw +herself backwards, and hurled the paving-stone at Javert’s head. Javert +ducked, the stone passed over him, struck the wall behind, knocked off +a huge piece of plastering, and, rebounding from angle to angle across +the hovel, now luckily almost empty, rested at Javert’s feet. + +At the same moment, Javert reached the ThĂ©nardier couple. One of his +big hands descended on the woman’s shoulder; the other on the husband’s +head. + +“The handcuffs!” he shouted. + +The policemen trooped in in force, and in a few seconds Javert’s order +had been executed. + +The ThĂ©nardier female, overwhelmed, stared at her pinioned hands, and +at those of her husband, who had dropped to the floor, and exclaimed, +weeping:— + +“My daughters!” + + +“They are in the jug,” said Javert. + +In the meanwhile, the agents had caught sight of the drunken man asleep +behind the door, and were shaking him:— + +He awoke, stammering:— + +“Is it all over, Jondrette?” + + +“Yes,” replied Javert. + +The six pinioned ruffians were standing, and still preserved their +spectral mien; all three besmeared with black, all three masked. + +“Keep on your masks,” said Javert. + +And passing them in review with a glance of a Frederick II. at a +Potsdam parade, he said to the three “chimney-builders”:— + +“Good day, Bigrenaille! good day, Brujon! good day, Deuxmilliards!” + + +Then turning to the three masked men, he said to the man with the +meat-axe:— + +“Good day, Gueulemer!” + + +And to the man with the cudgel:— + +“Good day, Babet!” + + +And to the ventriloquist:— + +“Your health, Claquesous.” + + +At that moment, he caught sight of the ruffians’ prisoner, who, ever +since the entrance of the police, had not uttered a word, and had held +his head down. + +“Untie the gentleman!” said Javert, “and let no one go out!” + + +That said, he seated himself with sovereign dignity before the table, +where the candle and the writing-materials still remained, drew a +stamped paper from his pocket, and began to prepare his report. + +When he had written the first lines, which are formulas that never +vary, he raised his eyes:— + +“Let the gentleman whom these gentlemen bound step forward.” + + +The policemen glanced round them. + +“Well,” said Javert, “where is he?” + + +The prisoner of the ruffians, M. Leblanc, M. Urbain Fabre, the father +of Ursule or the Lark, had disappeared. + +The door was guarded, but the window was not. As soon as he had found +himself released from his bonds, and while Javert was drawing up his +report, he had taken advantage of confusion, the crowd, the darkness, +and of a moment when the general attention was diverted from him, to +dash out of the window. + +An agent sprang to the opening and looked out. He saw no one outside. + +The rope ladder was still shaking. + +“The devil!” ejaculated Javert between his teeth, “he must have been +the most valuable of the lot.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII—THE LITTLE ONE WHO WAS CRYING IN VOLUME TWO + + +On the day following that on which these events took place in the house +on the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, a child, who seemed to be coming from +the direction of the bridge of Austerlitz, was ascending the side-alley +on the right in the direction of the BarriĂšre de Fontainebleau. + +Night had fully come. + +This lad was pale, thin, clad in rags, with linen trousers in the month +of February, and was singing at the top of his voice. + +At the corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier, a bent old woman was +rummaging in a heap of refuse by the light of a street lantern; the +child jostled her as he passed, then recoiled, exclaiming:— + +“Hello! And I took it for an enormous, enormous dog!” + + +He pronounced the word _enormous_ the second time with a jeering swell +of the voice which might be tolerably well represented by capitals: “an +enormous, ENORMOUS dog.” + + +The old woman straightened herself up in a fury. + +“Nasty brat!” she grumbled. “If I hadn’t been bending over, I know well +where I would have planted my foot on you.” + + +The boy was already far away. + +“Kisss! kisss!” he cried. “After that, I don’t think I was mistaken!” + + +The old woman, choking with indignation, now rose completely upright, +and the red gleam of the lantern fully lighted up her livid face, all +hollowed into angles and wrinkles, with crow’s-feet meeting the corners +of her mouth. + +Her body was lost in the darkness, and only her head was visible. One +would have pronounced her a mask of Decrepitude carved out by a light +from the night. + +The boy surveyed her. + +“Madame,” said he, “does not possess that style of beauty which pleases +me.” + + +He then pursued his road, and resumed his song:— + +“Le roi Coupdesabot +S’en allait Ă  la chasse, +À la chasse aux corbeaux—” + + +At the end of these three lines he paused. He had arrived in front of +No. 50-52, and finding the door fastened, he began to assault it with +resounding and heroic kicks, which betrayed rather the man’s shoes that +he was wearing than the child’s feet which he owned. + +In the meanwhile, the very old woman whom he had encountered at the +corner of the Rue du Petit-Banquier hastened up behind him, uttering +clamorous cries and indulging in lavish and exaggerated gestures. + +“What’s this? What’s this? Lord God! He’s battering the door down! He’s +knocking the house down.” + + +The kicks continued. + +The old woman strained her lungs. + +“Is that the way buildings are treated nowadays?” + + +All at once she paused. + +She had recognized the gamin. + +“What! so it’s that imp!” + + +“Why, it’s the old lady,” said the lad. “Good day, Bougonmuche. I have +come to see my ancestors.” + + +The old woman retorted with a composite grimace, and a wonderful +improvisation of hatred taking advantage of feebleness and ugliness, +which was, unfortunately, wasted in the dark:— + +“There’s no one here.” + + +“Bah!” retorted the boy, “where’s my father?” + + +“At La Force.” + + +“Come, now! And my mother?” + + +“At Saint-Lazare.” + + +“Well! And my sisters?” + + +“At the Madelonettes.” + + +The lad scratched his head behind his ear, stared at Ma’am Bougon, and +said:— + +“Ah!” + + +Then he executed a pirouette on his heel; a moment later, the old +woman, who had remained on the door-step, heard him singing in his +clear, young voice, as he plunged under the black elm-trees, in the +wintry wind:— + +“Le roi Coupdesabot +S’en allait Ă  la chasse, +À la chasse aux corbeaux, +MontĂ© sur deux Ă©chasses. +Quand on passait dessous, +On lui payait deux sous.”31 + + +[THE END OF VOLUME III “MARIUS”] + + + + +VOLUME IV +SAINT-DENIS + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Four] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Four] + +THE IDYL IN THE RUE PLUMET AND THE EPIC IN THE RUE SAINT-DENIS + + + + +BOOK FIRST—A FEW PAGES OF HISTORY + + + + +CHAPTER I—WELL CUT + + +1831 and 1832, the two years which are immediately connected with the +Revolution of July, form one of the most peculiar and striking moments +of history. These two years rise like two mountains midway between +those which precede and those which follow them. They have a +revolutionary grandeur. Precipices are to be distinguished there. The +social masses, the very assizes of civilization, the solid group of +superposed and adhering interests, the century-old profiles of the +ancient French formation, appear and disappear in them every instant, +athwart the storm clouds of systems, of passions, and of theories. +These appearances and disappearances have been designated as movement +and resistance. At intervals, truth, that daylight of the human soul, +can be descried shining there. + +This remarkable epoch is decidedly circumscribed and is beginning to be +sufficiently distant from us to allow of our grasping the principal +lines even at the present day. + +We shall make the attempt. + +The Restoration had been one of those intermediate phases, hard to +define, in which there is fatigue, buzzing, murmurs, sleep, tumult, and +which are nothing else than the arrival of a great nation at a +halting-place. + +These epochs are peculiar and mislead the politicians who desire to +convert them to profit. In the beginning, the nation asks nothing but +repose; it thirsts for but one thing, peace; it has but one ambition, +to be small. Which is the translation of remaining tranquil. Of great +events, great hazards, great adventures, great men, thank God, we have +seen enough, we have them heaped higher than our heads. We would +exchange CĂŠsar for Prusias, and Napoleon for the King of Yvetot. “What +a good little king was he!” We have marched since daybreak, we have +reached the evening of a long and toilsome day; we have made our first +change with Mirabeau, the second with Robespierre, the third with +Bonaparte; we are worn out. Each one demands a bed. + +Devotion which is weary, heroism which has grown old, ambitions which +are sated, fortunes which are made, seek, demand, implore, solicit, +what? A shelter. They have it. They take possession of peace, of +tranquillity, of leisure; behold, they are content. But, at the same +time certain facts arise, compel recognition, and knock at the door in +their turn. These facts are the products of revolutions and wars, they +are, they exist, they have the right to install themselves in society, +and they do install themselves therein; and most of the time, facts are +the stewards of the household and fouriers32 who do nothing but prepare +lodgings for principles. + +This, then, is what appears to philosophical politicians:— + +At the same time that weary men demand repose, accomplished facts +demand guarantees. Guarantees are the same to facts that repose is to +men. + +This is what England demanded of the Stuarts after the Protector; this +is what France demanded of the Bourbons after the Empire. + +These guarantees are a necessity of the times. They must be accorded. +Princes “grant” them, but in reality, it is the force of things which +gives them. A profound truth, and one useful to know, which the Stuarts +did not suspect in 1662 and which the Bourbons did not even obtain a +glimpse of in 1814. + +The predestined family, which returned to France when Napoleon fell, +had the fatal simplicity to believe that it was itself which bestowed, +and that what it had bestowed it could take back again; that the House +of Bourbon possessed the right divine, that France possessed nothing, +and that the political right conceded in the charter of Louis XVIII. +was merely a branch of the right divine, was detached by the House of +Bourbon and graciously given to the people until such day as it should +please the King to reassume it. Still, the House of Bourbon should have +felt, from the displeasure created by the gift, that it did not come +from it. + +This house was churlish to the nineteenth century. It put on an +ill-tempered look at every development of the nation. To make use of a +trivial word, that is to say, of a popular and a true word, it looked +glum. The people saw this. + +It thought it possessed strength because the Empire had been carried +away before it like a theatrical stage-setting. It did not perceive +that it had, itself, been brought in in the same fashion. It did not +perceive that it also lay in that hand which had removed Napoleon. + +It thought that it had roots, because it was the past. It was mistaken; +it formed a part of the past, but the whole past was France. The roots +of French society were not fixed in the Bourbons, but in the nations. +These obscure and lively roots constituted, not the right of a family, +but the history of a people. They were everywhere, except under the +throne. + +The House of Bourbon was to France the illustrious and bleeding knot in +her history, but was no longer the principal element of her destiny, +and the necessary base of her politics. She could get along without the +Bourbons; she had done without them for two and twenty years; there had +been a break of continuity; they did not suspect the fact. And how +should they have suspected it, they who fancied that Louis XVII. +reigned on the 9th of Thermidor, and that Louis XVIII. was reigning at +the battle of Marengo? Never, since the origin of history, had princes +been so blind in the presence of facts and the portion of divine +authority which facts contain and promulgate. Never had that pretension +here below which is called the right of kings denied to such a point +the right from on high. + +A capital error which led this family to lay its hand once more on the +guarantees “granted” in 1814, on the concessions, as it termed them. +Sad. A sad thing! What it termed its concessions were our conquests; +what it termed our encroachments were our rights. + +When the hour seemed to it to have come, the Restoration, supposing +itself victorious over Bonaparte and well-rooted in the country, that +is to say, believing itself to be strong and deep, abruptly decided on +its plan of action, and risked its stroke. One morning it drew itself +up before the face of France, and, elevating its voice, it contested +the collective title and the individual right of the nation to +sovereignty, of the citizen to liberty. In other words, it denied to +the nation that which made it a nation, and to the citizen that which +made him a citizen. + +This is the foundation of those famous acts which are called the +ordinances of July. The Restoration fell. + +It fell justly. But, we admit, it had not been absolutely hostile to +all forms of progress. Great things had been accomplished, with it +alongside. + +Under the Restoration, the nation had grown accustomed to calm +discussion, which had been lacking under the Republic, and to grandeur +in peace, which had been wanting under the Empire. France free and +strong had offered an encouraging spectacle to the other peoples of +Europe. The Revolution had had the word under Robespierre; the cannon +had had the word under Bonaparte; it was under Louis XVIII. and Charles +X. that it was the turn of intelligence to have the word. The wind +ceased, the torch was lighted once more. On the lofty heights, the pure +light of mind could be seen flickering. A magnificent, useful, and +charming spectacle. For a space of fifteen years, those great +principles which are so old for the thinker, so new for the statesman, +could be seen at work in perfect peace, on the public square; equality +before the law, liberty of conscience, liberty of speech, liberty of +the press, the accessibility of all aptitudes to all functions. Thus it +proceeded until 1830. The Bourbons were an instrument of civilization +which broke in the hands of Providence. + +The fall of the Bourbons was full of grandeur, not on their side, but +on the side of the nation. They quitted the throne with gravity, but +without authority; their descent into the night was not one of those +solemn disappearances which leave a sombre emotion in history; it was +neither the spectral calm of Charles I., nor the eagle scream of +Napoleon. They departed, that is all. They laid down the crown, and +retained no aureole. They were worthy, but they were not august. They +lacked, in a certain measure, the majesty of their misfortune. Charles +X. during the voyage from Cherbourg, causing a round table to be cut +over into a square table, appeared to be more anxious about imperilled +etiquette than about the crumbling monarchy. This diminution saddened +devoted men who loved their persons, and serious men who honored their +race. The populace was admirable. The nation, attacked one morning with +weapons, by a sort of royal insurrection, felt itself in the possession +of so much force that it did not go into a rage. It defended itself, +restrained itself, restored things to their places, the government to +law, the Bourbons to exile, alas! and then halted! It took the old king +Charles X. from beneath that dais which had sheltered Louis XIV. and +set him gently on the ground. It touched the royal personages only with +sadness and precaution. It was not one man, it was not a few men, it +was France, France entire, France victorious and intoxicated with her +victory, who seemed to be coming to herself, and who put into practice, +before the eyes of the whole world, these grave words of Guillaume du +Vair after the day of the Barricades:— + +“It is easy for those who are accustomed to skim the favors of the +great, and to spring, like a bird from bough to bough, from an +afflicted fortune to a flourishing one, to show themselves harsh +towards their Prince in his adversity; but as for me, the fortune of my +Kings and especially of my afflicted Kings, will always be venerable to +me.” + + +The Bourbons carried away with them respect, but not regret. As we have +just stated, their misfortune was greater than they were. They faded +out in the horizon. + +The Revolution of July instantly had friends and enemies throughout the +entire world. The first rushed toward her with joy and enthusiasm, the +others turned away, each according to his nature. At the first blush, +the princes of Europe, the owls of this dawn, shut their eyes, wounded +and stupefied, and only opened them to threaten. A fright which can be +comprehended, a wrath which can be pardoned. This strange revolution +had hardly produced a shock; it had not even paid to vanquished royalty +the honor of treating it as an enemy, and of shedding its blood. In the +eyes of despotic governments, who are always interested in having +liberty calumniate itself, the Revolution of July committed the fault +of being formidable and of remaining gentle. Nothing, however, was +attempted or plotted against it. The most discontented, the most +irritated, the most trembling, saluted it; whatever our egotism and our +rancor may be, a mysterious respect springs from events in which we are +sensible of the collaboration of some one who is working above man. + +The Revolution of July is the triumph of right overthrowing the fact. A +thing which is full of splendor. + +Right overthrowing the fact. Hence the brilliancy of the Revolution of +1830, hence, also, its mildness. Right triumphant has no need of being +violent. + +Right is the just and the true. + +The property of right is to remain eternally beautiful and pure. The +fact, even when most necessary to all appearances, even when most +thoroughly accepted by contemporaries, if it exist only as a fact, and +if it contain only too little of right, or none at all, is infallibly +destined to become, in the course of time, deformed, impure, perhaps, +even monstrous. If one desires to learn at one blow, to what degree of +hideousness the fact can attain, viewed at the distance of centuries, +let him look at Machiavelli. Machiavelli is not an evil genius, nor a +demon, nor a miserable and cowardly writer; he is nothing but the fact. +And he is not only the Italian fact; he is the European fact, the fact +of the sixteenth century. He seems hideous, and so he is, in the +presence of the moral idea of the nineteenth. + +This conflict of right and fact has been going on ever since the origin +of society. To terminate this duel, to amalgamate the pure idea with +the humane reality, to cause right to penetrate pacifically into the +fact and the fact into right, that is the task of sages. + + + + +CHAPTER II—BADLY SEWED + + +But the task of sages is one thing, the task of clever men is another. +The Revolution of 1830 came to a sudden halt. + +As soon as a revolution has made the coast, the skilful make haste to +prepare the shipwreck. + +The skilful in our century have conferred on themselves the title of +Statesmen; so that this word, _statesmen_, has ended by becoming +somewhat of a slang word. It must be borne in mind, in fact, that +wherever there is nothing but skill, there is necessarily pettiness. To +say “the skilful” amounts to saying “the mediocre.” + + +In the same way, to say “statesmen” is sometimes equivalent to saying +“traitors.” If, then, we are to believe the skilful, revolutions like +the Revolution of July are severed arteries; a prompt ligature is +indispensable. The right, too grandly proclaimed, is shaken. Also, +right once firmly fixed, the state must be strengthened. Liberty once +assured, attention must be directed to power. + +Here the sages are not, as yet, separated from the skilful, but they +begin to be distrustful. Power, very good. But, in the first place, +what is power? In the second, whence comes it? The skilful do not seem +to hear the murmured objection, and they continue their manƓuvres. + +According to the politicians, who are ingenious in putting the mask of +necessity on profitable fictions, the first requirement of a people +after a revolution, when this people forms part of a monarchical +continent, is to procure for itself a dynasty. In this way, say they, +peace, that is to say, time to dress our wounds, and to repair the +house, can be had after a revolution. The dynasty conceals the +scaffolding and covers the ambulance. Now, it is not always easy to +procure a dynasty. + +If it is absolutely necessary, the first man of genius or even the +first man of fortune who comes to hand suffices for the manufacturing +of a king. You have, in the first case, Napoleon; in the second, +Iturbide. + +But the first family that comes to hand does not suffice to make a +dynasty. There is necessarily required a certain modicum of antiquity +in a race, and the wrinkle of the centuries cannot be improvised. + +If we place ourselves at the point of view of the “statesmen,” after +making all allowances, of course, after a revolution, what are the +qualities of the king which result from it? He may be and it is useful +for him to be a revolutionary; that is to say, a participant in his own +person in that revolution, that he should have lent a hand to it, that +he should have either compromised or distinguished himself therein, +that he should have touched the axe or wielded the sword in it. + +What are the qualities of a dynasty? It should be national; that is to +say, revolutionary at a distance, not through acts committed, but by +reason of ideas accepted. It should be composed of past and be +historic; be composed of future and be sympathetic. + +All this explains why the early revolutions contented themselves with +finding a man, Cromwell or Napoleon; and why the second absolutely +insisted on finding a family, the House of Brunswick or the House of +Orleans. + +Royal houses resemble those Indian fig-trees, each branch of which, +bending over to the earth, takes root and becomes a fig-tree itself. +Each branch may become a dynasty. On the sole condition that it shall +bend down to the people. + +Such is the theory of the skilful. + +Here, then, lies the great art: to make a little render to success the +sound of a catastrophe in order that those who profit by it may tremble +from it also, to season with fear every step that is taken, to augment +the curve of the transition to the point of retarding progress, to dull +that aurora, to denounce and retrench the harshness of enthusiasm, to +cut all angles and nails, to wad triumph, to muffle up right, to +envelop the giant-people in flannel, and to put it to bed very +speedily, to impose a diet on that excess of health, to put Hercules on +the treatment of a convalescent, to dilute the event with the +expedient, to offer to spirits thirsting for the ideal that nectar +thinned out with a potion, to take one’s precautions against too much +success, to garnish the revolution with a shade. + +1830 practised this theory, already applied to England by 1688. + +1830 is a revolution arrested midway. Half of progress, quasi-right. +Now, logic knows not the “almost,” absolutely as the sun knows not the +candle. + +Who arrests revolutions half-way? The bourgeoisie? + +Why? + +Because the bourgeoisie is interest which has reached satisfaction. +Yesterday it was appetite, to-day it is plenitude, to-morrow it will be +satiety. + +The phenomenon of 1814 after Napoleon was reproduced in 1830 after +Charles X. + +The attempt has been made, and wrongly, to make a class of the +bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie is simply the contented portion of the +people. The bourgeois is the man who now has time to sit down. A chair +is not a caste. + +But through a desire to sit down too soon, one may arrest the very +march of the human race. This has often been the fault of the +bourgeoisie. + +One is not a class because one has committed a fault. Selfishness is +not one of the divisions of the social order. + +Moreover, we must be just to selfishness. The state to which that part +of the nation which is called the bourgeoisie aspired after the shock +of 1830 was not the inertia which is complicated with indifference and +laziness, and which contains a little shame; it was not the slumber +which presupposes a momentary forgetfulness accessible to dreams; it +was the halt. + +The halt is a word formed of a singular double and almost contradictory +sense: a troop on the march, that is to say, movement; a stand, that is +to say, repose. + +The halt is the restoration of forces; it is repose armed and on the +alert; it is the accomplished fact which posts sentinels and holds +itself on its guard. + +The halt presupposes the combat of yesterday and the combat of +to-morrow. + +It is the partition between 1830 and 1848. + +What we here call combat may also be designated as progress. + +The bourgeoisie then, as well as the statesmen, required a man who +should express this word Halt. An Although-Because. A composite +individuality, signifying revolution and signifying stability, in other +terms, strengthening the present by the evident compatibility of the +past with the future. + +This man was “already found.” His name was Louis Philippe d’Orleans. + +The 221 made Louis Philippe King. Lafayette undertook the coronation. + +He called it _the best of republics_. The town-hall of Paris took the +place of the Cathedral of Rheims. + +This substitution of a half-throne for a whole throne was “the work of +1830.” + + +When the skilful had finished, the immense vice of their solution +became apparent. All this had been accomplished outside the bounds of +absolute right. Absolute right cried: “I protest!” then, terrible to +say, it retired into the darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER III—LOUIS PHILIPPE + + +Revolutions have a terrible arm and a happy hand, they strike firmly +and choose well. Even incomplete, even debased and abused and reduced +to the state of a junior revolution like the Revolution of 1830, they +nearly always retain sufficient providential lucidity to prevent them +from falling amiss. Their eclipse is never an abdication. + +Nevertheless, let us not boast too loudly; revolutions also may be +deceived, and grave errors have been seen. + +Let us return to 1830. 1830, in its deviation, had good luck. In the +establishment which entitled itself order after the revolution had been +cut short, the King amounted to more than royalty. Louis Philippe was a +rare man. + +The son of a father to whom history will accord certain attenuating +circumstances, but also as worthy of esteem as that father had been of +blame; possessing all private virtues and many public virtues; careful +of his health, of his fortune, of his person, of his affairs, knowing +the value of a minute and not always the value of a year; sober, +serene, peaceable, patient; a good man and a good prince; sleeping with +his wife, and having in his palace lackeys charged with the duty of +showing the conjugal bed to the bourgeois, an ostentation of the +regular sleeping-apartment which had become useful after the former +illegitimate displays of the elder branch; knowing all the languages of +Europe, and, what is more rare, all the languages of all interests, and +speaking them; an admirable representative of the “middle class,” but +outstripping it, and in every way greater than it; possessing excellent +sense, while appreciating the blood from which he had sprung, counting +most of all on his intrinsic worth, and, on the question of his race, +very particular, declaring himself Orleans and not Bourbon; thoroughly +the first Prince of the Blood Royal while he was still only a Serene +Highness, but a frank bourgeois from the day he became king; diffuse in +public, concise in private; reputed, but not proved to be a miser; at +bottom, one of those economists who are readily prodigal at their own +fancy or duty; lettered, but not very sensitive to letters; a +gentleman, but not a chevalier; simple, calm, and strong; adored by his +family and his household; a fascinating talker, an undeceived +statesman, inwardly cold, dominated by immediate interest, always +governing at the shortest range, incapable of rancor and of gratitude, +making use without mercy of superiority on mediocrity, clever in +getting parliamentary majorities to put in the wrong those mysterious +unanimities which mutter dully under thrones; unreserved, sometimes +imprudent in his lack of reserve, but with marvellous address in that +imprudence; fertile in expedients, in countenances, in masks; making +France fear Europe and Europe France! Incontestably fond of his +country, but preferring his family; assuming more domination than +authority and more authority than dignity, a disposition which has this +unfortunate property, that as it turns everything to success, it admits +of ruse and does not absolutely repudiate baseness, but which has this +valuable side, that it preserves politics from violent shocks, the +state from fractures, and society from catastrophes; minute, correct, +vigilant, attentive, sagacious, indefatigable; contradicting himself at +times and giving himself the lie; bold against Austria at Ancona, +obstinate against England in Spain, bombarding Antwerp, and paying off +Pritchard; singing the Marseillaise with conviction, inaccessible to +despondency, to lassitude, to the taste for the beautiful and the +ideal, to daring generosity, to Utopia, to chimĂŠras, to wrath, to +vanity, to fear; possessing all the forms of personal intrepidity; a +general at Valmy; a soldier at Jemappes; attacked eight times by +regicides and always smiling. Brave as a grenadier, courageous as a +thinker; uneasy only in the face of the chances of a European shaking +up, and unfitted for great political adventures; always ready to risk +his life, never his work; disguising his will in influence, in order +that he might be obeyed as an intelligence rather than as a king; +endowed with observation and not with divination; not very attentive to +minds, but knowing men, that is to say requiring to see in order to +judge; prompt and penetrating good sense, practical wisdom, easy +speech, prodigious memory; drawing incessantly on this memory, his only +point of resemblance with CĂŠsar, Alexander, and Napoleon; knowing +deeds, facts, details, dates, proper names, ignorant of tendencies, +passions, the diverse geniuses of the crowd, the interior aspirations, +the hidden and obscure uprisings of souls, in a word, all that can be +designated as the invisible currents of consciences; accepted by the +surface, but little in accord with France lower down; extricating +himself by dint of tact; governing too much and not enough; his own +first minister; excellent at creating out of the pettiness of realities +an obstacle to the immensity of ideas; mingling a genuine creative +faculty of civilization, of order and organization, an indescribable +spirit of proceedings and chicanery, the founder and lawyer of a +dynasty; having something of Charlemagne and something of an attorney; +in short, a lofty and original figure, a prince who understood how to +create authority in spite of the uneasiness of France, and power in +spite of the jealousy of Europe. Louis Philippe will be classed among +the eminent men of his century, and would be ranked among the most +illustrious governors of history had he loved glory but a little, and +if he had had the sentiment of what is great to the same degree as the +feeling for what is useful. + +Louis Philippe had been handsome, and in his old age he remained +graceful; not always approved by the nation, he always was so by the +masses; he pleased. He had that gift of charming. He lacked majesty; he +wore no crown, although a king, and no white hair, although an old man; +his manners belonged to the old regime and his habits to the new; a +mixture of the noble and the bourgeois which suited 1830; Louis +Philippe was transition reigning; he had preserved the ancient +pronunciation and the ancient orthography which he placed at the +service of opinions modern; he loved Poland and Hungary, but he wrote +_les Polonois_, and he pronounced _les Hongrais_. He wore the uniform +of the national guard, like Charles X., and the ribbon of the Legion of +Honor, like Napoleon. + +He went a little to chapel, not at all to the chase, never to the +opera. Incorruptible by sacristans, by whippers-in, by ballet-dancers; +this made a part of his bourgeois popularity. He had no heart. He went +out with his umbrella under his arm, and this umbrella long formed a +part of his aureole. He was a bit of a mason, a bit of a gardener, +something of a doctor; he bled a postilion who had tumbled from his +horse; Louis Philippe no more went about without his lancet, than did +Henri IV. without his poniard. The Royalists jeered at this ridiculous +king, the first who had ever shed blood with the object of healing. + +For the grievances against Louis Philippe, there is one deduction to be +made; there is that which accuses royalty, that which accuses the +reign, that which accuses the King; three columns which all give +different totals. Democratic right confiscated, progress becomes a +matter of secondary interest, the protests of the street violently +repressed, military execution of insurrections, the rising passed over +by arms, the Rue Transnonain, the counsels of war, the absorption of +the real country by the legal country, on half shares with three +hundred thousand privileged persons,—these are the deeds of royalty; +Belgium refused, Algeria too harshly conquered, and, as in the case of +India by the English, with more barbarism than civilization, the breach +of faith, to Abd-el-Kader, Blaye, Deutz bought, Pritchard paid,—these +are the doings of the reign; the policy which was more domestic than +national was the doing of the King. + +As will be seen, the proper deduction having been made, the King’s +charge is decreased. + +This is his great fault; he was modest in the name of France. + +Whence arises this fault? + +We will state it. + +Louis Philippe was rather too much of a paternal king; that incubation +of a family with the object of founding a dynasty is afraid of +everything and does not like to be disturbed; hence excessive timidity, +which is displeasing to the people, who have the 14th of July in their +civil and Austerlitz in their military tradition. + +Moreover, if we deduct the public duties which require to be fulfilled +first of all, that deep tenderness of Louis Philippe towards his family +was deserved by the family. That domestic group was worthy of +admiration. Virtues there dwelt side by side with talents. One of Louis +Philippe’s daughters, Marie d’Orleans, placed the name of her race +among artists, as Charles d’Orleans had placed it among poets. She made +of her soul a marble which she named Jeanne d’Arc. Two of Louis +Philippe’s daughters elicited from Metternich this eulogium: “They are +young people such as are rarely seen, and princes such as are never +seen.” + + +This, without any dissimulation, and also without any exaggeration, is +the truth about Louis Philippe. + +To be Prince Equality, to bear in his own person the contradiction of +the Restoration and the Revolution, to have that disquieting side of +the revolutionary which becomes reassuring in governing power, therein +lay the fortune of Louis Philippe in 1830; never was there a more +complete adaptation of a man to an event; the one entered into the +other, and the incarnation took place. Louis Philippe is 1830 made man. +Moreover, he had in his favor that great recommendation to the throne, +exile. He had been proscribed, a wanderer, poor. He had lived by his +own labor. In Switzerland, this heir to the richest princely domains in +France had sold an old horse in order to obtain bread. At Reichenau, he +gave lessons in mathematics, while his sister Adelaide did wool work +and sewed. These souvenirs connected with a king rendered the +bourgeoisie enthusiastic. He had, with his own hands, demolished the +iron cage of Mont-Saint-Michel, built by Louis XI., and used by Louis +XV. He was the companion of Dumouriez, he was the friend of Lafayette; +he had belonged to the Jacobins’ club; Mirabeau had slapped him on the +shoulder; Danton had said to him: “Young man!” At the age of four and +twenty, in ’93, being then M. de Chartres, he had witnessed, from the +depth of a box, the trial of Louis XVI., so well named _that poor +tyrant_. The blind clairvoyance of the Revolution, breaking royalty in +the King and the King with royalty, did so almost without noticing the +man in the fierce crushing of the idea, the vast storm of the +Assembly-Tribunal, the public wrath interrogating, Capet not knowing +what to reply, the alarming, stupefied vacillation by that royal head +beneath that sombre breath, the relative innocence of all in that +catastrophe, of those who condemned as well as of the man condemned,—he +had looked on those things, he had contemplated that giddiness; he had +seen the centuries appear before the bar of the Assembly-Convention; he +had beheld, behind Louis XVI., that unfortunate passer-by who was made +responsible, the terrible culprit, the monarchy, rise through the +shadows; and there had lingered in his soul the respectful fear of +these immense justices of the populace, which are almost as impersonal +as the justice of God. + +The trace left in him by the Revolution was prodigious. Its memory was +like a living imprint of those great years, minute by minute. One day, +in the presence of a witness whom we are not permitted to doubt, he +rectified from memory the whole of the letter A in the alphabetical +list of the Constituent Assembly. + +Louis Philippe was a king of the broad daylight. While he reigned the +press was free, the tribune was free, conscience and speech were free. +The laws of September are open to sight. Although fully aware of the +gnawing power of light on privileges, he left his throne exposed to the +light. History will do justice to him for this loyalty. + +Louis Philippe, like all historical men who have passed from the scene, +is to-day put on his trial by the human conscience. His case is, as +yet, only in the lower court. + +The hour when history speaks with its free and venerable accent, has +not yet sounded for him; the moment has not come to pronounce a +definite judgment on this king; the austere and illustrious historian +Louis Blanc has himself recently softened his first verdict; Louis +Philippe was elected by those two _almosts_ which are called the 221 +and 1830, that is to say, by a half-Parliament, and a half-revolution; +and in any case, from the superior point of view where philosophy must +place itself, we cannot judge him here, as the reader has seen above, +except with certain reservations in the name of the absolute democratic +principle; in the eyes of the absolute, outside these two rights, the +right of man in the first place, the right of the people in the second, +all is usurpation; but what we can say, even at the present day, that +after making these reserves is, that to sum up the whole, and in +whatever manner he is considered, Louis Philippe, taken in himself, and +from the point of view of human goodness, will remain, to use the +antique language of ancient history, one of the best princes who ever +sat on a throne. + +What is there against him? That throne. Take away Louis Philippe the +king, there remains the man. And the man is good. He is good at times +even to the point of being admirable. Often, in the midst of his +gravest souvenirs, after a day of conflict with the whole diplomacy of +the continent, he returned at night to his apartments, and there, +exhausted with fatigue, overwhelmed with sleep, what did he do? He took +a death sentence and passed the night in revising a criminal suit, +considering it something to hold his own against Europe, but that it +was a still greater matter to rescue a man from the executioner. He +obstinately maintained his opinion against his keeper of the seals; he +disputed the ground with the guillotine foot by foot against the crown +attorneys, those _chatterers of the law_, as he called them. Sometimes +the pile of sentences covered his table; he examined them all; it was +anguish to him to abandon these miserable, condemned heads. One day, he +said to the same witness to whom we have recently referred: “I won +seven last night.” During the early years of his reign, the death +penalty was as good as abolished, and the erection of a scaffold was a +violence committed against the King. The GrĂšve having disappeared with +the elder branch, a bourgeois place of execution was instituted under +the name of the BarriĂšre-Saint-Jacques; “practical men” felt the +necessity of a quasi-legitimate guillotine; and this was one of the +victories of Casimir PĂ©rier, who represented the narrow sides of the +bourgeoisie, over Louis Philippe, who represented its liberal sides. +Louis Philippe annotated Beccaria with his own hand. After the Fieschi +machine, he exclaimed: “What a pity that I was not wounded! Then I +might have pardoned!” On another occasion, alluding to the resistance +offered by his ministry, he wrote in connection with a political +criminal, who is one of the most generous figures of our day: “His +pardon is granted; it only remains for me to obtain it.” Louis Philippe +was as gentle as Louis IX. and as kindly as Henri IV. + +Now, to our mind, in history, where kindness is the rarest of pearls, +the man who is kindly almost takes precedence of the man who is great. + +Louis Philippe having been severely judged by some, harshly, perhaps, +by others, it is quite natural that a man, himself a phantom at the +present day, who knew that king, should come and testify in his favor +before history; this deposition, whatever else it may be, is evidently +and above all things, entirely disinterested; an epitaph penned by a +dead man is sincere; one shade may console another shade; the sharing +of the same shadows confers the right to praise it; it is not greatly +to be feared that it will ever be said of two tombs in exile: “This one +flattered the other.” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—CRACKS BENEATH THE FOUNDATION + + +At the moment when the drama which we are narrating is on the point of +penetrating into the depths of one of the tragic clouds which envelop +the beginning of Louis Philippe’s reign, it was necessary that there +should be no equivoque, and it became requisite that this book should +offer some explanation with regard to this king. + +Louis Philippe had entered into possession of his royal authority +without violence, without any direct action on his part, by virtue of a +revolutionary change, evidently quite distinct from the real aim of the +Revolution, but in which he, the Duc d’OrlĂ©ans, exercised no personal +initiative. He had been born a Prince, and he believed himself to have +been elected King. He had not served this mandate on himself; he had +not taken it; it had been offered to him, and he had accepted it; +convinced, wrongly, to be sure, but convinced nevertheless, that the +offer was in accordance with right and that the acceptance of it was in +accordance with duty. Hence his possession was in good faith. Now, we +say it in good conscience, Louis Philippe being in possession in +perfect good faith, and the democracy being in good faith in its +attack, the amount of terror discharged by the social conflicts weighs +neither on the King nor on the democracy. A clash of principles +resembles a clash of elements. The ocean defends the water, the +hurricane defends the air, the King defends Royalty, the democracy +defends the people; the relative, which is the monarchy, resists the +absolute, which is the republic; society bleeds in this conflict, but +that which constitutes its suffering to-day will constitute its safety +later on; and, in any case, those who combat are not to be blamed; one +of the two parties is evidently mistaken; the right is not, like the +Colossus of Rhodes, on two shores at once, with one foot on the +republic, and one in Royalty; it is indivisible, and all on one side; +but those who are in error are so sincerely; a blind man is no more a +criminal than a Vendean is a ruffian. Let us, then, impute to the +fatality of things alone these formidable collisions. Whatever the +nature of these tempests may be, human irresponsibility is mingled with +them. + +Let us complete this exposition. + +The government of 1840 led a hard life immediately. Born yesterday, it +was obliged to fight to-day. + +Hardly installed, it was already everywhere conscious of vague +movements of traction on the apparatus of July so recently laid, and so +lacking in solidity. + +Resistance was born on the morrow; perhaps even, it was born on the +preceding evening. From month to month the hostility increased, and +from being concealed it became patent. + +The Revolution of July, which gained but little acceptance outside of +France by kings, had been diversely interpreted in France, as we have +said. + +God delivers over to men his visible will in events, an obscure text +written in a mysterious tongue. Men immediately make translations of +it; translations hasty, incorrect, full of errors, of gaps, and of +nonsense. Very few minds comprehend the divine language. The most +sagacious, the calmest, the most profound, decipher slowly, and when +they arrive with their text, the task has long been completed; there +are already twenty translations on the public place. From each +remaining springs a party, and from each misinterpretation a faction; +and each party thinks that it alone has the true text, and each faction +thinks that it possesses the light. + +Power itself is often a faction. + +There are, in revolutions, swimmers who go against the current; they +are the old parties. + +For the old parties who clung to heredity by the grace of God, think +that revolutions, having sprung from the right to revolt, one has the +right to revolt against them. Error. For in these revolutions, the one +who revolts is not the people; it is the king. Revolution is precisely +the contrary of revolt. Every revolution, being a normal outcome, +contains within itself its legitimacy, which false revolutionists +sometimes dishonor, but which remains even when soiled, which survives +even when stained with blood. + +Revolutions spring not from an accident, but from necessity. A +revolution is a return from the fictitious to the real. It is because +it must be that it is. + +Nonetheless did the old legitimist parties assail the Revolution of +1830 with all the vehemence which arises from false reasoning. Errors +make excellent projectiles. They strike it cleverly in its vulnerable +spot, in default of a cuirass, in its lack of logic; they attacked this +revolution in its royalty. They shouted to it: “Revolution, why this +king?” Factions are blind men who aim correctly. + +This cry was uttered equally by the republicans. But coming from them, +this cry was logical. What was blindness in the legitimists was +clearness of vision in the democrats. 1830 had bankrupted the people. +The enraged democracy reproached it with this. + +Between the attack of the past and the attack of the future, the +establishment of July struggled. It represented the minute at +loggerheads on the one hand with the monarchical centuries, on the +other hand with eternal right. + +In addition, and beside all this, as it was no longer revolution and +had become a monarchy, 1830 was obliged to take precedence of all +Europe. To keep the peace, was an increase of complication. A harmony +established contrary to sense is often more onerous than a war. From +this secret conflict, always muzzled, but always growling, was born +armed peace, that ruinous expedient of civilization which in the +harness of the European cabinets is suspicious in itself. The Royalty +of July reared up, in spite of the fact that it caught it in the +harness of European cabinets. Metternich would gladly have put it in +kicking-straps. Pushed on in France by progress, it pushed on the +monarchies, those loiterers in Europe. After having been towed, it +undertook to tow. + +Meanwhile, within her, pauperism, the proletariat, salary, education, +penal servitude, prostitution, the fate of the woman, wealth, misery, +production, consumption, division, exchange, coin, credit, the rights +of capital, the rights of labor,—all these questions were multiplied +above society, a terrible slope. + +Outside of political parties properly so called, another movement +became manifest. Philosophical fermentation replied to democratic +fermentation. The elect felt troubled as well as the masses; in another +manner, but quite as much. + +Thinkers meditated, while the soil, that is to say, the people, +traversed by revolutionary currents, trembled under them with +indescribably vague epileptic shocks. These dreamers, some isolated, +others united in families and almost in communion, turned over social +questions in a pacific but profound manner; impassive miners, who +tranquilly pushed their galleries into the depths of a volcano, hardly +disturbed by the dull commotion and the furnaces of which they caught +glimpses. + +This tranquillity was not the least beautiful spectacle of this +agitated epoch. + +These men left to political parties the question of rights, they +occupied themselves with the question of happiness. + +The well-being of man, that was what they wanted to extract from +society. + +They raised material questions, questions of agriculture, of industry, +of commerce, almost to the dignity of a religion. In civilization, such +as it has formed itself, a little by the command of God, a great deal +by the agency of man, interests combine, unite, and amalgamate in a +manner to form a veritable hard rock, in accordance with a dynamic law, +patiently studied by economists, those geologists of politics. These +men who grouped themselves under different appellations, but who may +all be designated by the generic title of socialists, endeavored to +pierce that rock and to cause it to spout forth the living waters of +human felicity. + +From the question of the scaffold to the question of war, their works +embraced everything. To the rights of man, as proclaimed by the French +Revolution, they added the rights of woman and the rights of the child. + +The reader will not be surprised if, for various reasons, we do not +here treat in a thorough manner, from the theoretical point of view, +the questions raised by socialism. We confine ourselves to indicating +them. + +All the problems that the socialists proposed to themselves, cosmogonic +visions, reverie and mysticism being cast aside, can be reduced to two +principal problems. + +First problem: To produce wealth. + +Second problem: To share it. + +The first problem contains the question of work. + +The second contains the question of salary. + +In the first problem the employment of forces is in question. + +In the second, the distribution of enjoyment. + +From the proper employment of forces results public power. + +From a good distribution of enjoyments results individual happiness. + +By a good distribution, not an equal but an equitable distribution must +be understood. + +From these two things combined, the public power without, individual +happiness within, results social prosperity. + +Social prosperity means the man happy, the citizen free, the nation +great. + +England solves the first of these two problems. She creates wealth +admirably, she divides it badly. This solution which is complete on one +side only leads her fatally to two extremes: monstrous opulence, +monstrous wretchedness. All enjoyments for some, all privations for the +rest, that is to say, for the people; privilege, exception, monopoly, +feudalism, born from toil itself. A false and dangerous situation, +which sates public power or private misery, which sets the roots of the +State in the sufferings of the individual. A badly constituted grandeur +in which are combined all the material elements and into which no moral +element enters. + +Communism and agrarian law think that they solve the second problem. +They are mistaken. Their division kills production. Equal partition +abolishes emulation; and consequently labor. It is a partition made by +the butcher, which kills that which it divides. It is therefore +impossible to pause over these pretended solutions. Slaying wealth is +not the same thing as dividing it. + +The two problems require to be solved together, to be well solved. The +two problems must be combined and made but one. + +Solve only the first of the two problems; you will be Venice, you will +be England. You will have, like Venice, an artificial power, or, like +England, a material power; you will be the wicked rich man. You will +die by an act of violence, as Venice died, or by bankruptcy, as England +will fall. And the world will allow to die and fall all that is merely +selfishness, all that does not represent for the human race either a +virtue or an idea. + +It is well understood here, that by the words Venice, England, we +designate not the peoples, but social structures; the oligarchies +superposed on nations, and not the nations themselves. The nations +always have our respect and our sympathy. Venice, as a people, will +live again; England, the aristocracy, will fall, but England, the +nation, is immortal. That said, we continue. + +Solve the two problems, encourage the wealthy, and protect the poor, +suppress misery, put an end to the unjust farming out of the feeble by +the strong, put a bridle on the iniquitous jealousy of the man who is +making his way against the man who has reached the goal, adjust, +mathematically and fraternally, salary to labor, mingle gratuitous and +compulsory education with the growth of childhood, and make of science +the base of manliness, develop minds while keeping arms busy, be at one +and the same time a powerful people and a family of happy men, render +property democratic, not by abolishing it, but by making it universal, +so that every citizen, without exception, may be a proprietor, an +easier matter than is generally supposed; in two words, learn how to +produce wealth and how to distribute it, and you will have at once +moral and material greatness; and you will be worthy to call yourself +France. + +This is what socialism said outside and above a few sects which have +gone astray; that is what it sought in facts, that is what it sketched +out in minds. + +Efforts worthy of admiration! Sacred attempts! + +These doctrines, these theories, these resistances, the unforeseen +necessity for the statesman to take philosophers into account, confused +evidences of which we catch a glimpse, a new system of politics to be +created, which shall be in accord with the old world without too much +disaccord with the new revolutionary ideal, a situation in which it +became necessary to use Lafayette to defend Polignac, the intuition of +progress transparent beneath the revolt, the chambers and streets, the +competitions to be brought into equilibrium around him, his faith in +the Revolution, perhaps an eventual indefinable resignation born of the +vague acceptance of a superior definitive right, his desire to remain +of his race, his domestic spirit, his sincere respect for the people, +his own honesty, preoccupied Louis Philippe almost painfully, and there +were moments when strong and courageous as he was, he was overwhelmed +by the difficulties of being a king. + +He felt under his feet a formidable disaggregation, which was not, +nevertheless, a reduction to dust, France being more France than ever. + +Piles of shadows covered the horizon. A strange shade, gradually +drawing nearer, extended little by little over men, over things, over +ideas; a shade which came from wraths and systems. Everything which had +been hastily stifled was moving and fermenting. At times the conscience +of the honest man resumed its breathing, so great was the discomfort of +that air in which sophisms were intermingled with truths. Spirits +trembled in the social anxiety like leaves at the approach of a storm. +The electric tension was such that at certain instants, the first +comer, a stranger, brought light. Then the twilight obscurity closed in +again. At intervals, deep and dull mutterings allowed a judgment to be +formed as to the quantity of thunder contained by the cloud. + +Twenty months had barely elapsed since the Revolution of July, the year +1832 had opened with an aspect of something impending and threatening. + +The distress of the people, the laborers without bread, the last Prince +de CondĂ© engulfed in the shadows, Brussels expelling the Nassaus as +Paris did the Bourbons, Belgium offering herself to a French Prince and +giving herself to an English Prince, the Russian hatred of Nicolas, +behind us the demons of the South, Ferdinand in Spain, Miguel in +Portugal, the earth quaking in Italy, Metternich extending his hand +over Bologna, France treating Austria sharply at Ancona, at the North +no one knew what sinister sound of the hammer nailing up Poland in her +coffin, irritated glances watching France narrowly all over Europe, +England, a suspected ally, ready to give a push to that which was +tottering and to hurl herself on that which should fall, the peerage +sheltering itself behind Beccaria to refuse four heads to the law, the +fleurs-de-lys erased from the King’s carriage, the cross torn from +Notre Dame, Lafayette lessened, Laffitte ruined, Benjamin Constant dead +in indigence, Casimir PĂ©rier dead in the exhaustion of his power; +political and social malady breaking out simultaneously in the two +capitals of the kingdom, the one in the city of thought, the other in +the city of toil; at Paris civil war, at Lyons servile war; in the two +cities, the same glare of the furnace; a crater-like crimson on the +brow of the people; the South rendered fanatic, the West troubled, the +Duchesse de Berry in la VendĂ©e, plots, conspiracies, risings, cholera, +added the sombre roar of tumult of events to the sombre roar of ideas. + + + + +CHAPTER V—FACTS WHENCE HISTORY SPRINGS AND WHICH HISTORY IGNORES + + +Towards the end of April, everything had become aggravated. The +fermentation entered the boiling state. Ever since 1830, petty partial +revolts had been going on here and there, which were quickly +suppressed, but ever bursting forth afresh, the sign of a vast +underlying conflagration. Something terrible was in preparation. +Glimpses could be caught of the features still indistinct and +imperfectly lighted, of a possible revolution. France kept an eye on +Paris; Paris kept an eye on the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, which was in a dull glow, was beginning its +ebullition. + +[Illustration: A Street Orator] + +The wine-shops of the Rue de Charonne were, although the union of the +two epithets seems singular when applied to wine-shops, grave and +stormy. + +The government was there purely and simply called in question. There +people publicly discussed the _question of fighting or of keeping +quiet_. There were back shops where workingmen were made to swear that +they would hasten into the street at the first cry of alarm, and “that +they would fight without counting the number of the enemy.” This +engagement once entered into, a man seated in the corner of the +wine-shop “assumed a sonorous tone,” and said, “You understand! You +have sworn!” + + +Sometimes they went upstairs, to a private room on the first floor, and +there scenes that were almost masonic were enacted. They made the +initiated take oaths _to render service to himself as well as to the +fathers of families_. That was the formula. + +In the tap-rooms, “subversive” pamphlets were read. _They treated the +government with contempt_, says a secret report of that time. + +Words like the following could be heard there:— + +“I don’t know the names of the leaders. We folks shall not know the day +until two hours beforehand.” One workman said: “There are three hundred +of us, let each contribute ten sous, that will make one hundred and +fifty francs with which to procure powder and shot.” + + +Another said: “I don’t ask for six months, I don’t ask for even two. In +less than a fortnight we shall be parallel with the government. With +twenty-five thousand men we can face them.” Another said: “I don’t +sleep at night, because I make cartridges all night.” From time to +time, men “of bourgeois appearance, and in good coats” came and “caused +embarrassment,” and with the air of “command,” shook hands with _the +most important_, and then went away. They never stayed more than ten +minutes. Significant remarks were exchanged in a low tone: “The plot is +ripe, the matter is arranged.” “It was murmured by all who were there,” +to borrow the very expression of one of those who were present. The +exaltation was such that one day, a workingman exclaimed, before the +whole wine-shop: “We have no arms!” One of his comrades replied: “The +soldiers have!” thus parodying without being aware of the fact, +Bonaparte’s proclamation to the army in Italy: “When they had anything +of a more secret nature on hand,” adds one report, “they did not +communicate it to each other.” It is not easy to understand what they +could conceal after what they said. + +These reunions were sometimes periodical. At certain ones of them, +there were never more than eight or ten persons present, and they were +always the same. In others, any one entered who wished, and the room +was so full that they were forced to stand. Some went thither through +enthusiasm and passion; others because it _was on their way to their +work_. As during the Revolution, there were patriotic women in some of +these wine-shops who embraced newcomers. + +Other expressive facts came to light. + +A man would enter a shop, drink, and go his way with the remark: +“Wine-merchant, the revolution will pay what is due to you.” + + +Revolutionary agents were appointed in a wine-shop facing the Rue de +Charonne. The balloting was carried on in their caps. + +Workingmen met at the house of a fencing-master who gave lessons in the +Rue de Cotte. There there was a trophy of arms formed of wooden +broadswords, canes, clubs, and foils. One day, the buttons were removed +from the foils. + +A workman said: “There are twenty-five of us, but they don’t count on +me, because I am looked upon as a machine.” Later on, that machine +became Quenisset. + +The indefinite things which were brewing gradually acquired a strange +and indescribable notoriety. A woman sweeping off her doorsteps said to +another woman: “For a long time, there has been a strong force busy +making cartridges.” In the open street, proclamation could be seen +addressed to the National Guard in the departments. One of these +proclamations was signed: _Burtot, wine-merchant_. + +One day a man with his beard worn like a collar and with an Italian +accent mounted a stone post at the door of a liquor-seller in the +MarchĂ© Lenoir, and read aloud a singular document, which seemed to +emanate from an occult power. Groups formed around him, and applauded. + +The passages which touched the crowd most deeply were collected and +noted down. “—Our doctrines are trammelled, our proclamations torn, our +bill-stickers are spied upon and thrown into prison.”—“The breakdown +which has recently taken place in cottons has converted to us many +mediums.”—“The future of nations is being worked out in our obscure +ranks.”—“Here are the fixed terms: action or reaction, revolution or +counter-revolution. For, at our epoch, we no longer believe either in +inertia or in immobility. For the people against the people, that is +the question. There is no other.”—“On the day when we cease to suit +you, break us, but up to that day, help us to march on.” All this in +broad daylight. + +Other deeds, more audacious still, were suspicious in the eyes of the +people by reason of their very audacity. On the 4th of April, 1832, a +passer-by mounted the post on the corner which forms the angle of the +Rue Sainte-Marguerite and shouted: “I am a Babouvist!” But beneath +Babeuf, the people scented Gisquet. + +Among other things, this man said:— + +“Down with property! The opposition of the left is cowardly and +treacherous. When it wants to be on the right side, it preaches +revolution, it is democratic in order to escape being beaten, and +royalist so that it may not have to fight. The republicans are beasts +with feathers. Distrust the republicans, citizens of the laboring +classes.” + + +“Silence, citizen spy!” cried an artisan. + +This shout put an end to the discourse. + +Mysterious incidents occurred. + +At nightfall, a workingman encountered near the canal a “very well +dressed man,” who said to him: “Whither are you bound, citizen?” “Sir,” +replied the workingman, “I have not the honor of your acquaintance.” “I +know you very well, however.” And the man added: “Don’t be alarmed, I +am an agent of the committee. You are suspected of not being quite +faithful. You know that if you reveal anything, there is an eye fixed +on you.” Then he shook hands with the workingman and went away, saying: +“We shall meet again soon.” + + +The police, who were on the alert, collected singular dialogues, not +only in the wine-shops, but in the street. + +“Get yourself received very soon,” said a weaver to a cabinet-maker. + +“Why?” + + +“There is going to be a shot to fire.” + + +Two ragged pedestrians exchanged these remarkable replies, fraught with +evident Jacquerie:— + +“Who governs us?” + + +“M. Philippe.” + + +“No, it is the bourgeoisie.” + + +The reader is mistaken if he thinks that we take the word _Jacquerie_ +in a bad sense. The Jacques were the poor. + +On another occasion two men were heard to say to each other as they +passed by: “We have a good plan of attack.” + + +Only the following was caught of a private conversation between four +men who were crouching in a ditch of the circle of the BarriĂšre du +TrĂŽne:— + +“Everything possible will be done to prevent his walking about Paris +any more.” + + +Who was the _he?_ Menacing obscurity. + +“The principal leaders,” as they said in the faubourg, held themselves +apart. It was supposed that they met for consultation in a wine-shop +near the point Saint-Eustache. A certain Aug—, chief of the Society aid +for tailors, Rue MondĂ©tour, had the reputation of serving as +intermediary central between the leaders and the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. + +Nevertheless, there was always a great deal of mystery about these +leaders, and no certain fact can invalidate the singular arrogance of +this reply made later on by a man accused before the Court of Peers:— + +“Who was your leader?” + + +_“I knew of none and I recognized none.”_ + +There was nothing but words, transparent but vague; sometimes idle +reports, rumors, hearsay. Other indications cropped up. + +A carpenter, occupied in nailing boards to a fence around the ground on +which a house was in process of construction, in the Rue de Reuilly +found on that plot the torn fragment of a letter on which were still +legible the following lines:— + +The committee must take measures to prevent recruiting in the sections +for the different societies. + +And, as a postscript:— + +We have learned that there are guns in the Rue du +Faubourg-PoissonniĂšre, No. 5 [bis], to the number of five or six +thousand, in the house of a gunsmith in that court. The section owns no +arms. + +What excited the carpenter and caused him to show this thing to his +neighbors was the fact, that a few paces further on he picked up +another paper, torn like the first, and still more significant, of +which we reproduce a facsimile, because of the historical interest +attaching to these strange documents:— + +[Illustration] + ++——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————+ +| Q | C | D | E | Learn this list by heart. After so doing | +| | | | | | you will tear it up. The men admitted will do the same | +| | | | | | when you have transmitted their orders to them. Health and | +| | | | | | Fraternity, u og a’ fe L. | ++——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————+ + +It was only later on that the persons who were in the secret of this +find at the time, learned the significance of those four capital +letters: _quinturions, centurions, decurions, Ă©claireurs_ [scouts], and +the sense of the letters: _u og a’ fe_, which was a date, and meant +April 15th, 1832. Under each capital letter were inscribed names +followed by very characteristic notes. Thus: Q. _Bannerel_. 8 guns, 83 +cartridges. A safe man.—C. _BoubiĂšre_. 1 pistol, 40 cartridges.—D. +_Rollet_. 1 foil, 1 pistol, 1 pound of powder.—E. _Tessier_. 1 sword, 1 +cartridge-box. Exact.— _Terreur_. 8 guns. Brave, etc. + +Finally, this carpenter found, still in the same enclosure, a third +paper on which was written in pencil, but very legibly, this sort of +enigmatical list:— + +UnitĂ©: Blanchard: Arbre-Sec. 6. +Barra. Soize. Salle-au-Comte. +Kosciusko. Aubry the Butcher? +J. J. R. +Caius Gracchus. +Right of revision. Dufond. Four. +Fall of the Girondists. Derbac. MaubuĂ©e. +Washington. Pinson. 1 pistol, 86 cartridges. +Marseillaise. +Sovereignty of the people. Michel. Quincampoix. Sword. +Hoche. +Marceau. Plato. Arbre-Sec. +Warsaw. Tilly, crier of the Populaire. + + +The honest bourgeois into whose hands this list fell knew its +significance. It appears that this list was the complete nomenclature +of the sections of the fourth arondissement of the Society of the +Rights of Man, with the names and dwellings of the chiefs of sections. +To-day, when all these facts which were obscure are nothing more than +history, we may publish them. It should be added, that the foundation +of the Society of the Rights of Man seems to have been posterior to the +date when this paper was found. Perhaps this was only a rough draft. + +Still, according to all the remarks and the words, according to written +notes, material facts begin to make their appearance. + +In the Rue Popincourt, in the house of a dealer in bric-Ă -brac, there +were seized seven sheets of gray paper, all folded alike lengthwise and +in four; these sheets enclosed twenty-six squares of this same gray +paper folded in the form of a cartridge, and a card, on which was +written the following:— + +Saltpetre . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ounces. +Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces. +Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces and a half. +Water . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces. + + +The report of the seizure stated that the drawer exhaled a strong smell +of powder. + +A mason returning from his day’s work, left behind him a little package +on a bench near the bridge of Austerlitz. This package was taken to the +police station. It was opened, and in it were found two printed +dialogues, signed _LahautiĂšre_, a song entitled: “Workmen, band +together,” and a tin box full of cartridges. + +One artisan drinking with a comrade made the latter feel him to see how +warm he was; the other man felt a pistol under his waistcoat. + +In a ditch on the boulevard, between PĂšre-Lachaise and the BarriĂšre du +TrĂŽne, at the most deserted spot, some children, while playing, +discovered beneath a mass of shavings and refuse bits of wood, a bag +containing a bullet-mould, a wooden punch for the preparation of +cartridges, a wooden bowl, in which there were grains of +hunting-powder, and a little cast-iron pot whose interior presented +evident traces of melted lead. + +Police agents, making their way suddenly and unexpectedly at five +o’clock in the morning, into the dwelling of a certain Pardon, who was +afterwards a member of the Barricade-Merry section and got himself +killed in the insurrection of April, 1834, found him standing near his +bed, and holding in his hand some cartridges which he was in the act of +preparing. + +Towards the hour when workingmen repose, two men were seen to meet +between the BarriĂšre Picpus and the BarriĂšre Charenton in a little lane +between two walls, near a wine-shop, in front of which there was a “Jeu +de Siam.”33 One drew a pistol from beneath his blouse and handed it to +the other. As he was handing it to him, he noticed that the +perspiration of his chest had made the powder damp. He primed the +pistol and added more powder to what was already in the pan. Then the +two men parted. + +A certain Gallais, afterwards killed in the Rue Beaubourg in the affair +of April, boasted of having in his house seven hundred cartridges and +twenty-four flints. + +The government one day received a warning that arms and two hundred +thousand cartridges had just been distributed in the faubourg. On the +following week thirty thousand cartridges were distributed. The +remarkable point about it was, that the police were not able to seize a +single one. + +An intercepted letter read: “The day is not far distant when, within +four hours by the clock, eighty thousand patriots will be under arms.” + + +All this fermentation was public, one might almost say tranquil. The +approaching insurrection was preparing its storm calmly in the face of +the government. No singularity was lacking to this still subterranean +crisis, which was already perceptible. The bourgeois talked peaceably +to the working-classes of what was in preparation. They said: “How is +the rising coming along?” in the same tone in which they would have +said: “How is your wife?” + + +A furniture-dealer, of the Rue Moreau, inquired: “Well, when are you +going to make the attack?” + + +Another shop-keeper said:— + +“The attack will be made soon.” + + +“I know it. A month ago, there were fifteen thousand of you, now there +are twenty-five thousand.” He offered his gun, and a neighbor offered a +small pistol which he was willing to sell for seven francs. + +Moreover, the revolutionary fever was growing. Not a point in Paris nor +in France was exempt from it. The artery was beating everywhere. Like +those membranes which arise from certain inflammations and form in the +human body, the network of secret societies began to spread all over +the country. From the associations of the Friends of the People, which +was at the same time public and secret, sprang the Society of the +Rights of Man, which also dated from one of the orders of the day: +_PluviĂŽse, Year 40 of the republican era_, which was destined to +survive even the mandate of the Court of Assizes which pronounced its +dissolution, and which did not hesitate to bestow on its sections +significant names like the following:— + +Pikes. +Tocsin. +Signal cannon. +Phrygian cap. +January 21. +The beggars. +The vagabonds. +Forward march. +Robespierre. +Level. +Ça Ira. + + +The Society of the Rights of Man engendered the Society of Action. +These were impatient individuals who broke away and hastened ahead. +Other associations sought to recruit themselves from the great mother +societies. The members of sections complained that they were torn +asunder. Thus, the Gallic Society, and the committee of organization of +the Municipalities. Thus the associations for the liberty of the press, +for individual liberty, for the instruction of the people against +indirect taxes. Then the Society of Equal Workingmen which was divided +into three fractions, the levellers, the communists, the reformers. +Then the Army of the Bastilles, a sort of cohort organized on a +military footing, four men commanded by a corporal, ten by a sergeant, +twenty by a sub-lieutenant, forty by a lieutenant; there were never +more than five men who knew each other. Creation where precaution is +combined with audacity and which seemed stamped with the genius of +Venice. + +The central committee, which was at the head, had two arms, the Society +of Action, and the Army of the Bastilles. + +A legitimist association, the Chevaliers of Fidelity, stirred about +among these the republican affiliations. It was denounced and +repudiated there. + +The Parisian societies had ramifications in the principal cities, +Lyons, Nantes, Lille, Marseilles, and each had its Society of the +Rights of Man, the CharbonniĂšre, and The Free Men. All had a +revolutionary society which was called the Cougourde. We have already +mentioned this word. + +In Paris, the Faubourg Saint-Marceau kept up an equal buzzing with the +Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and the schools were no less moved than the +faubourgs. A cafĂ© in the Rue Saint-Hyacinthe and the wine-shop of the +_Seven Billiards_, Rue des Mathurins-Saint-Jacques, served as rallying +points for the students. The Society of the Friends of the A B C +affiliated to the Mutualists of Angers, and to the Cougourde of Aix, +met, as we have seen, in the CafĂ© Musain. These same young men +assembled also, as we have stated already, in a restaurant wine-shop of +the Rue MondĂ©tour which was called Corinthe. These meetings were +secret. Others were as public as possible, and the reader can judge of +their boldness from these fragments of an interrogatory undergone in +one of the ulterior prosecutions: “Where was this meeting held?” “In +the Rue de la Paix.” “At whose house?” “In the street.” “What sections +were there?” “Only one.” “Which?” “The Manuel section.” “Who was its +leader?” “I.” “You are too young to have decided alone upon the bold +course of attacking the government. Where did your instructions come +from?” “From the central committee.” + + +The army was mined at the same time as the population, as was proved +subsequently by the operations of BĂ©ford, Luneville, and Épinard. They +counted on the fifty-second regiment, on the fifth, on the eighth, on +the thirty-seventh, and on the twentieth light cavalry. In Burgundy and +in the southern towns they planted the liberty tree; that is to say, a +pole surmounted by a red cap. + +Such was the situation. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, more than any other group of the +population, as we stated in the beginning, accentuated this situation +and made it felt. That was the sore point. This old faubourg, peopled +like an ant-hill, laborious, courageous, and angry as a hive of bees, +was quivering with expectation and with the desire for a tumult. +Everything was in a state of agitation there, without any interruption, +however, of the regular work. It is impossible to convey an idea of +this lively yet sombre physiognomy. In this faubourg exists poignant +distress hidden under attic roofs; there also exist rare and ardent +minds. It is particularly in the matter of distress and intelligence +that it is dangerous to have extremes meet. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine had also other causes to tremble; for it +received the counter-shock of commercial crises, of failures, strikes, +slack seasons, all inherent to great political disturbances. In times +of revolution misery is both cause and effect. The blow which it deals +rebounds upon it. This population full of proud virtue, capable to the +highest degree of latent heat, always ready to fly to arms, prompt to +explode, irritated, deep, undermined, seemed to be only awaiting the +fall of a spark. Whenever certain sparks float on the horizon chased by +the wind of events, it is impossible not to think of the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine and of the formidable chance which has placed at the very +gates of Paris that powder-house of suffering and ideas. + +The wine-shops of the _Faubourg Antoine_, which have been more than +once drawn in the sketches which the reader has just perused, possess +historical notoriety. In troublous times people grow intoxicated there +more on words than on wine. A sort of prophetic spirit and an afflatus +of the future circulates there, swelling hearts and enlarging souls. +The cabarets of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine resemble those taverns of +Mont Aventine erected on the cave of the Sibyl and communicating with +the profound and sacred breath; taverns where the tables were almost +tripods, and where was drunk what Ennius calls the _sibylline wine_. + +The Faubourg Saint-Antoine is a reservoir of people. Revolutionary +agitations create fissures there, through which trickles the popular +sovereignty. This sovereignty may do evil; it can be mistaken like any +other; but, even when led astray, it remains great. We may say of it as +of the blind cyclops, _Ingens_. + +In ’93, according as the idea which was floating about was good or +evil, according as it was the day of fanaticism or of enthusiasm, there +leaped forth from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine now savage legions, now +heroic bands. + +Savage. Let us explain this word. When these bristling men, who in the +early days of the revolutionary chaos, tattered, howling, wild, with +uplifted bludgeon, pike on high, hurled themselves upon ancient Paris +in an uproar, what did they want? They wanted an end to oppression, an +end to tyranny, an end to the sword, work for men, instruction for the +child, social sweetness for the woman, liberty, equality, fraternity, +bread for all, the idea for all, the Edenizing of the world. Progress; +and that holy, sweet, and good thing, progress, they claimed in +terrible wise, driven to extremities as they were, half naked, club in +fist, a roar in their mouths. They were savages, yes; but the savages +of civilization. + +They proclaimed right furiously; they were desirous, if only with fear +and trembling, to force the human race to paradise. They seemed +barbarians, and they were saviours. They demanded light with the mask +of night. + +Facing these men, who were ferocious, we admit, and terrifying, but +ferocious and terrifying for good ends, there are other men, smiling, +embroidered, gilded, beribboned, starred, in silk stockings, in white +plumes, in yellow gloves, in varnished shoes, who, with their elbows on +a velvet table, beside a marble chimney-piece, insist gently on +demeanor and the preservation of the past, of the Middle Ages, of +divine right, of fanaticism, of innocence, of slavery, of the death +penalty, of war, glorifying in low tones and with politeness, the +sword, the stake, and the scaffold. For our part, if we were forced to +make a choice between the barbarians of civilization and the civilized +men of barbarism, we should choose the barbarians. + +But, thank Heaven, still another choice is possible. No perpendicular +fall is necessary, in front any more than in the rear. + +Neither despotism nor terrorism. We desire progress with a gentle +slope. + +God takes care of that. God’s whole policy consists in rendering slopes +less steep. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—ENJOLRAS AND HIS LIEUTENANTS + + +It was about this epoch that Enjolras, in view of a possible +catastrophe, instituted a kind of mysterious census. + +All were present at a secret meeting at the CafĂ© Musain. + +Enjolras said, mixing his words with a few half-enigmatical but +significant metaphors:— + +“It is proper that we should know where we stand and on whom we may +count. If combatants are required, they must be provided. It can do no +harm to have something with which to strike. Passers-by always have +more chance of being gored when there are bulls on the road than when +there are none. Let us, therefore, reckon a little on the herd. How +many of us are there? There is no question of postponing this task +until to-morrow. Revolutionists should always be hurried; progress has +no time to lose. Let us mistrust the unexpected. Let us not be caught +unprepared. We must go over all the seams that we have made and see +whether they hold fast. This business ought to be concluded to-day. +Courfeyrac, you will see the polytechnic students. It is their day to +go out. To-day is Wednesday. Feuilly, you will see those of the +GlaciĂšre, will you not? Combeferre has promised me to go to Picpus. +There is a perfect swarm and an excellent one there. Bahorel will visit +the Estrapade. Prouvaire, the masons are growing lukewarm; you will +bring us news from the lodge of the Rue de Grenelle-Saint-HonorĂ©. Joly +will go to Dupuytren’s clinical lecture, and feel the pulse of the +medical school. Bossuet will take a little turn in the court and talk +with the young law licentiates. I will take charge of the Cougourde +myself.” + + +“That arranges everything,” said Courfeyrac. + +“No.” + + +“What else is there?” + + +“A very important thing.” + + +“What is that?” asked Courfeyrac. + +“The BarriĂšre du Maine,” replied Enjolras. + +Enjolras remained for a moment as though absorbed in reflection, then +he resumed:— + +“At the BarriĂšre du Maine there are marble-workers, painters, and +journeymen in the studios of sculptors. They are an enthusiastic +family, but liable to cool off. I don’t know what has been the matter +with them for some time past. They are thinking of something else. They +are becoming extinguished. They pass their time playing dominoes. There +is urgent need that some one should go and talk with them a little, but +with firmness. They meet at Richefeu’s. They are to be found there +between twelve and one o’clock. Those ashes must be fanned into a glow. +For that errand I had counted on that abstracted Marius, who is a good +fellow on the whole, but he no longer comes to us. I need some one for +the BarriĂšre du Maine. I have no one.” + + +“What about me?” said Grantaire. “Here am I.” + + +“You?” + + +“I.” + + +“You indoctrinate republicans! you warm up hearts that have grown cold +in the name of principle!” + + +“Why not?” + + +“Are you good for anything?” + + +“I have a vague ambition in that direction,” said Grantaire. + +“You do not believe in everything.” + + +“I believe in you.” + + +“Grantaire will you do me a service?” + + +“Anything. I’ll black your boots.” + + +“Well, don’t meddle with our affairs. Sleep yourself sober from your +absinthe.” + + +“You are an ingrate, Enjolras.” + + +“You the man to go to the BarriĂšre du Maine! You capable of it!” + + +“I am capable of descending the Rue de GrĂšs, of crossing the Place +Saint-Michel, of sloping through the Rue Monsieur-le-Prince, of taking +the Rue de Vaugirard, of passing the Carmelites, of turning into the +Rue d’Assas, of reaching the Rue du Cherche-Midi, of leaving behind me +the Conseil de Guerre, of pacing the Rue des Vieilles-Tuileries, of +striding across the boulevard, of following the ChaussĂ©e du Maine, of +passing the barrier, and entering Richefeu’s. I am capable of that. My +shoes are capable of that.” + + +“Do you know anything of those comrades who meet at Richefeu’s?” + + +“Not much. We only address each other as _thou_.” + + +“What will you say to them?” + + +“I will speak to them of Robespierre, pardi! Of Danton. Of principles.” + + +“You?” + + +“I. But I don’t receive justice. When I set about it, I am terrible. I +have read Prudhomme, I know the Social Contract, I know my constitution +of the year Two by heart. ‘The liberty of one citizen ends where the +liberty of another citizen begins.’ Do you take me for a brute? I have +an old bank-bill of the Republic in my drawer. The Rights of Man, the +sovereignty of the people, sapristi! I am even a bit of a HĂ©bertist. I +can talk the most superb twaddle for six hours by the clock, watch in +hand.” + + +“Be serious,” said Enjolras. + +“I am wild,” replied Grantaire. + +Enjolras meditated for a few moments, and made the gesture of a man who +has taken a resolution. + +“Grantaire,” he said gravely, “I consent to try you. You shall go to +the BarriĂšre du Maine.” + + +Grantaire lived in furnished lodgings very near the CafĂ© Musain. He +went out, and five minutes later he returned. He had gone home to put +on a Robespierre waistcoat. + +“Red,” said he as he entered, and he looked intently at Enjolras. Then, +with the palm of his energetic hand, he laid the two scarlet points of +the waistcoat across his breast. + +And stepping up to Enjolras, he whispered in his ear:— + +“Be easy.” + + +He jammed his hat on resolutely and departed. + +A quarter of an hour later, the back room of the CafĂ© Musain was +deserted. All the friends of the A B C were gone, each in his own +direction, each to his own task. Enjolras, who had reserved the +Cougourde of Aix for himself, was the last to leave. + +Those members of the Cougourde of Aix who were in Paris then met on the +plain of Issy, in one of the abandoned quarries which are so numerous +in that side of Paris. + +As Enjolras walked towards this place, he passed the whole situation in +review in his own mind. The gravity of events was self-evident. When +facts, the premonitory symptoms of latent social malady, move heavily, +the slightest complication stops and entangles them. A phenomenon +whence arises ruin and new births. Enjolras descried a luminous +uplifting beneath the gloomy skirts of the future. Who knows? Perhaps +the moment was at hand. The people were again taking possession of +right, and what a fine spectacle! The revolution was again majestically +taking possession of France and saying to the world: “The sequel +to-morrow!” Enjolras was content. The furnace was being heated. He had +at that moment a powder train of friends scattered all over Paris. He +composed, in his own mind, with Combeferre’s philosophical and +penetrating eloquence, Feuilly’s cosmopolitan enthusiasm, Courfeyrac’s +dash, Bahorel’s smile, Jean Prouvaire’s melancholy, Joly’s science, +Bossuet’s sarcasms, a sort of electric spark which took fire nearly +everywhere at once. All hands to work. Surely, the result would answer +to the effort. This was well. This made him think of Grantaire. + +“Hold,” said he to himself, “the BarriĂšre du Maine will not take me far +out of my way. What if I were to go on as far as Richefeu’s? Let us +have a look at what Grantaire is about, and see how he is getting on.” + + +One o’clock was striking from the Vaugirard steeple when Enjolras +reached the Richefeu smoking-room. + +He pushed open the door, entered, folded his arms, letting the door +fall to and strike his shoulders, and gazed at that room filled with +tables, men, and smoke. + +A voice broke forth from the mist of smoke, interrupted by another +voice. It was Grantaire holding a dialogue with an adversary. + +Grantaire was sitting opposite another figure, at a marble Saint-Anne +table, strewn with grains of bran and dotted with dominos. He was +hammering the table with his fist, and this is what Enjolras heard:— + +“Double-six.” + + +“Fours.” + + +“The pig! I have no more.” + + +“You are dead. A two.” + + +“Six.” + + +“Three.” + + +“One.” + + +“It’s my move.” + + +“Four points.” + + +“Not much.” + + +“It’s your turn.” + + +“I have made an enormous mistake.” + + +“You are doing well.” + + +“Fifteen.” + + +“Seven more.” + + +“That makes me twenty-two.” [Thoughtfully, “Twenty-two!”] + +“You weren’t expecting that double-six. If I had placed it at the +beginning, the whole play would have been changed.” + + +“A two again.” + + +“One.” + + +“One! Well, five.” + + +“I haven’t any.” + + +“It was your play, I believe?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Blank.” + + +“What luck he has! Ah! You are lucky! [Long reverie.] Two.” + + +“One.” + + +“Neither five nor one. That’s bad for you.” + + +“Domino.” + + +“Plague take it!” + + + + + +BOOK SECOND—ÉPONINE + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LARK’S MEADOW + + +Marius had witnessed the unexpected termination of the ambush upon +whose track he had set Javert; but Javert had no sooner quitted the +building, bearing off his prisoners in three hackney-coaches, than +Marius also glided out of the house. It was only nine o’clock in the +evening. Marius betook himself to Courfeyrac. Courfeyrac was no longer +the imperturbable inhabitant of the Latin Quarter, he had gone to live +in the Rue de la Verrerie “for political reasons”; this quarter was one +where, at that epoch, insurrection liked to install itself. Marius said +to Courfeyrac: “I have come to sleep with you.” Courfeyrac dragged a +mattress off his bed, which was furnished with two, spread it out on +the floor, and said: “There.” + + +At seven o’clock on the following morning, Marius returned to the +hovel, paid the quarter’s rent which he owed to Ma’am Bougon, had his +books, his bed, his table, his commode, and his two chairs loaded on a +hand-cart and went off without leaving his address, so that when Javert +returned in the course of the morning, for the purpose of questioning +Marius as to the events of the preceding evening, he found only Ma’am +Bougon, who answered: “Moved away!” + + +Ma’am Bougon was convinced that Marius was to some extent an accomplice +of the robbers who had been seized the night before. “Who would ever +have said it?” she exclaimed to the portresses of the quarter, “a young +man like that, who had the air of a girl!” + + +Marius had two reasons for this prompt change of residence. The first +was, that he now had a horror of that house, where he had beheld, so +close at hand, and in its most repulsive and most ferocious +development, a social deformity which is, perhaps, even more terrible +than the wicked rich man, the wicked poor man. The second was, that he +did not wish to figure in the lawsuit which would insue in all +probability, and be brought in to testify against ThĂ©nardier. + +Javert thought that the young man, whose name he had forgotten, was +afraid, and had fled, or perhaps, had not even returned home at the +time of the ambush; he made some efforts to find him, however, but +without success. + +A month passed, then another. Marius was still with Courfeyrac. He had +learned from a young licentiate in law, an habitual frequenter of the +courts, that ThĂ©nardier was in close confinement. Every Monday, Marius +had five francs handed in to the clerk’s office of La Force for +ThĂ©nardier. + +As Marius had no longer any money, he borrowed the five francs from +Courfeyrac. It was the first time in his life that he had ever borrowed +money. These periodical five francs were a double riddle to Courfeyrac +who lent and to ThĂ©nardier who received them. “To whom can they go?” +thought Courfeyrac. “Whence can this come to me?” ThĂ©nardier asked +himself. + +Moreover, Marius was heart-broken. Everything had plunged through a +trap-door once more. He no longer saw anything before him; his life was +again buried in mystery where he wandered fumblingly. He had for a +moment beheld very close at hand, in that obscurity, the young girl +whom he loved, the old man who seemed to be her father, those unknown +beings, who were his only interest and his only hope in this world; +and, at the very moment when he thought himself on the point of +grasping them, a gust had swept all these shadows away. Not a spark of +certainty and truth had been emitted even in the most terrible of +collisions. No conjecture was possible. He no longer knew even the name +that he thought he knew. It certainly was not Ursule. And the Lark was +a nickname. And what was he to think of the old man? Was he actually in +hiding from the police? The white-haired workman whom Marius had +encountered in the vicinity of the Invalides recurred to his mind. It +now seemed probable that that workingman and M. Leblanc were one and +the same person. So he disguised himself? That man had his heroic and +his equivocal sides. Why had he not called for help? Why had he fled? +Was he, or was he not, the father of the young girl? Was he, in short, +the man whom ThĂ©nardier thought that he recognized? ThĂ©nardier might +have been mistaken. These formed so many insoluble problems. All this, +it is true, detracted nothing from the angelic charms of the young girl +of the Luxembourg. Heart-rending distress; Marius bore a passion in his +heart, and night over his eyes. He was thrust onward, he was drawn, and +he could not stir. All had vanished, save love. Of love itself he had +lost the instincts and the sudden illuminations. Ordinarily, this flame +which burns us lights us also a little, and casts some useful gleams +without. But Marius no longer even heard these mute counsels of +passion. He never said to himself: “What if I were to go to such a +place? What if I were to try such and such a thing?” The girl whom he +could no longer call Ursule was evidently somewhere; nothing warned +Marius in what direction he should seek her. His whole life was now +summed up in two words; absolute uncertainty within an impenetrable +fog. To see her once again; he still aspired to this, but he no longer +expected it. + +To crown all, his poverty had returned. He felt that icy breath close +to him, on his heels. In the midst of his torments, and long before +this, he had discontinued his work, and nothing is more dangerous than +discontinued work; it is a habit which vanishes. A habit which is easy +to get rid of, and difficult to take up again. + +A certain amount of dreaming is good, like a narcotic in discreet +doses. It lulls to sleep the fevers of the mind at labor, which are +sometimes severe, and produces in the spirit a soft and fresh vapor +which corrects the over-harsh contours of pure thought, fills in gaps +here and there, binds together and rounds off the angles of the ideas. +But too much dreaming sinks and drowns. Woe to the brain-worker who +allows himself to fall entirely from thought into reverie! He thinks +that he can re-ascend with equal ease, and he tells himself that, after +all, it is the same thing. Error! + +Thought is the toil of the intelligence, reverie its voluptuousness. To +replace thought with reverie is to confound a poison with a food. + +Marius had begun in that way, as the reader will remember. Passion had +supervened and had finished the work of precipitating him into chimĂŠras +without object or bottom. One no longer emerges from one’s self except +for the purpose of going off to dream. Idle production. Tumultuous and +stagnant gulf. And, in proportion as labor diminishes, needs increase. +This is a law. Man, in a state of reverie, is generally prodigal and +slack; the unstrung mind cannot hold life within close bounds. + +There is, in that mode of life, good mingled with evil, for if +enervation is baleful, generosity is good and healthful. But the poor +man who is generous and noble, and who does not work, is lost. +Resources are exhausted, needs crop up. + +Fatal declivity down which the most honest and the firmest as well as +the most feeble and most vicious are drawn, and which ends in one of +two holds, suicide or crime. + +By dint of going outdoors to think, the day comes when one goes out to +throw one’s self in the water. + +Excess of reverie breeds men like Escousse and Lebras. + +Marius was descending this declivity at a slow pace, with his eyes +fixed on the girl whom he no longer saw. What we have just written +seems strange, and yet it is true. The memory of an absent being +kindles in the darkness of the heart; the more it has disappeared, the +more it beams; the gloomy and despairing soul sees this light on its +horizon; the star of the inner night. She—that was Marius’ whole +thought. He meditated of nothing else; he was confusedly conscious that +his old coat was becoming an impossible coat, and that his new coat was +growing old, that his shirts were wearing out, that his hat was wearing +out, that his boots were giving out, and he said to himself: “If I +could but see her once again before I die!” + + +One sweet idea alone was left to him, that she had loved him, that her +glance had told him so, that she did not know his name, but that she +did know his soul, and that, wherever she was, however mysterious the +place, she still loved him perhaps. Who knows whether she were not +thinking of him as he was thinking of her? Sometimes, in those +inexplicable hours such as are experienced by every heart that loves, +though he had no reasons for anything but sadness and yet felt an +obscure quiver of joy, he said to himself: “It is her thoughts that are +coming to me!” Then he added: “Perhaps my thoughts reach her also.” + + +This illusion, at which he shook his head a moment later, was +sufficient, nevertheless, to throw beams, which at times resembled +hope, into his soul. From time to time, especially at that evening hour +which is the most depressing to even the dreamy, he allowed the purest, +the most impersonal, the most ideal of the reveries which filled his +brain, to fall upon a notebook which contained nothing else. He called +this “writing to her.” + + +It must not be supposed that his reason was deranged. Quite the +contrary. He had lost the faculty of working and of moving firmly +towards any fixed goal, but he was endowed with more clear-sightedness +and rectitude than ever. Marius surveyed by a calm and real, although +peculiar light, what passed before his eyes, even the most indifferent +deeds and men; he pronounced a just criticism on everything with a sort +of honest dejection and candid disinterestedness. His judgment, which +was almost wholly disassociated from hope, held itself aloof and soared +on high. + +In this state of mind nothing escaped him, nothing deceived him, and +every moment he was discovering the foundation of life, of humanity, +and of destiny. Happy, even in the midst of anguish, is he to whom God +has given a soul worthy of love and of unhappiness! He who has not +viewed the things of this world and the heart of man under this double +light has seen nothing and knows nothing of the true. + +The soul which loves and suffers is in a state of sublimity. + +However, day followed day, and nothing new presented itself. It merely +seemed to him, that the sombre space which still remained to be +traversed by him was growing shorter with every instant. He thought +that he already distinctly perceived the brink of the bottomless abyss. + +“What!” he repeated to himself, “shall I not see her again before +then!” + + +When you have ascended the Rue Saint-Jacques, left the barrier on one +side and followed the old inner boulevard for some distance, you reach +the Rue de la SantĂ©, then the GlaciĂšre, and, a little while before +arriving at the little river of the Gobelins, you come to a sort of +field which is the only spot in the long and monotonous chain of the +boulevards of Paris, where Ruysdael would be tempted to sit down. + +There is something indescribable there which exhales grace, a green +meadow traversed by tightly stretched lines, from which flutter rags +drying in the wind, and an old market-gardener’s house, built in the +time of Louis XIII., with its great roof oddly pierced with dormer +windows, dilapidated palisades, a little water amid poplar-trees, +women, voices, laughter; on the horizon the PanthĂ©on, the pole of the +Deaf-Mutes, the Val-de-GrĂące, black, squat, fantastic, amusing, +magnificent, and in the background, the severe square crests of the +towers of Notre Dame. + +As the place is worth looking at, no one goes thither. Hardly one cart +or wagoner passes in a quarter of an hour. + +It chanced that Marius’ solitary strolls led him to this plot of +ground, near the water. That day, there was a rarity on the boulevard, +a passer-by. Marius, vaguely impressed with the almost savage beauty of +the place, asked this passer-by:—“What is the name of this spot?” + + +The person replied: “It is the Lark’s meadow.” + + +And he added: “It was here that Ulbach killed the shepherdess of Ivry.” + + +But after the word “Lark” Marius heard nothing more. These sudden +congealments in the state of reverie, which a single word suffices to +evoke, do occur. The entire thought is abruptly condensed around an +idea, and it is no longer capable of perceiving anything else. + +The Lark was the appellation which had replaced Ursule in the depths of +Marius’ melancholy.—“Stop,” said he with a sort of unreasoning stupor +peculiar to these mysterious asides, “this is her meadow. I shall know +where she lives now.” + + +It was absurd, but irresistible. + +And every day he returned to that meadow of the Lark. + + + + +CHAPTER II—EMBRYONIC FORMATION OF CRIMES IN THE INCUBATION OF PRISONS + + +Javert’s triumph in the Gorbeau hovel seemed complete, but had not been +so. + +In the first place, and this constituted the principal anxiety, Javert +had not taken the prisoner prisoner. The assassinated man who flees is +more suspicious than the assassin, and it is probable that this +personage, who had been so precious a capture for the ruffians, would +be no less fine a prize for the authorities. + +And then, Montparnasse had escaped Javert. + +Another opportunity of laying hands on that “devil’s dandy” must be +waited for. Montparnasse had, in fact, encountered Éponine as she stood +on the watch under the trees of the boulevard, and had led her off, +preferring to play Nemorin with the daughter rather than Schinderhannes +with the father. It was well that he did so. He was free. As for +Éponine, Javert had caused her to be seized; a mediocre consolation. +Éponine had joined Azelma at Les Madelonettes. + +And finally, on the way from the Gorbeau house to La Force, one of the +principal prisoners, Claquesous, had been lost. It was not known how +this had been effected, the police agents and the sergeants “could not +understand it at all.” He had converted himself into vapor, he had +slipped through the handcuffs, he had trickled through the crevices of +the carriage, the fiacre was cracked, and he had fled; all that they +were able to say was, that on arriving at the prison, there was no +Claquesous. Either the fairies or the police had had a hand in it. Had +Claquesous melted into the shadows like a snow-flake in water? Had +there been unavowed connivance of the police agents? Did this man +belong to the double enigma of order and disorder? Was he concentric +with infraction and repression? Had this sphinx his fore paws in crime +and his hind paws in authority? Javert did not accept such +comminations, and would have bristled up against such compromises; but +his squad included other inspectors besides himself, who were more +initiated than he, perhaps, although they were his subordinates in the +secrets of the Prefecture, and Claquesous had been such a villain that +he might make a very good agent. It is an excellent thing for +ruffianism and an admirable thing for the police to be on such intimate +juggling terms with the night. These double-edged rascals do exist. +However that may be, Claquesous had gone astray and was not found +again. Javert appeared to be more irritated than amazed at this. + +As for Marius, “that booby of a lawyer,” who had probably become +frightened, and whose name Javert had forgotten, Javert attached very +little importance to him. Moreover, a lawyer can be hunted up at any +time. But was he a lawyer after all? + +The investigation had begun. + +The magistrate had thought it advisable not to put one of these men of +the band of Patron Minette in close confinement, in the hope that he +would chatter. This man was Brujon, the long-haired man of the Rue du +Petit-Banquier. He had been let loose in the Charlemagne courtyard, and +the eyes of the watchers were fixed on him. + +This name of Brujon is one of the souvenirs of La Force. In that +hideous courtyard, called the court of the BĂątiment-Neuf (New +Building), which the administration called the court Saint-Bernard, and +which the robbers called the Fosse-aux-Lions (The Lion’s Ditch), on +that wall covered with scales and leprosy, which rose on the left to a +level with the roofs, near an old door of rusty iron which led to the +ancient chapel of the ducal residence of La Force, then turned in a +dormitory for ruffians, there could still be seen, twelve years ago, a +sort of fortress roughly carved in the stone with a nail, and beneath +it this signature:— + +BRUJON, 1811. + +The Brujon of 1811 was the father of the Brujon of 1832. + +The latter, of whom the reader caught but a glimpse at the Gorbeau +house, was a very cunning and very adroit young spark, with a +bewildered and plaintive air. It was in consequence of this plaintive +air that the magistrate had released him, thinking him more useful in +the Charlemagne yard than in close confinement. + +Robbers do not interrupt their profession because they are in the hands +of justice. They do not let themselves be put out by such a trifle as +that. To be in prison for one crime is no reason for not beginning on +another crime. They are artists, who have one picture in the salon, and +who toil, nonetheless, on a new work in their studios. + +Brujon seemed to be stupefied by prison. He could sometimes be seen +standing by the hour together in front of the sutler’s window in the +Charlemagne yard, staring like an idiot at the sordid list of prices +which began with: _garlic_, 62 _centimes_, and ended with: _cigar_, 5 +_centimes_. Or he passed his time in trembling, chattering his teeth, +saying that he had a fever, and inquiring whether one of the eight and +twenty beds in the fever ward was vacant. + +All at once, towards the end of February, 1832, it was discovered that +Brujon, that somnolent fellow, had had three different commissions +executed by the errand-men of the establishment, not under his own +name, but in the name of three of his comrades; and they had cost him +in all fifty sous, an exorbitant outlay which attracted the attention +of the prison corporal. + +Inquiries were instituted, and on consulting the tariff of commissions +posted in the convict’s parlor, it was learned that the fifty sous +could be analyzed as follows: three commissions; one to the PanthĂ©on, +ten sous; one to Val-de-GrĂące, fifteen sous; and one to the BarriĂšre de +Grenelle, twenty-five sous. This last was the dearest of the whole +tariff. Now, at the PanthĂ©on, at the Val-de-GrĂące, and at the BarriĂšre +de Grenelle were situated the domiciles of the three very redoubtable +prowlers of the barriers, Kruideniers, alias Bizarro, Glorieux, an +ex-convict, and Barre-Carosse, upon whom the attention of the police +was directed by this incident. It was thought that these men were +members of Patron Minette; two of those leaders, Babet and Gueulemer, +had been captured. It was supposed that the messages, which had been +addressed, not to houses, but to people who were waiting for them in +the street, must have contained information with regard to some crime +that had been plotted. They were in possession of other indications; +they laid hand on the three prowlers, and supposed that they had +circumvented some one or other of Brujon’s machinations. + +About a week after these measures had been taken, one night, as the +superintendent of the watch, who had been inspecting the lower +dormitory in the BĂątiment-Neuf, was about to drop his chestnut in the +box—this was the means adopted to make sure that the watchmen performed +their duties punctually; every hour a chestnut must be dropped into all +the boxes nailed to the doors of the dormitories—a watchman looked +through the peep-hole of the dormitory and beheld Brujon sitting on his +bed and writing something by the light of the hall-lamp. The guardian +entered, Brujon was put in a solitary cell for a month, but they were +not able to seize what he had written. The police learned nothing +further about it. + +What is certain is, that on the following morning, a “postilion” was +flung from the Charlemagne yard into the Lions’ Ditch, over the +five-story building which separated the two court-yards. + +What prisoners call a “postilion” is a pallet of bread artistically +moulded, which is sent _into Ireland_, that is to say, over the roofs +of a prison, from one courtyard to another. Etymology: over England; +from one land to another; _into Ireland_. This little pellet falls in +the yard. The man who picks it up opens it and finds in it a note +addressed to some prisoner in that yard. If it is a prisoner who finds +the treasure, he forwards the note to its destination; if it is a +keeper, or one of the prisoners secretly sold who are called _sheep_ in +prisons and _foxes_ in the galleys, the note is taken to the office and +handed over to the police. + +On this occasion, the postilion reached its address, although the +person to whom it was addressed was, at that moment, in solitary +confinement. This person was no other than Babet, one of the four heads +of Patron Minette. + +The postilion contained a roll of paper on which only these two lines +were written:— + +“Babet. There is an affair in the Rue Plumet. A gate on a garden.” + + +This is what Brujon had written the night before. + +In spite of male and female searchers, Babet managed to pass the note +on from La Force to the SalpĂȘtriĂšre, to a “good friend” whom he had and +who was shut up there. This woman in turn transmitted the note to +another woman of her acquaintance, a certain Magnon, who was strongly +suspected by the police, though not yet arrested. This Magnon, whose +name the reader has already seen, had relations with the ThĂ©nardier, +which will be described in detail later on, and she could, by going to +see Éponine, serve as a bridge between the SalpĂȘtriĂšre and Les +Madelonettes. + +It happened, that at precisely that moment, as proofs were wanting in +the investigation directed against ThĂ©nardier in the matter of his +daughters, Éponine and Azelma were released. When Éponine came out, +Magnon, who was watching the gate of the Madelonettes, handed her +Brujon’s note to Babet, charging her to look into the matter. + +Éponine went to the Rue Plumet, recognized the gate and the garden, +observed the house, spied, lurked, and, a few days later, brought to +Magnon, who delivers in the Rue Clocheperce, a biscuit, which Magnon +transmitted to Babet’s mistress in the SalpĂȘtriĂšre. A biscuit, in the +shady symbolism of prisons, signifies: Nothing to be done. + +So that in less than a week from that time, as Brujon and Babet met in +the circle of La Force, the one on his way to the examination, the +other on his way from it:— + +“Well?” asked Brujon, “the Rue P.?” + + +“Biscuit,” replied Babet. Thus did the fƓtus of crime engendered by +Brujon in La Force miscarry. + +This miscarriage had its consequences, however, which were perfectly +distinct from Brujon’s programme. The reader will see what they were. + +Often when we think we are knotting one thread, we are tying quite +another. + + + + +CHAPTER III—APPARITION TO FATHER MABEUF + + +Marius no longer went to see any one, but he sometimes encountered +Father Mabeuf by chance. + +While Marius was slowly descending those melancholy steps which may be +called the cellar stairs, and which lead to places without light, where +the happy can be heard walking overhead, M. Mabeuf was descending on +his side. + +The _Flora of Cauteretz_ no longer sold at all. The experiments on +indigo had not been successful in the little garden of Austerlitz, +which had a bad exposure. M. Mabeuf could cultivate there only a few +plants which love shade and dampness. Nevertheless, he did not become +discouraged. He had obtained a corner in the Jardin des Plantes, with a +good exposure, to make his trials with indigo “at his own expense.” For +this purpose he had pawned his copperplates of the _Flora_. He had +reduced his breakfast to two eggs, and he left one of these for his old +servant, to whom he had paid no wages for the last fifteen months. And +often his breakfast was his only meal. He no longer smiled with his +infantile smile, he had grown morose and no longer received visitors. +Marius did well not to dream of going thither. Sometimes, at the hour +when M. Mabeuf was on his way to the Jardin des Plantes, the old man +and the young man passed each other on the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital. They +did not speak, and only exchanged a melancholy sign of the head. A +heart-breaking thing it is that there comes a moment when misery looses +bonds! Two men who have been friends become two chance passers-by. + +Royol the bookseller was dead. M. Mabeuf no longer knew his books, his +garden, or his indigo: these were the three forms which happiness, +pleasure, and hope had assumed for him. This sufficed him for his +living. He said to himself: “When I shall have made my balls of +blueing, I shall be rich, I will withdraw my copperplates from the +pawn-shop, I will put my _Flora_ in vogue again with trickery, plenty +of money and advertisements in the newspapers and I will buy, I know +well where, a copy of Pierre de MĂ©dine’s _Art de Naviguer_, with +wood-cuts, edition of 1655.” In the meantime, he toiled all day over +his plot of indigo, and at night he returned home to water his garden, +and to read his books. At that epoch, M. Mabeuf was nearly eighty years +of age. + +One evening he had a singular apparition. + +He had returned home while it was still broad daylight. Mother +Plutarque, whose health was declining, was ill and in bed. He had dined +on a bone, on which a little meat lingered, and a bit of bread that he +had found on the kitchen table, and had seated himself on an overturned +stone post, which took the place of a bench in his garden. + +Near this bench there rose, after the fashion in orchard-gardens, a +sort of large chest, of beams and planks, much dilapidated, a +rabbit-hutch on the ground floor, a fruit-closet on the first. There +was nothing in the hutch, but there were a few apples in the +fruit-closet,—the remains of the winter’s provision. + +M. Mabeuf had set himself to turning over and reading, with the aid of +his glasses, two books of which he was passionately fond and in which, +a serious thing at his age, he was interested. His natural timidity +rendered him accessible to the acceptance of superstitions in a certain +degree. The first of these books was the famous treatise of President +Delancre, _De l’Inconstance des DĂ©mons_; the other was a quarto by +Mutor de la RubaudiĂšre, _Sur les Diables de Vauvert et les Gobelins de +la BiĂšvre_. This last-mentioned old volume interested him all the more, +because his garden had been one of the spots haunted by goblins in +former times. The twilight had begun to whiten what was on high and to +blacken all below. As he read, over the top of the book which he held +in his hand, Father Mabeuf was surveying his plants, and among others a +magnificent rhododendron which was one of his consolations; four days +of heat, wind, and sun without a drop of rain, had passed; the stalks +were bending, the buds drooping, the leaves falling; all this needed +water, the rhododendron was particularly sad. Father Mabeuf was one of +those persons for whom plants have souls. The old man had toiled all +day over his indigo plot, he was worn out with fatigue, but he rose, +laid his books on the bench, and walked, all bent over and with +tottering footsteps, to the well, but when he had grasped the chain, he +could not even draw it sufficiently to unhook it. Then he turned round +and cast a glance of anguish toward heaven which was becoming studded +with stars. + +The evening had that serenity which overwhelms the troubles of man +beneath an indescribably mournful and eternal joy. The night promised +to be as arid as the day had been. + +“Stars everywhere!” thought the old man; “not the tiniest cloud! Not a +drop of water!” + + +And his head, which had been upraised for a moment, fell back upon his +breast. + +He raised it again, and once more looked at the sky, murmuring:— + +“A tear of dew! A little pity!” + + +He tried again to unhook the chain of the well, and could not. + +At that moment, he heard a voice saying:— + +“Father Mabeuf, would you like to have me water your garden for you?” + + +At the same time, a noise as of a wild animal passing became audible in +the hedge, and he beheld emerging from the shrubbery a sort of tall, +slender girl, who drew herself up in front of him and stared boldly at +him. She had less the air of a human being than of a form which had +just blossomed forth from the twilight. + +Before Father Mabeuf, who was easily terrified, and who was, as we have +said, quick to take alarm, was able to reply by a single syllable, this +being, whose movements had a sort of odd abruptness in the darkness, +had unhooked the chain, plunged in and withdrawn the bucket, and filled +the watering-pot, and the goodman beheld this apparition, which had +bare feet and a tattered petticoat, running about among the flower-beds +distributing life around her. The sound of the watering-pot on the +leaves filled Father Mabeuf’s soul with ecstasy. It seemed to him that +the rhododendron was happy now. + +The first bucketful emptied, the girl drew a second, then a third. She +watered the whole garden. + +There was something about her, as she thus ran about among paths, where +her outline appeared perfectly black, waving her angular arms, and with +her fichu all in rags, that resembled a bat. + +When she had finished, Father Mabeuf approached her with tears in his +eyes, and laid his hand on her brow. + +“God will bless you,” said he, “you are an angel since you take care of +the flowers.” + + +“No,” she replied. “I am the devil, but that’s all the same to me.” + + +The old man exclaimed, without either waiting for or hearing her +response:— + +“What a pity that I am so unhappy and so poor, and that I can do +nothing for you!” + + +“You can do something,” said she. + +“What?” + + +“Tell me where M. Marius lives.” + + +The old man did not understand. “What Monsieur Marius?” + + +He raised his glassy eyes and seemed to be seeking something that had +vanished. + +“A young man who used to come here.” + + +In the meantime, M. Mabeuf had searched his memory. + +“Ah! yes—” he exclaimed. “I know what you mean. Wait! Monsieur +Marius—the Baron Marius Pontmercy, parbleu! He lives,—or rather, he no +longer lives,—ah well, I don’t know.” + + +As he spoke, he had bent over to train a branch of rhododendron, and he +continued:— + +“Hold, I know now. He very often passes along the boulevard, and goes +in the direction of the GlaciĂšre, Rue Croulebarbe. The meadow of the +Lark. Go there. It is not hard to meet him.” + + +When M. Mabeuf straightened himself up, there was no longer any one +there; the girl had disappeared. + +He was decidedly terrified. + +“Really,” he thought, “if my garden had not been watered, I should +think that she was a spirit.” + + +An hour later, when he was in bed, it came back to him, and as he fell +asleep, at that confused moment when thought, like that fabulous bird +which changes itself into a fish in order to cross the sea, little by +little assumes the form of a dream in order to traverse slumber, he +said to himself in a bewildered way:— + +“In sooth, that greatly resembles what RubaudiĂšre narrates of the +goblins. Could it have been a goblin?” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AN APPARITION TO MARIUS + + +Some days after this visit of a “spirit” to Farmer Mabeuf, one +morning,—it was on a Monday, the day when Marius borrowed the +hundred-sou piece from Courfeyrac for ThĂ©nardier—Marius had put this +coin in his pocket, and before carrying it to the clerk’s office, he +had gone “to take a little stroll,” in the hope that this would make +him work on his return. It was always thus, however. As soon as he +rose, he seated himself before a book and a sheet of paper in order to +scribble some translation; his task at that epoch consisted in turning +into French a celebrated quarrel between Germans, the Gans and Savigny +controversy; he took Savigny, he took Gans, read four lines, tried to +write one, could not, saw a star between him and his paper, and rose +from his chair, saying: “I shall go out. That will put me in spirits.” + + +And off he went to the Lark’s meadow. + +There he beheld more than ever the star, and less than ever Savigny and +Gans. + +He returned home, tried to take up his work again, and did not succeed; +there was no means of re-knotting a single one of the threads which +were broken in his brain; then he said to himself: “I will not go out +to-morrow. It prevents my working.” And he went out every day. + +He lived in the Lark’s meadow more than in Courfeyrac’s lodgings. That +was his real address: Boulevard de la SantĂ©, at the seventh tree from +the Rue Croulebarbe. + +That morning he had quitted the seventh tree and had seated himself on +the parapet of the River des Gobelins. A cheerful sunlight penetrated +the freshly unfolded and luminous leaves. + +He was dreaming of “Her.” And his meditation turning to a reproach, +fell back upon himself; he reflected dolefully on his idleness, his +paralysis of soul, which was gaining on him, and of that night which +was growing more dense every moment before him, to such a point that he +no longer even saw the sun. + +Nevertheless, athwart this painful extrication of indistinct ideas +which was not even a monologue, so feeble had action become in him, and +he had no longer the force to care to despair, athwart this melancholy +absorption, sensations from without did reach him. He heard behind him, +beneath him, on both banks of the river, the laundresses of the +Gobelins beating their linen, and above his head, the birds chattering +and singing in the elm-trees. On the one hand, the sound of liberty, +the careless happiness of the leisure which has wings; on the other, +the sound of toil. What caused him to meditate deeply, and almost +reflect, were two cheerful sounds. + +All at once, in the midst of his dejected ecstasy, he heard a familiar +voice saying:— + +“Come! Here he is!” + + +He raised his eyes, and recognized that wretched child who had come to +him one morning, the elder of the ThĂ©nardier daughters, Éponine; he +knew her name now. Strange to say, she had grown poorer and prettier, +two steps which it had not seemed within her power to take. She had +accomplished a double progress, towards the light and towards distress. +She was barefooted and in rags, as on the day when she had so +resolutely entered his chamber, only her rags were two months older +now, the holes were larger, the tatters more sordid. It was the same +harsh voice, the same brow dimmed and wrinkled with tan, the same free, +wild, and vacillating glance. She had besides, more than formerly, in +her face that indescribably terrified and lamentable something which +sojourn in a prison adds to wretchedness. + +She had bits of straw and hay in her hair, not like Ophelia through +having gone mad from the contagion of Hamlet’s madness, but because she +had slept in the loft of some stable. + +And in spite of it all, she was beautiful. What a star art thou, O +youth! + +In the meantime, she had halted in front of Marius with a trace of joy +in her livid countenance, and something which resembled a smile. + +She stood for several moments as though incapable of speech. + +“So I have met you at last!” she said at length. “Father Mabeuf was +right, it was on this boulevard! How I have hunted for you! If you only +knew! Do you know? I have been in the jug. A fortnight! They let me +out! seeing that there was nothing against me, and that, moreover, I +had not reached years of discretion. I lack two months of it. Oh! how I +have hunted for you! These six weeks! So you don’t live down there any +more?” + + +“No,” said Marius. + +“Ah! I understand. Because of that affair. Those take-downs are +disagreeable. You cleared out. Come now! Why do you wear old hats like +this! A young man like you ought to have fine clothes. Do you know, +Monsieur Marius, Father Mabeuf calls you Baron Marius, I don’t know +what. It isn’t true that you are a baron? Barons are old fellows, they +go to the Luxembourg, in front of the chĂąteau, where there is the most +sun, and they read the _Quotidienne_ for a sou. I once carried a letter +to a baron of that sort. He was over a hundred years old. Say, where do +you live now?” + + +Marius made no reply. + +“Ah!” she went on, “you have a hole in your shirt. I must sew it up for +you.” + + +She resumed with an expression which gradually clouded over:— + +“You don’t seem glad to see me.” + + +Marius held his peace; she remained silent for a moment, then +exclaimed:— + +“But if I choose, nevertheless, I could force you to look glad!” + + +“What?” demanded Marius. “What do you mean?” + + +“Ah! you used to call me _thou_,” she retorted. + +“Well, then, what dost thou mean?” + + +She bit her lips; she seemed to hesitate, as though a prey to some sort +of inward conflict. At last she appeared to come to a decision. + +“So much the worse, I don’t care. You have a melancholy air, I want you +to be pleased. Only promise me that you will smile. I want to see you +smile and hear you say: ‘Ah, well, that’s good.’ Poor Mr. Marius! you +know? You promised me that you would give me anything I like—” + + +“Yes! Only speak!” + + +She looked Marius full in the eye, and said:— + +“I have the address.” + + +Marius turned pale. All the blood flowed back to his heart. + +“What address?” + + +“The address that you asked me to get!” + + +She added, as though with an effort:— + +“The address—you know very well!” + + +“Yes!” stammered Marius. + +“Of that young lady.” + + +This word uttered, she sighed deeply. + +Marius sprang from the parapet on which he had been sitting and seized +her hand distractedly. + +“Oh! Well! lead me thither! Tell me! Ask of me anything you wish! Where +is it?” + + +“Come with me,” she responded. “I don’t know the street or number very +well; it is in quite the other direction from here, but I know the +house well, I will take you to it.” + + +She withdrew her hand and went on, in a tone which could have rent the +heart of an observer, but which did not even graze Marius in his +intoxicated and ecstatic state:— + +“Oh! how glad you are!” + + +A cloud swept across Marius’ brow. He seized Éponine by the arm:— + +“Swear one thing to me!” + + +“Swear!” said she, “what does that mean? Come! You want me to swear?” + + +And she laughed. + +“Your father! promise me, Éponine! Swear to me that you will not give +this address to your father!” + + +She turned to him with a stupefied air. + +“Éponine! How do you know that my name is Éponine?” + + +“Promise what I tell you!” + + +But she did not seem to hear him. + +“That’s nice! You have called me Éponine!” + + +Marius grasped both her arms at once. + +“But answer me, in the name of Heaven! pay attention to what I am +saying to you, swear to me that you will not tell your father this +address that you know!” + + +“My father!” said she. “Ah yes, my father! Be at ease. He’s in close +confinement. Besides, what do I care for my father!” + + +“But you do not promise me!” exclaimed Marius. + +“Let go of me!” she said, bursting into a laugh, “how you do shake me! +Yes! Yes! I promise that! I swear that to you! What is that to me? I +will not tell my father the address. There! Is that right? Is that it?” + + +“Nor to any one?” said Marius. + +“Nor to any one.” + + +“Now,” resumed Marius, “take me there.” + + +“Immediately?” + + +“Immediately.” + + +“Come along. Ah! how pleased he is!” said she. + +After a few steps she halted. + +“You are following me too closely, Monsieur Marius. Let me go on ahead, +and follow me so, without seeming to do it. A nice young man like you +must not be seen with a woman like me.” + + +No tongue can express all that lay in that word, _woman_, thus +pronounced by that child. + +She proceeded a dozen paces and then halted once more; Marius joined +her. She addressed him sideways, and without turning towards him:— + +“By the way, you know that you promised me something?” + + +Marius fumbled in his pocket. All that he owned in the world was the +five francs intended for ThĂ©nardier the father. He took them and laid +them in Éponine’s hand. + +She opened her fingers and let the coin fall to the ground, and gazed +at him with a gloomy air. + +“I don’t want your money,” said she. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—THE HOUSE IN THE RUE PLUMET + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE HOUSE WITH A SECRET + + +About the middle of the last century, a chief justice in the Parliament +of Paris having a mistress and concealing the fact, for at that period +the grand seignors displayed their mistresses, and the bourgeois +concealed them, had “a little house” built in the Faubourg +Saint-Germain, in the deserted Rue Blomet, which is now called Rue +Plumet, not far from the spot which was then designated as _Combat des +Animaux_. + +This house was composed of a single-storied pavilion; two rooms on the +ground floor, two chambers on the first floor, a kitchen downstairs, a +boudoir upstairs, an attic under the roof, the whole preceded by a +garden with a large gate opening on the street. This garden was about +an acre and a half in extent. This was all that could be seen by +passers-by; but behind the pavilion there was a narrow courtyard, and +at the end of the courtyard a low building consisting of two rooms and +a cellar, a sort of preparation destined to conceal a child and nurse +in case of need. This building communicated in the rear by a masked +door which opened by a secret spring, with a long, narrow, paved +winding corridor, open to the sky, hemmed in with two lofty walls, +which, hidden with wonderful art, and lost as it were between garden +enclosures and cultivated land, all of whose angles and detours it +followed, ended in another door, also with a secret lock which opened a +quarter of a league away, almost in another quarter, at the solitary +extremity of the Rue du Babylone. + +Through this the chief justice entered, so that even those who were +spying on him and following him would merely have observed that the +justice betook himself every day in a mysterious way somewhere, and +would never have suspected that to go to the Rue de Babylone was to go +to the Rue Blomet. Thanks to clever purchasers of land, the magistrate +had been able to make a secret, sewer-like passage on his own property, +and consequently, without interference. Later on, he had sold in little +parcels, for gardens and market gardens, the lots of ground adjoining +the corridor, and the proprietors of these lots on both sides thought +they had a party wall before their eyes, and did not even suspect the +long, paved ribbon winding between two walls amid their flower-beds and +their orchards. Only the birds beheld this curiosity. It is probable +that the linnets and tomtits of the last century gossiped a great deal +about the chief justice. + +The pavilion, built of stone in the taste of Mansard, wainscoted and +furnished in the Watteau style, rocaille on the inside, old-fashioned +on the outside, walled in with a triple hedge of flowers, had something +discreet, coquettish, and solemn about it, as befits a caprice of love +and magistracy. + +This house and corridor, which have now disappeared, were in existence +fifteen years ago. In ’93 a coppersmith had purchased the house with +the idea of demolishing it, but had not been able to pay the price; the +nation made him bankrupt. So that it was the house which demolished the +coppersmith. After that, the house remained uninhabited, and fell +slowly to ruin, as does every dwelling to which the presence of man +does not communicate life. It had remained fitted with its old +furniture, was always for sale or to let, and the ten or a dozen people +who passed through the Rue Plumet were warned of the fact by a yellow +and illegible bit of writing which had hung on the garden wall since +1819. + +Towards the end of the Restoration, these same passers-by might have +noticed that the bill had disappeared, and even that the shutters on +the first floor were open. The house was occupied, in fact. The windows +had short curtains, a sign that there was a woman about. + +In the month of October, 1829, a man of a certain age had presented +himself and had hired the house just as it stood, including, of course, +the back building and the lane which ended in the Rue de Babylone. He +had had the secret openings of the two doors to this passage repaired. +The house, as we have just mentioned, was still very nearly furnished +with the justice’s old fitting; the new tenant had ordered some +repairs, had added what was lacking here and there, had replaced the +paving-stones in the yard, bricks in the floors, steps in the stairs, +missing bits in the inlaid floors and the glass in the lattice windows, +and had finally installed himself there with a young girl and an +elderly maid-servant, without commotion, rather like a person who is +slipping in than like a man who is entering his own house. The +neighbors did not gossip about him, for the reason that there were no +neighbors. + +This unobtrusive tenant was Jean Valjean, the young girl was Cosette. +The servant was a woman named Toussaint, whom Jean Valjean had saved +from the hospital and from wretchedness, and who was elderly, a +stammerer, and from the provinces, three qualities which had decided +Jean Valjean to take her with him. He had hired the house under the +name of M. Fauchelevent, independent gentleman. In all that has been +related heretofore, the reader has, doubtless, been no less prompt than +ThĂ©nardier to recognize Jean Valjean. + +Why had Jean Valjean quitted the convent of the Petit-Picpus? What had +happened? + +Nothing had happened. + +It will be remembered that Jean Valjean was happy in the convent, so +happy that his conscience finally took the alarm. He saw Cosette every +day, he felt paternity spring up and develop within him more and more, +he brooded over the soul of that child, he said to himself that she was +his, that nothing could take her from him, that this would last +indefinitely, that she would certainly become a nun, being thereto +gently incited every day, that thus the convent was henceforth the +universe for her as it was for him, that he should grow old there, and +that she would grow up there, that she would grow old there, and that +he should die there; that, in short, delightful hope, no separation was +possible. On reflecting upon this, he fell into perplexity. He +interrogated himself. He asked himself if all that happiness were +really his, if it were not composed of the happiness of another, of the +happiness of that child which he, an old man, was confiscating and +stealing; if that were not theft? He said to himself, that this child +had a right to know life before renouncing it, that to deprive her in +advance, and in some sort without consulting her, of all joys, under +the pretext of saving her from all trials, to take advantage of her +ignorance of her isolation, in order to make an artificial vocation +germinate in her, was to rob a human creature of its nature and to lie +to God. And who knows if, when she came to be aware of all this some +day, and found herself a nun to her sorrow, Cosette would not come to +hate him? A last, almost selfish thought, and less heroic than the +rest, but which was intolerable to him. He resolved to quit the +convent. + +He resolved on this; he recognized with anguish, the fact that it was +necessary. As for objections, there were none. Five years’ sojourn +between these four walls and of disappearance had necessarily destroyed +or dispersed the elements of fear. He could return tranquilly among +men. He had grown old, and all had undergone a change. Who would +recognize him now? And then, to face the worst, there was danger only +for himself, and he had no right to condemn Cosette to the cloister for +the reason that he had been condemned to the galleys. Besides, what is +danger in comparison with the right? Finally, nothing prevented his +being prudent and taking his precautions. + +As for Cosette’s education, it was almost finished and complete. + +His determination once taken, he awaited an opportunity. It was not +long in presenting itself. Old Fauchelevent died. + +Jean Valjean demanded an audience with the revered prioress and told +her that, having come into a little inheritance at the death of his +brother, which permitted him henceforth to live without working, he +should leave the service of the convent and take his daughter with him; +but that, as it was not just that Cosette, since she had not taken the +vows, should have received her education gratuitously, he humbly begged +the Reverend Prioress to see fit that he should offer to the community, +as indemnity, for the five years which Cosette had spent there, the sum +of five thousand francs. + +It was thus that Jean Valjean quitted the convent of the Perpetual +Adoration. + +On leaving the convent, he took in his own arms the little valise the +key to which he still wore on his person, and would permit no porter to +touch it. This puzzled Cosette, because of the odor of embalming which +proceeded from it. + +Let us state at once, that this trunk never quitted him more. He always +had it in his chamber. It was the first and only thing sometimes, that +he carried off in his moving when he moved about. Cosette laughed at +it, and called this valise his _inseparable_, saying: “I am jealous of +it.” + + +Nevertheless, Jean Valjean did not reappear in the open air without +profound anxiety. + +He discovered the house in the Rue Plumet, and hid himself from sight +there. Henceforth he was in the possession of the name:—Ultime +Fauchelevent. + +At the same time he hired two other apartments in Paris, in order that +he might attract less attention than if he were to remain always in the +same quarter, and so that he could, at need, take himself off at the +slightest disquietude which should assail him, and in short, so that he +might not again be caught unprovided as on the night when he had so +miraculously escaped from Javert. These two apartments were very +pitiable, poor in appearance, and in two quarters which were far remote +from each other, the one in the Rue de l’Ouest, the other in the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +He went from time to time, now to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, now to the +Rue de l’Ouest, to pass a month or six weeks, without taking Toussaint. +He had himself served by the porters, and gave himself out as a +gentleman from the suburbs, living on his funds, and having a little +temporary resting-place in town. This lofty virtue had three domiciles +in Paris for the sake of escaping from the police. + + + + +CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN AS A NATIONAL GUARD + + +However, properly speaking, he lived in the Rue Plumet, and he had +arranged his existence there in the following fashion:— + +Cosette and the servant occupied the pavilion; she had the big +sleeping-room with the painted pier-glasses, the boudoir with the +gilded fillets, the justice’s drawing-room furnished with tapestries +and vast armchairs; she had the garden. Jean Valjean had a canopied bed +of antique damask in three colors and a beautiful Persian rug purchased +in the Rue du Figuier-Saint-Paul at Mother Gaucher’s, put into +Cosette’s chamber, and, in order to redeem the severity of these +magnificent old things, he had amalgamated with this bric-Ă -brac all +the gay and graceful little pieces of furniture suitable to young +girls, an Ă©tagĂšre, a bookcase filled with gilt-edged books, an +inkstand, a blotting-book, paper, a work-table incrusted with mother of +pearl, a silver-gilt dressing-case, a toilet service in Japanese +porcelain. Long damask curtains with a red foundation and three colors, +like those on the bed, hung at the windows of the first floor. On the +ground floor, the curtains were of tapestry. All winter long, Cosette’s +little house was heated from top to bottom. Jean Valjean inhabited the +sort of porter’s lodge which was situated at the end of the back +courtyard, with a mattress on a folding-bed, a white wood table, two +straw chairs, an earthenware water-jug, a few old volumes on a shelf, +his beloved valise in one corner, and never any fire. He dined with +Cosette, and he had a loaf of black bread on the table for his own use. + +When Toussaint came, he had said to her: “It is the young lady who is +the mistress of this house.”—“And you, monsieur?” Toussaint replied in +amazement.—“I am a much better thing than the master, I am the father.” + + +Cosette had been taught housekeeping in the convent, and she regulated +their expenditure, which was very modest. Every day, Jean Valjean put +his arm through Cosette’s and took her for a walk. He led her to the +Luxembourg, to the least frequented walk, and every Sunday he took her +to mass at Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, because that was a long way off. +As it was a very poor quarter, he bestowed alms largely there, and the +poor people surrounded him in church, which had drawn down upon him +ThĂ©nardier’s epistle: “To the benevolent gentleman of the church of +Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas.” He was fond of taking Cosette to visit the +poor and the sick. No stranger ever entered the house in the Rue +Plumet. Toussaint brought their provisions, and Jean Valjean went +himself for water to a fountain nearby on the boulevard. Their wood and +wine were put into a half-subterranean hollow lined with rock-work +which lay near the Rue de Babylone and which had formerly served the +chief-justice as a grotto; for at the epoch of follies and “Little +Houses” no love was without a grotto. + +In the door opening on the Rue de Babylone, there was a box destined +for the reception of letters and papers; only, as the three inhabitants +of the pavilion in the Rue Plumet received neither papers nor letters, +the entire usefulness of that box, formerly the go-between of a love +affair, and the confidant of a love-lorn lawyer, was now limited to the +tax-collector’s notices, and the summons of the guard. For M. +Fauchelevent, independent gentleman, belonged to the national guard; he +had not been able to escape through the fine meshes of the census of +1831. The municipal information collected at that time had even reached +the convent of the Petit-Picpus, a sort of impenetrable and holy cloud, +whence Jean Valjean had emerged in venerable guise, and, consequently, +worthy of mounting guard in the eyes of the town-hall. + +Three or four times a year, Jean Valjean donned his uniform and mounted +guard; he did this willingly, however; it was a correct disguise which +mixed him with every one, and yet left him solitary. Jean Valjean had +just attained his sixtieth birthday, the age of legal exemption; but he +did not appear to be over fifty; moreover, he had no desire to escape +his sergeant-major nor to quibble with Comte de Lobau; he possessed no +civil status, he was concealing his name, he was concealing his +identity, so he concealed his age, he concealed everything; and, as we +have just said, he willingly did his duty as a national guard; the sum +of his ambition lay in resembling any other man who paid his taxes. +This man had for his ideal, within, the angel, without, the bourgeois. + +Let us note one detail, however; when Jean Valjean went out with +Cosette, he dressed as the reader has already seen, and had the air of +a retired officer. When he went out alone, which was generally at +night, he was always dressed in a workingman’s trousers and blouse, and +wore a cap which concealed his face. Was this precaution or humility? +Both. Cosette was accustomed to the enigmatical side of her destiny, +and hardly noticed her father’s peculiarities. As for Toussaint, she +venerated Jean Valjean, and thought everything he did right. + +One day, her butcher, who had caught a glimpse of Jean Valjean, said to +her: “That’s a queer fish.” She replied: “He’s a saint.” + + +Neither Jean Valjean nor Cosette nor Toussaint ever entered or emerged +except by the door on the Rue de Babylone. Unless seen through the +garden gate it would have been difficult to guess that they lived in +the Rue Plumet. That gate was always closed. Jean Valjean had left the +garden uncultivated, in order not to attract attention. + +In this, possibly, he made a mistake. + + + + +CHAPTER III—FOLIIS AC FRONDIBUS + + +The garden thus left to itself for more than half a century had become +extraordinary and charming. The passers-by of forty years ago halted to +gaze at it, without a suspicion of the secrets which it hid in its +fresh and verdant depths. More than one dreamer of that epoch often +allowed his thoughts and his eyes to penetrate indiscreetly between the +bars of that ancient, padlocked gate, twisted, tottering, fastened to +two green and moss-covered pillars, and oddly crowned with a pediment +of undecipherable arabesque. + +There was a stone bench in one corner, one or two mouldy statues, +several lattices which had lost their nails with time, were rotting on +the wall, and there were no walks nor turf; but there was enough grass +everywhere. Gardening had taken its departure, and nature had returned. +Weeds abounded, which was a great piece of luck for a poor corner of +land. The festival of gilliflowers was something splendid. Nothing in +this garden obstructed the sacred effort of things towards life; +venerable growth reigned there among them. The trees had bent over +towards the nettles, the plant had sprung upward, the branch had +inclined, that which crawls on the earth had gone in search of that +which expands in the air, that which floats on the wind had bent over +towards that which trails in the moss; trunks, boughs, leaves, fibres, +clusters, tendrils, shoots, spines, thorns, had mingled, crossed, +married, confounded themselves in each other; vegetation in a deep and +close embrace, had celebrated and accomplished there, under the +well-pleased eye of the Creator, in that enclosure three hundred feet +square, the holy mystery of fraternity, symbol of the human fraternity. +This garden was no longer a garden, it was a colossal thicket, that is +to say, something as impenetrable as a forest, as peopled as a city, +quivering like a nest, sombre like a cathedral, fragrant like a +bouquet, solitary as a tomb, living as a throng. + +In FlorĂ©al34 this enormous thicket, free behind its gate and within its +four walls, entered upon the secret labor of germination, quivered in +the rising sun, almost like an animal which drinks in the breaths of +cosmic love, and which feels the sap of April rising and boiling in its +veins, and shakes to the wind its enormous wonderful green locks, +sprinkled on the damp earth, on the defaced statues, on the crumbling +steps of the pavilion, and even on the pavement of the deserted street, +flowers like stars, dew like pearls, fecundity, beauty, life, joy, +perfumes. At midday, a thousand white butterflies took refuge there, +and it was a divine spectacle to see that living summer snow whirling +about there in flakes amid the shade. There, in those gay shadows of +verdure, a throng of innocent voices spoke sweetly to the soul, and +what the twittering forgot to say the humming completed. In the +evening, a dreamy vapor exhaled from the garden and enveloped it; a +shroud of mist, a calm and celestial sadness covered it; the +intoxicating perfume of the honeysuckles and convolvulus poured out +from every part of it, like an exquisite and subtle poison; the last +appeals of the woodpeckers and the wagtails were audible as they dozed +among the branches; one felt the sacred intimacy of the birds and the +trees; by day the wings rejoice the leaves, by night the leaves protect +the wings. + +In winter the thicket was black, dripping, bristling, shivering, and +allowed some glimpse of the house. Instead of flowers on the branches +and dew in the flowers, the long silvery tracks of the snails were +visible on the cold, thick carpet of yellow leaves; but in any fashion, +under any aspect, at all seasons, spring, winter, summer, autumn, this +tiny enclosure breathed forth melancholy, contemplation, solitude, +liberty, the absence of man, the presence of God; and the rusty old +gate had the air of saying: “This garden belongs to me.” + + +It was of no avail that the pavements of Paris were there on every +side, the classic and splendid hotels of the Rue de Varennes a couple +of paces away, the dome of the Invalides close at hand, the Chamber of +Deputies not far off; the carriages of the Rue de Bourgogne and of the +Rue Saint-Dominique rumbled luxuriously, in vain, in the vicinity, in +vain did the yellow, brown, white, and red omnibuses cross each other’s +course at the neighboring crossroads; the Rue Plumet was the desert; +and the death of the former proprietors, the revolution which had +passed over it, the crumbling away of ancient fortunes, absence, +forgetfulness, forty years of abandonment and widowhood, had sufficed +to restore to this privileged spot ferns, mulleins, hemlock, yarrow, +tall weeds, great crimped plants, with large leaves of pale green +cloth, lizards, beetles, uneasy and rapid insects; to cause to spring +forth from the depths of the earth and to reappear between those four +walls a certain indescribable and savage grandeur; and for nature, +which disconcerts the petty arrangements of man, and which sheds +herself always thoroughly where she diffuses herself at all, in the ant +as well as in the eagle, to blossom out in a petty little Parisian +garden with as much rude force and majesty as in a virgin forest of the +New World. + +Nothing is small, in fact; any one who is subject to the profound and +penetrating influence of nature knows this. Although no absolute +satisfaction is given to philosophy, either to circumscribe the cause +or to limit the effect, the contemplator falls into those unfathomable +ecstasies caused by these decompositions of force terminating in unity. +Everything toils at everything. + +Algebra is applied to the clouds; the radiation of the star profits the +rose; no thinker would venture to affirm that the perfume of the +hawthorn is useless to the constellations. Who, then, can calculate the +course of a molecule? How do we know that the creation of worlds is not +determined by the fall of grains of sand? Who knows the reciprocal ebb +and flow of the infinitely great and the infinitely little, the +reverberations of causes in the precipices of being, and the avalanches +of creation? The tiniest worm is of importance; the great is little, +the little is great; everything is balanced in necessity; alarming +vision for the mind. There are marvellous relations between beings and +things; in that inexhaustible whole, from the sun to the grub, nothing +despises the other; all have need of each other. The light does not +bear away terrestrial perfumes into the azure depths, without knowing +what it is doing; the night distributes stellar essences to the +sleeping flowers. All birds that fly have round their leg the thread of +the infinite. Germination is complicated with the bursting forth of a +meteor and with the peck of a swallow cracking its egg, and it places +on one level the birth of an earthworm and the advent of Socrates. +Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two +possesses the larger field of vision? Choose. A bit of mould is a +pleiad of flowers; a nebula is an ant-hill of stars. The same +promiscuousness, and yet more unprecedented, exists between the things +of the intelligence and the facts of substance. Elements and principles +mingle, combine, wed, multiply with each other, to such a point that +the material and the moral world are brought eventually to the same +clearness. The phenomenon is perpetually returning upon itself. In the +vast cosmic exchanges the universal life goes and comes in unknown +quantities, rolling entirely in the invisible mystery of effluvia, +employing everything, not losing a single dream, not a single slumber, +sowing an animalcule here, crumbling to bits a planet there, +oscillating and winding, making of light a force and of thought an +element, disseminated and invisible, dissolving all, except that +geometrical point, the _I_; bringing everything back to the soul-atom; +expanding everything in God, entangling all activity, from summit to +base, in the obscurity of a dizzy mechanism, attaching the flight of an +insect to the movement of the earth, subordinating, who knows? Were it +only by the identity of the law, the evolution of the comet in the +firmament to the whirling of the infusoria in the drop of water. A +machine made of mind. Enormous gearing, the prime motor of which is the +gnat, and whose final wheel is the zodiac. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—CHANGE OF GATE + + +It seemed that this garden, created in olden days to conceal wanton +mysteries, had been transformed and become fitted to shelter chaste +mysteries. There were no longer either arbors, or bowling greens, or +tunnels, or grottos; there was a magnificent, dishevelled obscurity +falling like a veil over all. Paphos had been made over into Eden. It +is impossible to say what element of repentance had rendered this +retreat wholesome. This flower-girl now offered her blossom to the +soul. This coquettish garden, formerly decidedly compromised, had +returned to virginity and modesty. A justice assisted by a gardener, a +goodman who thought that he was a continuation of Lamoignon, and +another goodman who thought that he was a continuation of LenĂŽtre, had +turned it about, cut, ruffled, decked, moulded it to gallantry; nature +had taken possession of it once more, had filled it with shade, and had +arranged it for love. + +There was, also, in this solitude, a heart which was quite ready. Love +had only to show himself; he had here a temple composed of verdure, +grass, moss, the sight of birds, tender shadows, agitated branches, and +a soul made of sweetness, of faith, of candor, of hope, of aspiration, +and of illusion. + +Cosette had left the convent when she was still almost a child; she was +a little more than fourteen, and she was at the “ungrateful age”; we +have already said, that with the exception of her eyes, she was homely +rather than pretty; she had no ungraceful feature, but she was awkward, +thin, timid and bold at once, a grown-up little girl, in short. + +Her education was finished, that is to say, she has been taught +religion, and even and above all, devotion; then “history,” that is to +say the thing that bears that name in convents, geography, grammar, the +participles, the kings of France, a little music, a little drawing, +etc.; but in all other respects she was utterly ignorant, which is a +great charm and a great peril. The soul of a young girl should not be +left in the dark; later on, mirages that are too abrupt and too lively +are formed there, as in a dark chamber. She should be gently and +discreetly enlightened, rather with the reflection of realities than +with their harsh and direct light. A useful and graciously austere +half-light which dissipates puerile fears and obviates falls. There is +nothing but the maternal instinct, that admirable intuition composed of +the memories of the virgin and the experience of the woman, which knows +how this half-light is to be created and of what it should consist. + +Nothing supplies the place of this instinct. All the nuns in the world +are not worth as much as one mother in the formation of a young girl’s +soul. + +Cosette had had no mother. She had only had many mothers, in the +plural. + +As for Jean Valjean, he was, indeed, all tenderness, all solicitude; +but he was only an old man and he knew nothing at all. + +Now, in this work of education, in this grave matter of preparing a +woman for life, what science is required to combat that vast ignorance +which is called innocence! + +Nothing prepares a young girl for passions like the convent. The +convent turns the thoughts in the direction of the unknown. The heart, +thus thrown back upon itself, works downward within itself, since it +cannot overflow, and grows deep, since it cannot expand. Hence visions, +suppositions, conjectures, outlines of romances, a desire for +adventures, fantastic constructions, edifices built wholly in the inner +obscurity of the mind, sombre and secret abodes where the passions +immediately find a lodgement as soon as the open gate permits them to +enter. The convent is a compression which, in order to triumph over the +human heart, should last during the whole life. + +On quitting the convent, Cosette could have found nothing more sweet +and more dangerous than the house in the Rue Plumet. It was the +continuation of solitude with the beginning of liberty; a garden that +was closed, but a nature that was acrid, rich, voluptuous, and +fragrant; the same dreams as in the convent, but with glimpses of young +men; a grating, but one that opened on the street. + +Still, when she arrived there, we repeat, she was only a child. Jean +Valjean gave this neglected garden over to her. “Do what you like with +it,” he said to her. This amused Cosette; she turned over all the +clumps and all the stones, she hunted for “beasts”; she played in it, +while awaiting the time when she would dream in it; she loved this +garden for the insects that she found beneath her feet amid the grass, +while awaiting the day when she would love it for the stars that she +would see through the boughs above her head. + +And then, she loved her father, that is to say, Jean Valjean, with all +her soul, with an innocent filial passion which made the goodman a +beloved and charming companion to her. It will be remembered that M. +Madeleine had been in the habit of reading a great deal. Jean Valjean +had continued this practice; he had come to converse well; he possessed +the secret riches and the eloquence of a true and humble mind which has +spontaneously cultivated itself. He retained just enough sharpness to +season his kindness; his mind was rough and his heart was soft. During +their conversations in the Luxembourg, he gave her explanations of +everything, drawing on what he had read, and also on what he had +suffered. As she listened to him, Cosette’s eyes wandered vaguely +about. + +This simple man sufficed for Cosette’s thought, the same as the wild +garden sufficed for her eyes. When she had had a good chase after the +butterflies, she came panting up to him and said: “Ah! How I have run!” +He kissed her brow. + +Cosette adored the goodman. She was always at his heels. Where Jean +Valjean was, there happiness was. Jean Valjean lived neither in the +pavilion nor the garden; she took greater pleasure in the paved back +courtyard, than in the enclosure filled with flowers, and in his little +lodge furnished with straw-seated chairs than in the great drawing-room +hung with tapestry, against which stood tufted easy-chairs. Jean +Valjean sometimes said to her, smiling at his happiness in being +importuned: “Do go to your own quarters! Leave me alone a little!” + + +She gave him those charming and tender scoldings which are so graceful +when they come from a daughter to her father. + +“Father, I am very cold in your rooms; why don’t you have a carpet here +and a stove?” + + +“Dear child, there are so many people who are better than I and who +have not even a roof over their heads.” + + +“Then why is there a fire in my rooms, and everything that is needed?” + + +“Because you are a woman and a child.” + + +“Bah! must men be cold and feel uncomfortable?” + + +“Certain men.” + + +“That is good, I shall come here so often that you will be obliged to +have a fire.” + + +And again she said to him:— + +“Father, why do you eat horrible bread like that?” + + +“Because, my daughter.” + + +“Well, if you eat it, I will eat it too.” + + +Then, in order to prevent Cosette eating black bread, Jean Valjean ate +white bread. + +Cosette had but a confused recollection of her childhood. She prayed +morning and evening for her mother whom she had never known. The +ThĂ©nardiers had remained with her as two hideous figures in a dream. +She remembered that she had gone “one day, at night,” to fetch water in +a forest. She thought that it had been very far from Paris. It seemed +to her that she had begun to live in an abyss, and that it was Jean +Valjean who had rescued her from it. Her childhood produced upon her +the effect of a time when there had been nothing around her but +millepeds, spiders, and serpents. When she meditated in the evening, +before falling asleep, as she had not a very clear idea that she was +Jean Valjean’s daughter, and that he was her father, she fancied that +the soul of her mother had passed into that good man and had come to +dwell near her. + +When he was seated, she leaned her cheek against his white hair, and +dropped a silent tear, saying to herself: “Perhaps this man is my +mother.” + + +Cosette, although this is a strange statement to make, in the profound +ignorance of a girl brought up in a convent,—maternity being also +absolutely unintelligible to virginity,—had ended by fancying that she +had had as little mother as possible. She did not even know her +mother’s name. Whenever she asked Jean Valjean, Jean Valjean remained +silent. If she repeated her question, he responded with a smile. Once +she insisted; the smile ended in a tear. + +This silence on the part of Jean Valjean covered Fantine with darkness. + +Was it prudence? Was it respect? Was it a fear that he should deliver +this name to the hazards of another memory than his own? + +So long as Cosette had been small, Jean Valjean had been willing to +talk to her of her mother; when she became a young girl, it was +impossible for him to do so. It seemed to him that he no longer dared. +Was it because of Cosette? Was it because of Fantine? He felt a certain +religious horror at letting that shadow enter Cosette’s thought; and of +placing a third in their destiny. The more sacred this shade was to +him, the more did it seem that it was to be feared. He thought of +Fantine, and felt himself overwhelmed with silence. + +Through the darkness, he vaguely perceived something which appeared to +have its finger on its lips. Had all the modesty which had been in +Fantine, and which had violently quitted her during her lifetime, +returned to rest upon her after her death, to watch in indignation over +the peace of that dead woman, and in its shyness, to keep her in her +grave? Was Jean Valjean unconsciously submitting to the pressure? We +who believe in death, are not among the number who will reject this +mysterious explanation. + +Hence the impossibility of uttering, even for Cosette, that name of +Fantine. + +One day Cosette said to him:— + +“Father, I saw my mother in a dream last night. She had two big wings. +My mother must have been almost a saint during her life.” + + +“Through martyrdom,” replied Jean Valjean. + +However, Jean Valjean was happy. + +When Cosette went out with him, she leaned on his arm, proud and happy, +in the plenitude of her heart. Jean Valjean felt his heart melt within +him with delight, at all these sparks of a tenderness so exclusive, so +wholly satisfied with himself alone. The poor man trembled, inundated +with angelic joy; he declared to himself ecstatically that this would +last all their lives; he told himself that he really had not suffered +sufficiently to merit so radiant a bliss, and he thanked God, in the +depths of his soul, for having permitted him to be loved thus, he, a +wretch, by that innocent being. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE ROSE PERCEIVES THAT IT IS AN ENGINE OF WAR + + +One day, Cosette chanced to look at herself in her mirror, and she said +to herself: “Really!” It seemed to her almost that she was pretty. This +threw her in a singularly troubled state of mind. Up to that moment she +had never thought of her face. She saw herself in her mirror, but she +did not look at herself. And then, she had so often been told that she +was homely; Jean Valjean alone said gently: “No indeed! no indeed!” At +all events, Cosette had always thought herself homely, and had grown up +in that belief with the easy resignation of childhood. And here, all at +once, was her mirror saying to her, as Jean Valjean had said: “No +indeed!” That night, she did not sleep. “What if I were pretty!” she +thought. “How odd it would be if I were pretty!” And she recalled those +of her companions whose beauty had produced a sensation in the convent, +and she said to herself: “What! Am I to be like Mademoiselle +So-and-So?” + + +The next morning she looked at herself again, not by accident this +time, and she was assailed with doubts: “Where did I get such an idea?” +said she; “no, I am ugly.” She had not slept well, that was all, her +eyes were sunken and she was pale. She had not felt very joyous on the +preceding evening in the belief that she was beautiful, but it made her +very sad not to be able to believe in it any longer. She did not look +at herself again, and for more than a fortnight she tried to dress her +hair with her back turned to the mirror. + +In the evening, after dinner, she generally embroidered in wool or did +some convent needlework in the drawing-room, and Jean Valjean read +beside her. Once she raised her eyes from her work, and was rendered +quite uneasy by the manner in which her father was gazing at her. + +On another occasion, she was passing along the street, and it seemed to +her that some one behind her, whom she did not see, said: “A pretty +woman! but badly dressed.” “Bah!” she thought, “he does not mean me. I +am well dressed and ugly.” She was then wearing a plush hat and her +merino gown. + +At last, one day when she was in the garden, she heard poor old +Toussaint saying: “Do you notice how pretty Cosette is growing, sir?” +Cosette did not hear her father’s reply, but Toussaint’s words caused a +sort of commotion within her. She fled from the garden, ran up to her +room, flew to the looking-glass,—it was three months since she had +looked at herself,—and gave vent to a cry. She had just dazzled +herself. + +She was beautiful and lovely; she could not help agreeing with +Toussaint and her mirror. Her figure was formed, her skin had grown +white, her hair was lustrous, an unaccustomed splendor had been lighted +in her blue eyes. The consciousness of her beauty burst upon her in an +instant, like the sudden advent of daylight; other people noticed it +also, Toussaint had said so, it was evidently she of whom the passer-by +had spoken, there could no longer be any doubt of that; she descended +to the garden again, thinking herself a queen, imagining that she heard +the birds singing, though it was winter, seeing the sky gilded, the sun +among the trees, flowers in the thickets, distracted, wild, in +inexpressible delight. + +Jean Valjean, on his side, experienced a deep and undefinable +oppression at heart. + +In fact, he had, for some time past, been contemplating with terror +that beauty which seemed to grow more radiant every day on Cosette’s +sweet face. The dawn that was smiling for all was gloomy for him. + +Cosette had been beautiful for a tolerably long time before she became +aware of it herself. But, from the very first day, that unexpected +light which was rising slowly and enveloping the whole of the young +girl’s person, wounded Jean Valjean’s sombre eye. He felt that it was a +change in a happy life, a life so happy that he did not dare to move +for fear of disarranging something. This man, who had passed through +all manner of distresses, who was still all bleeding from the bruises +of fate, who had been almost wicked and who had become almost a saint, +who, after having dragged the chain of the galleys, was now dragging +the invisible but heavy chain of indefinite misery, this man whom the +law had not released from its grasp and who could be seized at any +moment and brought back from the obscurity of his virtue to the broad +daylight of public opprobrium, this man accepted all, excused all, +pardoned all, and merely asked of Providence, of man, of the law, of +society, of nature, of the world, one thing, that Cosette might love +him! + +That Cosette might continue to love him! That God would not prevent the +heart of the child from coming to him, and from remaining with him! +Beloved by Cosette, he felt that he was healed, rested, appeased, +loaded with benefits, recompensed, crowned. Beloved by Cosette, it was +well with him! He asked nothing more! Had any one said to him: “Do you +want anything better?” he would have answered: “No.” God might have +said to him: “Do you desire heaven?” and he would have replied: “I +should lose by it.” + + +Everything which could affect this situation, if only on the surface, +made him shudder like the beginning of something new. He had never +known very distinctly himself what the beauty of a woman means; but he +understood instinctively, that it was something terrible. + +He gazed with terror on this beauty, which was blossoming out ever more +triumphant and superb beside him, beneath his very eyes, on the +innocent and formidable brow of that child, from the depths of her +homeliness, of his old age, of his misery, of his reprobation. + +He said to himself: “How beautiful she is! What is to become of me?” + + +There, moreover, lay the difference between his tenderness and the +tenderness of a mother. What he beheld with anguish, a mother would +have gazed upon with joy. + +The first symptoms were not long in making their appearance. + +On the very morrow of the day on which she had said to herself: +“Decidedly I am beautiful!” Cosette began to pay attention to her +toilet. She recalled the remark of that passer-by: “Pretty, but badly +dressed,” the breath of an oracle which had passed beside her and had +vanished, after depositing in her heart one of the two germs which are +destined, later on, to fill the whole life of woman, coquetry. Love is +the other. + +With faith in her beauty, the whole feminine soul expanded within her. +She conceived a horror for her merinos, and shame for her plush hat. +Her father had never refused her anything. She at once acquired the +whole science of the bonnet, the gown, the mantle, the boot, the cuff, +the stuff which is in fashion, the color which is becoming, that +science which makes of the Parisian woman something so charming, so +deep, and so dangerous. The words _heady woman_ were invented for the +Parisienne. + +In less than a month, little Cosette, in that Thebaid of the Rue de +Babylone, was not only one of the prettiest, but one of the “best +dressed” women in Paris, which means a great deal more. + +She would have liked to encounter her “passer-by,” to see what he would +say, and to “teach him a lesson!” The truth is, that she was ravishing +in every respect, and that she distinguished the difference between a +bonnet from GĂ©rard and one from Herbaut in the most marvellous way. + +Jean Valjean watched these ravages with anxiety. He who felt that he +could never do anything but crawl, walk at the most, beheld wings +sprouting on Cosette. + +Moreover, from the mere inspection of Cosette’s toilet, a woman would +have recognized the fact that she had no mother. Certain little +proprieties, certain special conventionalities, were not observed by +Cosette. A mother, for instance, would have told her that a young girl +does not dress in damask. + +The first day that Cosette went out in her black damask gown and +mantle, and her white crape bonnet, she took Jean Valjean’s arm, gay, +radiant, rosy, proud, dazzling. “Father,” she said, “how do you like me +in this guise?” Jean Valjean replied in a voice which resembled the +bitter voice of an envious man: “Charming!” He was the same as usual +during their walk. On their return home, he asked Cosette:— + +“Won’t you put on that other gown and bonnet again,—you know the ones I +mean?” + + +This took place in Cosette’s chamber. Cosette turned towards the +wardrobe where her cast-off schoolgirl’s clothes were hanging. + +“That disguise!” said she. “Father, what do you want me to do with it? +Oh no, the idea! I shall never put on those horrors again. With that +machine on my head, I have the air of Madame Mad-dog.” + + +Jean Valjean heaved a deep sigh. + +From that moment forth, he noticed that Cosette, who had always +heretofore asked to remain at home, saying: “Father, I enjoy myself +more here with you,” now was always asking to go out. In fact, what is +the use of having a handsome face and a delicious costume if one does +not display them? + +He also noticed that Cosette had no longer the same taste for the back +garden. Now she preferred the garden, and did not dislike to promenade +back and forth in front of the railed fence. Jean Valjean, who was shy, +never set foot in the garden. He kept to his back yard, like a dog. + +Cosette, in gaining the knowledge that she was beautiful, lost the +grace of ignoring it. An exquisite grace, for beauty enhanced by +ingenuousness is ineffable, and nothing is so adorable as a dazzling +and innocent creature who walks along, holding in her hand the key to +paradise without being conscious of it. But what she had lost in +ingenuous grace, she gained in pensive and serious charm. Her whole +person, permeated with the joy of youth, of innocence, and of beauty, +breathed forth a splendid melancholy. + +It was at this epoch that Marius, after the lapse of six months, saw +her once more at the Luxembourg. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE BATTLE BEGUN + + +Cosette in her shadow, like Marius in his, was all ready to take fire. +Destiny, with its mysterious and fatal patience, slowly drew together +these two beings, all charged and all languishing with the stormy +electricity of passion, these two souls which were laden with love as +two clouds are laden with lightning, and which were bound to overflow +and mingle in a look like the clouds in a flash of fire. + +The glance has been so much abused in love romances that it has finally +fallen into disrepute. One hardly dares to say, nowadays, that two +beings fell in love because they looked at each other. That is the way +people do fall in love, nevertheless, and the only way. The rest is +nothing, but the rest comes afterwards. Nothing is more real than these +great shocks which two souls convey to each other by the exchange of +that spark. + +At that particular hour when Cosette unconsciously darted that glance +which troubled Marius, Marius had no suspicion that he had also +launched a look which disturbed Cosette. + +He caused her the same good and the same evil. + +She had been in the habit of seeing him for a long time, and she had +scrutinized him as girls scrutinize and see, while looking elsewhere. +Marius still considered Cosette ugly, when she had already begun to +think Marius handsome. But as he paid no attention to her, the young +man was nothing to her. + +Still, she could not refrain from saying to herself that he had +beautiful hair, beautiful eyes, handsome teeth, a charming tone of +voice when she heard him conversing with his comrades, that he held +himself badly when he walked, if you like, but with a grace that was +all his own, that he did not appear to be at all stupid, that his whole +person was noble, gentle, simple, proud, and that, in short, though he +seemed to be poor, yet his air was fine. + +On the day when their eyes met at last, and said to each other those +first, obscure, and ineffable things which the glance lisps, Cosette +did not immediately understand. She returned thoughtfully to the house +in the Rue de l’Ouest, where Jean Valjean, according to his custom, had +come to spend six weeks. The next morning, on waking, she thought of +that strange young man, so long indifferent and icy, who now seemed to +pay attention to her, and it did not appear to her that this attention +was the least in the world agreeable to her. She was, on the contrary, +somewhat incensed at this handsome and disdainful individual. A +substratum of war stirred within her. It struck her, and the idea +caused her a wholly childish joy, that she was going to take her +revenge at last. + +Knowing that she was beautiful, she was thoroughly conscious, though in +an indistinct fashion, that she possessed a weapon. Women play with +their beauty as children do with a knife. They wound themselves. + +The reader will recall Marius’ hesitations, his palpitations, his +terrors. He remained on his bench and did not approach. This vexed +Cosette. One day, she said to Jean Valjean: “Father, let us stroll +about a little in that direction.” Seeing that Marius did not come to +her, she went to him. In such cases, all women resemble Mahomet. And +then, strange to say, the first symptom of true love in a young man is +timidity; in a young girl it is boldness. This is surprising, and yet +nothing is more simple. It is the two sexes tending to approach each +other and assuming, each the other’s qualities. + +That day, Cosette’s glance drove Marius beside himself, and Marius’ +glance set Cosette to trembling. Marius went away confident, and +Cosette uneasy. From that day forth, they adored each other. + +The first thing that Cosette felt was a confused and profound +melancholy. It seemed to her that her soul had become black since the +day before. She no longer recognized it. The whiteness of soul in young +girls, which is composed of coldness and gayety, resembles snow. It +melts in love, which is its sun. + +Cosette did not know what love was. She had never heard the word +uttered in its terrestrial sense. On the books of profane music which +entered the convent, _amour_ (love) was replaced by _tambour_ (drum) or +_pandour_. This created enigmas which exercised the imaginations of the +_big girls_, such as: _Ah, how delightful is the drum! _ or, _Pity is +not a pandour_. But Cosette had left the convent too early to have +occupied herself much with the “drum.” Therefore, she did not know what +name to give to what she now felt. Is any one the less ill because one +does not know the name of one’s malady? + +She loved with all the more passion because she loved ignorantly. She +did not know whether it was a good thing or a bad thing, useful or +dangerous, eternal or temporary, allowable or prohibited; she loved. +She would have been greatly astonished, had any one said to her: “You +do not sleep? But that is forbidden! You do not eat? Why, that is very +bad! You have oppressions and palpitations of the heart? That must not +be! You blush and turn pale, when a certain being clad in black appears +at the end of a certain green walk? But that is abominable!” She would +not have understood, and she would have replied: “What fault is there +of mine in a matter in which I have no power and of which I know +nothing?” + + +It turned out that the love which presented itself was exactly suited +to the state of her soul. It was a sort of admiration at a distance, a +mute contemplation, the deification of a stranger. It was the +apparition of youth to youth, the dream of nights become a reality yet +remaining a dream, the longed-for phantom realized and made flesh at +last, but having as yet, neither name, nor fault, nor spot, nor +exigence, nor defect; in a word, the distant lover who lingered in the +ideal, a chimĂŠra with a form. Any nearer and more palpable meeting +would have alarmed Cosette at this first stage, when she was still half +immersed in the exaggerated mists of the cloister. She had all the +fears of children and all the fears of nuns combined. The spirit of the +convent, with which she had been permeated for the space of five years, +was still in the process of slow evaporation from her person, and made +everything tremble around her. In this situation he was not a lover, he +was not even an admirer, he was a vision. She set herself to adoring +Marius as something charming, luminous, and impossible. + +As extreme innocence borders on extreme coquetry, she smiled at him +with all frankness. + +Every day, she looked forward to the hour for their walk with +impatience, she found Marius there, she felt herself unspeakably happy, +and thought in all sincerity that she was expressing her whole thought +when she said to Jean Valjean:— + +“What a delicious garden that Luxembourg is!” + + +Marius and Cosette were in the dark as to one another. They did not +address each other, they did not salute each other, they did not know +each other; they saw each other; and like stars of heaven which are +separated by millions of leagues, they lived by gazing at each other. + +It was thus that Cosette gradually became a woman and developed, +beautiful and loving, with a consciousness of her beauty, and in +ignorance of her love. She was a coquette to boot through her +ignorance. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—TO ONE SADNESS OPPOSE A SADNESS AND A HALF + + +All situations have their instincts. Old and eternal Mother Nature +warned Jean Valjean in a dim way of the presence of Marius. Jean +Valjean shuddered to the very bottom of his soul. Jean Valjean saw +nothing, knew nothing, and yet he scanned with obstinate attention, the +darkness in which he walked, as though he felt on one side of him +something in process of construction, and on the other, something which +was crumbling away. Marius, also warned, and, in accordance with the +deep law of God, by that same Mother Nature, did all he could to keep +out of sight of “the father.” Nevertheless, it came to pass that Jean +Valjean sometimes espied him. Marius’ manners were no longer in the +least natural. He exhibited ambiguous prudence and awkward daring. He +no longer came quite close to them as formerly. He seated himself at a +distance and pretended to be reading; why did he pretend that? Formerly +he had come in his old coat, now he wore his new one every day; Jean +Valjean was not sure that he did not have his hair curled, his eyes +were very queer, he wore gloves; in short, Jean Valjean cordially +detested this young man. + +Cosette allowed nothing to be divined. Without knowing just what was +the matter with her she was convinced that there was something in it, +and that it must be concealed. + +There was a coincidence between the taste for the toilet which had +recently come to Cosette, and the habit of new clothes developed by +that stranger which was very repugnant to Jean Valjean. It might be +accidental, no doubt, certainly, but it was a menacing accident. + +He never opened his mouth to Cosette about this stranger. One day, +however, he could not refrain from so doing, and, with that vague +despair which suddenly casts the lead into the depths of its despair, +he said to her: “What a very pedantic air that young man has!” + + +Cosette, but a year before only an indifferent little girl, would have +replied: “Why, no, he is charming.” Ten years later, with the love of +Marius in her heart, she would have answered: “A pedant, and +insufferable to the sight! You are right!”—At the moment in life and +the heart which she had then attained, she contented herself with +replying, with supreme calmness: “That young man!” + + +As though she now beheld him for the first time in her life. + +“How stupid I am!” thought Jean Valjean. “She had not noticed him. It +is I who have pointed him out to her.” + + +Oh, simplicity of the old! oh, the depth of children! + +It is one of the laws of those fresh years of suffering and trouble, of +those vivacious conflicts between a first love and the first obstacles, +that the young girl does not allow herself to be caught in any trap +whatever, and that the young man falls into every one. Jean Valjean had +instituted an undeclared war against Marius, which Marius, with the +sublime stupidity of his passion and his age, did not divine. Jean +Valjean laid a host of ambushes for him; he changed his hour, he +changed his bench, he forgot his handkerchief, he came alone to the +Luxembourg; Marius dashed headlong into all these snares; and to all +the interrogation marks planted by Jean Valjean in his pathway, he +ingenuously answered “yes.” But Cosette remained immured in her +apparent unconcern and in her imperturbable tranquillity, so that Jean +Valjean arrived at the following conclusion: “That ninny is madly in +love with Cosette, but Cosette does not even know that he exists.” + + +Nonetheless did he bear in his heart a mournful tremor. The minute when +Cosette would love might strike at any moment. Does not everything +begin with indifference? + +Only once did Cosette make a mistake and alarm him. He rose from his +seat to depart, after a stay of three hours, and she said: “What, +already?” + + +Jean Valjean had not discontinued his trips to the Luxembourg, as he +did not wish to do anything out of the way, and as, above all things, +he feared to arouse Cosette; but during the hours which were so sweet +to the lovers, while Cosette was sending her smile to the intoxicated +Marius, who perceived nothing else now, and who now saw nothing in all +the world but an adored and radiant face, Jean Valjean was fixing on +Marius flashing and terrible eyes. He, who had finally come to believe +himself incapable of a malevolent feeling, experienced moments when +Marius was present, in which he thought he was becoming savage and +ferocious once more, and he felt the old depths of his soul, which had +formerly contained so much wrath, opening once more and rising up +against that young man. It almost seemed to him that unknown craters +were forming in his bosom. + +What! he was there, that creature! What was he there for? He came +creeping about, smelling out, examining, trying! He came, saying: “Hey! +Why not?” He came to prowl about his, Jean Valjean’s, life! to prowl +about his happiness, with the purpose of seizing it and bearing it +away! + +Jean Valjean added: “Yes, that’s it! What is he in search of? An +adventure! What does he want? A love affair! A love affair! And I? +What! I have been first, the most wretched of men, and then the most +unhappy, and I have traversed sixty years of life on my knees, I have +suffered everything that man can suffer, I have grown old without +having been young, I have lived without a family, without relatives, +without friends, without life, without children, I have left my blood +on every stone, on every bramble, on every mile-post, along every wall, +I have been gentle, though others have been hard to me, and kind, +although others have been malicious, I have become an honest man once +more, in spite of everything, I have repented of the evil that I have +done and have forgiven the evil that has been done to me, and at the +moment when I receive my recompense, at the moment when it is all over, +at the moment when I am just touching the goal, at the moment when I +have what I desire, it is well, it is good, I have paid, I have earned +it, all this is to take flight, all this will vanish, and I shall lose +Cosette, and I shall lose my life, my joy, my soul, because it has +pleased a great booby to come and lounge at the Luxembourg.” + + +Then his eyes were filled with a sad and extraordinary gleam. + +It was no longer a man gazing at a man; it was no longer an enemy +surveying an enemy. It was a dog scanning a thief. + +The reader knows the rest. Marius pursued his senseless course. One day +he followed Cosette to the Rue de l’Ouest. Another day he spoke to the +porter. The porter, on his side, spoke, and said to Jean Valjean: +“Monsieur, who is that curious young man who is asking for you?” On the +morrow Jean Valjean bestowed on Marius that glance which Marius at last +perceived. A week later, Jean Valjean had taken his departure. He swore +to himself that he would never again set foot either in the Luxembourg +or in the Rue de l’Ouest. He returned to the Rue Plumet. + +Cosette did not complain, she said nothing, she asked no questions, she +did not seek to learn his reasons; she had already reached the point +where she was afraid of being divined, and of betraying herself. Jean +Valjean had no experience of these miseries, the only miseries which +are charming and the only ones with which he was not acquainted; the +consequence was that he did not understand the grave significance of +Cosette’s silence. + +He merely noticed that she had grown sad, and he grew gloomy. On his +side and on hers, inexperience had joined issue. + +Once he made a trial. He asked Cosette:— + +“Would you like to come to the Luxembourg?” + + +A ray illuminated Cosette’s pale face. + +“Yes,” said she. + +They went thither. Three months had elapsed. Marius no longer went +there. Marius was not there. + +On the following day, Jean Valjean asked Cosette again:— + +“Would you like to come to the Luxembourg?” + + +She replied, sadly and gently:— + +“No.” + + +Jean Valjean was hurt by this sadness, and heart-broken at this +gentleness. + +What was going on in that mind which was so young and yet already so +impenetrable? What was on its way there within? What was taking place +in Cosette’s soul? Sometimes, instead of going to bed, Jean Valjean +remained seated on his pallet, with his head in his hands, and he +passed whole nights asking himself: “What has Cosette in her mind?” and +in thinking of the things that she might be thinking about. + +Oh! at such moments, what mournful glances did he cast towards that +cloister, that chaste peak, that abode of angels, that inaccessible +glacier of virtue! How he contemplated, with despairing ecstasy, that +convent garden, full of ignored flowers and cloistered virgins, where +all perfumes and all souls mount straight to heaven! How he adored that +Eden forever closed against him, whence he had voluntarily and madly +emerged! How he regretted his abnegation and his folly in having +brought Cosette back into the world, poor hero of sacrifice, seized and +hurled to the earth by his very self-devotion! How he said to himself, +“What have I done?” + + +However, nothing of all this was perceptible to Cosette. No ill-temper, +no harshness. His face was always serene and kind. Jean Valjean’s +manners were more tender and more paternal than ever. If anything could +have betrayed his lack of joy, it was his increased suavity. + +On her side, Cosette languished. She suffered from the absence of +Marius as she had rejoiced in his presence, peculiarly, without exactly +being conscious of it. When Jean Valjean ceased to take her on their +customary strolls, a feminine instinct murmured confusedly, at the +bottom of her heart, that she must not seem to set store on the +Luxembourg garden, and that if this proved to be a matter of +indifference to her, her father would take her thither once more. But +days, weeks, months, elapsed. Jean Valjean had tacitly accepted +Cosette’s tacit consent. She regretted it. It was too late. So Marius +had disappeared; all was over. The day on which she returned to the +Luxembourg, Marius was no longer there. What was to be done? Should she +ever find him again? She felt an anguish at her heart, which nothing +relieved, and which augmented every day; she no longer knew whether it +was winter or summer, whether it was raining or shining, whether the +birds were singing, whether it was the season for dahlias or daisies, +whether the Luxembourg was more charming than the Tuileries, whether +the linen which the laundress brought home was starched too much or not +enough, whether Toussaint had done “her marketing” well or ill; and she +remained dejected, absorbed, attentive to but a single thought, her +eyes vague and staring as when one gazes by night at a black and +fathomless spot where an apparition has vanished. + +However, she did not allow Jean Valjean to perceive anything of this, +except her pallor. + +She still wore her sweet face for him. + +This pallor sufficed but too thoroughly to trouble Jean Valjean. +Sometimes he asked her:— + +“What is the matter with you?” + + +She replied: “There is nothing the matter with me.” + + +And after a silence, when she divined that he was sad also, she would +add:— + +“And you, father—is there anything wrong with you?” + + +“With me? Nothing,” said he. + +These two beings who had loved each other so exclusively, and with so +touching an affection, and who had lived so long for each other now +suffered side by side, each on the other’s account; without +acknowledging it to each other, without anger towards each other, and +with a smile. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE CHAIN-GANG + + +Jean Valjean was the more unhappy of the two. Youth, even in its +sorrows, always possesses its own peculiar radiance. + +At times, Jean Valjean suffered so greatly that he became puerile. It +is the property of grief to cause the childish side of man to reappear. +He had an unconquerable conviction that Cosette was escaping from him. +He would have liked to resist, to retain her, to arouse her enthusiasm +by some external and brilliant matter. These ideas, puerile, as we have +just said, and at the same time senile, conveyed to him, by their very +childishness, a tolerably just notion of the influence of gold lace on +the imaginations of young girls. He once chanced to see a general on +horseback, in full uniform, pass along the street, Comte Coutard, the +commandant of Paris. He envied that gilded man; what happiness it would +be, he said to himself, if he could put on that suit which was an +incontestable thing; and if Cosette could behold him thus, she would be +dazzled, and when he had Cosette on his arm and passed the gates of the +Tuileries, the guard would present arms to him, and that would suffice +for Cosette, and would dispel her idea of looking at young men. + +An unforeseen shock was added to these sad reflections. + +In the isolated life which they led, and since they had come to dwell +in the Rue Plumet, they had contracted one habit. They sometimes took a +pleasure trip to see the sun rise, a mild species of enjoyment which +befits those who are entering life and those who are quitting it. + +For those who love solitude, a walk in the early morning is equivalent +to a stroll by night, with the cheerfulness of nature added. The +streets are deserted and the birds are singing. Cosette, a bird +herself, liked to rise early. These matutinal excursions were planned +on the preceding evening. He proposed, and she agreed. It was arranged +like a plot, they set out before daybreak, and these trips were so many +small delights for Cosette. These innocent eccentricities please young +people. + +Jean Valjean’s inclination led him, as we have seen, to the least +frequented spots, to solitary nooks, to forgotten places. There then +existed, in the vicinity of the barriers of Paris, a sort of poor +meadows, which were almost confounded with the city, where grew in +summer sickly grain, and which, in autumn, after the harvest had been +gathered, presented the appearance, not of having been reaped, but +peeled. Jean Valjean loved to haunt these fields. Cosette was not bored +there. It meant solitude to him and liberty to her. There, she became a +little girl once more, she could run and almost play; she took off her +hat, laid it on Jean Valjean’s knees, and gathered bunches of flowers. +She gazed at the butterflies on the flowers, but did not catch them; +gentleness and tenderness are born with love, and the young girl who +cherishes within her breast a trembling and fragile ideal has mercy on +the wing of a butterfly. She wove garlands of poppies, which she placed +on her head, and which, crossed and penetrated with sunlight, glowing +until they flamed, formed for her rosy face a crown of burning embers. + +Even after their life had grown sad, they kept up their custom of early +strolls. + +One morning in October, therefore, tempted by the serene perfection of +the autumn of 1831, they set out, and found themselves at break of day +near the BarriĂšre du Maine. It was not dawn, it was daybreak; a +delightful and stern moment. A few constellations here and there in the +deep, pale azure, the earth all black, the heavens all white, a quiver +amid the blades of grass, everywhere the mysterious chill of twilight. +A lark, which seemed mingled with the stars, was carolling at a +prodigious height, and one would have declared that that hymn of +pettiness calmed immensity. In the East, the Val-de-GrĂące projected its +dark mass on the clear horizon with the sharpness of steel; Venus +dazzlingly brilliant was rising behind that dome and had the air of a +soul making its escape from a gloomy edifice. + +All was peace and silence; there was no one on the road; a few stray +laborers, of whom they caught barely a glimpse, were on their way to +their work along the side-paths. + +Jean Valjean was sitting in a cross-walk on some planks deposited at +the gate of a timber-yard. His face was turned towards the highway, his +back towards the light; he had forgotten the sun which was on the point +of rising; he had sunk into one of those profound absorptions in which +the mind becomes concentrated, which imprison even the eye, and which +are equivalent to four walls. There are meditations which may be called +vertical; when one is at the bottom of them, time is required to return +to earth. Jean Valjean had plunged into one of these reveries. He was +thinking of Cosette, of the happiness that was possible if nothing came +between him and her, of the light with which she filled his life, a +light which was but the emanation of her soul. He was almost happy in +his reverie. Cosette, who was standing beside him, was gazing at the +clouds as they turned rosy. + +All at once Cosette exclaimed: “Father, I should think some one was +coming yonder.” Jean Valjean raised his eyes. + +Cosette was right. The causeway which leads to the ancient BarriĂšre du +Maine is a prolongation, as the reader knows, of the Rue de SĂšvres, and +is cut at right angles by the inner boulevard. At the elbow of the +causeway and the boulevard, at the spot where it branches, they heard a +noise which it was difficult to account for at that hour, and a sort of +confused pile made its appearance. Some shapeless thing which was +coming from the boulevard was turning into the road. + +It grew larger, it seemed to move in an orderly manner, though it was +bristling and quivering; it seemed to be a vehicle, but its load could +not be distinctly made out. There were horses, wheels, shouts; whips +were cracking. By degrees the outlines became fixed, although bathed in +shadows. It was a vehicle, in fact, which had just turned from the +boulevard into the highway, and which was directing its course towards +the barrier near which sat Jean Valjean; a second, of the same aspect, +followed, then a third, then a fourth; seven chariots made their +appearance in succession, the heads of the horses touching the rear of +the wagon in front. Figures were moving on these vehicles, flashes were +visible through the dusk as though there were naked swords there, a +clanking became audible which resembled the rattling of chains, and as +this something advanced, the sound of voices waxed louder, and it +turned into a terrible thing such as emerges from the cave of dreams. + +As it drew nearer, it assumed a form, and was outlined behind the trees +with the pallid hue of an apparition; the mass grew white; the day, +which was slowly dawning, cast a wan light on this swarming heap which +was at once both sepulchral and living, the heads of the figures turned +into the faces of corpses, and this is what it proved to be:— + +Seven wagons were driving in a file along the road. The first six were +singularly constructed. They resembled coopers’ drays; they consisted +of long ladders placed on two wheels and forming barrows at their rear +extremities. Each dray, or rather let us say, each ladder, was attached +to four horses harnessed tandem. On these ladders strange clusters of +men were being drawn. In the faint light, these men were to be divined +rather than seen. Twenty-four on each vehicle, twelve on a side, back +to back, facing the passers-by, their legs dangling in the air,—this +was the manner in which these men were travelling, and behind their +backs they had something which clanked, and which was a chain, and on +their necks something which shone, and which was an iron collar. Each +man had his collar, but the chain was for all; so that if these four +and twenty men had occasion to alight from the dray and walk, they were +seized with a sort of inexorable unity, and were obliged to wind over +the ground with the chain for a backbone, somewhat after the fashion of +millepeds. In the back and front of each vehicle, two men armed with +muskets stood erect, each holding one end of the chain under his foot. +The iron necklets were square. The seventh vehicle, a huge rack-sided +baggage wagon, without a hood, had four wheels and six horses, and +carried a sonorous pile of iron boilers, cast-iron pots, braziers, and +chains, among which were mingled several men who were pinioned and +stretched at full length, and who seemed to be ill. This wagon, all +lattice-work, was garnished with dilapidated hurdles which appeared to +have served for former punishments. These vehicles kept to the middle +of the road. On each side marched a double hedge of guards of infamous +aspect, wearing three-cornered hats, like the soldiers under the +Directory, shabby, covered with spots and holes, muffled in uniforms of +veterans and the trousers of undertakers’ men, half gray, half blue, +which were almost hanging in rags, with red epaulets, yellow shoulder +belts, short sabres, muskets, and cudgels; they were a species of +soldier-blackguards. These myrmidons seemed composed of the abjectness +of the beggar and the authority of the executioner. The one who +appeared to be their chief held a postilion’s whip in his hand. All +these details, blurred by the dimness of dawn, became more and more +clearly outlined as the light increased. At the head and in the rear of +the convoy rode mounted gendarmes, serious and with sword in fist. + +This procession was so long that when the first vehicle reached the +barrier, the last was barely debauching from the boulevard. A throng, +sprung, it is impossible to say whence, and formed in a twinkling, as +is frequently the case in Paris, pressed forward from both sides of the +road and looked on. In the neighboring lanes the shouts of people +calling to each other and the wooden shoes of market-gardeners +hastening up to gaze were audible. + +The men massed upon the drays allowed themselves to be jolted along in +silence. They were livid with the chill of morning. They all wore linen +trousers, and their bare feet were thrust into wooden shoes. The rest +of their costume was a fantasy of wretchedness. Their accoutrements +were horribly incongruous; nothing is more funereal than the harlequin +in rags. Battered felt hats, tarpaulin caps, hideous woollen nightcaps, +and, side by side with a short blouse, a black coat broken at the +elbow; many wore women’s headgear, others had baskets on their heads; +hairy breasts were visible, and through the rent in their garments +tattooed designs could be descried; temples of Love, flaming hearts, +Cupids; eruptions and unhealthy red blotches could also be seen. Two or +three had a straw rope attached to the cross-bar of the dray, and +suspended under them like a stirrup, which supported their feet. One of +them held in his hand and raised to his mouth something which had the +appearance of a black stone and which he seemed to be gnawing; it was +bread which he was eating. There were no eyes there which were not +either dry, dulled, or flaming with an evil light. The escort troop +cursed, the men in chains did not utter a syllable; from time to time +the sound of a blow became audible as the cudgels descended on +shoulder-blades or skulls; some of these men were yawning; their rags +were terrible; their feet hung down, their shoulders oscillated, their +heads clashed together, their fetters clanked, their eyes glared +ferociously, their fists clenched or fell open inertly like the hands +of corpses; in the rear of the convoy ran a band of children screaming +with laughter. + +This file of vehicles, whatever its nature was, was mournful. It was +evident that to-morrow, that an hour hence, a pouring rain might +descend, that it might be followed by another and another, and that +their dilapidated garments would be drenched, that once soaked, these +men would not get dry again, that once chilled, they would not again +get warm, that their linen trousers would be glued to their bones by +the downpour, that the water would fill their shoes, that no lashes +from the whips would be able to prevent their jaws from chattering, +that the chain would continue to bind them by the neck, that their legs +would continue to dangle, and it was impossible not to shudder at the +sight of these human beings thus bound and passive beneath the cold +clouds of autumn, and delivered over to the rain, to the blast, to all +the furies of the air, like trees and stones. + +Blows from the cudgel were not omitted even in the case of the sick +men, who lay there knotted with ropes and motionless on the seventh +wagon, and who appeared to have been tossed there like sacks filled +with misery. + +Suddenly, the sun made its appearance; the immense light of the Orient +burst forth, and one would have said that it had set fire to all those +ferocious heads. Their tongues were unloosed; a conflagration of grins, +oaths, and songs exploded. The broad horizontal sheet of light severed +the file in two parts, illuminating heads and bodies, leaving feet and +wheels in the obscurity. Thoughts made their appearance on these faces; +it was a terrible moment; visible demons with their masks removed, +fierce souls laid bare. Though lighted up, this wild throng remained in +gloom. Some, who were gay, had in their mouths quills through which +they blew vermin over the crowd, picking out the women; the dawn +accentuated these lamentable profiles with the blackness of its +shadows; there was not one of these creatures who was not deformed by +reason of wretchedness; and the whole was so monstrous that one would +have said that the sun’s brilliancy had been changed into the glare of +the lightning. The wagon-load which headed the line had struck up a +song, and were shouting at the top of their voices with a haggard +joviality, a pot-pourri by Desaugiers, then famous, called _The +Vestal_; the trees shivered mournfully; in the cross-lanes, +countenances of bourgeois listened in an idiotic delight to these +coarse strains droned by spectres. + +All sorts of distress met in this procession as in chaos; here were to +be found the facial angles of every sort of beast, old men, youths, +bald heads, gray beards, cynical monstrosities, sour resignation, +savage grins, senseless attitudes, snouts surmounted by caps, heads +like those of young girls with corkscrew curls on the temples, +infantile visages, and by reason of that, horrible thin skeleton faces, +to which death alone was lacking. On the first cart was a negro, who +had been a slave, in all probability, and who could make a comparison +of his chains. The frightful leveller from below, shame, had passed +over these brows; at that degree of abasement, the last transformations +were suffered by all in their extremest depths, and ignorance, +converted into dulness, was the equal of intelligence converted into +despair. There was no choice possible between these men who appeared to +the eye as the flower of the mud. It was evident that the person who +had had the ordering of that unclean procession had not classified +them. These beings had been fettered and coupled pell-mell, in +alphabetical disorder, probably, and loaded hap-hazard on those carts. +Nevertheless, horrors, when grouped together, always end by evolving a +result; all additions of wretched men give a sum total, each chain +exhaled a common soul, and each dray-load had its own physiognomy. By +the side of the one where they were singing, there was one where they +were howling; a third where they were begging; one could be seen in +which they were gnashing their teeth; another load menaced the +spectators, another blasphemed God; the last was as silent as the tomb. +Dante would have thought that he beheld his seven circles of hell on +the march. The march of the damned to their tortures, performed in +sinister wise, not on the formidable and flaming chariot of the +Apocalypse, but, what was more mournful than that, on the gibbet cart. + +One of the guards, who had a hook on the end of his cudgel, made a +pretence from time to time, of stirring up this mass of human filth. An +old woman in the crowd pointed them out to her little boy five years +old, and said to him: “Rascal, let that be a warning to you!” + + +As the songs and blasphemies increased, the man who appeared to be the +captain of the escort cracked his whip, and at that signal a fearful +dull and blind flogging, which produced the sound of hail, fell upon +the seven dray-loads; many roared and foamed at the mouth; which +redoubled the delight of the street urchins who had hastened up, a +swarm of flies on these wounds. + +Jean Valjean’s eyes had assumed a frightful expression. They were no +longer eyes; they were those deep and glassy objects which replace the +glance in the case of certain wretched men, which seem unconscious of +reality, and in which flames the reflection of terrors and of +catastrophes. He was not looking at a spectacle, he was seeing a +vision. He tried to rise, to flee, to make his escape; he could not +move his feet. Sometimes, the things that you see seize upon you and +hold you fast. He remained nailed to the spot, petrified, stupid, +asking himself, athwart confused and inexpressible anguish, what this +sepulchral persecution signified, and whence had come that pandemonium +which was pursuing him. All at once, he raised his hand to his brow, a +gesture habitual to those whose memory suddenly returns; he remembered +that this was, in fact, the usual itinerary, that it was customary to +make this detour in order to avoid all possibility of encountering +royalty on the road to Fontainebleau, and that, five and thirty years +before, he had himself passed through that barrier. + +Cosette was no less terrified, but in a different way. She did not +understand; what she beheld did not seem to her to be possible; at +length she cried:— + +“Father! What are those men in those carts?” + + +Jean Valjean replied: “Convicts.” + + +“Whither are they going?” + + +“To the galleys.” + + +At that moment, the cudgelling, multiplied by a hundred hands, became +zealous, blows with the flat of the sword were mingled with it, it was +a perfect storm of whips and clubs; the convicts bent before it, a +hideous obedience was evoked by the torture, and all held their peace, +darting glances like chained wolves. + +Cosette trembled in every limb; she resumed:— + +“Father, are they still men?” + + +“Sometimes,” answered the unhappy man. + +It was the chain-gang, in fact, which had set out before daybreak from +BicĂȘtre, and had taken the road to Mans in order to avoid +Fontainebleau, where the King then was. This caused the horrible +journey to last three or four days longer; but torture may surely be +prolonged with the object of sparing the royal personage a sight of it. + +Jean Valjean returned home utterly overwhelmed. Such encounters are +shocks, and the memory that they leave behind them resembles a thorough +shaking up. + +Nevertheless, Jean Valjean did not observe that, on his way back to the +Rue de Babylone with Cosette, the latter was plying him with other +questions on the subject of what they had just seen; perhaps he was too +much absorbed in his own dejection to notice her words and reply to +them. But when Cosette was leaving him in the evening, to betake +herself to bed, he heard her say in a low voice, and as though talking +to herself: “It seems to me, that if I were to find one of those men in +my pathway, oh, my God, I should die merely from the sight of him close +at hand.” + + +Fortunately, chance ordained that on the morrow of that tragic day, +there was some official solemnity apropos of I know not what,—fĂȘtes in +Paris, a review in the Champ de Mars, jousts on the Seine, theatrical +performances in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, fireworks at the Arc de l’Étoile, +illuminations everywhere. Jean Valjean did violence to his habits, and +took Cosette to see these rejoicings, for the purpose of diverting her +from the memory of the day before, and of effacing, beneath the smiling +tumult of all Paris, the abominable thing which had passed before her. +The review with which the festival was spiced made the presence of +uniforms perfectly natural; Jean Valjean donned his uniform of a +national guard with the vague inward feeling of a man who is betaking +himself to shelter. However, this trip seemed to attain its object. +Cosette, who made it her law to please her father, and to whom, +moreover, all spectacles were a novelty, accepted this diversion with +the light and easy good grace of youth, and did not pout too +disdainfully at that flutter of enjoyment called a public fĂȘte; so that +Jean Valjean was able to believe that he had succeeded, and that no +trace of that hideous vision remained. + +Some days later, one morning, when the sun was shining brightly, and +they were both on the steps leading to the garden, another infraction +of the rules which Jean Valjean seemed to have imposed upon himself, +and to the custom of remaining in her chamber which melancholy had +caused Cosette to adopt, Cosette, in a wrapper, was standing erect in +that negligent attire of early morning which envelops young girls in an +adorable way and which produces the effect of a cloud drawn over a +star; and, with her head bathed in light, rosy after a good sleep, +submitting to the gentle glances of the tender old man, she was picking +a daisy to pieces. Cosette did not know the delightful legend, _I love +a little, passionately, etc_.—who was there who could have taught her? +She was handling the flower instinctively, innocently, without a +suspicion that to pluck a daisy apart is to do the same by a heart. If +there were a fourth, and smiling Grace called Melancholy, she would +have worn the air of that Grace. Jean Valjean was fascinated by the +contemplation of those tiny fingers on that flower, and forgetful of +everything in the radiance emitted by that child. A red-breast was +warbling in the thicket, on one side. White cloudlets floated across +the sky, so gayly, that one would have said that they had just been set +at liberty. Cosette went on attentively tearing the leaves from her +flower; she seemed to be thinking about something; but whatever it was, +it must be something charming; all at once she turned her head over her +shoulder with the delicate languor of a swan, and said to Jean Valjean: +“Father, what are the galleys like?” + + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—SUCCOR FROM BELOW MAY TURN OUT TO BE SUCCOR FROM ON HIGH + + + + +CHAPTER I—A WOUND WITHOUT, HEALING WITHIN + + +Thus their life clouded over by degrees. + +But one diversion, which had formerly been a happiness, remained to +them, which was to carry bread to those who were hungry, and clothing +to those who were cold. Cosette often accompanied Jean Valjean on these +visits to the poor, on which they recovered some remnants of their +former free intercourse; and sometimes, when the day had been a good +one, and they had assisted many in distress, and cheered and warmed +many little children, Cosette was rather merry in the evening. It was +at this epoch that they paid their visit to the Jondrette den. + +On the day following that visit, Jean Valjean made his appearance in +the pavilion in the morning, calm as was his wont, but with a large +wound on his left arm which was much inflamed, and very angry, which +resembled a burn, and which he explained in some way or other. This +wound resulted in his being detained in the house for a month with +fever. He would not call in a doctor. When Cosette urged him, “Call the +dog-doctor,” said he. + +Cosette dressed the wound morning and evening with so divine an air and +such angelic happiness at being of use to him, that Jean Valjean felt +all his former joy returning, his fears and anxieties dissipating, and +he gazed at Cosette, saying: “Oh! what a kindly wound! Oh! what a good +misfortune!” + + +Cosette on perceiving that her father was ill, had deserted the +pavilion and again taken a fancy to the little lodging and the back +courtyard. She passed nearly all her days beside Jean Valjean and read +to him the books which he desired. Generally they were books of travel. +Jean Valjean was undergoing a new birth; his happiness was reviving in +these ineffable rays; the Luxembourg, the prowling young stranger, +Cosette’s coldness,—all these clouds upon his soul were growing dim. He +had reached the point where he said to himself: “I imagined all that. I +am an old fool.” + + +His happiness was so great that the horrible discovery of the +ThĂ©nardiers made in the Jondrette hovel, unexpected as it was, had, +after a fashion, glided over him unnoticed. He had succeeded in making +his escape; all trace of him was lost—what more did he care for! he +only thought of those wretched beings to pity them. “Here they are in +prison, and henceforth they will be incapacitated for doing any harm,” +he thought, “but what a lamentable family in distress!” + + +As for the hideous vision of the BarriĂšre du Maine, Cosette had not +referred to it again. + +Sister Sainte-Mechtilde had taught Cosette music in the convent; +Cosette had the voice of a linnet with a soul, and sometimes, in the +evening, in the wounded man’s humble abode, she warbled melancholy +songs which delighted Jean Valjean. + +Spring came; the garden was so delightful at that season of the year, +that Jean Valjean said to Cosette:— + +“You never go there; I want you to stroll in it.” + + +“As you like, father,” said Cosette. + +And for the sake of obeying her father, she resumed her walks in the +garden, generally alone, for, as we have mentioned, Jean Valjean, who +was probably afraid of being seen through the fence, hardly ever went +there. + +Jean Valjean’s wound had created a diversion. + +When Cosette saw that her father was suffering less, that he was +convalescing, and that he appeared to be happy, she experienced a +contentment which she did not even perceive, so gently and naturally +had it come. Then, it was in the month of March, the days were growing +longer, the winter was departing, the winter always bears away with it +a portion of our sadness; then came April, that daybreak of summer, +fresh as dawn always is, gay like every childhood; a little inclined to +weep at times like the new-born being that it is. In that month, nature +has charming gleams which pass from the sky, from the trees, from the +meadows and the flowers into the heart of man. + +Cosette was still too young to escape the penetrating influence of that +April joy which bore so strong a resemblance to herself. Insensibly, +and without her suspecting the fact, the blackness departed from her +spirit. In spring, sad souls grow light, as light falls into cellars at +midday. Cosette was no longer sad. However, though this was so, she did +not account for it to herself. In the morning, about ten o’clock, after +breakfast, when she had succeeded in enticing her father into the +garden for a quarter of an hour, and when she was pacing up and down in +the sunlight in front of the steps, supporting his left arm for him, +she did not perceive that she laughed every moment and that she was +happy. + +Jean Valjean, intoxicated, beheld her growing fresh and rosy once more. + +“Oh! What a good wound!” he repeated in a whisper. + +And he felt grateful to the ThĂ©nardiers. + +His wound once healed, he resumed his solitary twilight strolls. + +It is a mistake to suppose that a person can stroll alone in that +fashion in the uninhabited regions of Paris without meeting with some +adventure. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MOTHER PLUTARQUE FINDS NO DIFFICULTY IN EXPLAINING A +PHENOMENON + + +One evening, little Gavroche had had nothing to eat; he remembered that +he had not dined on the preceding day either; this was becoming +tiresome. He resolved to make an effort to secure some supper. He +strolled out beyond the SalpĂȘtriĂšre into deserted regions; that is +where windfalls are to be found; where there is no one, one always +finds something. He reached a settlement which appeared to him to be +the village of Austerlitz. + +In one of his preceding lounges he had noticed there an old garden +haunted by an old man and an old woman, and in that garden, a passable +apple-tree. Beside the apple-tree stood a sort of fruit-house, which +was not securely fastened, and where one might contrive to get an +apple. One apple is a supper; one apple is life. That which was Adam’s +ruin might prove Gavroche’s salvation. The garden abutted on a +solitary, unpaved lane, bordered with brushwood while awaiting the +arrival of houses; the garden was separated from it by a hedge. + +Gavroche directed his steps towards this garden; he found the lane, he +recognized the apple-tree, he verified the fruit-house, he examined the +hedge; a hedge means merely one stride. The day was declining, there +was not even a cat in the lane, the hour was propitious. Gavroche began +the operation of scaling the hedge, then suddenly paused. Some one was +talking in the garden. Gavroche peeped through one of the breaks in the +hedge. + +[Illustration: Succor from Below] + +A couple of paces distant, at the foot of the hedge on the other side, +exactly at the point where the gap which he was meditating would have +been made, there was a sort of recumbent stone which formed a bench, +and on this bench was seated the old man of the garden, while the old +woman was standing in front of him. The old woman was grumbling. +Gavroche, who was not very discreet, listened. + +“Monsieur Mabeuf!” said the old woman. + +“Mabeuf!” thought Gavroche, “that name is a perfect farce.” + + +The old man who was thus addressed, did not stir. The old woman +repeated:— + +“Monsieur Mabeuf!” + + +The old man, without raising his eyes from the ground, made up his mind +to answer:— + +“What is it, Mother Plutarque?” + + +“Mother Plutarque!” thought Gavroche, “another farcical name.” + + +Mother Plutarque began again, and the old man was forced to accept the +conversation:— + +“The landlord is not pleased.” + + +“Why?” + + +“We owe three quarters rent.” + + +“In three months, we shall owe him for four quarters.” + + +“He says that he will turn you out to sleep.” + + +“I will go.” + + +“The green-grocer insists on being paid. She will no longer leave her +fagots. What will you warm yourself with this winter? We shall have no +wood.” + + +“There is the sun.” + + +“The butcher refuses to give credit; he will not let us have any more +meat.” + + +“That is quite right. I do not digest meat well. It is too heavy.” + + +“What shall we have for dinner?” + + +“Bread.” + + +“The baker demands a settlement, and says, ‘no money, no bread.’” + + +“That is well.” + + +“What will you eat?” + + +“We have apples in the apple-room.” + + +“But, Monsieur, we can’t live like that without money.” + + +“I have none.” + + +The old woman went away, the old man remained alone. He fell into +thought. Gavroche became thoughtful also. It was almost dark. + +The first result of Gavroche’s meditation was, that instead of scaling +the hedge, he crouched down under it. The branches stood apart a little +at the foot of the thicket. + +“Come,” exclaimed Gavroche mentally, “here’s a nook!” and he curled up +in it. His back was almost in contact with Father Mabeuf’s bench. He +could hear the octogenarian breathe. + +Then, by way of dinner, he tried to sleep. + +It was a cat-nap, with one eye open. While he dozed, Gavroche kept on +the watch. + +The twilight pallor of the sky blanched the earth, and the lane formed +a livid line between two rows of dark bushes. + +All at once, in this whitish band, two figures made their appearance. +One was in front, the other some distance in the rear. + +“There come two creatures,” muttered Gavroche. + +The first form seemed to be some elderly bourgeois, who was bent and +thoughtful, dressed more than plainly, and who was walking slowly +because of his age, and strolling about in the open evening air. + +The second was straight, firm, slender. It regulated its pace by that +of the first; but in the voluntary slowness of its gait, suppleness and +agility were discernible. This figure had also something fierce and +disquieting about it, the whole shape was that of what was then called +_an elegant_; the hat was of good shape, the coat black, well cut, +probably of fine cloth, and well fitted in at the waist. The head was +held erect with a sort of robust grace, and beneath the hat the pale +profile of a young man could be made out in the dim light. The profile +had a rose in its mouth. This second form was well known to Gavroche; +it was Montparnasse. + +He could have told nothing about the other, except that he was a +respectable old man. + +Gavroche immediately began to take observations. + +One of these two pedestrians evidently had a project connected with the +other. Gavroche was well placed to watch the course of events. The +bedroom had turned into a hiding-place at a very opportune moment. + +Montparnasse on the hunt at such an hour, in such a place, betokened +something threatening. Gavroche felt his gamin’s heart moved with +compassion for the old man. + +What was he to do? Interfere? One weakness coming to the aid of +another! It would be merely a laughing matter for Montparnasse. +Gavroche did not shut his eyes to the fact that the old man, in the +first place, and the child in the second, would make but two mouthfuls +for that redoubtable ruffian eighteen years of age. + +While Gavroche was deliberating, the attack took place, abruptly and +hideously. The attack of the tiger on the wild ass, the attack of the +spider on the fly. Montparnasse suddenly tossed away his rose, bounded +upon the old man, seized him by the collar, grasped and clung to him, +and Gavroche with difficulty restrained a scream. A moment later one of +these men was underneath the other, groaning, struggling, with a knee +of marble upon his breast. Only, it was not just what Gavroche had +expected. The one who lay on the earth was Montparnasse; the one who +was on top was the old man. All this took place a few paces distant +from Gavroche. + +The old man had received the shock, had returned it, and that in such a +terrible fashion, that in a twinkling, the assailant and the assailed +had exchanged rĂŽles. + +“Here’s a hearty veteran!” thought Gavroche. + +He could not refrain from clapping his hands. But it was applause +wasted. It did not reach the combatants, absorbed and deafened as they +were, each by the other, as their breath mingled in the struggle. + +Silence ensued. Montparnasse ceased his struggles. Gavroche indulged in +this aside: “Can he be dead!” + + +The goodman had not uttered a word, nor given vent to a cry. He rose to +his feet, and Gavroche heard him say to Montparnasse:— + +“Get up.” + + +Montparnasse rose, but the goodman held him fast. Montparnasse’s +attitude was the humiliated and furious attitude of the wolf who has +been caught by a sheep. + +Gavroche looked on and listened, making an effort to reinforce his eyes +with his ears. He was enjoying himself immensely. + +He was repaid for his conscientious anxiety in the character of a +spectator. He was able to catch on the wing a dialogue which borrowed +from the darkness an indescribably tragic accent. The goodman +questioned, Montparnasse replied. + +“How old are you?” + + +“Nineteen.” + + +“You are strong and healthy. Why do you not work?” + + +“It bores me.” + + +“What is your trade?” + + +“An idler.” + + +“Speak seriously. Can anything be done for you? What would you like to +be?” + + +“A thief.” + + +A pause ensued. The old man seemed absorbed in profound thought. He +stood motionless, and did not relax his hold on Montparnasse. + +Every moment the vigorous and agile young ruffian indulged in the +twitchings of a wild beast caught in a snare. He gave a jerk, tried a +crook of the knee, twisted his limbs desperately, and made efforts to +escape. + +The old man did not appear to notice it, and held both his arms with +one hand, with the sovereign indifference of absolute force. + +The old man’s reverie lasted for some time, then, looking steadily at +Montparnasse, he addressed to him in a gentle voice, in the midst of +the darkness where they stood, a solemn harangue, of which Gavroche did +not lose a single syllable:— + +“My child, you are entering, through indolence, on one of the most +laborious of lives. Ah! You declare yourself to be an idler! prepare to +toil. There is a certain formidable machine, have you seen it? It is +the rolling-mill. You must be on your guard against it, it is crafty +and ferocious; if it catches hold of the skirt of your coat, you will +be drawn in bodily. That machine is laziness. Stop while there is yet +time, and save yourself! Otherwise, it is all over with you; in a short +time you will be among the gearing. Once entangled, hope for nothing +more. Toil, lazybones! there is no more repose for you! The iron hand +of implacable toil has seized you. You do not wish to earn your living, +to have a task, to fulfil a duty! It bores you to be like other men? +Well! You will be different. Labor is the law; he who rejects it will +find ennui his torment. You do not wish to be a workingman, you will be +a slave. Toil lets go of you on one side only to grasp you again on the +other. You do not desire to be its friend, you shall be its negro +slave. Ah! You would have none of the honest weariness of men, you +shall have the sweat of the damned. Where others sing, you will rattle +in your throat. You will see afar off, from below, other men at work; +it will seem to you that they are resting. The laborer, the harvester, +the sailor, the blacksmith, will appear to you in glory like the +blessed spirits in paradise. What radiance surrounds the forge! To +guide the plough, to bind the sheaves, is joy. The bark at liberty in +the wind, what delight! Do you, lazy idler, delve, drag on, roll, +march! Drag your halter. You are a beast of burden in the team of hell! +Ah! To do nothing is your object. Well, not a week, not a day, not an +hour shall you have free from oppression. You will be able to lift +nothing without anguish. Every minute that passes will make your +muscles crack. What is a feather to others will be a rock to you. The +simplest things will become steep acclivities. Life will become +monstrous all about you. To go, to come, to breathe, will be just so +many terrible labors. Your lungs will produce on you the effect of +weighing a hundred pounds. Whether you shall walk here rather than +there, will become a problem that must be solved. Any one who wants to +go out simply gives his door a push, and there he is in the open air. +If you wish to go out, you will be obliged to pierce your wall. What +does every one who wants to step into the street do? He goes +downstairs; you will tear up your sheets, little by little you will +make of them a rope, then you will climb out of your window, and you +will suspend yourself by that thread over an abyss, and it will be +night, amid storm, rain, and the hurricane, and if the rope is too +short, but one way of descending will remain to you, to fall. To drop +hap-hazard into the gulf, from an unknown height, on what? On what is +beneath, on the unknown. Or you will crawl up a chimney-flue, at the +risk of burning; or you will creep through a sewer-pipe, at the risk of +drowning; I do not speak of the holes that you will be obliged to mask, +of the stones which you will have to take up and replace twenty times a +day, of the plaster that you will have to hide in your straw pallet. A +lock presents itself; the bourgeois has in his pocket a key made by a +locksmith. If you wish to pass out, you will be condemned to execute a +terrible work of art; you will take a large sou, you will cut it in two +plates; with what tools? You will have to invent them. That is your +business. Then you will hollow out the interior of these plates, taking +great care of the outside, and you will make on the edges a thread, so +that they can be adjusted one upon the other like a box and its cover. +The top and bottom thus screwed together, nothing will be suspected. To +the overseers it will be only a sou; to you it will be a box. What will +you put in this box? A small bit of steel. A watch-spring, in which you +will have cut teeth, and which will form a saw. With this saw, as long +as a pin, and concealed in a sou, you will cut the bolt of the lock, +you will sever bolts, the padlock of your chain, and the bar at your +window, and the fetter on your leg. This masterpiece finished, this +prodigy accomplished, all these miracles of art, address, skill, and +patience executed, what will be your recompense if it becomes known +that you are the author? The dungeon. There is your future. What +precipices are idleness and pleasure! Do you know that to do nothing is +a melancholy resolution? To live in idleness on the property of +society! to be useless, that is to say, pernicious! This leads straight +to the depth of wretchedness. Woe to the man who desires to be a +parasite! He will become vermin! Ah! So it does not please you to work? +Ah! You have but one thought, to drink well, to eat well, to sleep +well. You will drink water, you will eat black bread, you will sleep on +a plank with a fetter whose cold touch you will feel on your flesh all +night long, riveted to your limbs. You will break those fetters, you +will flee. That is well. You will crawl on your belly through the +brushwood, and you will eat grass like the beasts of the forest. And +you will be recaptured. And then you will pass years in a dungeon, +riveted to a wall, groping for your jug that you may drink, gnawing at +a horrible loaf of darkness which dogs would not touch, eating beans +that the worms have eaten before you. You will be a wood-louse in a +cellar. Ah! Have pity on yourself, you miserable young child, who were +sucking at nurse less than twenty years ago, and who have, no doubt, a +mother still alive! I conjure you, listen to me, I entreat you. You +desire fine black cloth, varnished shoes, to have your hair curled and +sweet-smelling oils on your locks, to please low women, to be handsome. +You will be shaven clean, and you will wear a red blouse and wooden +shoes. You want rings on your fingers, you will have an iron necklet on +your neck. If you glance at a woman, you will receive a blow. And you +will enter there at the age of twenty. And you will come out at fifty! +You will enter young, rosy, fresh, with brilliant eyes, and all your +white teeth, and your handsome, youthful hair; you will come out +broken, bent, wrinkled, toothless, horrible, with white locks! Ah! my +poor child, you are on the wrong road; idleness is counselling you +badly; the hardest of all work is thieving. Believe me, do not +undertake that painful profession of an idle man. It is not comfortable +to become a rascal. It is less disagreeable to be an honest man. Now +go, and ponder on what I have said to you. By the way, what did you +want of me? My purse? Here it is.” + + +And the old man, releasing Montparnasse, put his purse in the latter’s +hand; Montparnasse weighed it for a moment, after which he allowed it +to slide gently into the back pocket of his coat, with the same +mechanical precaution as though he had stolen it. + +All this having been said and done, the goodman turned his back and +tranquilly resumed his stroll. + +“The blockhead!” muttered Montparnasse. + +Who was this goodman? The reader has, no doubt, already divined. + +Montparnasse watched him with amazement, as he disappeared in the dusk. +This contemplation was fatal to him. + +While the old man was walking away, Gavroche drew near. + +Gavroche had assured himself, with a sidelong glance, that Father +Mabeuf was still sitting on his bench, probably sound asleep. Then the +gamin emerged from his thicket, and began to crawl after Montparnasse +in the dark, as the latter stood there motionless. In this manner he +came up to Montparnasse without being seen or heard, gently insinuated +his hand into the back pocket of that frock-coat of fine black cloth, +seized the purse, withdrew his hand, and having recourse once more to +his crawling, he slipped away like an adder through the shadows. +Montparnasse, who had no reason to be on his guard, and who was engaged +in thought for the first time in his life, perceived nothing. When +Gavroche had once more attained the point where Father Mabeuf was, he +flung the purse over the hedge, and fled as fast as his legs would +carry him. + +The purse fell on Father Mabeuf’s foot. This commotion roused him. + +He bent over and picked up the purse. + +He did not understand in the least, and opened it. + +The purse had two compartments; in one of them there was some small +change; in the other lay six napoleons. + +M. Mabeuf, in great alarm, referred the matter to his housekeeper. + +“That has fallen from heaven,” said Mother Plutarque. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—THE END OF WHICH DOES NOT RESEMBLE THE BEGINNING + + + + +CHAPTER I—SOLITUDE AND THE BARRACKS COMBINED + + +Cosette’s grief, which had been so poignant and lively four or five +months previously, had, without her being conscious of the fact, +entered upon its convalescence. Nature, spring, youth, love for her +father, the gayety of the birds and flowers, caused something almost +resembling forgetfulness to filter gradually, drop by drop, into that +soul, which was so virgin and so young. Was the fire wholly extinct +there? Or was it merely that layers of ashes had formed? The truth is, +that she hardly felt the painful and burning spot any longer. + +One day she suddenly thought of Marius: “Why!” said she, “I no longer +think of him.” + + +That same week, she noticed a very handsome officer of lancers, with a +wasp-like waist, a delicious uniform, the cheeks of a young girl, a +sword under his arm, waxed moustaches, and a glazed schapka, passing +the gate. Moreover, he had light hair, prominent blue eyes, a round +face, was vain, insolent and good-looking; quite the reverse of Marius. +He had a cigar in his mouth. Cosette thought that this officer +doubtless belonged to the regiment in barracks in the Rue de Babylone. + +On the following day, she saw him pass again. She took note of the +hour. + +From that time forth, was it chance? she saw him pass nearly every day. + +The officer’s comrades perceived that there was, in that “badly kept” +garden, behind that malicious rococo fence, a very pretty creature, who +was almost always there when the handsome lieutenant,—who is not +unknown to the reader, and whose name was ThĂ©odule Gillenormand,—passed +by. + +“See here!” they said to him, “there’s a little creature there who is +making eyes at you, look.” + + +“Have I the time,” replied the lancer, “to look at all the girls who +look at me?” + + +This was at the precise moment when Marius was descending heavily +towards agony, and was saying: “If I could but see her before I +die!”—Had his wish been realized, had he beheld Cosette at that moment +gazing at the lancer, he would not have been able to utter a word, and +he would have expired with grief. + +Whose fault was it? No one’s. + +Marius possessed one of those temperaments which bury themselves in +sorrow and there abide; Cosette was one of those persons who plunge +into sorrow and emerge from it again. + +Cosette was, moreover, passing through that dangerous period, the fatal +phase of feminine reverie abandoned to itself, in which the isolated +heart of a young girl resembles the tendrils of the vine which cling, +as chance directs, to the capital of a marble column or to the post of +a wine-shop: A rapid and decisive moment, critical for every orphan, be +she rich or poor, for wealth does not prevent a bad choice; +misalliances are made in very high circles, real misalliance is that of +souls; and as many an unknown young man, without name, without birth, +without fortune, is a marble column which bears up a temple of grand +sentiments and grand ideas, so such and such a man of the world +satisfied and opulent, who has polished boots and varnished words, if +looked at not outside, but inside, a thing which is reserved for his +wife, is nothing more than a block obscurely haunted by violent, +unclean, and vinous passions; the post of a drinking-shop. + +What did Cosette’s soul contain? Passion calmed or lulled to sleep; +something limpid, brilliant, troubled to a certain depth, and gloomy +lower down. The image of the handsome officer was reflected in the +surface. Did a souvenir linger in the depths?—Quite at the +bottom?—Possibly. Cosette did not know. + +A singular incident supervened. + + + + +CHAPTER II—COSETTE’S APPREHENSIONS + + +During the first fortnight in April, Jean Valjean took a journey. This, +as the reader knows, happened from time to time, at very long +intervals. He remained absent a day or two days at the utmost. Where +did he go? No one knew, not even Cosette. Once only, on the occasion of +one of these departures, she had accompanied him in a hackney-coach as +far as a little blind-alley at the corner of which she read: _Impasse +de la Planchette_. There he alighted, and the coach took Cosette back +to the Rue de Babylone. It was usually when money was lacking in the +house that Jean Valjean took these little trips. + +So Jean Valjean was absent. He had said: “I shall return in three +days.” + + +That evening, Cosette was alone in the drawing-room. In order to get +rid of her ennui, she had opened her piano-organ, and had begun to +sing, accompanying herself the while, the chorus from _Euryanthe_: +“Hunters astray in the wood!” which is probably the most beautiful +thing in all the sphere of music. When she had finished, she remained +wrapped in thought. + +All at once, it seemed to her that she heard the sound of footsteps in +the garden. + +It could not be her father, he was absent; it could not be Toussaint, +she was in bed, and it was ten o’clock at night. + +She stepped to the shutter of the drawing-room, which was closed, and +laid her ear against it. + +It seemed to her that it was the tread of a man, and that he was +walking very softly. + +She mounted rapidly to the first floor, to her own chamber, opened a +small wicket in her shutter, and peeped into the garden. The moon was +at the full. Everything could be seen as plainly as by day. + +There was no one there. + +She opened the window. The garden was absolutely calm, and all that was +visible was that the street was deserted as usual. + +Cosette thought that she had been mistaken. She thought that she had +heard a noise. It was a hallucination produced by the melancholy and +magnificent chorus of Weber, which lays open before the mind terrified +depths, which trembles before the gaze like a dizzy forest, and in +which one hears the crackling of dead branches beneath the uneasy tread +of the huntsmen of whom one catches a glimpse through the twilight. + +She thought no more about it. + +Moreover, Cosette was not very timid by nature. There flowed in her +veins some of the blood of the bohemian and the adventuress who runs +barefoot. It will be remembered that she was more of a lark than a +dove. There was a foundation of wildness and bravery in her. + +On the following day, at an earlier hour, towards nightfall, she was +strolling in the garden. In the midst of the confused thoughts which +occupied her, she fancied that she caught for an instant a sound +similar to that of the preceding evening, as though some one were +walking beneath the trees in the dusk, and not very far from her; but +she told herself that nothing so closely resembles a step on the grass +as the friction of two branches which have moved from side to side, and +she paid no heed to it. Besides, she could see nothing. + +She emerged from “the thicket”; she had still to cross a small lawn to +regain the steps. + +The moon, which had just risen behind her, cast Cosette’s shadow in +front of her upon this lawn, as she came out from the shrubbery. + +Cosette halted in alarm. + +Beside her shadow, the moon outlined distinctly upon the turf another +shadow, which was particularly startling and terrible, a shadow which +had a round hat. + +It was the shadow of a man, who must have been standing on the border +of the clump of shrubbery, a few paces in the rear of Cosette. + +She stood for a moment without the power to speak, or cry, or call, or +stir, or turn her head. + +Then she summoned up all her courage, and turned round resolutely. + +There was no one there. + +She glanced on the ground. The figure had disappeared. + +She re-entered the thicket, searched the corners boldly, went as far as +the gate, and found nothing. + +She felt herself absolutely chilled with terror. Was this another +hallucination? What! Two days in succession! One hallucination might +pass, but two hallucinations? The disquieting point about it was, that +the shadow had assuredly not been a phantom. Phantoms do not wear round +hats. + +On the following day Jean Valjean returned. Cosette told him what she +thought she had heard and seen. She wanted to be reassured and to see +her father shrug his shoulders and say to her: “You are a little +goose.” + + +Jean Valjean grew anxious. + +“It cannot be anything,” said he. + +He left her under some pretext, and went into the garden, and she saw +him examining the gate with great attention. + +During the night she woke up; this time she was sure, and she +distinctly heard some one walking close to the flight of steps beneath +her window. She ran to her little wicket and opened it. In point of +fact, there was a man in the garden, with a large club in his hand. +Just as she was about to scream, the moon lighted up the man’s profile. +It was her father. She returned to her bed, saying to herself: “He is +very uneasy!” + + +Jean Valjean passed that night and the two succeeding nights in the +garden. Cosette saw him through the hole in her shutter. + +On the third night, the moon was on the wane, and had begun to rise +later; at one o’clock in the morning, possibly, she heard a loud burst +of laughter and her father’s voice calling her:— + +“Cosette!” + + +She jumped out of bed, threw on her dressing-gown, and opened her +window. + +Her father was standing on the grass-plot below. + +“I have waked you for the purpose of reassuring you,” said he; “look, +there is your shadow with the round hat.” + + +And he pointed out to her on the turf a shadow cast by the moon, and +which did indeed, bear considerable resemblance to the spectre of a man +wearing a round hat. It was the shadow produced by a chimney-pipe of +sheet iron, with a hood, which rose above a neighboring roof. + +Cosette joined in his laughter, all her lugubrious suppositions were +allayed, and the next morning, as she was at breakfast with her father, +she made merry over the sinister garden haunted by the shadows of iron +chimney-pots. + +Jean Valjean became quite tranquil once more; as for Cosette, she did +not pay much attention to the question whether the chimney-pot was +really in the direction of the shadow which she had seen, or thought +she had seen, and whether the moon had been in the same spot in the +sky. + +She did not question herself as to the peculiarity of a chimney-pot +which is afraid of being caught in the act, and which retires when some +one looks at its shadow, for the shadow had taken the alarm when +Cosette had turned round, and Cosette had thought herself very sure of +this. Cosette’s serenity was fully restored. The proof appeared to her +to be complete, and it quite vanished from her mind, whether there +could possibly be any one walking in the garden during the evening or +at night. + +A few days later, however, a fresh incident occurred. + + + + +CHAPTER III—ENRICHED WITH COMMENTARIES BY TOUSSAINT + + +In the garden, near the railing on the street, there was a stone bench, +screened from the eyes of the curious by a plantation of yoke-elms, but +which could, in case of necessity, be reached by an arm from the +outside, past the trees and the gate. + +One evening during that same month of April, Jean Valjean had gone out; +Cosette had seated herself on this bench after sundown. The breeze was +blowing briskly in the trees, Cosette was meditating; an objectless +sadness was taking possession of her little by little, that invincible +sadness evoked by the evening, and which arises, perhaps, who knows, +from the mystery of the tomb which is ajar at that hour. + +Perhaps Fantine was within that shadow. + +Cosette rose, slowly made the tour of the garden, walking on the grass +drenched in dew, and saying to herself, through the species of +melancholy somnambulism in which she was plunged: “Really, one needs +wooden shoes for the garden at this hour. One takes cold.” + + +She returned to the bench. + +As she was about to resume her seat there, she observed on the spot +which she had quitted, a tolerably large stone which had, evidently, +not been there a moment before. + +Cosette gazed at the stone, asking herself what it meant. All at once +the idea occurred to her that the stone had not reached the bench all +by itself, that some one had placed it there, that an arm had been +thrust through the railing, and this idea appeared to alarm her. This +time, the fear was genuine; the stone was there. No doubt was possible; +she did not touch it, fled without glancing behind her, took refuge in +the house, and immediately closed with shutter, bolt, and bar the +door-like window opening on the flight of steps. She inquired of +Toussaint:— + +“Has my father returned yet?” + + +“Not yet, Mademoiselle.” + + +[We have already noted once for all the fact that Toussaint stuttered. +May we be permitted to dispense with it for the future. The musical +notation of an infirmity is repugnant to us.] + +Jean Valjean, a thoughtful man, and given to nocturnal strolls, often +returned quite late at night. + +“Toussaint,” went on Cosette, “are you careful to thoroughly barricade +the shutters opening on the garden, at least with bars, in the evening, +and to put the little iron things in the little rings that close them?” + + +“Oh! be easy on that score, Miss.” + + +Toussaint did not fail in her duty, and Cosette was well aware of the +fact, but she could not refrain from adding:— + +“It is so solitary here.” + + +“So far as that is concerned,” said Toussaint, “it is true. We might be +assassinated before we had time to say _ouf!_ And Monsieur does not +sleep in the house, to boot. But fear nothing, Miss, I fasten the +shutters up like prisons. Lone women! That is enough to make one +shudder, I believe you! Just imagine, what if you were to see men enter +your chamber at night and say: ‘Hold your tongue!’ and begin to cut +your throat. It’s not the dying so much; you die, for one must die, and +that’s all right; it’s the abomination of feeling those people touch +you. And then, their knives; they can’t be able to cut well with them! +Ah, good gracious!” + + +“Be quiet,” said Cosette. “Fasten everything thoroughly.” + + +Cosette, terrified by the melodrama improvised by Toussaint, and +possibly, also, by the recollection of the apparitions of the past +week, which recurred to her memory, dared not even say to her: “Go and +look at the stone which has been placed on the bench!” for fear of +opening the garden gate and allowing “the men” to enter. She saw that +all the doors and windows were carefully fastened, made Toussaint go +all over the house from garret to cellar, locked herself up in her own +chamber, bolted her door, looked under her couch, went to bed and slept +badly. All night long she saw that big stone, as large as a mountain +and full of caverns. + +At sunrise,—the property of the rising sun is to make us laugh at all +our terrors of the past night, and our laughter is in direct proportion +to our terror which they have caused,—at sunrise Cosette, when she +woke, viewed her fright as a nightmare, and said to herself: “What have +I been thinking of? It is like the footsteps that I thought I heard a +week or two ago in the garden at night! It is like the shadow of the +chimney-pot! Am I becoming a coward?” The sun, which was glowing +through the crevices in her shutters, and turning the damask curtains +crimson, reassured her to such an extent that everything vanished from +her thoughts, even the stone. + +“There was no more a stone on the bench than there was a man in a round +hat in the garden; I dreamed about the stone, as I did all the rest.” + + +She dressed herself, descended to the garden, ran to the bench, and +broke out in a cold perspiration. The stone was there. + +But this lasted only for a moment. That which is terror by night is +curiosity by day. + +“Bah!” said she, “come, let us see what it is.” + + +She lifted the stone, which was tolerably large. Beneath it was +something which resembled a letter. It was a white envelope. Cosette +seized it. There was no address on one side, no seal on the other. Yet +the envelope, though unsealed, was not empty. Papers could be seen +inside. + +Cosette examined it. It was no longer alarm, it was no longer +curiosity; it was a beginning of anxiety. + +Cosette drew from the envelope its contents, a little notebook of +paper, each page of which was numbered and bore a few lines in a very +fine and rather pretty handwriting, as Cosette thought. + +Cosette looked for a name; there was none. To whom was this addressed? +To her, probably, since a hand had deposited the packet on her bench. +From whom did it come? An irresistible fascination took possession of +her; she tried to turn away her eyes from the leaflets which were +trembling in her hand, she gazed at the sky, the street, the acacias +all bathed in light, the pigeons fluttering over a neighboring roof, +and then her glance suddenly fell upon the manuscript, and she said to +herself that she must know what it contained. + +This is what she read. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A HEART BENEATH A STONE + + + + +[Illustration: Cosette With Letter] + + +The reduction of the universe to a single being, the expansion of a +single being even to God, that is love. + +Love is the salutation of the angels to the stars. + +How sad is the soul, when it is sad through love! + +What a void in the absence of the being who, by herself alone fills the +world! Oh! how true it is that the beloved being becomes God. One could +comprehend that God might be jealous of this had not God the Father of +all evidently made creation for the soul, and the soul for love. + +The glimpse of a smile beneath a white crape bonnet with a lilac +curtain is sufficient to cause the soul to enter into the palace of +dreams. + +God is behind everything, but everything hides God. Things are black, +creatures are opaque. To love a being is to render that being +transparent. + +Certain thoughts are prayers. There are moments when, whatever the +attitude of the body may be, the soul is on its knees. + +Parted lovers beguile absence by a thousand chimerical devices, which +possess, however, a reality of their own. They are prevented from +seeing each other, they cannot write to each other; they discover a +multitude of mysterious means to correspond. They send each other the +song of the birds, the perfume of the flowers, the smiles of children, +the light of the sun, the sighings of the breeze, the rays of stars, +all creation. And why not? All the works of God are made to serve love. +Love is sufficiently potent to charge all nature with its messages. + +Oh Spring! Thou art a letter that I write to her. + +The future belongs to hearts even more than it does to minds. Love, +that is the only thing that can occupy and fill eternity. In the +infinite, the inexhaustible is requisite. + +Love participates of the soul itself. It is of the same nature. Like +it, it is the divine spark; like it, it is incorruptible, indivisible, +imperishable. It is a point of fire that exists within us, which is +immortal and infinite, which nothing can confine, and which nothing can +extinguish. We feel it burning even to the very marrow of our bones, +and we see it beaming in the very depths of heaven. + +Oh Love! Adorations! voluptuousness of two minds which understand each +other, of two hearts which exchange with each other, of two glances +which penetrate each other! You will come to me, will you not, bliss! +strolls by twos in the solitudes! Blessed and radiant days! I have +sometimes dreamed that from time to time hours detached themselves from +the lives of the angels and came here below to traverse the destinies +of men. + +God can add nothing to the happiness of those who love, except to give +them endless duration. After a life of love, an eternity of love is, in +fact, an augmentation; but to increase in intensity even the ineffable +felicity which love bestows on the soul even in this world, is +impossible, even to God. God is the plenitude of heaven; love is the +plenitude of man. + +You look at a star for two reasons, because it is luminous, and because +it is impenetrable. You have beside you a sweeter radiance and a +greater mystery, woman. + +All of us, whoever we may be, have our respirable beings. We lack air +and we stifle. Then we die. To die for lack of love is horrible. +Suffocation of the soul. + +When love has fused and mingled two beings in a sacred and angelic +unity, the secret of life has been discovered so far as they are +concerned; they are no longer anything more than the two boundaries of +the same destiny; they are no longer anything but the two wings of the +same spirit. Love, soar. + +On the day when a woman as she passes before you emits light as she +walks, you are lost, you love. But one thing remains for you to do: to +think of her so intently that she is constrained to think of you. + +What love commences can be finished by God alone. + +True love is in despair and is enchanted over a glove lost or a +handkerchief found, and eternity is required for its devotion and its +hopes. It is composed both of the infinitely great and the infinitely +little. + +If you are a stone, be adamant; if you are a plant, be the sensitive +plant; if you are a man, be love. + +Nothing suffices for love. We have happiness, we desire paradise; we +possess paradise, we desire heaven. + +Oh ye who love each other, all this is contained in love. Understand +how to find it there. Love has contemplation as well as heaven, and +more than heaven, it has voluptuousness. + +“Does she still come to the Luxembourg?” “No, sir.” “This is the church +where she attends mass, is it not?” “She no longer comes here.” “Does +she still live in this house?” “She has moved away.” “Where has she +gone to dwell?” + + +“She did not say.” + + +What a melancholy thing not to know the address of one’s soul! + +Love has its childishness, other passions have their pettinesses. Shame +on the passions which belittle man! Honor to the one which makes a +child of him! + +There is one strange thing, do you know it? I dwell in the night. There +is a being who carried off my sky when she went away. + +Oh! would that we were lying side by side in the same grave, hand in +hand, and from time to time, in the darkness, gently caressing a +finger,—that would suffice for my eternity! + +Ye who suffer because ye love, love yet more. To die of love, is to +live in it. + +Love. A sombre and starry transfiguration is mingled with this torture. +There is ecstasy in agony. + +Oh joy of the birds! It is because they have nests that they sing. + +Love is a celestial respiration of the air of paradise. + +Deep hearts, sage minds, take life as God has made it; it is a long +trial, an incomprehensible preparation for an unknown destiny. This +destiny, the true one, begins for a man with the first step inside the +tomb. Then something appears to him, and he begins to distinguish the +definitive. The definitive, meditate upon that word. The living +perceive the infinite; the definitive permits itself to be seen only by +the dead. In the meanwhile, love and suffer, hope and contemplate. Woe, +alas! to him who shall have loved only bodies, forms, appearances! +Death will deprive him of all. Try to love souls, you will find them +again. + +I encountered in the street, a very poor young man who was in love. His +hat was old, his coat was worn, his elbows were in holes; water +trickled through his shoes, and the stars through his soul. + +What a grand thing it is to be loved! What a far grander thing it is to +love! The heart becomes heroic, by dint of passion. It is no longer +composed of anything but what is pure; it no longer rests on anything +that is not elevated and great. An unworthy thought can no more +germinate in it, than a nettle on a glacier. The serene and lofty soul, +inaccessible to vulgar passions and emotions, dominating the clouds and +the shades of this world, its follies, its lies, its hatreds, its +vanities, its miseries, inhabits the blue of heaven, and no longer +feels anything but profound and subterranean shocks of destiny, as the +crests of mountains feel the shocks of earthquake. + +If there did not exist some one who loved, the sun would become +extinct. + + + + +CHAPTER V—COSETTE AFTER THE LETTER + + +As Cosette read, she gradually fell into thought. At the very moment +when she raised her eyes from the last line of the note-book, the +handsome officer passed triumphantly in front of the gate,—it was his +hour; Cosette thought him hideous. + +She resumed her contemplation of the book. It was written in the most +charming of chirography, thought Cosette; in the same hand, but with +divers inks, sometimes very black, again whitish, as when ink has been +added to the inkstand, and consequently on different days. It was, +then, a mind which had unfolded itself there, sigh by sigh, +irregularly, without order, without choice, without object, hap-hazard. +Cosette had never read anything like it. This manuscript, in which she +already perceived more light than obscurity, produced upon her the +effect of a half-open sanctuary. Each one of these mysterious lines +shone before her eyes and inundated her heart with a strange radiance. +The education which she had received had always talked to her of the +soul, and never of love, very much as one might talk of the firebrand +and not of the flame. This manuscript of fifteen pages suddenly and +sweetly revealed to her all of love, sorrow, destiny, life, eternity, +the beginning, the end. It was as if a hand had opened and suddenly +flung upon her a handful of rays of light. In these few lines she felt +a passionate, ardent, generous, honest nature, a sacred will, an +immense sorrow, and an immense despair, a suffering heart, an ecstasy +fully expanded. What was this manuscript? A letter. A letter without +name, without address, without date, without signature, pressing and +disinterested, an enigma composed of truths, a message of love made to +be brought by an angel and read by a virgin, an appointment made beyond +the bounds of earth, the love-letter of a phantom to a shade. It was an +absent one, tranquil and dejected, who seemed ready to take refuge in +death and who sent to the absent love, his lady, the secret of fate, +the key of life, love. This had been written with one foot in the grave +and one finger in heaven. These lines, which had fallen one by one on +the paper, were what might be called drops of soul. + +Now, from whom could these pages come? Who could have penned them? + +Cosette did not hesitate a moment. One man only. + +He! + +Day had dawned once more in her spirit; all had reappeared. She felt an +unheard-of joy, and a profound anguish. It was he! he who had written! +he was there! it was he whose arm had been thrust through that railing! +While she was forgetful of him, he had found her again! But had she +forgotten him? No, never! She was foolish to have thought so for a +single moment. She had always loved him, always adored him. The fire +had been smothered, and had smouldered for a time, but she saw all +plainly now; it had but made headway, and now it had burst forth +afresh, and had inflamed her whole being. This note-book was like a +spark which had fallen from that other soul into hers. She felt the +conflagration starting up once more. + +She imbued herself thoroughly with every word of the manuscript: “Oh +yes!” said she, “how perfectly I recognize all that! That is what I had +already read in his eyes.” As she was finishing it for the third time, +Lieutenant ThĂ©odule passed the gate once more, and rattled his spurs +upon the pavement. Cosette was forced to raise her eyes. She thought +him insipid, silly, stupid, useless, foppish, displeasing, impertinent, +and extremely ugly. The officer thought it his duty to smile at her. + +She turned away as in shame and indignation. She would gladly have +thrown something at his head. + +She fled, re-entered the house, and shut herself up in her chamber to +peruse the manuscript once more, to learn it by heart, and to dream. +When she had thoroughly mastered it she kissed it and put it in her +bosom. + +All was over, Cosette had fallen back into deep, seraphic love. The +abyss of Eden had yawned once more. + +All day long, Cosette remained in a sort of bewilderment. She scarcely +thought, her ideas were in the state of a tangled skein in her brain, +she could not manage to conjecture anything, she hoped through a +tremor, what? vague things. She dared make herself no promises, and she +did not wish to refuse herself anything. Flashes of pallor passed over +her countenance, and shivers ran through her frame. It seemed to her, +at intervals, that she was entering the land of chimĂŠras; she said to +herself: “Is this reality?” Then she felt of the dear paper within her +bosom under her gown, she pressed it to her heart, she felt its angles +against her flesh; and if Jean Valjean had seen her at the moment, he +would have shuddered in the presence of that luminous and unknown joy, +which overflowed from beneath her eyelids.—“Oh yes!” she thought, “it +is certainly he! This comes from him, and is for me!” + + +And she told herself that an intervention of the angels, a celestial +chance, had given him back to her. + +Oh transfiguration of love! Oh dreams! That celestial chance, that +intervention of the angels, was a pellet of bread tossed by one thief +to another thief, from the Charlemagne Courtyard to the Lion’s Ditch, +over the roofs of La Force. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—OLD PEOPLE ARE MADE TO GO OUT OPPORTUNELY + + +When evening came, Jean Valjean went out; Cosette dressed herself. She +arranged her hair in the most becoming manner, and she put on a dress +whose bodice had received one snip of the scissors too much, and which, +through this slope, permitted a view of the beginning of her throat, +and was, as young girls say, “a trifle indecent.” It was not in the +least indecent, but it was prettier than usual. She made her toilet +thus without knowing why she did so. + +Did she mean to go out? No. + +Was she expecting a visitor? No. + +At dusk, she went down to the garden. Toussaint was busy in her +kitchen, which opened on the back yard. + +She began to stroll about under the trees, thrusting aside the branches +from time to time with her hand, because there were some which hung +very low. + +In this manner she reached the bench. + +The stone was still there. + +She sat down, and gently laid her white hand on this stone as though +she wished to caress and thank it. + +All at once, she experienced that indefinable impression which one +undergoes when there is some one standing behind one, even when she +does not see the person. + +She turned her head and rose to her feet. + +It was he. + +His head was bare. He appeared to have grown thin and pale. His black +clothes were hardly discernible. The twilight threw a wan light on his +fine brow, and covered his eyes in shadows. Beneath a veil of +incomparable sweetness, he had something about him that suggested death +and night. His face was illuminated by the light of the dying day, and +by the thought of a soul that is taking flight. + +He seemed to be not yet a ghost, and he was no longer a man. + +He had flung away his hat in the thicket, a few paces distant. + +Cosette, though ready to swoon, uttered no cry. She retreated slowly, +for she felt herself attracted. He did not stir. By virtue of something +ineffable and melancholy which enveloped him, she felt the look in his +eyes which she could not see. + +Cosette, in her retreat, encountered a tree and leaned against it. Had +it not been for this tree, she would have fallen. + +Then she heard his voice, that voice which she had really never heard, +barely rising above the rustle of the leaves, and murmuring:— + +“Pardon me, here I am. My heart is full. I could not live on as I was +living, and I have come. Have you read what I placed there on the +bench? Do you recognize me at all? Have no fear of me. It is a long +time, you remember the day, since you looked at me at the Luxembourg, +near the Gladiator. And the day when you passed before me? It was on +the 16th of June and the 2d of July. It is nearly a year ago. I have +not seen you for a long time. I inquired of the woman who let the +chairs, and she told me that she no longer saw you. You lived in the +Rue de l’Ouest, on the third floor, in the front apartments of a new +house,—you see that I know! I followed you. What else was there for me +to do? And then you disappeared. I thought I saw you pass once, while I +was reading the newspapers under the arcade of the OdĂ©on. I ran after +you. But no. It was a person who had a bonnet like yours. At night I +came hither. Do not be afraid, no one sees me. I come to gaze upon your +windows near at hand. I walk very softly, so that you may not hear, for +you might be alarmed. The other evening I was behind you, you turned +round, I fled. Once, I heard you singing. I was happy. Did it affect +you because I heard you singing through the shutters? That could not +hurt you. No, it is not so? You see, you are my angel! Let me come +sometimes; I think that I am going to die. If you only knew! I adore +you. Forgive me, I speak to you, but I do not know what I am saying; I +may have displeased you; have I displeased you?” + + +“Oh! my mother!” said she. + +And she sank down as though on the point of death. + +He grasped her, she fell, he took her in his arms, he pressed her +close, without knowing what he was doing. He supported her, though he +was tottering himself. It was as though his brain were full of smoke; +lightnings darted between his lips; his ideas vanished; it seemed to +him that he was accomplishing some religious act, and that he was +committing a profanation. Moreover, he had not the least passion for +this lovely woman whose force he felt against his breast. He was beside +himself with love. + +She took his hand and laid it on her heart. He felt the paper there, he +stammered:— + +“You love me, then?” + + +She replied in a voice so low that it was no longer anything more than +a barely audible breath:— + +“Hush! Thou knowest it!” + + +And she hid her blushing face on the breast of the superb and +intoxicated young man. + +He fell upon the bench, and she beside him. They had no words more. The +stars were beginning to gleam. How did it come to pass that their lips +met? How comes it to pass that the birds sing, that snow melts, that +the rose unfolds, that May expands, that the dawn grows white behind +the black trees on the shivering crest of the hills? + +A kiss, and that was all. + +Both started, and gazed into the darkness with sparkling eyes. + +They felt neither the cool night, nor the cold stone, nor the damp +earth, nor the wet grass; they looked at each other, and their hearts +were full of thoughts. They had clasped hands unconsciously. + +She did not ask him, she did not even wonder, how he had entered there, +and how he had made his way into the garden. It seemed so simple to her +that he should be there! + +From time to time, Marius’ knee touched Cosette’s knee, and both +shivered. + +At intervals, Cosette stammered a word. Her soul fluttered on her lips +like a drop of dew on a flower. + +Little by little they began to talk to each other. Effusion followed +silence, which is fulness. The night was serene and splendid overhead. +These two beings, pure as spirits, told each other everything, their +dreams, their intoxications, their ecstasies, their chimĂŠras, their +weaknesses, how they had adored each other from afar, how they had +longed for each other, their despair when they had ceased to see each +other. They confided to each other in an ideal intimacy, which nothing +could augment, their most secret and most mysterious thoughts. They +related to each other, with candid faith in their illusions, all that +love, youth, and the remains of childhood which still lingered about +them, suggested to their minds. Their two hearts poured themselves out +into each other in such wise, that at the expiration of a quarter of an +hour, it was the young man who had the young girl’s soul, and the young +girl who had the young man’s soul. Each became permeated with the +other, they were enchanted with each other, they dazzled each other. + +When they had finished, when they had told each other everything, she +laid her head on his shoulder and asked him:— + +“What is your name?” + + +“My name is Marius,” said he. “And yours?” + + +“My name is Cosette.” + + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—LITTLE GAVROCHE + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE MALICIOUS PLAYFULNESS OF THE WIND + + +Since 1823, when the tavern of Montfermeil was on the way to shipwreck +and was being gradually engulfed, not in the abyss of a bankruptcy, but +in the cesspool of petty debts, the ThĂ©nardier pair had had two other +children; both males. That made five; two girls and three boys. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier had got rid of the last two, while they were still +young and very small, with remarkable luck. + +_Got rid of_ is the word. There was but a mere fragment of nature in +that woman. A phenomenon, by the way, of which there is more than one +example extant. Like the MarĂ©chale de La Mothe-Houdancourt, the +ThĂ©nardier was a mother to her daughters only. There her maternity +ended. Her hatred of the human race began with her own sons. In the +direction of her sons her evil disposition was uncompromising, and her +heart had a lugubrious wall in that quarter. As the reader has seen, +she detested the eldest; she cursed the other two. Why? Because. The +most terrible of motives, the most unanswerable of retorts—Because. “I +have no need of a litter of squalling brats,” said this mother. + +Let us explain how the ThĂ©nardiers had succeeded in getting rid of +their last two children; and even in drawing profit from the operation. + +The woman Magnon, who was mentioned a few pages further back, was the +same one who had succeeded in making old Gillenormand support the two +children which she had had. She lived on the Quai des CĂ©lestins, at the +corner of this ancient street of the Petit-Musc which afforded her the +opportunity of changing her evil repute into good odor. The reader will +remember the great epidemic of croup which ravaged the river districts +of the Seine in Paris thirty-five years ago, and of which science took +advantage to make experiments on a grand scale as to the efficacy of +inhalations of alum, so beneficially replaced at the present day by the +external tincture of iodine. During this epidemic, the Magnon lost both +her boys, who were still very young, one in the morning, the other in +the evening of the same day. This was a blow. These children were +precious to their mother; they represented eighty francs a month. These +eighty francs were punctually paid in the name of M. Gillenormand, by +collector of his rents, M. Barge, a retired tip-staff, in the Rue du +Roi-de-Sicile. The children dead, the income was at an end. The Magnon +sought an expedient. In that dark free-masonry of evil of which she +formed a part, everything is known, all secrets are kept, and all lend +mutual aid. Magnon needed two children; the ThĂ©nardiers had two. The +same sex, the same age. A good arrangement for the one, a good +investment for the other. The little ThĂ©nardiers became little Magnons. +Magnon quitted the Quai des CĂ©lestins and went to live in the Rue +Clocheperce. In Paris, the identity which binds an individual to +himself is broken between one street and another. + +The registry office being in no way warned, raised no objections, and +the substitution was effected in the most simple manner in the world. +Only, the ThĂ©nardier exacted for this loan of her children, ten francs +a month, which Magnon promised to pay, and which she actually did pay. +It is unnecessary to add that M. Gillenormand continued to perform his +compact. He came to see the children every six months. He did not +perceive the change. “Monsieur,” Magnon said to him, “how much they +resemble you!” + + +ThĂ©nardier, to whom avatars were easy, seized this occasion to become +Jondrette. His two daughters and Gavroche had hardly had time to +discover that they had two little brothers. When a certain degree of +misery is reached, one is overpowered with a sort of spectral +indifference, and one regards human beings as though they were +spectres. Your nearest relations are often no more for you than vague +shadowy forms, barely outlined against a nebulous background of life +and easily confounded again with the invisible. + +On the evening of the day when she had handed over her two little ones +to Magnon, with express intention of renouncing them forever, the +ThĂ©nardier had felt, or had appeared to feel, a scruple. She said to +her husband: “But this is abandoning our children!” ThĂ©nardier, +masterful and phlegmatic, cauterized the scruple with this saying: +“Jean Jacques Rousseau did even better!” From scruples, the mother +proceeded to uneasiness: “But what if the police were to annoy us? Tell +me, Monsieur ThĂ©nardier, is what we have done permissible?” ThĂ©nardier +replied: “Everything is permissible. No one will see anything but true +blue in it. Besides, no one has any interest in looking closely after +children who have not a sou.” + + +Magnon was a sort of fashionable woman in the sphere of crime. She was +careful about her toilet. She shared her lodgings, which were furnished +in an affected and wretched style, with a clever gallicized English +thief. This English woman, who had become a naturalized Parisienne, +recommended by very wealthy relations, intimately connected with the +medals in the Library and Mademoiselle Mar’s diamonds, became +celebrated later on in judicial accounts. She was called _Mamselle +Miss_. + +The two little creatures who had fallen to Magnon had no reason to +complain of their lot. Recommended by the eighty francs, they were well +cared for, as is everything from which profit is derived; they were +neither badly clothed, nor badly fed; they were treated almost like +“little gentlemen,”—better by their false mother than by their real +one. Magnon played the lady, and talked no thieves’ slang in their +presence. + +Thus passed several years. ThĂ©nardier augured well from the fact. One +day, he chanced to say to Magnon as she handed him his monthly stipend +of ten francs: “The father must give them some education.” + + +All at once, these two poor children, who had up to that time been +protected tolerably well, even by their evil fate, were abruptly hurled +into life and forced to begin it for themselves. + +A wholesale arrest of malefactors, like that in the Jondrette garret, +necessarily complicated by investigations and subsequent +incarcerations, is a veritable disaster for that hideous and occult +counter-society which pursues its existence beneath public society; an +adventure of this description entails all sorts of catastrophes in that +sombre world. The ThĂ©nardier catastrophe involved the catastrophe of +Magnon. + +One day, a short time after Magnon had handed to Éponine the note +relating to the Rue Plumet, a sudden raid was made by the police in the +Rue Clocheperce; Magnon was seized, as was also Mamselle Miss; and all +the inhabitants of the house, which was of a suspicious character, were +gathered into the net. While this was going on, the two little boys +were playing in the back yard, and saw nothing of the raid. When they +tried to enter the house again, they found the door fastened and the +house empty. A cobbler opposite called them to him, and delivered to +them a paper which “their mother” had left for them. On this paper +there was an address: _M. Barge, collector of rents, Rue du +Roi-de-Sicile, No_. 8. The proprietor of the stall said to them: “You +cannot live here any longer. Go there. It is nearby. The first street +on the left. Ask your way from this paper.” + + +The children set out, the elder leading the younger, and holding in his +hand the paper which was to guide them. It was cold, and his benumbed +little fingers could not close very firmly, and they did not keep a +very good hold on the paper. At the corner of the Rue Clocheperce, a +gust of wind tore it from him, and as night was falling, the child was +not able to find it again. + +They began to wander aimlessly through the streets. + + + + +CHAPTER II—IN WHICH LITTLE GAVROCHE EXTRACTS PROFIT FROM NAPOLEON THE +GREAT + + +Spring in Paris is often traversed by harsh and piercing breezes which +do not precisely chill but freeze one; these north winds which sadden +the most beautiful days produce exactly the effect of those puffs of +cold air which enter a warm room through the cracks of a badly fitting +door or window. It seems as though the gloomy door of winter had +remained ajar, and as though the wind were pouring through it. In the +spring of 1832, the epoch when the first great epidemic of this century +broke out in Europe, these north gales were more harsh and piercing +than ever. It was a door even more glacial than that of winter which +was ajar. It was the door of the sepulchre. In these winds one felt the +breath of the cholera. + +From a meteorological point of view, these cold winds possessed this +peculiarity, that they did not preclude a strong electric tension. +Frequent storms, accompanied by thunder and lightning, burst forth at +this epoch. + +One evening, when these gales were blowing rudely, to such a degree +that January seemed to have returned and that the bourgeois had resumed +their cloaks, Little Gavroche, who was always shivering gayly under his +rags, was standing as though in ecstasy before a wig-maker’s shop in +the vicinity of the Orme-Saint-Gervais. He was adorned with a woman’s +woollen shawl, picked up no one knows where, and which he had converted +into a neck comforter. Little Gavroche appeared to be engaged in intent +admiration of a wax bride, in a low-necked dress, and crowned with +orange-flowers, who was revolving in the window, and displaying her +smile to passers-by, between two argand lamps; but in reality, he was +taking an observation of the shop, in order to discover whether he +could not “prig” from the shop-front a cake of soap, which he would +then proceed to sell for a sou to a “hair-dresser” in the suburbs. He +had often managed to breakfast off of such a roll. He called his +species of work, for which he possessed special aptitude, “shaving +barbers.” + + +While contemplating the bride, and eyeing the cake of soap, he muttered +between his teeth: “Tuesday. It was not Tuesday. Was it Tuesday? +Perhaps it was Tuesday. Yes, it was Tuesday.” + + +No one has ever discovered to what this monologue referred. + +Yes, perchance, this monologue had some connection with the last +occasion on which he had dined, three days before, for it was now +Friday. + +The barber in his shop, which was warmed by a good stove, was shaving a +customer and casting a glance from time to time at the enemy, that +freezing and impudent street urchin both of whose hands were in his +pockets, but whose mind was evidently unsheathed. + +While Gavroche was scrutinizing the shop-window and the cakes of +windsor soap, two children of unequal stature, very neatly dressed, and +still smaller than himself, one apparently about seven years of age, +the other five, timidly turned the handle and entered the shop, with a +request for something or other, alms possibly, in a plaintive murmur +which resembled a groan rather than a prayer. They both spoke at once, +and their words were unintelligible because sobs broke the voice of the +younger, and the teeth of the elder were chattering with cold. The +barber wheeled round with a furious look, and without abandoning his +razor, thrust back the elder with his left hand and the younger with +his knee, and slammed his door, saying: “The idea of coming in and +freezing everybody for nothing!” + + +The two children resumed their march in tears. In the meantime, a cloud +had risen; it had begun to rain. + +Little Gavroche ran after them and accosted them:— + +“What’s the matter with you, brats?” + + +“We don’t know where we are to sleep,” replied the elder. + +“Is that all?” said Gavroche. “A great matter, truly. The idea of +bawling about that. They must be greenies!” + + +And adopting, in addition to his superiority, which was rather +bantering, an accent of tender authority and gentle patronage:— + +“Come along with me, young ’uns!” + + +“Yes, sir,” said the elder. + +And the two children followed him as they would have followed an +archbishop. They had stopped crying. + +Gavroche led them up the Rue Saint-Antoine in the direction of the +Bastille. + +As Gavroche walked along, he cast an indignant backward glance at the +barber’s shop. + +“That fellow has no heart, the whiting,”35 he muttered. “He’s an +Englishman.” + + +A woman who caught sight of these three marching in a file, with +Gavroche at their head, burst into noisy laughter. This laugh was +wanting in respect towards the group. + +“Good day, Mamselle Omnibus,” said Gavroche to her. + +An instant later, the wig-maker occurred to his mind once more, and he +added:— + +“I am making a mistake in the beast; he’s not a whiting, he’s a +serpent. Barber, I’ll go and fetch a locksmith, and I’ll have a bell +hung to your tail.” + + +This wig-maker had rendered him aggressive. As he strode over a gutter, +he apostrophized a bearded portress who was worthy to meet Faust on the +Brocken, and who had a broom in her hand. + +“Madam,” said he, “so you are going out with your horse?” + + +And thereupon, he spattered the polished boots of a pedestrian. + +“You scamp!” shouted the furious pedestrian. + +Gavroche elevated his nose above his shawl. + +“Is Monsieur complaining?” + + +“Of you!” ejaculated the man. + +“The office is closed,” said Gavroche, “I do not receive any more +complaints.” + + +In the meanwhile, as he went on up the street, he perceived a +beggar-girl, thirteen or fourteen years old, and clad in so short a +gown that her knees were visible, lying thoroughly chilled under a +porte-cochĂšre. The little girl was getting to be too old for such a +thing. Growth does play these tricks. The petticoat becomes short at +the moment when nudity becomes indecent. + +“Poor girl!” said Gavroche. “She hasn’t even trousers. Hold on, take +this.” + + +And unwinding all the comfortable woollen which he had around his neck, +he flung it on the thin and purple shoulders of the beggar-girl, where +the scarf became a shawl once more. + +The child stared at him in astonishment, and received the shawl in +silence. When a certain stage of distress has been reached in his +misery, the poor man no longer groans over evil, no longer returns +thanks for good. + +That done: “Brrr!” said Gavroche, who was shivering more than Saint +Martin, for the latter retained one-half of his cloak. + +At this _brrr!_ the downpour of rain, redoubled in its spite, became +furious. The wicked skies punish good deeds. + +“Ah, come now!” exclaimed Gavroche, “what’s the meaning of this? It’s +re-raining! Good Heavens, if it goes on like this, I shall stop my +subscription.” + + +And he set out on the march once more. + +“It’s all right,” he resumed, casting a glance at the beggar-girl, as +she coiled up under the shawl, “she’s got a famous peel.” + + +And looking up at the clouds he exclaimed:— + +“Caught!” + + +The two children followed close on his heels. + +As they were passing one of these heavy grated lattices, which indicate +a baker’s shop, for bread is put behind bars like gold, Gavroche turned +round:— + +“Ah, by the way, brats, have we dined?” + + +“Monsieur,” replied the elder, “we have had nothing to eat since this +morning.” + + +“So you have neither father nor mother?” resumed Gavroche majestically. + +“Excuse us, sir, we have a papa and a mamma, but we don’t know where +they are.” + + +“Sometimes that’s better than knowing where they are,” said Gavroche, +who was a thinker. + +“We have been wandering about these two hours,” continued the elder, +“we have hunted for things at the corners of the streets, but we have +found nothing.” + + +“I know,” ejaculated Gavroche, “it’s the dogs who eat everything.” + + +He went on, after a pause:— + +“Ah! we have lost our authors. We don’t know what we have done with +them. This should not be, gamins. It’s stupid to let old people stray +off like that. Come now! we must have a snooze all the same.” + + +However, he asked them no questions. What was more simple than that +they should have no dwelling place! + +The elder of the two children, who had almost entirely recovered the +prompt heedlessness of childhood, uttered this exclamation:— + +“It’s queer, all the same. Mamma told us that she would take us to get +a blessed spray on Palm Sunday.” + + +“Bosh,” said Gavroche. + +“Mamma,” resumed the elder, “is a lady who lives with Mamselle Miss.” + + +“TanflĂ»te!” retorted Gavroche. + +Meanwhile he had halted, and for the last two minutes he had been +feeling and fumbling in all sorts of nooks which his rags contained. + +At last he tossed his head with an air intended to be merely satisfied, +but which was triumphant, in reality. + +“Let us be calm, young ’uns. Here’s supper for three.” + + +And from one of his pockets he drew forth a sou. + +Without allowing the two urchins time for amazement, he pushed both of +them before him into the baker’s shop, and flung his sou on the +counter, crying:— + +“Boy! five centimes’ worth of bread.” + + +The baker, who was the proprietor in person, took up a loaf and a +knife. + +“In three pieces, my boy!” went on Gavroche. + +And he added with dignity:— + +“There are three of us.” + + +And seeing that the baker, after scrutinizing the three customers, had +taken down a black loaf, he thrust his finger far up his nose with an +inhalation as imperious as though he had had a pinch of the great +Frederick’s snuff on the tip of his thumb, and hurled this indignant +apostrophe full in the baker’s face:— + +“Keksekça?” + + +Those of our readers who might be tempted to espy in this +interpellation of Gavroche’s to the baker a Russian or a Polish word, +or one of those savage cries which the Yoways and the Botocudos hurl at +each other from bank to bank of a river, athwart the solitudes, are +warned that it is a word which they [our readers] utter every day, and +which takes the place of the phrase: “Qu’est-ce que c’est que cela?” +The baker understood perfectly, and replied:— + +“Well! It’s bread, and very good bread of the second quality.” + + +“You mean _larton brutal_ [black bread]!” retorted Gavroche, calmly and +coldly disdainful. “White bread, boy! white bread [_larton savonnĂ©_]! +I’m standing treat.” + + +The baker could not repress a smile, and as he cut the white bread he +surveyed them in a compassionate way which shocked Gavroche. + +“Come, now, baker’s boy!” said he, “what are you taking our measure +like that for?” + + +All three of them placed end to end would have hardly made a measure. + +When the bread was cut, the baker threw the sou into his drawer, and +Gavroche said to the two children:— + +“Grub away.” + + +The little boys stared at him in surprise. + +Gavroche began to laugh. + +“Ah! hullo, that’s so! they don’t understand yet, they’re too small.” + + +And he repeated:— + +“Eat away.” + + +At the same time, he held out a piece of bread to each of them. + +And thinking that the elder, who seemed to him the more worthy of his +conversation, deserved some special encouragement and ought to be +relieved from all hesitation to satisfy his appetite, he added, as he +handed him the largest share:— + +“Ram that into your muzzle.” + + +One piece was smaller than the others; he kept this for himself. + +The poor children, including Gavroche, were famished. As they tore +their bread apart in big mouthfuls, they blocked up the shop of the +baker, who, now that they had paid their money, looked angrily at them. + +“Let’s go into the street again,” said Gavroche. + +They set off once more in the direction of the Bastille. + +From time to time, as they passed the lighted shop-windows, the +smallest halted to look at the time on a leaden watch which was +suspended from his neck by a cord. + +“Well, he is a very green ’un,” said Gavroche. + +Then, becoming thoughtful, he muttered between his teeth:— + +“All the same, if I had charge of the babes I’d lock ’em up better than +that.” + + +Just as they were finishing their morsel of bread, and had reached the +angle of that gloomy Rue des Ballets, at the other end of which the low +and threatening wicket of La Force was visible:— + +“Hullo, is that you, Gavroche?” said some one. + +“Hullo, is that you, Montparnasse?” said Gavroche. + +A man had just accosted the street urchin, and the man was no other +than Montparnasse in disguise, with blue spectacles, but recognizable +to Gavroche. + +“The bow-wows!” went on Gavroche, “you’ve got a hide the color of a +linseed plaster, and blue specs like a doctor. You’re putting on style, +‘pon my word!” + + +“Hush!” ejaculated Montparnasse, “not so loud.” + + +And he drew Gavroche hastily out of range of the lighted shops. + +The two little ones followed mechanically, holding each other by the +hand. + +When they were ensconced under the arch of a porte-cochĂšre, sheltered +from the rain and from all eyes:— + +“Do you know where I’m going?” demanded Montparnasse. + +“To the Abbey of Ascend-with-Regret,”36 replied Gavroche. + +“Joker!” + + +And Montparnasse went on:— + +“I’m going to find Babet.” + + +“Ah!” exclaimed Gavroche, “so her name is Babet.” + + +Montparnasse lowered his voice:— + +“Not she, he.” + + +“Ah! Babet.” + + +“Yes, Babet.” + + +“I thought he was buckled.” + + +“He has undone the buckle,” replied Montparnasse. + +And he rapidly related to the gamin how, on the morning of that very +day, Babet, having been transferred to La Conciergerie, had made his +escape, by turning to the left instead of to the right in “the police +office.” + + +Gavroche expressed his admiration for this skill. + +“What a dentist!” he cried. + +Montparnasse added a few details as to Babet’s flight, and ended with:— + +“Oh! That’s not all.” + + +Gavroche, as he listened, had seized a cane that Montparnasse held in +his hand, and mechanically pulled at the upper part, and the blade of a +dagger made its appearance. + +“Ah!” he exclaimed, pushing the dagger back in haste, “you have brought +along your gendarme disguised as a bourgeois.” + + +Montparnasse winked. + +“The deuce!” resumed Gavroche, “so you’re going to have a bout with the +bobbies?” + + +“You can’t tell,” replied Montparnasse with an indifferent air. “It’s +always a good thing to have a pin about one.” + + +Gavroche persisted:— + +“What are you up to to-night?” + + +Again Montparnasse took a grave tone, and said, mouthing every +syllable: “Things.” + + +And abruptly changing the conversation:— + +“By the way!” + + +“What?” + + +“Something happened t’other day. Fancy. I meet a bourgeois. He makes me +a present of a sermon and his purse. I put it in my pocket. A minute +later, I feel in my pocket. There’s nothing there.” + + +“Except the sermon,” said Gavroche. + +“But you,” went on Montparnasse, “where are you bound for now?” + + +Gavroche pointed to his two protĂ©gĂ©s, and said:— + +“I’m going to put these infants to bed.” + + +“Whereabouts is the bed?” + + +“At my house.” + + +“Where’s your house?” + + +“At my house.” + + +“So you have a lodging?” + + +“Yes, I have.” + + +“And where is your lodging?” + + +“In the elephant,” said Gavroche. + +Montparnasse, though not naturally inclined to astonishment, could not +restrain an exclamation. + +“In the elephant!” + + +“Well, yes, in the elephant!” retorted Gavroche. “Kekçaa?” + + +This is another word of the language which no one writes, and which +every one speaks. + +Kekçaa signifies: _Qu’est que c’est que cela a? _ [What’s the matter +with that?] + +The urchin’s profound remark recalled Montparnasse to calmness and good +sense. He appeared to return to better sentiments with regard to +Gavroche’s lodging. + +“Of course,” said he, “yes, the elephant. Is it comfortable there?” + + +“Very,” said Gavroche. “It’s really bully there. There ain’t any +draughts, as there are under the bridges.” + + +“How do you get in?” + + +“Oh, I get in.” + + +“So there is a hole?” demanded Montparnasse. + +“Parbleu! I should say so. But you mustn’t tell. It’s between the fore +legs. The bobbies haven’t seen it.” + + +“And you climb up? Yes, I understand.” + + +“A turn of the hand, cric, crac, and it’s all over, no one there.” + + +After a pause, Gavroche added:— + +“I shall have a ladder for these children.” + + +Montparnasse burst out laughing:— + +“Where the devil did you pick up those young ’uns?” + + +Gavroche replied with great simplicity:— + +“They are some brats that a wig-maker made me a present of.” + + +Meanwhile, Montparnasse had fallen to thinking:— + +“You recognized me very readily,” he muttered. + +He took from his pocket two small objects which were nothing more than +two quills wrapped in cotton, and thrust one up each of his nostrils. +This gave him a different nose. + +“That changes you,” remarked Gavroche, “you are less homely so, you +ought to keep them on all the time.” + + +Montparnasse was a handsome fellow, but Gavroche was a tease. + +“Seriously,” demanded Montparnasse, “how do you like me so?” + + +The sound of his voice was different also. In a twinkling, Montparnasse +had become unrecognizable. + +“Oh! Do play Porrichinelle for us!” exclaimed Gavroche. + +The two children, who had not been listening up to this point, being +occupied themselves in thrusting their fingers up their noses, drew +near at this name, and stared at Montparnasse with dawning joy and +admiration. + +Unfortunately, Montparnasse was troubled. + +He laid his hand on Gavroche’s shoulder, and said to him, emphasizing +his words: “Listen to what I tell you, boy! if I were on the square +with my dog, my knife, and my wife, and if you were to squander ten +sous on me, I wouldn’t refuse to work, but this isn’t Shrove Tuesday.” + + +This odd phrase produced a singular effect on the gamin. He wheeled +round hastily, darted his little sparkling eyes about him with profound +attention, and perceived a police sergeant standing with his back to +them a few paces off. Gavroche allowed an: “Ah! good!” to escape him, +but immediately suppressed it, and shaking Montparnasse’s hand:— + +“Well, good evening,” said he, “I’m going off to my elephant with my +brats. Supposing that you should need me some night, you can come and +hunt me up there. I lodge on the entresol. There is no porter. You will +inquire for Monsieur Gavroche.” + + +“Very good,” said Montparnasse. + +And they parted, Montparnasse betaking himself in the direction of the +GrĂšve, and Gavroche towards the Bastille. The little one of five, +dragged along by his brother who was dragged by Gavroche, turned his +head back several times to watch “Porrichinelle” as he went. + +The ambiguous phrase by means of which Montparnasse had warned Gavroche +of the presence of the policeman, contained no other talisman than the +assonance _dig_ repeated five or six times in different forms. This +syllable, _dig_, uttered alone or artistically mingled with the words +of a phrase, means: “Take care, we can no longer talk freely.” There +was besides, in Montparnasse’s sentence, a literary beauty which was +lost upon Gavroche, that is _mon dogue, ma dague et ma digue_, a slang +expression of the Temple, which signifies my dog, my knife, and my +wife, greatly in vogue among clowns and the red-tails in the great +century when MoliĂšre wrote and Callot drew. + +Twenty years ago, there was still to be seen in the southwest corner of +the Place de la Bastille, near the basin of the canal, excavated in the +ancient ditch of the fortress-prison, a singular monument, which has +already been effaced from the memories of Parisians, and which deserved +to leave some trace, for it was the idea of a “member of the Institute, +the General-in-chief of the army of Egypt.” + + +We say monument, although it was only a rough model. But this model +itself, a marvellous sketch, the grandiose skeleton of an idea of +Napoleon’s, which successive gusts of wind have carried away and +thrown, on each occasion, still further from us, had become historical +and had acquired a certain definiteness which contrasted with its +provisional aspect. It was an elephant forty feet high, constructed of +timber and masonry, bearing on its back a tower which resembled a +house, formerly painted green by some dauber, and now painted black by +heaven, the wind, and time. In this deserted and unprotected corner of +the place, the broad brow of the colossus, his trunk, his tusks, his +tower, his enormous crupper, his four feet, like columns produced, at +night, under the starry heavens, a surprising and terrible form. It was +a sort of symbol of popular force. It was sombre, mysterious, and +immense. It was some mighty, visible phantom, one knew not what, +standing erect beside the invisible spectre of the Bastille. + +Few strangers visited this edifice, no passer-by looked at it. It was +falling into ruins; every season the plaster which detached itself from +its sides formed hideous wounds upon it. “The ĂŠdiles,” as the +expression ran in elegant dialect, had forgotten it ever since 1814. +There it stood in its corner, melancholy, sick, crumbling, surrounded +by a rotten palisade, soiled continually by drunken coachmen; cracks +meandered athwart its belly, a lath projected from its tail, tall grass +flourished between its legs; and, as the level of the place had been +rising all around it for a space of thirty years, by that slow and +continuous movement which insensibly elevates the soil of large towns, +it stood in a hollow, and it looked as though the ground were giving +way beneath it. It was unclean, despised, repulsive, and superb, ugly +in the eyes of the bourgeois, melancholy in the eyes of the thinker. +There was something about it of the dirt which is on the point of being +swept out, and something of the majesty which is on the point of being +decapitated. As we have said, at night, its aspect changed. Night is +the real element of everything that is dark. As soon as twilight +descended, the old elephant became transfigured; he assumed a tranquil +and redoubtable appearance in the formidable serenity of the shadows. +Being of the past, he belonged to night; and obscurity was in keeping +with his grandeur. + +This rough, squat, heavy, hard, austere, almost misshapen, but +assuredly majestic monument, stamped with a sort of magnificent and +savage gravity, has disappeared, and left to reign in peace, a sort of +gigantic stove, ornamented with its pipe, which has replaced the sombre +fortress with its nine towers, very much as the bourgeoisie replaces +the feudal classes. It is quite natural that a stove should be the +symbol of an epoch in which a pot contains power. This epoch will pass +away, people have already begun to understand that, if there can be +force in a boiler, there can be no force except in the brain; in other +words, that which leads and drags on the world, is not locomotives, but +ideas. Harness locomotives to ideas,—that is well done; but do not +mistake the horse for the rider. + +At all events, to return to the Place de la Bastille, the architect of +this elephant succeeded in making a grand thing out of plaster; the +architect of the stove has succeeded in making a pretty thing out of +bronze. + +This stove-pipe, which has been baptized by a sonorous name, and called +the column of July, this monument of a revolution that miscarried, was +still enveloped in 1832, in an immense shirt of woodwork, which we +regret, for our part, and by a vast plank enclosure, which completed +the task of isolating the elephant. + +It was towards this corner of the place, dimly lighted by the +reflection of a distant street lamp, that the gamin guided his two +“brats.” + + +The reader must permit us to interrupt ourselves here and to remind him +that we are dealing with simple reality, and that twenty years ago, the +tribunals were called upon to judge, under the charge of vagabondage, +and mutilation of a public monument, a child who had been caught asleep +in this very elephant of the Bastille. This fact noted, we proceed. + +On arriving in the vicinity of the colossus, Gavroche comprehended the +effect which the infinitely great might produce on the infinitely +small, and said:— + +“Don’t be scared, infants.” + + +Then he entered through a gap in the fence into the elephant’s +enclosure and helped the young ones to clamber through the breach. The +two children, somewhat frightened, followed Gavroche without uttering a +word, and confided themselves to this little Providence in rags which +had given them bread and had promised them a shelter. + +There, extended along the fence, lay a ladder which by day served the +laborers in the neighboring timber-yard. Gavroche raised it with +remarkable vigor, and placed it against one of the elephant’s forelegs. +Near the point where the ladder ended, a sort of black hole in the +belly of the colossus could be distinguished. + +Gavroche pointed out the ladder and the hole to his guests, and said to +them:— + +“Climb up and go in.” + + +The two little boys exchanged terrified glances. + +“You’re afraid, brats!” exclaimed Gavroche. + +And he added:— + +“You shall see!” + + +He clasped the rough leg of the elephant, and in a twinkling, without +deigning to make use of the ladder, he had reached the aperture. He +entered it as an adder slips through a crevice, and disappeared within, +and an instant later, the two children saw his head, which looked pale, +appear vaguely, on the edge of the shadowy hole, like a wan and whitish +spectre. + +“Well!” he exclaimed, “climb up, young ’uns! You’ll see how snug it is +here! Come up, you!” he said to the elder, “I’ll lend you a hand.” + + +The little fellows nudged each other, the gamin frightened and inspired +them with confidence at one and the same time, and then, it was raining +very hard. The elder one undertook the risk. The younger, on seeing his +brother climbing up, and himself left alone between the paws of this +huge beast, felt greatly inclined to cry, but he did not dare. + +The elder lad climbed, with uncertain steps, up the rungs of the +ladder; Gavroche, in the meanwhile, encouraging him with exclamations +like a fencing-master to his pupils, or a muleteer to his mules. + +“Don’t be afraid!—That’s it!—Come on!—Put your feet there!—Give us your +hand here!—Boldly!” + + +And when the child was within reach, he seized him suddenly and +vigorously by the arm, and pulled him towards him. + +“Nabbed!” said he. + +The brat had passed through the crack. + +“Now,” said Gavroche, “wait for me. Be so good as to take a seat, +Monsieur.” + + +And making his way out of the hole as he had entered it, he slipped +down the elephant’s leg with the agility of a monkey, landed on his +feet in the grass, grasped the child of five round the body, and +planted him fairly in the middle of the ladder, then he began to climb +up behind him, shouting to the elder:— + +“I’m going to boost him, do you tug.” + + +And in another instant, the small lad was pushed, dragged, pulled, +thrust, stuffed into the hole, before he had time to recover himself, +and Gavroche, entering behind him, and repulsing the ladder with a kick +which sent it flat on the grass, began to clap his hands and to cry:— + +“Here we are! Long live General Lafayette!” + + +This explosion over, he added:— + +“Now, young ’uns, you are in my house.” + + +Gavroche was at home, in fact. + +Oh, unforeseen utility of the useless! Charity of great things! +Goodness of giants! This huge monument, which had embodied an idea of +the Emperor’s, had become the box of a street urchin. The brat had been +accepted and sheltered by the colossus. The bourgeois decked out in +their Sunday finery who passed the elephant of the Bastille, were fond +of saying as they scanned it disdainfully with their prominent eyes: +“What’s the good of that?” It served to save from the cold, the frost, +the hail, and rain, to shelter from the winds of winter, to preserve +from slumber in the mud which produces fever, and from slumber in the +snow which produces death, a little being who had no father, no mother, +no bread, no clothes, no refuge. It served to receive the innocent whom +society repulsed. It served to diminish public crime. It was a lair +open to one against whom all doors were shut. It seemed as though the +miserable old mastodon, invaded by vermin and oblivion, covered with +warts, with mould, and ulcers, tottering, worm-eaten, abandoned, +condemned, a sort of mendicant colossus, asking alms in vain with a +benevolent look in the midst of the crossroads, had taken pity on that +other mendicant, the poor pygmy, who roamed without shoes to his feet, +without a roof over his head, blowing on his fingers, clad in rags, fed +on rejected scraps. That was what the elephant of the Bastille was good +for. This idea of Napoleon, disdained by men, had been taken back by +God. That which had been merely illustrious, had become august. In +order to realize his thought, the Emperor should have had porphyry, +brass, iron, gold, marble; the old collection of planks, beams and +plaster sufficed for God. The Emperor had had the dream of a genius; in +that Titanic elephant, armed, prodigious, with trunk uplifted, bearing +its tower and scattering on all sides its merry and vivifying waters, +he wished to incarnate the people. God had done a grander thing with +it, he had lodged a child there. + +The hole through which Gavroche had entered was a breach which was +hardly visible from the outside, being concealed, as we have stated, +beneath the elephant’s belly, and so narrow that it was only cats and +homeless children who could pass through it. + +“Let’s begin,” said Gavroche, “by telling the porter that we are not at +home.” + + +And plunging into the darkness with the assurance of a person who is +well acquainted with his apartments, he took a plank and stopped up the +aperture. + +Again Gavroche plunged into the obscurity. The children heard the +crackling of the match thrust into the phosphoric bottle. The chemical +match was not yet in existence; at that epoch the Fumade steel +represented progress. + +A sudden light made them blink; Gavroche had just managed to ignite one +of those bits of cord dipped in resin which are called _cellar rats_. +The _cellar rat_, which emitted more smoke than light, rendered the +interior of the elephant confusedly visible. + +Gavroche’s two guests glanced about them, and the sensation which they +experienced was something like that which one would feel if shut up in +the great tun of Heidelberg, or, better still, like what Jonah must +have felt in the biblical belly of the whale. An entire and gigantic +skeleton appeared enveloping them. Above, a long brown beam, whence +started at regular distances, massive, arching ribs, represented the +vertebral column with its sides, stalactites of plaster depended from +them like entrails, and vast spiders’ webs stretching from side to +side, formed dirty diaphragms. Here and there, in the corners, were +visible large blackish spots which had the appearance of being alive, +and which changed places rapidly with an abrupt and frightened +movement. + +Fragments which had fallen from the elephant’s back into his belly had +filled up the cavity, so that it was possible to walk upon it as on a +floor. + +The smaller child nestled up against his brother, and whispered to +him:— + +“It’s black.” + + +This remark drew an exclamation from Gavroche. The petrified air of the +two brats rendered some shock necessary. + +“What’s that you are gabbling about there?” he exclaimed. “Are you +scoffing at me? Are you turning up your noses? Do you want the +Tuileries? Are you brutes? Come, say! I warn you that I don’t belong to +the regiment of simpletons. Ah, come now, are you brats from the Pope’s +establishment?” + + +A little roughness is good in cases of fear. It is reassuring. The two +children drew close to Gavroche. + +Gavroche, paternally touched by this confidence, passed from grave to +gentle, and addressing the smaller:— + +“Stupid,” said he, accenting the insulting word, with a caressing +intonation, “it’s outside that it is black. Outside it’s raining, here +it does not rain; outside it’s cold, here there’s not an atom of wind; +outside there are heaps of people, here there’s no one; outside there +ain’t even the moon, here there’s my candle, confound it!” + + +The two children began to look upon the apartment with less terror; but +Gavroche allowed them no more time for contemplation. + +“Quick,” said he. + +And he pushed them towards what we are very glad to be able to call the +end of the room. + +There stood his bed. + +Gavroche’s bed was complete; that is to say, it had a mattress, a +blanket, and an alcove with curtains. + +The mattress was a straw mat, the blanket a rather large strip of gray +woollen stuff, very warm and almost new. This is what the alcove +consisted of:— + +Three rather long poles, thrust into and consolidated, with the rubbish +which formed the floor, that is to say, the belly of the elephant, two +in front and one behind, and united by a rope at their summits, so as +to form a pyramidal bundle. This cluster supported a trellis-work of +brass wire which was simply placed upon it, but artistically applied, +and held by fastenings of iron wire, so that it enveloped all three +holes. A row of very heavy stones kept this network down to the floor +so that nothing could pass under it. This grating was nothing else than +a piece of the brass screens with which aviaries are covered in +menageries. Gavroche’s bed stood as in a cage, behind this net. The +whole resembled an Esquimaux tent. + +This trellis-work took the place of curtains. + +Gavroche moved aside the stones which fastened the net down in front, +and the two folds of the net which lapped over each other fell apart. + +“Down on all fours, brats!” said Gavroche. + +He made his guests enter the cage with great precaution, then he +crawled in after them, pulled the stones together, and closed the +opening hermetically again. + +All three had stretched out on the mat. Gavroche still had the _cellar +rat_ in his hand. + +“Now,” said he, “go to sleep! I’m going to suppress the candelabra.” + + +“Monsieur,” the elder of the brothers asked Gavroche, pointing to the +netting, “what’s that for?” + + +“That,” answered Gavroche gravely, “is for the rats. Go to sleep!” + + +Nevertheless, he felt obliged to add a few words of instruction for the +benefit of these young creatures, and he continued:— + +“It’s a thing from the Jardin des Plantes. It’s used for fierce +animals. There’s a whole shopful of them there. All you’ve got to do is +to climb over a wall, crawl through a window, and pass through a door. +You can get as much as you want.” + + +As he spoke, he wrapped the younger one up bodily in a fold of the +blanket, and the little one murmured:— + +“Oh! how good that is! It’s warm!” + + +Gavroche cast a pleased eye on the blanket. + +“That’s from the Jardin des Plantes, too,” said he. “I took that from +the monkeys.” + + +And, pointing out to the eldest the mat on which he was lying, a very +thick and admirably made mat, he added:— + +“That belonged to the giraffe.” + + +After a pause he went on:— + +“The beasts had all these things. I took them away from them. It didn’t +trouble them. I told them: ‘It’s for the elephant.’” + + +He paused, and then resumed:— + +“You crawl over the walls and you don’t care a straw for the +government. So there now!” + + +The two children gazed with timid and stupefied respect on this +intrepid and ingenious being, a vagabond like themselves, isolated like +themselves, frail like themselves, who had something admirable and +all-powerful about him, who seemed supernatural to them, and whose +physiognomy was composed of all the grimaces of an old mountebank, +mingled with the most ingenuous and charming smiles. + +“Monsieur,” ventured the elder timidly, “you are not afraid of the +police, then?” + + +Gavroche contented himself with replying:— + +“Brat! Nobody says ‘police,’ they say ‘bobbies.’” + + +The smaller had his eyes wide open, but he said nothing. As he was on +the edge of the mat, the elder being in the middle, Gavroche tucked the +blanket round him as a mother might have done, and heightened the mat +under his head with old rags, in such a way as to form a pillow for the +child. Then he turned to the elder:— + +“Hey! We’re jolly comfortable here, ain’t we?” + + +“Ah, yes!” replied the elder, gazing at Gavroche with the expression of +a saved angel. + +The two poor little children who had been soaked through, began to grow +warm once more. + +“Ah, by the way,” continued Gavroche, “what were you bawling about?” + + +And pointing out the little one to his brother:— + +“A mite like that, I’ve nothing to say about, but the idea of a big +fellow like you crying! It’s idiotic; you looked like a calf.” + + +“Gracious,” replied the child, “we have no lodging.” + + +“Bother!” retorted Gavroche, “you don’t say ‘lodgings,’ you say +‘crib.’” + + +“And then, we were afraid of being alone like that at night.” + + +“You don’t say ‘night,’ you say ‘darkmans.’” + + +“Thank you, sir,” said the child. + +“Listen,” went on Gavroche, “you must never bawl again over anything. +I’ll take care of you. You shall see what fun we’ll have. In summer, +we’ll go to the GlaciĂšre with Navet, one of my pals, we’ll bathe in the +Gare, we’ll run stark naked in front of the rafts on the bridge at +Austerlitz,—that makes the laundresses raging. They scream, they get +mad, and if you only knew how ridiculous they are! We’ll go and see the +man-skeleton. And then I’ll take you to the play. I’ll take you to see +FrĂ©dĂ©rick LemaĂźtre. I have tickets, I know some of the actors, I even +played in a piece once. There were a lot of us fellers, and we ran +under a cloth, and that made the sea. I’ll get you an engagement at my +theatre. We’ll go to see the savages. They ain’t real, those savages +ain’t. They wear pink tights that go all in wrinkles, and you can see +where their elbows have been darned with white. Then, we’ll go to the +Opera. We’ll get in with the hired applauders. The Opera claque is well +managed. I wouldn’t associate with the claque on the boulevard. At the +Opera, just fancy! some of them pay twenty sous, but they’re ninnies. +They’re called dishclouts. And then we’ll go to see the guillotine +work. I’ll show you the executioner. He lives in the Rue des Marais. +Monsieur Sanson. He has a letter-box at his door. Ah! we’ll have famous +fun!” + + +At that moment a drop of wax fell on Gavroche’s finger, and recalled +him to the realities of life. + +“The deuce!” said he, “there’s the wick giving out. Attention! I can’t +spend more than a sou a month on my lighting. When a body goes to bed, +he must sleep. We haven’t the time to read M. Paul de Kock’s romances. +And besides, the light might pass through the cracks of the +porte-cochĂšre, and all the bobbies need to do is to see it.” + + +“And then,” remarked the elder timidly,—he alone dared talk to +Gavroche, and reply to him, “a spark might fall in the straw, and we +must look out and not burn the house down.” + + +“People don’t say ‘burn the house down,’” remarked Gavroche, “they say +‘blaze the crib.’” + + +The storm increased in violence, and the heavy downpour beat upon the +back of the colossus amid claps of thunder. “You’re taken in, rain!” +said Gavroche. “It amuses me to hear the decanter run down the legs of +the house. Winter is a stupid; it wastes its merchandise, it loses its +labor, it can’t wet us, and that makes it kick up a row, old +water-carrier that it is.” + + +This allusion to the thunder, all the consequences of which Gavroche, +in his character of a philosopher of the nineteenth century, accepted, +was followed by a broad flash of lightning, so dazzling that a hint of +it entered the belly of the elephant through the crack. Almost at the +same instant, the thunder rumbled with great fury. The two little +creatures uttered a shriek, and started up so eagerly that the network +came near being displaced, but Gavroche turned his bold face to them, +and took advantage of the clap of thunder to burst into a laugh. + +“Calm down, children. Don’t topple over the edifice. That’s fine, +first-class thunder; all right. That’s no slouch of a streak of +lightning. Bravo for the good God! Deuce take it! It’s almost as good +as it is at the Ambigu.” + + +That said, he restored order in the netting, pushed the two children +gently down on the bed, pressed their knees, in order to stretch them +out at full length, and exclaimed:— + +“Since the good God is lighting his candle, I can blow out mine. Now, +babes, now, my young humans, you must shut your peepers. It’s very bad +not to sleep. It’ll make you swallow the strainer, or, as they say, in +fashionable society, stink in the gullet. Wrap yourself up well in the +hide! I’m going to put out the light. Are you ready?” + + +“Yes,” murmured the elder, “I’m all right. I seem to have feathers +under my head.” + + +“People don’t say ‘head,’” cried Gavroche, “they say ‘nut’.” + + +The two children nestled close to each other, Gavroche finished +arranging them on the mat, drew the blanket up to their very ears, then +repeated, for the third time, his injunction in the hieratical tongue:— + +“Shut your peepers!” + + +And he snuffed out his tiny light. + +Hardly had the light been extinguished, when a peculiar trembling began +to affect the netting under which the three children lay. + +It consisted of a multitude of dull scratches which produced a metallic +sound, as if claws and teeth were gnawing at the copper wire. This was +accompanied by all sorts of little piercing cries. + +The little five-year-old boy, on hearing this hubbub overhead, and +chilled with terror, jogged his brother’s elbow; but the elder brother +had already shut his peepers, as Gavroche had ordered. Then the little +one, who could no longer control his terror, questioned Gavroche, but +in a very low tone, and with bated breath:— + +“Sir?” + + +“Hey?” said Gavroche, who had just closed his eyes. + +“What is that?” + + +“It’s the rats,” replied Gavroche. + +And he laid his head down on the mat again. + +The rats, in fact, who swarmed by thousands in the carcass of the +elephant, and who were the living black spots which we have already +mentioned, had been held in awe by the flame of the candle, so long as +it had been lighted; but as soon as the cavern, which was the same as +their city, had returned to darkness, scenting what the good +story-teller Perrault calls “fresh meat,” they had hurled themselves in +throngs on Gavroche’s tent, had climbed to the top of it, and had begun +to bite the meshes as though seeking to pierce this new-fangled trap. + +Still the little one could not sleep. + +“Sir?” he began again. + +“Hey?” said Gavroche. + +“What are rats?” + + +“They are mice.” + + +This explanation reassured the child a little. He had seen white mice +in the course of his life, and he was not afraid of them. Nevertheless, +he lifted up his voice once more. + +“Sir?” + + +“Hey?” said Gavroche again. + +“Why don’t you have a cat?” + + +“I did have one,” replied Gavroche, “I brought one here, but they ate +her.” + + +This second explanation undid the work of the first, and the little +fellow began to tremble again. + +The dialogue between him and Gavroche began again for the fourth time:— + +“Monsieur?” + + +“Hey?” + + +“Who was it that was eaten?” + + +“The cat.” + + +“And who ate the cat?” + + +“The rats.” + + +“The mice?” + + +“Yes, the rats.” + + +The child, in consternation, dismayed at the thought of mice which ate +cats, pursued:— + +“Sir, would those mice eat us?” + + +“Wouldn’t they just!” ejaculated Gavroche. + +The child’s terror had reached its climax. But Gavroche added:— + +“Don’t be afraid. They can’t get in. And besides, I’m here! Here, catch +hold of my hand. Hold your tongue and shut your peepers!” + + +At the same time Gavroche grasped the little fellow’s hand across his +brother. The child pressed the hand close to him, and felt reassured. +Courage and strength have these mysterious ways of communicating +themselves. Silence reigned round them once more, the sound of their +voices had frightened off the rats; at the expiration of a few minutes, +they came raging back, but in vain, the three little fellows were fast +asleep and heard nothing more. + +The hours of the night fled away. Darkness covered the vast Place de la +Bastille. A wintry gale, which mingled with the rain, blew in gusts, +the patrol searched all the doorways, alleys, enclosures, and obscure +nooks, and in their search for nocturnal vagabonds they passed in +silence before the elephant; the monster, erect, motionless, staring +open-eyed into the shadows, had the appearance of dreaming happily over +his good deed; and sheltered from heaven and from men the three poor +sleeping children. + +In order to understand what is about to follow, the reader must +remember, that, at that epoch, the Bastille guard-house was situated at +the other end of the square, and that what took place in the vicinity +of the elephant could neither be seen nor heard by the sentinel. + +Towards the end of that hour which immediately precedes the dawn, a man +turned from the Rue Saint-Antoine at a run, made the circuit of the +enclosure of the column of July, and glided between the palings until +he was underneath the belly of the elephant. If any light had +illuminated that man, it might have been divined from the thorough +manner in which he was soaked that he had passed the night in the rain. +Arrived beneath the elephant, he uttered a peculiar cry, which did not +belong to any human tongue, and which a paroquet alone could have +imitated. Twice he repeated this cry, of whose orthography the +following barely conveys an idea:— + +“Kirikikiou!” + + +At the second cry, a clear, young, merry voice responded from the belly +of the elephant:— + +“Yes!” + + +Almost immediately, the plank which closed the hole was drawn aside, +and gave passage to a child who descended the elephant’s leg, and fell +briskly near the man. It was Gavroche. The man was Montparnasse. + +As for his cry of _Kirikikiou_,—that was, doubtless, what the child had +meant, when he said:— + +“You will ask for Monsieur Gavroche.” + + +On hearing it, he had waked with a start, had crawled out of his +“alcove,” pushing apart the netting a little, and carefully drawing it +together again, then he had opened the trap, and descended. + +The man and the child recognized each other silently amid the gloom: +Montparnasse confined himself to the remark:— + +“We need you. Come, lend us a hand.” + + +The lad asked for no further enlightenment. + +“I’m with you,” said he. + +And both took their way towards the Rue Saint-Antoine, whence +Montparnasse had emerged, winding rapidly through the long file of +market-gardeners’ carts which descend towards the markets at that hour. + +The market-gardeners, crouching, half-asleep, in their wagons, amid the +salads and vegetables, enveloped to their very eyes in their mufflers +on account of the beating rain, did not even glance at these strange +pedestrians. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE VICISSITUDES OF FLIGHT + + +This is what had taken place that same night at the La Force:— + +An escape had been planned between Babet, Brujon, Guelemer, and +ThĂ©nardier, although ThĂ©nardier was in close confinement. Babet had +arranged the matter for his own benefit, on the same day, as the reader +has seen from Montparnasse’s account to Gavroche. Montparnasse was to +help them from outside. + +Brujon, after having passed a month in the punishment cell, had had +time, in the first place, to weave a rope, in the second, to mature a +plan. In former times, those severe places where the discipline of the +prison delivers the convict into his own hands, were composed of four +stone walls, a stone ceiling, a flagged pavement, a camp bed, a grated +window, and a door lined with iron, and were called _dungeons_; but the +dungeon was judged to be too terrible; nowadays they are composed of an +iron door, a grated window, a camp bed, a flagged pavement, four stone +walls, and a stone ceiling, and are called _chambers of punishment_. A +little light penetrates towards midday. The inconvenient point about +these chambers which, as the reader sees, are not dungeons, is that +they allow the persons who should be at work to think. + +So Brujon meditated, and he emerged from the chamber of punishment with +a rope. As he had the name of being very dangerous in the Charlemagne +courtyard, he was placed in the New Building. The first thing he found +in the New Building was Guelemer, the second was a nail; Guelemer, that +is to say, crime; a nail, that is to say, liberty. Brujon, of whom it +is high time that the reader should have a complete idea, was, with an +appearance of delicate health and a profoundly premeditated languor, a +polished, intelligent sprig, and a thief, who had a caressing glance, +and an atrocious smile. His glance resulted from his will, and his +smile from his nature. His first studies in his art had been directed +to roofs. He had made great progress in the industry of the men who +tear off lead, who plunder the roofs and despoil the gutters by the +process called _double pickings_. + +The circumstance which put the finishing touch on the moment peculiarly +favorable for an attempt at escape, was that the roofers were re-laying +and re-jointing, at that very moment, a portion of the slates on the +prison. The Saint-Bernard courtyard was no longer absolutely isolated +from the Charlemagne and the Saint-Louis courts. Up above there were +scaffoldings and ladders; in other words, bridges and stairs in the +direction of liberty. + +The New Building, which was the most cracked and decrepit thing to be +seen anywhere in the world, was the weak point in the prison. The walls +were eaten by saltpetre to such an extent that the authorities had been +obliged to line the vaults of the dormitories with a sheathing of wood, +because stones were in the habit of becoming detached and falling on +the prisoners in their beds. In spite of this antiquity, the +authorities committed the error of confining in the New Building the +most troublesome prisoners, of placing there “the hard cases,” as they +say in prison parlance. + +The New Building contained four dormitories, one above the other, and a +top story which was called the Bel-Air (Fine-Air). A large +chimney-flue, probably from some ancient kitchen of the Dukes de la +Force, started from the ground floor, traversed all four stories, cut +the dormitories, where it figured as a flattened pillar, into two +portions, and finally pierced the roof. + +Guelemer and Brujon were in the same dormitory. They had been placed, +by way of precaution, on the lower story. Chance ordained that the +heads of their beds should rest against the chimney. + +ThĂ©nardier was directly over their heads in the top story known as +Fine-Air. The pedestrian who halts on the Rue Culture-Sainte-Catherine, +after passing the barracks of the firemen, in front of the +porte-cochĂšre of the bathing establishment, beholds a yard full of +flowers and shrubs in wooden boxes, at the extremity of which spreads +out a little white rotunda with two wings, brightened up with green +shutters, the bucolic dream of Jean Jacques. + +Not more than ten years ago, there rose above that rotunda an enormous +black, hideous, bare wall by which it was backed up. + +This was the outer wall of La Force. + +This wall, beside that rotunda, was Milton viewed through Berquin. + +Lofty as it was, this wall was overtopped by a still blacker roof, +which could be seen beyond. This was the roof of the New Building. +There one could descry four dormer-windows, guarded with bars; they +were the windows of the Fine-Air. + +A chimney pierced the roof; this was the chimney which traversed the +dormitories. + +The Bel-Air, that top story of the New Building, was a sort of large +hall, with a Mansard roof, guarded with triple gratings and double +doors of sheet iron, which were studded with enormous bolts. When one +entered from the north end, one had on one’s left the four +dormer-windows, on one’s right, facing the windows, at regular +intervals, four square, tolerably vast cages, separated by narrow +passages, built of masonry to about the height of the elbow, and the +rest, up to the roof, of iron bars. + +ThĂ©nardier had been in solitary confinement in one of these cages since +the night of the 3d of February. No one was ever able to discover how, +and by what connivance, he succeeded in procuring, and secreting a +bottle of wine, invented, so it is said, by Desrues, with which a +narcotic is mixed, and which the band of the _Endormeurs_, or +_Sleep-compellers_, rendered famous. + +There are, in many prisons, treacherous employees, half-jailers, +half-thieves, who assist in escapes, who sell to the police an +unfaithful service, and who turn a penny whenever they can. + +On that same night, then, when Little Gavroche picked up the two lost +children, Brujon and Guelemer, who knew that Babet, who had escaped +that morning, was waiting for them in the street as well as +Montparnasse, rose softly, and with the nail which Brujon had found, +began to pierce the chimney against which their beds stood. The rubbish +fell on Brujon’s bed, so that they were not heard. Showers mingled with +thunder shook the doors on their hinges, and created in the prison a +terrible and opportune uproar. Those of the prisoners who woke, +pretended to fall asleep again, and left Guelemer and Brujon to their +own devices. Brujon was adroit; Guelemer was vigorous. Before any sound +had reached the watcher, who was sleeping in the grated cell which +opened into the dormitory, the wall had been pierced, the chimney +scaled, the iron grating which barred the upper orifice of the flue +forced, and the two redoubtable ruffians were on the roof. The wind and +rain redoubled, the roof was slippery. + +“What a good night to leg it!” said Brujon. + +An abyss six feet broad and eighty feet deep separated them from the +surrounding wall. At the bottom of this abyss, they could see the +musket of a sentinel gleaming through the gloom. They fastened one end +of the rope which Brujon had spun in his dungeon to the stumps of the +iron bars which they had just wrenched off, flung the other over the +outer wall, crossed the abyss at one bound, clung to the coping of the +wall, got astride of it, let themselves slip, one after the other, +along the rope, upon a little roof which touches the bath-house, pulled +their rope after them, jumped down into the courtyard of the +bath-house, traversed it, pushed open the porter’s wicket, beside which +hung his rope, pulled this, opened the porte-cochĂšre, and found +themselves in the street. + +Three-quarters of an hour had not elapsed since they had risen in bed +in the dark, nail in hand, and their project in their heads. + +A few moments later they had joined Babet and Montparnasse, who were +prowling about the neighborhood. + +They had broken their rope in pulling it after them, and a bit of it +remained attached to the chimney on the roof. They had sustained no +other damage, however, than that of scratching nearly all the skin off +their hands. + +That night, ThĂ©nardier was warned, without any one being able to +explain how, and was not asleep. + +Towards one o’clock in the morning, the night being very dark, he saw +two shadows pass along the roof, in the rain and squalls, in front of +the dormer-window which was opposite his cage. One halted at the +window, long enough to dart in a glance. This was Brujon. + +ThĂ©nardier recognized him, and understood. This was enough. + +ThĂ©nardier, rated as a burglar, and detained as a measure of precaution +under the charge of organizing a nocturnal ambush, with armed force, +was kept in sight. The sentry, who was relieved every two hours, +marched up and down in front of his cage with loaded musket. The +Fine-Air was lighted by a skylight. The prisoner had on his feet +fetters weighing fifty pounds. Every day, at four o’clock in the +afternoon, a jailer, escorted by two dogs,—this was still in vogue at +that time,—entered his cage, deposited beside his bed a loaf of black +bread weighing two pounds, a jug of water, a bowl filled with rather +thin bouillon, in which swam a few Mayagan beans, inspected his irons +and tapped the bars. This man and his dogs made two visits during the +night. + +ThĂ©nardier had obtained permission to keep a sort of iron bolt which he +used to spike his bread into a crack in the wall, “in order to preserve +it from the rats,” as he said. As ThĂ©nardier was kept in sight, no +objection had been made to this spike. Still, it was remembered +afterwards, that one of the jailers had said: “It would be better to +let him have only a wooden spike.” + + +At two o’clock in the morning, the sentinel, who was an old soldier, +was relieved, and replaced by a conscript. A few moments later, the man +with the dogs paid his visit, and went off without noticing anything, +except, possibly, the excessive youth and “the rustic air” of the “raw +recruit.” Two hours afterwards, at four o’clock, when they came to +relieve the conscript, he was found asleep on the floor, lying like a +log near ThĂ©nardier’s cage. As for ThĂ©nardier, he was no longer there. +There was a hole in the ceiling of his cage, and, above it, another +hole in the roof. One of the planks of his bed had been wrenched off, +and probably carried away with him, as it was not found. They also +seized in his cell a half-empty bottle which contained the remains of +the stupefying wine with which the soldier had been drugged. The +soldier’s bayonet had disappeared. + +At the moment when this discovery was made, it was assumed that +ThĂ©nardier was out of reach. The truth is, that he was no longer in the +New Building, but that he was still in great danger. + +ThĂ©nardier, on reaching the roof of the New Building, had found the +remains of Brujon’s rope hanging to the bars of the upper trap of the +chimney, but, as this broken fragment was much too short, he had not +been able to escape by the outer wall, as Brujon and Guelemer had done. + +When one turns from the Rue des Ballets into the Rue du Roi-de-Sicile, +one almost immediately encounters a repulsive ruin. There stood on that +spot, in the last century, a house of which only the back wall now +remains, a regular wall of masonry, which rises to the height of the +third story between the adjoining buildings. This ruin can be +recognized by two large square windows which are still to be seen +there; the middle one, that nearest the right gable, is barred with a +worm-eaten beam adjusted like a prop. Through these windows there was +formerly visible a lofty and lugubrious wall, which was a fragment of +the outer wall of La Force. + +The empty space on the street left by the demolished house is +half-filled by a fence of rotten boards, shored up by five stone posts. +In this recess lies concealed a little shanty which leans against the +portion of the ruin which has remained standing. The fence has a gate, +which, a few years ago, was fastened only by a latch. + +It was the crest of this ruin that ThĂ©nardier had succeeded in +reaching, a little after one o’clock in the morning. + +How had he got there? That is what no one has ever been able to explain +or understand. The lightning must, at the same time, have hindered and +helped him. Had he made use of the ladders and scaffoldings of the +slaters to get from roof to roof, from enclosure to enclosure, from +compartment to compartment, to the buildings of the Charlemagne court, +then to the buildings of the Saint-Louis court, to the outer wall, and +thence to the hut on the Rue du Roi-de-Sicile? But in that itinerary +there existed breaks which seemed to render it an impossibility. Had he +placed the plank from his bed like a bridge from the roof of the +Fine-Air to the outer wall, and crawled flat, on his belly on the +coping of the outer wall the whole distance round the prison as far as +the hut? But the outer wall of La Force formed a crenellated and +unequal line; it mounted and descended, it dropped at the firemen’s +barracks, it rose towards the bath-house, it was cut in twain by +buildings, it was not even of the same height on the Hotel Lamoignon as +on the Rue PavĂ©e; everywhere occurred falls and right angles; and then, +the sentinels must have espied the dark form of the fugitive; hence, +the route taken by ThĂ©nardier still remains rather inexplicable. In two +manners, flight was impossible. Had ThĂ©nardier, spurred on by that +thirst for liberty which changes precipices into ditches, iron bars +into wattles of osier, a legless man into an athlete, a gouty man into +a bird, stupidity into instinct, instinct into intelligence, and +intelligence into genius, had ThĂ©nardier invented a third mode? No one +has ever found out. + +The marvels of escape cannot always be accounted for. The man who makes +his escape, we repeat, is inspired; there is something of the star and +of the lightning in the mysterious gleam of flight; the effort towards +deliverance is no less surprising than the flight towards the sublime, +and one says of the escaped thief: “How did he contrive to scale that +wall?” in the same way that one says of Corneille: “Where did he find +_the means of dying?_” + + +At all events, dripping with perspiration, drenched with rain, with his +clothes hanging in ribbons, his hands flayed, his elbows bleeding, his +knees torn, ThĂ©nardier had reached what children, in their figurative +language, call _the edge_ of the wall of the ruin, there he had +stretched himself out at full length, and there his strength had failed +him. A steep escarpment three stories high separated him from the +pavement of the street. + +The rope which he had was too short. + +There he waited, pale, exhausted, desperate with all the despair which +he had undergone, still hidden by the night, but telling himself that +the day was on the point of dawning, alarmed at the idea of hearing the +neighboring clock of Saint-Paul strike four within a few minutes, an +hour when the sentinel was relieved and when the latter would be found +asleep under the pierced roof, staring in horror at a terrible depth, +at the light of the street lanterns, the wet, black pavement, that +pavement longed for yet frightful, which meant death, and which meant +liberty. + +He asked himself whether his three accomplices in flight had succeeded, +if they had heard him, and if they would come to his assistance. He +listened. With the exception of the patrol, no one had passed through +the street since he had been there. Nearly the whole of the descent of +the market-gardeners from Montreuil, from Charonne, from Vincennes, and +from Bercy to the markets was accomplished through the Rue +Saint-Antoine. + +Four o’clock struck. ThĂ©nardier shuddered. A few moments later, that +terrified and confused uproar which follows the discovery of an escape +broke forth in the prison. The sound of doors opening and shutting, the +creaking of gratings on their hinges, a tumult in the guard-house, the +hoarse shouts of the turnkeys, the shock of musket-butts on the +pavement of the courts, reached his ears. Lights ascended and descended +past the grated windows of the dormitories, a torch ran along the +ridge-pole of the top story of the New Building, the firemen belonging +in the barracks on the right had been summoned. Their helmets, which +the torch lighted up in the rain, went and came along the roofs. At the +same time, ThĂ©nardier perceived in the direction of the Bastille a wan +whiteness lighting up the edge of the sky in doleful wise. + +He was on top of a wall ten inches wide, stretched out under the heavy +rains, with two gulfs to right and left, unable to stir, subject to the +giddiness of a possible fall, and to the horror of a certain arrest, +and his thoughts, like the pendulum of a clock, swung from one of these +ideas to the other: “Dead if I fall, caught if I stay.” In the midst of +this anguish, he suddenly saw, the street being still dark, a man who +was gliding along the walls and coming from the Rue PavĂ©e, halt in the +recess above which ThĂ©nardier was, as it were, suspended. Here this man +was joined by a second, who walked with the same caution, then by a +third, then by a fourth. When these men were re-united, one of them +lifted the latch of the gate in the fence, and all four entered the +enclosure in which the shanty stood. They halted directly under +ThĂ©nardier. These men had evidently chosen this vacant space in order +that they might consult without being seen by the passers-by or by the +sentinel who guards the wicket of La Force a few paces distant. It must +be added, that the rain kept this sentinel blocked in his box. +ThĂ©nardier, not being able to distinguish their visages, lent an ear to +their words with the desperate attention of a wretch who feels himself +lost. + +ThĂ©nardier saw something resembling a gleam of hope flash before his +eyes,—these men conversed in slang. + +The first said in a low but distinct voice:— + +“Let’s cut. What are we up to here?” + + +The second replied: “It’s raining hard enough to put out the very +devil’s fire. And the bobbies will be along instanter. There’s a +soldier on guard yonder. We shall get nabbed here.” + + +These two words, _icigo_ and _icicaille_, both of which mean _ici_, and +which belong, the first to the slang of the barriers, the second to the +slang of the Temple, were flashes of light for ThĂ©nardier. By the +_icigo_ he recognized Brujon, who was a prowler of the barriers, by the +_icicaille_ he knew Babet, who, among his other trades, had been an +old-clothes broker at the Temple. + +The antique slang of the great century is no longer spoken except in +the Temple, and Babet was really the only person who spoke it in all +its purity. Had it not been for the _icicaille_, ThĂ©nardier would not +have recognized him, for he had entirely changed his voice. + +In the meanwhile, the third man had intervened. + +“There’s no hurry yet, let’s wait a bit. How do we know that he doesn’t +stand in need of us?” + + +By this, which was nothing but French, ThĂ©nardier recognized +Montparnasse, who made it a point in his elegance to understand all +slangs and to speak none of them. + +As for the fourth, he held his peace, but his huge shoulders betrayed +him. ThĂ©nardier did not hesitate. It was Guelemer. + +Brujon replied almost impetuously but still in a low tone:— + +“What are you jabbering about? The tavern-keeper hasn’t managed to cut +his stick. He don’t tumble to the racket, that he don’t! You have to be +a pretty knowing cove to tear up your shirt, cut up your sheet to make +a rope, punch holes in doors, get up false papers, make false keys, +file your irons, hang out your cord, hide yourself, and disguise +yourself! The old fellow hasn’t managed to play it, he doesn’t +understand how to work the business.” + + +Babet added, still in that classical slang which was spoken by +Poulailler and Cartouche, and which is to the bold, new, highly colored +and risky argot used by Brujon what the language of Racine is to the +language of AndrĂ© Chenier:— + +“Your tavern-keeper must have been nabbed in the act. You have to be +knowing. He’s only a greenhorn. He must have let himself be taken in by +a bobby, perhaps even by a sheep who played it on him as his pal. +Listen, Montparnasse, do you hear those shouts in the prison? You have +seen all those lights. He’s recaptured, there! He’ll get off with +twenty years. I ain’t afraid, I ain’t a coward, but there ain’t +anything more to do, or otherwise they’d lead us a dance. Don’t get +mad, come with us, let’s go drink a bottle of old wine together.” + + +“One doesn’t desert one’s friends in a scrape,” grumbled Montparnasse. + +“I tell you he’s nabbed!” retorted Brujon. “At the present moment, the +inn-keeper ain’t worth a ha’penny. We can’t do nothing for him. Let’s +be off. Every minute I think a bobby has got me in his fist.” + + +Montparnasse no longer offered more than a feeble resistance; the fact +is, that these four men, with the fidelity of ruffians who never +abandon each other, had prowled all night long about La Force, great as +was their peril, in the hope of seeing ThĂ©nardier make his appearance +on the top of some wall. But the night, which was really growing too +fine,—for the downpour was such as to render all the streets +deserted,—the cold which was overpowering them, their soaked garments, +their hole-ridden shoes, the alarming noise which had just burst forth +in the prison, the hours which had elapsed, the patrol which they had +encountered, the hope which was vanishing, all urged them to beat a +retreat. Montparnasse himself, who was, perhaps, almost ThĂ©nardier’s +son-in-law, yielded. A moment more, and they would be gone. ThĂ©nardier +was panting on his wall like the shipwrecked sufferers of the _MĂ©duse_ +on their raft when they beheld the vessel which had appeared in sight +vanish on the horizon. + +He dared not call to them; a cry might be heard and ruin everything. An +idea occurred to him, a last idea, a flash of inspiration; he drew from +his pocket the end of Brujon’s rope, which he had detached from the +chimney of the New Building, and flung it into the space enclosed by +the fence. + +This rope fell at their feet. + +“A widow,”37 said Babet. + +“My tortouse!”38 said Brujon. + +“The tavern-keeper is there,” said Montparnasse. + +They raised their eyes. ThĂ©nardier thrust out his head a very little. + +“Quick!” said Montparnasse, “have you the other end of the rope, +Brujon?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Knot the two pieces together, we’ll fling him the rope, he can fasten +it to the wall, and he’ll have enough of it to get down with.” + + +ThĂ©nardier ran the risk, and spoke:— + +“I am paralyzed with cold.” + + +“We’ll warm you up.” + + +“I can’t budge.” + + +“Let yourself slide, we’ll catch you.” + + +“My hands are benumbed.” + + +“Only fasten the rope to the wall.” + + +“I can’t.” + + +“Then one of us must climb up,” said Montparnasse. + +“Three stories!” ejaculated Brujon. + +An ancient plaster flue, which had served for a stove that had been +used in the shanty in former times, ran along the wall and mounted +almost to the very spot where they could see ThĂ©nardier. This flue, +then much damaged and full of cracks, has since fallen, but the marks +of it are still visible. + +It was very narrow. + +“One might get up by the help of that,” said Montparnasse. + +“By that flue?” exclaimed Babet, “a grown-up cove, never! it would take +a brat.” + +“A brat must be got,” resumed Brujon. + +“Where are we to find a young ’un?” said Guelemer. + +“Wait,” said Montparnasse. “I’ve got the very article.” + +He opened the gate of the fence very softly, made sure that no one was +passing along the street, stepped out cautiously, shut the gate behind +him, and set off at a run in the direction of the Bastille. + +Seven or eight minutes elapsed, eight thousand centuries to ThĂ©nardier; +Babet, Brujon, and Guelemer did not open their lips; at last the gate +opened once more, and Montparnasse appeared, breathless, and followed +by Gavroche. The rain still rendered the street completely deserted. + +Little Gavroche entered the enclosure and gazed at the forms of these +ruffians with a tranquil air. The water was dripping from his hair. +Guelemer addressed him:— + +“Are you a man, young ’un?” + +Gavroche shrugged his shoulders, and replied:— + +“A young ’un like me’s a man, and men like you are babes.” + + +“The brat’s tongue’s well hung!” exclaimed Babet. + +“The Paris brat ain’t made of straw,” added Brujon. + +“What do you want?” asked Gavroche. + +Montparnasse answered:— + +“Climb up that flue.” + +“With this rope,” said Babet. + +“And fasten it,” continued Brujon. + +“To the top of the wall,” went on Babet. + +“To the cross-bar of the window,” added Brujon. + +“And then?” said Gavroche. + +“There!” said Guelemer. + +The gamin examined the rope, the flue, the wall, the windows, and made +that indescribable and disdainful noise with his lips which signifies:— + +“Is that all!” + + +“There’s a man up there whom you are to save,” resumed Montparnasse. + +“Will you?” began Brujon again. + +“Greenhorn!” replied the lad, as though the question appeared a most +unprecedented one to him. + +And he took off his shoes. + +Guelemer seized Gavroche by one arm, set him on the roof of the shanty, +whose worm-eaten planks bent beneath the urchin’s weight, and handed +him the rope which Brujon had knotted together during Montparnasse’s +absence. The gamin directed his steps towards the flue, which it was +easy to enter, thanks to a large crack which touched the roof. At the +moment when he was on the point of ascending, ThĂ©nardier, who saw life +and safety approaching, bent over the edge of the wall; the first light +of dawn struck white upon his brow dripping with sweat, upon his livid +cheek-bones, his sharp and savage nose, his bristling gray beard, and +Gavroche recognized him. + +“Hullo! it’s my father! Oh, that won’t hinder.” + + +And taking the rope in his teeth, he resolutely began the ascent. + +He reached the summit of the hut, bestrode the old wall as though it +had been a horse, and knotted the rope firmly to the upper cross-bar of +the window. + +A moment later, ThĂ©nardier was in the street. + +As soon as he touched the pavement, as soon as he found himself out of +danger, he was no longer either weary, or chilled or trembling; the +terrible things from which he had escaped vanished like smoke, all that +strange and ferocious mind awoke once more, and stood erect and free, +ready to march onward. + +These were this man’s first words:— + +“Now, whom are we to eat?” + + +It is useless to explain the sense of this frightfully transparent +remark, which signifies both to kill, to assassinate, and to plunder. +_To eat_, true sense: _to devour_. + +“Let’s get well into a corner,” said Brujon. “Let’s settle it in three +words, and part at once. There was an affair that promised well in the +Rue Plumet, a deserted street, an isolated house, an old rotten gate on +a garden, and lone women.” + + +“Well! why not?” demanded ThĂ©nardier. + +“Your girl, Éponine, went to see about the matter,” replied Babet. + +“And she brought a biscuit to Magnon,” added Guelemer. “Nothing to be +made there.” + + +“The girl’s no fool,” said ThĂ©nardier. “Still, it must be seen to.” + + +“Yes, yes,” said Brujon, “it must be looked up.” + + +In the meanwhile, none of the men seemed to see Gavroche, who, during +this colloquy, had seated himself on one of the fence-posts; he waited +a few moments, thinking that perhaps his father would turn towards him, +then he put on his shoes again, and said:— + +“Is that all? You don’t want any more, my men? Now you’re out of your +scrape. I’m off. I must go and get my brats out of bed.” + +And off he went. + +The five men emerged, one after another, from the enclosure. + +When Gavroche had disappeared at the corner of the Rue des Ballets, +Babet took ThĂ©nardier aside. + +“Did you take a good look at that young ’un?” he asked. + +“What young ’un?” + +“The one who climbed the wall and carried you the rope.” + +“Not particularly.” + +“Well, I don’t know, but it strikes me that it was your son.” + +“Bah!” said ThĂ©nardier, “do you think so?” + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—SLANG + + + + +[Illustration: Slang] + + + + +CHAPTER I—ORIGIN + + +_Pigritia_ is a terrible word. + +It engenders a whole world, _la pĂšgre_, for which read _theft_, and a +hell, _la pĂšgrenne_, for which read _hunger_. + +Thus, idleness is the mother. + +She has a son, theft, and a daughter, hunger. + +Where are we at this moment? In the land of slang. + +What is slang? It is at one and the same time, a nation and a dialect; +it is theft in its two kinds; people and language. + +When, four and thirty years ago, the narrator of this grave and sombre +history introduced into a work written with the same aim as this39 a +thief who talked argot, there arose amazement and clamor.—“What! How! +Argot! Why, argot is horrible! It is the language of prisons, galleys, +convicts, of everything that is most abominable in society!” etc., etc. + +We have never understood this sort of objections. + +Since that time, two powerful romancers, one of whom is a profound +observer of the human heart, the other an intrepid friend of the +people, Balzac and EugĂšne Sue, having represented their ruffians as +talking their natural language, as the author of _The Last Day of a +Condemned Man_ did in 1828, the same objections have been raised. +People repeated: “What do authors mean by that revolting dialect? Slang +is odious! Slang makes one shudder!” + + +Who denies that? Of course it does. + +When it is a question of probing a wound, a gulf, a society, since when +has it been considered wrong to go too far? to go to the bottom? We +have always thought that it was sometimes a courageous act, and, at +least, a simple and useful deed, worthy of the sympathetic attention +which duty accepted and fulfilled merits. Why should one not explore +everything, and study everything? Why should one halt on the way? The +halt is a matter depending on the sounding-line, and not on the +leadsman. + +Certainly, too, it is neither an attractive nor an easy task to +undertake an investigation into the lowest depths of the social order, +where terra firma comes to an end and where mud begins, to rummage in +those vague, murky waves, to follow up, to seize and to fling, still +quivering, upon the pavement that abject dialect which is dripping with +filth when thus brought to the light, that pustulous vocabulary each +word of which seems an unclean ring from a monster of the mire and the +shadows. Nothing is more lugubrious than the contemplation thus in its +nudity, in the broad light of thought, of the horrible swarming of +slang. It seems, in fact, to be a sort of horrible beast made for the +night which has just been torn from its cesspool. One thinks one +beholds a frightful, living, and bristling thicket which quivers, +rustles, wavers, returns to shadow, threatens and glares. One word +resembles a claw, another an extinguished and bleeding eye, such and +such a phrase seems to move like the claw of a crab. All this is alive +with the hideous vitality of things which have been organized out of +disorganization. + +Now, when has horror ever excluded study? Since when has malady +banished medicine? Can one imagine a naturalist refusing to study the +viper, the bat, the scorpion, the centipede, the tarantula, and one who +would cast them back into their darkness, saying: “Oh! how ugly that +is!” The thinker who should turn aside from slang would resemble a +surgeon who should avert his face from an ulcer or a wart. He would be +like a philologist refusing to examine a fact in language, a +philosopher hesitating to scrutinize a fact in humanity. For, it must +be stated to those who are ignorant of the case, that argot is both a +literary phenomenon and a social result. What is slang, properly +speaking? It is the language of wretchedness. + +We may be stopped; the fact may be put to us in general terms, which is +one way of attenuating it; we may be told, that all trades, +professions, it may be added, all the accidents of the social hierarchy +and all forms of intelligence, have their own slang. The merchant who +says: “Montpellier not active, Marseilles fine quality,” the broker on +’change who says: “Assets at end of current month,” the gambler who +says: _“Tiers et tout, refait de pique,”_ the sheriff of the Norman +Isles who says: “The holder in fee reverting to his landed estate +cannot claim the fruits of that estate during the hereditary seizure of +the real estate by the mortgagor,” the playwright who says: “The piece +was hissed,” the comedian who says: “I’ve made a hit,” the philosopher +who says: “Phenomenal triplicity,” the huntsman who says: _“Voileci +allais, Voileci fuyant,”_ the phrenologist who says: “Amativeness, +combativeness, secretiveness,” the infantry soldier who says: “My +shooting-iron,” the cavalry-man who says: “My turkey-cock,” the +fencing-master who says: “Tierce, quarte, break,” the printer who says: +“My shooting-stick and galley,”—all, printer, fencing-master, cavalry +dragoon, infantry-man, phrenologist, huntsman, philosopher, comedian, +playwright, sheriff, gambler, stock-broker, and merchant, speak slang. +The painter who says: “My grinder,” the notary who says: “My +Skip-the-Gutter,” the hairdresser who says: “My mealyback,” the cobbler +who says: “My cub,” talks slang. Strictly speaking, if one absolutely +insists on the point, all the different fashions of saying the right +and the left, the sailor’s _port_ and _starboard_, the scene-shifter’s +_court-side_, and _garden-side_, the beadle’s _Gospel-side_ and +_Epistle-side_, are slang. There is the slang of the affected lady as +well as of the _prĂ©cieuses_. The Hotel Rambouillet nearly adjoins the +Cour des Miracles. There is a slang of duchesses, witness this phrase +contained in a love-letter from a very great lady and a very pretty +woman of the Restoration: “You will find in this gossip a fultitude of +reasons why I should libertize.”40 Diplomatic ciphers are slang; the +pontifical chancellery by using 26 for Rome, _grkztntgzyal_ for +despatch, and _abfxustgrnogrkzu tu XI_. for the Duc de Modena, speaks +slang. The physicians of the Middle Ages who, for carrot, radish, and +turnip, said _Opoponach, perfroschinum, reptitalmus, dracatholicum, +angelorum, postmegorum_, talked slang. The sugar-manufacturer who says: +“Loaf, clarified, lumps, bastard, common, burnt,”—this honest +manufacturer talks slang. A certain school of criticism twenty years +ago, which used to say: “Half of the works of Shakespeare consists of +plays upon words and puns,”—talked slang. The poet, and the artist who, +with profound understanding, would designate M. de Montmorency as “a +bourgeois,” if he were not a judge of verses and statues, speak slang. +The classic Academician who calls flowers “Flora,” fruits, “Pomona,” +the sea, “Neptune,” love, “fires,” beauty, “charms,” a horse, “a +courser,” the white or tricolored cockade, “the rose of Bellona,” the +three-cornered hat, “Mars’ triangle,”—that classical Academician talks +slang. Algebra, medicine, botany, have each their slang. The tongue +which is employed on board ship, that wonderful language of the sea, +which is so complete and so picturesque, which was spoken by Jean Bart, +Duquesne, Suffren, and DuperrĂ©, which mingles with the whistling of the +rigging, the sound of the speaking-trumpets, the shock of the +boarding-irons, the roll of the sea, the wind, the gale, the cannon, is +wholly a heroic and dazzling slang, which is to the fierce slang of the +thieves what the lion is to the jackal. + +No doubt. But say what we will, this manner of understanding the word +_slang_ is an extension which every one will not admit. For our part, +we reserve to the word its ancient and precise, circumscribed and +determined significance, and we restrict slang to slang. The veritable +slang and the slang that is pre-eminently slang, if the two words can +be coupled thus, the slang immemorial which was a kingdom, is nothing +else, we repeat, than the homely, uneasy, crafty, treacherous, +venomous, cruel, equivocal, vile, profound, fatal tongue of +wretchedness. There exists, at the extremity of all abasement and all +misfortunes, a last misery which revolts and makes up its mind to enter +into conflict with the whole mass of fortunate facts and reigning +rights; a fearful conflict, where, now cunning, now violent, unhealthy +and ferocious at one and the same time, it attacks the social order +with pin-pricks through vice, and with club-blows through crime. To +meet the needs of this conflict, wretchedness has invented a language +of combat, which is slang. + +To keep afloat and to rescue from oblivion, to hold above the gulf, +were it but a fragment of some language which man has spoken and which +would, otherwise, be lost, that is to say, one of the elements, good or +bad, of which civilization is composed, or by which it is complicated, +to extend the records of social observation; is to serve civilization +itself. This service Plautus rendered, consciously or unconsciously, by +making two Carthaginian soldiers talk PhƓnician; that service MoliĂšre +rendered, by making so many of his characters talk Levantine and all +sorts of dialects. Here objections spring up afresh. PhƓnician, very +good! Levantine, quite right! Even dialect, let that pass! They are +tongues which have belonged to nations or provinces; but slang! What is +the use of preserving slang? What is the good of assisting slang “to +survive”? + +To this we reply in one word, only. Assuredly, if the tongue which a +nation or a province has spoken is worthy of interest, the language +which has been spoken by a misery is still more worthy of attention and +study. + +It is the language which has been spoken, in France, for example, for +more than four centuries, not only by a misery, but by every possible +human misery. + +And then, we insist upon it, the study of social deformities and +infirmities, and the task of pointing them out with a view to remedy, +is not a business in which choice is permitted. The historian of +manners and ideas has no less austere a mission than the historian of +events. The latter has the surface of civilization, the conflicts of +crowns, the births of princes, the marriages of kings, battles, +assemblages, great public men, revolutions in the daylight, everything +on the exterior; the other historian has the interior, the depths, the +people who toil, suffer, wait, the oppressed woman, the agonizing +child, the secret war between man and man, obscure ferocities, +prejudices, plotted iniquities, the subterranean, the indistinct +tremors of multitudes, the die-of-hunger, the counter-blows of the law, +the secret evolution of souls, the go-bare-foot, the bare-armed, the +disinherited, the orphans, the unhappy, and the infamous, all the forms +which roam through the darkness. He must descend with his heart full of +charity, and severity at the same time, as a brother and as a judge, to +those impenetrable casemates where crawl, pell-mell, those who bleed +and those who deal the blow, those who weep and those who curse, those +who fast and those who devour, those who endure evil and those who +inflict it. Have these historians of hearts and souls duties at all +inferior to the historians of external facts? Does any one think that +Alighieri has any fewer things to say than Machiavelli? Is the under +side of civilization any less important than the upper side merely +because it is deeper and more sombre? Do we really know the mountain +well when we are not acquainted with the cavern? + +Let us say, moreover, parenthetically, that from a few words of what +precedes a marked separation might be inferred between the two classes +of historians which does not exist in our mind. No one is a good +historian of the patent, visible, striking, and public life of peoples, +if he is not, at the same time, in a certain measure, the historian of +their deep and hidden life; and no one is a good historian of the +interior unless he understands how, at need, to be the historian of the +exterior also. The history of manners and ideas permeates the history +of events, and this is true reciprocally. They constitute two different +orders of facts which correspond to each other, which are always +interlaced, and which often bring forth results. All the lineaments +which providence traces on the surface of a nation have their +parallels, sombre but distinct, in their depths, and all convulsions of +the depths produce ebullitions on the surface. True history being a +mixture of all things, the true historian mingles in everything. + +Man is not a circle with a single centre; he is an ellipse with a +double focus. Facts form one of these, and ideas the other. + +Slang is nothing but a dressing-room where the tongue having some bad +action to perform, disguises itself. There it clothes itself in +word-masks, in metaphor-rags. In this guise it becomes horrible. + +One finds it difficult to recognize. Is it really the French tongue, +the great human tongue? Behold it ready to step upon the stage and to +retort upon crime, and prepared for all the employments of the +repertory of evil. It no longer walks, it hobbles; it limps on the +crutch of the Court of Miracles, a crutch metamorphosable into a club; +it is called vagrancy; every sort of spectre, its dressers, have +painted its face, it crawls and rears, the double gait of the reptile. +Henceforth, it is apt at all rĂŽles, it is made suspicious by the +counterfeiter, covered with verdigris by the forger, blacked by the +soot of the incendiary; and the murderer applies its rouge. + +When one listens, by the side of honest men, at the portals of society, +one overhears the dialogues of those who are on the outside. One +distinguishes questions and replies. One perceives, without +understanding it, a hideous murmur, sounding almost like human accents, +but more nearly resembling a howl than an articulate word. It is slang. +The words are misshapen and stamped with an indescribable and fantastic +bestiality. One thinks one hears hydras talking. + +It is unintelligible in the dark. It gnashes and whispers, completing +the gloom with mystery. It is black in misfortune, it is blacker still +in crime; these two blacknesses amalgamated, compose slang. Obscurity +in the atmosphere, obscurity in acts, obscurity in voices. Terrible, +toad-like tongue which goes and comes, leaps, crawls, slobbers, and +stirs about in monstrous wise in that immense gray fog composed of rain +and night, of hunger, of vice, of falsehood, of injustice, of nudity, +of suffocation, and of winter, the high noonday of the miserable. + +Let us have compassion on the chastised. Alas! Who are we ourselves? +Who am I who now address you? Who are you who are listening to me? And +are you very sure that we have done nothing before we were born? The +earth is not devoid of resemblance to a jail. Who knows whether man is +not a recaptured offender against divine justice? Look closely at life. +It is so made, that everywhere we feel the sense of punishment. + +Are you what is called a happy man? Well! you are sad every day. Each +day has its own great grief or its little care. Yesterday you were +trembling for a health that is dear to you, to-day you fear for your +own; to-morrow it will be anxiety about money, the day after to-morrow +the diatribe of a slanderer, the day after that, the misfortune of some +friend; then the prevailing weather, then something that has been +broken or lost, then a pleasure with which your conscience and your +vertebral column reproach you; again, the course of public affairs. +This without reckoning in the pains of the heart. And so it goes on. +One cloud is dispelled, another forms. There is hardly one day out of a +hundred which is wholly joyous and sunny. And you belong to that small +class who are happy! As for the rest of mankind, stagnating night rests +upon them. + +Thoughtful minds make but little use of the phrase: the fortunate and +the unfortunate. In this world, evidently the vestibule of another, +there are no fortunate. + +The real human division is this: the luminous and the shady. To +diminish the number of the shady, to augment the number of the +luminous,—that is the object. That is why we cry: Education! science! +To teach reading, means to light the fire; every syllable spelled out +sparkles. + +However, he who says light does not, necessarily, say joy. People +suffer in the light; excess burns. The flame is the enemy of the wing. +To burn without ceasing to fly,—therein lies the marvel of genius. + +When you shall have learned to know, and to love, you will still +suffer. The day is born in tears. The luminous weep, if only over those +in darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ROOTS + + +Slang is the tongue of those who sit in darkness. + +Thought is moved in its most sombre depths, social philosophy is bidden +to its most poignant meditations, in the presence of that enigmatic +dialect at once so blighted and rebellious. Therein lies chastisement +made visible. Every syllable has an air of being marked. The words of +the vulgar tongue appear therein wrinkled and shrivelled, as it were, +beneath the hot iron of the executioner. Some seem to be still smoking. +Such and such a phrase produces upon you the effect of the shoulder of +a thief branded with the fleur-de-lys, which has suddenly been laid +bare. Ideas almost refuse to be expressed in these substantives which +are fugitives from justice. Metaphor is sometimes so shameless, that +one feels that it has worn the iron neck-fetter. + +Moreover, in spite of all this, and because of all this, this strange +dialect has by rights, its own compartment in that great impartial case +of pigeon-holes where there is room for the rusty farthing as well as +for the gold medal, and which is called literature. Slang, whether the +public admit the fact or not has its syntax and its poetry. It is a +language. Yes, by the deformity of certain terms, we recognize the fact +that it was chewed by Mandrin, and by the splendor of certain +metonymies, we feel that Villon spoke it. + +That exquisite and celebrated verse— + +Mais oĂč sont les neiges d’antan? +But where are the snows of years gone by? + + +is a verse of slang. _Antan—ante annum_—is a word of Thunes slang, +which signified the past year, and by extension, _formerly_. +Thirty-five years ago, at the epoch of the departure of the great +chain-gang, there could be read in one of the cells at BicĂȘtre, this +maxim engraved with a nail on the wall by a king of Thunes condemned to +the galleys: _Les dabs d’antan trimaient siempre pour la pierre du +CoĂ«sre_. This means _Kings in days gone by always went and had +themselves anointed_. In the opinion of that king, anointment meant the +galleys. + +The word _dĂ©carade_, which expresses the departure of heavy vehicles at +a gallop, is attributed to Villon, and it is worthy of him. This word, +which strikes fire with all four of its feet, sums up in a masterly +onomatopƓia the whole of La Fontaine’s admirable verse:— + +Six forts chevaux tiraient un coche. +Six stout horses drew a coach. + + +From a purely literary point of view, few studies would prove more +curious and fruitful than the study of slang. It is a whole language +within a language, a sort of sickly excrescence, an unhealthy graft +which has produced a vegetation, a parasite which has its roots in the +old Gallic trunk, and whose sinister foliage crawls all over one side +of the language. This is what may be called the first, the vulgar +aspect of slang. But, for those who study the tongue as it should be +studied, that is to say, as geologists study the earth, slang appears +like a veritable alluvial deposit. According as one digs a longer or +shorter distance into it, one finds in slang, below the old popular +French, Provençal, Spanish, Italian, Levantine, that language of the +Mediterranean ports, English and German, the Romance language in its +three varieties, French, Italian, and Romance Romance, Latin, and +finally Basque and Celtic. A profound and unique formation. A +subterranean edifice erected in common by all the miserable. Each +accursed race has deposited its layer, each suffering has dropped its +stone there, each heart has contributed its pebble. A throng of evil, +base, or irritated souls, who have traversed life and have vanished +into eternity, linger there almost entirely visible still beneath the +form of some monstrous word. + +Do you want Spanish? The old Gothic slang abounded in it. Here is +_boffete_, a box on the ear, which is derived from _bofeton; vantane_, +window (later on _vanterne_), which comes from _vantana; gat_, cat, +which comes from _gato; acite_, oil, which comes from _aceyte_. Do you +want Italian? Here is _spade_, sword, which comes from _spada; carvel_, +boat, which comes from _caravella_. Do you want English? Here is +_bichot_, which comes from _bishop; raille_, spy, which comes from +_rascal, rascalion; pilche_, a case, which comes from _pilcher_, a +sheath. Do you want German? Here is the _caleur_, the waiter, +_kellner_; the _hers_, the master, _herzog_ (duke). Do you want Latin? +Here is _frangir_, to break, _frangere; affurer_, to steal, _fur; +cadene_, chain, _catena_. There is one word which crops up in every +language of the continent, with a sort of mysterious power and +authority. It is the word _magnus_; the Scotchman makes of it his +_mac_, which designates the chief of the clan; Mac-Farlane, +Mac-Callumore, the great Farlane, the great Callumore41; slang turns it +into _meck_ and later _le meg_, that is to say, God. Would you like +Basque? Here is _gahisto_, the devil, which comes from _gaĂŻztoa_, evil; +_sorgabon_, good night, which comes from _gabon_, good evening. Do you +want Celtic? Here is _blavin_, a handkerchief, which comes from +_blavet_, gushing water; _mĂ©nesse_, a woman (in a bad sense), which +comes from _meinec_, full of stones; _barant_, brook, from _baranton_, +fountain; _goffeur_, locksmith, from _goff_, blacksmith; _guedouze_, +death, which comes from _guenn-du_, black-white. Finally, would you +like history? Slang calls crowns _les maltĂšses_, a souvenir of the coin +in circulation on the galleys of Malta. + +In addition to the philological origins just indicated, slang possesses +other and still more natural roots, which spring, so to speak, from the +mind of man itself. + +In the first place, the direct creation of words. Therein lies the +mystery of tongues. To paint with words, which contains figures one +knows not how or why, is the primitive foundation of all human +languages, what may be called their granite. + +Slang abounds in words of this description, immediate words, words +created instantaneously no one knows either where or by whom, without +etymology, without analogies, without derivatives, solitary, barbarous, +sometimes hideous words, which at times possess a singular power of +expression and which live. The executioner, _le taule_; the forest, _le +sabri_; fear, flight, _taf_; the lackey, _le larbin_; the mineral, the +prefect, the minister, _pharos_; the devil, _le rabouin_. Nothing is +stranger than these words which both mask and reveal. Some, _le +rabouin_, for example, are at the same time grotesque and terrible, and +produce on you the effect of a cyclopean grimace. + +In the second place, metaphor. The peculiarity of a language which is +desirous of saying all yet concealing all is that it is rich in +figures. Metaphor is an enigma, wherein the thief who is plotting a +stroke, the prisoner who is arranging an escape, take refuge. No idiom +is more metaphorical than slang: _dĂ©visser le coco_ (to unscrew the +nut), to twist the neck; _tortiller_ (to wriggle), to eat; _ĂȘtre +gerbĂ©_, to be tried; _a rat_, a bread thief; _il lansquine_, it rains, +a striking, ancient figure which partly bears its date about it, which +assimilates long oblique lines of rain, with the dense and slanting +pikes of the lancers, and which compresses into a single word the +popular expression: it rains halberds. Sometimes, in proportion as +slang progresses from the first epoch to the second, words pass from +the primitive and savage sense to the metaphorical sense. The devil +ceases to be _le rabouin_, and becomes _le boulanger_ (the baker), who +puts the bread into the oven. This is more witty, but less grand, +something like Racine after Corneille, like Euripides after Æschylus. +Certain slang phrases which participate in the two epochs and have at +once the barbaric character and the metaphorical character resemble +phantasmagories. _Les sorgueuers vont solliciter des gails Ă  la +lune_—the prowlers are going to steal horses by night,—this passes +before the mind like a group of spectres. One knows not what one sees. + +In the third place, the expedient. Slang lives on the language. It uses +it in accordance with its fancy, it dips into it hap-hazard, and it +often confines itself, when occasion arises, to alter it in a gross and +summary fashion. Occasionally, with the ordinary words thus deformed +and complicated with words of pure slang, picturesque phrases are +formed, in which there can be felt the mixture of the two preceding +elements, the direct creation and the metaphor: _le cab jaspine, je +marronne que la roulotte de Pantin trime dans le sabri_, the dog is +barking, I suspect that the diligence for Paris is passing through the +woods. _Le dab est sinve, la dabuge est merloussiĂšre, la fĂ©e est +bative_, the bourgeois is stupid, the bourgeoise is cunning, the +daughter is pretty. Generally, to throw listeners off the track, slang +confines itself to adding to all the words of the language without +distinction, an ignoble tail, a termination in _aille_, in _orgue_, in +_iergue_, or in _uche_. Thus: _Vousiergue trouvaille bonorgue ce +gigotmuche?_ Do you think that leg of mutton good? A phrase addressed +by Cartouche to a turnkey in order to find out whether the sum offered +for his escape suited him. + +The termination in _mar_ has been added recently. + +Slang, being the dialect of corruption, quickly becomes corrupted +itself. Besides this, as it is always seeking concealment, as soon as +it feels that it is understood, it changes its form. Contrary to what +happens with every other vegetation, every ray of light which falls +upon it kills whatever it touches. Thus slang is in constant process of +decomposition and recomposition; an obscure and rapid work which never +pauses. It passes over more ground in ten years than a language in ten +centuries. Thus _le larton_ (bread) becomes _le lartif; le gail_ +(horse) becomes _le gaye; la fertanche_ (straw) becomes _la fertille; +le momignard_ (brat), _le momacque; les fiques_ (duds), _frusques; la +chique_ (the church), _l’égrugeoir; le colabre_ (neck), _le colas_. The +devil is at first, _gahisto_, then _le rabouin_, then _the baker_; the +priest is a _ratichon_, then the boar (_le sanglier_); the dagger is +_le vingt-deux_ (twenty-two), then _le surin_, then _le lingre_; the +police are _railles_, then _roussins_, then _rousses_, then _marchands +de lacets_ (dealers in stay-laces), then _coquers_, then _cognes_; the +executioner is _le taule_, then _Charlot, l’atigeur_, then _le +becquillard_. In the seventeenth century, to fight was “to give each +other snuff”; in the nineteenth it is “to chew each other’s throats.” +There have been twenty different phrases between these two extremes. +Cartouche’s talk would have been Hebrew to Lacenaire. All the words of +this language are perpetually engaged in flight like the men who utter +them. + +Still, from time to time, and in consequence of this very movement, the +ancient slang crops up again and becomes new once more. It has its +headquarters where it maintains its sway. The Temple preserved the +slang of the seventeenth century; BicĂȘtre, when it was a prison, +preserved the slang of Thunes. There one could hear the termination in +_anche_ of the old Thuneurs. _Boyanches-tu_ (bois-tu), do you drink? +But perpetual movement remains its law, nevertheless. + +If the philosopher succeeds in fixing, for a moment, for purposes of +observation, this language which is incessantly evaporating, he falls +into doleful and useful meditation. No study is more efficacious and +more fecund in instruction. There is not a metaphor, not an analogy, in +slang, which does not contain a lesson. Among these men, to beat means +to feign; one beats a malady; ruse is their strength. + +For them, the idea of the man is not separated from the idea of +darkness. The night is called _la sorgue_; man, _l’orgue_. Man is a +derivative of the night. + +They have taken up the practice of considering society in the light of +an atmosphere which kills them, of a fatal force, and they speak of +their liberty as one would speak of his health. A man under arrest is a +_sick man_; one who is condemned is a _dead man_. + +The most terrible thing for the prisoner within the four walls in which +he is buried, is a sort of glacial chastity, and he calls the dungeon +the _castus_. In that funereal place, life outside always presents +itself under its most smiling aspect. The prisoner has irons on his +feet; you think, perhaps, that his thought is that it is with the feet +that one walks? No; he is thinking that it is with the feet that one +dances; so, when he has succeeded in severing his fetters, his first +idea is that now he can dance, and he calls the saw the _bastringue_ +(public-house ball).—A name is a centre; profound assimilation.—The +ruffian has two heads, one of which reasons out his actions and leads +him all his life long, and the other which he has upon his shoulders on +the day of his death; he calls the head which counsels him in crime _la +sorbonne_, and the head which expiates it _la tronche_.—When a man has +no longer anything but rags upon his body and vices in his heart, when +he has arrived at that double moral and material degradation which the +word blackguard characterizes in its two acceptations, he is ripe for +crime; he is like a well-whetted knife; he has two cutting edges, his +distress and his malice; so slang does not say a blackguard, it says +_un rĂ©guisĂ©_.—What are the galleys? A brazier of damnation, a hell. The +convict calls himself a _fagot_.—And finally, what name do malefactors +give to their prison? The _college_. A whole penitentiary system can be +evolved from that word. + +Does the reader wish to know where the majority of the songs of the +galleys, those refrains called in the special vocabulary _lirlonfa_, +have had their birth? + +Let him listen to what follows:— + +There existed at the ChĂątelet in Paris a large and long cellar. This +cellar was eight feet below the level of the Seine. It had neither +windows nor air-holes, its only aperture was the door; men could enter +there, air could not. This vault had for ceiling a vault of stone, and +for floor ten inches of mud. It was flagged; but the pavement had +rotted and cracked under the oozing of the water. Eight feet above the +floor, a long and massive beam traversed this subterranean excavation +from side to side; from this beam hung, at short distances apart, +chains three feet long, and at the end of these chains there were rings +for the neck. In this vault, men who had been condemned to the galleys +were incarcerated until the day of their departure for Toulon. They +were thrust under this beam, where each one found his fetters swinging +in the darkness and waiting for him. + +The chains, those pendant arms, and the necklets, those open hands, +caught the unhappy wretches by the throat. They were rivetted and left +there. As the chain was too short, they could not lie down. They +remained motionless in that cavern, in that night, beneath that beam, +almost hanging, forced to unheard-of efforts to reach their bread, jug, +or their vault overhead, mud even to mid-leg, filth flowing to their +very calves, broken asunder with fatigue, with thighs and knees giving +way, clinging fast to the chain with their hands in order to obtain +some rest, unable to sleep except when standing erect, and awakened +every moment by the strangling of the collar; some woke no more. In +order to eat, they pushed the bread, which was flung to them in the +mud, along their leg with their heel until it reached their hand. + +How long did they remain thus? One month, two months, six months +sometimes; one stayed a year. It was the antechamber of the galleys. +Men were put there for stealing a hare from the king. In this +sepulchre-hell, what did they do? What man can do in a sepulchre, they +went through the agonies of death, and what can man do in hell, they +sang; for song lingers where there is no longer any hope. In the waters +of Malta, when a galley was approaching, the song could be heard before +the sound of the oars. Poor Survincent, the poacher, who had gone +through the prison-cellar of the ChĂątelet, said: “It was the rhymes +that kept me up.” Uselessness of poetry. What is the good of rhyme? + +It is in this cellar that nearly all the slang songs had their birth. +It is from the dungeon of the Grand-ChĂątelet of Paris that comes the +melancholy refrain of the Montgomery galley: _“Timaloumisaine, +timaloumison.”_ The majority of these songs are melancholy; some are +gay; one is tender:— + + Icicaille est la theatre + Du petit dardant. + + Here is the theatre + Of the little archer (Cupid). + + +Do what you will, you cannot annihilate that eternal relic in the heart +of man, love. + +In this world of dismal deeds, people keep their secrets. The secret is +the thing above all others. The secret, in the eyes of these wretches, +is unity which serves as a base of union. To betray a secret is to tear +from each member of this fierce community something of his own +personality. To inform against, in the energetic slang dialect, is +called: “to eat the bit.” As though the informer drew to himself a +little of the substance of all and nourished himself on a bit of each +one’s flesh. + +What does it signify to receive a box on the ear? Commonplace metaphor +replies: “It is to see thirty-six candles.” Here slang intervenes and +takes it up: Candle, _camoufle_. Thereupon, the ordinary tongue gives +_camouflet_42 as the synonym for _soufflet_. Thus, by a sort of +infiltration from below upwards, with the aid of metaphor, that +incalculable, trajectory slang mounts from the cavern to the Academy; +and Poulailler saying: “I light my _camoufle_,” causes Voltaire to +write: “Langleviel La Beaumelle deserves a hundred _camouflets_.” + + +Researches in slang mean discoveries at every step. Study and +investigation of this strange idiom lead to the mysterious point of +intersection of regular society with society which is accursed. + +The thief also has his food for cannon, stealable matter, you, I, +whoever passes by; _le pantre_. (_Pan_, everybody.) + +Slang is language turned convict. + +That the thinking principle of man be thrust down ever so low, that it +can be dragged and pinioned there by obscure tyrannies of fatality, +that it can be bound by no one knows what fetters in that abyss, is +sufficient to create consternation. + +Oh, poor thought of miserable wretches! + +Alas! will no one come to the succor of the human soul in that +darkness? Is it her destiny there to await forever the mind, the +liberator, the immense rider of Pegasi and hippogriffs, the combatant +of heroes of the dawn who shall descend from the azure between two +wings, the radiant knight of the future? Will she forever summon in +vain to her assistance the lance of light of the ideal? Is she +condemned to hear the fearful approach of Evil through the density of +the gulf, and to catch glimpses, nearer and nearer at hand, beneath the +hideous water of that dragon’s head, that maw streaked with foam, and +that writhing undulation of claws, swellings, and rings? Must it remain +there, without a gleam of light, without hope, given over to that +terrible approach, vaguely scented out by the monster, shuddering, +dishevelled, wringing its arms, forever chained to the rock of night, a +sombre Andromeda white and naked amid the shadows! + + + + +CHAPTER III—SLANG WHICH WEEPS AND SLANG WHICH LAUGHS + + +As the reader perceives, slang in its entirety, slang of four hundred +years ago, like the slang of to-day, is permeated with that sombre, +symbolical spirit which gives to all words a mien which is now +mournful, now menacing. One feels in it the wild and ancient sadness of +those vagrants of the Court of Miracles who played at cards with packs +of their own, some of which have come down to us. The eight of clubs, +for instance, represented a huge tree bearing eight enormous trefoil +leaves, a sort of fantastic personification of the forest. At the foot +of this tree a fire was burning, over which three hares were roasting a +huntsman on a spit, and behind him, on another fire, hung a steaming +pot, whence emerged the head of a dog. Nothing can be more melancholy +than these reprisals in painting, by a pack of cards, in the presence +of stakes for the roasting of smugglers and of the cauldron for the +boiling of counterfeiters. The diverse forms assumed by thought in the +realm of slang, even song, even raillery, even menace, all partook of +this powerless and dejected character. All the songs, the melodies of +some of which have been collected, were humble and lamentable to the +point of evoking tears. The _pĂšgre_ is always the poor _pĂšgre_, and he +is always the hare in hiding, the fugitive mouse, the flying bird. He +hardly complains, he contents himself with sighing; one of his moans +has come down to us: “I do not understand how God, the father of men, +can torture his children and his grandchildren and hear them cry, +without himself suffering torture.”43 The wretch, whenever he has time +to think, makes himself small before the low, and frail in the presence +of society; he lies down flat on his face, he entreats, he appeals to +the side of compassion; we feel that he is conscious of his guilt. + +Towards the middle of the last century a change took place, prison +songs and thieves’ ritournelles assumed, so to speak, an insolent and +jovial mien. The plaintive _malurĂ©_ was replaced by the _larifla_. We +find in the eighteenth century, in nearly all the songs of the galleys +and prisons, a diabolical and enigmatical gayety. We hear this strident +and lilting refrain which we should say had been lighted up by a +phosphorescent gleam, and which seems to have been flung into the +forest by a will-o’-the-wisp playing the fife:— + +Miralabi suslababo +Mirliton ribonribette +Surlababi mirlababo +Mirliton ribonribo. + + +This was sung in a cellar or in a nook of the forest while cutting a +man’s throat. + +A serious symptom. In the eighteenth century, the ancient melancholy of +the dejected classes vanishes. They began to laugh. They rally the +_grand meg_ and the _grand dab_. Given Louis XV. they call the King of +France “le Marquis de Pantin.” And behold, they are almost gay. A sort +of gleam proceeds from these miserable wretches, as though their +consciences were not heavy within them any more. These lamentable +tribes of darkness have no longer merely the desperate audacity of +actions, they possess the heedless audacity of mind. A sign that they +are losing the sense of their criminality, and that they feel, even +among thinkers and dreamers, some indefinable support which the latter +themselves know not of. A sign that theft and pillage are beginning to +filter into doctrines and sophisms, in such a way as to lose somewhat +of their ugliness, while communicating much of it to sophisms and +doctrines. A sign, in short, of some outbreak which is prodigious and +near unless some diversion shall arise. + +Let us pause a moment. Whom are we accusing here? Is it the eighteenth +century? Is it philosophy? Certainly not. The work of the eighteenth +century is healthy and good and wholesome. The encyclopedists, Diderot +at their head; the physiocrates, Turgot at their head; the +philosophers, Voltaire at their head; the Utopians, Rousseau at their +head,—these are four sacred legions. Humanity’s immense advance towards +the light is due to them. They are the four vanguards of the human +race, marching towards the four cardinal points of progress. Diderot +towards the beautiful, Turgot towards the useful, Voltaire towards the +true, Rousseau towards the just. But by the side of and above the +philosophers, there were the sophists, a venomous vegetation mingled +with a healthy growth, hemlock in the virgin forest. While the +executioner was burning the great books of the liberators of the +century on the grand staircase of the court-house, writers now +forgotten were publishing, with the King’s sanction, no one knows what +strangely disorganizing writings, which were eagerly read by the +unfortunate. Some of these publications, odd to say, which were +patronized by a prince, are to be found in the Secret Library. These +facts, significant but unknown, were imperceptible on the surface. +Sometimes, in the very obscurity of a fact lurks its danger. It is +obscure because it is underhand. Of all these writers, the one who +probably then excavated in the masses the most unhealthy gallery was +Restif de La Bretonne. + +This work, peculiar to the whole of Europe, effected more ravages in +Germany than anywhere else. In Germany, during a given period, summed +up by Schiller in his famous drama _The Robbers_, theft and pillage +rose up in protest against property and labor, assimilated certain +specious and false elementary ideas, which, though just in appearance, +were absurd in reality, enveloped themselves in these ideas, +disappeared within them, after a fashion, assumed an abstract name, +passed into the state of theory, and in that shape circulated among the +laborious, suffering, and honest masses, unknown even to the imprudent +chemists who had prepared the mixture, unknown even to the masses who +accepted it. Whenever a fact of this sort presents itself, the case is +grave. Suffering engenders wrath; and while the prosperous classes +blind themselves or fall asleep, which is the same thing as shutting +one’s eyes, the hatred of the unfortunate classes lights its torch at +some aggrieved or ill-made spirit which dreams in a corner, and sets +itself to the scrutiny of society. The scrutiny of hatred is a terrible +thing. + +Hence, if the ill-fortune of the times so wills it, those fearful +commotions which were formerly called _jacqueries_, beside which purely +political agitations are the merest child’s play, which are no longer +the conflict of the oppressed and the oppressor, but the revolt of +discomfort against comfort. Then everything crumbles. + +Jacqueries are earthquakes of the people. + +It is this peril, possibly imminent towards the close of the eighteenth +century, which the French Revolution, that immense act of probity, cut +short. + +The French Revolution, which is nothing else than the idea armed with +the sword, rose erect, and, with the same abrupt movement, closed the +door of ill and opened the door of good. + +It put a stop to torture, promulgated the truth, expelled miasma, +rendered the century healthy, crowned the populace. + +It may be said of it that it created man a second time, by giving him a +second soul, the right. + +The nineteenth century has inherited and profited by its work, and +to-day, the social catastrophe to which we lately alluded is simply +impossible. Blind is he who announces it! Foolish is he who fears it! +Revolution is the vaccine of Jacquerie. + +Thanks to the Revolution, social conditions have changed. Feudal and +monarchical maladies no longer run in our blood. There is no more of +the Middle Ages in our constitution. We no longer live in the days when +terrible swarms within made irruptions, when one heard beneath his feet +the obscure course of a dull rumble, when indescribable elevations from +mole-like tunnels appeared on the surface of civilization, where the +soil cracked open, where the roofs of caverns yawned, and where one +suddenly beheld monstrous heads emerging from the earth. + +The revolutionary sense is a moral sense. The sentiment of right, once +developed, develops the sentiment of duty. The law of all is liberty, +which ends where the liberty of others begins, according to +Robespierre’s admirable definition. Since ’89, the whole people has +been dilating into a sublime individual; there is not a poor man, who, +possessing his right, has not his ray of sun; the die-of-hunger feels +within him the honesty of France; the dignity of the citizen is an +internal armor; he who is free is scrupulous; he who votes reigns. +Hence incorruptibility; hence the miscarriage of unhealthy lusts; hence +eyes heroically lowered before temptations. The revolutionary +wholesomeness is such, that on a day of deliverance, a 14th of July, a +10th of August, there is no longer any populace. The first cry of the +enlightened and increasing throngs is: death to thieves! Progress is an +honest man; the ideal and the absolute do not filch +pocket-handkerchiefs. By whom were the wagons containing the wealth of +the Tuileries escorted in 1848? By the rag-pickers of the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. Rags mounted guard over the treasure. Virtue rendered +these tatterdemalions resplendent. In those wagons in chests, hardly +closed, and some, even, half-open, amid a hundred dazzling caskets, was +that ancient crown of France, studded with diamonds, surmounted by the +carbuncle of royalty, by the Regent diamond, which was worth thirty +millions. Barefooted, they guarded that crown. + +Hence, no more Jacquerie. I regret it for the sake of the skilful. The +old fear has produced its last effects in that quarter; and henceforth +it can no longer be employed in politics. The principal spring of the +red spectre is broken. Every one knows it now. The scare-crow scares no +longer. The birds take liberties with the mannikin, foul creatures +alight upon it, the bourgeois laugh at it. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE TWO DUTIES: TO WATCH AND TO HOPE + + +This being the case, is all social danger dispelled? Certainly not. +There is no Jacquerie; society may rest assured on that point; blood +will no longer rush to its head. But let society take heed to the +manner in which it breathes. Apoplexy is no longer to be feared, but +phthisis is there. Social phthisis is called misery. + +One can perish from being undermined as well as from being struck by +lightning. + +Let us not weary of repeating, and sympathetic souls must not forget +that this is the first of fraternal obligations, and selfish hearts +must understand that the first of political necessities consists in +thinking first of all of the disinherited and sorrowing throngs, in +solacing, airing, enlightening, loving them, in enlarging their horizon +to a magnificent extent, in lavishing upon them education in every +form, in offering them the example of labor, never the example of +idleness, in diminishing the individual burden by enlarging the notion +of the universal aim, in setting a limit to poverty without setting a +limit to wealth, in creating vast fields of public and popular +activity, in having, like Briareus, a hundred hands to extend in all +directions to the oppressed and the feeble, in employing the collective +power for that grand duty of opening workshops for all arms, schools +for all aptitudes, and laboratories for all degrees of intelligence, in +augmenting salaries, diminishing trouble, balancing what should be and +what is, that is to say, in proportioning enjoyment to effort and a +glut to need; in a word, in evolving from the social apparatus more +light and more comfort for the benefit of those who suffer and those +who are ignorant. + +And, let us say it, all this is but the beginning. The true question is +this: labor cannot be a law without being a right. + +We will not insist upon this point; this is not the proper place for +that. + +If nature calls itself Providence, society should call itself +foresight. + +Intellectual and moral growth is no less indispensable than material +improvement. To know is a sacrament, to think is the prime necessity, +truth is nourishment as well as grain. A reason which fasts from +science and wisdom grows thin. Let us enter equal complaint against +stomachs and minds which do not eat. If there is anything more +heart-breaking than a body perishing for lack of bread, it is a soul +which is dying from hunger for the light. + +The whole of progress tends in the direction of solution. Some day we +shall be amazed. As the human race mounts upward, the deep layers +emerge naturally from the zone of distress. The obliteration of misery +will be accomplished by a simple elevation of level. + +We should do wrong were we to doubt this blessed consummation. + +The past is very strong, it is true, at the present moment. It +censures. This rejuvenation of a corpse is surprising. Behold, it is +walking and advancing. It seems a victor; this dead body is a +conqueror. He arrives with his legions, superstitions, with his sword, +despotism, with his banner, ignorance; a while ago, he won ten battles. +He advances, he threatens, he laughs, he is at our doors. Let us not +despair, on our side. Let us sell the field on which Hannibal is +encamped. + +What have we to fear, we who believe? + +No such thing as a back-flow of ideas exists any more than there exists +a return of a river on its course. + +But let those who do not desire a future reflect on this matter. When +they say “no” to progress, it is not the future but themselves that +they are condemning. They are giving themselves a sad malady; they are +inoculating themselves with the past. There is but one way of rejecting +To-morrow, and that is to die. + +Now, no death, that of the body as late as possible, that of the soul +never,—this is what we desire. + +Yes, the enigma will utter its word, the sphinx will speak, the problem +will be solved. + +Yes, the people, sketched out by the eighteenth century, will be +finished by the nineteenth. He who doubts this is an idiot! The future +blossoming, the near blossoming forth of universal well-being, is a +divinely fatal phenomenon. + +Immense combined propulsions direct human affairs and conduct them +within a given time to a logical state, that is to say, to a state of +equilibrium; that is to say, to equity. A force composed of earth and +heaven results from humanity and governs it; this force is a worker of +miracles; marvellous issues are no more difficult to it than +extraordinary vicissitudes. Aided by science, which comes from one man, +and by the event, which comes from another, it is not greatly alarmed +by these contradictions in the attitude of problems, which seem +impossibilities to the vulgar herd. It is no less skilful at causing a +solution to spring forth from the reconciliation of ideas, than a +lesson from the reconciliation of facts, and we may expect anything +from that mysterious power of progress, which brought the Orient and +the Occident face to face one fine day, in the depths of a sepulchre, +and made the imaums converse with Bonaparte in the interior of the +Great Pyramid. + +In the meantime, let there be no halt, no hesitation, no pause in the +grandiose onward march of minds. Social philosophy consists essentially +in science and peace. Its object is, and its result must be, to +dissolve wrath by the study of antagonisms. It examines, it +scrutinizes, it analyzes; then it puts together once more, it proceeds +by means of reduction, discarding all hatred. + +More than once, a society has been seen to give way before the wind +which is let loose upon mankind; history is full of the shipwrecks of +nations and empires; manners, customs, laws, religions,—and some fine +day that unknown force, the hurricane, passes by and bears them all +away. The civilizations of India, of Chaldea, of Persia, of Syria, of +Egypt, have disappeared one after the other. Why? We know not. What are +the causes of these disasters? We do not know. Could these societies +have been saved? Was it their fault? Did they persist in the fatal vice +which destroyed them? What is the amount of suicide in these terrible +deaths of a nation and a race? Questions to which there exists no +reply. Darkness enwraps condemned civilizations. They sprung a leak, +then they sank. We have nothing more to say; and it is with a sort of +terror that we look on, at the bottom of that sea which is called the +past, behind those colossal waves, at the shipwreck of those immense +vessels, Babylon, Nineveh, Tarsus, Thebes, Rome, beneath the fearful +gusts which emerge from all the mouths of the shadows. But shadows are +there, and light is here. We are not acquainted with the maladies of +these ancient civilizations, we do not know the infirmities of our own. +Everywhere upon it we have the right of light, we contemplate its +beauties, we lay bare its defects. Where it is ill, we probe; and the +sickness once diagnosed, the study of the cause leads to the discovery +of the remedy. Our civilization, the work of twenty centuries, is its +law and its prodigy; it is worth the trouble of saving. It will be +saved. It is already much to have solaced it; its enlightenment is yet +another point. All the labors of modern social philosophies must +converge towards this point. The thinker of to-day has a great duty—to +auscultate civilization. + +We repeat, that this auscultation brings encouragement; it is by this +persistence in encouragement that we wish to conclude these pages, an +austere interlude in a mournful drama. Beneath the social mortality, we +feel human imperishableness. The globe does not perish, because it has +these wounds, craters, eruptions, sulphur pits, here and there, nor +because of a volcano which ejects its pus. The maladies of the people +do not kill man. + +And yet, any one who follows the course of social clinics shakes his +head at times. The strongest, the tenderest, the most logical have +their hours of weakness. + +Will the future arrive? It seems as though we might almost put this +question, when we behold so much terrible darkness. Melancholy +face-to-face encounter of selfish and wretched. On the part of the +selfish, the prejudices, shadows of costly education, appetite +increasing through intoxication, a giddiness of prosperity which dulls, +a fear of suffering which, in some, goes as far as an aversion for the +suffering, an implacable satisfaction, the _I_ so swollen that it bars +the soul; on the side of the wretched covetousness, envy, hatred of +seeing others enjoy, the profound impulses of the human beast towards +assuaging its desires, hearts full of mist, sadness, need, fatality, +impure and simple ignorance. + +Shall we continue to raise our eyes to heaven? is the luminous point +which we distinguish there one of those which vanish? The ideal is +frightful to behold, thus lost in the depths, small, isolated, +imperceptible, brilliant, but surrounded by those great, black menaces, +monstrously heaped around it; yet no more in danger than a star in the +maw of the clouds. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—ENCHANTMENTS AND DESOLATIONS + + + + +CHAPTER I—FULL LIGHT + + +The reader has probably understood that Éponine, having recognized +through the gate, the inhabitant of that Rue Plumet whither Magnon had +sent her, had begun by keeping the ruffians away from the Rue Plumet, +and had then conducted Marius thither, and that, after many days spent +in ecstasy before that gate, Marius, drawn on by that force which draws +the iron to the magnet and a lover towards the stones of which is built +the house of her whom he loves, had finally entered Cosette’s garden as +Romeo entered the garden of Juliet. This had even proved easier for him +than for Romeo; Romeo was obliged to scale a wall, Marius had only to +use a little force on one of the bars of the decrepit gate which +vacillated in its rusty recess, after the fashion of old people’s +teeth. Marius was slender and readily passed through. + +As there was never any one in the street, and as Marius never entered +the garden except at night, he ran no risk of being seen. + +Beginning with that blessed and holy hour when a kiss betrothed these +two souls, Marius was there every evening. If, at that period of her +existence, Cosette had fallen in love with a man in the least +unscrupulous or debauched, she would have been lost; for there are +generous natures which yield themselves, and Cosette was one of them. +One of woman’s magnanimities is to yield. Love, at the height where it +is absolute, is complicated with some indescribably celestial blindness +of modesty. But what dangers you run, O noble souls! Often you give the +heart, and we take the body. Your heart remains with you, you gaze upon +it in the gloom with a shudder. Love has no middle course; it either +ruins or it saves. All human destiny lies in this dilemma. This +dilemma, ruin, or safety, is set forth no more inexorably by any +fatality than by love. Love is life, if it is not death. Cradle; also +coffin. The same sentiment says “yes” and “no” in the human heart. Of +all the things that God has made, the human heart is the one which +sheds the most light, alas! and the most darkness. + +God willed that Cosette’s love should encounter one of the loves which +save. + +Throughout the whole of the month of May of that year 1832, there were +there, in every night, in that poor, neglected garden, beneath that +thicket which grew thicker and more fragrant day by day, two beings +composed of all chastity, all innocence, overflowing with all the +felicity of heaven, nearer to the archangels than to mankind, pure, +honest, intoxicated, radiant, who shone for each other amid the +shadows. It seemed to Cosette that Marius had a crown, and to Marius +that Cosette had a nimbus. They touched each other, they gazed at each +other, they clasped each other’s hands, they pressed close to each +other; but there was a distance which they did not pass. Not that they +respected it; they did not know of its existence. Marius was conscious +of a barrier, Cosette’s innocence; and Cosette of a support, Marius’ +loyalty. The first kiss had also been the last. Marius, since that +time, had not gone further than to touch Cosette’s hand, or her +kerchief, or a lock of her hair, with his lips. For him, Cosette was a +perfume and not a woman. He inhaled her. She refused nothing, and he +asked nothing. Cosette was happy, and Marius was satisfied. They lived +in this ecstatic state which can be described as the dazzling of one +soul by another soul. It was the ineffable first embrace of two maiden +souls in the ideal. Two swans meeting on the Jungfrau. + +At that hour of love, an hour when voluptuousness is absolutely mute, +beneath the omnipotence of ecstasy, Marius, the pure and seraphic +Marius, would rather have gone to a woman of the town than have raised +Cosette’s robe to the height of her ankle. Once, in the moonlight, +Cosette stooped to pick up something on the ground, her bodice fell +apart and permitted a glimpse of the beginning of her throat. Marius +turned away his eyes. + +What took place between these two beings? Nothing. They adored each +other. + +At night, when they were there, that garden seemed a living and a +sacred spot. All flowers unfolded around them and sent them incense; +and they opened their souls and scattered them over the flowers. The +wanton and vigorous vegetation quivered, full of strength and +intoxication, around these two innocents, and they uttered words of +love which set the trees to trembling. + +What words were these? Breaths. Nothing more. These breaths sufficed to +trouble and to touch all nature round about. Magic power which we +should find it difficult to understand were we to read in a book these +conversations which are made to be borne away and dispersed like smoke +wreaths by the breeze beneath the leaves. Take from those murmurs of +two lovers that melody which proceeds from the soul and which +accompanies them like a lyre, and what remains is nothing more than a +shade; you say: “What! is that all!” eh! yes, childish prattle, +repetitions, laughter at nothing, nonsense, everything that is deepest +and most sublime in the world! The only things which are worth the +trouble of saying and hearing! + +The man who has never heard, the man who has never uttered these +absurdities, these paltry remarks, is an imbecile and a malicious +fellow. Cosette said to Marius:— + +“Dost thou know?—” + + +[In all this and athwart this celestial maidenliness, and without +either of them being able to say how it had come about, they had begun +to call each other _thou_.] + +“Dost thou know? My name is Euphrasie.” + + +“Euphrasie? Why, no, thy name is Cosette.” + + +“Oh! Cosette is a very ugly name that was given to me when I was a +little thing. But my real name is Euphrasie. Dost thou like that +name—Euphrasie?” + + +“Yes. But Cosette is not ugly.” + + +“Do you like it better than Euphrasie?” + + +“Why, yes.” + + +“Then I like it better too. Truly, it is pretty, Cosette. Call me +Cosette.” + + +And the smile that she added made of this dialogue an idyl worthy of a +grove situated in heaven. On another occasion she gazed intently at him +and exclaimed:— + +“Monsieur, you are handsome, you are good-looking, you are witty, you +are not at all stupid, you are much more learned than I am, but I bid +you defiance with this word: I love you!” + + +And Marius, in the very heavens, thought he heard a strain sung by a +star. + +Or she bestowed on him a gentle tap because he coughed, and she said to +him:— + +“Don’t cough, sir; I will not have people cough on my domain without my +permission. It’s very naughty to cough and to disturb me. I want you to +be well, because, in the first place, if you were not well, I should be +very unhappy. What should I do then?” + + +And this was simply divine. + +Once Marius said to Cosette:— + +“Just imagine, I thought at one time that your name was Ursule.” + + +This made both of them laugh the whole evening. + +In the middle of another conversation, he chanced to exclaim:— + +“Oh! One day, at the Luxembourg, I had a good mind to finish breaking +up a veteran!” But he stopped short, and went no further. He would have +been obliged to speak to Cosette of her garter, and that was +impossible. This bordered on a strange theme, the flesh, before which +that immense and innocent love recoiled with a sort of sacred fright. + +Marius pictured life with Cosette to himself like this, without +anything else; to come every evening to the Rue Plumet, to displace the +old and accommodating bar of the chief-justice’s gate, to sit elbow to +elbow on that bench, to gaze through the trees at the scintillation of +the on-coming night, to fit a fold of the knee of his trousers into the +ample fall of Cosette’s gown, to caress her thumb-nail, to call her +_thou_, to smell of the same flower, one after the other, forever, +indefinitely. During this time, clouds passed above their heads. Every +time that the wind blows it bears with it more of the dreams of men +than of the clouds of heaven. + +This chaste, almost shy love was not devoid of gallantry, by any means. +To pay compliments to the woman whom a man loves is the first method of +bestowing caresses, and he is half audacious who tries it. A compliment +is something like a kiss through a veil. Voluptuousness mingles there +with its sweet tiny point, while it hides itself. The heart draws back +before voluptuousness only to love the more. Marius’ blandishments, all +saturated with fancy, were, so to speak, of azure hue. The birds when +they fly up yonder, in the direction of the angels, must hear such +words. There were mingled with them, nevertheless, life, humanity, all +the positiveness of which Marius was capable. It was what is said in +the bower, a prelude to what will be said in the chamber; a lyrical +effusion, strophe and sonnet intermingled, pleasing hyperboles of +cooing, all the refinements of adoration arranged in a bouquet and +exhaling a celestial perfume, an ineffable twitter of heart to heart. + +“Oh!” murmured Marius, “how beautiful you are! I dare not look at you. +It is all over with me when I contemplate you. You are a grace. I know +not what is the matter with me. The hem of your gown, when the tip of +your shoe peeps from beneath, upsets me. And then, what an enchanted +gleam when you open your thought even but a little! You talk +astonishingly good sense. It seems to me at times that you are a dream. +Speak, I listen, I admire. Oh Cosette! how strange it is and how +charming! I am really beside myself. You are adorable, Mademoiselle. I +study your feet with the microscope and your soul with the telescope.” + + +And Cosette answered:— + +“I have been loving a little more all the time that has passed since +this morning.” + + +Questions and replies took care of themselves in this dialogue, which +always turned with mutual consent upon love, as the little pith figures +always turn on their peg. + +Cosette’s whole person was ingenuousness, ingenuity, transparency, +whiteness, candor, radiance. It might have been said of Cosette that +she was clear. She produced on those who saw her the sensation of April +and dawn. There was dew in her eyes. Cosette was a condensation of the +auroral light in the form of a woman. + +It was quite simple that Marius should admire her, since he adored her. +But the truth is, that this little school-girl, fresh from the convent, +talked with exquisite penetration and uttered, at times, all sorts of +true and delicate sayings. Her prattle was conversation. She never made +a mistake about anything, and she saw things justly. The woman feels +and speaks with the tender instinct of the heart, which is infallible. + +No one understands so well as a woman, how to say things that are, at +once, both sweet and deep. Sweetness and depth, they are the whole of +woman; in them lies the whole of heaven. + +In this full felicity, tears welled up to their eyes every instant. A +crushed lady-bug, a feather fallen from a nest, a branch of hawthorn +broken, aroused their pity, and their ecstasy, sweetly mingled with +melancholy, seemed to ask nothing better than to weep. The most +sovereign symptom of love is a tenderness that is, at times, almost +unbearable. + +And, in addition to this,—all these contradictions are the lightning +play of love,—they were fond of laughing, they laughed readily and with +a delicious freedom, and so familiarly that they sometimes presented +the air of two boys. + +Still, though unknown to hearts intoxicated with purity, nature is +always present and will not be forgotten. She is there with her brutal +and sublime object; and however great may be the innocence of souls, +one feels in the most modest private interview, the adorable and +mysterious shade which separates a couple of lovers from a pair of +friends. + +They idolized each other. + +The permanent and the immutable are persistent. People live, they +smile, they laugh, they make little grimaces with the tips of their +lips, they interlace their fingers, they call each other _thou_, and +that does not prevent eternity. + +Two lovers hide themselves in the evening, in the twilight, in the +invisible, with the birds, with the roses; they fascinate each other in +the darkness with their hearts which they throw into their eyes, they +murmur, they whisper, and in the meantime, immense librations of the +planets fill the infinite universe. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE BEWILDERMENT OF PERFECT HAPPINESS + + +They existed vaguely, frightened at their happiness. They did not +notice the cholera which decimated Paris precisely during that very +month. They had confided in each other as far as possible, but this had +not extended much further than their names. Marius had told Cosette +that he was an orphan, that his name was Marius Pontmercy, that he was +a lawyer, that he lived by writing things for publishers, that his +father had been a colonel, that the latter had been a hero, and that +he, Marius, was on bad terms with his grandfather who was rich. He had +also hinted at being a baron, but this had produced no effect on +Cosette. She did not know the meaning of the word. Marius was Marius. +On her side, she had confided to him that she had been brought up at +the Petit-Picpus convent, that her mother, like his own, was dead, that +her father’s name was M. Fauchelevent, that he was very good, that he +gave a great deal to the poor, but that he was poor himself, and that +he denied himself everything though he denied her nothing. + +Strange to say, in the sort of symphony which Marius had lived since he +had been in the habit of seeing Cosette, the past, even the most recent +past, had become so confused and distant to him, that what Cosette told +him satisfied him completely. It did not even occur to him to tell her +about the nocturnal adventure in the hovel, about ThĂ©nardier, about the +burn, and about the strange attitude and singular flight of her father. +Marius had momentarily forgotten all this; in the evening he did not +even know that there had been a morning, what he had done, where he had +breakfasted, nor who had spoken to him; he had songs in his ears which +rendered him deaf to every other thought; he only existed at the hours +when he saw Cosette. Then, as he was in heaven, it was quite natural +that he should forget earth. Both bore languidly the indefinable burden +of immaterial pleasures. Thus lived these somnambulists who are called +lovers. + +Alas! Who is there who has not felt all these things? Why does there +come an hour when one emerges from this azure, and why does life go on +afterwards? + +Loving almost takes the place of thinking. Love is an ardent +forgetfulness of all the rest. Then ask logic of passion if you will. +There is no more absolute logical sequence in the human heart than +there is a perfect geometrical figure in the celestial mechanism. For +Cosette and Marius nothing existed except Marius and Cosette. The +universe around them had fallen into a hole. They lived in a golden +minute. There was nothing before them, nothing behind. It hardly +occurred to Marius that Cosette had a father. His brain was dazzled and +obliterated. Of what did these lovers talk then? We have seen, of the +flowers, and the swallows, the setting sun and the rising moon, and all +sorts of important things. They had told each other everything except +everything. The everything of lovers is nothing. But the father, the +realities, that lair, the ruffians, that adventure, to what purpose? +And was he very sure that this nightmare had actually existed? They +were two, and they adored each other, and beyond that there was +nothing. Nothing else existed. It is probable that this vanishing of +hell in our rear is inherent to the arrival of paradise. Have we beheld +demons? Are there any? Have we trembled? Have we suffered? We no longer +know. A rosy cloud hangs over it. + +So these two beings lived in this manner, high aloft, with all that +improbability which is in nature; neither at the nadir nor at the +zenith, between man and seraphim, above the mire, below the ether, in +the clouds; hardly flesh and blood, soul and ecstasy from head to foot; +already too sublime to walk the earth, still too heavily charged with +humanity to disappear in the blue, suspended like atoms which are +waiting to be precipitated; apparently beyond the bounds of destiny; +ignorant of that rut; yesterday, to-day, to-morrow; amazed, rapturous, +floating, soaring; at times so light that they could take their flight +out into the infinite; almost prepared to soar away to all eternity. +They slept wide-awake, thus sweetly lulled. Oh! splendid lethargy of +the real overwhelmed by the ideal. + +Sometimes, beautiful as Cosette was, Marius shut his eyes in her +presence. The best way to look at the soul is through closed eyes. + +Marius and Cosette never asked themselves whither this was to lead +them. They considered that they had already arrived. It is a strange +claim on man’s part to wish that love should lead to something. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE BEGINNING OF SHADOW + + +Jean Valjean suspected nothing. + +Cosette, who was rather less dreamy than Marius, was gay, and that +sufficed for Jean Valjean’s happiness. The thoughts which Cosette +cherished, her tender preoccupations, Marius’ image which filled her +heart, took away nothing from the incomparable purity of her beautiful, +chaste, and smiling brow. She was at the age when the virgin bears her +love as the angel his lily. So Jean Valjean was at ease. And then, when +two lovers have come to an understanding, things always go well; the +third party who might disturb their love is kept in a state of perfect +blindness by a restricted number of precautions which are always the +same in the case of all lovers. Thus, Cosette never objected to any of +Jean Valjean’s proposals. Did she want to take a walk? “Yes, dear +little father.” Did she want to stay at home? Very good. Did he wish to +pass the evening with Cosette? She was delighted. As he always went to +bed at ten o’clock, Marius did not come to the garden on such occasions +until after that hour, when, from the street, he heard Cosette open the +long glass door on the veranda. Of course, no one ever met Marius in +the daytime. Jean Valjean never even dreamed any longer that Marius was +in existence. Only once, one morning, he chanced to say to Cosette: +“Why, you have whitewash on your back!” On the previous evening, +Marius, in a transport, had pushed Cosette against the wall. + +Old Toussaint, who retired early, thought of nothing but her sleep, and +was as ignorant of the whole matter as Jean Valjean. + +Marius never set foot in the house. When he was with Cosette, they hid +themselves in a recess near the steps, in order that they might neither +be seen nor heard from the street, and there they sat, frequently +contenting themselves, by way of conversation, with pressing each +other’s hands twenty times a minute as they gazed at the branches of +the trees. At such times, a thunderbolt might have fallen thirty paces +from them, and they would not have noticed it, so deeply was the +reverie of the one absorbed and sunk in the reverie of the other. + +Limpid purity. Hours wholly white; almost all alike. This sort of love +is a recollection of lily petals and the plumage of the dove. + +The whole extent of the garden lay between them and the street. Every +time that Marius entered and left, he carefully adjusted the bar of the +gate in such a manner that no displacement was visible. + +He usually went away about midnight, and returned to Courfeyrac’s +lodgings. Courfeyrac said to Bahorel:— + +“Would you believe it? Marius comes home nowadays at one o’clock in the +morning.” + + +Bahorel replied:— + +“What do you expect? There’s always a petard in a seminary fellow.” + + +At times, Courfeyrac folded his arms, assumed a serious air, and said +to Marius:— + +“You are getting irregular in your habits, young man.” + + +Courfeyrac, being a practical man, did not take in good part this +reflection of an invisible paradise upon Marius; he was not much in the +habit of concealed passions; it made him impatient, and now and then he +called upon Marius to come back to reality. + +One morning, he threw him this admonition:— + +“My dear fellow, you produce upon me the effect of being located in the +moon, the realm of dreams, the province of illusions, capital, +soap-bubble. Come, be a good boy, what’s her name?” + + +But nothing could induce Marius “to talk.” They might have torn out his +nails before one of the two sacred syllables of which that ineffable +name, Cosette, was composed. True love is as luminous as the dawn and +as silent as the tomb. Only, Courfeyrac saw this change in Marius, that +his taciturnity was of the beaming order. + +During this sweet month of May, Marius and Cosette learned to know +these immense delights. To dispute and to say _you_ for _thou_, simply +that they might say _thou_ the better afterwards. To talk at great +length with very minute details, of persons in whom they took not the +slightest interest in the world; another proof that in that ravishing +opera called love, the libretto counts for almost nothing; + +For Marius, to listen to Cosette discussing finery; + +For Cosette, to listen to Marius talk in politics; + +To listen, knee pressed to knee, to the carriages rolling along the Rue +de Babylone; + +To gaze upon the same planet in space, or at the same glowworm gleaming +in the grass; + +To hold their peace together; a still greater delight than +conversation; + +Etc., etc. + +In the meantime, divers complications were approaching. + +One evening, Marius was on his way to the rendezvous, by way of the +Boulevard des Invalides. He habitually walked with drooping head. As he +was on the point of turning the corner of the Rue Plumet, he heard some +one quite close to him say:— + +“Good evening, Monsieur Marius.” + + +He raised his head and recognized Éponine. + +This produced a singular effect upon him. He had not thought of that +girl a single time since the day when she had conducted him to the Rue +Plumet, he had not seen her again, and she had gone completely out of +his mind. He had no reasons for anything but gratitude towards her, he +owed her his happiness, and yet, it was embarrassing to him to meet +her. + +It is an error to think that passion, when it is pure and happy, leads +man to a state of perfection; it simply leads him, as we have noted, to +a state of oblivion. In this situation, man forgets to be bad, but he +also forgets to be good. Gratitude, duty, matters essential and +important to be remembered, vanish. At any other time, Marius would +have behaved quite differently to Éponine. Absorbed in Cosette, he had +not even clearly put it to himself that this Éponine was named Éponine +ThĂ©nardier, and that she bore the name inscribed in his father’s will, +that name, for which, but a few months before, he would have so +ardently sacrificed himself. We show Marius as he was. His father +himself was fading out of his soul to some extent, under the splendor +of his love. + +He replied with some embarrassment:— + +“Ah! so it’s you, Éponine?” + + +“Why do you call me _you?_ Have I done anything to you?” + + +“No,” he answered. + +Certainly, he had nothing against her. Far from it. Only, he felt that +he could not do otherwise, now that he used _thou_ to Cosette, than say +_you_ to Éponine. + +As he remained silent, she exclaimed:— + +“Say—” + + +Then she paused. It seemed as though words failed that creature +formerly so heedless and so bold. She tried to smile and could not. +Then she resumed:— + +“Well?” + + +Then she paused again, and remained with downcast eyes. + +“Good evening, Mr. Marius,” said she suddenly and abruptly; and away +she went. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A CAB RUNS IN ENGLISH AND BARKS IN SLANG + + +The following day was the 3d of June, 1832, a date which it is +necessary to indicate on account of the grave events which at that +epoch hung on the horizon of Paris in the state of lightning-charged +clouds. Marius, at nightfall, was pursuing the same road as on the +preceding evening, with the same thoughts of delight in his heart, when +he caught sight of Éponine approaching, through the trees of the +boulevard. Two days in succession—this was too much. He turned hastily +aside, quitted the boulevard, changed his course and went to the Rue +Plumet through the Rue Monsieur. + +This caused Éponine to follow him to the Rue Plumet, a thing which she +had not yet done. Up to that time, she had contented herself with +watching him on his passage along the boulevard without ever seeking to +encounter him. It was only on the evening before that she had attempted +to address him. + +So Éponine followed him, without his suspecting the fact. She saw him +displace the bar and slip into the garden. + +She approached the railing, felt of the bars one after the other, and +readily recognized the one which Marius had moved. + +She murmured in a low voice and in gloomy accents:— + +“None of that, Lisette!” + + +She seated herself on the underpinning of the railing, close beside the +bar, as though she were guarding it. It was precisely at the point +where the railing touched the neighboring wall. There was a dim nook +there, in which Éponine was entirely concealed. + +She remained thus for more than an hour, without stirring and without +breathing, a prey to her thoughts. + +Towards ten o’clock in the evening, one of the two or three persons who +passed through the Rue Plumet, an old, belated bourgeois who was making +haste to escape from this deserted spot of evil repute, as he skirted +the garden railings and reached the angle which it made with the wall, +heard a dull and threatening voice saying:— + +“I’m no longer surprised that he comes here every evening.” + + +The passer-by cast a glance around him, saw no one, dared not peer into +the black niche, and was greatly alarmed. He redoubled his pace. + +This passer-by had reason to make haste, for a very few instants later, +six men, who were marching separately and at some distance from each +other, along the wall, and who might have been taken for a gray patrol, +entered the Rue Plumet. + +The first to arrive at the garden railing halted, and waited for the +others; a second later, all six were reunited. + +These men began to talk in a low voice. + +“This is the place,” said one of them. + +“Is there a _cab_ [dog] in the garden?” asked another. + +“I don’t know. In any case, I have fetched a ball that we’ll make him +eat.” + + +“Have you some putty to break the pane with?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“The railing is old,” interpolated a fifth, who had the voice of a +ventriloquist. + +“So much the better,” said the second who had spoken. “It won’t screech +under the saw, and it won’t be hard to cut.” + + +The sixth, who had not yet opened his lips, now began to inspect the +gate, as Éponine had done an hour earlier, grasping each bar in +succession, and shaking them cautiously. + +Thus he came to the bar which Marius had loosened. As he was on the +point of grasping this bar, a hand emerged abruptly from the darkness, +fell upon his arm; he felt himself vigorously thrust aside by a push in +the middle of his breast, and a hoarse voice said to him, but not +loudly:— + +“There’s a dog.” + + +At the same moment, he perceived a pale girl standing before him. + +The man underwent that shock which the unexpected always brings. He +bristled up in hideous wise; nothing is so formidable to behold as +ferocious beasts who are uneasy; their terrified air evokes terror. + +He recoiled and stammered:— + +“What jade is this?” + + +“Your daughter.” + + +It was, in fact, Éponine, who had addressed ThĂ©nardier. + +At the apparition of Éponine, the other five, that is to say, +Claquesous, Guelemer, Babet, Brujon, and Montparnasse had noiselessly +drawn near, without precipitation, without uttering a word, with the +sinister slowness peculiar to these men of the night. + +Some indescribable but hideous tools were visible in their hands. +Guelemer held one of those pairs of curved pincers which prowlers call +_fanchons_. + +“Ah, see here, what are you about there? What do you want with us? Are +you crazy?” exclaimed ThĂ©nardier, as loudly as one can exclaim and +still speak low; “what have you come here to hinder our work for?” + + +Éponine burst out laughing, and threw herself on his neck. + +“I am here, little father, because I am here. Isn’t a person allowed to +sit on the stones nowadays? It’s you who ought not to be here. What +have you come here for, since it’s a biscuit? I told Magnon so. There’s +nothing to be done here. But embrace me, my good little father! It’s a +long time since I’ve seen you! So you’re out?” + + +ThĂ©nardier tried to disentangle himself from Éponine’s arms, and +grumbled:— + +“That’s good. You’ve embraced me. Yes, I’m out. I’m not in. Now, get +away with you.” + + +But Éponine did not release her hold, and redoubled her caresses. + +“But how did you manage it, little pa? You must have been very clever +to get out of that. Tell me about it! And my mother? Where is mother? +Tell me about mamma.” + + +ThĂ©nardier replied:— + +“She’s well. I don’t know, let me alone, and be off, I tell you.” + + +“I won’t go, so there now,” pouted Éponine like a spoiled child; “you +send me off, and it’s four months since I saw you, and I’ve hardly had +time to kiss you.” + + +And she caught her father round the neck again. + +“Come, now, this is stupid!” said Babet. + +“Make haste!” said Guelemer, “the cops may pass.” + + +The ventriloquist’s voice repeated his distich:— + + “Nous n’ sommes pas le jour de l’an, + A bĂ©coter papa, maman.” + + “This isn’t New Year’s day + To peck at pa and ma.” + + +Éponine turned to the five ruffians. + +“Why, it’s Monsieur Brujon. Good day, Monsieur Babet. Good day, +Monsieur Claquesous. Don’t you know me, Monsieur Guelemer? How goes it, +Montparnasse?” + + +“Yes, they know you!” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. “But good day, good +evening, sheer off! leave us alone!” + + +“It’s the hour for foxes, not for chickens,” said Montparnasse. + +“You see the job we have on hand here,” added Babet. + +Éponine caught Montparnasse’s hand. + +“Take care,” said he, “you’ll cut yourself, I’ve a knife open.” + + +“My little Montparnasse,” responded Éponine very gently, “you must have +confidence in people. I am the daughter of my father, perhaps. Monsieur +Babet, Monsieur Guelemer, I’m the person who was charged to investigate +this matter.” + + +It is remarkable that Éponine did not talk slang. That frightful tongue +had become impossible to her since she had known Marius. + +She pressed in her hand, small, bony, and feeble as that of a skeleton, +Guelemer’s huge, coarse fingers, and continued:— + +“You know well that I’m no fool. Ordinarily, I am believed. I have +rendered you service on various occasions. Well, I have made inquiries; +you will expose yourselves to no purpose, you see. I swear to you that +there is nothing in this house.” + + +“There are lone women,” said Guelemer. + +“No, the persons have moved away.” + + +“The candles haven’t, anyway!” ejaculated Babet. + +And he pointed out to Éponine, across the tops of the trees, a light +which was wandering about in the mansard roof of the pavilion. It was +Toussaint, who had stayed up to spread out some linen to dry. + +Éponine made a final effort. + +“Well,” said she, “they’re very poor folks, and it’s a hovel where +there isn’t a sou.” + + +“Go to the devil!” cried ThĂ©nardier. “When we’ve turned the house +upside down and put the cellar at the top and the attic below, we’ll +tell you what there is inside, and whether it’s francs or sous or +half-farthings.” + + +And he pushed her aside with the intention of entering. + +“My good friend, Mr. Montparnasse,” said Éponine, “I entreat you, you +are a good fellow, don’t enter.” + + +“Take care, you’ll cut yourself,” replied Montparnasse. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed in his decided tone:— + +“Decamp, my girl, and leave men to their own affairs!” + + +Éponine released Montparnasse’s hand, which she had grasped again, and +said:— + +“So you mean to enter this house?” + + +“Rather!” grinned the ventriloquist. + +Then she set her back against the gate, faced the six ruffians who were +armed to the teeth, and to whom the night lent the visages of demons, +and said in a firm, low voice:— + +“Well, I don’t mean that you shall.” + + +They halted in amazement. The ventriloquist, however, finished his +grin. She went on:— + +“Friends! Listen well. This is not what you want. Now I’m talking. In +the first place, if you enter this garden, if you lay a hand on this +gate, I’ll scream, I’ll beat on the door, I’ll rouse everybody, I’ll +have the whole six of you seized, I’ll call the police.” + + +“She’d do it, too,” said ThĂ©nardier in a low tone to Brujon and the +ventriloquist. + +She shook her head and added:— + +“Beginning with my father!” + + +ThĂ©nardier stepped nearer. + +“Not so close, my good man!” said she. + +He retreated, growling between his teeth:— + +“Why, what’s the matter with her?” + + +And he added:— + +“Bitch!” + + +She began to laugh in a terrible way:— + +“As you like, but you shall not enter here. I’m not the daughter of a +dog, since I’m the daughter of a wolf. There are six of you, what +matters that to me? You are men. Well, I’m a woman. You don’t frighten +me. I tell you that you shan’t enter this house, because it doesn’t +suit me. If you approach, I’ll bark. I told you, I’m the dog, and I +don’t care a straw for you. Go your way, you bore me! Go where you +please, but don’t come here, I forbid it! You can use your knives. I’ll +use kicks; it’s all the same to me, come on!” + + +She advanced a pace nearer the ruffians, she was terrible, she burst +out laughing:— + +“Pardine! I’m not afraid. I shall be hungry this summer, and I shall be +cold this winter. Aren’t they ridiculous, these ninnies of men, to +think they can scare a girl! What! Scare? Oh, yes, much! Because you +have finical poppets of mistresses who hide under the bed when you put +on a big voice, forsooth! I ain’t afraid of anything, that I ain’t!” + + +She fastened her intent gaze upon ThĂ©nardier and said:— + +“Not even of you, father!” + + +Then she continued, as she cast her blood-shot, spectre-like eyes upon +the ruffians in turn:— + +“What do I care if I’m picked up to-morrow morning on the pavement of +the Rue Plumet, killed by the blows of my father’s club, or whether I’m +found a year from now in the nets at Saint-Cloud or the Isle of Swans +in the midst of rotten old corks and drowned dogs?” + + +She was forced to pause; she was seized by a dry cough, her breath came +from her weak and narrow chest like the death-rattle. + +She resumed:— + +“I have only to cry out, and people will come, and then slap, bang! +There are six of you; I represent the whole world.” + + +ThĂ©nardier made a movement towards her. + +“Don’t approach!” she cried. + +He halted, and said gently:— + +“Well, no; I won’t approach, but don’t speak so loud. So you intend to +hinder us in our work, my daughter? But we must earn our living all the +same. Have you no longer any kind feeling for your father?” + + +“You bother me,” said Éponine. + +“But we must live, we must eat—” + + +“Burst!” + + +So saying, she seated herself on the underpinning of the fence and +hummed:— + + “Mon bras si dodu, + Ma jambe bien faite + Et le temps perdu.” + + “My arm so plump, + My leg well formed, + And time wasted.” + + +She had set her elbow on her knee and her chin in her hand, and she +swung her foot with an air of indifference. Her tattered gown permitted +a view of her thin shoulder-blades. The neighboring street lantern +illuminated her profile and her attitude. Nothing more resolute and +more surprising could be seen. + +The six rascals, speechless and gloomy at being held in check by a +girl, retreated beneath the shadow cast by the lantern, and held +counsel with furious and humiliated shrugs. + +In the meantime she stared at them with a stern but peaceful air. + +“There’s something the matter with her,” said Babet. “A reason. Is she +in love with the dog? It’s a shame to miss this, anyway. Two women, an +old fellow who lodges in the back-yard, and curtains that ain’t so bad +at the windows. The old cove must be a Jew. I think the job’s a good +one.” + + +“Well, go in, then, the rest of you,” exclaimed Montparnasse. “Do the +job. I’ll stay here with the girl, and if she fails us—” + + +He flashed the knife, which he held open in his hand, in the light of +the lantern. + +ThĂ©nardier said not a word, and seemed ready for whatever the rest +pleased. + +Brujon, who was somewhat of an oracle, and who had, as the reader +knows, “put up the job,” had not as yet spoken. He seemed thoughtful. +He had the reputation of not sticking at anything, and it was known +that he had plundered a police post simply out of bravado. Besides this +he made verses and songs, which gave him great authority. + +Babet interrogated him:— + +“You say nothing, Brujon?” + + +Brujon remained silent an instant longer, then he shook his head in +various ways, and finally concluded to speak:— + +“See here; this morning I came across two sparrows fighting, this +evening I jostled a woman who was quarrelling. All that’s bad. Let’s +quit.” + + +They went away. + +As they went, Montparnasse muttered:— + +“Never mind! if they had wanted, I’d have cut her throat.” + + +Babet responded + +“I wouldn’t. I don’t hit a lady.” + + +At the corner of the street they halted and exchanged the following +enigmatical dialogue in a low tone:— + +“Where shall we go to sleep to-night?” + + +“Under Pantin [Paris].” + + +“Have you the key to the gate, ThĂ©nardier?” + + +“Pardi.” + + +Éponine, who never took her eyes off of them, saw them retreat by the +road by which they had come. She rose and began to creep after them +along the walls and the houses. She followed them thus as far as the +boulevard. + +There they parted, and she saw these six men plunge into the gloom, +where they appeared to melt away. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THINGS OF THE NIGHT + + +After the departure of the ruffians, the Rue Plumet resumed its +tranquil, nocturnal aspect. That which had just taken place in this +street would not have astonished a forest. The lofty trees, the copses, +the heaths, the branches rudely interlaced, the tall grass, exist in a +sombre manner; the savage swarming there catches glimpses of sudden +apparitions of the invisible; that which is below man distinguishes, +through the mists, that which is beyond man; and the things of which we +living beings are ignorant there meet face to face in the night. +Nature, bristling and wild, takes alarm at certain approaches in which +she fancies that she feels the supernatural. The forces of the gloom +know each other, and are strangely balanced by each other. Teeth and +claws fear what they cannot grasp. Blood-drinking bestiality, voracious +appetites, hunger in search of prey, the armed instincts of nails and +jaws which have for source and aim the belly, glare and smell out +uneasily the impassive spectral forms straying beneath a shroud, erect +in its vague and shuddering robe, and which seem to them to live with a +dead and terrible life. These brutalities, which are only matter, +entertain a confused fear of having to deal with the immense obscurity +condensed into an unknown being. A black figure barring the way stops +the wild beast short. That which emerges from the cemetery intimidates +and disconcerts that which emerges from the cave; the ferocious fear +the sinister; wolves recoil when they encounter a ghoul. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—MARIUS BECOMES PRACTICAL ONCE MORE TO THE EXTENT OF GIVING +COSETTE HIS ADDRESS + + +While this sort of a dog with a human face was mounting guard over the +gate, and while the six ruffians were yielding to a girl, Marius was by +Cosette’s side. + +Never had the sky been more studded with stars and more charming, the +trees more trembling, the odor of the grass more penetrating; never had +the birds fallen asleep among the leaves with a sweeter noise; never +had all the harmonies of universal serenity responded more thoroughly +to the inward music of love; never had Marius been more captivated, +more happy, more ecstatic. + +But he had found Cosette sad; Cosette had been weeping. Her eyes were +red. + +This was the first cloud in that wonderful dream. + +Marius’ first word had been: “What is the matter?” + + +And she had replied: “This.” + + +Then she had seated herself on the bench near the steps, and while he +tremblingly took his place beside her, she had continued:— + +“My father told me this morning to hold myself in readiness, because he +has business, and we may go away from here.” + + +Marius shivered from head to foot. + +When one is at the end of one’s life, to die means to go away; when one +is at the beginning of it, to go away means to die. + +For the last six weeks, Marius had little by little, slowly, by +degrees, taken possession of Cosette each day. As we have already +explained, in the case of first love, the soul is taken long before the +body; later on, one takes the body long before the soul; sometimes one +does not take the soul at all; the Faublas and the Prudhommes add: +“Because there is none”; but the sarcasm is, fortunately, a blasphemy. +So Marius possessed Cosette, as spirits possess, but he enveloped her +with all his soul, and seized her jealously with incredible conviction. +He possessed her smile, her breath, her perfume, the profound radiance +of her blue eyes, the sweetness of her skin when he touched her hand, +the charming mark which she had on her neck, all her thoughts. +Therefore, he possessed all Cosette’s dreams. + +He incessantly gazed at, and he sometimes touched lightly with his +breath, the short locks on the nape of her neck, and he declared to +himself that there was not one of those short hairs which did not +belong to him, Marius. He gazed upon and adored the things that she +wore, her knot of ribbon, her gloves, her sleeves, her shoes, her +cuffs, as sacred objects of which he was the master. He dreamed that he +was the lord of those pretty shell combs which she wore in her hair, +and he even said to himself, in confused and suppressed stammerings of +voluptuousness which did not make their way to the light, that there +was not a ribbon of her gown, not a mesh in her stockings, not a fold +in her bodice, which was not his. Beside Cosette he felt himself beside +his own property, his own thing, his own despot and his slave. It +seemed as though they had so intermingled their souls, that it would +have been impossible to tell them apart had they wished to take them +back again.—“This is mine.” “No, it is mine.” “I assure you that you +are mistaken. This is my property.” “What you are taking as your own is +myself.”—Marius was something that made a part of Cosette, and Cosette +was something which made a part of Marius. Marius felt Cosette within +him. To have Cosette, to possess Cosette, this, to him, was not to be +distinguished from breathing. It was in the midst of this faith, of +this intoxication, of this virgin possession, unprecedented and +absolute, of this sovereignty, that these words: “We are going away,” +fell suddenly, at a blow, and that the harsh voice of reality cried to +him: “Cosette is not yours!” + + +Marius awoke. For six weeks Marius had been living, as we have said, +outside of life; those words, _going away!_ caused him to re-enter it +harshly. + +He found not a word to say. Cosette merely felt that his hand was very +cold. She said to him in her turn: “What is the matter?” + + +He replied in so low a tone that Cosette hardly heard him:— + +“I did not understand what you said.” + + +She began again:— + +“This morning my father told me to settle all my little affairs and to +hold myself in readiness, that he would give me his linen to put in a +trunk, that he was obliged to go on a journey, that we were to go away, +that it is necessary to have a large trunk for me and a small one for +him, and that all is to be ready in a week from now, and that we might +go to England.” + + +“But this is outrageous!” exclaimed Marius. + +It is certain, that, at that moment, no abuse of power, no violence, +not one of the abominations of the worst tyrants, no action of Busiris, +of Tiberius, or of Henry VIII., could have equalled this in atrocity, +in the opinion of Marius; M. Fauchelevent taking his daughter off to +England because he had business there. + +He demanded in a weak voice:— + +“And when do you start?” + + +“He did not say when.” + + +“And when shall you return?” + + +“He did not say when.” + + +Marius rose and said coldly:— + +“Cosette, shall you go?” + + +Cosette turned toward him her beautiful eyes, all filled with anguish, +and replied in a sort of bewilderment:— + +“Where?” + + +“To England. Shall you go?” + + +“Why do you say _you_ to me?” + + +“I ask you whether you will go?” + + +“What do you expect me to do?” she said, clasping her hands. + +“So, you will go?” + + +“If my father goes.” + + +“So, you will go?” + + +Cosette took Marius’ hand, and pressed it without replying. + +“Very well,” said Marius, “then I will go elsewhere.” + + +Cosette felt rather than understood the meaning of these words. She +turned so pale that her face shone white through the gloom. She +stammered:— + +“What do you mean?” + + +Marius looked at her, then raised his eyes to heaven, and answered: +“Nothing.” + + +When his eyes fell again, he saw Cosette smiling at him. The smile of a +woman whom one loves possesses a visible radiance, even at night. + +“How silly we are! Marius, I have an idea.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“If we go away, do you go too! I will tell you where! Come and join me +wherever I am.” + + +Marius was now a thoroughly roused man. He had fallen back into +reality. He cried to Cosette:— + +“Go away with you! Are you mad? Why, I should have to have money, and I +have none! Go to England? But I am in debt now, I owe, I don’t know how +much, more than ten louis to Courfeyrac, one of my friends with whom +you are not acquainted! I have an old hat which is not worth three +francs, I have a coat which lacks buttons in front, my shirt is all +ragged, my elbows are torn, my boots let in the water; for the last six +weeks I have not thought about it, and I have not told you about it. +You only see me at night, and you give me your love; if you were to see +me in the daytime, you would give me a sou! Go to England! Eh! I +haven’t enough to pay for a passport!” + + +He threw himself against a tree which was close at hand, erect, his +brow pressed close to the bark, feeling neither the wood which flayed +his skin, nor the fever which was throbbing in his temples, and there +he stood motionless, on the point of falling, like the statue of +despair. + +He remained a long time thus. One could remain for eternity in such +abysses. At last he turned round. He heard behind him a faint stifled +noise, which was sweet yet sad. + +It was Cosette sobbing. + +She had been weeping for more than two hours beside Marius as he +meditated. + +He came to her, fell at her knees, and slowly prostrating himself, he +took the tip of her foot which peeped out from beneath her robe, and +kissed it. + +She let him have his way in silence. There are moments when a woman +accepts, like a sombre and resigned goddess, the religion of love. + +“Do not weep,” he said. + +She murmured:— + +“Not when I may be going away, and you cannot come!” + + +He went on:— + +“Do you love me?” + + +She replied, sobbing, by that word from paradise which is never more +charming than amid tears:— + +“I adore you!” + + +He continued in a tone which was an indescribable caress:— + +“Do not weep. Tell me, will you do this for me, and cease to weep?” + + +“Do you love me?” said she. + +He took her hand. + +“Cosette, I have never given my word of honor to any one, because my +word of honor terrifies me. I feel that my father is by my side. Well, +I give you my most sacred word of honor, that if you go away I shall +die.” + + +In the tone with which he uttered these words there lay a melancholy so +solemn and so tranquil, that Cosette trembled. She felt that chill +which is produced by a true and gloomy thing as it passes by. The shock +made her cease weeping. + +“Now, listen,” said he, “do not expect me to-morrow.” + + +“Why?” + + +“Do not expect me until the day after to-morrow.” + + +“Oh! Why?” + + +“You will see.” + + +“A day without seeing you! But that is impossible!” + + +“Let us sacrifice one day in order to gain our whole lives, perhaps.” + + +And Marius added in a low tone and in an aside:— + +“He is a man who never changes his habits, and he has never received +any one except in the evening.” + + +“Of what man are you speaking?” asked Cosette. + +“I? I said nothing.” + + +“What do you hope, then?” + + +“Wait until the day after to-morrow.” + + +“You wish it?” + + +“Yes, Cosette.” + + +She took his head in both her hands, raising herself on tiptoe in order +to be on a level with him, and tried to read his hope in his eyes. + +Marius resumed:— + +“Now that I think of it, you ought to know my address: something might +happen, one never knows; I live with that friend named Courfeyrac, Rue +de la Verrerie, No. 16.” + + +He searched in his pocket, pulled out his penknife, and with the blade +he wrote on the plaster of the wall:— + +_“16 Rue de la Verrerie.”_ + +In the meantime, Cosette had begun to gaze into his eyes once more. + +“Tell me your thought, Marius; you have some idea. Tell it to me. Oh! +tell me, so that I may pass a pleasant night.” + + +“This is my idea: that it is impossible that God should mean to part +us. Wait; expect me the day after to-morrow.” + + +“What shall I do until then?” said Cosette. “You are outside, you go, +and come! How happy men are! I shall remain entirely alone! Oh! How sad +I shall be! What is it that you are going to do to-morrow evening? tell +me.” + + +“I am going to try something.” + + +“Then I will pray to God and I will think of you here, so that you may +be successful. I will question you no further, since you do not wish +it. You are my master. I shall pass the evening to-morrow in singing +that music from _Euryanthe_ that you love, and that you came one +evening to listen to, outside my shutters. But day after to-morrow you +will come early. I shall expect you at dusk, at nine o’clock precisely, +I warn you. Mon Dieu! how sad it is that the days are so long! On the +stroke of nine, do you understand, I shall be in the garden.” + + +“And I also.” + + +And without having uttered it, moved by the same thought, impelled by +those electric currents which place lovers in continual communication, +both being intoxicated with delight even in their sorrow, they fell +into each other’s arms, without perceiving that their lips met while +their uplifted eyes, overflowing with rapture and full of tears, gazed +upon the stars. + +When Marius went forth, the street was deserted. This was the moment +when Éponine was following the ruffians to the boulevard. + +While Marius had been dreaming with his head pressed to the tree, an +idea had crossed his mind; an idea, alas! that he himself judged to be +senseless and impossible. He had come to a desperate decision. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE OLD HEART AND THE YOUNG HEART IN THE PRESENCE OF EACH +OTHER + + +At that epoch, Father Gillenormand was well past his ninety-first +birthday. He still lived with Mademoiselle Gillenormand in the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the old house which he owned. He was, as +the reader will remember, one of those antique old men who await death +perfectly erect, whom age bears down without bending, and whom even +sorrow cannot curve. + +Still, his daughter had been saying for some time: “My father is +sinking.” He no longer boxed the maids’ ears; he no longer thumped the +landing-place so vigorously with his cane when Basque was slow in +opening the door. The Revolution of July had exasperated him for the +space of barely six months. He had viewed, almost tranquilly, that +coupling of words, in the _Moniteur:_ M. Humblot-ContĂ©, peer of France. +The fact is, that the old man was deeply dejected. He did not bend, he +did not yield; this was no more a characteristic of his physical than +of his moral nature, but he felt himself giving way internally. For +four years he had been waiting for Marius, with his foot firmly +planted, that is the exact word, in the conviction that that +good-for-nothing young scamp would ring at his door some day or other; +now he had reached the point, where, at certain gloomy hours, he said +to himself, that if Marius made him wait much longer—It was not death +that was insupportable to him; it was the idea that perhaps he should +never see Marius again. The idea of never seeing Marius again had never +entered his brain until that day; now the thought began to recur to +him, and it chilled him. Absence, as is always the case in genuine and +natural sentiments, had only served to augment the grandfather’s love +for the ungrateful child, who had gone off like a flash. It is during +December nights, when the cold stands at ten degrees, that one thinks +oftenest of the son. + +M. Gillenormand was, or thought himself, above all things, incapable of +taking a single step, he—the grandfather, towards his grandson; “I +would die rather,” he said to himself. He did not consider himself as +the least to blame; but he thought of Marius only with profound +tenderness, and the mute despair of an elderly, kindly old man who is +about to vanish in the dark. + +He began to lose his teeth, which added to his sadness. + +M. Gillenormand, without however acknowledging it to himself, for it +would have rendered him furious and ashamed, had never loved a mistress +as he loved Marius. + +He had had placed in his chamber, opposite the head of his bed, so that +it should be the first thing on which his eyes fell on waking, an old +portrait of his other daughter, who was dead, Madame Pontmercy, a +portrait which had been taken when she was eighteen. He gazed +incessantly at that portrait. One day, he happened to say, as he gazed +upon it:— + +“I think the likeness is strong.” + + +“To my sister?” inquired Mademoiselle Gillenormand. “Yes, certainly.” + + +The old man added:— + +“And to him also.” + + +Once as he sat with his knees pressed together, and his eyes almost +closed, in a despondent attitude, his daughter ventured to say to him:— + +“Father, are you as angry with him as ever?” + + +She paused, not daring to proceed further. + +“With whom?” he demanded. + +“With that poor Marius.” + + +He raised his aged head, laid his withered and emaciated fist on the +table, and exclaimed in his most irritated and vibrating tone:— + +“Poor Marius, do you say! That gentleman is a knave, a wretched +scoundrel, a vain little ingrate, a heartless, soulless, haughty, and +wicked man!” + + +And he turned away so that his daughter might not see the tear that +stood in his eye. + +Three days later he broke a silence which had lasted four hours, to say +to his daughter point-blank:— + +“I had the honor to ask Mademoiselle Gillenormand never to mention him +to me.” + + +Aunt Gillenormand renounced every effort, and pronounced this acute +diagnosis: “My father never cared very much for my sister after her +folly. It is clear that he detests Marius.” + + +“After her folly” meant: “after she had married the colonel.” + + +However, as the reader has been able to conjecture, Mademoiselle +Gillenormand had failed in her attempt to substitute her favorite, the +officer of lancers, for Marius. The substitute, ThĂ©odule, had not been +a success. M. Gillenormand had not accepted the _quid pro quo_. A +vacancy in the heart does not accommodate itself to a stop-gap. +ThĂ©odule, on his side, though he scented the inheritance, was disgusted +at the task of pleasing. The goodman bored the lancer; and the lancer +shocked the goodman. Lieutenant ThĂ©odule was gay, no doubt, but a +chatter-box, frivolous, but vulgar; a high liver, but a frequenter of +bad company; he had mistresses, it is true, and he had a great deal to +say about them, it is true also; but he talked badly. All his good +qualities had a defect. M. Gillenormand was worn out with hearing him +tell about the love affairs that he had in the vicinity of the barracks +in the Rue de Babylone. And then, Lieutenant Gillenormand sometimes +came in his uniform, with the tricolored cockade. This rendered him +downright intolerable. Finally, Father Gillenormand had said to his +daughter: “I’ve had enough of that ThĂ©odule. I haven’t much taste for +warriors in time of peace. Receive him if you choose. I don’t know but +I prefer slashers to fellows that drag their swords. The clash of +blades in battle is less dismal, after all, than the clank of the +scabbard on the pavement. And then, throwing out your chest like a +bully and lacing yourself like a girl, with stays under your cuirass, +is doubly ridiculous. When one is a veritable man, one holds equally +aloof from swagger and from affected airs. He is neither a blusterer +nor a finnicky-hearted man. Keep your ThĂ©odule for yourself.” + + +It was in vain that his daughter said to him: “But he is your +grandnephew, nevertheless,”—it turned out that M. Gillenormand, who was +a grandfather to the very finger-tips, was not in the least a +grand-uncle. + +In fact, as he had good sense, and as he had compared the two, ThĂ©odule +had only served to make him regret Marius all the more. + +One evening,—it was the 24th of June, which did not prevent Father +Gillenormand having a rousing fire on the hearth,—he had dismissed his +daughter, who was sewing in a neighboring apartment. He was alone in +his chamber, amid its pastoral scenes, with his feet propped on the +andirons, half enveloped in his huge screen of coromandel lacquer, with +its nine leaves, with his elbow resting on a table where burned two +candles under a green shade, engulfed in his tapestry armchair, and in +his hand a book which he was not reading. He was dressed, according to +his wont, like an _incroyable_, and resembled an antique portrait by +Garat. This would have made people run after him in the street, had not +his daughter covered him up, whenever he went out, in a vast bishop’s +wadded cloak, which concealed his attire. At home, he never wore a +dressing gown, except when he rose and retired. “It gives one a look of +age,” said he. + +Father Gillenormand was thinking of Marius lovingly and bitterly; and, +as usual, bitterness predominated. His tenderness once soured always +ended by boiling and turning to indignation. He had reached the point +where a man tries to make up his mind and to accept that which rends +his heart. He was explaining to himself that there was no longer any +reason why Marius should return, that if he intended to return, he +should have done it long ago, that he must renounce the idea. He was +trying to accustom himself to the thought that all was over, and that +he should die without having beheld “that gentleman” again. But his +whole nature revolted; his aged paternity would not consent to this. +“Well!” said he,—this was his doleful refrain,—“he will not return!” +His bald head had fallen upon his breast, and he fixed a melancholy and +irritated gaze upon the ashes on his hearth. + +In the very midst of his reverie, his old servant Basque entered, and +inquired:— + +“Can Monsieur receive M. Marius?” + + +The old man sat up erect, pallid, and like a corpse which rises under +the influence of a galvanic shock. All his blood had retreated to his +heart. He stammered:— + +“M. Marius what?” + + +“I don’t know,” replied Basque, intimidated and put out of countenance +by his master’s air; “I have not seen him. Nicolette came in and said +to me: ‘There’s a young man here; say that it is M. Marius.’” + + +Father Gillenormand stammered in a low voice:— + +“Show him in.” + + +And he remained in the same attitude, with shaking head, and his eyes +fixed on the door. It opened once more. A young man entered. It was +Marius. + +Marius halted at the door, as though waiting to be bidden to enter. + +His almost squalid attire was not perceptible in the obscurity caused +by the shade. Nothing could be seen but his calm, grave, but strangely +sad face. + +It was several minutes before Father Gillenormand, dulled with +amazement and joy, could see anything except a brightness as when one +is in the presence of an apparition. He was on the point of swooning; +he saw Marius through a dazzling light. It certainly was he, it +certainly was Marius. + +At last! After the lapse of four years! He grasped him entire, so to +speak, in a single glance. He found him noble, handsome, distinguished, +well-grown, a complete man, with a suitable mien and a charming air. He +felt a desire to open his arms, to call him, to fling himself forward; +his heart melted with rapture, affectionate words swelled and +overflowed his breast; at length all his tenderness came to the light +and reached his lips, and, by a contrast which constituted the very +foundation of his nature, what came forth was harshness. He said +abruptly:— + +“What have you come here for?” + + +Marius replied with embarrassment:— + +“Monsieur—” + + +M. Gillenormand would have liked to have Marius throw himself into his +arms. He was displeased with Marius and with himself. He was conscious +that he was brusque, and that Marius was cold. It caused the goodman +unendurable and irritating anxiety to feel so tender and forlorn +within, and only to be able to be hard outside. Bitterness returned. He +interrupted Marius in a peevish tone:— + +“Then why did you come?” + + +That “then” signified: _If you do not come to embrace me_. Marius +looked at his grandfather, whose pallor gave him a face of marble. + +“Monsieur—” + + +“Have you come to beg my pardon? Do you acknowledge your faults?” + + +He thought he was putting Marius on the right road, and that “the +child” would yield. Marius shivered; it was the denial of his father +that was required of him; he dropped his eyes and replied:— + +“No, sir.” + + +“Then,” exclaimed the old man impetuously, with a grief that was +poignant and full of wrath, “what do you want of me?” + + +Marius clasped his hands, advanced a step, and said in a feeble and +trembling voice:— + +“Sir, have pity on me.” + + +These words touched M. Gillenormand; uttered a little sooner, they +would have rendered him tender, but they came too late. The grandfather +rose; he supported himself with both hands on his cane; his lips were +white, his brow wavered, but his lofty form towered above Marius as he +bowed. + +“Pity on you, sir! It is youth demanding pity of the old man of +ninety-one! You are entering into life, I am leaving it; you go to the +play, to balls, to the cafĂ©, to the billiard-hall; you have wit, you +please the women, you are a handsome fellow; as for me, I spit on my +brands in the heart of summer; you are rich with the only riches that +are really such, I possess all the poverty of age; infirmity, +isolation! You have your thirty-two teeth, a good digestion, bright +eyes, strength, appetite, health, gayety, a forest of black hair; I +have no longer even white hair, I have lost my teeth, I am losing my +legs, I am losing my memory; there are three names of streets that I +confound incessantly, the Rue Charlot, the Rue du Chaume, and the Rue +Saint-Claude, that is what I have come to; you have before you the +whole future, full of sunshine, and I am beginning to lose my sight, so +far am I advancing into the night; you are in love, that is a matter of +course, I am beloved by no one in all the world; and you ask pity of +me! Parbleu! MoliĂšre forgot that. If that is the way you jest at the +courthouse, Messieurs the lawyers, I sincerely compliment you. You are +droll.” + + +And the octogenarian went on in a grave and angry voice:— + +“Come, now, what do you want of me?” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, “I know that my presence is displeasing to you, but +I have come merely to ask one thing of you, and then I shall go away +immediately.” + + +“You are a fool!” said the old man. “Who said that you were to go +away?” + + +This was the translation of the tender words which lay at the bottom of +his heart:— + +“Ask my pardon! Throw yourself on my neck!” + + +M. Gillenormand felt that Marius would leave him in a few moments, that +his harsh reception had repelled the lad, that his hardness was driving +him away; he said all this to himself, and it augmented his grief; and +as his grief was straightway converted into wrath, it increased his +harshness. He would have liked to have Marius understand, and Marius +did not understand, which made the goodman furious. + +He began again:— + +“What! you deserted me, your grandfather, you left my house to go no +one knows whither, you drove your aunt to despair, you went off, it is +easily guessed, to lead a bachelor life; it’s more convenient, to play +the dandy, to come in at all hours, to amuse yourself; you have given +me no signs of life, you have contracted debts without even telling me +to pay them, you have become a smasher of windows and a blusterer, and, +at the end of four years, you come to me, and that is all you have to +say to me!” + + +This violent fashion of driving a grandson to tenderness was productive +only of silence on the part of Marius. M. Gillenormand folded his arms; +a gesture which with him was peculiarly imperious, and apostrophized +Marius bitterly:— + +“Let us make an end of this. You have come to ask something of me, you +say? Well, what? What is it? Speak!” + + +“Sir,” said Marius, with the look of a man who feels that he is falling +over a precipice, “I have come to ask your permission to marry.” + + +M. Gillenormand rang the bell. Basque opened the door half-way. + +“Call my daughter.” + + +A second later, the door was opened once more, Mademoiselle +Gillenormand did not enter, but showed herself; Marius was standing, +mute, with pendant arms and the face of a criminal; M. Gillenormand was +pacing back and forth in the room. He turned to his daughter and said +to her:— + +“Nothing. It is Monsieur Marius. Say good day to him. Monsieur wishes +to marry. That’s all. Go away.” + + +The curt, hoarse sound of the old man’s voice announced a strange +degree of excitement. The aunt gazed at Marius with a frightened air, +hardly appeared to recognize him, did not allow a gesture or a syllable +to escape her, and disappeared at her father’s breath more swiftly than +a straw before the hurricane. + +In the meantime, Father Gillenormand had returned and placed his back +against the chimney-piece once more. + +“You marry! At one and twenty! You have arranged that! You have only a +permission to ask! a formality. Sit down, sir. Well, you have had a +revolution since I had the honor to see you last. The Jacobins got the +upper hand. You must have been delighted. Are you not a Republican +since you are a Baron? You can make that agree. The Republic makes a +good sauce for the barony. Are you one of those decorated by July? Have +you taken the Louvre at all, sir? Quite near here, in the Rue +Saint-Antoine, opposite the Rue des NonamdiĂšres, there is a cannon-ball +incrusted in the wall of the third story of a house with this +inscription: ‘July 28th, 1830.’ Go take a look at that. It produces a +good effect. Ah! those friends of yours do pretty things. By the way, +aren’t they erecting a fountain in the place of the monument of M. le +Duc de Berry? So you want to marry? Whom? Can one inquire without +indiscretion?” + + +He paused, and, before Marius had time to answer, he added violently:— + +“Come now, you have a profession? A fortune made? How much do you earn +at your trade of lawyer?” + + +“Nothing,” said Marius, with a sort of firmness and resolution that was +almost fierce. + +“Nothing? Then all that you have to live upon is the twelve hundred +livres that I allow you?” + + +Marius did not reply. M. Gillenormand continued:— + +“Then I understand the girl is rich?” + + +“As rich as I am.” + + +“What! No dowry?” + + +“No.” + + +“Expectations?” + + +“I think not.” + + +“Utterly naked! What’s the father?” + + +“I don’t know.” + + +“And what’s her name?” + + +“Mademoiselle Fauchelevent.” + + +“Fauchewhat?” + + +“Fauchelevent.” + + +“Pttt!” ejaculated the old gentleman. + +“Sir!” exclaimed Marius. + +M. Gillenormand interrupted him with the tone of a man who is speaking +to himself:— + +“That’s right, one and twenty years of age, no profession, twelve +hundred livres a year, Madame la Baronne de Pontmercy will go and +purchase a couple of sous’ worth of parsley from the fruiterer.” + + +“Sir,” repeated Marius, in the despair at the last hope, which was +vanishing, “I entreat you! I conjure you in the name of Heaven, with +clasped hands, sir, I throw myself at your feet, permit me to marry +her!” + + +The old man burst into a shout of strident and mournful laughter, +coughing and laughing at the same time. + +“Ah! ah! ah! You said to yourself: ‘Pardine! I’ll go hunt up that old +blockhead, that absurd numskull! What a shame that I’m not twenty-five! +How I’d treat him to a nice respectful summons! How nicely I’d get +along without him! It’s nothing to me, I’d say to him: “You’re only too +happy to see me, you old idiot, I want to marry, I desire to wed +Mamselle No-matter-whom, daughter of Monsieur No-matter-what, I have no +shoes, she has no chemise, that just suits; I want to throw my career, +my future, my youth, my life to the dogs; I wish to take a plunge into +wretchedness with a woman around my neck, that’s an idea, and you must +consent to it!” and the old fossil will consent.’ Go, my lad, do as you +like, attach your paving-stone, marry your Pousselevent, your +Coupelevent—Never, sir, never!” + + +“Father—” + + +“Never!” + + +At the tone in which that “never” was uttered, Marius lost all hope. He +traversed the chamber with slow steps, with bowed head, tottering and +more like a dying man than like one merely taking his departure. M. +Gillenormand followed him with his eyes, and at the moment when the +door opened, and Marius was on the point of going out, he advanced four +paces, with the senile vivacity of impetuous and spoiled old gentlemen, +seized Marius by the collar, brought him back energetically into the +room, flung him into an armchair and said to him:— + +“Tell me all about it!” + + +“It was that single word “father” which had effected this revolution. + +Marius stared at him in bewilderment. M. Gillenormand’s mobile face was +no longer expressive of anything but rough and ineffable good-nature. +The grandsire had given way before the grandfather. + +“Come, see here, speak, tell me about your love affairs, jabber, tell +me everything! Sapristi! how stupid young folks are!” + + +“Father—” repeated Marius. + +The old man’s entire countenance lighted up with indescribable +radiance. + +“Yes, that’s right, call me father, and you’ll see!” + + +There was now something so kind, so gentle, so openhearted, and so +paternal in this brusqueness, that Marius, in the sudden transition +from discouragement to hope, was stunned and intoxicated by it, as it +were. He was seated near the table, the light from the candles brought +out the dilapidation of his costume, which Father Gillenormand regarded +with amazement. + +“Well, father—” said Marius. + +“Ah, by the way,” interrupted M. Gillenormand, “you really have not a +penny then? You are dressed like a pickpocket.” + + +He rummaged in a drawer, drew forth a purse, which he laid on the +table: “Here are a hundred louis, buy yourself a hat.” + + +“Father,” pursued Marius, “my good father, if you only knew! I love +her. You cannot imagine it; the first time I saw her was at the +Luxembourg, she came there; in the beginning, I did not pay much heed +to her, and then, I don’t know how it came about, I fell in love with +her. Oh! how unhappy that made me! Now, at last, I see her every day, +at her own home, her father does not know it, just fancy, they are +going away, it is in the garden that we meet, in the evening, her +father means to take her to England, then I said to myself: ‘I’ll go +and see my grandfather and tell him all about the affair. I should go +mad first, I should die, I should fall ill, I should throw myself into +the water. I absolutely must marry her, since I should go mad +otherwise.’ This is the whole truth, and I do not think that I have +omitted anything. She lives in a garden with an iron fence, in the Rue +Plumet. It is in the neighborhood of the Invalides.” + + +Father Gillenormand had seated himself, with a beaming countenance, +beside Marius. As he listened to him and drank in the sound of his +voice, he enjoyed at the same time a protracted pinch of snuff. At the +words “Rue Plumet” he interrupted his inhalation and allowed the +remainder of his snuff to fall upon his knees. + +“The Rue Plumet, the Rue Plumet, did you say?—Let us see!—Are there not +barracks in that vicinity?—Why, yes, that’s it. Your cousin ThĂ©odule +has spoken to me about it. The lancer, the officer. A gay girl, my good +friend, a gay girl!—Pardieu, yes, the Rue Plumet. It is what used to be +called the Rue Blomet.—It all comes back to me now. I have heard of +that little girl of the iron railing in the Rue Plumet. In a garden, a +Pamela. Your taste is not bad. She is said to be a very tidy creature. +Between ourselves, I think that simpleton of a lancer has been courting +her a bit. I don’t know where he did it. However, that’s not to the +purpose. Besides, he is not to be believed. He brags, Marius! I think +it quite proper that a young man like you should be in love. It’s the +right thing at your age. I like you better as a lover than as a +Jacobin. I like you better in love with a petticoat, sapristi! with +twenty petticoats, than with M. de Robespierre. For my part, I will do +myself the justice to say, that in the line of _sans-culottes_, I have +never loved any one but women. Pretty girls are pretty girls, the +deuce! There’s no objection to that. As for the little one, she +receives you without her father’s knowledge. That’s in the established +order of things. I have had adventures of that same sort myself. More +than one. Do you know what is done then? One does not take the matter +ferociously; one does not precipitate himself into the tragic; one does +not make one’s mind to marriage and M. le Maire with his scarf. One +simply behaves like a fellow of spirit. One shows good sense. Slip +along, mortals; don’t marry. You come and look up your grandfather, who +is a good-natured fellow at bottom, and who always has a few rolls of +louis in an old drawer; you say to him: ‘See here, grandfather.’ And +the grandfather says: ‘That’s a simple matter. Youth must amuse itself, +and old age must wear out. I have been young, you will be old. Come, my +boy, you shall pass it on to your grandson. Here are two hundred +pistoles. Amuse yourself, deuce take it!’ Nothing better! That’s the +way the affair should be treated. You don’t marry, but that does no +harm. You understand me?” + + +Marius, petrified and incapable of uttering a syllable, made a sign +with his head that he did not. + +The old man burst out laughing, winked his aged eye, gave him a slap on +the knee, stared him full in the face with a mysterious and beaming +air, and said to him, with the tenderest of shrugs of the shoulder:— + +“Booby! make her your mistress.” + + +Marius turned pale. He had understood nothing of what his grandfather +had just said. This twaddle about the Rue Blomet, Pamela, the barracks, +the lancer, had passed before Marius like a dissolving view. Nothing of +all that could bear any reference to Cosette, who was a lily. The good +man was wandering in his mind. But this wandering terminated in words +which Marius did understand, and which were a mortal insult to Cosette. +Those words, “make her your mistress,” entered the heart of the strict +young man like a sword. + +He rose, picked up his hat which lay on the floor, and walked to the +door with a firm, assured step. There he turned round, bowed deeply to +his grandfather, raised his head erect again, and said:— + +“Five years ago you insulted my father; to-day you have insulted my +wife. I ask nothing more of you, sir. Farewell.” + + +Father Gillenormand, utterly confounded, opened his mouth, extended his +arms, tried to rise, and before he could utter a word, the door closed +once more, and Marius had disappeared. + +The old man remained for several minutes motionless and as though +struck by lightning, without the power to speak or breathe, as though a +clenched fist grasped his throat. At last he tore himself from his +armchair, ran, so far as a man can run at ninety-one, to the door, +opened it, and cried:— + +“Help! Help!” + + +His daughter made her appearance, then the domestics. He began again, +with a pitiful rattle: “Run after him! Bring him back! What have I done +to him? He is mad! He is going away! Ah! my God! Ah! my God! This time +he will not come back!” + + +He went to the window which looked out on the street, threw it open +with his aged and palsied hands, leaned out more than half-way, while +Basque and Nicolette held him behind, and shouted:— + +“Marius! Marius! Marius! Marius!” + + +But Marius could no longer hear him, for at that moment he was turning +the corner of the Rue Saint-Louis. + +The octogenarian raised his hands to his temples two or three times +with an expression of anguish, recoiled tottering, and fell back into +an armchair, pulseless, voiceless, tearless, with quivering head and +lips which moved with a stupid air, with nothing in his eyes and +nothing any longer in his heart except a gloomy and profound something +which resembled night. + + + + +BOOK NINTH—WHITHER ARE THEY GOING? + + + + +CHAPTER I—JEAN VALJEAN + + +That same day, towards four o’clock in the afternoon, Jean Valjean was +sitting alone on the back side of one of the most solitary slopes in +the Champ-de-Mars. Either from prudence, or from a desire to meditate, +or simply in consequence of one of those insensible changes of habit +which gradually introduce themselves into the existence of every one, +he now rarely went out with Cosette. He had on his workman’s waistcoat, +and trousers of gray linen; and his long-visored cap concealed his +countenance. + +He was calm and happy now beside Cosette; that which had, for a time, +alarmed and troubled him had been dissipated; but for the last week or +two, anxieties of another nature had come up. One day, while walking on +the boulevard, he had caught sight of ThĂ©nardier; thanks to his +disguise, ThĂ©nardier had not recognized him; but since that day, Jean +Valjean had seen him repeatedly, and he was now certain that ThĂ©nardier +was prowling about in their neighborhood. + +This had been sufficient to make him come to a decision. + +Moreover, Paris was not tranquil: political troubles presented this +inconvenient feature, for any one who had anything to conceal in his +life, that the police had grown very uneasy and very suspicious, and +that while seeking to ferret out a man like PĂ©pin or Morey, they might +very readily discover a man like Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had made up his mind to quit Paris, and even France, and +go over to England. + +He had warned Cosette. He wished to set out before the end of the week. + +He had seated himself on the slope in the Champ-de-Mars, turning over +all sorts of thoughts in his mind,—ThĂ©nardier, the police, the journey, +and the difficulty of procuring a passport. + +He was troubled from all these points of view. + +Last of all, an inexplicable circumstance which had just attracted his +attention, and from which he had not yet recovered, had added to his +state of alarm. + +On the morning of that very day, when he alone of the household was +stirring, while strolling in the garden before Cosette’s shutters were +open, he had suddenly perceived on the wall, the following line, +engraved, probably with a nail:— + +_16 Rue de la Verrerie_. + +This was perfectly fresh, the grooves in the ancient black mortar were +white, a tuft of nettles at the foot of the wall was powdered with the +fine, fresh plaster. + +This had probably been written on the preceding night. + +What was this? A signal for others? A warning for himself? + +In any case, it was evident that the garden had been violated, and that +strangers had made their way into it. + +He recalled the odd incidents which had already alarmed the household. + +His mind was now filling in this canvas. + +He took good care not to speak to Cosette of the line written on the +wall, for fear of alarming her. + +In the midst of his preoccupations, he perceived, from a shadow cast by +the sun, that some one had halted on the crest of the slope immediately +behind him. + +He was on the point of turning round, when a paper folded in four fell +upon his knees as though a hand had dropped it over his head. + +He took the paper, unfolded it, and read these words written in large +characters, with a pencil:— + +“MOVE AWAY FROM YOUR HOUSE.” + + +Jean Valjean sprang hastily to his feet; there was no one on the slope; +he gazed all around him and perceived a creature larger than a child, +not so large as a man, clad in a gray blouse and trousers of +dust-colored cotton velvet, who was jumping over the parapet and who +slipped into the moat of the Champ-de-Mars. + +Jean Valjean returned home at once, in a very thoughtful mood. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS + + +Marius had left M. Gillenormand in despair. He had entered the house +with very little hope, and quitted it with immense despair. + +However, and those who have observed the depths of the human heart will +understand this, the officer, the lancer, the ninny, Cousin ThĂ©odule, +had left no trace in his mind. Not the slightest. The dramatic poet +might, apparently, expect some complications from this revelation made +point-blank by the grandfather to the grandson. But what the drama +would gain thereby, truth would lose. Marius was at an age when one +believes nothing in the line of evil; later on comes the age when one +believes everything. Suspicions are nothing else than wrinkles. Early +youth has none of them. That which overwhelmed Othello glides innocuous +over Candide. Suspect Cosette! There are hosts of crimes which Marius +could sooner have committed. + +He began to wander about the streets, the resource of those who suffer. +He thought of nothing, so far as he could afterwards remember. At two +o’clock in the morning he returned to Courfeyrac’s quarters and flung +himself, without undressing, on his mattress. The sun was shining +brightly when he sank into that frightful leaden slumber which permits +ideas to go and come in the brain. When he awoke, he saw Courfeyrac, +Enjolras, Feuilly, and Combeferre standing in the room with their hats +on and all ready to go out. + +Courfeyrac said to him:— + +“Are you coming to General Lamarque’s funeral?” + + +It seemed to him that Courfeyrac was speaking Chinese. + +He went out some time after them. He put in his pocket the pistols +which Javert had given him at the time of the adventure on the 3d of +February, and which had remained in his hands. These pistols were still +loaded. It would be difficult to say what vague thought he had in his +mind when he took them with him. + +All day long he prowled about, without knowing where he was going; it +rained at times, he did not perceive it; for his dinner, he purchased a +penny roll at a baker’s, put it in his pocket and forgot it. It appears +that he took a bath in the Seine without being aware of it. There are +moments when a man has a furnace within his skull. Marius was passing +through one of those moments. He no longer hoped for anything; this +step he had taken since the preceding evening. He waited for night with +feverish impatience, he had but one idea clearly before his mind;—this +was, that at nine o’clock he should see Cosette. This last happiness +now constituted his whole future; after that, gloom. At intervals, as +he roamed through the most deserted boulevards, it seemed to him that +he heard strange noises in Paris. He thrust his head out of his reverie +and said: “Is there fighting on hand?” + + +At nightfall, at nine o’clock precisely, as he had promised Cosette, he +was in the Rue Plumet. When he approached the grating he forgot +everything. It was forty-eight hours since he had seen Cosette; he was +about to behold her once more; every other thought was effaced, and he +felt only a profound and unheard-of joy. Those minutes in which one +lives centuries always have this sovereign and wonderful property, that +at the moment when they are passing they fill the heart completely. + +Marius displaced the bar, and rushed headlong into the garden. Cosette +was not at the spot where she ordinarily waited for him. He traversed +the thicket, and approached the recess near the flight of steps: “She +is waiting for me there,” said he. Cosette was not there. He raised his +eyes, and saw that the shutters of the house were closed. He made the +tour of the garden, the garden was deserted. Then he returned to the +house, and, rendered senseless by love, intoxicated, terrified, +exasperated with grief and uneasiness, like a master who returns home +at an evil hour, he tapped on the shutters. He knocked and knocked +again, at the risk of seeing the window open, and her father’s gloomy +face make its appearance, and demand: “What do you want?” This was +nothing in comparison with what he dimly caught a glimpse of. When he +had rapped, he lifted up his voice and called Cosette.—“Cosette!” he +cried; “Cosette!” he repeated imperiously. There was no reply. All was +over. No one in the garden; no one in the house. + +Marius fixed his despairing eyes on that dismal house, which was as +black and as silent as a tomb and far more empty. He gazed at the stone +seat on which he had passed so many adorable hours with Cosette. Then +he seated himself on the flight of steps, his heart filled with +sweetness and resolution, he blessed his love in the depths of his +thought, and he said to himself that, since Cosette was gone, all that +there was left for him was to die. + +All at once he heard a voice which seemed to proceed from the street, +and which was calling to him through the trees:— + +“Mr. Marius!” + + +He started to his feet. + +“Hey?” said he. + +“Mr. Marius, are you there?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Mr. Marius,” went on the voice, “your friends are waiting for you at +the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie.” + + +This voice was not wholly unfamiliar to him. It resembled the hoarse, +rough voice of Éponine. Marius hastened to the gate, thrust aside the +movable bar, passed his head through the aperture, and saw some one who +appeared to him to be a young man, disappearing at a run into the +gloom. + + + + +CHAPTER III—M. MABEUF + + +Jean Valjean’s purse was of no use to M. Mabeuf. M. Mabeuf, in his +venerable, infantile austerity, had not accepted the gift of the stars; +he had not admitted that a star could coin itself into louis d’or. He +had not divined that what had fallen from heaven had come from +Gavroche. He had taken the purse to the police commissioner of the +quarter, as a lost article placed by the finder at the disposal of +claimants. The purse was actually lost. It is unnecessary to say that +no one claimed it, and that it did not succor M. Mabeuf. + +Moreover, M. Mabeuf had continued his downward course. + +His experiments on indigo had been no more successful in the Jardin des +Plantes than in his garden at Austerlitz. The year before he had owed +his housekeeper’s wages; now, as we have seen, he owed three quarters +of his rent. The pawnshop had sold the plates of his _Flora_ after the +expiration of thirteen months. Some coppersmith had made stewpans of +them. His copper plates gone, and being unable to complete even the +incomplete copies of his _Flora_ which were in his possession, he had +disposed of the text, at a miserable price, as waste paper, to a +second-hand bookseller. Nothing now remained to him of his life’s work. +He set to work to eat up the money for these copies. When he saw that +this wretched resource was becoming exhausted, he gave up his garden +and allowed it to run to waste. Before this, a long time before, he had +given up his two eggs and the morsel of beef which he ate from time to +time. He dined on bread and potatoes. He had sold the last of his +furniture, then all duplicates of his bedding, his clothing and his +blankets, then his herbariums and prints; but he still retained his +most precious books, many of which were of the greatest rarity, among +others, _Les Quadrins Historiques de la Bible_, edition of 1560; _La +Concordance des Bibles_, by Pierre de Besse; _Les Marguerites de la +Marguerite_, of Jean de La Haye, with a dedication to the Queen of +Navarre; the book _de la Charge et DignitĂ© de l’Ambassadeur_, by the +Sieur de Villiers Hotman; a _Florilegium Rabbinicum_ of 1644; a +_Tibullus_ of 1567, with this magnificent inscription: _Venetiis, in +ĂŠdibus Manutianis_; and lastly, a Diogenes Laertius, printed at Lyons +in 1644, which contained the famous variant of the manuscript 411, +thirteenth century, of the Vatican, and those of the two manuscripts of +Venice, 393 and 394, consulted with such fruitful results by Henri +Estienne, and all the passages in Doric dialect which are only found in +the celebrated manuscript of the twelfth century belonging to the +Naples Library. M. Mabeuf never had any fire in his chamber, and went +to bed at sundown, in order not to consume any candles. It seemed as +though he had no longer any neighbors: people avoided him when he went +out; he perceived the fact. The wretchedness of a child interests a +mother, the wretchedness of a young man interests a young girl, the +wretchedness of an old man interests no one. It is, of all distresses, +the coldest. Still, Father Mabeuf had not entirely lost his childlike +serenity. His eyes acquired some vivacity when they rested on his +books, and he smiled when he gazed at the Diogenes Laertius, which was +a unique copy. His bookcase with glass doors was the only piece of +furniture which he had kept beyond what was strictly indispensable. + +One day, Mother Plutarque said to him:— + +“I have no money to buy any dinner.” + + +What she called dinner was a loaf of bread and four or five potatoes. + +“On credit?” suggested M. Mabeuf. + +“You know well that people refuse me.” + + +M. Mabeuf opened his bookcase, took a long look at all his books, one +after another, as a father obliged to decimate his children would gaze +upon them before making a choice, then seized one hastily, put it in +under his arm and went out. He returned two hours later, without +anything under his arm, laid thirty sous on the table, and said:— + +“You will get something for dinner.” + + +From that moment forth, Mother Plutarque saw a sombre veil, which was +never more lifted, descend over the old man’s candid face. + +On the following day, on the day after, and on the day after that, it +had to be done again. + +M. Mabeuf went out with a book and returned with a coin. As the +second-hand dealers perceived that he was forced to sell, they +purchased of him for twenty sous that for which he had paid twenty +francs, sometimes at those very shops. Volume by volume, the whole +library went the same road. He said at times: “But I am eighty;” as +though he cherished some secret hope that he should arrive at the end +of his days before reaching the end of his books. His melancholy +increased. Once, however, he had a pleasure. He had gone out with a +Robert Estienne, which he had sold for thirty-five sous under the Quai +Malaquais, and he returned with an Aldus which he had bought for forty +sous in the Rue des GrĂšs.—“I owe five sous,” he said, beaming on Mother +Plutarque. That day he had no dinner. + +He belonged to the Horticultural Society. His destitution became known +there. The president of the society came to see him, promised to speak +to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce about him, and did +so.—“Why, what!” exclaimed the Minister, “I should think so! An old +savant! a botanist! an inoffensive man! Something must be done for +him!” On the following day, M. Mabeuf received an invitation to dine +with the Minister. Trembling with joy, he showed the letter to Mother +Plutarque. “We are saved!” said he. On the day appointed, he went to +the Minister’s house. He perceived that his ragged cravat, his long, +square coat, and his waxed shoes astonished the ushers. No one spoke to +him, not even the Minister. About ten o’clock in the evening, while he +was still waiting for a word, he heard the Minister’s wife, a beautiful +woman in a low-necked gown whom he had not ventured to approach, +inquire: “Who is that old gentleman?” He returned home on foot at +midnight, in a driving rain-storm. He had sold an Elzevir to pay for a +carriage in which to go thither. + +He had acquired the habit of reading a few pages in his Diogenes +Laertius every night, before he went to bed. He knew enough Greek to +enjoy the peculiarities of the text which he owned. He had now no other +enjoyment. Several weeks passed. All at once, Mother Plutarque fell +ill. There is one thing sadder than having no money with which to buy +bread at the baker’s and that is having no money to purchase drugs at +the apothecary’s. One evening, the doctor had ordered a very expensive +potion. And the malady was growing worse; a nurse was required. M. +Mabeuf opened his bookcase; there was nothing there. The last volume +had taken its departure. All that was left to him was Diogenes +Laertius. He put this unique copy under his arm, and went out. It was +the 4th of June, 1832; he went to the Porte Saint-Jacques, to Royal’s +successor, and returned with one hundred francs. He laid the pile of +five-franc pieces on the old serving-woman’s nightstand, and returned +to his chamber without saying a word. + +On the following morning, at dawn, he seated himself on the overturned +post in his garden, and he could be seen over the top of the hedge, +sitting the whole morning motionless, with drooping head, his eyes +vaguely fixed on the withered flower-beds. It rained at intervals; the +old man did not seem to perceive the fact. + +In the afternoon, extraordinary noises broke out in Paris. They +resembled shots and the clamors of a multitude. + +Father Mabeuf raised his head. He saw a gardener passing, and +inquired:— + +“What is it?” + + +The gardener, spade on back, replied in the most unconcerned tone:— + +“It is the riots.” + + +“What riots?” + + +“Yes, they are fighting.” + + +“Why are they fighting?” + + +“Ah, good Heavens!” ejaculated the gardener. + +“In what direction?” went on M. Mabeuf. + +“In the neighborhood of the Arsenal.” + + +Father Mabeuf went to his room, took his hat, mechanically sought for a +book to place under his arm, found none, said: “Ah! truly!” and went +off with a bewildered air. + + + + +BOOK TENTH—THE 5TH OF JUNE, 1832 + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SURFACE OF THE QUESTION + + +Of what is revolt composed? Of nothing and of everything. Of an +electricity disengaged, little by little, of a flame suddenly darting +forth, of a wandering force, of a passing breath. This breath +encounters heads which speak, brains which dream, souls which suffer, +passions which burn, wretchedness which howls, and bears them away. + +Whither? + +At random. Athwart the state, the laws, athwart prosperity and the +insolence of others. + +Irritated convictions, embittered enthusiasms, agitated indignations, +instincts of war which have been repressed, youthful courage which has +been exalted, generous blindness; curiosity, the taste for change, the +thirst for the unexpected, the sentiment which causes one to take +pleasure in reading the posters for the new play, and love, the +prompter’s whistle, at the theatre; the vague hatreds, rancors, +disappointments, every vanity which thinks that destiny has bankrupted +it; discomfort, empty dreams, ambitions that are hedged about, whoever +hopes for a downfall, some outcome, in short, at the very bottom, the +rabble, that mud which catches fire,—such are the elements of revolt. +That which is grandest and that which is basest; the beings who prowl +outside of all bounds, awaiting an occasion, bohemians, vagrants, +vagabonds of the crossroads, those who sleep at night in a desert of +houses with no other roof than the cold clouds of heaven, those who, +each day, demand their bread from chance and not from toil, the unknown +of poverty and nothingness, the bare-armed, the bare-footed, belong to +revolt. Whoever cherishes in his soul a secret revolt against any deed +whatever on the part of the state, of life or of fate, is ripe for +riot, and, as soon as it makes its appearance, he begins to quiver, and +to feel himself borne away with the whirlwind. + +Revolt is a sort of waterspout in the social atmosphere which forms +suddenly in certain conditions of temperature, and which, as it eddies +about, mounts, descends, thunders, tears, razes, crushes, demolishes, +uproots, bearing with it great natures and small, the strong man and +the feeble mind, the tree trunk and the stalk of straw. Woe to him whom +it bears away as well as to him whom it strikes! It breaks the one +against the other. + +It communicates to those whom it seizes an indescribable and +extraordinary power. It fills the firstcomer with the force of events; +it converts everything into projectiles. It makes a cannon-ball of a +rough stone, and a general of a porter. + +If we are to believe certain oracles of crafty political views, a +little revolt is desirable from the point of view of power. System: +revolt strengthens those governments which it does not overthrow. It +puts the army to the test; it consecrates the bourgeoisie, it draws out +the muscles of the police; it demonstrates the force of the social +framework. It is an exercise in gymnastics; it is almost hygiene. Power +is in better health after a revolt, as a man is after a good rubbing +down. + +Revolt, thirty years ago, was regarded from still other points of view. + +There is for everything a theory, which proclaims itself “good sense”; +Philintus against Alcestis; mediation offered between the false and the +true; explanation, admonition, rather haughty extenuation which, +because it is mingled with blame and excuse, thinks itself wisdom, and +is often only pedantry. A whole political school called “the golden +mean” has been the outcome of this. As between cold water and hot +water, it is the lukewarm water party. This school with its false +depth, all on the surface, which dissects effects without going back to +first causes, chides from its height of a demi-science, the agitation +of the public square. + +If we listen to this school, “The riots which complicated the affair of +1830 deprived that great event of a portion of its purity. The +Revolution of July had been a fine popular gale, abruptly followed by +blue sky. They made the cloudy sky reappear. They caused that +revolution, at first so remarkable for its unanimity, to degenerate +into a quarrel. In the Revolution of July, as in all progress +accomplished by fits and starts, there had been secret fractures; these +riots rendered them perceptible. It might have been said: ‘Ah! this is +broken.’ After the Revolution of July, one was sensible only of +deliverance; after the riots, one was conscious of a catastrophe. + +“All revolt closes the shops, depresses the funds, throws the Exchange +into consternation, suspends commerce, clogs business, precipitates +failures; no more money, private fortunes rendered uneasy, public +credit shaken, industry disconcerted, capital withdrawing, work at a +discount, fear everywhere; counter-shocks in every town. Hence gulfs. +It has been calculated that the first day of a riot costs France twenty +millions, the second day forty, the third sixty, a three days’ uprising +costs one hundred and twenty millions, that is to say, if only the +financial result be taken into consideration, it is equivalent to a +disaster, a shipwreck or a lost battle, which should annihilate a fleet +of sixty ships of the line. + +“No doubt, historically, uprisings have their beauty; the war of the +pavements is no less grandiose, and no less pathetic, than the war of +thickets: in the one there is the soul of forests, in the other the +heart of cities; the one has Jean Chouan, the other has a Jeanne. +Revolts have illuminated with a red glare all the most original points +of the Parisian character, generosity, devotion, stormy gayety, +students proving that bravery forms part of intelligence, the National +Guard invincible, bivouacs of shopkeepers, fortresses of street +urchins, contempt of death on the part of passers-by. Schools and +legions clashed together. After all, between the combatants, there was +only a difference of age; the race is the same; it is the same stoical +men who died at the age of twenty for their ideas, at forty for their +families. The army, always a sad thing in civil wars, opposed prudence +to audacity. Uprisings, while proving popular intrepidity, also +educated the courage of the bourgeois. + +“This is well. But is all this worth the bloodshed? And to the +bloodshed add the future darkness, progress compromised, uneasiness +among the best men, honest liberals in despair, foreign absolutism +happy in these wounds dealt to revolution by its own hand, the +vanquished of 1830 triumphing and saying: ‘We told you so!’ Add Paris +enlarged, possibly, but France most assuredly diminished. Add, for all +must needs be told, the massacres which have too often dishonored the +victory of order grown ferocious over liberty gone mad. To sum up all, +uprisings have been disastrous.” + + +Thus speaks that approximation to wisdom with which the bourgeoisie, +that approximation to the people, so willingly contents itself. + +For our parts, we reject this word _uprisings_ as too large, and +consequently as too convenient. We make a distinction between one +popular movement and another popular movement. We do not inquire +whether an uprising costs as much as a battle. Why a battle, in the +first place? Here the question of war comes up. Is war less of a +scourge than an uprising is of a calamity? And then, are all uprisings +calamities? And what if the revolt of July did cost a hundred and +twenty millions? The establishment of Philip V. in Spain cost France +two milliards. Even at the same price, we should prefer the 14th of +July. However, we reject these figures, which appear to be reasons and +which are only words. An uprising being given, we examine it by itself. +In all that is said by the doctrinarian objection above presented, +there is no question of anything but effect, we seek the cause. + +We will be explicit. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE ROOT OF THE MATTER + + +There is such a thing as an uprising, and there is such a thing as +insurrection; these are two separate phases of wrath; one is in the +wrong, the other is in the right. In democratic states, the only ones +which are founded on justice, it sometimes happens that the fraction +usurps; then the whole rises and the necessary claim of its rights may +proceed as far as resort to arms. In all questions which result from +collective sovereignty, the war of the whole against the fraction is +insurrection; the attack of the fraction against the whole is revolt; +according as the Tuileries contain a king or the Convention, they are +justly or unjustly attacked. The same cannon, pointed against the +populace, is wrong on the 10th of August, and right on the 14th of +VendĂ©miaire. Alike in appearance, fundamentally different in reality; +the Swiss defend the false, Bonaparte defends the true. That which +universal suffrage has effected in its liberty and in its sovereignty +cannot be undone by the street. It is the same in things pertaining +purely to civilization; the instinct of the masses, clear-sighted +to-day, may be troubled to-morrow. The same fury legitimate when +directed against Terray and absurd when directed against Turgot. The +destruction of machines, the pillage of warehouses, the breaking of +rails, the demolition of docks, the false routes of multitudes, the +refusal by the people of justice to progress, Ramus assassinated by +students, Rousseau driven out of Switzerland and stoned,—that is +revolt. Israel against Moses, Athens against Phocian, Rome against +Cicero,—that is an uprising; Paris against the Bastille,—that is +insurrection. The soldiers against Alexander, the sailors against +Christopher Columbus,—this is the same revolt; impious revolt; why? +Because Alexander is doing for Asia with the sword that which +Christopher Columbus is doing for America with the compass; Alexander +like Columbus, is finding a world. These gifts of a world to +civilization are such augmentations of light, that all resistance in +that case is culpable. Sometimes the populace counterfeits fidelity to +itself. The masses are traitors to the people. Is there, for example, +anything stranger than that long and bloody protest of dealers in +contraband salt, a legitimate chronic revolt, which, at the decisive +moment, on the day of salvation, at the very hour of popular victory, +espouses the throne, turns into _chouannerie_, and, from having been an +insurrection against, becomes an uprising for, sombre masterpieces of +ignorance! The contraband salt dealer escapes the royal gibbets, and +with a rope’s end round his neck, mounts the white cockade. “Death to +the salt duties,” brings forth, “Long live the King!” The assassins of +Saint-BarthĂ©lemy, the cut-throats of September, the manslaughterers of +Avignon, the assassins of Coligny, the assassins of Madam Lamballe, the +assassins of Brune, Miquelets, Verdets, Cadenettes, the companions of +JĂ©hu, the chevaliers of Brassard,—behold an uprising. La VendĂ©e is a +grand, catholic uprising. The sound of right in movement is +recognizable, it does not always proceed from the trembling of excited +masses; there are mad rages, there are cracked bells, all tocsins do +not give out the sound of bronze. The brawl of passions and ignorances +is quite another thing from the shock of progress. Show me in what +direction you are going. Rise, if you will, but let it be that you may +grow great. There is no insurrection except in a forward direction. Any +other sort of rising is bad; every violent step towards the rear is a +revolt; to retreat is to commit a deed of violence against the human +race. Insurrection is a fit of rage on the part of truth; the pavements +which the uprising disturbs give forth the spark of right. These +pavements bequeath to the uprising only their mud. Danton against Louis +XIV. is insurrection; HĂ©bert against Danton is revolt. + +Hence it results that if insurrection in given cases may be, as +Lafayette says, the most holy of duties, an uprising may be the most +fatal of crimes. + +There is also a difference in the intensity of heat; insurrection is +often a volcano, revolt is often only a fire of straw. + +Revolt, as we have said, is sometimes found among those in power. +Polignac is a rioter; Camille Desmoulins is one of the governing +powers. + +Insurrection is sometimes resurrection. + +The solution of everything by universal suffrage being an absolutely +modern fact, and all history anterior to this fact being, for the space +of four thousand years, filled with violated right, and the suffering +of peoples, each epoch of history brings with it that protest of which +it is capable. Under the CĂŠsars, there was no insurrection, but there +was Juvenal. + +The _facit indignatio_ replaces the Gracchi. + +Under the CĂŠsars, there is the exile to Syene; there is also the man of +the _Annales_. We do not speak of the immense exile of Patmos who, on +his part also, overwhelms the real world with a protest in the name of +the ideal world, who makes of his vision an enormous satire and casts +on Rome-Nineveh, on Rome-Babylon, on Rome-Sodom, the flaming reflection +of the Apocalypse. John on his rock is the sphinx on its pedestal; we +may understand him, he is a Jew, and it is Hebrew; but the man who +writes the _Annales_ is of the Latin race, let us rather say he is a +Roman. + +As the Neros reign in a black way, they should be painted to match. The +work of the graving-tool alone would be too pale; there must be poured +into the channel a concentrated prose which bites. + +Despots count for something in the question of philosophers. A word +that is chained is a terrible word. The writer doubles and trebles his +style when silence is imposed on a nation by its master. From this +silence there arises a certain mysterious plenitude which filters into +thought and there congeals into bronze. The compression of history +produces conciseness in the historian. The granite solidity of such and +such a celebrated prose is nothing but the accumulation effected by the +tyrant. + +Tyranny constrains the writer to conditions of diameter which are +augmentations of force. The Ciceronian period, which hardly sufficed +for Verres, would be blunted on Caligula. The less spread of sail in +the phrase, the more intensity in the blow. Tacitus thinks with all his +might. + +The honesty of a great heart, condensed in justice and truth, +overwhelms as with lightning. + +Be it remarked, in passing, that Tacitus is not historically superposed +upon CĂŠsar. The Tiberii were reserved for him. CĂŠsar and Tacitus are +two successive phenomena, a meeting between whom seems to be +mysteriously avoided, by the One who, when He sets the centuries on the +stage, regulates the entrances and the exits. CĂŠsar is great, Tacitus +is great; God spares these two greatnesses by not allowing them to +clash with one another. The guardian of justice, in striking CĂŠsar, +might strike too hard and be unjust. God does not will it. The great +wars of Africa and Spain, the pirates of Sicily destroyed, civilization +introduced into Gaul, into Britanny, into Germany,—all this glory +covers the Rubicon. There is here a sort of delicacy of the divine +justice, hesitating to let loose upon the illustrious usurper the +formidable historian, sparing CĂŠsar Tacitus, and according extenuating +circumstances to genius. + +Certainly, despotism remains despotism, even under the despot of +genius. There is corruption under all illustrious tyrants, but the +moral pest is still more hideous under infamous tyrants. In such +reigns, nothing veils the shame; and those who make examples, Tacitus +as well as Juvenal, slap this ignominy which cannot reply, in the face, +more usefully in the presence of all humanity. + +Rome smells worse under Vitellius than under Sylla. Under Claudius and +under Domitian, there is a deformity of baseness corresponding to the +repulsiveness of the tyrant. The villainy of slaves is a direct product +of the despot; a miasma exhales from these cowering consciences wherein +the master is reflected; public powers are unclean; hearts are small; +consciences are dull, souls are like vermin; thus it is under +Caracalla, thus it is under Commodus, thus it is under Heliogabalus, +while, from the Roman Senate, under CĂŠsar, there comes nothing but the +odor of the dung which is peculiar to the eyries of the eagles. + +Hence the advent, apparently tardy, of the Tacituses and the Juvenals; +it is in the hour for evidence, that the demonstrator makes his +appearance. + +But Juvenal and Tacitus, like Isaiah in Biblical times, like Dante in +the Middle Ages, is man; riot and insurrection are the multitude, which +is sometimes right and sometimes wrong. + +In the majority of cases, riot proceeds from a material fact; +insurrection is always a moral phenomenon. Riot is Masaniello; +insurrection, Spartacus. Insurrection borders on mind, riot on the +stomach; Gaster grows irritated; but Gaster, assuredly, is not always +in the wrong. In questions of famine, riot, Buzançais, for example, +holds a true, pathetic, and just point of departure. Nevertheless, it +remains a riot. Why? It is because, right at bottom, it was wrong in +form. Shy although in the right, violent although strong, it struck at +random; it walked like a blind elephant; it left behind it the corpses +of old men, of women, and of children; it wished the blood of +inoffensive and innocent persons without knowing why. The nourishment +of the people is a good object; to massacre them is a bad means. + +All armed protests, even the most legitimate, even that of the 10th of +August, even that of July 14th, begin with the same troubles. Before +the right gets set free, there is foam and tumult. In the beginning, +the insurrection is a riot, just as a river is a torrent. Ordinarily it +ends in that ocean: revolution. Sometimes, however, coming from those +lofty mountains which dominate the moral horizon, justice, wisdom, +reason, right, formed of the pure snow of the ideal, after a long fall +from rock to rock, after having reflected the sky in its transparency +and increased by a hundred affluents in the majestic mien of triumph, +insurrection is suddenly lost in some quagmire, as the Rhine is in a +swamp. + +All this is of the past, the future is another thing. Universal +suffrage has this admirable property, that it dissolves riot in its +inception, and, by giving the vote to insurrection, it deprives it of +its arms. The disappearance of wars, of street wars as well as of wars +on the frontiers, such is the inevitable progression. Whatever To-day +may be, To-morrow will be peace. + +However, insurrection, riot, and points of difference between the +former and the latter,—the bourgeois, properly speaking, knows nothing +of such shades. In his mind, all is sedition, rebellion pure and +simple, the revolt of the dog against his master, an attempt to bite +whom must be punished by the chain and the kennel, barking, snapping, +until such day as the head of the dog, suddenly enlarged, is outlined +vaguely in the gloom face to face with the lion. + +Then the bourgeois shouts: “Long live the people!” + + +This explanation given, what does the movement of June, 1832, signify, +so far as history is concerned? Is it a revolt? Is it an insurrection? + +It may happen to us, in placing this formidable event on the stage, to +say revolt now and then, but merely to distinguish superficial facts, +and always preserving the distinction between revolt, the form, and +insurrection, the foundation. + +This movement of 1832 had, in its rapid outbreak and in its melancholy +extinction, so much grandeur, that even those who see in it only an +uprising, never refer to it otherwise than with respect. For them, it +is like a relic of 1830. Excited imaginations, say they, are not to be +calmed in a day. A revolution cannot be cut off short. It must needs +undergo some undulations before it returns to a state of rest, like a +mountain sinking into the plain. There are no Alps without their Jura, +nor Pyrenees without the Asturias. + +This pathetic crisis of contemporary history which the memory of +Parisians calls “the epoch of the riots,” is certainly a characteristic +hour amid the stormy hours of this century. A last word, before we +enter on the recital. + +The facts which we are about to relate belong to that dramatic and +living reality, which the historian sometimes neglects for lack of time +and space. There, nevertheless, we insist upon it, is life, +palpitation, human tremor. Petty details, as we think we have already +said, are, so to speak, the foliage of great events, and are lost in +the distance of history. The epoch, surnamed “of the riots,” abounds in +details of this nature. Judicial inquiries have not revealed, and +perhaps have not sounded the depths, for another reason than history. +We shall therefore bring to light, among the known and published +peculiarities, things which have not heretofore been known, about facts +over which have passed the forgetfulness of some, and the death of +others. The majority of the actors in these gigantic scenes have +disappeared; beginning with the very next day they held their peace; +but of what we shall relate, we shall be able to say: “We have seen +this.” We alter a few names, for history relates and does not inform +against, but the deed which we shall paint will be genuine. In +accordance with the conditions of the book which we are now writing, we +shall show only one side and one episode, and certainly, the least +known at that, of the two days, the 5th and the 6th of June, 1832, but +we shall do it in such wise that the reader may catch a glimpse, +beneath the gloomy veil which we are about to lift, of the real form of +this frightful public adventure. + + + + +CHAPTER III—A BURIAL; AN OCCASION TO BE BORN AGAIN + + +In the spring of 1832, although the cholera had been chilling all minds +for the last three months and had cast over their agitation an +indescribable and gloomy pacification, Paris had already long been ripe +for commotion. As we have said, the great city resembles a piece of +artillery; when it is loaded, it suffices for a spark to fall, and the +shot is discharged. In June, 1832, the spark was the death of General +Lamarque. + +Lamarque was a man of renown and of action. He had had in succession, +under the Empire and under the Restoration, the sorts of bravery +requisite for the two epochs, the bravery of the battle-field and the +bravery of the tribune. He was as eloquent as he had been valiant; a +sword was discernible in his speech. Like Foy, his predecessor, after +upholding the command, he upheld liberty; he sat between the left and +the extreme left, beloved of the people because he accepted the chances +of the future, beloved of the populace because he had served the +Emperor well; he was, in company with Comtes GĂ©rard and Drouet, one of +Napoleon’s marshals _in petto_. The treaties of 1815 removed him as a +personal offence. He hated Wellington with a downright hatred which +pleased the multitude; and, for seventeen years, he majestically +preserved the sadness of Waterloo, paying hardly any attention to +intervening events. In his death agony, at his last hour, he clasped to +his breast a sword which had been presented to him by the officers of +the Hundred Days. Napoleon had died uttering the word _army_, Lamarque +uttering the word _country_. + +His death, which was expected, was dreaded by the people as a loss, and +by the government as an occasion. This death was an affliction. Like +everything that is bitter, affliction may turn to revolt. This is what +took place. + +On the preceding evening, and on the morning of the 5th of June, the +day appointed for Lamarque’s burial, the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, which +the procession was to touch at, assumed a formidable aspect. This +tumultuous network of streets was filled with rumors. They armed +themselves as best they might. Joiners carried off door-weights of +their establishment “to break down doors.” One of them had made himself +a dagger of a stocking-weaver’s hook by breaking off the hook and +sharpening the stump. Another, who was in a fever “to attack,” slept +wholly dressed for three days. A carpenter named Lombier met a comrade, +who asked him: “Whither are you going?” “Eh! well, I have no weapons.” +“What then?” “I’m going to my timber-yard to get my compasses.” “What +for?” “I don’t know,” said Lombier. A certain Jacqueline, an +expeditious man, accosted some passing artisans: “Come here, you!” He +treated them to ten sous’ worth of wine and said: “Have you work?” +“No.” “Go to Filspierre, between the BarriĂšre Charonne and the BarriĂšre +Montreuil, and you will find work.” At Filspierre’s they found +cartridges and arms. Certain well-known leaders were going the rounds, +that is to say, running from one house to another, to collect their +men. At BarthĂ©lemy’s, near the BarriĂšre du TrĂŽne, at Capel’s, near the +Petit-Chapeau, the drinkers accosted each other with a grave air. They +were heard to say: “Have you your pistol?” “Under my blouse.” “And +you?” “Under my shirt.” In the Rue TraversiĂšre, in front of the Bland +workshop, and in the yard of the Maison-BrulĂ©e, in front of tool-maker +Bernier’s, groups whispered together. Among them was observed a certain +Mavot, who never remained more than a week in one shop, as the masters +always discharged him “because they were obliged to dispute with him +every day.” Mavot was killed on the following day at the barricade of +the Rue MĂ©nilmontant. Pretot, who was destined to perish also in the +struggle, seconded Mavot, and to the question: “What is your object?” +he replied: _“Insurrection.”_ Workmen assembled at the corner of the +Rue de Bercy, waited for a certain Lemarin, the revolutionary agent for +the Faubourg Saint-Marceau. Watchwords were exchanged almost publicly. + +On the 5th of June, accordingly, a day of mingled rain and sun, General +Lamarque’s funeral procession traversed Paris with official military +pomp, somewhat augmented through precaution. Two battalions, with +draped drums and reversed arms, ten thousand National Guards, with +their swords at their sides, escorted the coffin. The hearse was drawn +by young men. The officers of the Invalides came immediately behind it, +bearing laurel branches. Then came an innumerable, strange, agitated +multitude, the sectionaries of the Friends of the People, the Law +School, the Medical School, refugees of all nationalities, and Spanish, +Italian, German, and Polish flags, tricolored horizontal banners, every +possible sort of banner, children waving green boughs, stone-cutters +and carpenters who were on strike at the moment, printers who were +recognizable by their paper caps, marching two by two, three by three, +uttering cries, nearly all of them brandishing sticks, some brandishing +sabres, without order and yet with a single soul, now a tumultuous +rout, again a column. Squads chose themselves leaders; a man armed with +a pair of pistols in full view, seemed to pass the host in review, and +the files separated before him. On the side alleys of the boulevards, +in the branches of the trees, on balconies, in windows, on the roofs, +swarmed the heads of men, women, and children; all eyes were filled +with anxiety. An armed throng was passing, and a terrified throng +looked on. + +The Government, on its side, was taking observations. It observed with +its hand on its sword. Four squadrons of carabineers could be seen in +the Place Louis XV. in their saddles, with their trumpets at their +head, cartridge-boxes filled and muskets loaded, all in readiness to +march; in the Latin country and at the Jardin des Plantes, the +Municipal Guard echelonned from street to street; at the +Halle-aux-Vins, a squadron of dragoons; at the GrĂšve half of the 12th +Light Infantry, the other half being at the Bastille; the 6th Dragoons +at the CĂ©lestins; and the courtyard of the Louvre full of artillery. +The remainder of the troops were confined to their barracks, without +reckoning the regiments of the environs of Paris. Power being uneasy, +held suspended over the menacing multitude twenty-four thousand +soldiers in the city and thirty thousand in the banlieue. + +Divers reports were in circulation in the cortĂšge. Legitimist tricks +were hinted at; they spoke of the Duc de Reichstadt, whom God had +marked out for death at that very moment when the populace were +designating him for the Empire. One personage, whose name has remained +unknown, announced that at a given hour two overseers who had been won +over, would throw open the doors of a factory of arms to the people. +That which predominated on the uncovered brows of the majority of those +present was enthusiasm mingled with dejection. Here and there, also, in +that multitude given over to such violent but noble emotions, there +were visible genuine visages of criminals and ignoble mouths which +said: “Let us plunder!” There are certain agitations which stir up the +bottoms of marshes and make clouds of mud rise through the water. A +phenomenon to which “well drilled” policemen are no strangers. + +The procession proceeded, with feverish slowness, from the house of the +deceased, by way of the boulevards as far as the Bastille. It rained +from time to time; the rain mattered nothing to that throng. Many +incidents, the coffin borne round the Vendome column, stones thrown at +the Duc de Fitz-James, who was seen on a balcony with his hat on his +head, the Gallic cock torn from a popular flag and dragged in the mire, +a policeman wounded with a blow from a sword at the Porte Saint-Martin, +an officer of the 12th Light Infantry saying aloud: “I am a +Republican,” the Polytechnic School coming up unexpectedly against +orders to remain at home, the shouts of: “Long live the Polytechnique! +Long live the Republic!” marked the passage of the funeral train. At +the Bastille, long files of curious and formidable people who descended +from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, effected a junction with the +procession, and a certain terrible seething began to agitate the +throng. + +One man was heard to say to another: “Do you see that fellow with a red +beard, he’s the one who will give the word when we are to fire.” It +appears that this red beard was present, at another riot, the QuĂ©nisset +affair, entrusted with this same function. + +The hearse passed the Bastille, traversed the small bridge, and reached +the esplanade of the bridge of Austerlitz. There it halted. The crowd, +surveyed at that moment with a bird’s-eye view, would have presented +the aspect of a comet whose head was on the esplanade and whose tail +spread out over the Quai Bourdon, covered the Bastille, and was +prolonged on the boulevard as far as the Porte Saint-Martin. A circle +was traced around the hearse. The vast rout held their peace. Lafayette +spoke and bade Lamarque farewell. This was a touching and august +instant, all heads uncovered, all hearts beat high. + +All at once, a man on horseback, clad in black, made his appearance in +the middle of the group with a red flag, others say, with a pike +surmounted with a red liberty-cap. Lafayette turned aside his head. +Exelmans quitted the procession. + +This red flag raised a storm, and disappeared in the midst of it. From +the Boulevard Bourdon to the bridge of Austerlitz one of those clamors +which resemble billows stirred the multitude. Two prodigious shouts +went up: “Lamarque to the Pantheon!—Lafayette to the Town-hall!” Some +young men, amid the declamations of the throng, harnessed themselves +and began to drag Lamarque in the hearse across the bridge of +Austerlitz and Lafayette in a hackney-coach along the Quai Morland. + +In the crowd which surrounded and cheered Lafayette, it was noticed +that a German showed himself named Ludwig Snyder, who died a +centenarian afterwards, who had also been in the war of 1776, and who +had fought at Trenton under Washington, and at Brandywine under +Lafayette. + +In the meantime, the municipal cavalry on the left bank had been set in +motion, and came to bar the bridge, on the right bank the dragoons +emerged from the CĂ©lestins and deployed along the Quai Morland. The men +who were dragging Lafayette suddenly caught sight of them at the corner +of the quay and shouted: “The dragoons!” The dragoons advanced at a +walk, in silence, with their pistols in their holsters, their swords in +their scabbards, their guns slung in their leather sockets, with an air +of gloomy expectation. + +They halted two hundred paces from the little bridge. The carriage in +which sat Lafayette advanced to them, their ranks opened and allowed it +to pass, and then closed behind it. At that moment the dragoons and the +crowd touched. The women fled in terror. What took place during that +fatal minute? No one can say. It is the dark moment when two clouds +come together. Some declare that a blast of trumpets sounding the +charge was heard in the direction of the Arsenal, others that a blow +from a dagger was given by a child to a dragoon. The fact is, that +three shots were suddenly discharged: the first killed Cholet, chief of +the squadron, the second killed an old deaf woman who was in the act of +closing her window, the third singed the shoulder of an officer; a +woman screamed: “They are beginning too soon!” and all at once, a +squadron of dragoons which had remained in the barracks up to this +time, was seen to debouch at a gallop with bared swords, through the +Rue Bassompierre and the Boulevard Bourdon, sweeping all before them. + +Then all is said, the tempest is loosed, stones rain down, a fusillade +breaks forth, many precipitate themselves to the bottom of the bank, +and pass the small arm of the Seine, now filled in, the timber-yards of +the Isle Louviers, that vast citadel ready to hand, bristle with +combatants, stakes are torn up, pistol-shots fired, a barricade begun, +the young men who are thrust back pass the Austerlitz bridge with the +hearse at a run, and the municipal guard, the carabineers rush up, the +dragoons ply their swords, the crowd disperses in all directions, a +rumor of war flies to all four quarters of Paris, men shout: “To arms!” +they run, tumble down, flee, resist. Wrath spreads abroad the riot as +wind spreads a fire. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE EBULLITIONS OF FORMER DAYS + + +Nothing is more extraordinary than the first breaking out of a riot. +Everything bursts forth everywhere at once. Was it foreseen? Yes. Was +it prepared? No. Whence comes it? From the pavements. Whence falls it? +From the clouds. Here insurrection assumes the character of a plot; +there of an improvisation. The first comer seizes a current of the +throng and leads it whither he wills. A beginning full of terror, in +which is mingled a sort of formidable gayety. First come clamors, the +shops are closed, the displays of the merchants disappear; then come +isolated shots; people flee; blows from gun-stocks beat against +portes-cochĂšres, servants can be heard laughing in the courtyards of +houses and saying: “There’s going to be a row!” + + +A quarter of an hour had not elapsed when this is what was taking place +at twenty different spots in Paris at once. + +In the Rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie, twenty young men, bearded +and with long hair, entered a dram-shop and emerged a moment later, +carrying a horizontal tricolored flag covered with crape, and having at +their head three men armed, one with a sword, one with a gun, and the +third with a pike. + +In the Rue des NonaindiĂšres, a very well-dressed bourgeois, who had a +prominent belly, a sonorous voice, a bald head, a lofty brow, a black +beard, and one of these stiff moustaches which will not lie flat, +offered cartridges publicly to passers-by. + +In the Rue Saint-Pierre-Montmartre, men with bare arms carried about a +black flag, on which could be read in white letters this inscription: +“Republic or Death!” In the Rue des JeĂ»neurs, Rue du Cadran, Rue +Montorgueil, Rue Mandar, groups appeared waving flags on which could be +distinguished in gold letters, the word _section_ with a number. One of +these flags was red and blue with an almost imperceptible stripe of +white between. + +They pillaged a factory of small-arms on the Boulevard Saint-Martin, +and three armorers’ shops, the first in the Rue Beaubourg, the second +in the Rue Michel-le-Comte, the other in the Rue du Temple. In a few +minutes, the thousand hands of the crowd had seized and carried off two +hundred and thirty guns, nearly all double-barrelled, sixty-four +swords, and eighty-three pistols. In order to provide more arms, one +man took the gun, the other the bayonet. + +Opposite the Quai de la GrĂšve, young men armed with muskets installed +themselves in the houses of some women for the purpose of firing. One +of them had a flint-lock. They rang, entered, and set about making +cartridges. One of these women relates: “I did not know what cartridges +were; it was my husband who told me.” + + +One cluster broke into a curiosity shop in the Rue des +Vieilles-Haudriettes, and seized yataghans and Turkish arms. + +The body of a mason who had been killed by a gun-shot lay in the Rue de +la Perle. + +And then on the right bank, the left bank, on the quays, on the +boulevards, in the Latin country, in the quarter of the Halles, panting +men, artisans, students, members of sections read proclamations and +shouted: “To arms!” broke street lanterns, unharnessed carriages, +unpaved the streets, broke in the doors of houses, uprooted trees, +rummaged cellars, rolled out hogsheads, heaped up paving-stones, rough +slabs, furniture and planks, and made barricades. + +They forced the bourgeois to assist them in this. They entered the +dwellings of women, they forced them to hand over the swords and guns +of their absent husbands, and they wrote on the door, with whiting: +“The arms have been delivered”; some signed “their names” to receipts +for the guns and swords and said: “Send for them to-morrow at the +Mayor’s office.” They disarmed isolated sentinels and National +Guardsmen in the streets on their way to the Townhall. They tore the +epaulets from officers. In the Rue du CimitiĂšre-Saint-Nicholas, an +officer of the National Guard, on being pursued by a crowd armed with +clubs and foils, took refuge with difficulty in a house, whence he was +only able to emerge at nightfall and in disguise. + +In the Quartier Saint-Jacques, the students swarmed out of their hotels +and ascended the Rue Saint-Hyacinthe to the CafĂ© du ProgrĂšss, or +descended to the CafĂ© des Sept-Billards, in the Rue des Mathurins. +There, in front of the door, young men mounted on the stone +corner-posts, distributed arms. They plundered the timber-yard in the +Rue Transnonain in order to obtain material for barricades. On a single +point the inhabitants resisted, at the corner of the Rue Sainte-Avoye +and the Rue Simon-Le-Franc, where they destroyed the barricade with +their own hands. At a single point the insurgents yielded; they +abandoned a barricade begun in the Rue de Temple after having fired on +a detachment of the National Guard, and fled through the Rue de la +Corderie. The detachment picked up in the barricade a red flag, a +package of cartridges, and three hundred pistol-balls. The National +Guardsmen tore up the flag, and carried off its tattered remains on the +points of their bayonets. + +All that we are here relating slowly and successively took place +simultaneously at all points of the city in the midst of a vast tumult, +like a mass of tongues of lightning in one clap of thunder. In less +than an hour, twenty-seven barricades sprang out of the earth in the +quarter of the Halles alone. In the centre was that famous house No. +50, which was the fortress of Jeanne and her six hundred companions, +and which, flanked on the one hand by a barricade at Saint-Merry, and +on the other by a barricade of the Rue MaubuĂ©e, commanded three +streets, the Rue des Arcis, the Rue Saint-Martin, and the Rue +Aubry-le-Boucher, which it faced. The barricades at right angles fell +back, the one of the Rue Montorgueil on the Grande-Truanderie, the +other of the Rue Geoffroy-Langevin on the Rue Sainte-Avoye. Without +reckoning innumerable barricades in twenty other quarters of Paris, in +the Marais, at Mont-Sainte-GeneviĂšve; one in the Rue MĂ©nilmontant, +where was visible a porte-cochĂšre torn from its hinges; another near +the little bridge of the HĂŽtel-Dieu made with an â€œĂ©cossais,” which had +been unharnessed and overthrown, three hundred paces from the +Prefecture of Police. + +At the barricade of the Rue des MĂ©nĂ©triers, a well-dressed man +distributed money to the workmen. At the barricade of the Rue Grenetat, +a horseman made his appearance and handed to the one who seemed to be +the commander of the barricade what had the appearance of a roll of +silver. “Here,” said he, “this is to pay expenses, wine, et cĂŠtera.” A +light-haired young man, without a cravat, went from barricade to +barricade, carrying pass-words. Another, with a naked sword, a blue +police cap on his head, placed sentinels. In the interior, beyond the +barricades, the wine-shops and porters’ lodges were converted into +guard-houses. Otherwise the riot was conducted after the most +scientific military tactics. The narrow, uneven, sinuous streets, full +of angles and turns, were admirably chosen; the neighborhood of the +Halles, in particular, a network of streets more intricate than a +forest. The Society of the Friends of the People had, it was said, +undertaken to direct the insurrection in the Quartier Sainte-Avoye. A +man killed in the Rue du Ponceau who was searched had on his person a +plan of Paris. + +That which had really undertaken the direction of the uprising was a +sort of strange impetuosity which was in the air. The insurrection had +abruptly built barricades with one hand, and with the other seized +nearly all the posts of the garrison. In less than three hours, like a +train of powder catching fire, the insurgents had invaded and occupied, +on the right bank, the Arsenal, the Mayoralty of the Place Royale, the +whole of the Marais, the Popincourt arms manufactory, la Galiote, the +ChĂąteau-d’Eau, and all the streets near the Halles; on the left bank, +the barracks of the Veterans, Sainte-PĂ©lagie, the Place Maubert, the +powder magazine of the Deux-Moulins, and all the barriers. At five +o’clock in the evening, they were masters of the Bastille, of the +Lingerie, of the Blancs-Manteaux; their scouts had reached the Place +des Victoires, and menaced the Bank, the Petits-PĂšres barracks, and the +Post-Office. A third of Paris was in the hands of the rioters. + +The conflict had been begun on a gigantic scale at all points; and, as +a result of the disarming domiciliary visits, and armorers’ shops +hastily invaded, was, that the combat which had begun with the throwing +of stones was continued with gun-shots. + +About six o’clock in the evening, the Passage du Saumon became the +field of battle. The uprising was at one end, the troops were at the +other. They fired from one gate to the other. An observer, a dreamer, +the author of this book, who had gone to get a near view of this +volcano, found himself in the passage between the two fires. All that +he had to protect him from the bullets was the swell of the two +half-columns which separate the shops; he remained in this delicate +situation for nearly half an hour. + +Meanwhile the call to arms was beaten, the National Guard armed in +haste, the legions emerged from the Mayoralities, the regiments from +their barracks. Opposite the passage de l’Ancre a drummer received a +blow from a dagger. Another, in the Rue du Cygne, was assailed by +thirty young men who broke his instrument, and took away his sword. +Another was killed in the Rue Grenier-Saint-Lazare. In the Rue +Michel-le-Comte, three officers fell dead one after the other. Many of +the Municipal Guards, on being wounded, in the Rue des Lombards, +retreated. + +In front of the Cour-Batave, a detachment of National Guards found a +red flag bearing the following inscription: _Republican revolution, No. +127_. Was this a revolution, in fact? + +The insurrection had made of the centre of Paris a sort of +inextricable, tortuous, colossal citadel. + +There was the hearth; there, evidently, was the question. All the rest +was nothing but skirmishes. The proof that all would be decided there +lay in the fact that there was no fighting going on there as yet. + +In some regiments, the soldiers were uncertain, which added to the +fearful uncertainty of the crisis. They recalled the popular ovation +which had greeted the neutrality of the 53d of the Line in July, 1830. +Two intrepid men, tried in great wars, the Marshal Lobau and General +Bugeaud, were in command, Bugeaud under Lobau. Enormous patrols, +composed of battalions of the Line, enclosed in entire companies of the +National Guard, and preceded by a commissary of police wearing his +scarf of office, went to reconnoitre the streets in rebellion. The +insurgents, on their side, placed videttes at the corners of all open +spaces, and audaciously sent their patrols outside the barricades. Each +side was watching the other. The Government, with an army in its hand, +hesitated; the night was almost upon them, and the Saint-Merry tocsin +began to make itself heard. The Minister of War at that time, Marshal +Soult, who had seen Austerlitz, regarded this with a gloomy air. + +These old sailors, accustomed to correct manƓuvres and having as +resource and guide only tactics, that compass of battles, are utterly +disconcerted in the presence of that immense foam which is called +public wrath. + +The National Guards of the suburbs rushed up in haste and disorder. A +battalion of the 12th Light came at a run from Saint-Denis, the 14th of +the Line arrived from Courbevoie, the batteries of the Military School +had taken up their position on the Carrousel; cannons were descending +from Vincennes. + +Solitude was formed around the Tuileries. Louis Philippe was perfectly +serene. + + + + +CHAPTER V—ORIGINALITY OF PARIS + + +During the last two years, as we have said, Paris had witnessed more +than one insurrection. Nothing is, generally, more singularly calm than +the physiognomy of Paris during an uprising beyond the bounds of the +rebellious quarters. Paris very speedily accustoms herself to +anything,—it is only a riot,—and Paris has so many affairs on hand, +that she does not put herself out for so small a matter. These colossal +cities alone can offer such spectacles. These immense enclosures alone +can contain at the same time civil war and an odd and indescribable +tranquillity. Ordinarily, when an insurrection commences, when the +shop-keeper hears the drum, the call to arms, the general alarm, he +contents himself with the remark:— + +“There appears to be a squabble in the Rue Saint-Martin.” + + +Or:— + +“In the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.” + + +Often he adds carelessly:— + +“Or somewhere in that direction.” + + +Later on, when the heart-rending and mournful hubbub of musketry and +firing by platoons becomes audible, the shopkeeper says:— + +“It’s getting hot! Hullo, it’s getting hot!” + + +A moment later, the riot approaches and gains in force, he shuts up his +shop precipitately, hastily dons his uniform, that is to say, he places +his merchandise in safety and risks his own person. + +Men fire in a square, in a passage, in a blind alley; they take and +re-take the barricade; blood flows, the grape-shot riddles the fronts +of the houses, the balls kill people in their beds, corpses encumber +the streets. A few streets away, the shock of billiard-balls can be +heard in the cafĂ©s. + +The theatres open their doors and present vaudevilles; the curious +laugh and chat a couple of paces distant from these streets filled with +war. Hackney-carriages go their way; passers-by are going to a dinner +somewhere in town. Sometimes in the very quarter where the fighting is +going on. + +In 1831, a fusillade was stopped to allow a wedding party to pass. + +At the time of the insurrection of 1839, in the Rue Saint-Martin a +little, infirm old man, pushing a hand-cart surmounted by a tricolored +rag, in which he had carafes filled with some sort of liquid, went and +came from barricade to troops and from troops to the barricade, +offering his glasses of cocoa impartially,—now to the Government, now +to anarchy. + +Nothing can be stranger; and this is the peculiar character of +uprisings in Paris, which cannot be found in any other capital. To this +end, two things are requisite, the size of Paris and its gayety. The +city of Voltaire and Napoleon is necessary. + +On this occasion, however, in the resort to arms of June 5th, 1832, the +great city felt something which was, perhaps, stronger than itself. It +was afraid. + +Closed doors, windows, and shutters were to be seen everywhere, in the +most distant and most “disinterested” quarters. The courageous took to +arms, the poltroons hid. The busy and heedless passer-by disappeared. +Many streets were empty at four o’clock in the morning. + +Alarming details were hawked about, fatal news was disseminated,—that +_they_ were masters of the Bank;—that there were six hundred of them in +the Cloister of Saint-Merry alone, entrenched and embattled in the +church; that the line was not to be depended on; that Armand Carrel had +been to see Marshal Clausel and that the Marshal had said: “Get a +regiment first”; that Lafayette was ill, but that he had said to them, +nevertheless: “I am with you. I will follow you wherever there is room +for a chair”; that one must be on one’s guard; that at night there +would be people pillaging isolated dwellings in the deserted corners of +Paris (there the imagination of the police, that Anne Radcliffe mixed +up with the Government was recognizable); that a battery had been +established in the Rue Aubry le Boucher; that Lobau and Bugeaud were +putting their heads together, and that, at midnight, or at daybreak at +latest, four columns would march simultaneously on the centre of the +uprising, the first coming from the Bastille, the second from the Porte +Saint-Martin, the third from the GrĂšve, the fourth from the Halles; +that perhaps, also, the troops would evacuate Paris and withdraw to the +Champ-de-Mars; that no one knew what would happen, but that this time, +it certainly was serious. + +People busied themselves over Marshal Soult’s hesitations. Why did not +he attack at once? It is certain that he was profoundly absorbed. The +old lion seemed to scent an unknown monster in that gloom. + +Evening came, the theatres did not open; the patrols circulated with an +air of irritation; passers-by were searched; suspicious persons were +arrested. By nine o’clock, more than eight hundred persons had been +arrested, the Prefecture of Police was encumbered with them, so was the +Conciergerie, so was La Force. + +At the Conciergerie in particular, the long vault which is called the +Rue de Paris was littered with trusses of straw upon which lay a heap +of prisoners, whom the man of Lyons, Lagrange, harangued valiantly. All +that straw rustled by all these men, produced the sound of a heavy +shower. Elsewhere prisoners slept in the open air in the meadows, piled +on top of each other. + +Anxiety reigned everywhere, and a certain tremor which was not habitual +with Paris. + +People barricaded themselves in their houses; wives and mothers were +uneasy; nothing was to be heard but this: “Ah! my God! He has not come +home!” There was hardly even the distant rumble of a vehicle to be +heard. + +People listened on their thresholds, to the rumors, the shouts, the +tumult, the dull and indistinct sounds, to the things that were said: +“It is cavalry,” or: “Those are the caissons galloping,” to the +trumpets, the drums, the firing, and, above all, to that lamentable +alarm peal from Saint-Merry. + +They waited for the first cannon-shot. Men sprang up at the corners of +the streets and disappeared, shouting: “Go home!” And people made haste +to bolt their doors. They said: “How will all this end?” From moment to +moment, in proportion as the darkness descended, Paris seemed to take +on a more mournful hue from the formidable flaming of the revolt. + + + + +BOOK ELEVENTH—THE ATOM FRATERNIZES WITH THE HURRICANE + + + + +CHAPTER I—SOME EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF GAVROCHE’S +POETRY. THE INFLUENCE OF AN ACADEMICIAN ON THIS POETRY + + +At the instant when the insurrection, arising from the shock of the +populace and the military in front of the Arsenal, started a movement +in advance and towards the rear in the multitude which was following +the hearse and which, through the whole length of the boulevards, +weighed, so to speak, on the head of the procession, there arose a +frightful ebb. The rout was shaken, their ranks were broken, all ran, +fled, made their escape, some with shouts of attack, others with the +pallor of flight. The great river which covered the boulevards divided +in a twinkling, overflowed to right and left, and spread in torrents +over two hundred streets at once with the roar of a sewer that has +broken loose. + +At that moment, a ragged child who was coming down through the Rue +MĂ©nilmontant, holding in his hand a branch of blossoming laburnum which +he had just plucked on the heights of Belleville, caught sight of an +old holster-pistol in the show-window of a bric-Ă -brac merchant’s shop. + +“Mother What’s-your-name, I’m going to borrow your machine.” + + +And off he ran with the pistol. + +Two minutes later, a flood of frightened bourgeois who were fleeing +through the Rue Amelot and the Rue Basse, encountered the lad +brandishing his pistol and singing:— + +La nuit on ne voit rien, +Le jour on voit trĂšs bien, +D’un Ă©crit apocryphe +Le bourgeois s’ébouriffe, +Pratiquez la vertu, +Tutu, chapeau pointu!44 + + +It was little Gavroche on his way to the wars. + +On the boulevard he noticed that the pistol had no trigger. + +Who was the author of that couplet which served to punctuate his march, +and of all the other songs which he was fond of singing on occasion? We +know not. Who does know? Himself, perhaps. However, Gavroche was well +up in all the popular tunes in circulation, and he mingled with them +his own chirpings. An observing urchin and a rogue, he made a potpourri +of the voices of nature and the voices of Paris. He combined the +repertory of the birds with the repertory of the workshops. He was +acquainted with thieves, a tribe contiguous to his own. He had, it +appears, been for three months apprenticed to a printer. He had one day +executed a commission for M. Baour-Lormian, one of the Forty. Gavroche +was a gamin of letters. + +Moreover, Gavroche had no suspicion of the fact that when he had +offered the hospitality of his elephant to two brats on that +villainously rainy night, it was to his own brothers that he had played +the part of Providence. His brothers in the evening, his father in the +morning; that is what his night had been like. On quitting the Rue des +Ballets at daybreak, he had returned in haste to the elephant, had +artistically extracted from it the two brats, had shared with them some +sort of breakfast which he had invented, and had then gone away, +confiding them to that good mother, the street, who had brought him up, +almost entirely. On leaving them, he had appointed to meet them at the +same spot in the evening, and had left them this discourse by way of a +farewell: “I break a cane, otherwise expressed, I cut my stick, or, as +they say at the court, I file off. If you don’t find papa and mamma, +young ’uns, come back here this evening. I’ll scramble you up some +supper, and I’ll give you a shakedown.” The two children, picked up by +some policeman and placed in the refuge, or stolen by some mountebank, +or having simply strayed off in that immense Chinese puzzle of a Paris, +did not return. The lowest depths of the actual social world are full +of these lost traces. Gavroche did not see them again. Ten or twelve +weeks had elapsed since that night. More than once he had scratched the +back of his head and said: “Where the devil are my two children?” + + +In the meantime, he had arrived, pistol in hand, in the Rue du +Pont-aux-Choux. He noticed that there was but one shop open in that +street, and, a matter worthy of reflection, that was a pastry-cook’s +shop. This presented a providential occasion to eat another +apple-turnover before entering the unknown. Gavroche halted, fumbled in +his fob, turned his pocket inside out, found nothing, not even a sou, +and began to shout: “Help!” + + +It is hard to miss the last cake. + +Nevertheless, Gavroche pursued his way. + +Two minutes later he was in the Rue Saint-Louis. While traversing the +Rue du Parc-Royal, he felt called upon to make good the loss of the +apple-turnover which had been impossible, and he indulged himself in +the immense delight of tearing down the theatre posters in broad +daylight. + +A little further on, on catching sight of a group of +comfortable-looking persons, who seemed to be landed proprietors, he +shrugged his shoulders and spit out at random before him this mouthful +of philosophical bile as they passed: + +“How fat those moneyed men are! They’re drunk! They just wallow in good +dinners. Ask ’em what they do with their money. They don’t know. They +eat it, that’s what they do! As much as their bellies will hold.” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—GAVROCHE ON THE MARCH + + +The brandishing of a triggerless pistol, grasped in one’s hand in the +open street, is so much of a public function that Gavroche felt his +fervor increasing with every moment. Amid the scraps of the +Marseillaise which he was singing, he shouted:— + +“All goes well. I suffer a great deal in my left paw, I’m all broken up +with rheumatism, but I’m satisfied, citizens. All that the bourgeois +have to do is to bear themselves well, I’ll sneeze them out subversive +couplets. What are the police spies? Dogs. And I’d just like to have +one of them at the end of my pistol. I’m just from the boulevard, my +friends. It’s getting hot there, it’s getting into a little boil, it’s +simmering. It’s time to skim the pot. Forward march, men! Let an impure +blood inundate the furrows! I give my days to my country, I shall never +see my concubine more, Nini, finished, yes, Nini? But never mind! Long +live joy! Let’s fight, crebleu! I’ve had enough of despotism.” + + +At that moment, the horse of a lancer of the National Guard having +fallen, Gavroche laid his pistol on the pavement, and picked up the +man, then he assisted in raising the horse. After which he picked up +his pistol and resumed his way. In the Rue de Thorigny, all was peace +and silence. This apathy, peculiar to the Marais, presented a contrast +with the vast surrounding uproar. Four gossips were chatting in a +doorway. + +Scotland has trios of witches, Paris has quartettes of old gossiping +hags; and the “Thou shalt be King” could be quite as mournfully hurled +at Bonaparte in the Carrefour Baudoyer as at Macbeth on the heath of +Armuyr. The croak would be almost identical. + +The gossips of the Rue de Thorigny busied themselves only with their +own concerns. Three of them were portresses, and the fourth was a +rag-picker with her basket on her back. + +All four of them seemed to be standing at the four corners of old age, +which are decrepitude, decay, ruin, and sadness. + +The rag-picker was humble. In this open-air society, it is the +rag-picker who salutes and the portress who patronizes. This is caused +by the corner for refuse, which is fat or lean, according to the will +of the portresses, and after the fancy of the one who makes the heap. +There may be kindness in the broom. + +This rag-picker was a grateful creature, and she smiled, with what a +smile! on the three portresses. Things of this nature were said:— + +“Ah, by the way, is your cat still cross?” + + +“Good gracious, cats are naturally the enemies of dogs, you know. It’s +the dogs who complain.” + + +“And people also.” + + +“But the fleas from a cat don’t go after people.” + + +“That’s not the trouble, dogs are dangerous. I remember one year when +there were so many dogs that it was necessary to put it in the +newspapers. That was at the time when there were at the Tuileries great +sheep that drew the little carriage of the King of Rome. Do you +remember the King of Rome?” + + +“I liked the Duc de Bordeau better.” + + +“I knew Louis XVIII. I prefer Louis XVIII.” + + +“Meat is awfully dear, isn’t it, Mother Patagon?” + + +“Ah! don’t mention it, the butcher’s shop is a horror. A horrible +horror—one can’t afford anything but the poor cuts nowadays.” + + +Here the rag-picker interposed:— + +“Ladies, business is dull. The refuse heaps are miserable. No one +throws anything away any more. They eat everything.” + + +“There are poorer people than you, la VargoulĂȘme.” + + +“Ah, that’s true,” replied the rag-picker, with deference, “I have a +profession.” + + +A pause succeeded, and the rag-picker, yielding to that necessity for +boasting which lies at the bottom of man, added:— + +“In the morning, on my return home, I pick over my basket, I sort my +things. This makes heaps in my room. I put the rags in a basket, the +cores and stalks in a bucket, the linen in my cupboard, the woollen +stuff in my commode, the old papers in the corner of the window, the +things that are good to eat in my bowl, the bits of glass in my +fireplace, the old shoes behind my door, and the bones under my bed.” + + +Gavroche had stopped behind her and was listening. + +“Old ladies,” said he, “what do you mean by talking politics?” + + +He was assailed by a broadside, composed of a quadruple howl. + +“Here’s another rascal.” + + +“What’s that he’s got in his paddle? A pistol?” + + +“Well, I’d like to know what sort of a beggar’s brat this is?” + + +“That sort of animal is never easy unless he’s overturning the +authorities.” + + +Gavroche disdainfully contented himself, by way of reprisal, with +elevating the tip of his nose with his thumb and opening his hand wide. + +The rag-picker cried:— + +“You malicious, bare-pawed little wretch!” + + +The one who answered to the name of Patagon clapped her hands together +in horror. + +“There’s going to be evil doings, that’s certain. The errand-boy next +door has a little pointed beard, I have seen him pass every day with a +young person in a pink bonnet on his arm; to-day I saw him pass, and he +had a gun on his arm. Mame Bacheux says, that last week there was a +revolution at—at—at—where’s the calf!—at Pontoise. And then, there you +see him, that horrid scamp, with his pistol! It seems that the +CĂ©lestins are full of pistols. What do you suppose the Government can +do with good-for-nothings who don’t know how to do anything but +contrive ways of upsetting the world, when we had just begun to get a +little quiet after all the misfortunes that have happened, good Lord! +to that poor queen whom I saw pass in the tumbril! And all this is +going to make tobacco dearer. It’s infamous! And I shall certainly go +to see him beheaded on the guillotine, the wretch!” + + +“You’ve got the sniffles, old lady,” said Gavroche. “Blow your +promontory.” + + +And he passed on. When he was in the Rue PavĂ©e, the rag-picker occurred +to his mind, and he indulged in this soliloquy:— + +“You’re in the wrong to insult the revolutionists, Mother +Dust-Heap-Corner. This pistol is in your interests. It’s so that you +may have more good things to eat in your basket.” + + +All at once, he heard a shout behind him; it was the portress Patagon +who had followed him, and who was shaking her fist at him in the +distance and crying:— + +“You’re nothing but a bastard.” + + +“Oh! Come now,” said Gavroche, “I don’t care a brass farthing for +that!” + + +Shortly afterwards, he passed the Hotel Lamoignon. There he uttered +this appeal:— + +“Forward march to the battle!” + + +And he was seized with a fit of melancholy. He gazed at his pistol with +an air of reproach which seemed an attempt to appease it:— + +“I’m going off,” said he, “but you won’t go off!” + + +One dog may distract the attention from another dog.45 A very gaunt +poodle came along at the moment. Gavroche felt compassion for him. + +“My poor doggy,” said he, “you must have gone and swallowed a cask, for +all the hoops are visible.” + + +Then he directed his course towards l’Orme-Saint-Gervais. + + + + +CHAPTER III—JUST INDIGNATION OF A HAIR-DRESSER + + +The worthy hair-dresser who had chased from his shop the two little +fellows to whom Gavroche had opened the paternal interior of the +elephant was at that moment in his shop engaged in shaving an old +soldier of the legion who had served under the Empire. They were +talking. The hair-dresser had, naturally, spoken to the veteran of the +riot, then of General Lamarque, and from Lamarque they had passed to +the Emperor. Thence sprang up a conversation between barber and soldier +which Prudhomme, had he been present, would have enriched with +arabesques, and which he would have entitled: “Dialogue between the +razor and the sword.” + + +“How did the Emperor ride, sir?” said the barber. + +“Badly. He did not know how to fall—so he never fell.” + + +“Did he have fine horses? He must have had fine horses!” + + +“On the day when he gave me my cross, I noticed his beast. It was a +racing mare, perfectly white. Her ears were very wide apart, her saddle +deep, a fine head marked with a black star, a very long neck, strongly +articulated knees, prominent ribs, oblique shoulders and a powerful +crupper. A little more than fifteen hands in height.” + + +“A pretty horse,” remarked the hair-dresser. + +“It was His Majesty’s beast.” + + +The hair-dresser felt, that after this observation, a short silence +would be fitting, so he conformed himself to it, and then went on:— + +“The Emperor was never wounded but once, was he, sir?” + + +The old soldier replied with the calm and sovereign tone of a man who +had been there:— + +“In the heel. At Ratisbon. I never saw him so well dressed as on that +day. He was as neat as a new sou.” + + +“And you, Mr. Veteran, you must have been often wounded?” + + +“I?” said the soldier, “ah! not to amount to anything. At Marengo, I +received two sabre-blows on the back of my neck, a bullet in the right +arm at Austerlitz, another in the left hip at Jena. At Friedland, a +thrust from a bayonet, there,—at the Moskowa seven or eight +lance-thrusts, no matter where, at Lutzen a splinter of a shell crushed +one of my fingers. Ah! and then at Waterloo, a ball from a biscaĂŻen in +the thigh, that’s all.” + + +“How fine that is!” exclaimed the hair-dresser, in Pindaric accents, +“to die on the field of battle! On my word of honor, rather than die in +bed, of an illness, slowly, a bit by bit each day, with drugs, +cataplasms, syringes, medicines, I should prefer to receive a +cannon-ball in my belly!” + + +“You’re not over fastidious,” said the soldier. + +He had hardly spoken when a fearful crash shook the shop. The +show-window had suddenly been fractured. + +The wig-maker turned pale. + +“Ah, good God!” he exclaimed, “it’s one of them!” + + +“What?” + + +“A cannon-ball.” + + +“Here it is,” said the soldier. + +And he picked up something that was rolling about the floor. It was a +pebble. + +The hair-dresser ran to the broken window and beheld Gavroche fleeing +at the full speed, towards the MarchĂ© Saint-Jean. As he passed the +hair-dresser’s shop Gavroche, who had the two brats still in his mind, +had not been able to resist the impulse to say good day to him, and had +flung a stone through his panes. + +“You see!” shrieked the hair-dresser, who from white had turned blue, +“that fellow returns and does mischief for the pure pleasure of it. +What has any one done to that gamin?” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE CHILD IS AMAZED AT THE OLD MAN + + +In the meantime, in the MarchĂ© Saint-Jean, where the post had already +been disarmed, Gavroche had just “effected a junction” with a band led +by Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Combeferre, and Feuilly. They were armed after +a fashion. Bahorel and Jean Prouvaire had found them and swelled the +group. Enjolras had a double-barrelled hunting-gun, Combeferre the gun +of a National Guard bearing the number of his legion, and in his belt, +two pistols which his unbuttoned coat allowed to be seen, Jean +Prouvaire an old cavalry musket, Bahorel a rifle; Courfeyrac was +brandishing an unsheathed sword-cane. Feuilly, with a naked sword in +his hand, marched at their head shouting: “Long live Poland!” + + +They reached the Quai Morland. Cravatless, hatless, breathless, soaked +by the rain, with lightning in their eyes. Gavroche accosted them +calmly:— + +“Where are we going?” + + +“Come along,” said Courfeyrac. + +Behind Feuilly marched, or rather bounded, Bahorel, who was like a fish +in water in a riot. He wore a scarlet waistcoat, and indulged in the +sort of words which break everything. His waistcoat astounded a +passer-by, who cried in bewilderment:— + +“Here are the reds!” + + +“The reds, the reds!” retorted Bahorel. “A queer kind of fear, +bourgeois. For my part I don’t tremble before a poppy, the little red +hat inspires me with no alarm. Take my advice, bourgeois, let’s leave +fear of the red to horned cattle.” + + +He caught sight of a corner of the wall on which was placarded the most +peaceable sheet of paper in the world, a permission to eat eggs, a +Lenten admonition addressed by the Archbishop of Paris to his “flock.” + + +Bahorel exclaimed:— + +“‘Flock’; a polite way of saying geese.” + + +And he tore the charge from the nail. This conquered Gavroche. From +that instant Gavroche set himself to study Bahorel. + +“Bahorel,” observed Enjolras, “you are wrong. You should have let that +charge alone, he is not the person with whom we have to deal, you are +wasting your wrath to no purpose. Take care of your supply. One does +not fire out of the ranks with the soul any more than with a gun.” + + +“Each one in his own fashion, Enjolras,” retorted Bahorel. “This +bishop’s prose shocks me; I want to eat eggs without being permitted. +Your style is the hot and cold; I am amusing myself. Besides, I’m not +wasting myself, I’m getting a start; and if I tore down that charge, +Hercle! ’twas only to whet my appetite.” + + +This word, _Hercle_, struck Gavroche. He sought all occasions for +learning, and that tearer-down of posters possessed his esteem. He +inquired of him:— + +“What does _Hercle_ mean?” + + +Bahorel answered:— + +“It means cursed name of a dog, in Latin.” + + +Here Bahorel recognized at a window a pale young man with a black beard +who was watching them as they passed, probably a Friend of the A B C. +He shouted to him:— + +“Quick, cartridges, _para bellum_.” + + +“A fine man! that’s true,” said Gavroche, who now understood Latin. + +A tumultuous retinue accompanied them,—students, artists, young men +affiliated to the Cougourde of Aix, artisans, longshoremen, armed with +clubs and bayonets; some, like Combeferre, with pistols thrust into +their trousers. + +An old man, who appeared to be extremely aged, was walking in the band. + +He had no arms, and he made great haste, so that he might not be left +behind, although he had a thoughtful air. + +Gavroche caught sight of him:— + +“Keksekça?” said he to Courfeyrac. + +“He’s an old duffer.” + + +It was M. Mabeuf. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE OLD MAN + + +Let us recount what had taken place. + +Enjolras and his friends had been on the Boulevard Bourdon, near the +public storehouses, at the moment when the dragoons had made their +charge. Enjolras, Courfeyrac, and Combeferre were among those who had +taken to the Rue Bassompierre, shouting: “To the barricades!” In the +Rue LesdiguiĂšres they had met an old man walking along. What had +attracted their attention was that the goodman was walking in a +zig-zag, as though he were intoxicated. Moreover, he had his hat in his +hand, although it had been raining all the morning, and was raining +pretty briskly at the very time. Courfeyrac had recognized Father +Mabeuf. He knew him through having many times accompanied Marius as far +as his door. As he was acquainted with the peaceful and more than timid +habits of the old beadle-book-collector, and was amazed at the sight of +him in the midst of that uproar, a couple of paces from the cavalry +charges, almost in the midst of a fusillade, hatless in the rain, and +strolling about among the bullets, he had accosted him, and the +following dialogue had been exchanged between the rioter of fire and +the octogenarian:— + +“M. Mabeuf, go to your home.” + + +“Why?” + + +“There’s going to be a row.” + + +“That’s well.” + + +“Thrusts with the sword and firing, M. Mabeuf.” + + +“That is well.” + + +“Firing from cannon.” + + +“That is good. Where are the rest of you going?” + + +“We are going to fling the government to the earth.” + + +“That is good.” + + +And he had set out to follow them. From that moment forth he had not +uttered a word. His step had suddenly become firm; artisans had offered +him their arms; he had refused with a sign of the head. He advanced +nearly to the front rank of the column, with the movement of a man who +is marching and the countenance of a man who is sleeping. + +“What a fierce old fellow!” muttered the students. The rumor spread +through the troop that he was a former member of the Convention,—an old +regicide. The mob had turned in through the Rue de la Verrerie. + +Little Gavroche marched in front with that deafening song which made of +him a sort of trumpet. + +He sang: + +“Voici la lune qui paraĂźt, +Quand irons-nous dans la forĂȘt? +Demandait Charlot Ă  Charlotte. + +Tou tou tou +Pour Chatou. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“Pour avoir bu de grand matin +La rosĂ©e Ă  mĂȘme le thym, +Deux moineaux Ă©taient en ribotte. + +Zi zi zi +Pour Passy. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“Et ces deux pauvres petits loups, +Comme deux grives Ă©taient soĂ»ls; +Un tigre en riait dans sa grotte. + +Don don don +Pour Meudon. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte. + +“L’un jurait et l’autre sacrait. +Quand irons nous dans la forĂȘt? +Demandait Charlot Ă  Charlotte. + +Tin tin tin +Pour Pantin. +Je n’ai qu’un Dieu, qu’un roi, qu’un liard, et qu’une botte.”46 + + +They directed their course towards Saint-Merry. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—RECRUITS + + +The band augmented every moment. Near the Rue des Billettes, a man of +lofty stature, whose hair was turning gray, and whose bold and daring +mien was remarked by Courfeyrac, Enjolras, and Combeferre, but whom +none of them knew, joined them. Gavroche, who was occupied in singing, +whistling, humming, running on ahead and pounding on the shutters of +the shops with the butt of his triggerless pistol; paid no attention to +this man. + +It chanced that in the Rue de la Verrerie, they passed in front of +Courfeyrac’s door. + +“This happens just right,” said Courfeyrac, “I have forgotten my purse, +and I have lost my hat.” + + +He quitted the mob and ran up to his quarters at full speed. He seized +an old hat and his purse. + +He also seized a large square coffer, of the dimensions of a large +valise, which was concealed under his soiled linen. + +As he descended again at a run, the portress hailed him:— + +“Monsieur de Courfeyrac!” + + +“What’s your name, portress?” + + +The portress stood bewildered. + +“Why, you know perfectly well, I’m the concierge; my name is Mother +Veuvain.” + + +“Well, if you call me Monsieur de Courfeyrac again, I shall call you +Mother de Veuvain. Now speak, what’s the matter? What do you want?” + + +“There is some one who wants to speak with you.” + + +“Who is it?” + + +“I don’t know.” + + +“Where is he?” + + +“In my lodge.” + + +“The devil!” ejaculated Courfeyrac. + +“But the person has been waiting your return for over an hour,” said +the portress. + +At the same time, a sort of pale, thin, small, freckled, and youthful +artisan, clad in a tattered blouse and patched trousers of ribbed +velvet, and who had rather the air of a girl accoutred as a man than of +a man, emerged from the lodge and said to Courfeyrac in a voice which +was not the least in the world like a woman’s voice:— + +“Monsieur Marius, if you please.” + + +“He is not here.” + + +“Will he return this evening?” + + +“I know nothing about it.” + + +And Courfeyrac added:— + +“For my part, I shall not return.” + + +The young man gazed steadily at him and said:— + +“Why not?” + + +“Because.” + + +“Where are you going, then?” + + +“What business is that of yours?” + + +“Would you like to have me carry your coffer for you?” + + +“I am going to the barricades.” + + +“Would you like to have me go with you?” + + +“If you like!” replied Courfeyrac. “The street is free, the pavements +belong to every one.” + + +And he made his escape at a run to join his friends. When he had +rejoined them, he gave the coffer to one of them to carry. It was only +a quarter of an hour after this that he saw the young man, who had +actually followed them. + +A mob does not go precisely where it intends. We have explained that a +gust of wind carries it away. They overshot Saint-Merry and found +themselves, without precisely knowing how, in the Rue Saint-Denis. + + + + +BOOK TWELFTH—CORINTHE + + + + +CHAPTER I—HISTORY OF CORINTHE FROM ITS FOUNDATION + + +The Parisians who nowadays on entering on the Rue Rambuteau at the end +near the Halles, notice on their right, opposite the Rue MondĂ©tour, a +basket-maker’s shop having for its sign a basket in the form of +Napoleon the Great with this inscription:— + +NAPOLEON IS MADE +WHOLLY OF WILLOW, + + +have no suspicion of the terrible scenes which this very spot witnessed +hardly thirty years ago. + +It was there that lay the Rue de la Chanvrerie, which ancient deeds +spell Chanverrerie, and the celebrated public-house called _Corinthe_. + +The reader will remember all that has been said about the barricade +effected at this point, and eclipsed, by the way, by the barricade +Saint-Merry. It was on this famous barricade of the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, now fallen into profound obscurity, that we are about to +shed a little light. + +May we be permitted to recur, for the sake of clearness in the recital, +to the simple means which we have already employed in the case of +Waterloo. Persons who wish to picture to themselves in a tolerably +exact manner the constitution of the houses which stood at that epoch +near the Pointe Saint-Eustache, at the northeast angle of the Halles of +Paris, where to-day lies the embouchure of the Rue Rambuteau, have only +to imagine an N touching the Rue Saint-Denis with its summit and the +Halles with its base, and whose two vertical bars should form the Rue +de la Grande-Truanderie, and the Rue de la Chanvrerie, and whose +transverse bar should be formed by the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie. The +old Rue MondĂ©tour cut the three strokes of the N at the most crooked +angles. So that the labyrinthine confusion of these four streets +sufficed to form, on a space three fathoms square, between the Halles +and the Rue Saint-Denis on the one hand, and between the Rue du Cygne +and the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs on the other, seven islands of houses, oddly +cut up, of varying sizes, placed crosswise and hap-hazard, and barely +separated, like the blocks of stone in a dock, by narrow crannies. + +We say narrow crannies, and we can give no more just idea of those +dark, contracted, many-angled alleys, lined with eight-story buildings. +These buildings were so decrepit that, in the Rue de la Chanvrerie and +the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie, the fronts were shored up with beams +running from one house to another. The street was narrow and the gutter +broad, the pedestrian there walked on a pavement that was always wet, +skirting little stalls resembling cellars, big posts encircled with +iron hoops, excessive heaps of refuse, and gates armed with enormous, +century-old gratings. The Rue Rambuteau has devastated all that. + +The name of MondĂ©tour paints marvellously well the sinuosities of that +whole set of streets. A little further on, they are found still better +expressed by the _Rue Pirouette_, which ran into the Rue MondĂ©tour. + +The passer-by who got entangled from the Rue Saint-Denis in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie beheld it gradually close in before him as though he had +entered an elongated funnel. At the end of this street, which was very +short, he found further passage barred in the direction of the Halles +by a tall row of houses, and he would have thought himself in a blind +alley, had he not perceived on the right and left two dark cuts through +which he could make his escape. This was the Rue MondĂ©tour, which on +one side ran into the Rue de PrĂȘcheurs, and on the other into the Rue +du Cygne and the Petite-Truanderie. At the bottom of this sort of +cul-de-sac, at the angle of the cutting on the right, there was to be +seen a house which was not so tall as the rest, and which formed a sort +of cape in the street. It is in this house, of two stories only, that +an illustrious wine-shop had been merrily installed three hundred years +before. This tavern created a joyous noise in the very spot which old +Theophilus described in the following couplet:— + +LĂ  branle le squelette horrible +D’un pauvre amant qui se pendit.47 + + +The situation was good, and tavern-keepers succeeded each other there, +from father to son. + +In the time of Mathurin Regnier, this cabaret was called the +_Pot-aux-Roses_, and as the rebus was then in fashion, it had for its +sign-board, a post (_poteau_) painted rose-color. In the last century, +the worthy Natoire, one of the fantastic masters nowadays despised by +the stiff school, having got drunk many times in this wine-shop at the +very table where Regnier had drunk his fill, had painted, by way of +gratitude, a bunch of Corinth grapes on the pink post. The keeper of +the cabaret, in his joy, had changed his device and had caused to be +placed in gilt letters beneath the bunch these words: “At the Bunch of +Corinth Grapes” (_“Au Raisin de Corinthe”_). Hence the name of +Corinthe. Nothing is more natural to drunken men than ellipses. The +ellipsis is the zig-zag of the phrase. Corinthe gradually dethroned the +Pot-aux-Roses. The last proprietor of the dynasty, Father Hucheloup, no +longer acquainted even with the tradition, had the post painted blue. + +A room on the ground floor, where the bar was situated, one on the +first floor containing a billiard-table, a wooden spiral staircase +piercing the ceiling, wine on the tables, smoke on the walls, candles +in broad daylight,—this was the style of this cabaret. A staircase with +a trap-door in the lower room led to the cellar. On the second floor +were the lodgings of the Hucheloup family. They were reached by a +staircase which was a ladder rather than a staircase, and had for their +entrance only a private door in the large room on the first floor. +Under the roof, in two mansard attics, were the nests for the servants. +The kitchen shared the ground floor with the tap-room. + +Father Hucheloup had, possibly, been born a chemist, but the fact is +that he was a cook; people did not confine themselves to drinking alone +in his wine-shop, they also ate there. Hucheloup had invented a capital +thing which could be eaten nowhere but in his house, stuffed carps, +which he called _carpes au gras_. These were eaten by the light of a +tallow candle or of a lamp of the time of Louis XVI., on tables to +which were nailed waxed cloths in lieu of table-cloths. People came +thither from a distance. Hucheloup, one fine morning, had seen fit to +notify passers-by of this “specialty”; he had dipped a brush in a pot +of black paint, and as he was an orthographer on his own account, as +well as a cook after his own fashion, he had improvised on his wall +this remarkable inscription:— + +CARPES HO GRAS. + +One winter, the rain-storms and the showers had taken a fancy to +obliterate the S which terminated the first word, and the G which began +the third; this is what remained:— + +CARPE HO RAS. + +Time and rain assisting, a humble gastronomical announcement had become +a profound piece of advice. + +In this way it came about, that though he knew no French, Father +Hucheloup understood Latin, that he had evoked philosophy from his +kitchen, and that, desirous simply of effacing Lent, he had equalled +Horace. And the striking thing about it was, that that also meant: +“Enter my wine-shop.” + + +Nothing of all this is in existence now. The MondĂ©tour labyrinth was +disembowelled and widely opened in 1847, and probably no longer exists +at the present moment. The Rue de la Chanvrerie and Corinthe have +disappeared beneath the pavement of the Rue Rambuteau. + +As we have already said, Corinthe was the meeting-place if not the +rallying-point, of Courfeyrac and his friends. It was Grantaire who had +discovered Corinthe. He had entered it on account of the _Carpe horas_, +and had returned thither on account of the _Carpes au gras_. There they +drank, there they ate, there they shouted; they did not pay much, they +paid badly, they did not pay at all, but they were always welcome. +Father Hucheloup was a jovial host. + +Hucheloup, that amiable man, as was just said, was a wine-shop-keeper +with a moustache; an amusing variety. He always had an ill-tempered +air, seemed to wish to intimidate his customers, grumbled at the people +who entered his establishment, and had rather the mien of seeking a +quarrel with them than of serving them with soup. And yet, we insist +upon the word, people were always welcome there. This oddity had +attracted customers to his shop, and brought him young men, who said to +each other: “Come hear Father Hucheloup growl.” He had been a +fencing-master. All of a sudden, he would burst out laughing. A big +voice, a good fellow. He had a comic foundation under a tragic +exterior, he asked nothing better than to frighten you, very much like +those snuff-boxes which are in the shape of a pistol. The detonation +makes one sneeze. + +Mother Hucheloup, his wife, was a bearded and a very homely creature. + +About 1830, Father Hucheloup died. With him disappeared the secret of +stuffed carps. His inconsolable widow continued to keep the wine-shop. +But the cooking deteriorated, and became execrable; the wine, which had +always been bad, became fearfully bad. Nevertheless, Courfeyrac and his +friends continued to go to Corinthe,—out of pity, as Bossuet said. + +The Widow Hucheloup was breathless and misshapen and given to rustic +recollections. She deprived them of their flatness by her +pronunciation. She had a way of her own of saying things, which spiced +her reminiscences of the village and of her springtime. It had formerly +been her delight, so she affirmed, to hear the _loups-de-gorge_ +(_rouges-gorges_) _chanter dans les ogrepines_ (_aubĂ©pines_)—to hear +the redbreasts sing in the hawthorn-trees. + +The hall on the first floor, where “the restaurant” was situated, was a +large and long apartment encumbered with stools, chairs, benches, and +tables, and with a crippled, lame, old billiard-table. It was reached +by a spiral staircase which terminated in the corner of the room at a +square hole like the hatchway of a ship. + +This room, lighted by a single narrow window, and by a lamp that was +always burning, had the air of a garret. All the four-footed furniture +comported itself as though it had but three legs—the whitewashed walls +had for their only ornament the following quatrain in honor of Mame +Hucheloup:— + +Elle Ă©tonne Ă  dix pas, elle Ă©pouvente Ă  deux, +Une verrue habite en son nez hasardeux; +On tremble Ă  chaque instant qu’elle ne vous la mouche +Et qu’un beau jour son nez ne tombe dans sa bouche.48 + + +This was scrawled in charcoal on the wall. + +Mame Hucheloup, a good likeness, went and came from morning till night +before this quatrain with the most perfect tranquillity. Two +serving-maids, named Matelote and Gibelotte,49 and who had never been +known by any other names, helped Mame Hucheloup to set on the tables +the jugs of poor wine, and the various broths which were served to the +hungry patrons in earthenware bowls. Matelote, large, plump, redhaired, +and noisy, the favorite ex-sultana of the defunct Hucheloup, was +homelier than any mythological monster, be it what it may; still, as it +becomes the servant to always keep in the rear of the mistress, she was +less homely than Mame Hucheloup. Gibelotte, tall, delicate, white with +a lymphatic pallor, with circles round her eyes, and drooping lids, +always languid and weary, afflicted with what may be called chronic +lassitude, the first up in the house and the last in bed, waited on +every one, even the other maid, silently and gently, smiling through +her fatigue with a vague and sleepy smile. + +Before entering the restaurant room, the visitor read on the door the +following line written there in chalk by Courfeyrac:— + +RĂ©gale si tu peux et mange si tu l’oses.50 + + + +CHAPTER II—PRELIMINARY GAYETIES + + +Laigle de Meaux, as the reader knows, lived more with Joly than +elsewhere. He had a lodging, as a bird has one on a branch. The two +friends lived together, ate together, slept together. They had +everything in common, even Musichetta, to some extent. They were, what +the subordinate monks who accompany monks are called, _bini_. On the +morning of the 5th of June, they went to Corinthe to breakfast. Joly, +who was all stuffed up, had a catarrh which Laigle was beginning to +share. Laigle’s coat was threadbare, but Joly was well dressed. + +It was about nine o’clock in the morning, when they opened the door of +Corinthe. + +They ascended to the first floor. + +Matelote and Gibelotte received them. + +“Oysters, cheese, and ham,” said Laigle. + +And they seated themselves at a table. + +The wine-shop was empty; there was no one there but themselves. + +Gibelotte, knowing Joly and Laigle, set a bottle of wine on the table. + +While they were busy with their first oysters, a head appeared at the +hatchway of the staircase, and a voice said:— + +“I am passing by. I smell from the street a delicious odor of Brie +cheese. I enter.” It was Grantaire. + +Grantaire took a stool and drew up to the table. + +At the sight of Grantaire, Gibelotte placed two bottles of wine on the +table. + +That made three. + +“Are you going to drink those two bottles?” Laigle inquired of +Grantaire. + +Grantaire replied:— + +“All are ingenious, thou alone art ingenuous. Two bottles never yet +astonished a man.” + + +The others had begun by eating, Grantaire began by drinking. Half a +bottle was rapidly gulped down. + +“So you have a hole in your stomach?” began Laigle again. + +“You have one in your elbow,” said Grantaire. + +And after having emptied his glass, he added:— + +“Ah, by the way, Laigle of the funeral oration, your coat is old.” + + +“I should hope so,” retorted Laigle. “That’s why we get on well +together, my coat and I. It has acquired all my folds, it does not bind +me anywhere, it is moulded on my deformities, it falls in with all my +movements, I am only conscious of it because it keeps me warm. Old +coats are just like old friends.” + + +“That’s true,” ejaculated Joly, striking into the dialogue, “an old +goat is an old abi” (_ami_, friend). + +“Especially in the mouth of a man whose head is stuffed up,” said +Grantaire. + +“Grantaire,” demanded Laigle, “have you just come from the boulevard?” + + +“No.” + + +“We have just seen the head of the procession pass, Joly and I.” + + +“It’s a marvellous sight,” said Joly. + +“How quiet this street is!” exclaimed Laigle. “Who would suspect that +Paris was turned upside down? How plainly it is to be seen that in +former days there were nothing but convents here! In this neighborhood! +Du Breul and Sauval give a list of them, and so does the AbbĂ© Lebeuf. +They were all round here, they fairly swarmed, booted and barefooted, +shaven, bearded, gray, black, white, Franciscans, Minims, Capuchins, +Carmelites, Little Augustines, Great Augustines, old Augustines—there +was no end of them.” + + +“Don’t let’s talk of monks,” interrupted Grantaire, “it makes one want +to scratch one’s self.” + + +Then he exclaimed:— + +“Bouh! I’ve just swallowed a bad oyster. Now hypochondria is taking +possession of me again. The oysters are spoiled, the servants are ugly. +I hate the human race. I just passed through the Rue Richelieu, in +front of the big public library. That pile of oyster-shells which is +called a library is disgusting even to think of. What paper! What ink! +What scrawling! And all that has been written! What rascal was it who +said that man was a featherless biped?51 And then, I met a pretty girl +of my acquaintance, who is as beautiful as the spring, worthy to be +called FlorĂ©al, and who is delighted, enraptured, as happy as the +angels, because a wretch yesterday, a frightful banker all spotted with +small-pox, deigned to take a fancy to her! Alas! woman keeps on the +watch for a protector as much as for a lover; cats chase mice as well +as birds. Two months ago that young woman was virtuous in an attic, she +adjusted little brass rings in the eyelet-holes of corsets, what do you +call it? She sewed, she had a camp bed, she dwelt beside a pot of +flowers, she was contented. Now here she is a bankeress. This +transformation took place last night. I met the victim this morning in +high spirits. The hideous point about it is, that the jade is as pretty +to-day as she was yesterday. Her financier did not show in her face. +Roses have this advantage or disadvantage over women, that the traces +left upon them by caterpillars are visible. Ah! there is no morality on +earth. I call to witness the myrtle, the symbol of love, the laurel, +the symbol of air, the olive, that ninny, the symbol of peace, the +apple-tree which came nearest rangling Adam with its pips, and the +fig-tree, the grandfather of petticoats. As for right, do you know what +right is? The Gauls covet Clusium, Rome protects Clusium, and demands +what wrong Clusium has done to them. Brennus answers: ‘The wrong that +Alba did to you, the wrong that FidenĂŠ did to you, the wrong that the +Eques, the Volsci, and the Sabines have done to you. They were your +neighbors. The Clusians are ours. We understand neighborliness just as +you do. You have stolen Alba, we shall take Clusium.’ Rome said: ‘You +shall not take Clusium.’ Brennus took Rome. Then he cried: ‘VĂŠ victis!’ +That is what right is. Ah! what beasts of prey there are in this world! +What eagles! It makes my flesh creep.” + + +He held out his glass to Joly, who filled it, then he drank and went +on, having hardly been interrupted by this glass of wine, of which no +one, not even himself, had taken any notice:— + +“Brennus, who takes Rome, is an eagle; the banker who takes the +grisette is an eagle. There is no more modesty in the one case than in +the other. So we believe in nothing. There is but one reality: drink. +Whatever your opinion may be in favor of the lean cock, like the Canton +of Uri, or in favor of the fat cock, like the Canton of Glaris, it +matters little, drink. You talk to me of the boulevard, of that +procession, _et cĂŠtera, et cĂŠtera_. Come now, is there going to be +another revolution? This poverty of means on the part of the good God +astounds me. He has to keep greasing the groove of events every moment. +There is a hitch, it won’t work. Quick, a revolution! The good God has +his hands perpetually black with that cart-grease. If I were in his +place, I’d be perfectly simple about it, I would not wind up my +mechanism every minute, I’d lead the human race in a straightforward +way, I’d weave matters mesh by mesh, without breaking the thread, I +would have no provisional arrangements, I would have no extraordinary +repertory. What the rest of you call progress advances by means of two +motors, men and events. But, sad to say, from time to time, the +exceptional becomes necessary. The ordinary troupe suffices neither for +event nor for men: among men geniuses are required, among events +revolutions. Great accidents are the law; the order of things cannot do +without them; and, judging from the apparition of comets, one would be +tempted to think that Heaven itself finds actors needed for its +performance. At the moment when one expects it the least, God placards +a meteor on the wall of the firmament. Some queer star turns up, +underlined by an enormous tail. And that causes the death of CĂŠsar. +Brutus deals him a blow with a knife, and God a blow with a comet. +_Crac_, and behold an aurora borealis, behold a revolution, behold a +great man; ’93 in big letters, Napoleon on guard, the comet of 1811 at +the head of the poster. Ah! what a beautiful blue theatre all studded +with unexpected flashes! Boum! Boum! extraordinary show! Raise your +eyes, boobies. Everything is in disorder, the star as well as the +drama. Good God, it is too much and not enough. These resources, +gathered from exception, seem magnificence and poverty. My friends, +Providence has come down to expedients. What does a revolution prove? +That God is in a quandry. He effects a _coup d’état_ because he, God, +has not been able to make both ends meet. In fact, this confirms me in +my conjectures as to Jehovah’s fortune; and when I see so much distress +in heaven and on earth, from the bird who has not a grain of millet to +myself without a hundred thousand livres of income, when I see human +destiny, which is very badly worn, and even royal destiny, which is +threadbare, witness the Prince de CondĂ© hung, when I see winter, which +is nothing but a rent in the zenith through which the wind blows, when +I see so many rags even in the perfectly new purple of the morning on +the crests of hills, when I see the drops of dew, those mock pearls, +when I see the frost, that paste, when I see humanity ripped apart and +events patched up, and so many spots on the sun and so many holes in +the moon, when I see so much misery everywhere, I suspect that God is +not rich. The appearance exists, it is true, but I feel that he is hard +up. He gives a revolution as a tradesman whose money-box is empty gives +a ball. God must not be judged from appearances. Beneath the gilding of +heaven I perceive a poverty-stricken universe. Creation is bankrupt. +That is why I am discontented. Here it is the 4th of June, it is almost +night; ever since this morning I have been waiting for daylight to +come; it has not come, and I bet that it won’t come all day. This is +the inexactness of an ill-paid clerk. Yes, everything is badly +arranged, nothing fits anything else, this old world is all warped, I +take my stand on the opposition, everything goes awry; the universe is +a tease. It’s like children, those who want them have none, and those +who don’t want them have them. Total: I’m vexed. Besides, Laigle de +Meaux, that bald-head, offends my sight. It humiliates me to think that +I am of the same age as that baldy. However, I criticise, but I do not +insult. The universe is what it is. I speak here without evil intent +and to ease my conscience. Receive, Eternal Father, the assurance of my +distinguished consideration. Ah! by all the saints of Olympus and by +all the gods of paradise, I was not intended to be a Parisian, that is +to say, to rebound forever, like a shuttlecock between two battledores, +from the group of the loungers to the group of the roysterers. I was +made to be a Turk, watching oriental houris all day long, executing +those exquisite Egyptian dances, as sensuous as the dream of a chaste +man, or a Beauceron peasant, or a Venetian gentleman surrounded by +gentlewoman, or a petty German prince, furnishing the half of a +foot-soldier to the Germanic confederation, and occupying his leisure +with drying his breeches on his hedge, that is to say, his frontier. +Those are the positions for which I was born! Yes, I have said a Turk, +and I will not retract. I do not understand how people can habitually +take Turks in bad part; Mohammed had his good points; respect for the +inventor of seraglios with houris and paradises with odalisques! Let us +not insult Mohammedanism, the only religion which is ornamented with a +hen-roost! Now, I insist on a drink. The earth is a great piece of +stupidity. And it appears that they are going to fight, all those +imbeciles, and to break each other’s profiles and to massacre each +other in the heart of summer, in the month of June, when they might go +off with a creature on their arm, to breathe the immense heaps of +new-mown hay in the meadows! Really, people do commit altogether too +many follies. An old broken lantern which I have just seen at a +bric-Ă -brac merchant’s suggests a reflection to my mind; it is time to +enlighten the human race. Yes, behold me sad again. That’s what comes +of swallowing an oyster and a revolution the wrong way! I am growing +melancholy once more. Oh! frightful old world. People strive, turn each +other out, prostitute themselves, kill each other, and get used to it!” + + +And Grantaire, after this fit of eloquence, had a fit of coughing, +which was well earned. + +“À propos of revolution,” said Joly, “it is decidedly abberent that +Barius is in lub.” + + +“Does any one know with whom?” demanded Laigle. + +“Do.” + + +“No?” + + +“Do! I tell you.” + + +“Marius’ love affairs!” exclaimed Grantaire. “I can imagine it. Marius +is a fog, and he must have found a vapor. Marius is of the race of +poets. He who says poet, says fool, madman, _TymbrĂŠus Apollo_. Marius +and his Marie, or his Marion, or his Maria, or his Mariette. They must +make a queer pair of lovers. I know just what it is like. Ecstasies in +which they forget to kiss. Pure on earth, but joined in heaven. They +are souls possessed of senses. They lie among the stars.” + + +Grantaire was attacking his second bottle and, possibly, his second +harangue, when a new personage emerged from the square aperture of the +stairs. It was a boy less than ten years of age, ragged, very small, +yellow, with an odd phiz, a vivacious eye, an enormous amount of hair +drenched with rain, and wearing a contented air. + +The child unhesitatingly making his choice among the three, addressed +himself to Laigle de Meaux. + +“Are you Monsieur Bossuet?” + + +“That is my nickname,” replied Laigle. “What do you want with me?” + + +“This. A tall blonde fellow on the boulevard said to me: ‘Do you know +Mother Hucheloup?’ I said: ‘Yes, Rue Chanvrerie, the old man’s widow;’ +he said to me: ‘Go there. There you will find M. Bossuet. Tell him from +me: “A B C”.’ It’s a joke that they’re playing on you, isn’t it. He +gave me ten sous.” + + +“Joly, lend me ten sous,” said Laigle; and, turning to Grantaire: +“Grantaire, lend me ten sous.” + + +This made twenty sous, which Laigle handed to the lad. + +“Thank you, sir,” said the urchin. + +“What is your name?” inquired Laigle. + +“Navet, Gavroche’s friend.” + + +“Stay with us,” said Laigle. + +“Breakfast with us,” said Grantaire. + +The child replied:— + +“I can’t, I belong in the procession, I’m the one to shout ‘Down with +Polignac!’” + + +And executing a prolonged scrape of his foot behind him, which is the +most respectful of all possible salutes, he took his departure. + +The child gone, Grantaire took the word:— + +“That is the pure-bred gamin. There are a great many varieties of the +gamin species. The notary’s gamin is called Skip-the-Gutter, the cook’s +gamin is called a scullion, the baker’s gamin is called a _mitron_, the +lackey’s gamin is called a groom, the marine gamin is called the +cabin-boy, the soldier’s gamin is called the drummer-boy, the painter’s +gamin is called paint-grinder, the tradesman’s gamin is called an +errand-boy, the courtesan gamin is called the minion, the kingly gamin +is called the dauphin, the god gamin is called the bambino.” + + +In the meantime, Laigle was engaged in reflection; he said half aloud:— + +“A B C, that is to say: the burial of Lamarque.” + + +“The tall blonde,” remarked Grantaire, “is Enjolras, who is sending you +a warning.” + + +“Shall we go?” ejaculated Bossuet. + +“It’s raiding,” said Joly. “I have sworn to go through fire, but not +through water. I don’t wand to ged a gold.” + + +“I shall stay here,” said Grantaire. “I prefer a breakfast to a +hearse.” + + +“Conclusion: we remain,” said Laigle. “Well, then, let us drink. +Besides, we might miss the funeral without missing the riot.” + + +“Ah! the riot, I am with you!” cried Joly. + +Laigle rubbed his hands. + +“Now we’re going to touch up the revolution of 1830. As a matter of +fact, it does hurt the people along the seams.” + + +“I don’t think much of your revolution,” said Grantaire. “I don’t +execrate this Government. It is the crown tempered by the cotton +night-cap. It is a sceptre ending in an umbrella. In fact, I think that +to-day, with the present weather, Louis Philippe might utilize his +royalty in two directions, he might extend the tip of the sceptre end +against the people, and open the umbrella end against heaven.” + + +The room was dark, large clouds had just finished the extinction of +daylight. There was no one in the wine-shop, or in the street, every +one having gone off “to watch events.” + + +“Is it midday or midnight?” cried Bossuet. “You can’t see your hand +before your face. Gibelotte, fetch a light.” + + +Grantaire was drinking in a melancholy way. + +“Enjolras disdains me,” he muttered. “Enjolras said: ‘Joly is ill, +Grantaire is drunk.’ It was to Bossuet that he sent Navet. If he had +come for me, I would have followed him. So much the worse for Enjolras! +I won’t go to his funeral.” + + +This resolution once arrived at, Bossuet, Joly, and Grantaire did not +stir from the wine-shop. By two o’clock in the afternoon, the table at +which they sat was covered with empty bottles. Two candles were burning +on it, one in a flat copper candlestick which was perfectly green, the +other in the neck of a cracked carafe. Grantaire had seduced Joly and +Bossuet to wine; Bossuet and Joly had conducted Grantaire back towards +cheerfulness. + +As for Grantaire, he had got beyond wine, that merely moderate inspirer +of dreams, ever since midday. Wine enjoys only a conventional +popularity with serious drinkers. There is, in fact, in the matter of +inebriety, white magic and black magic; wine is only white magic. +Grantaire was a daring drinker of dreams. The blackness of a terrible +fit of drunkenness yawning before him, far from arresting him, +attracted him. He had abandoned the bottle and taken to the beerglass. +The beer-glass is the abyss. Having neither opium nor hashish on hand, +and being desirous of filling his brain with twilight, he had had +recourse to that fearful mixture of brandy, stout, absinthe, which +produces the most terrible of lethargies. It is of these three vapors, +beer, brandy, and absinthe, that the lead of the soul is composed. They +are three grooms; the celestial butterfly is drowned in them; and there +are formed there in a membranous smoke, vaguely condensed into the wing +of the bat, three mute furies, Nightmare, Night, and Death, which hover +about the slumbering Psyche. + +Grantaire had not yet reached that lamentable phase; far from it. He +was tremendously gay, and Bossuet and Joly retorted. They clinked +glasses. Grantaire added to the eccentric accentuation of words and +ideas, a peculiarity of gesture; he rested his left fist on his knee +with dignity, his arm forming a right angle, and, with cravat untied, +seated astride a stool, his full glass in his right hand, he hurled +solemn words at the big maid-servant Matelote:— + +“Let the doors of the palace be thrown open! Let every one be a member +of the French Academy and have the right to embrace Madame Hucheloup. +Let us drink.” + + +And turning to Madame Hucheloup, he added:— + +“Woman ancient and consecrated by use, draw near that I may contemplate +thee!” + + +And Joly exclaimed:— + +“Matelote and Gibelotte, dod’t gib Grantaire anything more to drink. He +has already devoured, since this bording, in wild prodigality, two +francs and ninety-five centibes.” + + +And Grantaire began again:— + +“Who has been unhooking the stars without my permission, and putting +them on the table in the guise of candles?” + + +Bossuet, though very drunk, preserved his equanimity. + +He was seated on the sill of the open window, wetting his back in the +falling rain, and gazing at his two friends. + +All at once, he heard a tumult behind him, hurried footsteps, cries of +“To arms!” He turned round and saw in the Rue Saint-Denis, at the end +of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, Enjolras passing, gun in hand, and +Gavroche with his pistol, Feuilly with his sword, Courfeyrac with his +sword, and Jean Prouvaire with his blunderbuss, Combeferre with his +gun, Bahorel with his gun, and the whole armed and stormy rabble which +was following them. + +The Rue de la Chanvrerie was not more than a gunshot long. Bossuet +improvised a speaking-trumpet from his two hands placed around his +mouth, and shouted:— + +“Courfeyrac! Courfeyrac! HohĂ©e!” + + +Courfeyrac heard the shout, caught sight of Bossuet, and advanced a few +paces into the Rue de la Chanvrerie, shouting: “What do you want?” +which crossed a “Where are you going?” + + +“To make a barricade,” replied Courfeyrac. + +“Well, here! This is a good place! Make it here!” + + +“That’s true, Aigle,” said Courfeyrac. + +And at a signal from Courfeyrac, the mob flung themselves into the Rue +de la Chanvrerie. + + + + +CHAPTER III—NIGHT BEGINS TO DESCEND UPON GRANTAIRE + + +The spot was, in fact, admirably adapted, the entrance to the street +widened out, the other extremity narrowed together into a pocket +without exit. Corinthe created an obstacle, the Rue MondĂ©tour was +easily barricaded on the right and the left, no attack was possible +except from the Rue Saint-Denis, that is to say, in front, and in full +sight. Bossuet had the comprehensive glance of a fasting Hannibal. + +Terror had seized on the whole street at the irruption of the mob. +There was not a passer-by who did not get out of sight. In the space of +a flash of lightning, in the rear, to right and left, shops, stables, +area-doors, windows, blinds, attic skylights, shutters of every +description were closed, from the ground floor to the roof. A terrified +old woman fixed a mattress in front of her window on two clothes-poles +for drying linen, in order to deaden the effect of musketry. The +wine-shop alone remained open; and that for a very good reason, that +the mob had rushed into it.—“Ah my God! Ah my God!” sighed Mame +Hucheloup. + +Bossuet had gone down to meet Courfeyrac. + +Joly, who had placed himself at the window, exclaimed:— + +“Courfeyrac, you ought to have brought an umbrella. You will gatch +gold.” + + +In the meantime, in the space of a few minutes, twenty iron bars had +been wrenched from the grated front of the wine-shop, ten fathoms of +street had been unpaved; Gavroche and Bahorel had seized in its +passage, and overturned, the dray of a lime-dealer named Anceau; this +dray contained three barrels of lime, which they placed beneath the +piles of paving-stones: Enjolras raised the cellar trap, and all the +widow Hucheloup’s empty casks were used to flank the barrels of lime; +Feuilly, with his fingers skilled in painting the delicate sticks of +fans, had backed up the barrels and the dray with two massive heaps of +blocks of rough stone. Blocks which were improvised like the rest and +procured no one knows where. The beams which served as props were torn +from the neighboring house-fronts and laid on the casks. When Bossuet +and Courfeyrac turned round, half the street was already barred with a +rampart higher than a man. There is nothing like the hand of the +populace for building everything that is built by demolishing. + +Matelote and Gibelotte had mingled with the workers. Gibelotte went and +came loaded with rubbish. Her lassitude helped on the barricade. She +served the barricade as she would have served wine, with a sleepy air. + +An omnibus with two white horses passed the end of the street. + +Bossuet strode over the paving-stones, ran to it, stopped the driver, +made the passengers alight, offered his hand to “the ladies,” dismissed +the conductor, and returned, leading the vehicle and the horses by the +bridle. + +“Omnibuses,” said he, “do not pass the Corinthe. _Non licet omnibus +adire Corinthum_.” + + +An instant later, the horses were unharnessed and went off at their +will, through the Rue MondĂ©tour, and the omnibus lying on its side +completed the bar across the street. + +Mame Hucheloup, quite upset, had taken refuge in the first story. + +Her eyes were vague, and stared without seeing anything, and she cried +in a low tone. Her terrified shrieks did not dare to emerge from her +throat. + +“The end of the world has come,” she muttered. + +Joly deposited a kiss on Mame Hucheloup’s fat, red, wrinkled neck, and +said to Grantaire: “My dear fellow, I have always regarded a woman’s +neck as an infinitely delicate thing.” + + +But Grantaire attained to the highest regions of dithryamb. Matelote +had mounted to the first floor once more, Grantaire seized her round +her waist, and gave vent to long bursts of laughter at the window. + +“Matelote is homely!” he cried: “Matelote is of a dream of ugliness! +Matelote is a chimĂŠra. This is the secret of her birth: a Gothic +Pygmalion, who was making gargoyles for cathedrals, fell in love with +one of them, the most horrible, one fine morning. He besought Love to +give it life, and this produced Matelote. Look at her, citizens! She +has chromate-of-lead-colored hair, like Titian’s mistress, and she is a +good girl. I guarantee that she will fight well. Every good girl +contains a hero. As for Mother Hucheloup, she’s an old warrior. Look at +her moustaches! She inherited them from her husband. A hussar indeed! +She will fight too. These two alone will strike terror to the heart of +the banlieue. Comrades, we shall overthrow the government as true as +there are fifteen intermediary acids between margaric acid and formic +acid; however, that is a matter of perfect indifference to me. +Gentlemen, my father always detested me because I could not understand +mathematics. I understand only love and liberty. I am Grantaire, the +good fellow. Having never had any money, I never acquired the habit of +it, and the result is that I have never lacked it; but, if I had been +rich, there would have been no more poor people! You would have seen! +Oh, if the kind hearts only had fat purses, how much better things +would go! I picture myself Jesus Christ with Rothschild’s fortune! How +much good he would do! Matelote, embrace me! You are voluptuous and +timid! You have cheeks which invite the kiss of a sister, and lips +which claim the kiss of a lover.” + + +“Hold your tongue, you cask!” said Courfeyrac. + +Grantaire retorted:— + +“I am the capitoul52 and the master of the floral games!” + + +Enjolras, who was standing on the crest of the barricade, gun in hand, +raised his beautiful, austere face. Enjolras, as the reader knows, had +something of the Spartan and of the Puritan in his composition. He +would have perished at ThermopylĂŠ with Leonidas, and burned at Drogheda +with Cromwell. + +“Grantaire,” he shouted, “go get rid of the fumes of your wine +somewhere else than here. This is the place for enthusiasm, not for +drunkenness. Don’t disgrace the barricade!” + + +This angry speech produced a singular effect on Grantaire. One would +have said that he had had a glass of cold water flung in his face. He +seemed to be rendered suddenly sober. + +He sat down, put his elbows on a table near the window, looked at +Enjolras with indescribable gentleness, and said to him:— + +“Let me sleep here.” + + +“Go and sleep somewhere else,” cried Enjolras. + +But Grantaire, still keeping his tender and troubled eyes fixed on him, +replied:— + +“Let me sleep here,—until I die.” + + +Enjolras regarded him with disdainful eyes:— + +“Grantaire, you are incapable of believing, of thinking, of willing, of +living, and of dying.” + + +Grantaire replied in a grave tone:— + +“You will see.” + + +He stammered a few more unintelligible words, then his head fell +heavily on the table, and, as is the usual effect of the second period +of inebriety, into which Enjolras had roughly and abruptly thrust him, +an instant later he had fallen asleep. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—AN ATTEMPT TO CONSOLE THE WIDOW HUCHELOUP + + +Bahorel, in ecstasies over the barricade, shouted:— + +“Here’s the street in its low-necked dress! How well it looks!” + + +Courfeyrac, as he demolished the wine-shop to some extent, sought to +console the widowed proprietress. + +“Mother Hucheloup, weren’t you complaining the other day because you +had had a notice served on you for infringing the law, because +Gibelotte shook a counterpane out of your window?” + + +“Yes, my good Monsieur Courfeyrac. Ah! good Heavens, are you going to +put that table of mine in your horror, too? And it was for the +counterpane, and also for a pot of flowers which fell from the attic +window into the street, that the government collected a fine of a +hundred francs. If that isn’t an abomination, what is!” + + +“Well, Mother Hucheloup, we are avenging you.” + + +Mother Hucheloup did not appear to understand very clearly the benefit +which she was to derive from these reprisals made on her account. She +was satisfied after the manner of that Arab woman, who, having received +a box on the ear from her husband, went to complain to her father, and +cried for vengeance, saying: “Father, you owe my husband affront for +affront.” The father asked: “On which cheek did you receive the blow?” +“On the left cheek.” The father slapped her right cheek and said: “Now +you are satisfied. Go tell your husband that he boxed my daughter’s +ears, and that I have accordingly boxed his wife’s.” + + +The rain had ceased. Recruits had arrived. Workmen had brought under +their blouses a barrel of powder, a basket containing bottles of +vitriol, two or three carnival torches, and a basket filled with +fire-pots, “left over from the King’s festival.” This festival was very +recent, having taken place on the 1st of May. It was said that these +munitions came from a grocer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine named PĂ©pin. +They smashed the only street lantern in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the +lantern corresponding to one in the Rue Saint-Denis, and all the +lanterns in the surrounding streets, de MondĂ©tour, du Cygne, des +PrĂȘcheurs, and de la Grande and de la Petite-Truanderie. + +Enjolras, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac directed everything. Two +barricades were now in process of construction at once, both of them +resting on the Corinthe house and forming a right angle; the larger +shut off the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the other closed the Rue MondĂ©tour, +on the side of the Rue de Cygne. This last barricade, which was very +narrow, was constructed only of casks and paving-stones. There were +about fifty workers on it; thirty were armed with guns; for, on their +way, they had effected a wholesale loan from an armorer’s shop. + +Nothing could be more bizarre and at the same time more motley than +this troop. One had a round-jacket, a cavalry sabre, and two +holster-pistols, another was in his shirt-sleeves, with a round hat, +and a powder-horn slung at his side, a third wore a plastron of nine +sheets of gray paper and was armed with a saddler’s awl. There was one +who was shouting: “Let us exterminate them to the last man and die at +the point of our bayonet.” This man had no bayonet. Another spread out +over his coat the cross-belt and cartridge-box of a National Guardsman, +the cover of the cartridge-box being ornamented with this inscription +in red worsted: _Public Order_. There were a great many guns bearing +the numbers of the legions, few hats, no cravats, many bare arms, some +pikes. Add to this, all ages, all sorts of faces, small, pale young +men, and bronzed longshoremen. All were in haste; and as they helped +each other, they discussed the possible chances. That they would +receive succor about three o’clock in the morning—that they were sure +of one regiment, that Paris would rise. Terrible sayings with which was +mingled a sort of cordial joviality. One would have pronounced them +brothers, but they did not know each other’s names. Great perils have +this fine characteristic, that they bring to light the fraternity of +strangers. A fire had been lighted in the kitchen, and there they were +engaged in moulding into bullets, pewter mugs, spoons, forks, and all +the brass table-ware of the establishment. In the midst of it all, they +drank. Caps and buckshot were mixed pell-mell on the tables with +glasses of wine. In the billiard-hall, Mame Hucheloup, Matelote, and +Gibelotte, variously modified by terror, which had stupefied one, +rendered another breathless, and roused the third, were tearing up old +dish-cloths and making lint; three insurgents were assisting them, +three bushy-haired, jolly blades with beards and moustaches, who +plucked away at the linen with the fingers of seamstresses and who made +them tremble. + +The man of lofty stature whom Courfeyrac, Combeferre, and Enjolras had +observed at the moment when he joined the mob at the corner of the Rue +des Billettes, was at work on the smaller barricade and was making +himself useful there. Gavroche was working on the larger one. As for +the young man who had been waiting for Courfeyrac at his lodgings, and +who had inquired for M. Marius, he had disappeared at about the time +when the omnibus had been overturned. + +Gavroche, completely carried away and radiant, had undertaken to get +everything in readiness. He went, came, mounted, descended, re-mounted, +whistled, and sparkled. He seemed to be there for the encouragement of +all. Had he any incentive? Yes, certainly, his poverty; had he wings? +yes, certainly, his joy. Gavroche was a whirlwind. He was constantly +visible, he was incessantly audible. He filled the air, as he was +everywhere at once. He was a sort of almost irritating ubiquity; no +halt was possible with him. The enormous barricade felt him on its +haunches. He troubled the loungers, he excited the idle, he reanimated +the weary, he grew impatient over the thoughtful, he inspired gayety in +some, and breath in others, wrath in others, movement in all, now +pricking a student, now biting an artisan; he alighted, paused, flew +off again, hovered over the tumult, and the effort, sprang from one +party to another, murmuring and humming, and harassed the whole +company; a fly on the immense revolutionary coach. + +Perpetual motion was in his little arms and perpetual clamor in his +little lungs. + +“Courage! more paving-stones! more casks! more machines! Where are you +now? A hod of plaster for me to stop this hole with! Your barricade is +very small. It must be carried up. Put everything on it, fling +everything there, stick it all in. Break down the house. A barricade is +Mother Gibou’s tea. Hullo, here’s a glass door.” + + +This elicited an exclamation from the workers. + +“A glass door? what do you expect us to do with a glass door, +tubercle?” + + +“Hercules yourselves!” retorted Gavroche. “A glass door is an excellent +thing in a barricade. It does not prevent an attack, but it prevents +the enemy taking it. So you’ve never prigged apples over a wall where +there were broken bottles? A glass door cuts the corns of the National +Guard when they try to mount on the barricade. Pardi! glass is a +treacherous thing. Well, you haven’t a very wildly lively imagination, +comrades.” + + +However, he was furious over his triggerless pistol. He went from one +to another, demanding: “A gun, I want a gun! Why don’t you give me a +gun?” + + +“Give you a gun!” said Combeferre. + +“Come now!” said Gavroche, “why not? I had one in 1830 when we had a +dispute with Charles X.” + + +Enjolras shrugged his shoulders. + +“When there are enough for the men, we will give some to the children.” + + +Gavroche wheeled round haughtily, and answered:— + +“If you are killed before me, I shall take yours.” + + +“Gamin!” said Enjolras. + +“Greenhorn!” said Gavroche. + +A dandy who had lost his way and who lounged past the end of the street +created a diversion! Gavroche shouted to him:— + +“Come with us, young fellow! well now, don’t we do anything for this +old country of ours?” + + +The dandy fled. + + + + +CHAPTER V—PREPARATIONS + + +The journals of the day which said that that _nearly impregnable +structure_, of the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, as they call +it, reached to the level of the first floor, were mistaken. The fact +is, that it did not exceed an average height of six or seven feet. It +was built in such a manner that the combatants could, at their will, +either disappear behind it or dominate the barrier and even scale its +crest by means of a quadruple row of paving-stones placed on top of +each other and arranged as steps in the interior. On the outside, the +front of the barricade, composed of piles of paving-stones and casks +bound together by beams and planks, which were entangled in the wheels +of Anceau’s dray and of the overturned omnibus, had a bristling and +inextricable aspect. + +An aperture large enough to allow a man to pass through had been made +between the wall of the houses and the extremity of the barricade which +was furthest from the wine-shop, so that an exit was possible at this +point. The pole of the omnibus was placed upright and held up with +ropes, and a red flag, fastened to this pole, floated over the +barricade. + +The little MondĂ©tour barricade, hidden behind the wine-shop building, +was not visible. The two barricades united formed a veritable redoubt. +Enjolras and Courfeyrac had not thought fit to barricade the other +fragment of the Rue MondĂ©tour which opens through the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs +an issue into the Halles, wishing, no doubt, to preserve a possible +communication with the outside, and not entertaining much fear of an +attack through the dangerous and difficult street of the Rue des +PrĂȘcheurs. + +With the exception of this issue which was left free, and which +constituted what Folard in his strategical style would have termed a +branch and taking into account, also, the narrow cutting arranged on +the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the interior of the barricade, where the +wine-shop formed a salient angle, presented an irregular square, closed +on all sides. There existed an interval of twenty paces between the +grand barrier and the lofty houses which formed the background of the +street, so that one might say that the barricade rested on these +houses, all inhabited, but closed from top to bottom. + +All this work was performed without any hindrance, in less than an +hour, and without this handful of bold men seeing a single bear-skin +cap or a single bayonet make their appearance. The very bourgeois who +still ventured at this hour of riot to enter the Rue Saint-Denis cast a +glance at the Rue de la Chanvrerie, caught sight of the barricade, and +redoubled their pace. + +The two barricades being finished, and the flag run up, a table was +dragged out of the wine-shop; and Courfeyrac mounted on the table. +Enjolras brought the square coffer, and Courfeyrac opened it. This +coffer was filled with cartridges. When the mob saw the cartridges, a +tremor ran through the bravest, and a momentary silence ensued. + +Courfeyrac distributed them with a smile. + +Each one received thirty cartridges. Many had powder, and set about +making others with the bullets which they had run. As for the barrel of +powder, it stood on a table on one side, near the door, and was held in +reserve. + +The alarm beat which ran through all Paris, did not cease, but it had +finally come to be nothing more than a monotonous noise to which they +no longer paid any attention. This noise retreated at times, and again +drew near, with melancholy undulations. + +They loaded the guns and carbines, all together, without haste, with +solemn gravity. Enjolras went and stationed three sentinels outside the +barricades, one in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, the second in the Rue des +PrĂȘcheurs, the third at the corner of the Rue de la Petite Truanderie. + +Then, the barricades having been built, the posts assigned, the guns +loaded, the sentinels stationed, they waited, alone in those +redoubtable streets through which no one passed any longer, surrounded +by those dumb houses which seemed dead and in which no human movement +palpitated, enveloped in the deepening shades of twilight which was +drawing on, in the midst of that silence through which something could +be felt advancing, and which had about it something tragic and +terrifying, isolated, armed, determined, and tranquil. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—WAITING + + +During those hours of waiting, what did they do? + +We must needs tell, since this is a matter of history. + +While the men made bullets and the women lint, while a large saucepan +of melted brass and lead, destined to the bullet-mould smoked over a +glowing brazier, while the sentinels watched, weapon in hand, on the +barricade, while Enjolras, whom it was impossible to divert, kept an +eye on the sentinels, Combeferre, Courfeyrac, Jean Prouvaire, Feuilly, +Bossuet, Joly, Bahorel, and some others, sought each other out and +united as in the most peaceful days of their conversations in their +student life, and, in one corner of this wine-shop which had been +converted into a casement, a couple of paces distant from the redoubt +which they had built, with their carbines loaded and primed resting +against the backs of their chairs, these fine young fellows, so close +to a supreme hour, began to recite love verses. + +What verses? These:— + +Vous rappelez-vous notre douce vie, +Lorsque nous Ă©tions si jeunes tous deux, +Et que nous n’avions au cƓur d’autre envie +Que d’ĂȘtre bien mis et d’ĂȘtre amoureux, + +Lorsqu’en ajoutant votre Ăąge Ă  mon Ăąge, +Nous ne comptions pas Ă  deux quarante ans, +Et que, dans notre humble et petit mĂ©nage, +Tout, mĂȘme l’hiver, nous Ă©tait printemps? + +Beaux jours! Manuel Ă©tait fier et sage, +Paris s’asseyait Ă  de saints banquets, +Foy lançait la foudre, et votre corsage +Avait une Ă©pingle oĂč je me piquais. + +Tout vous contemplait. Avocat sans causes, +Quand je vous menais au Prado dĂźner, +Vous Ă©tiez jolie au point que les roses +Me faisaient l’effet de se retourner. + +Je les entendais dire: Est elle belle! +Comme elle sent bon! Quels cheveux Ă  flots! +Sous son mantelet elle cache une aile, +Son bonnet charmant est Ă  peine Ă©clos. + +J’errais avec toi, pressant ton bras souple. +Les passants croyaient que l’amour charmĂ© +Avait mariĂ©, dans notre heureux couple, +Le doux mois d’avril au beau mois de mai. + +Nous vivions cachĂ©s, contents, porte close, +DĂ©vorant l’amour, bon fruit dĂ©fendu, +Ma bouche n’avait pas dit une chose +Que dĂ©jĂ  ton cƓur avait rĂ©pondu. + +La Sorbonne Ă©tait l’endroit bucolique +OĂč je t’adorais du soir au matin. +C’est ainsi qu’une Ăąme amoureuse applique +La carte du Tendre au pays Latin. + +O place Maubert! O place Dauphine! +Quand, dans le taudis frais et printanier, +Tu tirais ton bas sur ta jambe fine, +Je voyais un astre au fond du grenier. + +J’ai fort lu Platon, mais rien ne m’en reste; +Mieux que Malebranche et que Lamennais, +Tu me dĂ©montrais la bontĂ© cĂ©leste +Avec une fleur que tu me donnais. + +Je t’obĂ©issais, tu m’étais soumise; +O grenier dorĂ©! te lacer! te voir +Aller et venir dĂšs l’aube en chemise, +Mirant ton jeune front Ă  ton vieux miroir. + +Et qui donc pourrait perdre la mĂ©moire +De ces temps d’aurore et de firmament, +De rubans, de fleurs, de gaze et de moire, +OĂč l’amour bĂ©gaye un argot charmant? + +Nos jardins Ă©taient un pot de tulipe; +Tu masquais la vitre avec un jupon; +Je prenais le bol de terre de pipe, +Et je te donnais le tasse en japon. + +Et ces grands malheurs qui nous faisaient rire! +Ton manchon brĂ»lĂ©, ton boa perdu! +Et ce cher portrait du divin Shakespeare +Qu’un soir pour souper nons avons vendu! + +J’étais mendiant et toi charitable. +Je baisais au vol tes bras frais et ronds. +Dante in folio nous servait de table +Pour manger gaĂźment un cent de marrons. + +La premiĂšre fois qu’en mon joyeux bouge +Je pris un baiser Ă  ta lĂšvre en feu, +Quand tu t’en allais dĂ©coiffĂ©e et rouge, +Je restai tout pĂąle et je crus en Dieu! + +Te rappelles-tu nos bonheurs sans nombre, +Et tous ces fichus changĂ©s en chiffons? +Oh que de soupirs, de nos cƓurs pleins d’ombre, +Se sont envolĂ©s dans les cieux profonds!53 + + +The hour, the spot, these souvenirs of youth recalled, a few stars +which began to twinkle in the sky, the funeral repose of those deserted +streets, the imminence of the inexorable adventure, which was in +preparation, gave a pathetic charm to these verses murmured in a low +tone in the dusk by Jean Prouvaire, who, as we have said, was a gentle +poet. + +In the meantime, a lamp had been lighted in the small barricade, and in +the large one, one of those wax torches such as are to be met with on +Shrove-Tuesday in front of vehicles loaded with masks, on their way to +la Courtille. These torches, as the reader has seen, came from the +Faubourg Saint-Antoine. + +The torch had been placed in a sort of cage of paving-stones closed on +three sides to shelter it from the wind, and disposed in such a fashion +that all the light fell on the flag. The street and the barricade +remained sunk in gloom, and nothing was to be seen except the red flag +formidably illuminated as by an enormous dark-lantern. + +This light enhanced the scarlet of the flag, with an indescribable and +terrible purple. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE MAN RECRUITED IN THE RUE DES BILLETTES + + +Night was fully come, nothing made its appearance. All that they heard +was confused noises, and at intervals, fusillades; but these were rare, +badly sustained and distant. This respite, which was thus prolonged, +was a sign that the Government was taking its time, and collecting its +forces. These fifty men were waiting for sixty thousand. + +Enjolras felt attacked by that impatience which seizes on strong souls +on the threshold of redoubtable events. He went in search of Gavroche, +who had set to making cartridges in the tap-room, by the dubious light +of two candles placed on the counter by way of precaution, on account +of the powder which was scattered on the tables. These two candles cast +no gleam outside. The insurgents had, moreover, taken pains not to have +any light in the upper stories. + +Gavroche was deeply preoccupied at that moment, but not precisely with +his cartridges. The man of the Rue des Billettes had just entered the +tap-room and had seated himself at the table which was the least +lighted. A musket of large model had fallen to his share, and he held +it between his legs. Gavroche, who had been, up to that moment, +distracted by a hundred “amusing” things, had not even seen this man. + +When he entered, Gavroche followed him mechanically with his eyes, +admiring his gun; then, all at once, when the man was seated, the +street urchin sprang to his feet. Any one who had spied upon that man +up to that moment, would have seen that he was observing everything in +the barricade and in the band of insurgents, with singular attention; +but, from the moment when he had entered this room, he had fallen into +a sort of brown study, and no longer seemed to see anything that was +going on. The gamin approached this pensive personage, and began to +step around him on tiptoe, as one walks in the vicinity of a person +whom one is afraid of waking. At the same time, over his childish +countenance which was, at once so impudent and so serious, so giddy and +so profound, so gay and so heart-breaking, passed all those grimaces of +an old man which signify: Ah bah! impossible! My sight is bad! I am +dreaming! can this be? no, it is not! but yes! why, no! etc. Gavroche +balanced on his heels, clenched both fists in his pockets, moved his +neck around like a bird, expended in a gigantic pout all the sagacity +of his lower lip. He was astounded, uncertain, incredulous, convinced, +dazzled. He had the mien of the chief of the eunuchs in the slave mart, +discovering a Venus among the blowsy females, and the air of an amateur +recognizing a Raphael in a heap of daubs. His whole being was at work, +the instinct which scents out, and the intelligence which combines. It +was evident that a great event had happened in Gavroche’s life. + +It was at the most intense point of this preoccupation that Enjolras +accosted him. + +“You are small,” said Enjolras, “you will not be seen. Go out of the +barricade, slip along close to the houses, skirmish about a bit in the +streets, and come back and tell me what is going on.” + + +Gavroche raised himself on his haunches. + +“So the little chaps are good for something! that’s very lucky! I’ll +go! In the meanwhile, trust to the little fellows, and distrust the big +ones.” And Gavroche, raising his head and lowering his voice, added, as +he indicated the man of the Rue des Billettes: “Do you see that big +fellow there?” + + +“Well?” + + +“He’s a police spy.” + + +“Are you sure of it?” + + +“It isn’t two weeks since he pulled me off the cornice of the Port +Royal, where I was taking the air, by my ear.” + + +Enjolras hastily quitted the urchin and murmured a few words in a very +low tone to a longshoreman from the winedocks who chanced to be at +hand. The man left the room, and returned almost immediately, +accompanied by three others. The four men, four porters with broad +shoulders, went and placed themselves without doing anything to attract +his attention, behind the table on which the man of the Rue des +Billettes was leaning with his elbows. They were evidently ready to +hurl themselves upon him. + +Then Enjolras approached the man and demanded of him:— + +“Who are you?” + + +At this abrupt query, the man started. He plunged his gaze deep into +Enjolras’ clear eyes and appeared to grasp the latter’s meaning. He +smiled with a smile than which nothing more disdainful, more energetic, +and more resolute could be seen in the world, and replied with haughty +gravity:— + +“I see what it is. Well, yes!” + + +“You are a police spy?” + + +“I am an agent of the authorities.” + + +“And your name?” + + +“Javert.” + + +Enjolras made a sign to the four men. In the twinkling of an eye, +before Javert had time to turn round, he was collared, thrown down, +pinioned and searched. + +They found on him a little round card pasted between two pieces of +glass, and bearing on one side the arms of France, engraved, and with +this motto: _Supervision and vigilance_, and on the other this note: +“JAVERT, inspector of police, aged fifty-two,” and the signature of the +Prefect of Police of that day, M. Gisquet. + +Besides this, he had his watch and his purse, which contained several +gold pieces. They left him his purse and his watch. Under the watch, at +the bottom of his fob, they felt and seized a paper in an envelope, +which Enjolras unfolded, and on which he read these five lines, written +in the very hand of the Prefect of Police:— + +“As soon as his political mission is accomplished, Inspector Javert +will make sure, by special supervision, whether it is true that the +malefactors have instituted intrigues on the right bank of the Seine, +near the Jena bridge.” + + +The search ended, they lifted Javert to his feet, bound his arms behind +his back, and fastened him to that celebrated post in the middle of the +room which had formerly given the wine-shop its name. + +Gavroche, who had looked on at the whole of this scene and had approved +of everything with a silent toss of his head, stepped up to Javert and +said to him:— + +“It’s the mouse who has caught the cat.” + + +All this was so rapidly executed, that it was all over when those about +the wine-shop noticed it. + +Javert had not uttered a single cry. + +At the sight of Javert bound to the post, Courfeyrac, Bossuet, Joly, +Combeferre, and the men scattered over the two barricades came running +up. + +Javert, with his back to the post, and so surrounded with ropes that he +could not make a movement, raised his head with the intrepid serenity +of the man who has never lied. + +“He is a police spy,” said Enjolras. + +And turning to Javert: “You will be shot ten minutes before the +barricade is taken.” + + +Javert replied in his most imperious tone:— + +“Why not at once?” + + +“We are saving our powder.” + + +“Then finish the business with a blow from a knife.” + + +“Spy,” said the handsome Enjolras, “we are judges and not assassins.” + + +Then he called Gavroche:— + +“Here you! go about your business! Do what I told you!” + + +“I’m going!” cried Gavroche. + +And halting as he was on the point of setting out:— + +“By the way, you will give me his gun!” and he added: “I leave you the +musician, but I want the clarinet.” + + +The gamin made the military salute and passed gayly through the opening +in the large barricade. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—MANY INTERROGATION POINTS WITH REGARD TO A CERTAIN LE +CABUC WHOSE NAME MAY NOT HAVE BEEN LE CABUC + + +The tragic picture which we have undertaken would not be complete, the +reader would not see those grand moments of social birth-pangs in a +revolutionary birth, which contain convulsion mingled with effort, in +their exact and real relief, were we to omit, in the sketch here +outlined, an incident full of epic and savage horror which occurred +almost immediately after Gavroche’s departure. + +Mobs, as the reader knows, are like a snowball, and collect as they +roll along, a throng of tumultuous men. These men do not ask each other +whence they come. Among the passers-by who had joined the rabble led by +Enjolras, Combeferre, and Courfeyrac, there had been a person wearing +the jacket of a street porter, which was very threadbare on the +shoulders, who gesticulated and vociferated, and who had the look of a +drunken savage. This man, whose name or nickname was Le Cabuc, and who +was, moreover, an utter stranger to those who pretended to know him, +was very drunk, or assumed the appearance of being so, and had seated +himself with several others at a table which they had dragged outside +of the wine-shop. This Cabuc, while making those who vied with him +drunk seemed to be examining with a thoughtful air the large house at +the extremity of the barricade, whose five stories commanded the whole +street and faced the Rue Saint-Denis. All at once he exclaimed:— + +“Do you know, comrades, it is from that house yonder that we must fire. +When we are at the windows, the deuce is in it if any one can advance +into the street!” + + +“Yes, but the house is closed,” said one of the drinkers. + +“Let us knock!” + + +“They will not open.” + + +“Let us break in the door!” + + +Le Cabuc runs to the door, which had a very massive knocker, and +knocks. The door opens not. He strikes a second blow. No one answers. A +third stroke. The same silence. + +“Is there any one here?” shouts Cabuc. + +Nothing stirs. + +Then he seizes a gun and begins to batter the door with the butt end. + +It was an ancient alley door, low, vaulted, narrow, solid, entirely of +oak, lined on the inside with a sheet of iron and iron stays, a genuine +prison postern. The blows from the butt end of the gun made the house +tremble, but did not shake the door. + +Nevertheless, it is probable that the inhabitants were disturbed, for a +tiny, square window was finally seen to open on the third story, and at +this aperture appeared the reverend and terrified face of a gray-haired +old man, who was the porter, and who held a candle. + +The man who was knocking paused. + +“Gentlemen,” said the porter, “what do you want?” + + +“Open!” said Cabuc. + +“That cannot be, gentlemen.” + + +“Open, nevertheless.” + + +“Impossible, gentlemen.” + + +Le Cabuc took his gun and aimed at the porter; but as he was below, and +as it was very dark, the porter did not see him. + +“Will you open, yes or no?” + + +“No, gentlemen.” + + +“Do you say no?” + + +“I say no, my goo—” + + +The porter did not finish. The shot was fired; the ball entered under +his chin and came out at the nape of his neck, after traversing the +jugular vein. + +The old man fell back without a sigh. The candle fell and was +extinguished, and nothing more was to be seen except a motionless head +lying on the sill of the small window, and a little whitish smoke which +floated off towards the roof. + +“There!” said Le Cabuc, dropping the butt end of his gun to the +pavement. + +He had hardly uttered this word, when he felt a hand laid on his +shoulder with the weight of an eagle’s talon, and he heard a voice +saying to him:— + +“On your knees.” + + +The murderer turned round and saw before him Enjolras’ cold, white +face. + +Enjolras held a pistol in his hand. + +He had hastened up at the sound of the discharge. + +He had seized Cabuc’s collar, blouse, shirt, and suspender with his +left hand. + +“On your knees!” he repeated. + +And, with an imperious motion, the frail young man of twenty years bent +the thickset and sturdy porter like a reed, and brought him to his +knees in the mire. + +Le Cabuc attempted to resist, but he seemed to have been seized by a +superhuman hand. + +Enjolras, pale, with bare neck and dishevelled hair, and his woman’s +face, had about him at that moment something of the antique Themis. His +dilated nostrils, his downcast eyes, gave to his implacable Greek +profile that expression of wrath and that expression of Chastity which, +as the ancient world viewed the matter, befit Justice. + +The whole barricade hastened up, then all ranged themselves in a circle +at a distance, feeling that it was impossible to utter a word in the +presence of the thing which they were about to behold. + +Le Cabuc, vanquished, no longer tried to struggle, and trembled in +every limb. + +Enjolras released him and drew out his watch. + +“Collect yourself,” said he. “Think or pray. You have one minute.” + + +“Mercy!” murmured the murderer; then he dropped his head and stammered +a few inarticulate oaths. + +Enjolras never took his eyes off of him: he allowed a minute to pass, +then he replaced his watch in his fob. That done, he grasped Le Cabuc +by the hair, as the latter coiled himself into a ball at his knees and +shrieked, and placed the muzzle of the pistol to his ear. Many of those +intrepid men, who had so tranquilly entered upon the most terrible of +adventures, turned aside their heads. + +An explosion was heard, the assassin fell to the pavement face +downwards. + +Enjolras straightened himself up, and cast a convinced and severe +glance around him. Then he spurned the corpse with his foot and said:— + +“Throw that outside.” + + +Three men raised the body of the unhappy wretch, which was still +agitated by the last mechanical convulsions of the life that had fled, +and flung it over the little barricade into the Rue MondĂ©tour. + +Enjolras was thoughtful. It is impossible to say what grandiose shadows +slowly spread over his redoubtable serenity. All at once he raised his +voice. + +A silence fell upon them. + +“Citizens,” said Enjolras, “what that man did is frightful, what I have +done is horrible. He killed, therefore I killed him. I had to do it, +because insurrection must have its discipline. Assassination is even +more of a crime here than elsewhere; we are under the eyes of the +Revolution, we are the priests of the Republic, we are the victims of +duty, and must not be possible to slander our combat. I have, +therefore, tried that man, and condemned him to death. As for myself, +constrained as I am to do what I have done, and yet abhorring it, I +have judged myself also, and you shall soon see to what I have +condemned myself.” + + +Those who listened to him shuddered. + +“We will share thy fate,” cried Combeferre. + +“So be it,” replied Enjolras. “One word more. In executing this man, I +have obeyed necessity; but necessity is a monster of the old world, +necessity’s name is Fatality. Now, the law of progress is, that +monsters shall disappear before the angels, and that Fatality shall +vanish before Fraternity. It is a bad moment to pronounce the word +love. No matter, I do pronounce it. And I glorify it. Love, the future +is thine. Death, I make use of thee, but I hate thee. Citizens, in the +future there will be neither darkness nor thunderbolts; neither +ferocious ignorance, nor bloody retaliation. As there will be no more +Satan, there will be no more Michael. In the future no one will kill +any one else, the earth will beam with radiance, the human race will +love. The day will come, citizens, when all will be concord, harmony, +light, joy and life; it will come, and it is in order that it may come +that we are about to die.” + + +Enjolras ceased. His virgin lips closed; and he remained for some time +standing on the spot where he had shed blood, in marble immobility. His +staring eye caused those about him to speak in low tones. + +Jean Prouvaire and Combeferre pressed each other’s hands silently, and, +leaning against each other in an angle of the barricade, they watched +with an admiration in which there was some compassion, that grave young +man, executioner and priest, composed of light, like crystal, and also +of rock. + +Let us say at once that later on, after the action, when the bodies +were taken to the morgue and searched, a police agent’s card was found +on Le Cabuc. The author of this book had in his hands, in 1848, the +special report on this subject made to the Prefect of Police in 1832. + +We will add, that if we are to believe a tradition of the police, which +is strange but probably well founded, Le Cabuc was Claquesous. The fact +is, that dating from the death of Le Cabuc, there was no longer any +question of Claquesous. Claquesous had nowhere left any trace of his +disappearance; he would seem to have amalgamated himself with the +invisible. His life had been all shadows, his end was night. + +The whole insurgent group was still under the influence of the emotion +of that tragic case which had been so quickly tried and so quickly +terminated, when Courfeyrac again beheld on the barricade, the small +young man who had inquired of him that morning for Marius. + +This lad, who had a bold and reckless air, had come by night to join +the insurgents. + + + + +BOOK THIRTEENTH—MARIUS ENTERS THE SHADOW + + + + +CHAPTER I—FROM THE RUE PLUMET TO THE QUARTIER SAINT-DENIS + + +The voice which had summoned Marius through the twilight to the +barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, had produced on him the effect +of the voice of destiny. He wished to die; the opportunity presented +itself; he knocked at the door of the tomb, a hand in the darkness +offered him the key. These melancholy openings which take place in the +gloom before despair, are tempting. Marius thrust aside the bar which +had so often allowed him to pass, emerged from the garden, and said: “I +will go.” + + +Mad with grief, no longer conscious of anything fixed or solid in his +brain, incapable of accepting anything thenceforth of fate after those +two months passed in the intoxication of youth and love, overwhelmed at +once by all the reveries of despair, he had but one desire remaining, +to make a speedy end of all. + +He set out at rapid pace. He found himself most opportunely armed, as +he had Javert’s pistols with him. + +The young man of whom he thought that he had caught a glimpse, had +vanished from his sight in the street. + +Marius, who had emerged from the Rue Plumet by the boulevard, traversed +the Esplanade and the bridge of the Invalides, the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the +Place Louis XV., and reached the Rue de Rivoli. The shops were open +there, the gas was burning under the arcades, women were making their +purchases in the stalls, people were eating ices in the CafĂ© Laiter, +and nibbling small cakes at the English pastry-cook’s shop. Only a few +posting-chaises were setting out at a gallop from the HĂŽtel des Princes +and the HĂŽtel Meurice. + +Marius entered the Rue Saint-HonorĂ© through the Passage Delorme. There +the shops were closed, the merchants were chatting in front of their +half-open doors, people were walking about, the street lanterns were +lighted, beginning with the first floor, all the windows were lighted +as usual. There was cavalry on the Place du Palais-Royal. + +Marius followed the Rue Saint-HonorĂ©. In proportion as he left the +Palais-Royal behind him, there were fewer lighted windows, the shops +were fast shut, no one was chatting on the thresholds, the street grew +sombre, and, at the same time, the crowd increased in density. For the +passers-by now amounted to a crowd. No one could be seen to speak in +this throng, and yet there arose from it a dull, deep murmur. + +Near the fountain of the Arbre-Sec, there were “assemblages”, +motionless and gloomy groups which were to those who went and came as +stones in the midst of running water. + +At the entrance to the Rue des Prouvaires, the crowd no longer walked. +It formed a resisting, massive, solid, compact, almost impenetrable +block of people who were huddled together, and conversing in low tones. +There were hardly any black coats or round hats now, but smock frocks, +blouses, caps, and bristling and cadaverous heads. This multitude +undulated confusedly in the nocturnal gloom. Its whisperings had the +hoarse accent of a vibration. Although not one of them was walking, a +dull trampling was audible in the mire. Beyond this dense portion of +the throng, in the Rue du Roule, in the Rue des Prouvaires, and in the +extension of the Rue Saint-HonorĂ©, there was no longer a single window +in which a candle was burning. Only the solitary and diminishing rows +of lanterns could be seen vanishing into the street in the distance. +The lanterns of that date resembled large red stars, hanging to ropes, +and shed upon the pavement a shadow which had the form of a huge +spider. These streets were not deserted. There could be descried piles +of guns, moving bayonets, and troops bivouacking. No curious observer +passed that limit. There circulation ceased. There the rabble ended and +the army began. + +Marius willed with the will of a man who hopes no more. He had been +summoned, he must go. He found a means to traverse the throng and to +pass the bivouac of the troops, he shunned the patrols, he avoided the +sentinels. He made a circuit, reached the Rue de BĂ©thisy, and directed +his course towards the Halles. At the corner of the Rue des +Bourdonnais, there were no longer any lanterns. + +After having passed the zone of the crowd, he had passed the limits of +the troops; he found himself in something startling. There was no +longer a passer-by, no longer a soldier, no longer a light, there was +no one; solitude, silence, night, I know not what chill which seized +hold upon one. Entering a street was like entering a cellar. + +He continued to advance. + +He took a few steps. Some one passed close to him at a run. Was it a +man? Or a woman? Were there many of them? he could not have told. It +had passed and vanished. + +Proceeding from circuit to circuit, he reached a lane which he judged +to be the Rue de la Poterie; near the middle of this street, he came in +contact with an obstacle. He extended his hands. It was an overturned +wagon; his foot recognized pools of water, gullies, and paving-stones +scattered and piled up. A barricade had been begun there and abandoned. +He climbed over the stones and found himself on the other side of the +barrier. He walked very near the street-posts, and guided himself along +the walls of the houses. A little beyond the barricade, it seemed to +him that he could make out something white in front of him. He +approached, it took on a form. It was two white horses; the horses of +the omnibus harnessed by Bossuet in the morning, who had been straying +at random all day from street to street, and had finally halted there, +with the weary patience of brutes who no more understand the actions of +men, than man understands the actions of Providence. + +Marius left the horses behind him. As he was approaching a street which +seemed to him to be the Rue du Contrat-Social, a shot coming no one +knows whence, and traversing the darkness at random, whistled close by +him, and the bullet pierced a brass shaving-dish suspended above his +head over a hairdresser’s shop. This pierced shaving-dish was still to +be seen in 1848, in the Rue du Contrat-Social, at the corner of the +pillars of the market. + +This shot still betokened life. From that instant forth he encountered +nothing more. + +The whole of this itinerary resembled a descent of black steps. + +Nevertheless, Marius pressed forward. + + + + +CHAPTER II—AN OWL’S VIEW OF PARIS + + +A being who could have hovered over Paris that night with the wing of +the bat or the owl would have had beneath his eyes a gloomy spectacle. + +All that old quarter of the Halles, which is like a city within a city, +through which run the Rues Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin, where a +thousand lanes cross, and of which the insurgents had made their +redoubt and their stronghold, would have appeared to him like a dark +and enormous cavity hollowed out in the centre of Paris. There the +glance fell into an abyss. Thanks to the broken lanterns, thanks to the +closed windows, there all radiance, all life, all sound, all movement +ceased. The invisible police of the insurrection were on the watch +everywhere, and maintained order, that is to say, night. The necessary +tactics of insurrection are to drown small numbers in a vast obscurity, +to multiply every combatant by the possibilities which that obscurity +contains. At dusk, every window where a candle was burning received a +shot. The light was extinguished, sometimes the inhabitant was killed. +Hence nothing was stirring. There was nothing but fright, mourning, +stupor in the houses; and in the streets, a sort of sacred horror. Not +even the long rows of windows and stores, the indentations of the +chimneys, and the roofs, and the vague reflections which are cast back +by the wet and muddy pavements, were visible. An eye cast upward at +that mass of shadows might, perhaps, have caught a glimpse here and +there, at intervals, of indistinct gleams which brought out broken and +eccentric lines, and profiles of singular buildings, something like the +lights which go and come in ruins; it was at such points that the +barricades were situated. The rest was a lake of obscurity, foggy, +heavy, and funereal, above which, in motionless and melancholy +outlines, rose the tower of Saint-Jacques, the church of Saint-Merry, +and two or three more of those grand edifices of which man makes giants +and the night makes phantoms. + +All around this deserted and disquieting labyrinth, in the quarters +where the Parisian circulation had not been annihilated, and where a +few street lanterns still burned, the aerial observer might have +distinguished the metallic gleam of swords and bayonets, the dull +rumble of artillery, and the swarming of silent battalions whose ranks +were swelling from minute to minute; a formidable girdle which was +slowly drawing in and around the insurrection. + +The invested quarter was no longer anything more than a monstrous +cavern; everything there appeared to be asleep or motionless, and, as +we have just seen, any street which one might come to offered nothing +but darkness. + +A wild darkness, full of traps, full of unseen and formidable shocks, +into which it was alarming to penetrate, and in which it was terrible +to remain, where those who entered shivered before those whom they +awaited, where those who waited shuddered before those who were coming. +Invisible combatants were entrenched at every corner of the street; +snares of the sepulchre concealed in the density of night. All was +over. No more light was to be hoped for, henceforth, except the +lightning of guns, no further encounter except the abrupt and rapid +apparition of death. Where? How? When? No one knew, but it was certain +and inevitable. In this place which had been marked out for the +struggle, the Government and the insurrection, the National Guard, and +popular societies, the bourgeois and the uprising, groping their way, +were about to come into contact. The necessity was the same for both. +The only possible issue thenceforth was to emerge thence killed or +conquerors. A situation so extreme, an obscurity so powerful, that the +most timid felt themselves seized with resolution, and the most daring +with terror. + +Moreover, on both sides, the fury, the rage, and the determination were +equal. For the one party, to advance meant death, and no one dreamed of +retreating; for the other, to remain meant death, and no one dreamed of +flight. + +It was indispensable that all should be ended on the following day, +that triumph should rest either here or there, that the insurrection +should prove itself a revolution or a skirmish. The Government +understood this as well as the parties; the most insignificant +bourgeois felt it. Hence a thought of anguish which mingled with the +impenetrable gloom of this quarter where all was at the point of being +decided; hence a redoubled anxiety around that silence whence a +catastrophe was on the point of emerging. Here only one sound was +audible, a sound as heart-rending as the death rattle, as menacing as a +malediction, the tocsin of Saint-Merry. Nothing could be more +blood-curdling than the clamor of that wild and desperate bell, wailing +amid the shadows. + +As it often happens, nature seemed to have fallen into accord with what +men were about to do. Nothing disturbed the harmony of the whole +effect. The stars had disappeared, heavy clouds filled the horizon with +their melancholy folds. A black sky rested on these dead streets, as +though an immense winding-sheet were being outspread over this immense +tomb. + +While a battle that was still wholly political was in preparation in +the same locality which had already witnessed so many revolutionary +events, while youth, the secret associations, the schools, in the name +of principles, and the middle classes, in the name of interests, were +approaching preparatory to dashing themselves together, clasping and +throwing each other, while each one hastened and invited the last and +decisive hour of the crisis, far away and quite outside of this fatal +quarter, in the most profound depths of the unfathomable cavities of +that wretched old Paris which disappears under the splendor of happy +and opulent Paris, the sombre voice of the people could be heard giving +utterance to a dull roar. + +A fearful and sacred voice which is composed of the roar of the brute +and of the word of God, which terrifies the weak and which warns the +wise, which comes both from below like the voice of the lion, and from +on high like the voice of the thunder. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE EXTREME EDGE + + +Marius had reached the Halles. + +There everything was still calmer, more obscure and more motionless +than in the neighboring streets. One would have said that the glacial +peace of the sepulchre had sprung forth from the earth and had spread +over the heavens. + +Nevertheless, a red glow brought out against this black background the +lofty roofs of the houses which barred the Rue de la Chanvrerie on the +Saint-Eustache side. It was the reflection of the torch which was +burning in the Corinthe barricade. Marius directed his steps towards +that red light. It had drawn him to the MarchĂ©-aux-PoirĂ©es, and he +caught a glimpse of the dark mouth of the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs. He entered +it. The insurgents’ sentinel, who was guarding the other end, did not +see him. He felt that he was very close to that which he had come in +search of, and he walked on tiptoe. In this manner he reached the elbow +of that short section of the Rue MondĂ©tour which was, as the reader +will remember, the only communication which Enjolras had preserved with +the outside world. At the corner of the last house, on his left, he +thrust his head forward, and looked into the fragment of the Rue +MondĂ©tour. + +A little beyond the angle of the lane and the Rue de la Chanvrerie +which cast a broad curtain of shadow, in which he was himself engulfed, +he perceived some light on the pavement, a bit of the wine-shop, and +beyond, a flickering lamp within a sort of shapeless wall, and men +crouching down with guns on their knees. All this was ten fathoms +distant from him. It was the interior of the barricade. + +The houses which bordered the lane on the right concealed the rest of +the wine-shop, the large barricade, and the flag from him. + +Marius had but a step more to take. + +Then the unhappy young man seated himself on a post, folded his arms, +and fell to thinking about his father. + +He thought of that heroic Colonel Pontmercy, who had been so proud a +soldier, who had guarded the frontier of France under the Republic, and +had touched the frontier of Asia under Napoleon, who had beheld Genoa, +Alexandria, Milan, Turin, Madrid, Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Moscow, who +had left on all the victorious battle-fields of Europe drops of that +same blood, which he, Marius, had in his veins, who had grown gray +before his time in discipline and command, who had lived with his +sword-belt buckled, his epaulets falling on his breast, his cockade +blackened with powder, his brow furrowed with his helmet, in barracks, +in camp, in the bivouac, in ambulances, and who, at the expiration of +twenty years, had returned from the great wars with a scarred cheek, a +smiling countenance, tranquil, admirable, pure as a child, having done +everything for France and nothing against her. + +He said to himself that his day had also come now, that his hour had +struck, that following his father, he too was about to show himself +brave, intrepid, bold, to run to meet the bullets, to offer his breast +to bayonets, to shed his blood, to seek the enemy, to seek death, that +he was about to wage war in his turn and descend to the field of +battle, and that the field of battle upon which he was to descend was +the street, and that the war in which he was about to engage was civil +war! + +He beheld civil war laid open like a gulf before him, and into this he +was about to fall. Then he shuddered. + +He thought of his father’s sword, which his grandfather had sold to a +second-hand dealer, and which he had so mournfully regretted. He said +to himself that that chaste and valiant sword had done well to escape +from him, and to depart in wrath into the gloom; that if it had thus +fled, it was because it was intelligent and because it had foreseen the +future; that it had had a presentiment of this rebellion, the war of +the gutters, the war of the pavements, fusillades through +cellar-windows, blows given and received in the rear; it was because, +coming from Marengo and Friedland, it did not wish to go to the Rue de +la Chanvrerie; it was because, after what it had done with the father, +it did not wish to do this for the son! He told himself that if that +sword were there, if after taking possession of it at his father’s +pillow, he had dared to take it and carry it off for this combat of +darkness between Frenchmen in the streets, it would assuredly have +scorched his hands and burst out aflame before his eyes, like the sword +of the angel! He told himself that it was fortunate that it was not +there and that it had disappeared, that that was well, that that was +just, that his grandfather had been the true guardian of his father’s +glory, and that it was far better that the colonel’s sword should be +sold at auction, sold to the old-clothes man, thrown among the old +junk, than that it should, to-day, wound the side of his country. + +And then he fell to weeping bitterly. + +This was horrible. But what was he to do? Live without Cosette he could +not. Since she was gone, he must needs die. Had he not given her his +word of honor that he would die? She had gone knowing that; this meant +that it pleased her that Marius should die. And then, it was clear that +she no longer loved him, since she had departed thus without warning, +without a word, without a letter, although she knew his address! What +was the good of living, and why should he live now? And then, what! +should he retreat after going so far? should he flee from danger after +having approached it? should he slip away after having come and peeped +into the barricade? slip away, all in a tremble, saying: “After all, I +have had enough of it as it is. I have seen it, that suffices, this is +civil war, and I shall take my leave!” Should he abandon his friends +who were expecting him? Who were in need of him possibly! who were a +mere handful against an army! Should he be untrue at once to his love, +to country, to his word? Should he give to his cowardice the pretext of +patriotism? But this was impossible, and if the phantom of his father +was there in the gloom, and beheld him retreating, he would beat him on +the loins with the flat of his sword, and shout to him: “March on, you +poltroon!” + + +Thus a prey to the conflicting movements of his thoughts, he dropped +his head. + +All at once he raised it. A sort of splendid rectification had just +been effected in his mind. There is a widening of the sphere of thought +which is peculiar to the vicinity of the grave; it makes one see +clearly to be near death. The vision of the action into which he felt +that he was, perhaps, on the point of entering, appeared to him no more +as lamentable, but as superb. The war of the street was suddenly +transfigured by some unfathomable inward working of his soul, before +the eye of his thought. All the tumultuous interrogation points of +reverie recurred to him in throngs, but without troubling him. He left +none of them unanswered. + +Let us see, why should his father be indignant? Are there not cases +where insurrection rises to the dignity of duty? What was there that +was degrading for the son of Colonel Pontmercy in the combat which was +about to begin? It is no longer Montmirail nor Champaubert; it is +something quite different. The question is no longer one of sacred +territory,—but of a holy idea. The country wails, that may be, but +humanity applauds. But is it true that the country does wail? France +bleeds, but liberty smiles; and in the presence of liberty’s smile, +France forgets her wound. And then if we look at things from a still +more lofty point of view, why do we speak of civil war? + +Civil war—what does that mean? Is there a foreign war? Is not all war +between men, war between brothers? War is qualified only by its object. +There is no such thing as foreign or civil war; there is only just and +unjust war. Until that day when the grand human agreement is concluded, +war, that at least which is the effort of the future, which is +hastening on against the past, which is lagging in the rear, may be +necessary. What have we to reproach that war with? War does not become +a disgrace, the sword does not become a disgrace, except when it is +used for assassinating the right, progress, reason, civilization, +truth. Then war, whether foreign or civil, is iniquitous; it is called +crime. Outside the pale of that holy thing, justice, by what right does +one form of man despise another? By what right should the sword of +Washington disown the pike of Camille Desmoulins? Leonidas against the +stranger, Timoleon against the tyrant, which is the greater? the one is +the defender, the other the liberator. Shall we brand every appeal to +arms within a city’s limits without taking the object into a +consideration? Then note the infamy of Brutus, Marcel, Arnould von +Blankenheim, Coligny, Hedgerow war? War of the streets? Why not? That +was the war of Ambiorix, of Artevelde, of Marnix, of Pelagius. But +Ambiorix fought against Rome, Artevelde against France, Marnix against +Spain, Pelagius against the Moors; all against the foreigner. Well, the +monarchy is a foreigner; oppression is a stranger; the right divine is +a stranger. Despotism violates the moral frontier, an invasion violates +the geographical frontier. Driving out the tyrant or driving out the +English, in both cases, regaining possession of one’s own territory. +There comes an hour when protestation no longer suffices; after +philosophy, action is required; live force finishes what the idea has +sketched out; Prometheus chained begins, Arostogeiton ends; the +encyclopedia enlightens souls, the 10th of August electrifies them. +After Æschylus, Thrasybulus; after Diderot, Danton. Multitudes have a +tendency to accept the master. Their mass bears witness to apathy. A +crowd is easily led as a whole to obedience. Men must be stirred up, +pushed on, treated roughly by the very benefit of their deliverance, +their eyes must be wounded by the true, light must be hurled at them in +terrible handfuls. They must be a little thunderstruck themselves at +their own well-being; this dazzling awakens them. Hence the necessity +of tocsins and wars. Great combatants must rise, must enlighten nations +with audacity, and shake up that sad humanity which is covered with +gloom by the right divine, CĂŠsarian glory, force, fanaticism, +irresponsible power, and absolute majesty; a rabble stupidly occupied +in the contemplation, in their twilight splendor, of these sombre +triumphs of the night. Down with the tyrant! Of whom are you speaking? +Do you call Louis Philippe the tyrant? No; no more than Louis XVI. Both +of them are what history is in the habit of calling good kings; but +principles are not to be parcelled out, the logic of the true is +rectilinear, the peculiarity of truth is that it lacks complaisance; no +concessions, then; all encroachments on man should be repressed. There +is a divine right in Louis XVI., there is _because a Bourbon_ in Louis +Philippe; both represent in a certain measure the confiscation of +right, and, in order to clear away universal insurrection, they must be +combated; it must be done, France being always the one to begin. When +the master falls in France, he falls everywhere. In short, what cause +is more just, and consequently, what war is greater, than that which +re-establishes social truth, restores her throne to liberty, restores +the people to the people, restores sovereignty to man, replaces the +purple on the head of France, restores equity and reason in their +plenitude, suppresses every germ of antagonism by restoring each one to +himself, annihilates the obstacle which royalty presents to the whole +immense universal concord, and places the human race once more on a +level with the right? These wars build up peace. An enormous fortress +of prejudices, privileges, superstitions, lies, exactions, abuses, +violences, iniquities, and darkness still stands erect in this world, +with its towers of hatred. It must be cast down. This monstrous mass +must be made to crumble. To conquer at Austerlitz is grand; to take the +Bastille is immense. + +There is no one who has not noticed it in his own case—the soul,—and +therein lies the marvel of its unity complicated with ubiquity, has a +strange aptitude for reasoning almost coldly in the most violent +extremities, and it often happens that heartbroken passion and profound +despair in the very agony of their blackest monologues, treat subjects +and discuss theses. Logic is mingled with convulsion, and the thread of +the syllogism floats, without breaking, in the mournful storm of +thought. This was the situation of Marius’ mind. + +As he meditated thus, dejected but resolute, hesitating in every +direction, and, in short, shuddering at what he was about to do, his +glance strayed to the interior of the barricade. The insurgents were +here conversing in a low voice, without moving, and there was +perceptible that quasi-silence which marks the last stage of +expectation. Overhead, at the small window in the third story Marius +descried a sort of spectator who appeared to him to be singularly +attentive. This was the porter who had been killed by Le Cabuc. Below, +by the lights of the torch, which was thrust between the paving-stones, +this head could be vaguely distinguished. Nothing could be stranger, in +that sombre and uncertain gleam, than that livid, motionless, +astonished face, with its bristling hair, its eyes fixed and staring, +and its yawning mouth, bent over the street in an attitude of +curiosity. One would have said that the man who was dead was surveying +those who were about to die. A long trail of blood which had flowed +from that head, descended in reddish threads from the window to the +height of the first floor, where it stopped. + + + + +BOOK FOURTEENTH—THE GRANDEURS OF DESPAIR + + + + +[Illustration: The Grandeurs of Despair] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE FLAG: ACT FIRST + + +As yet, nothing had come. Ten o’clock had sounded from Saint-Merry. +Enjolras and Combeferre had gone and seated themselves, carbines in +hand, near the outlet of the grand barricade. They no longer addressed +each other, they listened, seeking to catch even the faintest and most +distant sound of marching. + +Suddenly, in the midst of the dismal calm, a clear, gay, young voice, +which seemed to come from the Rue Saint-Denis, rose and began to sing +distinctly, to the old popular air of “By the Light of the Moon,” this +bit of poetry, terminated by a cry like the crow of a cock:— + +Mon nez est en larmes, +Mon ami Bugeaud, +PrĂȘte moi tes gendarmes +Pour leur dire un mot. +En capote bleue, +La poule au shako, +Voici la banlieue! +Co-cocorico!54 + + +They pressed each other’s hands. + +“That is Gavroche,” said Enjolras. + +“He is warning us,” said Combeferre. + +A hasty rush troubled the deserted street; they beheld a being more +agile than a clown climb over the omnibus, and Gavroche bounded into +the barricade, all breathless, saying:— + +“My gun! Here they are!” + + +An electric quiver shot through the whole barricade, and the sound of +hands seeking their guns became audible. + +“Would you like my carbine?” said Enjolras to the lad. + +“I want a big gun,” replied Gavroche. + +And he seized Javert’s gun. + +Two sentinels had fallen back, and had come in almost at the same +moment as Gavroche. They were the sentinels from the end of the street, +and the vidette of the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie. The vidette of the +Lane des PrĂȘcheurs had remained at his post, which indicated that +nothing was approaching from the direction of the bridges and Halles. + +The Rue de la Chanvrerie, of which a few paving-stones alone were dimly +visible in the reflection of the light projected on the flag, offered +to the insurgents the aspect of a vast black door vaguely opened into a +smoke. + +Each man had taken up his position for the conflict. + +Forty-three insurgents, among whom were Enjolras, Combeferre, +Courfeyrac, Bossuet, Joly, Bahorel, and Gavroche, were kneeling inside +the large barricade, with their heads on a level with the crest of the +barrier, the barrels of their guns and carbines aimed on the stones as +though at loop-holes, attentive, mute, ready to fire. Six, commanded by +Feuilly, had installed themselves, with their guns levelled at their +shoulders, at the windows of the two stories of Corinthe. + +Several minutes passed thus, then a sound of footsteps, measured, +heavy, and numerous, became distinctly audible in the direction of +Saint-Leu. This sound, faint at first, then precise, then heavy and +sonorous, approached slowly, without halt, without intermission, with a +tranquil and terrible continuity. Nothing was to be heard but this. It +was that combined silence and sound, of the statue of the commander, +but this stony step had something indescribably enormous and multiple +about it which awakened the idea of a throng, and, at the same time, +the idea of a spectre. One thought one heard the terrible statue Legion +marching onward. This tread drew near; it drew still nearer, and +stopped. It seemed as though the breathing of many men could be heard +at the end of the street. Nothing was to be seen, however, but at the +bottom of that dense obscurity there could be distinguished a multitude +of metallic threads, as fine as needles and almost imperceptible, which +moved about like those indescribable phosphoric networks which one sees +beneath one’s closed eyelids, in the first mists of slumber at the +moment when one is dropping off to sleep. These were bayonets and +gun-barrels confusedly illuminated by the distant reflection of the +torch. + +A pause ensued, as though both sides were waiting. All at once, from +the depths of this darkness, a voice, which was all the more sinister, +since no one was visible, and which appeared to be the gloom itself +speaking, shouted:— + +“Who goes there?” + + +At the same time, the click of guns, as they were lowered into +position, was heard. + +Enjolras replied in a haughty and vibrating tone:— + +“The French Revolution!” + + +“Fire!” shouted the voice. + +A flash empurpled all the façades in the street as though the door of a +furnace had been flung open, and hastily closed again. + +A fearful detonation burst forth on the barricade. The red flag fell. +The discharge had been so violent and so dense that it had cut the +staff, that is to say, the very tip of the omnibus pole. + +Bullets which had rebounded from the cornices of the houses penetrated +the barricade and wounded several men. + +The impression produced by this first discharge was freezing. The +attack had been rough, and of a nature to inspire reflection in the +boldest. It was evident that they had to deal with an entire regiment +at the very least. + +“Comrades!” shouted Courfeyrac, “let us not waste our powder. Let us +wait until they are in the street before replying.” + + +“And, above all,” said Enjolras, “let us raise the flag again.” + + +He picked up the flag, which had fallen precisely at his feet. + +Outside, the clatter of the ramrods in the guns could be heard; the +troops were re-loading their arms. + +Enjolras went on:— + +“Who is there here with a bold heart? Who will plant the flag on the +barricade again?” + + +Not a man responded. To mount on the barricade at the very moment when, +without any doubt, it was again the object of their aim, was simply +death. The bravest hesitated to pronounce his own condemnation. +Enjolras himself felt a thrill. He repeated:— + +“Does no one volunteer?” + + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE FLAG: ACT SECOND + + +Since they had arrived at Corinthe, and had begun the construction of +the barricade, no attention had been paid to Father Mabeuf. M. Mabeuf +had not quitted the mob, however; he had entered the ground floor of +the wine-shop and had seated himself behind the counter. There he had, +so to speak, retreated into himself. He no longer seemed to look or to +think. Courfeyrac and others had accosted him two or three times, +warning him of his peril, beseeching him to withdraw, but he did not +hear them. When they were not speaking to him, his mouth moved as +though he were replying to some one, and as soon as he was addressed, +his lips became motionless and his eyes no longer had the appearance of +being alive. + +Several hours before the barricade was attacked, he had assumed an +attitude which he did not afterwards abandon, with both fists planted +on his knees and his head thrust forward as though he were gazing over +a precipice. Nothing had been able to move him from this attitude; it +did not seem as though his mind were in the barricade. When each had +gone to take up his position for the combat, there remained in the +tap-room where Javert was bound to the post, only a single insurgent +with a naked sword, watching over Javert, and himself, Mabeuf. At the +moment of the attack, at the detonation, the physical shock had reached +him and had, as it were, awakened him; he started up abruptly, crossed +the room, and at the instant when Enjolras repeated his appeal: “Does +no one volunteer?” the old man was seen to make his appearance on the +threshold of the wine-shop. His presence produced a sort of commotion +in the different groups. A shout went up:— + +“It is the voter! It is the member of the Convention! It is the +representative of the people!” + + +It is probable that he did not hear them. + +He strode straight up to Enjolras, the insurgents withdrawing before +him with a religious fear; he tore the flag from Enjolras, who recoiled +in amazement and then, since no one dared to stop or to assist him, +this old man of eighty, with shaking head but firm foot, began slowly +to ascend the staircase of paving-stones arranged in the barricade. +This was so melancholy and so grand that all around him cried: “Off +with your hats!” At every step that he mounted, it was a frightful +spectacle; his white locks, his decrepit face, his lofty, bald, and +wrinkled brow, his amazed and open mouth, his aged arm upholding the +red banner, rose through the gloom and were enlarged in the bloody +light of the torch, and the bystanders thought that they beheld the +spectre of ’93 emerging from the earth, with the flag of terror in his +hand. + +When he had reached the last step, when this trembling and terrible +phantom, erect on that pile of rubbish in the presence of twelve +hundred invisible guns, drew himself up in the face of death and as +though he were more powerful than it, the whole barricade assumed amid +the darkness, a supernatural and colossal form. + +There ensued one of those silences which occur only in the presence of +prodigies. In the midst of this silence, the old man waved the red flag +and shouted:— + +“Long live the Revolution! Long live the Republic! Fraternity! +Equality! and Death!” + + +Those in the barricade heard a low and rapid whisper, like the murmur +of a priest who is despatching a prayer in haste. It was probably the +commissary of police who was making the legal summons at the other end +of the street. + +Then the same piercing voice which had shouted: “Who goes there?” +shouted:— + +“Retire!” + + +M. Mabeuf, pale, haggard, his eyes lighted up with the mournful flame +of aberration, raised the flag above his head and repeated:— + +“Long live the Republic!” + + +“Fire!” said the voice. + +A second discharge, similar to the first, rained down upon the +barricade. + +The old man fell on his knees, then rose again, dropped the flag and +fell backwards on the pavement, like a log, at full length, with +outstretched arms. + +Rivulets of blood flowed beneath him. His aged head, pale and sad, +seemed to be gazing at the sky. + +One of those emotions which are superior to man, which make him forget +even to defend himself, seized upon the insurgents, and they approached +the body with respectful awe. + +“What men these regicides were!” said Enjolras. + +Courfeyrac bent down to Enjolras’ ear:— + +“This is for yourself alone, I do not wish to dampen the enthusiasm. +But this man was anything rather than a regicide. I knew him. His name +was Father Mabeuf. I do not know what was the matter with him to-day. +But he was a brave blockhead. Just look at his head.” + + +“The head of a blockhead and the heart of a Brutus,” replied Enjolras. + +Then he raised his voice:— + +“Citizens! This is the example which the old give to the young. We +hesitated, he came! We were drawing back, he advanced! This is what +those who are trembling with age teach to those who tremble with fear! +This aged man is august in the eyes of his country. He has had a long +life and a magnificent death! Now, let us place the body under cover, +that each one of us may defend this old man dead as he would his father +living, and may his presence in our midst render the barricade +impregnable!” + + +A murmur of gloomy and energetic assent followed these words. + +Enjolras bent down, raised the old man’s head, and fierce as he was, he +kissed him on the brow, then, throwing wide his arms, and handling this +dead man with tender precaution, as though he feared to hurt it, he +removed his coat, showed the bloody holes in it to all, and said:— + +“This is our flag now.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—GAVROCHE WOULD HAVE DONE BETTER TO ACCEPT ENJOLRAS’ CARBINE + + +They threw a long black shawl of Widow Hucheloup’s over Father Mabeuf. +Six men made a litter of their guns; on this they laid the body, and +bore it, with bared heads, with solemn slowness, to the large table in +the tap-room. + +These men, wholly absorbed in the grave and sacred task in which they +were engaged, thought no more of the perilous situation in which they +stood. + +When the corpse passed near Javert, who was still impassive, Enjolras +said to the spy:— + +“It will be your turn presently!” + + +During all this time, Little Gavroche, who alone had not quitted his +post, but had remained on guard, thought he espied some men stealthily +approaching the barricade. All at once he shouted:— + +“Look out!” + + +Courfeyrac, Enjolras, Jean Prouvaire, Combeferre, Joly, Bahorel, +Bossuet, and all the rest ran tumultuously from the wine-shop. It was +almost too late. They saw a glistening density of bayonets undulating +above the barricade. Municipal guards of lofty stature were making +their way in, some striding over the omnibus, others through the cut, +thrusting before them the urchin, who retreated, but did not flee. + +The moment was critical. It was that first, redoubtable moment of +inundation, when the stream rises to the level of the levee and when +the water begins to filter through the fissures of dike. A second more +and the barricade would have been taken. + +Bahorel dashed upon the first municipal guard who was entering, and +killed him on the spot with a blow from his gun; the second killed +Bahorel with a blow from his bayonet. Another had already overthrown +Courfeyrac, who was shouting: “Follow me!” The largest of all, a sort +of colossus, marched on Gavroche with his bayonet fixed. The urchin +took in his arms Javert’s immense gun, levelled it resolutely at the +giant, and fired. No discharge followed. Javert’s gun was not loaded. +The municipal guard burst into a laugh and raised his bayonet at the +child. + +Before the bayonet had touched Gavroche, the gun slipped from the +soldier’s grasp, a bullet had struck the municipal guardsman in the +centre of the forehead, and he fell over on his back. A second bullet +struck the other guard, who had assaulted Courfeyrac in the breast, and +laid him low on the pavement. + +This was the work of Marius, who had just entered the barricade. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE BARREL OF POWDER + + +Marius, still concealed in the turn of the Rue MondĂ©tour, had +witnessed, shuddering and irresolute, the first phase of the combat. +But he had not long been able to resist that mysterious and sovereign +vertigo which may be designated as the call of the abyss. In the +presence of the imminence of the peril, in the presence of the death of +M. Mabeuf, that melancholy enigma, in the presence of Bahorel killed, +and Courfeyrac shouting: “Follow me!” of that child threatened, of his +friends to succor or to avenge, all hesitation had vanished, and he had +flung himself into the conflict, his two pistols in hand. With his +first shot he had saved Gavroche, and with the second delivered +Courfeyrac. + +Amid the sound of the shots, amid the cries of the assaulted guards, +the assailants had climbed the entrenchment, on whose summit Municipal +Guards, soldiers of the line and National Guards from the suburbs could +now be seen, gun in hand, rearing themselves to more than half the +height of their bodies. + +They already covered more than two-thirds of the barrier, but they did +not leap into the enclosure, as though wavering in the fear of some +trap. They gazed into the dark barricade as one would gaze into a +lion’s den. The light of the torch illuminated only their bayonets, +their bear-skin caps, and the upper part of their uneasy and angry +faces. + +Marius had no longer any weapons; he had flung away his discharged +pistols after firing them; but he had caught sight of the barrel of +powder in the tap-room, near the door. + +As he turned half round, gazing in that direction, a soldier took aim +at him. At the moment when the soldier was sighting Marius, a hand was +laid on the muzzle of the gun and obstructed it. This was done by some +one who had darted forward,—the young workman in velvet trousers. The +shot sped, traversed the hand and possibly, also, the workman, since he +fell, but the ball did not strike Marius. All this, which was rather to +be apprehended than seen through the smoke, Marius, who was entering +the tap-room, hardly noticed. Still, he had, in a confused way, +perceived that gun-barrel aimed at him, and the hand which had blocked +it, and he had heard the discharge. But in moments like this, the +things which one sees vacillate and are precipitated, and one pauses +for nothing. One feels obscurely impelled towards more darkness still, +and all is cloud. + +The insurgents, surprised but not terrified, had rallied. Enjolras had +shouted: “Wait! Don’t fire at random!” In the first confusion, they +might, in fact, wound each other. The majority of them had ascended to +the window on the first story and to the attic windows, whence they +commanded the assailants. + +The most determined, with Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Jean Prouvaire, and +Combeferre, had proudly placed themselves with their backs against the +houses at the rear, unsheltered and facing the ranks of soldiers and +guards who crowned the barricade. + +All this was accomplished without haste, with that strange and +threatening gravity which precedes engagements. They took aim, point +blank, on both sides: they were so close that they could talk together +without raising their voices. + +When they had reached this point where the spark is on the brink of +darting forth, an officer in a gorget extended his sword and said:— + +“Lay down your arms!” + + +“Fire!” replied Enjolras. + +The two discharges took place at the same moment, and all disappeared +in smoke. + +An acrid and stifling smoke in which dying and wounded lay with weak, +dull groans. When the smoke cleared away, the combatants on both sides +could be seen to be thinned out, but still in the same positions, +reloading in silence. All at once, a thundering voice was heard, +shouting:— + +“Be off with you, or I’ll blow up the barricade!” + + +All turned in the direction whence the voice proceeded. + +Marius had entered the tap-room, and had seized the barrel of powder, +then he had taken advantage of the smoke, and the sort of obscure mist +which filled the entrenched enclosure, to glide along the barricade as +far as that cage of paving-stones where the torch was fixed. To tear it +from the torch, to replace it by the barrel of powder, to thrust the +pile of stones under the barrel, which was instantly staved in, with a +sort of horrible obedience,—all this had cost Marius but the time +necessary to stoop and rise again; and now all, National Guards, +Municipal Guards, officers, soldiers, huddled at the other extremity of +the barricade, gazed stupidly at him, as he stood with his foot on the +stones, his torch in his hand, his haughty face illuminated by a fatal +resolution, drooping the flame of the torch towards that redoubtable +pile where they could make out the broken barrel of powder, and giving +vent to that startling cry:— + +“Be off with you, or I’ll blow up the barricade!” + + +Marius on that barricade after the octogenarian was the vision of the +young revolution after the apparition of the old. + +“Blow up the barricade!” said a sergeant, “and yourself with it!” + + +Marius retorted: “And myself also.” + + +And he dropped the torch towards the barrel of powder. + +But there was no longer any one on the barrier. The assailants, +abandoning their dead and wounded, flowed back pell-mell and in +disorder towards the extremity of the street, and there were again lost +in the night. It was a headlong flight. + +The barricade was free. + + + + +CHAPTER V—END OF THE VERSES OF JEAN PROUVAIRE + + +All flocked around Marius. Courfeyrac flung himself on his neck. + +“Here you are!” + + +“What luck!” said Combeferre. + +“You came in opportunely!” ejaculated Bossuet. + +“If it had not been for you, I should have been dead!” began Courfeyrac +again. + +“If it had not been for you, I should have been gobbled up!” added +Gavroche. + +Marius asked:— + +“Where is the chief?” + + +“You are he!” said Enjolras. + +Marius had had a furnace in his brain all day long; now it was a +whirlwind. This whirlwind which was within him, produced on him the +effect of being outside of him and of bearing him away. It seemed to +him that he was already at an immense distance from life. His two +luminous months of joy and love, ending abruptly at that frightful +precipice, Cosette lost to him, that barricade, M. Mabeuf getting +himself killed for the Republic, himself the leader of the +insurgents,—all these things appeared to him like a tremendous +nightmare. He was obliged to make a mental effort to recall the fact +that all that surrounded him was real. Marius had already seen too much +of life not to know that nothing is more imminent than the impossible, +and that what it is always necessary to foresee is the unforeseen. He +had looked on at his own drama as a piece which one does not +understand. + +In the mists which enveloped his thoughts, he did not recognize Javert, +who, bound to his post, had not so much as moved his head during the +whole of the attack on the barricade, and who had gazed on the revolt +seething around him with the resignation of a martyr and the majesty of +a judge. Marius had not even seen him. + +In the meanwhile, the assailants did not stir, they could be heard +marching and swarming through at the end of the street but they did not +venture into it, either because they were awaiting orders or because +they were awaiting reinforcements before hurling themselves afresh on +this impregnable redoubt. The insurgents had posted sentinels, and some +of them, who were medical students, set about caring for the wounded. + +They had thrown the tables out of the wine-shop, with the exception of +the two tables reserved for lint and cartridges, and of the one on +which lay Father Mabeuf; they had added them to the barricade, and had +replaced them in the tap-room with mattresses from the bed of the widow +Hucheloup and her servants. On these mattresses they had laid the +wounded. As for the three poor creatures who inhabited Corinthe, no one +knew what had become of them. They were finally found, however, hidden +in the cellar. + +A poignant emotion clouded the joy of the disencumbered barricade. + +The roll was called. One of the insurgents was missing. And who was it? +One of the dearest. One of the most valiant. Jean Prouvaire. He was +sought among the wounded, he was not there. He was sought among the +dead, he was not there. He was evidently a prisoner. Combeferre said to +Enjolras:— + +“They have our friend; we have their agent. Are you set on the death of +that spy?” + + +“Yes,” replied Enjolras; “but less so than on the life of Jean +Prouvaire.” + + +This took place in the tap-room near Javert’s post. + +“Well,” resumed Combeferre, “I am going to fasten my handkerchief to my +cane, and go as a flag of truce, to offer to exchange our man for +theirs.” + + +“Listen,” said Enjolras, laying his hand on Combeferre’s arm. + +At the end of the street there was a significant clash of arms. + +They heard a manly voice shout:— + +“Vive la France! Long live France! Long live the future!” + + +They recognized the voice of Prouvaire. + +A flash passed, a report rang out. + +Silence fell again. + +“They have killed him,” exclaimed Combeferre. + +Enjolras glanced at Javert, and said to him:— + +“Your friends have just shot you.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE AGONY OF DEATH AFTER THE AGONY OF LIFE + + +A peculiarity of this species of war is, that the attack of the +barricades is almost always made from the front, and that the +assailants generally abstain from turning the position, either because +they fear ambushes, or because they are afraid of getting entangled in +the tortuous streets. The insurgents’ whole attention had been +directed, therefore, to the grand barricade, which was, evidently, the +spot always menaced, and there the struggle would infallibly +recommence. But Marius thought of the little barricade, and went +thither. It was deserted and guarded only by the fire-pot which +trembled between the paving-stones. Moreover, the MondĂ©tour alley, and +the branches of the Rue de la Petite Truanderie and the Rue du Cygne +were profoundly calm. + +As Marius was withdrawing, after concluding his inspection, he heard +his name pronounced feebly in the darkness. + +“Monsieur Marius!” + + +He started, for he recognized the voice which had called to him two +hours before through the gate in the Rue Plumet. + +Only, the voice now seemed to be nothing more than a breath. + +He looked about him, but saw no one. + +Marius thought he had been mistaken, that it was an illusion added by +his mind to the extraordinary realities which were clashing around him. +He advanced a step, in order to quit the distant recess where the +barricade lay. + +“Monsieur Marius!” repeated the voice. + +This time he could not doubt that he had heard it distinctly; he looked +and saw nothing. + +“At your feet,” said the voice. + +He bent down, and saw in the darkness a form which was dragging itself +towards him. + +It was crawling along the pavement. It was this that had spoken to him. + +The fire-pot allowed him to distinguish a blouse, torn trousers of +coarse velvet, bare feet, and something which resembled a pool of +blood. Marius indistinctly made out a pale head which was lifted +towards him and which was saying to him:— + +“You do not recognize me?” + + +“No.” + + +“Éponine.” + + +Marius bent hastily down. It was, in fact, that unhappy child. She was +dressed in men’s clothes. + +“How come you here? What are you doing here?” + + +“I am dying,” said she. + +There are words and incidents which arouse dejected beings. Marius +cried out with a start:— + +“You are wounded! Wait, I will carry you into the room! They will +attend to you there. Is it serious? How must I take hold of you in +order not to hurt you? Where do you suffer? Help! My God! But why did +you come hither?” + + +And he tried to pass his arm under her, in order to raise her. + +She uttered a feeble cry. + +“Have I hurt you?” asked Marius. + +“A little.” + + +“But I only touched your hand.” + + +She raised her hand to Marius, and in the middle of that hand Marius +saw a black hole. + +“What is the matter with your hand?” said he. + +“It is pierced.” + + +“Pierced?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“What with?” + + +“A bullet.” + + +“How?” + + +“Did you see a gun aimed at you?” + + +“Yes, and a hand stopping it.” + + +“It was mine.” + + +Marius was seized with a shudder. + +“What madness! Poor child! But so much the better, if that is all, it +is nothing, let me carry you to a bed. They will dress your wound; one +does not die of a pierced hand.” + + +She murmured:— + +“The bullet traversed my hand, but it came out through my back. It is +useless to remove me from this spot. I will tell you how you can care +for me better than any surgeon. Sit down near me on this stone.” + + +He obeyed; she laid her head on Marius’ knees, and, without looking at +him, she said:— + +“Oh! How good this is! How comfortable this is! There; I no longer +suffer.” + + +She remained silent for a moment, then she turned her face with an +effort, and looked at Marius. + +“Do you know what, Monsieur Marius? It puzzled me because you entered +that garden; it was stupid, because it was I who showed you that house; +and then, I ought to have said to myself that a young man like you—” + + +She paused, and overstepping the sombre transitions that undoubtedly +existed in her mind, she resumed with a heartrending smile:— + +“You thought me ugly, didn’t you?” + + +She continued:— + +“You see, you are lost! Now, no one can get out of the barricade. It +was I who led you here, by the way! You are going to die, I count upon +that. And yet, when I saw them taking aim at you, I put my hand on the +muzzle of the gun. How queer it is! But it was because I wanted to die +before you. When I received that bullet, I dragged myself here, no one +saw me, no one picked me up, I was waiting for you, I said: ‘So he is +not coming!’ Oh, if you only knew. I bit my blouse, I suffered so! Now +I am well. Do you remember the day I entered your chamber and when I +looked at myself in your mirror, and the day when I came to you on the +boulevard near the washerwomen? How the birds sang! That was a long +time ago. You gave me a hundred sous, and I said to you: ‘I don’t want +your money.’ I hope you picked up your coin? You are not rich. I did +not think to tell you to pick it up. The sun was shining bright, and it +was not cold. Do you remember, Monsieur Marius? Oh! How happy I am! +Every one is going to die.” + + +She had a mad, grave, and heart-breaking air. Her torn blouse disclosed +her bare throat. + +As she talked, she pressed her pierced hand to her breast, where there +was another hole, and whence there spurted from moment to moment a +stream of blood, like a jet of wine from an open bung-hole. + +Marius gazed at this unfortunate creature with profound compassion. + +“Oh!” she resumed, “it is coming again, I am stifling!” + + +She caught up her blouse and bit it, and her limbs stiffened on the +pavement. + +At that moment the young cock’s crow executed by little Gavroche +resounded through the barricade. + +The child had mounted a table to load his gun, and was singing gayly +the song then so popular:— + +“En voyant Lafayette, +Le gendarme rĂ©pĂšte:— +Sauvons nous! sauvons nous! +sauvons nous!” + +“On beholding Lafayette, +The gendarme repeats:— +Let us flee! let us flee! +let us flee! + + +Éponine raised herself and listened; then she murmured:— + +“It is he.” + + +And turning to Marius:— + +“My brother is here. He must not see me. He would scold me.” + + +“Your brother?” inquired Marius, who was meditating in the most bitter +and sorrowful depths of his heart on the duties to the ThĂ©nardiers +which his father had bequeathed to him; “who is your brother?” + + +“That little fellow.” + + +“The one who is singing?” + + +“Yes.” + + +Marius made a movement. + +“Oh! don’t go away,” said she, “it will not be long now.” + + +She was sitting almost upright, but her voice was very low and broken +by hiccoughs. + +At intervals, the death rattle interrupted her. She put her face as +near that of Marius as possible. She added with a strange expression:— + +“Listen, I do not wish to play you a trick. I have a letter in my +pocket for you. I was told to put it in the post. I kept it. I did not +want to have it reach you. But perhaps you will be angry with me for it +when we meet again presently? Take your letter.” + + +She grasped Marius’ hand convulsively with her pierced hand, but she no +longer seemed to feel her sufferings. She put Marius’ hand in the +pocket of her blouse. There, in fact, Marius felt a paper. + +“Take it,” said she. + +Marius took the letter. + +She made a sign of satisfaction and contentment. + +“Now, for my trouble, promise me—” + + +And she stopped. + +“What?” asked Marius. + +“Promise me!” + + +“I promise.” + + +“Promise to give me a kiss on my brow when I am dead.—I shall feel it.” + + +She dropped her head again on Marius’ knees, and her eyelids closed. He +thought the poor soul had departed. Éponine remained motionless. All at +once, at the very moment when Marius fancied her asleep forever, she +slowly opened her eyes in which appeared the sombre profundity of +death, and said to him in a tone whose sweetness seemed already to +proceed from another world:— + +“And by the way, Monsieur Marius, I believe that I was a little bit in +love with you.” + + +She tried to smile once more and expired. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—GAVROCHE AS A PROFOUND CALCULATOR OF DISTANCES + + +Marius kept his promise. He dropped a kiss on that livid brow, where +the icy perspiration stood in beads. + +This was no infidelity to Cosette; it was a gentle and pensive farewell +to an unhappy soul. + +It was not without a tremor that he had taken the letter which Éponine +had given him. He had immediately felt that it was an event of weight. +He was impatient to read it. The heart of man is so constituted that +the unhappy child had hardly closed her eyes when Marius began to think +of unfolding this paper. + +He laid her gently on the ground, and went away. Something told him +that he could not peruse that letter in the presence of that body. + +He drew near to a candle in the tap-room. It was a small note, folded +and sealed with a woman’s elegant care. The address was in a woman’s +hand and ran:— + +“To Monsieur, Monsieur Marius Pontmercy, at M. Courfeyrac’s, Rue de la +Verrerie, No. 16.” + + +He broke the seal and read:— + +“My dearest, alas! my father insists on our setting out immediately. +We shall be this evening in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7. +In a week we shall be in England. COSETTE. June 4th.” + + +Such was the innocence of their love that Marius was not even +acquainted with Cosette’s handwriting. + +What had taken place may be related in a few words. Éponine had been +the cause of everything. After the evening of the 3d of June she had +cherished a double idea, to defeat the projects of her father and the +ruffians on the house of the Rue Plumet, and to separate Marius and +Cosette. She had exchanged rags with the first young scamp she came +across who had thought it amusing to dress like a woman, while Éponine +disguised herself like a man. It was she who had conveyed to Jean +Valjean in the Champ de Mars the expressive warning: “Leave your +house.” Jean Valjean had, in fact, returned home, and had said to +Cosette: “We set out this evening and we go to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© +with Toussaint. Next week, we shall be in London.” Cosette, utterly +overwhelmed by this unexpected blow, had hastily penned a couple of +lines to Marius. But how was she to get the letter to the post? She +never went out alone, and Toussaint, surprised at such a commission, +would certainly show the letter to M. Fauchelevent. In this dilemma, +Cosette had caught sight through the fence of Éponine in man’s clothes, +who now prowled incessantly around the garden. Cosette had called to +“this young workman” and had handed him five francs and the letter, +saying: “Carry this letter immediately to its address.” Éponine had put +the letter in her pocket. The next day, on the 5th of June, she went to +Courfeyrac’s quarters to inquire for Marius, not for the purpose of +delivering the letter, but,—a thing which every jealous and loving soul +will comprehend,—“to see.” There she had waited for Marius, or at least +for Courfeyrac, still for the purpose of _seeing_. When Courfeyrac had +told her: “We are going to the barricades,” an idea flashed through her +mind, to fling herself into that death, as she would have done into any +other, and to thrust Marius into it also. She had followed Courfeyrac, +had made sure of the locality where the barricade was in process of +construction; and, quite certain, since Marius had received no warning, +and since she had intercepted the letter, that he would go at dusk to +his trysting place for every evening, she had betaken herself to the +Rue Plumet, had there awaited Marius, and had sent him, in the name of +his friends, the appeal which would, she thought, lead him to the +barricade. She reckoned on Marius’ despair when he should fail to find +Cosette; she was not mistaken. She had returned to the Rue de la +Chanvrerie herself. What she did there the reader has just seen. She +died with the tragic joy of jealous hearts who drag the beloved being +into their own death, and who say: “No one shall have him!” + + +Marius covered Cosette’s letter with kisses. So she loved him! For one +moment the idea occurred to him that he ought not to die now. Then he +said to himself: “She is going away. Her father is taking her to +England, and my grandfather refuses his consent to the marriage. +Nothing is changed in our fates.” Dreamers like Marius are subject to +supreme attacks of dejection, and desperate resolves are the result. +The fatigue of living is insupportable; death is sooner over with. Then +he reflected that he had still two duties to fulfil: to inform Cosette +of his death and send her a final farewell, and to save from the +impending catastrophe which was in preparation, that poor child, +Éponine’s brother and ThĂ©nardier’s son. + +He had a pocket-book about him; the same one which had contained the +note-book in which he had inscribed so many thoughts of love for +Cosette. He tore out a leaf and wrote on it a few lines in pencil:— + +“Our marriage was impossible. I asked my grandfather, he refused; I +have no fortune, neither hast thou. I hastened to thee, thou wert no +longer there. Thou knowest the promise that I gave thee, I shall keep +it. I die. I love thee. When thou readest this, my soul will be near +thee, and thou wilt smile.” + + +Having nothing wherewith to seal this letter, he contented himself with +folding the paper in four, and added the address:— + +“To Mademoiselle Cosette Fauchelevent, at M. Fauchelevent’s, Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +Having folded the letter, he stood in thought for a moment, drew out +his pocket-book again, opened it, and wrote, with the same pencil, +these four lines on the first page:— + +“My name is Marius Pontmercy. Carry my body to my grandfather, M. +Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the Marais.” + + +He put his pocketbook back in his pocket, then he called Gavroche. + +The gamin, at the sound of Marius’ voice, ran up to him with his merry +and devoted air. + +“Will you do something for me?” + + +“Anything,” said Gavroche. “Good God! if it had not been for you, I +should have been done for.” + + +“Do you see this letter?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Take it. Leave the barricade instantly” (Gavroche began to scratch his +ear uneasily) “and to-morrow morning, you will deliver it at its +address to Mademoiselle Cosette, at M. Fauchelevent’s, Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +The heroic child replied + +“Well, but! in the meanwhile the barricade will be taken, and I shall +not be there.” + + +“The barricade will not be attacked until daybreak, according to all +appearances, and will not be taken before to-morrow noon.” + + +The fresh respite which the assailants were granting to the barricade +had, in fact, been prolonged. It was one of those intermissions which +frequently occur in nocturnal combats, which are always followed by an +increase of rage. + +“Well,” said Gavroche, “what if I were to go and carry your letter +to-morrow?” + + +“It will be too late. The barricade will probably be blockaded, all the +streets will be guarded, and you will not be able to get out. Go at +once.” + + +Gavroche could think of no reply to this, and stood there in +indecision, scratching his ear sadly. + +All at once, he took the letter with one of those birdlike movements +which were common with him. + +“All right,” said he. + +And he started off at a run through MondĂ©tour lane. + +An idea had occurred to Gavroche which had brought him to a decision, +but he had not mentioned it for fear that Marius might offer some +objection to it. + +This was the idea:— + +“It is barely midnight, the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© is not far off; I will +go and deliver the letter at once, and I shall get back in time.” + + + + + +BOOK FIFTEENTH—THE RUE DE L’HOMME ARMÉ + + + + +CHAPTER I—A DRINKER IS A BABBLER + + +What are the convulsions of a city in comparison with the insurrections +of the soul? Man is a depth still greater than the people. Jean Valjean +at that very moment was the prey of a terrible upheaval. Every sort of +gulf had opened again within him. He also was trembling, like Paris, on +the brink of an obscure and formidable revolution. A few hours had +sufficed to bring this about. His destiny and his conscience had +suddenly been covered with gloom. Of him also, as well as of Paris, it +might have been said: “Two principles are face to face. The white angel +and the black angel are about to seize each other on the bridge of the +abyss. Which of the two will hurl the other over? Who will carry the +day?” + + +On the evening preceding this same 5th of June, Jean Valjean, +accompanied by Cosette and Toussaint had installed himself in the Rue +de l’Homme ArmĂ©. A change awaited him there. + +Cosette had not quitted the Rue Plumet without making an effort at +resistance. For the first time since they had lived side by side, +Cosette’s will and the will of Jean Valjean had proved to be distinct, +and had been in opposition, at least, if they had not clashed. There +had been objections on one side and inflexibility on the other. The +abrupt advice: “Leave your house,” hurled at Jean Valjean by a +stranger, had alarmed him to the extent of rendering him peremptory. He +thought that he had been traced and followed. Cosette had been obliged +to give way. + +Both had arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© without opening their lips, +and without uttering a word, each being absorbed in his own personal +preoccupation; Jean Valjean so uneasy that he did not notice Cosette’s +sadness, Cosette so sad that she did not notice Jean Valjean’s +uneasiness. + +Jean Valjean had taken Toussaint with him, a thing which he had never +done in his previous absences. He perceived the possibility of not +returning to the Rue Plumet, and he could neither leave Toussaint +behind nor confide his secret to her. Besides, he felt that she was +devoted and trustworthy. Treachery between master and servant begins in +curiosity. Now Toussaint, as though she had been destined to be Jean +Valjean’s servant, was not curious. She stammered in her peasant +dialect of Barneville: “I am made so; I do my work; the rest is no +affair of mine.” + + +In this departure from the Rue Plumet, which had been almost a flight, +Jean Valjean had carried away nothing but the little embalmed valise, +baptized by Cosette “the inseparable.” Full trunks would have required +porters, and porters are witnesses. A fiacre had been summoned to the +door on the Rue de Babylone, and they had taken their departure. + +It was with difficulty that Toussaint had obtained permission to pack +up a little linen and clothes and a few toilet articles. Cosette had +taken only her portfolio and her blotting-book. + +Jean Valjean, with a view to augmenting the solitude and the mystery of +this departure, had arranged to quit the pavilion of the Rue Plumet +only at dusk, which had allowed Cosette time to write her note to +Marius. They had arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© after night had +fully fallen. + +They had gone to bed in silence. + +The lodgings in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© were situated on a back court, +on the second floor, and were composed of two sleeping-rooms, a +dining-room and a kitchen adjoining the dining-room, with a garret +where there was a folding-bed, and which fell to Toussaint’s share. The +dining-room was an antechamber as well, and separated the two bedrooms. +The apartment was provided with all necessary utensils. + +People re-acquire confidence as foolishly as they lose it; human nature +is so constituted. Hardly had Jean Valjean reached the Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ© when his anxiety was lightened and by degrees dissipated. There +are soothing spots which act in some sort mechanically on the mind. An +obscure street, peaceable inhabitants. Jean Valjean experienced an +indescribable contagion of tranquillity in that alley of ancient Paris, +which is so narrow that it is barred against carriages by a transverse +beam placed on two posts, which is deaf and dumb in the midst of the +clamorous city, dimly lighted at midday, and is, so to speak, incapable +of emotions between two rows of lofty houses centuries old, which hold +their peace like ancients as they are. There was a touch of stagnant +oblivion in that street. Jean Valjean drew his breath once more there. +How could he be found there? + +His first care was to place _the inseparable_ beside him. + +He slept well. Night brings wisdom; we may add, night soothes. On the +following morning he awoke in a mood that was almost gay. He thought +the dining-room charming, though it was hideous, furnished with an old +round table, a long sideboard surmounted by a slanting mirror, a +dilapidated armchair, and several plain chairs which were encumbered +with Toussaint’s packages. In one of these packages Jean Valjean’s +uniform of a National Guard was visible through a rent. + +As for Cosette, she had had Toussaint take some broth to her room, and +did not make her appearance until evening. + +About five o’clock, Toussaint, who was going and coming and busying +herself with the tiny establishment, set on the table a cold chicken, +which Cosette, out of deference to her father, consented to glance at. + +That done, Cosette, under the pretext of an obstinate sick headache, +had bade Jean Valjean good night and had shut herself up in her +chamber. Jean Valjean had eaten a wing of the chicken with a good +appetite, and with his elbows on the table, having gradually recovered +his serenity, had regained possession of his sense of security. + +While he was discussing this modest dinner, he had, twice or thrice, +noticed in a confused way, Toussaint’s stammering words as she said to +him: “Monsieur, there is something going on, they are fighting in +Paris.” But absorbed in a throng of inward calculations, he had paid no +heed to it. To tell the truth, he had not heard her. He rose and began +to pace from the door to the window and from the window to the door, +growing ever more serene. + +With this calm, Cosette, his sole anxiety, recurred to his thoughts. +Not that he was troubled by this headache, a little nervous crisis, a +young girl’s fit of sulks, the cloud of a moment, there would be +nothing left of it in a day or two; but he meditated on the future, +and, as was his habit, he thought of it with pleasure. After all, he +saw no obstacle to their happy life resuming its course. At certain +hours, everything seems impossible, at others everything appears easy; +Jean Valjean was in the midst of one of these good hours. They +generally succeed the bad ones, as day follows night, by virtue of that +law of succession and of contrast which lies at the very foundation of +nature, and which superficial minds call antithesis. In this peaceful +street where he had taken refuge, Jean Valjean got rid of all that had +been troubling him for some time past. This very fact, that he had seen +many shadows, made him begin to perceive a little azure. To have +quitted the Rue Plumet without complications or incidents was one good +step already accomplished. Perhaps it would be wise to go abroad, if +only for a few months, and to set out for London. Well, they would go. +What difference did it make to him whether he was in France or in +England, provided he had Cosette beside him? Cosette was his nation. +Cosette sufficed for his happiness; the idea that he, perhaps, did not +suffice for Cosette’s happiness, that idea which had formerly been the +cause of his fever and sleeplessness, did not even present itself to +his mind. He was in a state of collapse from all his past sufferings, +and he was fully entered on optimism. Cosette was by his side, she +seemed to be his; an optical illusion which every one has experienced. +He arranged in his own mind, with all sorts of felicitous devices, his +departure for England with Cosette, and he beheld his felicity +reconstituted wherever he pleased, in the perspective of his reverie. + +As he paced to and fro with long strides, his glance suddenly +encountered something strange. + +In the inclined mirror facing him which surmounted the sideboard, he +saw the four lines which follow:— + +“My dearest, alas! my father insists on our setting out immediately. We +shall be this evening in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7. In a week we +shall be in England. COSETTE. June 4th.” + + +Jean Valjean halted, perfectly haggard. + +Cosette on her arrival had placed her blotting-book on the sideboard in +front of the mirror, and, utterly absorbed in her agony of grief, had +forgotten it and left it there, without even observing that she had +left it wide open, and open at precisely the page on which she had laid +to dry the four lines which she had penned, and which she had given in +charge of the young workman in the Rue Plumet. The writing had been +printed off on the blotter. + +The mirror reflected the writing. + +The result was, what is called in geometry, _the symmetrical image_; so +that the writing, reversed on the blotter, was righted in the mirror +and presented its natural appearance; and Jean Valjean had beneath his +eyes the letter written by Cosette to Marius on the preceding evening. + +It was simple and withering. + +Jean Valjean stepped up to the mirror. He read the four lines again, +but he did not believe them. They produced on him the effect of +appearing in a flash of lightning. It was a hallucination, it was +impossible. It was not so. + +Little by little, his perceptions became more precise; he looked at +Cosette’s blotting-book, and the consciousness of the reality returned +to him. He caught up the blotter and said: “It comes from there.” He +feverishly examined the four lines imprinted on the blotter, the +reversal of the letters converted into an odd scrawl, and he saw no +sense in it. Then he said to himself: “But this signifies nothing; +there is nothing written here.” And he drew a long breath with +inexpressible relief. Who has not experienced those foolish joys in +horrible instants? The soul does not surrender to despair until it has +exhausted all illusions. + +He held the blotter in his hand and contemplated it in stupid delight, +almost ready to laugh at the hallucination of which he had been the +dupe. All at once his eyes fell upon the mirror again, and again he +beheld the vision. There were the four lines outlined with inexorable +clearness. This time it was no mirage. The recurrence of a vision is a +reality; it was palpable, it was the writing restored in the mirror. He +understood. + +Jean Valjean tottered, dropped the blotter, and fell into the old +armchair beside the buffet, with drooping head, and glassy eyes, in +utter bewilderment. He told himself that it was plain, that the light +of the world had been eclipsed forever, and that Cosette had written +that to some one. Then he heard his soul, which had become terrible +once more, give vent to a dull roar in the gloom. Try then the effect +of taking from the lion the dog which he has in his cage! + +Strange and sad to say, at that very moment, Marius had not yet +received Cosette’s letter; chance had treacherously carried it to Jean +Valjean before delivering it to Marius. Up to that day, Jean Valjean +had not been vanquished by trial. He had been subjected to fearful +proofs; no violence of bad fortune had been spared him; the ferocity of +fate, armed with all vindictiveness and all social scorn, had taken him +for her prey and had raged against him. He had accepted every extremity +when it had been necessary; he had sacrificed his inviolability as a +reformed man, had yielded up his liberty, risked his head, lost +everything, suffered everything, and he had remained disinterested and +stoical to such a point that he might have been thought to be absent +from himself like a martyr. His conscience inured to every assault of +destiny, might have appeared to be forever impregnable. Well, any one +who had beheld his spiritual self would have been obliged to concede +that it weakened at that moment. It was because, of all the tortures +which he had undergone in the course of this long inquisition to which +destiny had doomed him, this was the most terrible. Never had such +pincers seized him hitherto. He felt the mysterious stirring of all his +latent sensibilities. He felt the plucking at the strange chord. Alas! +the supreme trial, let us say rather, the only trial, is the loss of +the beloved being. + +Poor old Jean Valjean certainly did not love Cosette otherwise than as +a father; but we have already remarked, above, that into this paternity +the widowhood of his life had introduced all the shades of love; he +loved Cosette as his daughter, and he loved her as his mother, and he +loved her as his sister; and, as he had never had either a woman to +love or a wife, as nature is a creditor who accepts no protest, that +sentiment also, the most impossible to lose, was mingled with the rest, +vague, ignorant, pure with the purity of blindness, unconscious, +celestial, angelic, divine; less like a sentiment than like an +instinct, less like an instinct than like an imperceptible and +invisible but real attraction; and love, properly speaking, was, in his +immense tenderness for Cosette, like the thread of gold in the +mountain, concealed and virgin. + +Let the reader recall the situation of heart which we have already +indicated. No marriage was possible between them; not even that of +souls; and yet, it is certain that their destinies were wedded. With +the exception of Cosette, that is to say, with the exception of a +childhood, Jean Valjean had never, in the whole of his long life, known +anything of that which may be loved. The passions and loves which +succeed each other had not produced in him those successive green +growths, tender green or dark green, which can be seen in foliage which +passes through the winter and in men who pass fifty. In short, and we +have insisted on it more than once, all this interior fusion, all this +whole, of which the sum total was a lofty virtue, ended in rendering +Jean Valjean a father to Cosette. A strange father, forged from the +grandfather, the son, the brother, and the husband, that existed in +Jean Valjean; a father in whom there was included even a mother; a +father who loved Cosette and adored her, and who held that child as his +light, his home, his family, his country, his paradise. + +Thus when he saw that the end had absolutely come, that she was +escaping from him, that she was slipping from his hands, that she was +gliding from him, like a cloud, like water, when he had before his eyes +this crushing proof: “another is the goal of her heart, another is the +wish of her life; there is a dearest one, I am no longer anything but +her father, I no longer exist”; when he could no longer doubt, when he +said to himself: “She is going away from me!” the grief which he felt +surpassed the bounds of possibility. To have done all that he had done +for the purpose of ending like this! And the very idea of being +nothing! Then, as we have just said, a quiver of revolt ran through him +from head to foot. He felt, even in the very roots of his hair, the +immense reawakening of egotism, and the _I_ in this man’s abyss howled. + +There is such a thing as the sudden giving way of the inward subsoil. A +despairing certainty does not make its way into a man without thrusting +aside and breaking certain profound elements which, in some cases, are +the very man himself. Grief, when it attains this shape, is a headlong +flight of all the forces of the conscience. These are fatal crises. Few +among us emerge from them still like ourselves and firm in duty. When +the limit of endurance is overstepped, the most imperturbable virtue is +disconcerted. Jean Valjean took the blotter again, and convinced +himself afresh; he remained bowed and as though petrified and with +staring eyes, over those four unobjectionable lines; and there arose +within him such a cloud that one might have thought that everything in +this soul was crumbling away. + +He examined this revelation, athwart the exaggerations of reverie, with +an apparent and terrifying calmness, for it is a fearful thing when a +man’s calmness reaches the coldness of the statue. + +He measured the terrible step which his destiny had taken without his +having a suspicion of the fact; he recalled his fears of the preceding +summer, so foolishly dissipated; he recognized the precipice, it was +still the same; only, Jean Valjean was no longer on the brink, he was +at the bottom of it. + +The unprecedented and heart-rending thing about it was that he had +fallen without perceiving it. All the light of his life had departed, +while he still fancied that he beheld the sun. + +His instinct did not hesitate. He put together certain circumstances, +certain dates, certain blushes and certain pallors on Cosette’s part, +and he said to himself: “It is he.” + + +The divination of despair is a sort of mysterious bow which never +misses its aim. He struck Marius with his first conjecture. He did not +know the name, but he found the man instantly. He distinctly perceived, +in the background of the implacable conjuration of his memories, the +unknown prowler of the Luxembourg, that wretched seeker of love +adventures, that idler of romance, that idiot, that coward, for it is +cowardly to come and make eyes at young girls who have beside them a +father who loves them. + +After he had thoroughly verified the fact that this young man was at +the bottom of this situation, and that everything proceeded from that +quarter, he, Jean Valjean, the regenerated man, the man who had so +labored over his soul, the man who had made so many efforts to resolve +all life, all misery, and all unhappiness into love, looked into his +own breast and there beheld a spectre, Hate. + +Great griefs contain something of dejection. They discourage one with +existence. The man into whom they enter feels something within him +withdraw from him. In his youth, their visits are lugubrious; later on +they are sinister. Alas, if despair is a fearful thing when the blood +is hot, when the hair is black, when the head is erect on the body like +the flame on the torch, when the roll of destiny still retains its full +thickness, when the heart, full of desirable love, still possesses +beats which can be returned to it, when one has time for redress, when +all women and all smiles and all the future and all the horizon are +before one, when the force of life is complete, what is it in old age, +when the years hasten on, growing ever paler, to that twilight hour +when one begins to behold the stars of the tomb? + +While he was meditating, Toussaint entered. Jean Valjean rose and asked +her:— + +“In what quarter is it? Do you know?” + + +Toussaint was struck dumb, and could only answer him:— + +“What is it, sir?” + + +Jean Valjean began again: “Did you not tell me that just now that there +is fighting going on?” + + +“Ah! yes, sir,” replied Toussaint. “It is in the direction of +Saint-Merry.” + + +There is a mechanical movement which comes to us, unconsciously, from +the most profound depths of our thought. It was, no doubt, under the +impulse of a movement of this sort, and of which he was hardly +conscious, that Jean Valjean, five minutes later, found himself in the +street. + +Bareheaded, he sat upon the stone post at the door of his house. He +seemed to be listening. + +Night had come. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE STREET URCHIN AN ENEMY OF LIGHT + + +How long did he remain thus? What was the ebb and flow of this tragic +meditation? Did he straighten up? Did he remain bowed? Had he been bent +to breaking? Could he still rise and regain his footing in his +conscience upon something solid? He probably would not have been able +to tell himself. + +The street was deserted. A few uneasy bourgeois, who were rapidly +returning home, hardly saw him. Each one for himself in times of peril. +The lamp-lighter came as usual to light the lantern which was situated +precisely opposite the door of No. 7, and then went away. Jean Valjean +would not have appeared like a living man to any one who had examined +him in that shadow. He sat there on the post of his door, motionless as +a form of ice. There is congealment in despair. The alarm bells and a +vague and stormy uproar were audible. In the midst of all these +convulsions of the bell mingled with the revolt, the clock of +Saint-Paul struck eleven, gravely and without haste; for the tocsin is +man; the hour is God. The passage of the hour produced no effect on +Jean Valjean; Jean Valjean did not stir. Still, at about that moment, a +brusque report burst forth in the direction of the Halles, a second yet +more violent followed; it was probably that attack on the barricade in +the Rue de la Chanvrerie which we have just seen repulsed by Marius. At +this double discharge, whose fury seemed augmented by the stupor of the +night, Jean Valjean started; he rose, turning towards the quarter +whence the noise proceeded; then he fell back upon the post again, +folded his arms, and his head slowly sank on his bosom again. + +He resumed his gloomy dialogue with himself. + +All at once, he raised his eyes; some one was walking in the street, he +heard steps near him. He looked, and by the light of the lanterns, in +the direction of the street which ran into the Rue-aux-Archives, he +perceived a young, livid, and beaming face. + +Gavroche had just arrived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +Gavroche was staring into the air, apparently in search of something. +He saw Jean Valjean perfectly well but he took no notice of him. + +Gavroche after staring into the air, stared below; he raised himself on +tiptoe, and felt of the doors and windows of the ground floor; they +were all shut, bolted, and padlocked. After having authenticated the +fronts of five or six barricaded houses in this manner, the urchin +shrugged his shoulders, and took himself to task in these terms:— + +“Pardi!” + + +Then he began to stare into the air again. + +Jean Valjean, who, an instant previously, in his then state of mind, +would not have spoken to or even answered any one, felt irresistibly +impelled to accost that child. + +“What is the matter with you, my little fellow?” he said. + +“The matter with me is that I am hungry,” replied Gavroche frankly. And +he added: “Little fellow yourself.” + + +Jean Valjean fumbled in his fob and pulled out a five-franc piece. + +But Gavroche, who was of the wagtail species, and who skipped +vivaciously from one gesture to another, had just picked up a stone. He +had caught sight of the lantern. + +“See here,” said he, “you still have your lanterns here. You are +disobeying the regulations, my friend. This is disorderly. Smash that +for me.” + + +And he flung the stone at the lantern, whose broken glass fell with +such a clatter that the bourgeois in hiding behind their curtains in +the opposite house cried: “There is ‘Ninety-three’ come again.” + + +The lantern oscillated violently, and went out. The street had suddenly +become black. + +“That’s right, old street,” ejaculated Gavroche, “put on your +night-cap.” + + +And turning to Jean Valjean:— + +“What do you call that gigantic monument that you have there at the end +of the street? It’s the Archives, isn’t it? I must crumble up those big +stupids of pillars a bit and make a nice barricade out of them.” + + +Jean Valjean stepped up to Gavroche. + +“Poor creature,” he said in a low tone, and speaking to himself, “he is +hungry.” + + +And he laid the hundred-sou piece in his hand. + +Gavroche raised his face, astonished at the size of this sou; he stared +at it in the darkness, and the whiteness of the big sou dazzled him. He +knew five-franc pieces by hearsay; their reputation was agreeable to +him; he was delighted to see one close to. He said:— + +“Let us contemplate the tiger.” + + +He gazed at it for several minutes in ecstasy; then, turning to Jean +Valjean, he held out the coin to him, and said majestically to him:— + +“Bourgeois, I prefer to smash lanterns. Take back your ferocious beast. +You can’t bribe me. That has got five claws; but it doesn’t scratch +me.” + + +“Have you a mother?” asked Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche replied:— + +“More than you have, perhaps.” + + +“Well,” returned Jean Valjean, “keep the money for your mother!” + + +Gavroche was touched. Moreover, he had just noticed that the man who +was addressing him had no hat, and this inspired him with confidence. + +“Truly,” said he, “so it wasn’t to keep me from breaking the lanterns?” + + +“Break whatever you please.” + + +“You’re a fine man,” said Gavroche. + +And he put the five-franc piece into one of his pockets. + +His confidence having increased, he added:— + +“Do you belong in this street?” + + +“Yes, why?” + + +“Can you tell me where No. 7 is?” + + +“What do you want with No. 7?” + + +Here the child paused, he feared that he had said too much; he thrust +his nails energetically into his hair and contented himself with +replying:— + +“Ah! Here it is.” + + +An idea flashed through Jean Valjean’s mind. Anguish does have these +gleams. He said to the lad:— + +“Are you the person who is bringing a letter that I am expecting?” + + +“You?” said Gavroche. “You are not a woman.” + + +“The letter is for Mademoiselle Cosette, is it not?” + + +“Cosette,” muttered Gavroche. “Yes, I believe that is the queer name.” + + +“Well,” resumed Jean Valjean, “I am the person to whom you are to +deliver the letter. Give it here.” + + +“In that case, you must know that I was sent from the barricade.” + + +“Of course,” said Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche engulfed his hand in another of his pockets and drew out a +paper folded in four. + +Then he made the military salute. + +“Respect for despatches,” said he. “It comes from the Provisional +Government.” + + +“Give it to me,” said Jean Valjean. + +Gavroche held the paper elevated above his head. + +“Don’t go and fancy it’s a love letter. It is for a woman, but it’s for +the people. We men fight and we respect the fair sex. We are not as +they are in fine society, where there are lions who send chickens55 to +camels.” + + +“Give it to me.” + + +“After all,” continued Gavroche, “you have the air of an honest man.” + + +“Give it to me quick.” + + +“Catch hold of it.” + + +And he handed the paper to Jean Valjean. + +“And make haste, Monsieur What’s-your-name, for Mamselle Cosette is +waiting.” + + +Gavroche was satisfied with himself for having produced this remark. + +Jean Valjean began again:— + +“Is it to Saint-Merry that the answer is to be sent?” + + +“There you are making some of those bits of pastry vulgarly called +_brioches_ [blunders]. This letter comes from the barricade of the Rue +de la Chanvrerie, and I’m going back there. Good evening, citizen.” + + +That said, Gavroche took himself off, or, to describe it more exactly, +fluttered away in the direction whence he had come with a flight like +that of an escaped bird. He plunged back into the gloom as though he +made a hole in it, with the rigid rapidity of a projectile; the alley +of l’Homme ArmĂ© became silent and solitary once more; in a twinkling, +that strange child, who had about him something of the shadow and of +the dream, had buried himself in the mists of the rows of black houses, +and was lost there, like smoke in the dark; and one might have thought +that he had dissipated and vanished, had there not taken place, a few +minutes after his disappearance, a startling shiver of glass, and had +not the magnificent crash of a lantern rattling down on the pavement +once more abruptly awakened the indignant bourgeois. It was Gavroche +upon his way through the Rue du Chaume. + + + + +CHAPTER III—WHILE COSETTE AND TOUSSAINT ARE ASLEEP + + +Jean Valjean went into the house with Marius’ letter. + +He groped his way up the stairs, as pleased with the darkness as an owl +who grips his prey, opened and shut his door softly, listened to see +whether he could hear any noise,—made sure that, to all appearances, +Cosette and Toussaint were asleep, and plunged three or four matches +into the bottle of the Fumade lighter before he could evoke a spark, so +greatly did his hand tremble. What he had just done smacked of theft. +At last the candle was lighted; he leaned his elbows on the table, +unfolded the paper, and read. + +In violent emotions, one does not read, one flings to the earth, so to +speak, the paper which one holds, one clutches it like a victim, one +crushes it, one digs into it the nails of one’s wrath, or of one’s joy; +one hastens to the end, one leaps to the beginning; attention is at +fever heat; it takes up in the gross, as it were, the essential points; +it seizes on one point, and the rest disappears. In Marius’ note to +Cosette, Jean Valjean saw only these words:— + +“I die. When thou readest this, my soul will be near thee.” + + +In the presence of these two lines, he was horribly dazzled; he +remained for a moment, crushed, as it were, by the change of emotion +which was taking place within him, he stared at Marius’ note with a +sort of intoxicated amazement, he had before his eyes that splendor, +the death of a hated individual. + +He uttered a frightful cry of inward joy. So it was all over. The +catastrophe had arrived sooner than he had dared to hope. The being who +obstructed his destiny was disappearing. That man had taken himself off +of his own accord, freely, willingly. This man was going to his death, +and he, Jean Valjean, had had no hand in the matter, and it was through +no fault of his. Perhaps, even, he is already dead. Here his fever +entered into calculations. No, he is not dead yet. The letter had +evidently been intended for Cosette to read on the following morning; +after the two discharges that were heard between eleven o’clock and +midnight, nothing more has taken place; the barricade will not be +attacked seriously until daybreak; but that makes no difference, from +the moment when “that man” is concerned in this war, he is lost; he is +caught in the gearing. Jean Valjean felt himself delivered. So he was +about to find himself alone with Cosette once more. The rivalry would +cease; the future was beginning again. He had but to keep this note in +his pocket. Cosette would never know what had become of that man. All +that there requires to be done is to let things take their own course. +This man cannot escape. If he is not already dead, it is certain that +he is about to die. What good fortune! + +Having said all this to himself, he became gloomy. + +Then he went downstairs and woke up the porter. + +About an hour later, Jean Valjean went out in the complete costume of a +National Guard, and with his arms. The porter had easily found in the +neighborhood the wherewithal to complete his equipment. He had a loaded +gun and a cartridge-box filled with cartridges. + +He strode off in the direction of the markets. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—GAVROCHE’S EXCESS OF ZEAL + + +In the meantime, Gavroche had had an adventure. + +Gavroche, after having conscientiously stoned the lantern in the Rue du +Chaume, entered the Rue des Vieilles-Haudriettes, and not seeing “even +a cat” there, he thought the opportunity a good one to strike up all +the song of which he was capable. His march, far from being retarded by +his singing, was accelerated by it. He began to sow along the sleeping +or terrified houses these incendiary couplets:— + +“L’oiseau mĂ©dit dans les charmilles, +Et prĂ©tend qu’hier Atala +Avec un Russe s’en alla. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Mon ami Pierrot, tu babilles, +Parce que l’autre jour Mila +Cogna sa vitre et m’appela, +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Les drĂŽlesses sont fort gentilles, +Leur poison qui m’ensorcela +Griserait Monsieur Orfila. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“J’aime l’amour et les bisbilles, +J’aime AgnĂšs, j’aime PamĂ©la, +Lise en m’allumant se brĂ»la. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Jadis, quand je vis les mantilles +De Suzette et de ZĂ©ila, +Mon Ăąme Ă  leurs plis se mĂȘla, +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Amour, quand dans l’ombre oĂč tu brilles, +Tu coiffes de roses Lola, +Je me damnerais pour cela. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Jeanne Ă  ton miroir tu t’habilles! +Mon cƓur un beau jour s’envola. +Je crois que c’est Jeanne qui l’a. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Le soir, en sortant des quadrilles, +Je montre aux Ă©toiles Stella, +Et je leur dis: ‘Regardez-la.’ +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la.”56 + + +Gavroche, as he sang, was lavish of his pantomime. Gesture is the +strong point of the refrain. His face, an inexhaustible repertory of +masks, produced grimaces more convulsing and more fantastic than the +rents of a cloth torn in a high gale. Unfortunately, as he was alone, +and as it was night, this was neither seen nor even visible. Such +wastes of riches do occur. + +All at once, he stopped short. + +“Let us interrupt the romance,” said he. + +His feline eye had just descried, in the recess of a carriage door, +what is called in painting, an _ensemble_, that is to say, a person and +a thing; the thing was a hand-cart, the person was a man from Auvergene +who was sleeping therein. + +The shafts of the cart rested on the pavement, and the Auvergnat’s head +was supported against the front of the cart. His body was coiled up on +this inclined plane and his feet touched the ground. + +Gavroche, with his experience of the things of this world, recognized a +drunken man. He was some corner errand-man who had drunk too much and +was sleeping too much. + +“There now,” thought Gavroche, “that’s what the summer nights are good +for. We’ll take the cart for the Republic, and leave the Auvergnat for +the Monarchy.” + + +His mind had just been illuminated by this flash of light:— + +“How bully that cart would look on our barricade!” + + +The Auvergnat was snoring. + +Gavroche gently tugged at the cart from behind, and at the Auvergnat +from the front, that is to say, by the feet, and at the expiration of +another minute the imperturbable Auvergnat was reposing flat on the +pavement. + +The cart was free. + +Gavroche, habituated to facing the unexpected in all quarters, had +everything about him. He fumbled in one of his pockets, and pulled from +it a scrap of paper and a bit of red pencil filched from some +carpenter. + +He wrote:— + +_“French Republic.”_ + +“Received thy cart.” + +And he signed it: “GAVROCHE.” + + +That done, he put the paper in the pocket of the still snoring +Auvergnat’s velvet vest, seized the cart shafts in both hands, and set +off in the direction of the Halles, pushing the cart before him at a +hard gallop with a glorious and triumphant uproar. + +This was perilous. There was a post at the Royal Printing +Establishment. Gavroche did not think of this. This post was occupied +by the National Guards of the suburbs. The squad began to wake up, and +heads were raised from camp beds. Two street lanterns broken in +succession, that ditty sung at the top of the lungs. This was a great +deal for those cowardly streets, which desire to go to sleep at sunset, +and which put the extinguisher on their candles at such an early hour. +For the last hour, that boy had been creating an uproar in that +peaceable arrondissement, the uproar of a fly in a bottle. The sergeant +of the banlieue lent an ear. He waited. He was a prudent man. + +The mad rattle of the cart, filled to overflowing the possible measure +of waiting, and decided the sergeant to make a reconnaisance. + +“There’s a whole band of them there!” said he, “let us proceed gently.” + + +It was clear that the hydra of anarchy had emerged from its box and +that it was stalking abroad through the quarter. + +And the sergeant ventured out of the post with cautious tread. + +All at once, Gavroche, pushing his cart in front of him, and at the +very moment when he was about to turn into the Rue des +Vieilles-Haudriettes, found himself face to face with a uniform, a +shako, a plume, and a gun. + +For the second time, he stopped short. + +“Hullo,” said he, “it’s him. Good day, public order.” + + +Gavroche’s amazement was always brief and speedily thawed. + +“Where are you going, you rascal?” shouted the sergeant. + +“Citizen,” retorted Gavroche, “I haven’t called you ‘bourgeois’ yet. +Why do you insult me?” + + +“Where are you going, you rogue?” + + +“Monsieur,” retorted Gavroche, “perhaps you were a man of wit +yesterday, but you have degenerated this morning.” + + +“I ask you where are you going, you villain?” + + +Gavroche replied:— + +“You speak prettily. Really, no one would suppose you as old as you +are. You ought to sell all your hair at a hundred francs apiece. That +would yield you five hundred francs.” + + +“Where are you going? Where are you going? Where are you going, +bandit?” + + +Gavroche retorted again:— + +“What villainous words! You must wipe your mouth better the first time +that they give you suck.” + + +The sergeant lowered his bayonet. + +“Will you tell me where you are going, you wretch?” + + +“General,” said Gavroche “I’m on my way to look for a doctor for my +wife who is in labor.” + + +“To arms!” shouted the sergeant. + +The master-stroke of strong men consists in saving themselves by the +very means that have ruined them; Gavroche took in the whole situation +at a glance. It was the cart which had told against him, it was the +cart’s place to protect him. + +At the moment when the sergeant was on the point of making his descent +on Gavroche, the cart, converted into a projectile and launched with +all the latter’s might, rolled down upon him furiously, and the +sergeant, struck full in the stomach, tumbled over backwards into the +gutter while his gun went off in the air. + +The men of the post had rushed out pell-mell at the sergeant’s shout; +the shot brought on a general random discharge, after which they +reloaded their weapons and began again. + +This blind-man’s-buff musketry lasted for a quarter of an hour and +killed several panes of glass. + +In the meanwhile, Gavroche, who had retraced his steps at full speed, +halted five or six streets distant and seated himself, panting, on the +stone post which forms the corner of the Enfants-Rouges. + +He listened. + +After panting for a few minutes, he turned in the direction where the +fusillade was raging, lifted his left hand to a level with his nose and +thrust it forward three times, as he slapped the back of his head with +his right hand; an imperious gesture in which Parisian street-urchindom +has condensed French irony, and which is evidently efficacious, since +it has already lasted half a century. + +This gayety was troubled by one bitter reflection. + +“Yes,” said he, “I’m splitting with laughter, I’m twisting with +delight, I abound in joy, but I’m losing my way, I shall have to take a +roundabout way. If I only reach the barricade in season!” + + +Thereupon he set out again on a run. + +And as he ran:— + +“Ah, by the way, where was I?” said he. + +And he resumed his ditty, as he plunged rapidly through the streets, +and this is what died away in the gloom:— + +“Mais il reste encore des bastilles, +Et je vais mettre le holĂ  +Dans l’ordre public que voilĂ . +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Quelqu’un veut-il jouer aux quilles? +Tout l’ancien monde s’écroula +Quand la grosse boule roula. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Vieux bon peuple, Ă  coups de bĂ©quilles, +Cassons ce Louvre oĂč s’étala +La monarchie en falbala. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la. + +“Nous en avons forcĂ© les grilles, +Le roi Charles-Dix ce jour-lĂ , +Tenait mal et se dĂ©colla. +OĂč vont les belles filles, +Lon la.”57 + + +The post’s recourse to arms was not without result. The cart was +conquered, the drunken man was taken prisoner. The first was put in the +pound, the second was later on somewhat harassed before the councils of +war as an accomplice. The public ministry of the day proved its +indefatigable zeal in the defence of society, in this instance. + +Gavroche’s adventure, which has lingered as a tradition in the quarters +of the Temple, is one of the most terrible souvenirs of the elderly +bourgeois of the Marais, and is entitled in their memories: “The +nocturnal attack by the post of the Royal Printing Establishment.” + + +[THE END OF VOLUME IV “SAINT DENIS”] + + + + +VOLUME V +JEAN VALJEAN + + + + +[Illustration: Frontispiece Volume Five] + +[Illustration: Titlepage Volume Five] + + + + +BOOK FIRST—THE WAR BETWEEN FOUR WALLS + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE CHARYBDIS OF THE FAUBOURG SAINT ANTOINE AND THE SCYLLA OF +THE FAUBOURG DU TEMPLE + + +The two most memorable barricades which the observer of social maladies +can name do not belong to the period in which the action of this work +is laid. These two barricades, both of them symbols, under two +different aspects, of a redoubtable situation, sprang from the earth at +the time of the fatal insurrection of June, 1848, the greatest war of +the streets that history has ever beheld. + +It sometimes happens that, even contrary to principles, even contrary +to liberty, equality, and fraternity, even contrary to the universal +vote, even contrary to the government, by all for all, from the depths +of its anguish, of its discouragements and its destitutions, of its +fevers, of its distresses, of its miasmas, of its ignorances, of its +darkness, that great and despairing body, the rabble, protests against, +and that the populace wages battle against, the people. + +Beggars attack the common right; the ochlocracy rises against demos. + +These are melancholy days; for there is always a certain amount of +night even in this madness, there is suicide in this duel, and those +words which are intended to be insults—beggars, canaille, ochlocracy, +populace—exhibit, alas! rather the fault of those who reign than the +fault of those who suffer; rather the fault of the privileged than the +fault of the disinherited. + +For our own part, we never pronounce those words without pain and +without respect, for when philosophy fathoms the facts to which they +correspond, it often finds many a grandeur beside these miseries. +Athens was an ochlocracy; the beggars were the making of Holland; the +populace saved Rome more than once; and the rabble followed Jesus +Christ. + +There is no thinker who has not at times contemplated the magnificences +of the lower classes. + +It was of this rabble that Saint Jerome was thinking, no doubt, and of +all these poor people and all these vagabonds and all these miserable +people whence sprang the apostles and the martyrs, when he uttered this +mysterious saying: _“Fex urbis, lex orbis,”_—the dregs of the city, the +law of the earth. + +The exasperations of this crowd which suffers and bleeds, its violences +contrary to all sense, directed against the principles which are its +life, its masterful deeds against the right, are its popular _coups +d’état_ and should be repressed. The man of probity sacrifices himself, +and out of his very love for this crowd, he combats it. But how +excusable he feels it even while holding out against it! How he +venerates it even while resisting it! This is one of those rare moments +when, while doing that which it is one’s duty to do, one feels +something which disconcerts one, and which would dissuade one from +proceeding further; one persists, it is necessary, but conscience, +though satisfied, is sad, and the accomplishment of duty is complicated +with a pain at the heart. + +June, 1848, let us hasten to say, was an exceptional fact, and almost +impossible of classification, in the philosophy of history. All the +words which we have just uttered, must be discarded, when it becomes a +question of this extraordinary revolt, in which one feels the holy +anxiety of toil claiming its rights. It was necessary to combat it, and +this was a duty, for it attacked the republic. But what was June, 1848, +at bottom? A revolt of the people against itself. + +Where the subject is not lost sight of, there is no digression; may we, +then, be permitted to arrest the reader’s attention for a moment on the +two absolutely unique barricades of which we have just spoken and which +characterized this insurrection. + +One blocked the entrance to the Faubourg Saint Antoine; the other +defended the approach to the Faubourg du Temple; those before whom +these two fearful masterpieces of civil war reared themselves beneath +the brilliant blue sky of June, will never forget them. + +The Saint-Antoine barricade was tremendous; it was three stories high, +and seven hundred feet wide. It barred the vast opening of the +faubourg, that is to say, three streets, from angle to angle; ravined, +jagged, cut up, divided, crenelated, with an immense rent, buttressed +with piles that were bastions in themselves throwing out capes here and +there, powerfully backed up by two great promontories of houses of the +faubourg, it reared itself like a cyclopean dike at the end of the +formidable place which had seen the 14th of July. Nineteen barricades +were ranged, one behind the other, in the depths of the streets behind +this principal barricade. At the very sight of it, one felt the +agonizing suffering in the immense faubourg, which had reached that +point of extremity when a distress may become a catastrophe. Of what +was that barricade made? Of the ruins of three six-story houses +demolished expressly, said some. Of the prodigy of all wraths, said +others. It wore the lamentable aspect of all constructions of hatred, +ruin. It might be asked: Who built this? It might also be said: Who +destroyed this? It was the improvisation of the ebullition. Hold! take +this door! this grating! this penthouse! this chimney-piece! this +broken brazier! this cracked pot! Give all! cast away all! Push this +roll, dig, dismantle, overturn, ruin everything! It was the +collaboration of the pavement, the block of stone, the beam, the bar of +iron, the rag, the scrap, the broken pane, the unseated chair, the +cabbage-stalk, the tatter, the rag, and the malediction. It was grand +and it was petty. It was the abyss parodied on the public place by +hubbub. The mass beside the atom; the strip of ruined wall and the +broken bowl,—threatening fraternization of every sort of rubbish. +Sisyphus had thrown his rock there and Job his potsherd. Terrible, in +short. It was the acropolis of the barefooted. Overturned carts broke +the uniformity of the slope; an immense dray was spread out there +crossways, its axle pointing heavenward, and seemed a scar on that +tumultuous façade; an omnibus hoisted gayly, by main force, to the very +summit of the heap, as though the architects of this bit of savagery +had wished to add a touch of the street urchin humor to their terror, +presented its horseless, unharnessed pole to no one knows what horses +of the air. This gigantic heap, the alluvium of the revolt, figured to +the mind an Ossa on Pelion of all revolutions; ’93 on ’89, the 9th of +Thermidor on the 10th of August, the 18th of Brumaire on the 11th of +January, Vendemiaire on Prairial, 1848 on 1830. The situation deserved +the trouble and this barricade was worthy to figure on the very spot +whence the Bastille had disappeared. If the ocean made dikes, it is +thus that it would build. The fury of the flood was stamped upon this +shapeless mass. What flood? The crowd. One thought one beheld hubbub +petrified. One thought one heard humming above this barricade as though +there had been over their hive, enormous, dark bees of violent +progress. Was it a thicket? Was it a bacchanalia? Was it a fortress? +Vertigo seemed to have constructed it with blows of its wings. There +was something of the cesspool in that redoubt and something Olympian in +that confusion. One there beheld in a pell-mell full of despair, the +rafters of roofs, bits of garret windows with their figured paper, +window sashes with their glass planted there in the ruins awaiting the +cannon, wrecks of chimneys, cupboards, tables, benches, howling +topsyturveydom, and those thousand poverty-stricken things, the very +refuse of the mendicant, which contain at the same time fury and +nothingness. One would have said that it was the tatters of a people, +rags of wood, of iron, of bronze, of stone, and that the Faubourg Saint +Antoine had thrust it there at its door, with a colossal flourish of +the broom making of its misery its barricade. Blocks resembling +headsman’s blocks, dislocated chains, pieces of woodwork with brackets +having the form of gibbets, horizontal wheels projecting from the +rubbish, amalgamated with this edifice of anarchy the sombre figure of +the old tortures endured by the people. The barricade Saint Antoine +converted everything into a weapon; everything that civil war could +throw at the head of society proceeded thence; it was not combat, it +was a paroxysm; the carbines which defended this redoubt, among which +there were some blunderbusses, sent bits of earthenware bones, +coat-buttons, even the casters from night-stands, dangerous projectiles +on account of the brass. This barricade was furious; it hurled to the +clouds an inexpressible clamor; at certain moments, when provoking the +army, it was covered with throngs and tempest; a tumultuous crowd of +flaming heads crowned it; a swarm filled it; it had a thorny crest of +guns, of sabres, of cudgels, of axes, of pikes and of bayonets; a vast +red flag flapped in the wind; shouts of command, songs of attack, the +roll of drums, the sobs of women and bursts of gloomy laughter from the +starving were to be heard there. It was huge and living, and, like the +back of an electric beast, there proceeded from it little flashes of +lightning. The spirit of revolution covered with its cloud this summit +where rumbled that voice of the people which resembles the voice of +God; a strange majesty was emitted by this titanic basket of rubbish. +It was a heap of filth and it was Sinai. + +As we have said previously, it attacked in the name of the +revolution—what? The revolution. It—that barricade, chance, hazard, +disorder, terror, misunderstanding, the unknown—had facing it the +Constituent Assembly, the sovereignty of the people, universal +suffrage, the nation, the republic; and it was the Carmagnole bidding +defiance to the Marseillaise. + +Immense but heroic defiance, for the old faubourg is a hero. + +The faubourg and its redoubt lent each other assistance. The faubourg +shouldered the redoubt, the redoubt took its stand under cover of the +faubourg. The vast barricade spread out like a cliff against which the +strategy of the African generals dashed itself. Its caverns, its +excrescences, its warts, its gibbosities, grimaced, so to speak, and +grinned beneath the smoke. The mitraille vanished in shapelessness; the +bombs plunged into it; bullets only succeeded in making holes in it; +what was the use of cannonading chaos? and the regiments, accustomed to +the fiercest visions of war, gazed with uneasy eyes on that species of +redoubt, a wild beast in its boar-like bristling and a mountain by its +enormous size. + +A quarter of a league away, from the corner of the Rue du Temple which +debouches on the boulevard near the ChĂąteau-d’Eau, if one thrust one’s +head bodily beyond the point formed by the front of the Dallemagne +shop, one perceived in the distance, beyond the canal, in the street +which mounts the slopes of Belleville at the culminating point of the +rise, a strange wall reaching to the second story of the house fronts, +a sort of hyphen between the houses on the right and the houses on the +left, as though the street had folded back on itself its loftiest wall +in order to close itself abruptly. This wall was built of +paving-stones. It was straight, correct, cold, perpendicular, levelled +with the square, laid out by rule and line. Cement was lacking, of +course, but, as in the case of certain Roman walls, without interfering +with its rigid architecture. The entablature was mathematically +parallel with the base. From distance to distance, one could +distinguish on the gray surface, almost invisible loopholes which +resembled black threads. These loopholes were separated from each other +by equal spaces. The street was deserted as far as the eye could reach. +All windows and doors were closed. In the background rose this barrier, +which made a blind thoroughfare of the street, a motionless and +tranquil wall; no one was visible, nothing was audible; not a cry, not +a sound, not a breath. A sepulchre. + +The dazzling sun of June inundated this terrible thing with light. + +It was the barricade of the Faubourg of the Temple. + +As soon as one arrived on the spot, and caught sight of it, it was +impossible, even for the boldest, not to become thoughtful before this +mysterious apparition. It was adjusted, jointed, imbricated, +rectilinear, symmetrical and funereal. Science and gloom met there. One +felt that the chief of this barricade was a geometrician or a spectre. +One looked at it and spoke low. + +From time to time, if some soldier, an officer or representative of the +people, chanced to traverse the deserted highway, a faint, sharp +whistle was heard, and the passer-by fell dead or wounded, or, if he +escaped the bullet, sometimes a biscaĂŻen was seen to ensconce itself in +some closed shutter, in the interstice between two blocks of stone, or +in the plaster of a wall. For the men in the barricade had made +themselves two small cannons out of two cast-iron lengths of gas-pipe, +plugged up at one end with tow and fire-clay. There was no waste of +useless powder. Nearly every shot told. There were corpses here and +there, and pools of blood on the pavement. I remember a white butterfly +which went and came in the street. Summer does not abdicate. + +In the neighborhood, the spaces beneath the portes-cochĂšres were +encumbered with wounded. + +One felt oneself aimed at by some person whom one did not see, and one +understood that guns were levelled at the whole length of the street. + +Massed behind the sort of sloping ridge which the vaulted canal forms +at the entrance to the Faubourg du Temple, the soldiers of the +attacking column, gravely and thoughtfully, watched this dismal +redoubt, this immobility, this passivity, whence sprang death. Some +crawled flat on their faces as far as the crest of the curve of the +bridge, taking care that their shakos did not project beyond it. + +The valiant Colonel Monteynard admired this barricade with a +shudder.—“How that is built!” he said to a Representative. “Not one +paving-stone projects beyond its neighbor. It is made of porcelain.”—At +that moment, a bullet broke the cross on his breast, and he fell. + +“The cowards!” people said. “Let them show themselves. Let us see them! +They dare not! They are hiding!” + + +The barricade of the Faubourg du Temple, defended by eighty men, +attacked by ten thousand, held out for three days. On the fourth, they +did as at Zaatcha, as at Constantine, they pierced the houses, they +came over the roofs, the barricade was taken. Not one of the eighty +cowards thought of flight, all were killed there with the exception of +the leader, BarthĂ©lemy, of whom we shall speak presently. + +The Saint-Antoine barricade was the tumult of thunders; the barricade +of the Temple was silence. The difference between these two redoubts +was the difference between the formidable and the sinister. One seemed +a maw; the other a mask. + +Admitting that the gigantic and gloomy insurrection of June was +composed of a wrath and of an enigma, one divined in the first +barricade the dragon, and behind the second the sphinx. + +These two fortresses had been erected by two men named, the one, +Cournet, the other, BarthĂ©lemy. Cournet made the Saint-Antoine +barricade; BarthĂ©lemy the barricade of the Temple. Each was the image +of the man who had built it. + +Cournet was a man of lofty stature; he had broad shoulders, a red face, +a crushing fist, a bold heart, a loyal soul, a sincere and terrible +eye. Intrepid, energetic, irascible, stormy; the most cordial of men, +the most formidable of combatants. War, strife, conflict, were the very +air he breathed and put him in a good humor. He had been an officer in +the navy, and, from his gestures and his voice, one divined that he +sprang from the ocean, and that he came from the tempest; he carried +the hurricane on into battle. With the exception of the genius, there +was in Cournet something of Danton, as, with the exception of the +divinity, there was in Danton something of Hercules. + +BarthĂ©lemy, thin, feeble, pale, taciturn, was a sort of tragic street +urchin, who, having had his ears boxed by a policeman, lay in wait for +him, and killed him, and at seventeen was sent to the galleys. He came +out and made this barricade. + +Later on, fatal circumstance, in London, proscribed by all, BarthĂ©lemy +slew Cournet. It was a funereal duel. Some time afterwards, caught in +the gearing of one of those mysterious adventures in which passion +plays a part, a catastrophe in which French justice sees extenuating +circumstances, and in which English justice sees only death, BarthĂ©lemy +was hanged. The sombre social construction is so made that, thanks to +material destitution, thanks to moral obscurity, that unhappy being who +possessed an intelligence, certainly firm, possibly great, began in +France with the galleys, and ended in England with the gallows. +BarthĂ©lemy, on occasion, flew but one flag, the black flag. + + + + +CHAPTER II—WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE ABYSS IF ONE DOES NOT CONVERSE + + +Sixteen years count in the subterranean education of insurrection, and +June, 1848, knew a great deal more about it than June, 1832. So the +barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie was only an outline, and an +embryo compared to the two colossal barricades which we have just +sketched; but it was formidable for that epoch. + +The insurgents under the eye of Enjolras, for Marius no longer looked +after anything, had made good use of the night. The barricade had been +not only repaired, but augmented. They had raised it two feet. Bars of +iron planted in the pavement resembled lances in rest. All sorts of +rubbish brought and added from all directions complicated the external +confusion. The redoubt had been cleverly made over, into a wall on the +inside and a thicket on the outside. + +The staircase of paving-stones which permitted one to mount it like the +wall of a citadel had been reconstructed. + +The barricade had been put in order, the tap-room disencumbered, the +kitchen appropriated for the ambulance, the dressing of the wounded +completed, the powder scattered on the ground and on the tables had +been gathered up, bullets run, cartridges manufactured, lint scraped, +the fallen weapons re-distributed, the interior of the redoubt cleaned, +the rubbish swept up, corpses removed. + +They laid the dead in a heap in the MondĂ©tour lane, of which they were +still the masters. The pavement was red for a long time at that spot. +Among the dead there were four National Guardsmen of the suburbs. +Enjolras had their uniforms laid aside. + +Enjolras had advised two hours of sleep. Advice from Enjolras was a +command. Still, only three or four took advantage of it. + +Feuilly employed these two hours in engraving this inscription on the +wall which faced the tavern:— + +LONG LIVE THE PEOPLES! + +These four words, hollowed out in the rough stone with a nail, could be +still read on the wall in 1848. + +The three women had profited by the respite of the night to vanish +definitely; which allowed the insurgents to breathe more freely. + +They had found means of taking refuge in some neighboring house. + +The greater part of the wounded were able, and wished, to fight still. +On a litter of mattresses and trusses of straw in the kitchen, which +had been converted into an ambulance, there were five men gravely +wounded, two of whom were municipal guardsmen. The municipal guardsmen +were attended to first. + +In the tap-room there remained only Mabeuf under his black cloth and +Javert bound to his post. + +“This is the hall of the dead,” said Enjolras. + +In the interior of this hall, barely lighted by a candle at one end, +the mortuary table being behind the post like a horizontal bar, a sort +of vast, vague cross resulted from Javert erect and Mabeuf lying prone. + +The pole of the omnibus, although snapped off by the fusillade, was +still sufficiently upright to admit of their fastening the flag to it. + +Enjolras, who possessed that quality of a leader, of always doing what +he said, attached to this staff the bullet-ridden and bloody coat of +the old man’s. + +No repast had been possible. There was neither bread nor meat. The +fifty men in the barricade had speedily exhausted the scanty provisions +of the wine-shop during the sixteen hours which they had passed there. +At a given moment, every barricade inevitably becomes the raft of _la +MĂ©duse_. They were obliged to resign themselves to hunger. They had +then reached the first hours of that Spartan day of the 6th of June +when, in the barricade Saint-Merry, Jeanne, surrounded by the +insurgents who demanded bread, replied to all combatants crying: +“Something to eat!” with: “Why? It is three o’clock; at four we shall +be dead.” + + +As they could no longer eat, Enjolras forbade them to drink. He +interdicted wine, and portioned out the brandy. + +They had found in the cellar fifteen full bottles hermetically sealed. +Enjolras and Combeferre examined them. Combeferre when he came up again +said:—“It’s the old stock of Father Hucheloup, who began business as a +grocer.”—“It must be real wine,” observed Bossuet. “It’s lucky that +Grantaire is asleep. If he were on foot, there would be a good deal of +difficulty in saving those bottles.”—Enjolras, in spite of all murmurs, +placed his veto on the fifteen bottles, and, in order that no one might +touch them, he had them placed under the table on which Father Mabeuf +was lying. + +About two o’clock in the morning, they reckoned up their strength. +There were still thirty-seven of them. + +The day began to dawn. The torch, which had been replaced in its cavity +in the pavement, had just been extinguished. The interior of the +barricade, that species of tiny courtyard appropriated from the street, +was bathed in shadows, and resembled, athwart the vague, twilight +horror, the deck of a disabled ship. The combatants, as they went and +came, moved about there like black forms. Above that terrible +nesting-place of gloom the stories of the mute houses were lividly +outlined; at the very top, the chimneys stood palely out. The sky was +of that charming, undecided hue, which may be white and may be blue. +Birds flew about in it with cries of joy. The lofty house which formed +the back of the barricade, being turned to the East, had upon its roof +a rosy reflection. The morning breeze ruffled the gray hair on the head +of the dead man at the third-story window. + +“I am delighted that the torch has been extinguished,” said Courfeyrac +to Feuilly. “That torch flickering in the wind annoyed me. It had the +appearance of being afraid. The light of torches resembles the wisdom +of cowards; it gives a bad light because it trembles.” + + +Dawn awakens minds as it does the birds; all began to talk. + +Joly, perceiving a cat prowling on a gutter, extracted philosophy from +it. + +“What is the cat?” he exclaimed. “It is a corrective. The good God, +having made the mouse, said: ‘Hullo! I have committed a blunder.’ And +so he made the cat. The cat is the erratum of the mouse. The mouse, +plus the cat, is the proof of creation revised and corrected.” + + +Combeferre, surrounded by students and artisans, was speaking of the +dead, of Jean Prouvaire, of Bahorel, of Mabeuf, and even of Cabuc, and +of Enjolras’ sad severity. He said:— + +“Harmodius and Aristogiton, Brutus, Chereas, Stephanus, Cromwell, +Charlotte Corday, Sand, have all had their moment of agony when it was +too late. Our hearts quiver so, and human life is such a mystery that, +even in the case of a civic murder, even in a murder for liberation, if +there be such a thing, the remorse for having struck a man surpasses +the joy of having served the human race.” + + +And, such are the windings of the exchange of speech, that, a moment +later, by a transition brought about through Jean Prouvaire’s verses, +Combeferre was comparing the translators of the Georgics, Raux with +Cournand, Cournand with Delille, pointing out the passages translated +by MalfilĂątre, particularly the prodigies of CĂŠsar’s death; and at that +word, CĂŠsar, the conversation reverted to Brutus. + +“CĂŠsar,” said Combeferre, “fell justly. Cicero was severe towards +CĂŠsar, and he was right. That severity is not diatribe. When ZoĂŻlus +insults Homer, when MĂŠvius insults Virgil, when VisĂ© insults MoliĂšre, +when Pope insults Shakspeare, when Frederic insults Voltaire, it is an +old law of envy and hatred which is being carried out; genius attracts +insult, great men are always more or less barked at. But ZoĂŻlus and +Cicero are two different persons. Cicero is an arbiter in thought, just +as Brutus is an arbiter by the sword. For my own part, I blame that +last justice, the blade; but, antiquity admitted it. CĂŠsar, the +violator of the Rubicon, conferring, as though they came from him, the +dignities which emanated from the people, not rising at the entrance of +the senate, committed the acts of a king and almost of a tyrant, _regia +ac pene tyrannica_. He was a great man; so much the worse, or so much +the better; the lesson is but the more exalted. His twenty-three wounds +touch me less than the spitting in the face of Jesus Christ. CĂŠsar is +stabbed by the senators; Christ is cuffed by lackeys. One feels the God +through the greater outrage.” + + +Bossuet, who towered above the interlocutors from the summit of a heap +of paving-stones, exclaimed, rifle in hand:— + +“Oh CydathenĂŠum, Oh Myrrhinus, Oh Probalinthus, Oh graces of the +Æantides! Oh! Who will grant me to pronounce the verses of Homer like a +Greek of Laurium or of Edapteon?” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—LIGHT AND SHADOW + + +Enjolras had been to make a reconnaissance. He had made his way out +through MondĂ©tour lane, gliding along close to the houses. + +The insurgents, we will remark, were full of hope. The manner in which +they had repulsed the attack of the preceding night had caused them to +almost disdain in advance the attack at dawn. They waited for it with a +smile. They had no more doubt as to their success than as to their +cause. Moreover, succor was, evidently, on the way to them. They +reckoned on it. With that facility of triumphant prophecy which is one +of the sources of strength in the French combatant, they divided the +day which was at hand into three distinct phases. At six o’clock in the +morning a regiment “which had been labored with,” would turn; at noon, +the insurrection of all Paris; at sunset, revolution. + +They heard the alarm bell of Saint-Merry, which had not been silent for +an instant since the night before; a proof that the other barricade, +the great one, Jeanne’s, still held out. + +All these hopes were exchanged between the different groups in a sort +of gay and formidable whisper which resembled the warlike hum of a hive +of bees. + +Enjolras reappeared. He returned from his sombre eagle flight into +outer darkness. He listened for a moment to all this joy with folded +arms, and one hand on his mouth. Then, fresh and rosy in the growing +whiteness of the dawn, he said: + +“The whole army of Paris is to strike. A third of the army is bearing +down upon the barricades in which you now are. There is the National +Guard in addition. I have picked out the shakos of the fifth of the +line, and the standard-bearers of the sixth legion. In one hour you +will be attacked. As for the populace, it was seething yesterday, +to-day it is not stirring. There is nothing to expect; nothing to hope +for. Neither from a faubourg nor from a regiment. You are abandoned.” + + +These words fell upon the buzzing of the groups, and produced on them +the effect caused on a swarm of bees by the first drops of a storm. A +moment of indescribable silence ensued, in which death might have been +heard flitting by. + +This moment was brief. + +A voice from the obscurest depths of the groups shouted to Enjolras: + +“So be it. Let us raise the barricade to a height of twenty feet, and +let us all remain in it. Citizens, let us offer the protests of +corpses. Let us show that, if the people abandon the republicans, the +republicans do not abandon the people.” + + +These words freed the thought of all from the painful cloud of +individual anxieties. It was hailed with an enthusiastic acclamation. + +No one ever has known the name of the man who spoke thus; he was some +unknown blouse-wearer, a stranger, a man forgotten, a passing hero, +that great anonymous, always mingled in human crises and in social +geneses who, at a given moment, utters in a supreme fashion the +decisive word, and who vanishes into the shadows after having +represented for a minute, in a lightning flash, the people and God. + +This inexorable resolution so thoroughly impregnated the air of the 6th +of June, 1832, that, almost at the very same hour, on the barricade +Saint-Merry, the insurgents were raising that clamor which has become a +matter of history and which has been consigned to the documents in the +case:—“What matters it whether they come to our assistance or not? Let +us get ourselves killed here, to the very last man.” + + +As the reader sees, the two barricades, though materially isolated, +were in communication with each other. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—MINUS FIVE, PLUS ONE + + +After the man who decreed the “protest of corpses” had spoken, and had +given this formula of their common soul, there issued from all mouths a +strangely satisfied and terrible cry, funereal in sense and triumphant +in tone: + +“Long live death! Let us all remain here!” + + +“Why all?” said Enjolras. + +“All! All!” + + +Enjolras resumed: + +“The position is good; the barricade is fine. Thirty men are enough. +Why sacrifice forty?” + + +They replied: + +“Because not one will go away.” + + +“Citizens,” cried Enjolras, and there was an almost irritated vibration +in his voice, “this republic is not rich enough in men to indulge in +useless expenditure of them. Vain-glory is waste. If the duty of some +is to depart, that duty should be fulfilled like any other.” + + +Enjolras, the man-principle, had over his co-religionists that sort of +omnipotent power which emanates from the absolute. Still, great as was +this omnipotence, a murmur arose. A leader to the very finger-tips, +Enjolras, seeing that they murmured, insisted. He resumed haughtily: + +“Let those who are afraid of not numbering more than thirty say so.” + + +The murmurs redoubled. + +“Besides,” observed a voice in one group, “it is easy enough to talk +about leaving. The barricade is hemmed in.” + + +“Not on the side of the Halles,” said Enjolras. “The Rue MondĂ©tour is +free, and through the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs one can reach the MarchĂ© des +Innocents.” + + +“And there,” went on another voice, “you would be captured. You would +fall in with some grand guard of the line or the suburbs; they will spy +a man passing in blouse and cap. ‘Whence come you?’ ‘Don’t you belong +to the barricade?’ And they will look at your hands. You smell of +powder. Shot.” + + +Enjolras, without making any reply, touched Combeferre’s shoulder, and +the two entered the tap-room. + +They emerged thence a moment later. Enjolras held in his outstretched +hands the four uniforms which he had laid aside. Combeferre followed, +carrying the shoulder-belts and the shakos. + +“With this uniform,” said Enjolras, “you can mingle with the ranks and +escape; here is enough for four.” And he flung on the ground, deprived +of its pavement, the four uniforms. + +No wavering took place in his stoical audience. Combeferre took the +word. + +“Come,” said he, “you must have a little pity. Do you know what the +question is here? It is a question of women. See here. Are there women +or are there not? Are there children or are there not? Are there +mothers, yes or no, who rock cradles with their foot and who have a lot +of little ones around them? Let that man of you who has never beheld a +nurse’s breast raise his hand. Ah! you want to get yourselves killed, +so do I—I, who am speaking to you; but I do not want to feel the +phantoms of women wreathing their arms around me. Die, if you will, but +don’t make others die. Suicides like that which is on the brink of +accomplishment here are sublime; but suicide is narrow, and does not +admit of extension; and as soon as it touches your neighbors, suicide +is murder. Think of the little blond heads; think of the white locks. +Listen, Enjolras has just told me that he saw at the corner of the Rue +du Cygne a lighted casement, a candle in a poor window, on the fifth +floor, and on the pane the quivering shadow of the head of an old +woman, who had the air of having spent the night in watching. Perhaps +she is the mother of some one of you. Well, let that man go, and make +haste, to say to his mother: ‘Here I am, mother!’ Let him feel at ease, +the task here will be performed all the same. When one supports one’s +relatives by one’s toil, one has not the right to sacrifice one’s self. +That is deserting one’s family. And those who have daughters! what are +you thinking of? You get yourselves killed, you are dead, that is well. +And tomorrow? Young girls without bread—that is a terrible thing. Man +begs, woman sells. Ah! those charming and gracious beings, so gracious +and so sweet, who have bonnets of flowers, who fill the house with +purity, who sing and prattle, who are like a living perfume, who prove +the existence of angels in heaven by the purity of virgins on earth, +that Jeanne, that Lise, that Mimi, those adorable and honest creatures +who are your blessings and your pride, ah! good God, they will suffer +hunger! What do you want me to say to you? There is a market for human +flesh; and it is not with your shadowy hands, shuddering around them, +that you will prevent them from entering it! Think of the street, think +of the pavement covered with passers-by, think of the shops past which +women go and come with necks all bare, and through the mire. These +women, too, were pure once. Think of your sisters, those of you who +have them. Misery, prostitution, the police, Saint-Lazare—that is what +those beautiful, delicate girls, those fragile marvels of modesty, +gentleness and loveliness, fresher than lilacs in the month of May, +will come to. Ah! you have got yourselves killed! You are no longer on +hand! That is well; you have wished to release the people from Royalty, +and you deliver over your daughters to the police. Friends, have a +care, have mercy. Women, unhappy women, we are not in the habit of +bestowing much thought on them. We trust to the women not having +received a man’s education, we prevent their reading, we prevent their +thinking, we prevent their occupying themselves with politics; will you +prevent them from going to the dead-house this evening, and recognizing +your bodies? Let us see, those who have families must be tractable, and +shake hands with us and take themselves off, and leave us here alone to +attend to this affair. I know well that courage is required to leave, +that it is hard; but the harder it is, the more meritorious. You say: +‘I have a gun, I am at the barricade; so much the worse, I shall remain +there.’ So much the worse is easily said. My friends, there is a +morrow; you will not be here to-morrow, but your families will; and +what sufferings! See, here is a pretty, healthy child, with cheeks like +an apple, who babbles, prattles, chatters, who laughs, who smells sweet +beneath your kiss,—and do you know what becomes of him when he is +abandoned? I have seen one, a very small creature, no taller than that. +His father was dead. Poor people had taken him in out of charity, but +they had bread only for themselves. The child was always hungry. It was +winter. He did not cry. You could see him approach the stove, in which +there was never any fire, and whose pipe, you know, was of mastic and +yellow clay. His breathing was hoarse, his face livid, his limbs +flaccid, his belly prominent. He said nothing. If you spoke to him, he +did not answer. He is dead. He was taken to the Necker Hospital, where +I saw him. I was house-surgeon in that hospital. Now, if there are any +fathers among you, fathers whose happiness it is to stroll on Sundays +holding their child’s tiny hand in their robust hand, let each one of +those fathers imagine that this child is his own. That poor brat, I +remember, and I seem to see him now, when he lay nude on the dissecting +table, how his ribs stood out on his skin like the graves beneath the +grass in a cemetery. A sort of mud was found in his stomach. There were +ashes in his teeth. Come, let us examine ourselves conscientiously and +take counsel with our heart. Statistics show that the mortality among +abandoned children is fifty-five per cent. I repeat, it is a question +of women, it concerns mothers, it concerns young girls, it concerns +little children. Who is talking to you of yourselves? We know well what +you are; we know well that you are all brave, parbleu! we know well +that you all have in your souls the joy and the glory of giving your +life for the great cause; we know well that you feel yourselves elected +to die usefully and magnificently, and that each one of you clings to +his share in the triumph. Very well. But you are not alone in this +world. There are other beings of whom you must think. You must not be +egoists.” + + +All dropped their heads with a gloomy air. + +Strange contradictions of the human heart at its most sublime moments. +Combeferre, who spoke thus, was not an orphan. He recalled the mothers +of other men, and forgot his own. He was about to get himself killed. +He was “an egoist.” + + +Marius, fasting, fevered, having emerged in succession from all hope, +and having been stranded in grief, the most sombre of shipwrecks, and +saturated with violent emotions and conscious that the end was near, +had plunged deeper and deeper into that visionary stupor which always +precedes the fatal hour voluntarily accepted. + +A physiologist might have studied in him the growing symptoms of that +febrile absorption known to, and classified by, science, and which is +to suffering what voluptuousness is to pleasure. Despair, also, has its +ecstasy. Marius had reached this point. He looked on at everything as +from without; as we have said, things which passed before him seemed +far away; he made out the whole, but did not perceive the details. He +beheld men going and coming as through a flame. He heard voices +speaking as at the bottom of an abyss. + +But this moved him. There was in this scene a point which pierced and +roused even him. He had but one idea now, to die; and he did not wish +to be turned aside from it, but he reflected, in his gloomy +somnambulism, that while destroying himself, he was not prohibited from +saving some one else. + +He raised his voice. + +“Enjolras and Combeferre are right,” said he; “no unnecessary +sacrifice. I join them, and you must make haste. Combeferre has said +convincing things to you. There are some among you who have families, +mothers, sisters, wives, children. Let such leave the ranks.” + + +No one stirred. + +“Married men and the supporters of families, step out of the ranks!” +repeated Marius. + +His authority was great. Enjolras was certainly the head of the +barricade, but Marius was its savior. + +“I order it,” cried Enjolras. + +“I entreat you,” said Marius. + +Then, touched by Combeferre’s words, shaken by Enjolras’ order, touched +by Marius’ entreaty, these heroic men began to denounce each other.—“It +is true,” said one young man to a full grown man, “you are the father +of a family. Go.”—“It is your duty rather,” retorted the man, “you have +two sisters whom you maintain.”—And an unprecedented controversy broke +forth. Each struggled to determine which should not allow himself to be +placed at the door of the tomb. + +“Make haste,” said Courfeyrac, “in another quarter of an hour it will +be too late.” + + +“Citizens,” pursued Enjolras, “this is the Republic, and universal +suffrage reigns. Do you yourselves designate those who are to go.” + + +They obeyed. After the expiration of a few minutes, five were +unanimously selected and stepped out of the ranks. + +“There are five of them!” exclaimed Marius. + +There were only four uniforms. + +“Well,” began the five, “one must stay behind.” + + +And then a struggle arose as to who should remain, and who should find +reasons for the others not remaining. The generous quarrel began +afresh. + +“You have a wife who loves you.”—“You have your aged mother.”—” You +have neither father nor mother, and what is to become of your three +little brothers?”—“You are the father of five children.”—“You have a +right to live, you are only seventeen, it is too early for you to die.” + + +These great revolutionary barricades were assembling points for +heroism. The improbable was simple there. These men did not astonish +each other. + +“Be quick,” repeated Courfeyrac. + +Men shouted to Marius from the groups: + +“Do you designate who is to remain.” + + +“Yes,” said the five, “choose. We will obey you.” + + +Marius did not believe that he was capable of another emotion. Still, +at this idea, that of choosing a man for death, his blood rushed back +to his heart. He would have turned pale, had it been possible for him +to become any paler. + +He advanced towards the five, who smiled upon him, and each, with his +eyes full of that grand flame which one beholds in the depths of +history hovering over ThermopylĂŠ, cried to him: + +“Me! me! me!” + + +And Marius stupidly counted them; there were still five of them! Then +his glance dropped to the four uniforms. + +At that moment, a fifth uniform fell, as if from heaven, upon the other +four. + +The fifth man was saved. + +Marius raised his eyes and recognized M. Fauchelevent. + +Jean Valjean had just entered the barricade. + +He had arrived by way of MondĂ©tour lane, whither by dint of inquiries +made, or by instinct, or chance. Thanks to his dress of a National +Guardsman, he had made his way without difficulty. + +The sentinel stationed by the insurgents in the Rue MondĂ©tour had no +occasion to give the alarm for a single National Guardsman, and he had +allowed the latter to entangle himself in the street, saying to +himself: “Probably it is a reinforcement, in any case it is a +prisoner.” The moment was too grave to admit of the sentinel abandoning +his duty and his post of observation. + +At the moment when Jean Valjean entered the redoubt, no one had noticed +him, all eyes being fixed on the five chosen men and the four uniforms. +Jean Valjean also had seen and heard, and he had silently removed his +coat and flung it on the pile with the rest. + +The emotion aroused was indescribable. + +“Who is this man?” demanded Bossuet. + +“He is a man who saves others,” replied Combeferre. + +Marius added in a grave voice: + +“I know him.” + + +This guarantee satisfied every one. + +Enjolras turned to Jean Valjean. + +“Welcome, citizen.” + + +And he added: + +“You know that we are about to die.” + + +Jean Valjean, without replying, helped the insurgent whom he was saving +to don his uniform. + + + + +CHAPTER V—THE HORIZON WHICH ONE BEHOLDS FROM THE SUMMIT OF A BARRICADE + + +The situation of all in that fatal hour and that pitiless place, had as +result and culminating point Enjolras’ supreme melancholy. + +Enjolras bore within him the plenitude of the revolution; he was +incomplete, however, so far as the absolute can be so; he had too much +of Saint-Just about him, and not enough of Anacharsis Cloots; still, +his mind, in the society of the Friends of the A B C, had ended by +undergoing a certain polarization from Combeferre’s ideas; for some +time past, he had been gradually emerging from the narrow form of +dogma, and had allowed himself to incline to the broadening influence +of progress, and he had come to accept, as a definitive and magnificent +evolution, the transformation of the great French Republic, into the +immense human republic. As far as the immediate means were concerned, a +violent situation being given, he wished to be violent; on that point, +he never varied; and he remained of that epic and redoubtable school +which is summed up in the words: “Eighty-three.” Enjolras was standing +erect on the staircase of paving-stones, one elbow resting on the stock +of his gun. He was engaged in thought; he quivered, as at the passage +of prophetic breaths; places where death is have these effects of +tripods. A sort of stifled fire darted from his eyes, which were filled +with an inward look. All at once he threw back his head, his blond +locks fell back like those of an angel on the sombre quadriga made of +stars, they were like the mane of a startled lion in the flaming of an +halo, and Enjolras cried: + +“Citizens, do you picture the future to yourselves? The streets of +cities inundated with light, green branches on the thresholds, nations +sisters, men just, old men blessing children, the past loving the +present, thinkers entirely at liberty, believers on terms of full +equality, for religion heaven, God the direct priest, human conscience +become an altar, no more hatreds, the fraternity of the workshop and +the school, for sole penalty and recompense fame, work for all, right +for all, peace over all, no more bloodshed, no more wars, happy +mothers! To conquer matter is the first step; to realize the ideal is +the second. Reflect on what progress has already accomplished. +Formerly, the first human races beheld with terror the hydra pass +before their eyes, breathing on the waters, the dragon which vomited +flame, the griffin who was the monster of the air, and who flew with +the wings of an eagle and the talons of a tiger; fearful beasts which +were above man. Man, nevertheless, spread his snares, consecrated by +intelligence, and finally conquered these monsters. We have vanquished +the hydra, and it is called the locomotive; we are on the point of +vanquishing the griffin, we already grasp it, and it is called the +balloon. On the day when this Promethean task shall be accomplished, +and when man shall have definitely harnessed to his will the triple +ChimĂŠra of antiquity, the hydra, the dragon and the griffin, he will be +the master of water, fire, and of air, and he will be for the rest of +animated creation that which the ancient gods formerly were to him. +Courage, and onward! Citizens, whither are we going? To science made +government, to the force of things become the sole public force, to the +natural law, having in itself its sanction and its penalty and +promulgating itself by evidence, to a dawn of truth corresponding to a +dawn of day. We are advancing to the union of peoples; we are advancing +to the unity of man. No more fictions; no more parasites. The real +governed by the true, that is the goal. Civilization will hold its +assizes at the summit of Europe, and, later on, at the centre of +continents, in a grand parliament of the intelligence. Something +similar has already been seen. The amphictyons had two sittings a year, +one at Delphos the seat of the gods, the other at ThermopylĂŠ, the place +of heroes. Europe will have her amphictyons; the globe will have its +amphictyons. France bears this sublime future in her breast. This is +the gestation of the nineteenth century. That which Greece sketched out +is worthy of being finished by France. Listen to me, you, Feuilly, +valiant artisan, man of the people. I revere you. Yes, you clearly +behold the future, yes, you are right. You had neither father nor +mother, Feuilly; you adopted humanity for your mother and right for +your father. You are about to die, that is to say to triumph, here. +Citizens, whatever happens to-day, through our defeat as well as +through our victory, it is a revolution that we are about to create. As +conflagrations light up a whole city, so revolutions illuminate the +whole human race. And what is the revolution that we shall cause? I +have just told you, the Revolution of the True. From a political point +of view, there is but a single principle; the sovereignty of man over +himself. This sovereignty of myself over myself is called Liberty. +Where two or three of these sovereignties are combined, the state +begins. But in that association there is no abdication. Each +sovereignty concedes a certain quantity of itself, for the purpose of +forming the common right. This quantity is the same for all of us. This +identity of concession which each makes to all, is called Equality. +Common right is nothing else than the protection of all beaming on the +right of each. This protection of all over each is called Fraternity. +The point of intersection of all these assembled sovereignties is +called society. This intersection being a junction, this point is a +knot. Hence what is called the social bond. Some say social contract; +which is the same thing, the word contract being etymologically formed +with the idea of a bond. Let us come to an understanding about +equality; for, if liberty is the summit, equality is the base. +Equality, citizens, is not wholly a surface vegetation, a society of +great blades of grass and tiny oaks; a proximity of jealousies which +render each other null and void; legally speaking, it is all aptitudes +possessed of the same opportunity; politically, it is all votes +possessed of the same weight; religiously, it is all consciences +possessed of the same right. Equality has an organ: gratuitous and +obligatory instruction. The right to the alphabet, that is where the +beginning must be made. The primary school imposed on all, the +secondary school offered to all, that is the law. From an identical +school, an identical society will spring. Yes, instruction! light! +light! everything comes from light, and to it everything returns. +Citizens, the nineteenth century is great, but the twentieth century +will be happy. Then, there will be nothing more like the history of +old, we shall no longer, as to-day, have to fear a conquest, an +invasion, a usurpation, a rivalry of nations, arms in hand, an +interruption of civilization depending on a marriage of kings, on a +birth in hereditary tyrannies, a partition of peoples by a congress, a +dismemberment because of the failure of a dynasty, a combat of two +religions meeting face to face, like two bucks in the dark, on the +bridge of the infinite; we shall no longer have to fear famine, farming +out, prostitution arising from distress, misery from the failure of +work and the scaffold and the sword, and battles and the ruffianism of +chance in the forest of events. One might almost say: There will be no +more events. We shall be happy. The human race will accomplish its law, +as the terrestrial globe accomplishes its law; harmony will be +re-established between the soul and the star; the soul will gravitate +around the truth, as the planet around the light. Friends, the present +hour in which I am addressing you, is a gloomy hour; but these are +terrible purchases of the future. A revolution is a toll. Oh! the human +race will be delivered, raised up, consoled! We affirm it on this +barrier. Whence should proceed that cry of love, if not from the +heights of sacrifice? Oh my brothers, this is the point of junction, of +those who think and of those who suffer; this barricade is not made of +paving-stones, nor of joists, nor of bits of iron; it is made of two +heaps, a heap of ideas, and a heap of woes. Here misery meets the +ideal. The day embraces the night, and says to it: ‘I am about to die, +and thou shalt be born again with me.’ From the embrace of all +desolations faith leaps forth. Sufferings bring hither their agony and +ideas their immortality. This agony and this immortality are about to +join and constitute our death. Brothers, he who dies here dies in the +radiance of the future, and we are entering a tomb all flooded with the +dawn.” + + +Enjolras paused rather than became silent; his lips continued to move +silently, as though he were talking to himself, which caused them all +to gaze attentively at him, in the endeavor to hear more. There was no +applause; but they whispered together for a long time. Speech being a +breath, the rustling of intelligences resembles the rustling of leaves. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—MARIUS HAGGARD, JAVERT LACONIC + + +Let us narrate what was passing in Marius’ thoughts. + +Let the reader recall the state of his soul. We have just recalled it, +everything was a vision to him now. His judgment was disturbed. Marius, +let us insist on this point, was under the shadow of the great, dark +wings which are spread over those in the death agony. He felt that he +had entered the tomb, it seemed to him that he was already on the other +side of the wall, and he no longer beheld the faces of the living +except with the eyes of one dead. + +How did M. Fauchelevent come there? Why was he there? What had he come +there to do? Marius did not address all these questions to himself. +Besides, since our despair has this peculiarity, that it envelops +others as well as ourselves, it seemed logical to him that all the +world should come thither to die. + +Only, he thought of Cosette with a pang at his heart. + +However, M. Fauchelevent did not speak to him, did not look at him, and +had not even the air of hearing him, when Marius raised his voice to +say: “I know him.” + + +As far as Marius was concerned, this attitude of M. Fauchelevent was +comforting, and, if such a word can be used for such impressions, we +should say that it pleased him. He had always felt the absolute +impossibility of addressing that enigmatical man, who was, in his eyes, +both equivocal and imposing. Moreover, it had been a long time since he +had seen him; and this still further augmented the impossibility for +Marius’ timid and reserved nature. + +The five chosen men left the barricade by way of MondĂ©tour lane; they +bore a perfect resemblance to members of the National Guard. One of +them wept as he took his leave. Before setting out, they embraced those +who remained. + +When the five men sent back to life had taken their departure, Enjolras +thought of the man who had been condemned to death. + +He entered the tap-room. Javert, still bound to the post, was engaged +in meditation. + +“Do you want anything?” Enjolras asked him. + +Javert replied: “When are you going to kill me?” + + +“Wait. We need all our cartridges just at present.” + + +“Then give me a drink,” said Javert. + +Enjolras himself offered him a glass of water, and, as Javert was +pinioned, he helped him to drink. + +“Is that all?” inquired Enjolras. + +“I am uncomfortable against this post,” replied Javert. “You are not +tender to have left me to pass the night here. Bind me as you please, +but you surely might lay me out on a table like that other man.” + + +And with a motion of the head, he indicated the body of M. Mabeuf. + +There was, as the reader will remember, a long, broad table at the end +of the room, on which they had been running bullets and making +cartridges. All the cartridges having been made, and all the powder +used, this table was free. + +At Enjolras’ command, four insurgents unbound Javert from the post. +While they were loosing him, a fifth held a bayonet against his breast. + +Leaving his arms tied behind his back, they placed about his feet a +slender but stout whip-cord, as is done to men on the point of mounting +the scaffold, which allowed him to take steps about fifteen inches in +length, and made him walk to the table at the end of the room, where +they laid him down, closely bound about the middle of the body. + +By way of further security, and by means of a rope fastened to his +neck, they added to the system of ligatures which rendered every +attempt at escape impossible, that sort of bond which is called in +prisons a martingale, which, starting at the neck, forks on the +stomach, and meets the hands, after passing between the legs. + +While they were binding Javert, a man standing on the threshold was +surveying him with singular attention. The shadow cast by this man made +Javert turn his head. He raised his eyes, and recognized Jean Valjean. +He did not even start, but dropped his lids proudly and confined +himself to the remark: “It is perfectly simple.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE SITUATION BECOMES AGGRAVATED + + +The daylight was increasing rapidly. Not a window was opened, not a +door stood ajar; it was the dawn but not the awaking. The end of the +Rue de la Chanvrerie, opposite the barricade, had been evacuated by the +troops, as we have stated, it seemed to be free, and presented itself +to passers-by with a sinister tranquillity. The Rue Saint-Denis was as +dumb as the avenue of Sphinxes at Thebes. Not a living being in the +crossroads, which gleamed white in the light of the sun. Nothing is so +mournful as this light in deserted streets. Nothing was to be seen, but +there was something to be heard. A mysterious movement was going on at +a certain distance. It was evident that the critical moment was +approaching. As on the previous evening, the sentinels had come in; but +this time all had come. + +The barricade was stronger than on the occasion of the first attack. +Since the departure of the five, they had increased its height still +further. + +On the advice of the sentinel who had examined the region of the +Halles, Enjolras, for fear of a surprise in the rear, came to a serious +decision. He had the small gut of the MondĂ©tour lane, which had been +left open up to that time, barricaded. For this purpose, they tore up +the pavement for the length of several houses more. In this manner, the +barricade, walled on three streets, in front on the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, to the left on the Rues du Cygne and de la Petite +Truanderie, to the right on the Rue MondĂ©tour, was really almost +impregnable; it is true that they were fatally hemmed in there. It had +three fronts, but no exit.—“A fortress but a rat hole too,” said +Courfeyrac with a laugh. + +Enjolras had about thirty paving-stones “torn up in excess,” said +Bossuet, piled up near the door of the wine-shop. + +The silence was now so profound in the quarter whence the attack must +needs come, that Enjolras had each man resume his post of battle. + +An allowance of brandy was doled out to each. + +Nothing is more curious than a barricade preparing for an assault. Each +man selects his place as though at the theatre. They jostle, and elbow +and crowd each other. There are some who make stalls of paving-stones. +Here is a corner of the wall which is in the way, it is removed; here +is a redan which may afford protection, they take shelter behind it. +Left-handed men are precious; they take the places that are +inconvenient to the rest. Many arrange to fight in a sitting posture. +They wish to be at ease to kill, and to die comfortably. In the sad war +of June, 1848, an insurgent who was a formidable marksman, and who was +firing from the top of a terrace upon a roof, had a reclining-chair +brought there for his use; a charge of grape-shot found him out there. + +As soon as the leader has given the order to clear the decks for +action, all disorderly movements cease; there is no more pulling from +one another; there are no more coteries; no more asides, there is no +more holding aloof; everything in their spirits converges in, and +changes into, a waiting for the assailants. A barricade before the +arrival of danger is chaos; in danger, it is discipline itself. Peril +produces order. + +As soon as Enjolras had seized his double-barrelled rifle, and had +placed himself in a sort of embrasure which he had reserved for +himself, all the rest held their peace. A series of faint, sharp noises +resounded confusedly along the wall of paving-stones. It was the men +cocking their guns. + +Moreover, their attitudes were prouder, more confident than ever; the +excess of sacrifice strengthens; they no longer cherished any hope, but +they had despair, despair,—the last weapon, which sometimes gives +victory; Virgil has said so. Supreme resources spring from extreme +resolutions. To embark in death is sometimes the means of escaping a +shipwreck; and the lid of the coffin becomes a plank of safety. + +As on the preceding evening, the attention of all was directed, we +might almost say leaned upon, the end of the street, now lighted up and +visible. + +They had not long to wait. A stir began distinctly in the Saint-Leu +quarter, but it did not resemble the movement of the first attack. A +clashing of chains, the uneasy jolting of a mass, the click of brass +skipping along the pavement, a sort of solemn uproar, announced that +some sinister construction of iron was approaching. There arose a +tremor in the bosoms of these peaceful old streets, pierced and built +for the fertile circulation of interests and ideas, and which are not +made for the horrible rumble of the wheels of war. + +The fixity of eye in all the combatants upon the extremity of the +street became ferocious. + +A cannon made its appearance. + +Artillery-men were pushing the piece; it was in firing trim; the +fore-carriage had been detached; two upheld the gun-carriage, four were +at the wheels; others followed with the caisson. They could see the +smoke of the burning lint-stock. + +“Fire!” shouted Enjolras. + +The whole barricade fired, the report was terrible; an avalanche of +smoke covered and effaced both cannon and men; after a few seconds, the +cloud dispersed, and the cannon and men reappeared; the gun-crew had +just finished rolling it slowly, correctly, without haste, into +position facing the barricade. Not one of them had been struck. Then +the captain of the piece, bearing down upon the breech in order to +raise the muzzle, began to point the cannon with the gravity of an +astronomer levelling a telescope. + +“Bravo for the cannoneers!” cried Bossuet. + +And the whole barricade clapped their hands. + +A moment later, squarely planted in the very middle of the street, +astride of the gutter, the piece was ready for action. A formidable +pair of jaws yawned on the barricade. + +“Come, merrily now!” ejaculated Courfeyrac. “That’s the brutal part of +it. After the fillip on the nose, the blow from the fist. The army is +reaching out its big paw to us. The barricade is going to be severely +shaken up. The fusillade tries, the cannon takes.” + + +“It is a piece of eight, new model, brass,” added Combeferre. “Those +pieces are liable to burst as soon as the proportion of ten parts of +tin to one hundred of brass is exceeded. The excess of tin renders them +too tender. Then it comes to pass that they have caves and chambers +when looked at from the vent hole. In order to obviate this danger, and +to render it possible to force the charge, it may become necessary to +return to the process of the fourteenth century, hooping, and to +encircle the piece on the outside with a series of unwelded steel +bands, from the breech to the trunnions. In the meantime, they remedy +this defect as best they may; they manage to discover where the holes +are located in the vent of a cannon, by means of a searcher. But there +is a better method, with Gribeauval’s movable star.” + + +“In the sixteenth century,” remarked Bossuet, “they used to rifle +cannon.” + + +“Yes,” replied Combeferre, “that augments the projectile force, but +diminishes the accuracy of the firing. In firing at short range, the +trajectory is not as rigid as could be desired, the parabola is +exaggerated, the line of the projectile is no longer sufficiently +rectilinear to allow of its striking intervening objects, which is, +nevertheless, a necessity of battle, the importance of which increases +with the proximity of the enemy and the precipitation of the discharge. +This defect of the tension of the curve of the projectile in the rifled +cannon of the sixteenth century arose from the smallness of the charge; +small charges for that sort of engine are imposed by the ballistic +necessities, such, for instance, as the preservation of the +gun-carriage. In short, that despot, the cannon, cannot do all that it +desires; force is a great weakness. A cannon-ball only travels six +hundred leagues an hour; light travels seventy thousand leagues a +second. Such is the superiority of Jesus Christ over Napoleon.” + + +“Reload your guns,” said Enjolras. + +How was the casing of the barricade going to behave under the +cannon-balls? Would they effect a breach? That was the question. While +the insurgents were reloading their guns, the artillery-men were +loading the cannon. + +The anxiety in the redoubt was profound. + +The shot sped the report burst forth. + +“Present!” shouted a joyous voice. + +And Gavroche flung himself into the barricade just as the ball dashed +against it. + +He came from the direction of the Rue du Cygne, and he had nimbly +climbed over the auxiliary barricade which fronted on the labyrinth of +the Rue de la Petite Truanderie. + +Gavroche produced a greater sensation in the barricade than the +cannon-ball. + +The ball buried itself in the mass of rubbish. At the most there was an +omnibus wheel broken, and the old Anceau cart was demolished. On seeing +this, the barricade burst into a laugh. + +“Go on!” shouted Bossuet to the artillerists. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE ARTILLERY-MEN COMPEL PEOPLE TO TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY + + +They flocked round Gavroche. But he had no time to tell anything. +Marius drew him aside with a shudder. + +“What are you doing here?” + + +“Hullo!” said the child, “what are you doing here yourself?” + + +And he stared at Marius intently with his epic effrontery. His eyes +grew larger with the proud light within them. + +It was with an accent of severity that Marius continued: + +“Who told you to come back? Did you deliver my letter at the address?” + + +Gavroche was not without some compunctions in the matter of that +letter. In his haste to return to the barricade, he had got rid of it +rather than delivered it. He was forced to acknowledge to himself that +he had confided it rather lightly to that stranger whose face he had +not been able to make out. It is true that the man was bareheaded, but +that was not sufficient. In short, he had been administering to himself +little inward remonstrances and he feared Marius’ reproaches. In order +to extricate himself from the predicament, he took the simplest course; +he lied abominably. + +“Citizen, I delivered the letter to the porter. The lady was asleep. +She will have the letter when she wakes up.” + + +Marius had had two objects in sending that letter: to bid farewell to +Cosette and to save Gavroche. He was obliged to content himself with +the half of his desire. + +The despatch of his letter and the presence of M. Fauchelevent in the +barricade, was a coincidence which occurred to him. He pointed out M. +Fauchelevent to Gavroche. + +“Do you know that man?” + + +“No,” said Gavroche. + +Gavroche had, in fact, as we have just mentioned, seen Jean Valjean +only at night. + +The troubled and unhealthy conjectures which had outlined themselves in +Marius’ mind were dissipated. Did he know M. Fauchelevent’s opinions? +Perhaps M. Fauchelevent was a republican. Hence his very natural +presence in this combat. + +In the meanwhile, Gavroche was shouting, at the other end of the +barricade: “My gun!” + + +Courfeyrac had it returned to him. + +Gavroche warned “his comrades” as he called them, that the barricade +was blocked. He had had great difficulty in reaching it. A battalion of +the line whose arms were piled in the Rue de la Petite Truanderie was +on the watch on the side of the Rue du Cygne; on the opposite side, the +municipal guard occupied the Rue des PrĂȘcheurs. The bulk of the army +was facing them in front. + +This information given, Gavroche added: + +“I authorize you to hit ’em a tremendous whack.” + + +Meanwhile, Enjolras was straining his ears and watching at his +embrasure. + +The assailants, dissatisfied, no doubt, with their shot, had not +repeated it. + +A company of infantry of the line had come up and occupied the end of +the street behind the piece of ordnance. The soldiers were tearing up +the pavement and constructing with the stones a small, low wall, a sort +of side-work not more than eighteen inches high, and facing the +barricade. In the angle at the left of this epaulement, there was +visible the head of the column of a battalion from the suburbs massed +in the Rue Saint-Denis. + +Enjolras, on the watch, thought he distinguished the peculiar sound +which is produced when the shells of grape-shot are drawn from the +caissons, and he saw the commander of the piece change the elevation +and incline the mouth of the cannon slightly to the left. Then the +cannoneers began to load the piece. The chief seized the lint-stock +himself and lowered it to the vent. + +“Down with your heads, hug the wall!” shouted Enjolras, “and all on +your knees along the barricade!” + + +The insurgents who were straggling in front of the wine-shop, and who +had quitted their posts of combat on Gavroche’s arrival, rushed +pell-mell towards the barricade; but before Enjolras’ order could be +executed, the discharge took place with the terrifying rattle of a +round of grape-shot. This is what it was, in fact. + +The charge had been aimed at the cut in the redoubt, and had there +rebounded from the wall; and this terrible rebound had produced two +dead and three wounded. + +If this were continued, the barricade was no longer tenable. The +grape-shot made its way in. + +A murmur of consternation arose. + +“Let us prevent the second discharge,” said Enjolras. + +And, lowering his rifle, he took aim at the captain of the gun, who, at +that moment, was bearing down on the breach of his gun and rectifying +and definitely fixing its pointing. + +The captain of the piece was a handsome sergeant of artillery, very +young, blond, with a very gentle face, and the intelligent air peculiar +to that predestined and redoubtable weapon which, by dint of perfecting +itself in horror, must end in killing war. + +Combeferre, who was standing beside Enjolras, scrutinized this young +man. + +“What a pity!” said Combeferre. “What hideous things these butcheries +are! Come, when there are no more kings, there will be no more war. +Enjolras, you are taking aim at that sergeant, you are not looking at +him. Fancy, he is a charming young man; he is intrepid; it is evident +that he is thoughtful; those young artillery-men are very well +educated; he has a father, a mother, a family; he is probably in love; +he is not more than five and twenty at the most; he might be your +brother.” + + +“He is,” said Enjolras. + +“Yes,” replied Combeferre, “he is mine too. Well, let us not kill him.” + + +“Let me alone. It must be done.” + + +And a tear trickled slowly down Enjolras’ marble cheek. + +At the same moment, he pressed the trigger of his rifle. The flame +leaped forth. The artillery-man turned round twice, his arms extended +in front of him, his head uplifted, as though for breath, then he fell +with his side on the gun, and lay there motionless. They could see his +back, from the centre of which there flowed directly a stream of blood. +The ball had traversed his breast from side to side. He was dead. + +He had to be carried away and replaced by another. Several minutes were +thus gained, in fact. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—EMPLOYMENT OF THE OLD TALENTS OF A POACHER AND THAT +INFALLIBLE MARKSMANSHIP WHICH INFLUENCED THE CONDEMNATION OF 1796 + + +Opinions were exchanged in the barricade. The firing from the gun was +about to begin again. Against that grape-shot, they could not hold out +a quarter of an hour longer. It was absolutely necessary to deaden the +blows. + +Enjolras issued this command: + +“We must place a mattress there.” + + +“We have none,” said Combeferre, “the wounded are lying on them.” + + +Jean Valjean, who was seated apart on a stone post, at the corner of +the tavern, with his gun between his knees, had, up to that moment, +taken no part in anything that was going on. He did not appear to hear +the combatants saying around him: “Here is a gun that is doing +nothing.” + + +At the order issued by Enjolras, he rose. + +It will be remembered that, on the arrival of the rabble in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie, an old woman, foreseeing the bullets, had placed her +mattress in front of her window. This window, an attic window, was on +the roof of a six-story house situated a little beyond the barricade. +The mattress, placed cross-wise, supported at the bottom on two poles +for drying linen, was upheld at the top by two ropes, which, at that +distance, looked like two threads, and which were attached to two nails +planted in the window frames. These ropes were distinctly visible, like +hairs, against the sky. + +“Can some one lend me a double-barrelled rifle?” said Jean Valjean. + +Enjolras, who had just re-loaded his, handed it to him. + +Jean Valjean took aim at the attic window and fired. + +One of the mattress ropes was cut. + +The mattress now hung by one thread only. + +Jean Valjean fired the second charge. The second rope lashed the panes +of the attic window. The mattress slipped between the two poles and +fell into the street. + +The barricade applauded. + +All voices cried: + +“Here is a mattress!” + + +“Yes,” said Combeferre, “but who will go and fetch it?” + + +The mattress had, in fact, fallen outside the barricade, between +besiegers and besieged. Now, the death of the sergeant of artillery +having exasperated the troop, the soldiers had, for several minutes, +been lying flat on their stomachs behind the line of paving-stones +which they had erected, and, in order to supply the forced silence of +the piece, which was quiet while its service was in course of +reorganization, they had opened fire on the barricade. The insurgents +did not reply to this musketry, in order to spare their ammunition. The +fusillade broke against the barricade; but the street, which it filled, +was terrible. + +Jean Valjean stepped out of the cut, entered the street, traversed the +storm of bullets, walked up to the mattress, hoisted it upon his back, +and returned to the barricade. + +He placed the mattress in the cut with his own hands. He fixed it there +against the wall in such a manner that the artillery-men should not see +it. + +That done, they awaited the next discharge of grape-shot. + +It was not long in coming. + +The cannon vomited forth its package of buckshot with a roar. But there +was no rebound. The effect which they had foreseen had been attained. +The barricade was saved. + +“Citizen,” said Enjolras to Jean Valjean, “the Republic thanks you.” + + +Bossuet admired and laughed. He exclaimed: + +“It is immoral that a mattress should have so much power. Triumph of +that which yields over that which strikes with lightning. But never +mind, glory to the mattress which annuls a cannon!” + + + + + +CHAPTER X—DAWN + + +At that moment, Cosette awoke. + +Her chamber was narrow, neat, unobtrusive, with a long sash-window, +facing the East on the back court-yard of the house. + +Cosette knew nothing of what was going on in Paris. She had not been +there on the preceding evening, and she had already retired to her +chamber when Toussaint had said: + +“It appears that there is a row.” + + +Cosette had slept only a few hours, but soundly. She had had sweet +dreams, which possibly arose from the fact that her little bed was very +white. Some one, who was Marius, had appeared to her in the light. She +awoke with the sun in her eyes, which, at first, produced on her the +effect of being a continuation of her dream. Her first thought on +emerging from this dream was a smiling one. Cosette felt herself +thoroughly reassured. Like Jean Valjean, she had, a few hours +previously, passed through that reaction of the soul which absolutely +will not hear of unhappiness. She began to cherish hope, with all her +might, without knowing why. Then she felt a pang at her heart. It was +three days since she had seen Marius. But she said to herself that he +must have received her letter, that he knew where she was, and that he +was so clever that he would find means of reaching her.—And that +certainly to-day, and perhaps that very morning.—It was broad daylight, +but the rays of light were very horizontal; she thought that it was +very early, but that she must rise, nevertheless, in order to receive +Marius. + +She felt that she could not live without Marius, and that, +consequently, that was sufficient and that Marius would come. No +objection was valid. All this was certain. It was monstrous enough +already to have suffered for three days. Marius absent three days, this +was horrible on the part of the good God. Now, this cruel teasing from +on high had been gone through with. Marius was about to arrive, and he +would bring good news. Youth is made thus; it quickly dries its eyes; +it finds sorrow useless and does not accept it. Youth is the smile of +the future in the presence of an unknown quantity, which is itself. It +is natural to it to be happy. It seems as though its respiration were +made of hope. + +Moreover, Cosette could not remember what Marius had said to her on the +subject of this absence which was to last only one day, and what +explanation of it he had given her. Every one has noticed with what +nimbleness a coin which one has dropped on the ground rolls away and +hides, and with what art it renders itself undiscoverable. There are +thoughts which play us the same trick; they nestle away in a corner of +our brain; that is the end of them; they are lost; it is impossible to +lay the memory on them. Cosette was somewhat vexed at the useless +little effort made by her memory. She told herself, that it was very +naughty and very wicked of her, to have forgotten the words uttered by +Marius. + +She sprang out of bed and accomplished the two ablutions of soul and +body, her prayers and her toilet. + +One may, in a case of exigency, introduce the reader into a nuptial +chamber, not into a virginal chamber. Verse would hardly venture it, +prose must not. + +It is the interior of a flower that is not yet unfolded, it is +whiteness in the dark, it is the private cell of a closed lily, which +must not be gazed upon by man so long as the sun has not gazed upon it. +Woman in the bud is sacred. That innocent bud which opens, that +adorable half-nudity which is afraid of itself, that white foot which +takes refuge in a slipper, that throat which veils itself before a +mirror as though a mirror were an eye, that chemise which makes haste +to rise up and conceal the shoulder for a creaking bit of furniture or +a passing vehicle, those cords tied, those clasps fastened, those laces +drawn, those tremors, those shivers of cold and modesty, that exquisite +affright in every movement, that almost winged uneasiness where there +is no cause for alarm, the successive phases of dressing, as charming +as the clouds of dawn,—it is not fitting that all this should be +narrated, and it is too much to have even called attention to it. + +The eye of man must be more religious in the presence of the rising of +a young girl than in the presence of the rising of a star. The +possibility of hurting should inspire an augmentation of respect. The +down on the peach, the bloom on the plum, the radiated crystal of the +snow, the wing of the butterfly powdered with feathers, are coarse +compared to that chastity which does not even know that it is chaste. +The young girl is only the flash of a dream, and is not yet a statue. +Her bed-chamber is hidden in the sombre part of the ideal. The +indiscreet touch of a glance brutalizes this vague penumbra. Here, +contemplation is profanation. + +We shall, therefore, show nothing of that sweet little flutter of +Cosette’s rising. + +An oriental tale relates how the rose was made white by God, but that +Adam looked upon her when she was unfolding, and she was ashamed and +turned crimson. We are of the number who fall speechless in the +presence of young girls and flowers, since we think them worthy of +veneration. + +Cosette dressed herself very hastily, combed and dressed her hair, +which was a very simple matter in those days, when women did not swell +out their curls and bands with cushions and puffs, and did not put +crinoline in their locks. Then she opened the window and cast her eyes +around her in every direction, hoping to descry some bit of the street, +an angle of the house, an edge of pavement, so that she might be able +to watch for Marius there. But no view of the outside was to be had. +The back court was surrounded by tolerably high walls, and the outlook +was only on several gardens. Cosette pronounced these gardens hideous: +for the first time in her life, she found flowers ugly. The smallest +scrap of the gutter of the street would have met her wishes better. She +decided to gaze at the sky, as though she thought that Marius might +come from that quarter. + +All at once, she burst into tears. Not that this was fickleness of +soul; but hopes cut in twain by dejection—that was her case. She had a +confused consciousness of something horrible. Thoughts were rife in the +air, in fact. She told herself that she was not sure of anything, that +to withdraw herself from sight was to be lost; and the idea that Marius +could return to her from heaven appeared to her no longer charming but +mournful. + +Then, as is the nature of these clouds, calm returned to her, and hope +and a sort of unconscious smile, which yet indicated trust in God. + +Every one in the house was still asleep. A country-like silence +reigned. Not a shutter had been opened. The porter’s lodge was closed. +Toussaint had not risen, and Cosette, naturally, thought that her +father was asleep. She must have suffered much, and she must have still +been suffering greatly, for she said to herself, that her father had +been unkind; but she counted on Marius. The eclipse of such a light was +decidedly impossible. Now and then, she heard sharp shocks in the +distance, and she said: “It is odd that people should be opening and +shutting their carriage gates so early.” They were the reports of the +cannon battering the barricade. + +A few feet below Cosette’s window, in the ancient and perfectly black +cornice of the wall, there was a martin’s nest; the curve of this nest +formed a little projection beyond the cornice, so that from above it +was possible to look into this little paradise. The mother was there, +spreading her wings like a fan over her brood; the father fluttered +about, flew away, then came back, bearing in his beak food and kisses. +The dawning day gilded this happy thing, the great law, “Multiply,” lay +there smiling and august, and that sweet mystery unfolded in the glory +of the morning. Cosette, with her hair in the sunlight, her soul +absorbed in chimĂŠras, illuminated by love within and by the dawn +without, bent over mechanically, and almost without daring to avow to +herself that she was thinking at the same time of Marius, began to gaze +at these birds, at this family, at that male and female, that mother +and her little ones, with the profound trouble which a nest produces on +a virgin. + + + + +CHAPTER XI—THE SHOT WHICH MISSES NOTHING AND KILLS NO ONE + + +The assailants’ fire continued. Musketry and grape-shot alternated, but +without committing great ravages, to tell the truth. The top alone of +the Corinthe façade suffered; the window on the first floor, and the +attic window in the roof, riddled with buckshot and biscaĂŻens, were +slowly losing their shape. The combatants who had been posted there had +been obliged to withdraw. However, this is according to the tactics of +barricades; to fire for a long while, in order to exhaust the +insurgents’ ammunition, if they commit the mistake of replying. When it +is perceived, from the slackening of their fire, that they have no more +powder and ball, the assault is made. Enjolras had not fallen into this +trap; the barricade did not reply. + +At every discharge by platoons, Gavroche puffed out his cheek with his +tongue, a sign of supreme disdain. + +“Good for you,” said he, “rip up the cloth. We want some lint.” + + +Courfeyrac called the grape-shot to order for the little effect which +it produced, and said to the cannon: + +“You are growing diffuse, my good fellow.” + + +One gets puzzled in battle, as at a ball. It is probable that this +silence on the part of the redoubt began to render the besiegers +uneasy, and to make them fear some unexpected incident, and that they +felt the necessity of getting a clear view behind that heap of +paving-stones, and of knowing what was going on behind that impassable +wall which received blows without retorting. The insurgents suddenly +perceived a helmet glittering in the sun on a neighboring roof. A +fireman had placed his back against a tall chimney, and seemed to be +acting as sentinel. His glance fell directly down into the barricade. + +“There’s an embarrassing watcher,” said Enjolras. + +Jean Valjean had returned Enjolras’ rifle, but he had his own gun. + +Without saying a word, he took aim at the fireman, and, a second later, +the helmet, smashed by a bullet, rattled noisily into the street. The +terrified soldier made haste to disappear. A second observer took his +place. This one was an officer. Jean Valjean, who had re-loaded his +gun, took aim at the newcomer and sent the officer’s casque to join the +soldier’s. The officer did not persist, and retired speedily. This time +the warning was understood. No one made his appearance thereafter on +that roof; and the idea of spying on the barricade was abandoned. + +“Why did you not kill the man?” Bossuet asked Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean made no reply. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—DISORDER A PARTISAN OF ORDER + + +Bossuet muttered in Combeferre’s ear: + +“He did not answer my question.” + + +“He is a man who does good by gun-shots,” said Combeferre. + +Those who have preserved some memory of this already distant epoch know +that the National Guard from the suburbs was valiant against +insurrections. It was particularly zealous and intrepid in the days of +June, 1832. A certain good dram-shop keeper of Pantin des Vertus or la +Cunette, whose “establishment” had been closed by the riots, became +leonine at the sight of his deserted dance-hall, and got himself killed +to preserve the order represented by a tea-garden. In that bourgeois +and heroic time, in the presence of ideas which had their knights, +interests had their paladins. The prosiness of the originators +detracted nothing from the bravery of the movement. The diminution of a +pile of crowns made bankers sing the Marseillaise. They shed their +blood lyrically for the counting-house; and they defended the shop, +that immense diminutive of the fatherland, with LacedĂŠmonian +enthusiasm. + +At bottom, we will observe, there was nothing in all this that was not +extremely serious. It was social elements entering into strife, while +awaiting the day when they should enter into equilibrium. + +Another sign of the times was the anarchy mingled with governmentalism +[the barbarous name of the correct party]. People were for order in +combination with lack of discipline. + +The drum suddenly beat capricious calls, at the command of such or such +a Colonel of the National Guard; such and such a captain went into +action through inspiration; such and such National Guardsmen fought, +“for an idea,” and on their own account. At critical moments, on “days” +they took counsel less of their leaders than of their instincts. There +existed in the army of order, veritable guerilleros, some of the sword, +like Fannicot, others of the pen, like Henri FonfrĂšde. + +Civilization, unfortunately, represented at this epoch rather by an +aggregation of interests than by a group of principles, was or thought +itself, in peril; it set up the cry of alarm; each, constituting +himself a centre, defended it, succored it, and protected it with his +own head; and the first comer took it upon himself to save society. + +Zeal sometimes proceeded to extermination. A platoon of the National +Guard would constitute itself on its own authority a private council of +war, and judge and execute a captured insurgent in five minutes. It was +an improvisation of this sort that had slain Jean Prouvaire. Fierce +Lynch law, with which no one party had any right to reproach the rest, +for it has been applied by the Republic in America, as well as by the +monarchy in Europe. This Lynch law was complicated with mistakes. On +one day of rioting, a young poet, named Paul AimĂ© Garnier, was pursued +in the Place Royale, with a bayonet at his loins, and only escaped by +taking refuge under the porte-cochĂšre of No. 6. They shouted:—“There’s +another of those Saint-Simonians!” and they wanted to kill him. Now, he +had under his arm a volume of the memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon. A +National Guard had read the words _Saint-Simon_ on the book, and had +shouted: “Death!” + + +On the 6th of June, 1832, a company of the National Guards from the +suburbs, commanded by the Captain Fannicot, above mentioned, had itself +decimated in the Rue de la Chanvrerie out of caprice and its own good +pleasure. This fact, singular though it may seem, was proved at the +judicial investigation opened in consequence of the insurrection of +1832. Captain Fannicot, a bold and impatient bourgeois, a sort of +condottiere of the order of those whom we have just characterized, a +fanatical and intractable governmentalist, could not resist the +temptation to fire prematurely, and the ambition of capturing the +barricade alone and unaided, that is to say, with his company. +Exasperated by the successive apparition of the red flag and the old +coat which he took for the black flag, he loudly blamed the generals +and chiefs of the corps, who were holding council and did not think +that the moment for the decisive assault had arrived, and who were +allowing “the insurrection to fry in its own fat,” to use the +celebrated expression of one of them. For his part, he thought the +barricade ripe, and as that which is ripe ought to fall, he made the +attempt. + +He commanded men as resolute as himself, “raging fellows,” as a witness +said. His company, the same which had shot Jean Prouvaire the poet, was +the first of the battalion posted at the angle of the street. At the +moment when they were least expecting it, the captain launched his men +against the barricade. This movement, executed with more good will than +strategy, cost the Fannicot company dear. Before it had traversed two +thirds of the street it was received by a general discharge from the +barricade. Four, the most audacious, who were running on in front, were +mown down point-blank at the very foot of the redoubt, and this +courageous throng of National Guards, very brave men but lacking in +military tenacity, were forced to fall back, after some hesitation, +leaving fifteen corpses on the pavement. This momentary hesitation gave +the insurgents time to re-load their weapons, and a second and very +destructive discharge struck the company before it could regain the +corner of the street, its shelter. A moment more, and it was caught +between two fires, and it received the volley from the battery piece +which, not having received the order, had not discontinued its firing. + +The intrepid and imprudent Fannicot was one of the dead from this +grape-shot. He was killed by the cannon, that is to say, by order. + +This attack, which was more furious than serious, irritated +Enjolras.—“The fools!” said he. “They are getting their own men killed +and they are using up our ammunition for nothing.” + + +Enjolras spoke like the real general of insurrection which he was. +Insurrection and repression do not fight with equal weapons. +Insurrection, which is speedily exhausted, has only a certain number of +shots to fire and a certain number of combatants to expend. An empty +cartridge-box, a man killed, cannot be replaced. As repression has the +army, it does not count its men, and, as it has Vincennes, it does not +count its shots. Repression has as many regiments as the barricade has +men, and as many arsenals as the barricade has cartridge-boxes. Thus +they are struggles of one against a hundred, which always end in +crushing the barricade; unless the revolution, uprising suddenly, +flings into the balance its flaming archangel’s sword. This does happen +sometimes. Then everything rises, the pavements begin to seethe, +popular redoubts abound. Paris quivers supremely, the _quid divinum_ is +given forth, a 10th of August is in the air, a 29th of July is in the +air, a wonderful light appears, the yawning maw of force draws back, +and the army, that lion, sees before it, erect and tranquil, that +prophet, France. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII—PASSING GLEAMS + + +In the chaos of sentiments and passions which defend a barricade, there +is a little of everything; there is bravery, there is youth, honor, +enthusiasm, the ideal, conviction, the rage of the gambler, and, above +all, intermittences of hope. + +One of these intermittences, one of these vague quivers of hope +suddenly traversed the barricade of the Rue de la Chanvrerie at the +moment when it was least expected. + +“Listen,” suddenly cried Enjolras, who was still on the watch, “it +seems to me that Paris is waking up.” + + +It is certain that, on the morning of the 6th of June, the insurrection +broke out afresh for an hour or two, to a certain extent. The obstinacy +of the alarm peal of Saint-Merry reanimated some fancies. Barricades +were begun in the Rue du Poirier and the Rue des Gravilliers. In front +of the Porte Saint-Martin, a young man, armed with a rifle, attacked +alone a squadron of cavalry. In plain sight, on the open boulevard, he +placed one knee on the ground, shouldered his weapon, fired, killed the +commander of the squadron, and turned away, saying: “There’s another +who will do us no more harm.” + + +He was put to the sword. In the Rue Saint-Denis, a woman fired on the +National Guard from behind a lowered blind. The slats of the blind +could be seen to tremble at every shot. A child fourteen years of age +was arrested in the Rue de la Cossonerie, with his pockets full of +cartridges. Many posts were attacked. At the entrance to the Rue +Bertin-PoirĂ©e, a very lively and utterly unexpected fusillade welcomed +a regiment of cuirrassiers, at whose head marched Marshal General +Cavaignac de Barague. In the Rue Planche-Mibray, they threw old pieces +of pottery and household utensils down on the soldiers from the roofs; +a bad sign; and when this matter was reported to Marshal Soult, +Napoleon’s old lieutenant grew thoughtful, as he recalled Suchet’s +saying at Saragossa: “We are lost when the old women empty their pots +de chambre on our heads.” + + +These general symptoms which presented themselves at the moment when it +was thought that the uprising had been rendered local, this fever of +wrath, these sparks which flew hither and thither above those deep +masses of combustibles which are called the faubourgs of Paris,—all +this, taken together, disturbed the military chiefs. They made haste to +stamp out these beginnings of conflagration. + +They delayed the attack on the barricades MaubuĂ©e, de la Chanvrerie and +Saint-Merry until these sparks had been extinguished, in order that +they might have to deal with the barricades only and be able to finish +them at one blow. Columns were thrown into the streets where there was +fermentation, sweeping the large, sounding the small, right and left, +now slowly and cautiously, now at full charge. The troops broke in the +doors of houses whence shots had been fired; at the same time, +manƓuvres by the cavalry dispersed the groups on the boulevards. This +repression was not effected without some commotion, and without that +tumultuous uproar peculiar to collisions between the army and the +people. This was what Enjolras had caught in the intervals of the +cannonade and the musketry. Moreover, he had seen wounded men passing +the end of the street in litters, and he said to Courfeyrac:—“Those +wounded do not come from us.” + + +Their hope did not last long; the gleam was quickly eclipsed. In less +than half an hour, what was in the air vanished, it was a flash of +lightning unaccompanied by thunder, and the insurgents felt that sort +of leaden cope, which the indifference of the people casts over +obstinate and deserted men, fall over them once more. + +The general movement, which seemed to have assumed a vague outline, had +miscarried; and the attention of the minister of war and the strategy +of the generals could now be concentrated on the three or four +barricades which still remained standing. + +The sun was mounting above the horizon. + +An insurgent hailed Enjolras. + +“We are hungry here. Are we really going to die like this, without +anything to eat?” + + +Enjolras, who was still leaning on his elbows at his embrasure, made an +affirmative sign with his head, but without taking his eyes from the +end of the street. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV—WHEREIN WILL APPEAR THE NAME OF ENJOLRAS’ MISTRESS + + +Courfeyrac, seated on a paving-stone beside Enjolras, continued to +insult the cannon, and each time that that gloomy cloud of projectiles +which is called grape-shot passed overhead with its terrible sound he +assailed it with a burst of irony. + +“You are wearing out your lungs, poor, brutal, old fellow, you pain me, +you are wasting your row. That’s not thunder, it’s a cough.” + + +And the bystanders laughed. + +Courfeyrac and Bossuet, whose brave good humor increased with the +peril, like Madame Scarron, replaced nourishment with pleasantry, and, +as wine was lacking, they poured out gayety to all. + +“I admire Enjolras,” said Bossuet. “His impassive temerity astounds me. +He lives alone, which renders him a little sad, perhaps; Enjolras +complains of his greatness, which binds him to widowhood. The rest of +us have mistresses, more or less, who make us crazy, that is to say, +brave. When a man is as much in love as a tiger, the least that he can +do is to fight like a lion. That is one way of taking our revenge for +the capers that mesdames our grisettes play on us. Roland gets himself +killed for AngĂ©lique; all our heroism comes from our women. A man +without a woman is a pistol without a trigger; it is the woman that +sets the man off. Well, Enjolras has no woman. He is not in love, and +yet he manages to be intrepid. It is a thing unheard of that a man +should be as cold as ice and as bold as fire.” + + +Enjolras did not appear to be listening, but had any one been near him, +that person would have heard him mutter in a low voice: “Patria.” + + +Bossuet was still laughing when Courfeyrac exclaimed: + +“News!” + + +And assuming the tone of an usher making an announcement, he added: + +“My name is Eight-Pounder.” + + +In fact, a new personage had entered on the scene. This was a second +piece of ordnance. + +The artillery-men rapidly performed their manƓuvres in force and placed +this second piece in line with the first. + +This outlined the catastrophe. + +A few minutes later, the two pieces, rapidly served, were firing +point-blank at the redoubt; the platoon firing of the line and of the +soldiers from the suburbs sustained the artillery. + +Another cannonade was audible at some distance. At the same time that +the two guns were furiously attacking the redoubt from the Rue de la +Chanvrerie, two other cannons, trained one from the Rue Saint-Denis, +the other from the Rue Aubry-le-Boucher, were riddling the Saint-Merry +barricade. The four cannons echoed each other mournfully. + +The barking of these sombre dogs of war replied to each other. + +One of the two pieces which was now battering the barricade on the Rue +de la Chanvrerie was firing grape-shot, the other balls. + +The piece which was firing balls was pointed a little high, and the aim +was calculated so that the ball struck the extreme edge of the upper +crest of the barricade, and crumbled the stone down upon the +insurgents, mingled with bursts of grape-shot. + +The object of this mode of firing was to drive the insurgents from the +summit of the redoubt, and to compel them to gather close in the +interior, that is to say, this announced the assault. + +The combatants once driven from the crest of the barricade by balls, +and from the windows of the cabaret by grape-shot, the attacking +columns could venture into the street without being picked off, +perhaps, even, without being seen, could briskly and suddenly scale the +redoubt, as on the preceding evening, and, who knows? take it by +surprise. + +“It is absolutely necessary that the inconvenience of those guns should +be diminished,” said Enjolras, and he shouted: “Fire on the +artillery-men!” + + +All were ready. The barricade, which had long been silent, poured forth +a desperate fire; seven or eight discharges followed, with a sort of +rage and joy; the street was filled with blinding smoke, and, at the +end of a few minutes, athwart this mist all streaked with flame, two +thirds of the gunners could be distinguished lying beneath the wheels +of the cannons. Those who were left standing continued to serve the +pieces with severe tranquillity, but the fire had slackened. + +“Things are going well now,” said Bossuet to Enjolras. “Success.” + + +Enjolras shook his head and replied: + +“Another quarter of an hour of this success, and there will not be any +cartridges left in the barricade.” + + +It appears that Gavroche overheard this remark. + + + + +CHAPTER XV—GAVROCHE OUTSIDE + + +Courfeyrac suddenly caught sight of some one at the base of the +barricade, outside in the street, amid the bullets. + +Gavroche had taken a bottle basket from the wine-shop, had made his way +out through the cut, and was quietly engaged in emptying the full +cartridge-boxes of the National Guardsmen who had been killed on the +slope of the redoubt, into his basket. + +“What are you doing there?” asked Courfeyrac. + +Gavroche raised his face:— + +“I’m filling my basket, citizen.” + + +“Don’t you see the grape-shot?” + + +Gavroche replied: + +“Well, it is raining. What then?” + + +Courfeyrac shouted:—“Come in!” + + +“Instanter,” said Gavroche. + +And with a single bound he plunged into the street. + +It will be remembered that Fannicot’s company had left behind it a +trail of bodies. Twenty corpses lay scattered here and there on the +pavement, through the whole length of the street. Twenty cartouches for +Gavroche meant a provision of cartridges for the barricade. + +The smoke in the street was like a fog. Whoever has beheld a cloud +which has fallen into a mountain gorge between two peaked escarpments +can imagine this smoke rendered denser and thicker by two gloomy rows +of lofty houses. It rose gradually and was incessantly renewed; hence a +twilight which made even the broad daylight turn pale. The combatants +could hardly see each other from one end of the street to the other, +short as it was. + +This obscurity, which had probably been desired and calculated on by +the commanders who were to direct the assault on the barricade, was +useful to Gavroche. + +Beneath the folds of this veil of smoke, and thanks to his small size, +he could advance tolerably far into the street without being seen. He +rifled the first seven or eight cartridge-boxes without much danger. + +He crawled flat on his belly, galloped on all fours, took his basket in +his teeth, twisted, glided, undulated, wound from one dead body to +another, and emptied the cartridge-box or cartouche as a monkey opens a +nut. + +They did not dare to shout to him to return from the barricade, which +was quite near, for fear of attracting attention to him. + +On one body, that of a corporal, he found a powder-flask. + +“For thirst,” said he, putting it in his pocket. + +By dint of advancing, he reached a point where the fog of the fusillade +became transparent. So that the sharpshooters of the line ranged on the +outlook behind their paving-stone dike and the sharpshooters of the +banlieue massed at the corner of the street suddenly pointed out to +each other something moving through the smoke. + +At the moment when Gavroche was relieving a sergeant, who was lying +near a stone door-post, of his cartridges, a bullet struck the body. + +“Fichtre!” ejaculated Gavroche. “They are killing my dead men for me.” + + +A second bullet struck a spark from the pavement beside him.—A third +overturned his basket. + +Gavroche looked and saw that this came from the men of the banlieue. + +He sprang to his feet, stood erect, with his hair flying in the wind, +his hands on his hips, his eyes fixed on the National Guardsmen who +were firing, and sang: + +“On est laid Ă  Nanterre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Et bĂȘte Ă  Palaiseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“Men are ugly at Nanterre, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +And dull at Palaiseau, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +Then he picked up his basket, replaced the cartridges which had fallen +from it, without missing a single one, and, advancing towards the +fusillade, set about plundering another cartridge-box. There a fourth +bullet missed him, again. Gavroche sang: + +“Je ne suis pas notaire, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Je suis un petit oiseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“I am not a notary, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +I’m a little bird, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +A fifth bullet only succeeded in drawing from him a third couplet. + +“Joie est mon caractĂšre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +MisĂšre est mon trousseau, +C’est la faute Ă  Rousseau.” + +“Joy is my character, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +Misery is my trousseau, +’Tis the fault of Rousseau.” + + +Thus it went on for some time. + +It was a charming and terrible sight. Gavroche, though shot at, was +teasing the fusillade. He had the air of being greatly diverted. It was +the sparrow pecking at the sportsmen. To each discharge he retorted +with a couplet. They aimed at him constantly, and always missed him. +The National Guardsmen and the soldiers laughed as they took aim at +him. He lay down, sprang to his feet, hid in the corner of a doorway, +then made a bound, disappeared, reappeared, scampered away, returned, +replied to the grape-shot with his thumb at his nose, and, all the +while, went on pillaging the cartouches, emptying the cartridge-boxes, +and filling his basket. The insurgents, panting with anxiety, followed +him with their eyes. The barricade trembled; he sang. He was not a +child, he was not a man; he was a strange gamin-fairy. He might have +been called the invulnerable dwarf of the fray. The bullets flew after +him, he was more nimble than they. He played a fearful game of hide and +seek with death; every time that the flat-nosed face of the spectre +approached, the urchin administered to it a fillip. + +One bullet, however, better aimed or more treacherous than the rest, +finally struck the will-o’-the-wisp of a child. Gavroche was seen to +stagger, then he sank to the earth. The whole barricade gave vent to a +cry; but there was something of AntĂŠus in that pygmy; for the gamin to +touch the pavement is the same as for the giant to touch the earth; +Gavroche had fallen only to rise again; he remained in a sitting +posture, a long thread of blood streaked his face, he raised both arms +in the air, glanced in the direction whence the shot had come, and +began to sing: + +“Je suis tombĂ© par terre, +C’est la faute Ă  Voltaire; +Le nez dans le ruisseau, +C’est la faute Ă  . . . “ + +“I have fallen to the earth, +’Tis the fault of Voltaire; +With my nose in the gutter, +’Tis the fault of . . . ” + + +He did not finish. A second bullet from the same marksman stopped him +short. This time he fell face downward on the pavement, and moved no +more. This grand little soul had taken its flight. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI—HOW FROM A BROTHER ONE BECOMES A FATHER + + +At that same moment, in the garden of the Luxembourg,—for the gaze of +the drama must be everywhere present,—two children were holding each +other by the hand. One might have been seven years old, the other five. +The rain having soaked them, they were walking along the paths on the +sunny side; the elder was leading the younger; they were pale and +ragged; they had the air of wild birds. The smaller of them said: “I am +very hungry.” + + +The elder, who was already somewhat of a protector, was leading his +brother with his left hand and in his right he carried a small stick. + +They were alone in the garden. The garden was deserted, the gates had +been closed by order of the police, on account of the insurrection. The +troops who had been bivouacking there had departed for the exigencies +of combat. + +How did those children come there? Perhaps they had escaped from some +guard-house which stood ajar; perhaps there was in the vicinity, at the +BarriĂšre d’Enfer; or on the Esplanade de l’Observatoire, or in the +neighboring carrefour, dominated by the pediment on which could be +read: _Invenerunt parvulum pannis involutum_, some mountebank’s booth +from which they had fled; perhaps they had, on the preceding evening, +escaped the eye of the inspectors of the garden at the hour of closing, +and had passed the night in some one of those sentry-boxes where people +read the papers? The fact is, they were stray lambs and they seemed +free. To be astray and to seem free is to be lost. These poor little +creatures were, in fact, lost. + +These two children were the same over whom Gavroche had been put to +some trouble, as the reader will recollect. Children of the +ThĂ©nardiers, leased out to Magnon, attributed to M. Gillenormand, and +now leaves fallen from all these rootless branches, and swept over the +ground by the wind. Their clothing, which had been clean in Magnon’s +day, and which had served her as a prospectus with M. Gillenormand, had +been converted into rags. + +Henceforth these beings belonged to the statistics as “Abandoned +children,” whom the police take note of, collect, mislay and find again +on the pavements of Paris. + +It required the disturbance of a day like that to account for these +miserable little creatures being in that garden. If the superintendents +had caught sight of them, they would have driven such rags forth. Poor +little things do not enter public gardens; still, people should reflect +that, as children, they have a right to flowers. + +These children were there, thanks to the locked gates. They were there +contrary to the regulations. They had slipped into the garden and there +they remained. Closed gates do not dismiss the inspectors, oversight is +supposed to continue, but it grows slack and reposes; and the +inspectors, moved by the public anxiety and more occupied with the +outside than the inside, no longer glanced into the garden, and had not +seen the two delinquents. + +It had rained the night before, and even a little in the morning. But +in June, showers do not count for much. An hour after a storm, it can +hardly be seen that the beautiful blonde day has wept. The earth, in +summer, is as quickly dried as the cheek of a child. At that period of +the solstice, the light of full noonday is, so to speak, poignant. It +takes everything. It applies itself to the earth, and superposes itself +with a sort of suction. One would say that the sun was thirsty. A +shower is but a glass of water; a rainstorm is instantly drunk up. In +the morning everything was dripping, in the afternoon everything is +powdered over. + +Nothing is so worthy of admiration as foliage washed by the rain and +wiped by the rays of sunlight; it is warm freshness. The gardens and +meadows, having water at their roots, and sun in their flowers, become +perfuming-pans of incense, and smoke with all their odors at once. +Everything smiles, sings and offers itself. One feels gently +intoxicated. The springtime is a provisional paradise, the sun helps +man to have patience. + +There are beings who demand nothing further; mortals, who, having the +azure of heaven, say: “It is enough!” dreamers absorbed in the +wonderful, dipping into the idolatry of nature, indifferent to good and +evil, contemplators of cosmos and radiantly forgetful of man, who do +not understand how people can occupy themselves with the hunger of +these, and the thirst of those, with the nudity of the poor in winter, +with the lymphatic curvature of the little spinal column, with the +pallet, the attic, the dungeon, and the rags of shivering young girls, +when they can dream beneath the trees; peaceful and terrible spirits +they, and pitilessly satisfied. Strange to say, the infinite suffices +them. That great need of man, the finite, which admits of embrace, they +ignore. The finite which admits of progress and sublime toil, they do +not think about. The indefinite, which is born from the human and +divine combination of the infinite and the finite, escapes them. +Provided that they are face to face with immensity, they smile. Joy +never, ecstasy forever. Their life lies in surrendering their +personality in contemplation. The history of humanity is for them only +a detailed plan. All is not there; the true All remains without; what +is the use of busying oneself over that detail, man? Man suffers, that +is quite possible; but look at Aldebaran rising! The mother has no more +milk, the new-born babe is dying. I know nothing about that, but just +look at this wonderful rosette which a slice of wood-cells of the pine +presents under the microscope! Compare the most beautiful Mechlin lace +to that if you can! These thinkers forget to love. The zodiac thrives +with them to such a point that it prevents their seeing the weeping +child. God eclipses their souls. This is a family of minds which are, +at once, great and petty. Horace was one of them; so was Goethe. La +Fontaine perhaps; magnificent egoists of the infinite, tranquil +spectators of sorrow, who do not behold Nero if the weather be fair, +for whom the sun conceals the funeral pile, who would look on at an +execution by the guillotine in the search for an effect of light, who +hear neither the cry nor the sob, nor the death rattle, nor the alarm +peal, for whom everything is well, since there is a month of May, who, +so long as there are clouds of purple and gold above their heads, +declare themselves content, and who are determined to be happy until +the radiance of the stars and the songs of the birds are exhausted. + +These are dark radiances. They have no suspicion that they are to be +pitied. Certainly they are so. He who does not weep does not see. They +are to be admired and pitied, as one would both pity and admire a being +at once night and day, without eyes beneath his lashes but with a star +on his brow. + +The indifference of these thinkers, is, according to some, a superior +philosophy. That may be; but in this superiority there is some +infirmity. One may be immortal and yet limp: witness Vulcan. One may be +more than man and less than man. There is incomplete immensity in +nature. Who knows whether the sun is not a blind man? + +But then, what? In whom can we trust? _Solem quis dicere falsum +audeat?_ Who shall dare to say that the sun is false? Thus certain +geniuses, themselves, certain Very-Lofty mortals, man-stars, may be +mistaken? That which is on high at the summit, at the crest, at the +zenith, that which sends down so much light on the earth, sees but +little, sees badly, sees not at all? Is not this a desperate state of +things? No. But what is there, then, above the sun? The god. + +On the 6th of June, 1832, about eleven o’clock in the morning, the +Luxembourg, solitary and depopulated, was charming. The quincunxes and +flower-beds shed forth balm and dazzling beauty into the sunlight. The +branches, wild with the brilliant glow of midday, seemed endeavoring to +embrace. In the sycamores there was an uproar of linnets, sparrows +triumphed, woodpeckers climbed along the chestnut trees, administering +little pecks on the bark. The flower-beds accepted the legitimate +royalty of the lilies; the most august of perfumes is that which +emanates from whiteness. The peppery odor of the carnations was +perceptible. The old crows of Marie de Medici were amorous in the tall +trees. The sun gilded, empurpled, set fire to and lighted up the +tulips, which are nothing but all the varieties of flame made into +flowers. All around the banks of tulips the bees, the sparks of these +flame-flowers, hummed. All was grace and gayety, even the impending +rain; this relapse, by which the lilies of the valley and the +honeysuckles were destined to profit, had nothing disturbing about it; +the swallows indulged in the charming threat of flying low. He who was +there aspired to happiness; life smelled good; all nature exhaled +candor, help, assistance, paternity, caress, dawn. The thoughts which +fell from heaven were as sweet as the tiny hand of a baby when one +kisses it. + +The statues under the trees, white and nude, had robes of shadow +pierced with light; these goddesses were all tattered with sunlight; +rays hung from them on all sides. Around the great fountain, the earth +was already dried up to the point of being burnt. There was sufficient +breeze to raise little insurrections of dust here and there. A few +yellow leaves, left over from the autumn, chased each other merrily, +and seemed to be playing tricks on each other. + +This abundance of light had something indescribably reassuring about +it. Life, sap, heat, odors overflowed; one was conscious, beneath +creation, of the enormous size of the source; in all these breaths +permeated with love, in this interchange of reverberations and +reflections, in this marvellous expenditure of rays, in this infinite +outpouring of liquid gold, one felt the prodigality of the +inexhaustible; and, behind this splendor as behind a curtain of flame, +one caught a glimpse of God, that millionaire of stars. + +Thanks to the sand, there was not a speck of mud; thanks to the rain, +there was not a grain of ashes. The clumps of blossoms had just been +bathed; every sort of velvet, satin, gold and varnish, which springs +from the earth in the form of flowers, was irreproachable. This +magnificence was cleanly. The grand silence of happy nature filled the +garden. A celestial silence that is compatible with a thousand sorts of +music, the cooing of nests, the buzzing of swarms, the flutterings of +the breeze. All the harmony of the season was complete in one gracious +whole; the entrances and exits of spring took place in proper order; +the lilacs ended; the jasmines began; some flowers were tardy, some +insects in advance of their time; the van-guard of the red June +butterflies fraternized with the rear-guard of the white butterflies of +May. The plantain trees were getting their new skins. The breeze +hollowed out undulations in the magnificent enormity of the +chestnut-trees. It was splendid. A veteran from the neighboring +barracks, who was gazing through the fence, said: “Here is the Spring +presenting arms and in full uniform.” + + +All nature was breakfasting; creation was at table; this was its hour; +the great blue cloth was spread in the sky, and the great green cloth +on earth; the sun lighted it all up brilliantly. God was serving the +universal repast. Each creature had his pasture or his mess. The +ring-dove found his hemp-seed, the chaffinch found his millet, the +goldfinch found chickweed, the red-breast found worms, the green finch +found flies, the fly found infusoriĂŠ, the bee found flowers. They ate +each other somewhat, it is true, which is the misery of evil mixed with +good; but not a beast of them all had an empty stomach. + +The two little abandoned creatures had arrived in the vicinity of the +grand fountain, and, rather bewildered by all this light, they tried to +hide themselves, the instinct of the poor and the weak in the presence +of even impersonal magnificence; and they kept behind the swans’ hutch. + +Here and there, at intervals, when the wind blew, shouts, clamor, a +sort of tumultuous death rattle, which was the firing, and dull blows, +which were discharges of cannon, struck the ear confusedly. Smoke hung +over the roofs in the direction of the Halles. A bell, which had the +air of an appeal, was ringing in the distance. + +These children did not appear to notice these noises. The little one +repeated from time to time: “I am hungry.” + + +Almost at the same instant with the children, another couple approached +the great basin. They consisted of a goodman, about fifty years of age, +who was leading by the hand a little fellow of six. No doubt, a father +and his son. The little man of six had a big brioche. + +At that epoch, certain houses abutting on the river, in the Rues Madame +and d’Enfer, had keys to the Luxembourg garden, of which the lodgers +enjoyed the use when the gates were shut, a privilege which was +suppressed later on. This father and son came from one of these houses, +no doubt. + +The two poor little creatures watched “that gentleman” approaching, and +hid themselves a little more thoroughly. + +He was a bourgeois. The same person, perhaps, whom Marius had one day +heard, through his love fever, near the same grand basin, counselling +his son “to avoid excesses.” He had an affable and haughty air, and a +mouth which was always smiling, since it did not shut. This mechanical +smile, produced by too much jaw and too little skin, shows the teeth +rather than the soul. The child, with his brioche, which he had bitten +into but had not finished eating, seemed satiated. The child was +dressed as a National Guardsman, owing to the insurrection, and the +father had remained clad as a bourgeois out of prudence. + +Father and son halted near the fountain where two swans were sporting. +This bourgeois appeared to cherish a special admiration for the swans. +He resembled them in this sense, that he walked like them. + +For the moment, the swans were swimming, which is their principal +talent, and they were superb. + +If the two poor little beings had listened and if they had been of an +age to understand, they might have gathered the words of this grave +man. The father was saying to his son: + +“The sage lives content with little. Look at me, my son. I do not love +pomp. I am never seen in clothes decked with gold lace and stones; I +leave that false splendor to badly organized souls.” + + +Here the deep shouts which proceeded from the direction of the Halles +burst out with fresh force of bell and uproar. + +“What is that?” inquired the child. + +The father replied: + +“It is the Saturnalia.” + + +All at once, he caught sight of the two little ragged boys behind the +green swan-hutch. + +“There is the beginning,” said he. + +And, after a pause, he added: + +“Anarchy is entering this garden.” + + +In the meanwhile, his son took a bite of his brioche, spit it out, and, +suddenly burst out crying. + +“What are you crying about?” demanded his father. + +“I am not hungry any more,” said the child. + +The father’s smile became more accentuated. + +“One does not need to be hungry in order to eat a cake.” + + +“My cake tires me. It is stale.” + + +“Don’t you want any more of it?” + + +“No.” + + +The father pointed to the swans. + +“Throw it to those palmipeds.” + + +The child hesitated. A person may not want any more of his cake; but +that is no reason for giving it away. + +The father went on: + +“Be humane. You must have compassion on animals.” + + +And, taking the cake from his son, he flung it into the basin. + +The cake fell very near the edge. + +The swans were far away, in the centre of the basin, and busy with some +prey. They had seen neither the bourgeois nor the brioche. + +The bourgeois, feeling that the cake was in danger of being wasted, and +moved by this useless shipwreck, entered upon a telegraphic agitation, +which finally attracted the attention of the swans. + +They perceived something floating, steered for the edge like ships, as +they are, and slowly directed their course toward the brioche, with the +stupid majesty which befits white creatures. + +“The swans [_cygnes_] understand signs [_signes_],” said the bourgeois, +delighted to make a jest. + +At that moment, the distant tumult of the city underwent another sudden +increase. This time it was sinister. There are some gusts of wind which +speak more distinctly than others. The one which was blowing at that +moment brought clearly defined drum-beats, clamors, platoon firing, and +the dismal replies of the tocsin and the cannon. This coincided with a +black cloud which suddenly veiled the sun. + +The swans had not yet reached the brioche. + +“Let us return home,” said the father, “they are attacking the +Tuileries.” + + +He grasped his son’s hand again. Then he continued: + +“From the Tuileries to the Luxembourg, there is but the distance which +separates Royalty from the peerage; that is not far. Shots will soon +rain down.” + + +He glanced at the cloud. + +“Perhaps it is rain itself that is about to shower down; the sky is +joining in; the younger branch is condemned. Let us return home +quickly.” + + +“I should like to see the swans eat the brioche,” said the child. + +The father replied: + +“That would be imprudent.” + + +And he led his little bourgeois away. + +The son, regretting the swans, turned his head back toward the basin +until a corner of the quincunxes concealed it from him. + +In the meanwhile, the two little waifs had approached the brioche at +the same time as the swans. It was floating on the water. The smaller +of them stared at the cake, the elder gazed after the retreating +bourgeois. + +Father and son entered the labyrinth of walks which leads to the grand +flight of steps near the clump of trees on the side of the Rue Madame. + +As soon as they had disappeared from view, the elder child hastily +flung himself flat on his stomach on the rounding curb of the basin, +and clinging to it with his left hand, and leaning over the water, on +the verge of falling in, he stretched out his right hand with his stick +towards the cake. The swans, perceiving the enemy, made haste, and in +so doing, they produced an effect of their breasts which was of service +to the little fisher; the water flowed back before the swans, and one +of these gentle concentric undulations softly floated the brioche +towards the child’s wand. Just as the swans came up, the stick touched +the cake. The child gave it a brisk rap, drew in the brioche, +frightened away the swans, seized the cake, and sprang to his feet. The +cake was wet; but they were hungry and thirsty. The elder broke the +cake into two portions, a large one and a small one, took the small one +for himself, gave the large one to his brother, and said to him: + +“Ram that into your muzzle.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII—MORTUUS PATER FILIUM MORITURUM EXPECTAT + + +Marius dashed out of the barricade, Combeferre followed him. But he was +too late. Gavroche was dead. Combeferre brought back the basket of +cartridges; Marius bore the child. + +“Alas!” he thought, “that which the father had done for his father, he +was requiting to the son; only, ThĂ©nardier had brought back his father +alive; he was bringing back the child dead.” + + +When Marius re-entered the redoubt with Gavroche in his arms, his face, +like the child, was inundated with blood. + +At the moment when he had stooped to lift Gavroche, a bullet had grazed +his head; he had not noticed it. + +Courfeyrac untied his cravat and with it bandaged Marius’ brow. + +They laid Gavroche on the same table with Mabeuf, and spread over the +two corpses the black shawl. There was enough of it for both the old +man and the child. + +Combeferre distributed the cartridges from the basket which he had +brought in. + +This gave each man fifteen rounds to fire. + +Jean Valjean was still in the same place, motionless on his stone post. +When Combeferre offered him his fifteen cartridges, he shook his head. + +“Here’s a rare eccentric,” said Combeferre in a low voice to Enjolras. +“He finds a way of not fighting in this barricade.” + + +“Which does not prevent him from defending it,” responded Enjolras. + +“Heroism has its originals,” resumed Combeferre. + +And Courfeyrac, who had overheard, added: + +“He is another sort from Father Mabeuf.” + + +One thing which must be noted is, that the fire which was battering the +barricade hardly disturbed the interior. Those who have never traversed +the whirlwind of this sort of war can form no idea of the singular +moments of tranquillity mingled with these convulsions. Men go and +come, they talk, they jest, they lounge. Some one whom we know heard a +combatant say to him in the midst of the grape-shot: “We are here as at +a bachelor breakfast.” The redoubt of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, we +repeat, seemed very calm within. All mutations and all phases had been, +or were about to be, exhausted. The position, from critical, had become +menacing, and, from menacing, was probably about to become desperate. +In proportion as the situation grew gloomy, the glow of heroism +empurpled the barricade more and more. Enjolras, who was grave, +dominated it, in the attitude of a young Spartan sacrificing his naked +sword to the sombre genius, Epidotas. + +Combeferre, wearing an apron, was dressing the wounds: Bossuet and +Feuilly were making cartridges with the powder-flask picked up by +Gavroche on the dead corporal, and Bossuet said to Feuilly: “We are +soon to take the diligence for another planet”; Courfeyrac was +disposing and arranging on some paving-stones which he had reserved for +himself near Enjolras, a complete arsenal, his sword-cane, his gun, two +holster pistols, and a cudgel, with the care of a young girl setting a +small dunkerque in order. Jean Valjean stared silently at the wall +opposite him. An artisan was fastening Mother Hucheloup’s big straw hat +on his head with a string, “for fear of sun-stroke,” as he said. The +young men from the Cougourde d’Aix were chatting merrily among +themselves, as though eager to speak patois for the last time. Joly, +who had taken Widow Hucheloup’s mirror from the wall, was examining his +tongue in it. Some combatants, having discovered a few crusts of rather +mouldy bread, in a drawer, were eagerly devouring them. Marius was +disturbed with regard to what his father was about to say to him. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII—THE VULTURE BECOME PREY + + +We must insist upon one psychological fact peculiar to barricades. +Nothing which is characteristic of that surprising war of the streets +should be omitted. + +Whatever may have been the singular inward tranquillity which we have +just mentioned, the barricade, for those who are inside it, remains, +nonetheless, a vision. + +There is something of the apocalypse in civil war, all the mists of the +unknown are commingled with fierce flashes, revolutions are sphinxes, +and any one who has passed through a barricade thinks he has traversed +a dream. + +The feelings to which one is subject in these places we have pointed +out in the case of Marius, and we shall see the consequences; they are +both more and less than life. On emerging from a barricade, one no +longer knows what one has seen there. One has been terrible, but one +knows it not. One has been surrounded with conflicting ideas which had +human faces; one’s head has been in the light of the future. There were +corpses lying prone there, and phantoms standing erect. The hours were +colossal and seemed hours of eternity. One has lived in death. Shadows +have passed by. What were they? + +One has beheld hands on which there was blood; there was a deafening +horror; there was also a frightful silence; there were open mouths +which shouted, and other open mouths which held their peace; one was in +the midst of smoke, of night, perhaps. One fancied that one had touched +the sinister ooze of unknown depths; one stares at something red on +one’s finger nails. One no longer remembers anything. + +Let us return to the Rue de la Chanvrerie. + +All at once, between two discharges, the distant sound of a clock +striking the hour became audible. + +“It is midday,” said Combeferre. + +The twelve strokes had not finished striking when Enjolras sprang to +his feet, and from the summit of the barricade hurled this thundering +shout: + +“Carry stones up into the houses; line the windowsills and the roofs +with them. Half the men to their guns, the other half to the +paving-stones. There is not a minute to be lost.” + + +A squad of sappers and miners, axe on shoulder, had just made their +appearance in battle array at the end of the street. + +This could only be the head of a column; and of what column? The +attacking column, evidently; the sappers charged with the demolition of +the barricade must always precede the soldiers who are to scale it. + +They were, evidently, on the brink of that moment which M. +Clermont-Tonnerre, in 1822, called “the tug of war.” + + +Enjolras’ order was executed with the correct haste which is peculiar +to ships and barricades, the only two scenes of combat where escape is +impossible. In less than a minute, two thirds of the stones which +Enjolras had had piled up at the door of Corinthe had been carried up +to the first floor and the attic, and before a second minute had +elapsed, these stones, artistically set one upon the other, walled up +the sash-window on the first floor and the windows in the roof to half +their height. A few loop-holes carefully planned by Feuilly, the +principal architect, allowed of the passage of the gun-barrels. This +armament of the windows could be effected all the more easily since the +firing of grape-shot had ceased. The two cannons were now discharging +ball against the centre of the barrier in order to make a hole there, +and, if possible, a breach for the assault. + +When the stones destined to the final defence were in place, Enjolras +had the bottles which he had set under the table where Mabeuf lay, +carried to the first floor. + +“Who is to drink that?” Bossuet asked him. + +“They,” replied Enjolras. + +Then they barricaded the window below, and held in readiness the iron +cross-bars which served to secure the door of the wine-shop at night. + +The fortress was complete. The barricade was the rampart, the wine-shop +was the dungeon. With the stones which remained they stopped up the +outlet. + +As the defenders of a barricade are always obliged to be sparing of +their ammunition, and as the assailants know this, the assailants +combine their arrangements with a sort of irritating leisure, expose +themselves to fire prematurely, though in appearance more than in +reality, and take their ease. The preparations for attack are always +made with a certain methodical deliberation; after which, the lightning +strikes. + +This deliberation permitted Enjolras to take a review of everything and +to perfect everything. He felt that, since such men were to die, their +death ought to be a masterpiece. + +He said to Marius: “We are the two leaders. I will give the last orders +inside. Do you remain outside and observe.” + + +Marius posted himself on the lookout upon the crest of the barricade. + +Enjolras had the door of the kitchen, which was the ambulance, as the +reader will remember, nailed up. + +“No splashing of the wounded,” he said. + +He issued his final orders in the tap-room in a curt, but profoundly +tranquil tone; Feuilly listened and replied in the name of all. + +“On the first floor, hold your axes in readiness to cut the staircase. +Have you them?” + + +“Yes,” said Feuilly. + +“How many?” + + +“Two axes and a pole-axe.” + + +“That is good. There are now twenty-six combatants of us on foot. How +many guns are there?” + + +“Thirty-four.” + + +“Eight too many. Keep those eight guns loaded like the rest and at +hand. Swords and pistols in your belts. Twenty men to the barricade. +Six ambushed in the attic windows, and at the window on the first floor +to fire on the assailants through the loop-holes in the stones. Let not +a single worker remain inactive here. Presently, when the drum beats +the assault, let the twenty below stairs rush to the barricade. The +first to arrive will have the best places.” + + +These arrangements made, he turned to Javert and said: + +“I am not forgetting you.” + + +And, laying a pistol on the table, he added: + +“The last man to leave this room will smash the skull of this spy.” + + +“Here?” inquired a voice. + +“No, let us not mix their corpses with our own. The little barricade of +the MondĂ©tour lane can be scaled. It is only four feet high. The man is +well pinioned. He shall be taken thither and put to death.” + + +There was some one who was more impassive at that moment than Enjolras, +it was Javert. Here Jean Valjean made his appearance. + +He had been lost among the group of insurgents. He stepped forth and +said to Enjolras: + +“You are the commander?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“You thanked me a while ago.” + + +“In the name of the Republic. The barricade has two saviors, Marius +Pontmercy and yourself.” + + +“Do you think that I deserve a recompense?” + + +“Certainly.” + + +“Well, I request one.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I may blow that man’s brains out.” + + +Javert raised his head, saw Jean Valjean, made an almost imperceptible +movement, and said: + +“That is just.” + + +As for Enjolras, he had begun to re-load his rifle; he cut his eyes +about him: + +“No objections.” + + +And he turned to Jean Valjean: + +“Take the spy.” + + +Jean Valjean did, in fact, take possession of Javert, by seating +himself on the end of the table. He seized the pistol, and a faint +click announced that he had cocked it. + +Almost at the same moment, a blast of trumpets became audible. + +“Take care!” shouted Marius from the top of the barricade. + +Javert began to laugh with that noiseless laugh which was peculiar to +him, and gazing intently at the insurgents, he said to them: + +“You are in no better case than I am.” + + +“All out!” shouted Enjolras. + +The insurgents poured out tumultuously, and, as they went, received in +the back,—may we be permitted the expression,—this sally of Javert’s: + +“We shall meet again shortly!” + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX—JEAN VALJEAN TAKES HIS REVENGE + + +When Jean Valjean was left alone with Javert, he untied the rope which +fastened the prisoner across the middle of the body, and the knot of +which was under the table. After this he made him a sign to rise. + +Javert obeyed with that indefinable smile in which the supremacy of +enchained authority is condensed. + +Jean Valjean took Javert by the martingale, as one would take a beast +of burden by the breast-band, and, dragging the latter after him, +emerged from the wine-shop slowly, because Javert, with his impeded +limbs, could take only very short steps. + +Jean Valjean had the pistol in his hand. + +In this manner they crossed the inner trapezium of the barricade. The +insurgents, all intent on the attack, which was imminent, had their +backs turned to these two. + +Marius alone, stationed on one side, at the extreme left of the +barricade, saw them pass. This group of victim and executioner was +illuminated by the sepulchral light which he bore in his own soul. + +Jean Valjean with some difficulty, but without relaxing his hold for a +single instant, made Javert, pinioned as he was, scale the little +entrenchment in the MondĂ©tour lane. + +When they had crossed this barrier, they found themselves alone in the +lane. No one saw them. Among the heap they could distinguish a livid +face, streaming hair, a pierced hand and the half nude breast of a +woman. It was Éponine. The corner of the houses hid them from the +insurgents. The corpses carried away from the barricade formed a +terrible pile a few paces distant. + +Javert gazed askance at this body, and, profoundly calm, said in a low +tone: + +“It strikes me that I know that girl.” + + +Then he turned to Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean thrust the pistol under his arm and fixed on Javert a look +which it required no words to interpret: “Javert, it is I.” + + +Javert replied: + +“Take your revenge.” + + +Jean Valjean drew from his pocket a knife, and opened it. + +“A clasp-knife!” exclaimed Javert, “you are right. That suits you +better.” + + +Jean Valjean cut the martingale which Javert had about his neck, then +he cut the cords on his wrists, then, stooping down, he cut the cord on +his feet; and, straightening himself up, he said to him: + +“You are free.” + + +Javert was not easily astonished. Still, master of himself though he +was, he could not repress a start. He remained open-mouthed and +motionless. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“I do not think that I shall escape from this place. But if, by chance, +I do, I live, under the name of Fauchelevent, in the Rue de l’Homme +ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + +Javert snarled like a tiger, which made him half open one corner of his +mouth, and he muttered between his teeth: + +“Have a care.” + + +“Go,” said Jean Valjean. + +Javert began again: + +“Thou saidst Fauchelevent, Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©?” + + +“Number 7.” + + +Javert repeated in a low voice:—“Number 7.” + + +He buttoned up his coat once more, resumed the military stiffness +between his shoulders, made a half turn, folded his arms and, +supporting his chin on one of his hands, he set out in the direction of +the Halles. Jean Valjean followed him with his eyes: + +A few minutes later, Javert turned round and shouted to Jean Valjean: + +“You annoy me. Kill me, rather.” + + +Javert himself did not notice that he no longer addressed Jean Valjean +as “thou.” + + +“Be off with you,” said Jean Valjean. + +Javert retreated slowly. A moment later he turned the corner of the Rue +des PrĂȘcheurs. + +When Javert had disappeared, Jean Valjean fired his pistol in the air. + +Then he returned to the barricade and said: + +“It is done.” + + +In the meanwhile, this is what had taken place. + +Marius, more intent on the outside than on the interior, had not, up to +that time, taken a good look at the pinioned spy in the dark background +of the tap-room. + +When he beheld him in broad daylight, striding over the barricade in +order to proceed to his death, he recognized him. Something suddenly +recurred to his mind. He recalled the inspector of the Rue de Pontoise, +and the two pistols which the latter had handed to him and which he, +Marius, had used in this very barricade, and not only did he recall his +face, but his name as well. + +This recollection was misty and troubled, however, like all his ideas. + +It was not an affirmation that he made, but a question which he put to +himself: + +“Is not that the inspector of police who told me that his name was +Javert?” + + +Perhaps there was still time to intervene in behalf of that man. But, +in the first place, he must know whether this was Javert. + +Marius called to Enjolras, who had just stationed himself at the other +extremity of the barricade: + +“Enjolras!” + + +“What?” + + +“What is the name of yonder man?” + + +“What man?” + + +“The police agent. Do you know his name?” + + +“Of course. He told us.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“Javert.” + + +Marius sprang to his feet. + +At that moment, they heard the report of the pistol. + +Jean Valjean reappeared and cried: “It is done.” + + +A gloomy chill traversed Marius’ heart. + + + + +CHAPTER XX—THE DEAD ARE IN THE RIGHT AND THE LIVING ARE NOT IN THE +WRONG + + +The death agony of the barricade was about to begin. + +Everything contributed to its tragic majesty at that supreme moment; a +thousand mysterious crashes in the air, the breath of armed masses set +in movement in the streets which were not visible, the intermittent +gallop of cavalry, the heavy shock of artillery on the march, the +firing by squads, and the cannonades crossing each other in the +labyrinth of Paris, the smokes of battle mounting all gilded above the +roofs, indescribable and vaguely terrible cries, lightnings of menace +everywhere, the tocsin of Saint-Merry, which now had the accents of a +sob, the mildness of the weather, the splendor of the sky filled with +sun and clouds, the beauty of the day, and the alarming silence of the +houses. + +For, since the preceding evening, the two rows of houses in the Rue de +la Chanvrerie had become two walls; ferocious walls, doors closed, +windows closed, shutters closed. + +In those days, so different from those in which we live, when the hour +was come, when the people wished to put an end to a situation, which +had lasted too long, with a charter granted or with a legal country, +when universal wrath was diffused in the atmosphere, when the city +consented to the tearing up of the pavements, when insurrection made +the bourgeoisie smile by whispering its password in its ear, then the +inhabitant, thoroughly penetrated with the revolt, so to speak, was the +auxiliary of the combatant, and the house fraternized with the +improvised fortress which rested on it. When the situation was not +ripe, when the insurrection was not decidedly admitted, when the masses +disowned the movement, all was over with the combatants, the city was +changed into a desert around the revolt, souls grew chilled, refuges +were nailed up, and the street turned into a defile to help the army to +take the barricade. + +A people cannot be forced, through surprise, to walk more quickly than +it chooses. Woe to whomsoever tries to force its hand! A people does +not let itself go at random. Then it abandons the insurrection to +itself. The insurgents become noxious, infected with the plague. A +house is an escarpment, a door is a refusal, a façade is a wall. This +wall hears, sees and will not. It might open and save you. No. This +wall is a judge. It gazes at you and condemns you. What dismal things +are closed houses. They seem dead, they are living. Life which is, as +it were, suspended there, persists there. No one has gone out of them +for four and twenty hours, but no one is missing from them. In the +interior of that rock, people go and come, go to bed and rise again; +they are a family party there; there they eat and drink; they are +afraid, a terrible thing! Fear excuses this fearful lack of +hospitality; terror is mixed with it, an extenuating circumstance. +Sometimes, even, and this has been actually seen, fear turns to +passion; fright may change into fury, as prudence does into rage; hence +this wise saying: “The enraged moderates.” There are outbursts of +supreme terror, whence springs wrath like a mournful smoke.—“What do +these people want? What have they come there to do? Let them get out of +the scrape. So much the worse for them. It is their fault. They are +only getting what they deserve. It does not concern us. Here is our +poor street all riddled with balls. They are a pack of rascals. Above +all things, don’t open the door.”—And the house assumes the air of a +tomb. The insurgent is in the death-throes in front of that house; he +sees the grape-shot and naked swords drawing near; if he cries, he +knows that they are listening to him, and that no one will come; there +stand walls which might protect him, there are men who might save him; +and these walls have ears of flesh, and these men have bowels of stone. + +Whom shall he reproach? + +No one and every one. + +The incomplete times in which we live. + +It is always at its own risk and peril that Utopia is converted into +revolution, and from philosophical protest becomes an armed protest, +and from Minerva turns to Pallas. + +The Utopia which grows impatient and becomes revolt knows what awaits +it; it almost always comes too soon. Then it becomes resigned, and +stoically accepts catastrophe in lieu of triumph. It serves those who +deny it without complaint, even excusing them, and even disculpates +them, and its magnanimity consists in consenting to abandonment. It is +indomitable in the face of obstacles and gentle towards ingratitude. + +Is this ingratitude, however? + +Yes, from the point of view of the human race. + +No, from the point of view of the individual. + +Progress is man’s mode of existence. The general life of the human race +is called Progress, the collective stride of the human race is called +Progress. Progress advances; it makes the great human and terrestrial +journey towards the celestial and the divine; it has its halting places +where it rallies the laggard troop, it has its stations where it +meditates, in the presence of some splendid Canaan suddenly unveiled on +its horizon, it has its nights when it sleeps; and it is one of the +poignant anxieties of the thinker that he sees the shadow resting on +the human soul, and that he gropes in darkness without being able to +awaken that slumbering Progress. + +“God is dead, perhaps,” said Gerard de Nerval one day to the writer of +these lines, confounding progress with God, and taking the interruption +of movement for the death of Being. + +He who despairs is in the wrong. Progress infallibly awakes, and, in +short, we may say that it marches on, even when it is asleep, for it +has increased in size. When we behold it erect once more, we find it +taller. To be always peaceful does not depend on progress any more than +it does on the stream; erect no barriers, cast in no boulders; +obstacles make water froth and humanity boil. Hence arise troubles; but +after these troubles, we recognize the fact that ground has been +gained. Until order, which is nothing else than universal peace, has +been established, until harmony and unity reign, progress will have +revolutions as its halting-places. + +What, then, is progress? We have just enunciated it; the permanent life +of the peoples. + +Now, it sometimes happens, that the momentary life of individuals +offers resistance to the eternal life of the human race. + +Let us admit without bitterness, that the individual has his distinct +interests, and can, without forfeiture, stipulate for his interest, and +defend it; the present has its pardonable dose of egotism; momentary +life has its rights, and is not bound to sacrifice itself constantly to +the future. The generation which is passing in its turn over the earth, +is not forced to abridge it for the sake of the generations, its equal, +after all, who will have their turn later on.—“I exist,” murmurs that +some one whose name is All. “I am young and in love, I am old and I +wish to repose, I am the father of a family, I toil, I prosper, I am +successful in business, I have houses to lease, I have money in the +government funds, I am happy, I have a wife and children, I have all +this, I desire to live, leave me in peace.”—Hence, at certain hours, a +profound cold broods over the magnanimous vanguard of the human race. + +Utopia, moreover, we must admit, quits its radiant sphere when it makes +war. It, the truth of to-morrow, borrows its mode of procedure, battle, +from the lie of yesterday. It, the future, behaves like the past. It, +pure idea, becomes a deed of violence. It complicates its heroism with +a violence for which it is just that it should be held to answer; a +violence of occasion and expedient, contrary to principle, and for +which it is fatally punished. The Utopia, insurrection, fights with the +old military code in its fist; it shoots spies, it executes traitors; +it suppresses living beings and flings them into unknown darkness. It +makes use of death, a serious matter. It seems as though Utopia had no +longer any faith in radiance, its irresistible and incorruptible force. +It strikes with the sword. Now, no sword is simple. Every blade has two +edges; he who wounds with the one is wounded with the other. + +Having made this reservation, and made it with all severity, it is +impossible for us not to admire, whether they succeed or not, those the +glorious combatants of the future, the confessors of Utopia. Even when +they miscarry, they are worthy of veneration; and it is, perhaps, in +failure, that they possess the most majesty. Victory, when it is in +accord with progress, merits the applause of the people; but a heroic +defeat merits their tender compassion. The one is magnificent, the +other sublime. For our own part, we prefer martyrdom to success. John +Brown is greater than Washington, and Pisacane is greater than +Garibaldi. + +It certainly is necessary that some one should take the part of the +vanquished. + +We are unjust towards these great men who attempt the future, when they +fail. + +Revolutionists are accused of sowing fear abroad. Every barricade seems +a crime. Their theories are incriminated, their aim suspected, their +ulterior motive is feared, their conscience denounced. They are +reproached with raising, erecting, and heaping up, against the reigning +social state, a mass of miseries, of griefs, of iniquities, of wrongs, +of despairs, and of tearing from the lowest depths blocks of shadow in +order therein to embattle themselves and to combat. People shout to +them: “You are tearing up the pavements of hell!” They might reply: +“That is because our barricade is made of good intentions.” + + +The best thing, assuredly, is the pacific solution. In short, let us +agree that when we behold the pavement, we think of the bear, and it is +a good will which renders society uneasy. But it depends on society to +save itself, it is to its own good will that we make our appeal. No +violent remedy is necessary. To study evil amiably, to prove its +existence, then to cure it. It is to this that we invite it. + +However that may be, even when fallen, above all when fallen, these +men, who at every point of the universe, with their eyes fixed on +France, are striving for the grand work with the inflexible logic of +the ideal, are august; they give their life a free offering to +progress; they accomplish the will of Providence; they perform a +religious act. At the appointed hour, with as much disinterestedness as +an actor who answers to his cue, in obedience to the divine +stage-manager, they enter the tomb. And this hopeless combat, this +stoical disappearance they accept in order to bring about the supreme +and universal consequences, the magnificent and irresistibly human +movement begun on the 14th of July, 1789; these soldiers are priests. +The French revolution is an act of God. + +Moreover, there are, and it is proper to add this distinction to the +distinctions already pointed out in another chapter,—there are accepted +revolutions, revolutions which are called revolutions; there are +refused revolutions, which are called riots. + +An insurrection which breaks out, is an idea which is passing its +examination before the people. If the people lets fall a black ball, +the idea is dried fruit; the insurrection is a mere skirmish. + +Waging war at every summons and every time that Utopia desires it, is +not the thing for the peoples. Nations have not always and at every +hour the temperament of heroes and martyrs. + +They are positive. _A priori_, insurrection is repugnant to them, in +the first place, because it often results in a catastrophe, in the +second place, because it always has an abstraction as its point of +departure. + +Because, and this is a noble thing, it is always for the ideal, and for +the ideal alone, that those who sacrifice themselves do thus sacrifice +themselves. An insurrection is an enthusiasm. Enthusiasm may wax wroth; +hence the appeal to arms. But every insurrection, which aims at a +government or a rĂ©gime, aims higher. Thus, for instance, and we insist +upon it, what the chiefs of the insurrection of 1832, and, in +particular, the young enthusiasts of the Rue de la Chanvrerie were +combating, was not precisely Louis Philippe. The majority of them, when +talking freely, did justice to this king who stood midway between +monarchy and revolution; no one hated him. But they attacked the +younger branch of the divine right in Louis Philippe as they had +attacked its elder branch in Charles X.; and that which they wished to +overturn in overturning royalty in France, was, as we have explained, +the usurpation of man over man, and of privilege over right in the +entire universe. Paris without a king has as result the world without +despots. This is the manner in which they reasoned. Their aim was +distant no doubt, vague perhaps, and it retreated in the face of their +efforts; but it was great. + +Thus it is. And we sacrifice ourselves for these visions, which are +almost always illusions for the sacrificed, but illusions with which, +after all, the whole of human certainty is mingled. We throw ourselves +into these tragic affairs and become intoxicated with that which we are +about to do. Who knows? We may succeed. We are few in number, we have a +whole army arrayed against us; but we are defending right, the natural +law, the sovereignty of each one over himself from which no abdication +is possible, justice and truth, and in case of need, we die like the +three hundred Spartans. We do not think of Don Quixote but of Leonidas. +And we march straight before us, and once pledged, we do not draw back, +and we rush onwards with head held low, cherishing as our hope an +unprecedented victory, revolution completed, progress set free again, +the aggrandizement of the human race, universal deliverance; and in the +event of the worst, ThermopylĂŠ. + +These passages of arms for the sake of progress often suffer shipwreck, +and we have just explained why. The crowd is restive in the presence of +the impulses of paladins. Heavy masses, the multitudes which are +fragile because of their very weight, fear adventures; and there is a +touch of adventure in the ideal. + +Moreover, and we must not forget this, interests which are not very +friendly to the ideal and the sentimental are in the way. Sometimes the +stomach paralyzes the heart. + +The grandeur and beauty of France lies in this, that she takes less +from the stomach than other nations: she more easily knots the rope +about her loins. She is the first awake, the last asleep. She marches +forwards. She is a seeker. + +This arises from the fact that she is an artist. + +The ideal is nothing but the culminating point of logic, the same as +the beautiful is nothing but the summit of the true. Artistic peoples +are also consistent peoples. To love beauty is to see the light. That +is why the torch of Europe, that is to say of civilization, was first +borne by Greece, who passed it on to Italy, who handed it on to France. +Divine, illuminating nations of scouts! _VitĂŠlampada tradunt_. + +It is an admirable thing that the poetry of a people is the element of +its progress. The amount of civilization is measured by the quantity of +imagination. Only, a civilizing people should remain a manly people. +Corinth, yes; Sybaris, no. Whoever becomes effeminate makes himself a +bastard. He must be neither a dilettante nor a virtuoso: but he must be +artistic. In the matter of civilization, he must not refine, but he +must sublime. On this condition, one gives to the human race the +pattern of the ideal. + +The modern ideal has its type in art, and its means is science. It is +through science that it will realize that august vision of the poets, +the socially beautiful. Eden will be reconstructed by A+B. At the point +which civilization has now reached, the exact is a necessary element of +the splendid, and the artistic sentiment is not only served, but +completed by the scientific organ; dreams must be calculated. Art, +which is the conqueror, should have for support science, which is the +walker; the solidity of the creature which is ridden is of importance. +The modern spirit is the genius of Greece with the genius of India as +its vehicle; Alexander on the elephant. + +Races which are petrified in dogma or demoralized by lucre are unfit to +guide civilization. Genuflection before the idol or before money wastes +away the muscles which walk and the will which advances. Hieratic or +mercantile absorption lessens a people’s power of radiance, lowers its +horizon by lowering its level, and deprives it of that intelligence, at +once both human and divine of the universal goal, which makes +missionaries of nations. Babylon has no ideal; Carthage has no ideal. +Athens and Rome have and keep, throughout all the nocturnal darkness of +the centuries, halos of civilization. + +France is in the same quality of race as Greece and Italy. She is +Athenian in the matter of beauty, and Roman in her greatness. Moreover, +she is good. She gives herself. Oftener than is the case with other +races, is she in the humor for self-devotion and sacrifice. Only, this +humor seizes upon her, and again abandons her. And therein lies the +great peril for those who run when she desires only to walk, or who +walk on when she desires to halt. France has her relapses into +materialism, and, at certain instants, the ideas which obstruct that +sublime brain have no longer anything which recalls French greatness +and are of the dimensions of a Missouri or a South Carolina. What is to +be done in such a case? The giantess plays at being a dwarf; immense +France has her freaks of pettiness. That is all. + +To this there is nothing to say. Peoples, like planets, possess the +right to an eclipse. And all is well, provided that the light returns +and that the eclipse does not degenerate into night. Dawn and +resurrection are synonymous. The reappearance of the light is identical +with the persistence of the _I_. + +Let us state these facts calmly. Death on the barricade or the tomb in +exile, is an acceptable occasion for devotion. The real name of +devotion is disinterestedness. Let the abandoned allow themselves to be +abandoned, let the exiled allow themselves to be exiled, and let us +confine ourselves to entreating great nations not to retreat too far, +when they do retreat. One must not push too far in descent under +pretext of a return to reason. + +Matter exists, the minute exists, interest exists, the stomach exists; +but the stomach must not be the sole wisdom. The life of the moment has +its rights, we admit, but permanent life has its rights also. Alas! the +fact that one is mounted does not preclude a fall. This can be seen in +history more frequently than is desirable: A nation is great, it tastes +the ideal, then it bites the mire, and finds it good; and if it be +asked how it happens that it has abandoned Socrates for Falstaff, it +replies: “Because I love statesmen.” + + +One word more before returning to our subject, the conflict. + +A battle like the one which we are engaged in describing is nothing +else than a convulsion towards the ideal. Progress trammelled is +sickly, and is subject to these tragic epilepsies. With that malady of +progress, civil war, we have been obliged to come in contact in our +passage. This is one of the fatal phases, at once act and entr’acte of +that drama whose pivot is a social condemnation, and whose veritable +title is _Progress_. + +Progress! + +The cry to which we frequently give utterance is our whole thought; +and, at the point of this drama which we have now reached, the idea +which it contains having still more than one trial to undergo, it is, +perhaps, permitted to us, if not to lift the veil from it, to at least +allow its light to shine through. + +The book which the reader has under his eye at this moment is, from one +end to the other, as a whole and in detail, whatever may be its +intermittences, exceptions and faults, the march from evil to good, +from the unjust to the just, from night to day, from appetite to +conscience, from rottenness to life, from hell to heaven, from +nothingness to God. Point of departure: matter; point of arrival: the +soul. The hydra at the beginning, the angel at the end. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI—THE HEROES + + +All at once, the drum beat the charge. + +The attack was a hurricane. On the evening before, in the darkness, the +barricade had been approached silently, as by a boa. Now, in broad +daylight, in that widening street, surprise was decidedly impossible, +rude force had, moreover, been unmasked, the cannon had begun the roar, +the army hurled itself on the barricade. Fury now became skill. A +powerful detachment of infantry of the line, broken at regular +intervals, by the National Guard and the Municipal Guard on foot, and +supported by serried masses which could be heard though not seen, +debauched into the street at a run, with drums beating, trumpets +braying, bayonets levelled, the sappers at their head, and, +imperturbable under the projectiles, charged straight for the barricade +with the weight of a brazen beam against a wall. + +The wall held firm. + +The insurgents fired impetuously. The barricade once scaled had a mane +of lightning flashes. The assault was so furious, that for one moment, +it was inundated with assailants; but it shook off the soldiers as the +lion shakes off the dogs, and it was only covered with besiegers as the +cliff is covered with foam, to reappear, a moment later, beetling, +black and formidable. + +The column, forced to retreat, remained massed in the street, +unprotected but terrible, and replied to the redoubt with a terrible +discharge of musketry. Any one who has seen fireworks will recall the +sheaf formed of interlacing lightnings which is called a bouquet. Let +the reader picture to himself this bouquet, no longer vertical but +horizontal, bearing a bullet, buckshot or a biscaĂŻen at the tip of each +one of its jets of flame, and picking off dead men one after another +from its clusters of lightning. The barricade was underneath it. + +On both sides, the resolution was equal. The bravery exhibited there +was almost barbarous and was complicated with a sort of heroic ferocity +which began by the sacrifice of self. + +This was the epoch when a National Guardsman fought like a Zouave. The +troop wished to make an end of it, insurrection was desirous of +fighting. The acceptance of the death agony in the flower of youth and +in the flush of health turns intrepidity into frenzy. In this fray, +each one underwent the broadening growth of the death hour. The street +was strewn with corpses. + +The barricade had Enjolras at one of its extremities and Marius at the +other. Enjolras, who carried the whole barricade in his head, reserved +and sheltered himself; three soldiers fell, one after the other, under +his embrasure, without having even seen him; Marius fought unprotected. +He made himself a target. He stood with more than half his body above +the breastworks. There is no more violent prodigal than the avaricious +man who takes the bit in his teeth; there is no man more terrible in +action than a dreamer. Marius was formidable and pensive. In battle he +was as in a dream. One would have pronounced him a phantom engaged in +firing a gun. + +The insurgents’ cartridges were giving out; but not their sarcasms. In +this whirlwind of the sepulchre in which they stood, they laughed. + +Courfeyrac was bareheaded. + +“What have you done with your hat?” Bossuet asked him. + +Courfeyrac replied: + +“They have finally taken it away from me with cannon-balls.” + + +Or they uttered haughty comments. + +“Can any one understand,” exclaimed Feuilly bitterly, “those men,—[and +he cited names, well-known names, even celebrated names, some belonging +to the old army]—who had promised to join us, and taken an oath to aid +us, and who had pledged their honor to it, and who are our generals, +and who abandon us!” + + +And Combeferre restricted himself to replying with a grave smile. + +“There are people who observe the rules of honor as one observes the +stars, from a great distance.” + + +The interior of the barricade was so strewn with torn cartridges that +one would have said that there had been a snowstorm. + +The assailants had numbers in their favor; the insurgents had position. +They were at the top of a wall, and they thundered point-blank upon the +soldiers tripping over the dead and wounded and entangled in the +escarpment. This barricade, constructed as it was and admirably +buttressed, was really one of those situations where a handful of men +hold a legion in check. Nevertheless, the attacking column, constantly +recruited and enlarged under the shower of bullets, drew inexorably +nearer, and now, little by little, step by step, but surely, the army +closed in around the barricade as the vice grasps the wine-press. + +One assault followed another. The horror of the situation kept +increasing. + +Then there burst forth on that heap of paving-stones, in that Rue de la +Chanvrerie, a battle worthy of a wall of Troy. These haggard, ragged, +exhausted men, who had had nothing to eat for four and twenty hours, +who had not slept, who had but a few more rounds to fire, who were +fumbling in their pockets which had been emptied of cartridges, nearly +all of whom were wounded, with head or arm bandaged with black and +blood-stained linen, with holes in their clothes from which the blood +trickled, and who were hardly armed with poor guns and notched swords, +became Titans. The barricade was ten times attacked, approached, +assailed, scaled, and never captured. + +In order to form an idea of this struggle, it is necessary to imagine +fire set to a throng of terrible courages, and then to gaze at the +conflagration. It was not a combat, it was the interior of a furnace; +there mouths breathed the flame; there countenances were extraordinary. +The human form seemed impossible there, the combatants flamed forth +there, and it was formidable to behold the going and coming in that red +glow of those salamanders of the fray. + +The successive and simultaneous scenes of this grand slaughter we +renounce all attempts at depicting. The epic alone has the right to +fill twelve thousand verses with a battle. + +One would have pronounced this that hell of Brahmanism, the most +redoubtable of the seventeen abysses, which the Veda calls the Forest +of Swords. + +They fought hand to hand, foot to foot, with pistol shots, with blows +of the sword, with their fists, at a distance, close at hand, from +above, from below, from everywhere, from the roofs of the houses, from +the windows of the wine-shop, from the cellar windows, whither some had +crawled. They were one against sixty. + +The façade of Corinthe, half demolished, was hideous. The window, +tattooed with grape-shot, had lost glass and frame and was nothing now +but a shapeless hole, tumultuously blocked with paving-stones. + +Bossuet was killed; Feuilly was killed; Courfeyrac was killed; +Combeferre, transfixed by three blows from a bayonet in the breast at +the moment when he was lifting up a wounded soldier, had only time to +cast a glance to heaven when he expired. + +Marius, still fighting, was so riddled with wounds, particularly in the +head, that his countenance disappeared beneath the blood, and one would +have said that his face was covered with a red kerchief. + +Enjolras alone was not struck. When he had no longer any weapon, he +reached out his hands to right and left and an insurgent thrust some +arm or other into his fist. All he had left was the stumps of four +swords; one more than François I. at Marignan. Homer says: “Diomedes +cuts the throat of Axylus, son of Teuthranis, who dwelt in happy +Arisba; Euryalus, son of MecistĂŠus, exterminates Dresos and Opheltios, +Esepius, and that Pedasus whom the naiad Abarbarea bore to the +blameless Bucolion; Ulysses overthrows Pidytes of Percosius; +Antilochus, Ablerus; PolypĂŠtes, Astyalus; Polydamas, Otos, of Cyllene; +and Teucer, Aretaon. Meganthios dies under the blows of Euripylus’ +pike. Agamemnon, king of the heroes, flings to earth Elatos, born in +the rocky city which is laved by the sounding river SatnoĂŻs.” In our +old poems of exploits, Esplandian attacks the giant marquis Swantibore +with a cobbler’s shoulder-stick of fire, and the latter defends himself +by stoning the hero with towers which he plucks up by the roots. Our +ancient mural frescoes show us the two Dukes of Bretagne and Bourbon, +armed, emblazoned and crested in war-like guise, on horseback and +approaching each other, their battle-axes in hand, masked with iron, +gloved with iron, booted with iron, the one caparisoned in ermine, the +other draped in azure: Bretagne with his lion between the two horns of +his crown, Bourbon helmeted with a monster fleur de lys on his visor. +But, in order to be superb, it is not necessary to wear, like Yvon, the +ducal morion, to have in the fist, like Esplandian, a living flame, or, +like Phyles, father of Polydamas, to have brought back from Ephyra a +good suit of mail, a present from the king of men, Euphetes; it +suffices to give one’s life for a conviction or a loyalty. This +ingenuous little soldier, yesterday a peasant of Bauce or Limousin, who +prowls with his clasp-knife by his side, around the children’s nurses +in the Luxembourg garden, this pale young student bent over a piece of +anatomy or a book, a blond youth who shaves his beard with +scissors,—take both of them, breathe upon them with a breath of duty, +place them face to face in the Carrefour Boucherat or in the blind +alley Planche-Mibray, and let the one fight for his flag, and the other +for his ideal, and let both of them imagine that they are fighting for +their country; the struggle will be colossal; and the shadow which this +raw recruit and this sawbones in conflict will produce in that grand +epic field where humanity is striving, will equal the shadow cast by +Megaryon, King of Lycia, tiger-filled, crushing in his embrace the +immense body of Ajax, equal to the gods. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII—FOOT TO FOOT + + +When there were no longer any of the leaders left alive, except +Enjolras and Marius at the two extremities of the barricade, the +centre, which had so long sustained Courfeyrac, Joly, Bossuet, Feuilly +and Combeferre, gave way. The cannon, though it had not effected a +practicable breach, had made a rather large hollow in the middle of the +redoubt; there, the summit of the wall had disappeared before the +balls, and had crumbled away; and the rubbish which had fallen, now +inside, now outside, had, as it accumulated, formed two piles in the +nature of slopes on the two sides of the barrier, one on the inside, +the other on the outside. The exterior slope presented an inclined +plane to the attack. + +A final assault was there attempted, and this assault succeeded. The +mass bristling with bayonets and hurled forward at a run, came up with +irresistible force, and the serried front of battle of the attacking +column made its appearance through the smoke on the crest of the +battlements. This time, it was decisive. The group of insurgents who +were defending the centre retreated in confusion. + +Then the gloomy love of life awoke once more in some of them. Many, +finding themselves under the muzzles of this forest of guns, did not +wish to die. This is a moment when the instinct of self-preservation +emits howls, when the beast reappears in men. They were hemmed in by +the lofty, six-story house which formed the background of their +redoubt. This house might prove their salvation. The building was +barricaded, and walled, as it were, from top to bottom. Before the +troops of the line had reached the interior of the redoubt, there was +time for a door to open and shut, the space of a flash of lightning was +sufficient for that, and the door of that house, suddenly opened a +crack and closed again instantly, was life for these despairing men. +Behind this house, there were streets, possible flight, space. They set +to knocking at that door with the butts of their guns, and with kicks, +shouting, calling, entreating, wringing their hands. No one opened. +From the little window on the third floor, the head of the dead man +gazed down upon them. + +But Enjolras and Marius, and the seven or eight rallied about them, +sprang forward and protected them. Enjolras had shouted to the +soldiers: “Don’t advance!” and as an officer had not obeyed, Enjolras +had killed the officer. He was now in the little inner court of the +redoubt, with his back planted against the Corinthe building, a sword +in one hand, a rifle in the other, holding open the door of the +wine-shop which he barred against assailants. He shouted to the +desperate men:—“There is but one door open; this one.”—And shielding +them with his body, and facing an entire battalion alone, he made them +pass in behind him. All precipitated themselves thither. Enjolras, +executing with his rifle, which he now used like a cane, what +single-stick players call a “covered rose” round his head, levelled the +bayonets around and in front of him, and was the last to enter; and +then ensued a horrible moment, when the soldiers tried to make their +way in, and the insurgents strove to bar them out. The door was slammed +with such violence, that, as it fell back into its frame, it showed the +five fingers of a soldier who had been clinging to it, cut off and +glued to the post. + +Marius remained outside. A shot had just broken his collar bone, he +felt that he was fainting and falling. At that moment, with eyes +already shut, he felt the shock of a vigorous hand seizing him, and the +swoon in which his senses vanished, hardly allowed him time for the +thought, mingled with a last memory of Cosette:—“I am taken prisoner. I +shall be shot.” + + +Enjolras, not seeing Marius among those who had taken refuge in the +wine-shop, had the same idea. But they had reached a moment when each +man has not the time to meditate on his own death. Enjolras fixed the +bar across the door, and bolted it, and double-locked it with key and +chain, while those outside were battering furiously at it, the soldiers +with the butts of their muskets, the sappers with their axes. The +assailants were grouped about that door. The siege of the wine-shop was +now beginning. + +The soldiers, we will observe, were full of wrath. + +The death of the artillery-sergeant had enraged them, and then, a still +more melancholy circumstance. During the few hours which had preceded +the attack, it had been reported among them that the insurgents were +mutilating their prisoners, and that there was the headless body of a +soldier in the wine-shop. This sort of fatal rumor is the usual +accompaniment of civil wars, and it was a false report of this kind +which, later on, produced the catastrophe of the Rue Transnonain. + +When the door was barricaded, Enjolras said to the others: + +“Let us sell our lives dearly.” + + +Then he approached the table on which lay Mabeuf and Gavroche. Beneath +the black cloth two straight and rigid forms were visible, one large, +the other small, and the two faces were vaguely outlined beneath the +cold folds of the shroud. A hand projected from beneath the winding +sheet and hung near the floor. It was that of the old man. + +Enjolras bent down and kissed that venerable hand, just as he had +kissed his brow on the preceding evening. + +These were the only two kisses which he had bestowed in the course of +his life. + +Let us abridge the tale. The barricade had fought like a gate of +Thebes; the wine-shop fought like a house of Saragossa. These +resistances are dogged. No quarter. No flag of truce possible. Men are +willing to die, provided their opponent will kill them. + +When Suchet says:—“Capitulate,”—Palafox replies: “After the war with +cannon, the war with knives.” Nothing was lacking in the capture by +assault of the Hucheloup wine-shop; neither paving-stones raining from +the windows and the roof on the besiegers and exasperating the soldiers +by crushing them horribly, nor shots fired from the attic-windows and +the cellar, nor the fury of attack, nor, finally, when the door +yielded, the frenzied madness of extermination. The assailants, rushing +into the wine-shop, their feet entangled in the panels of the door +which had been beaten in and flung on the ground, found not a single +combatant there. The spiral staircase, hewn asunder with the axe, lay +in the middle of the tap-room, a few wounded men were just breathing +their last, every one who was not killed was on the first floor, and +from there, through the hole in the ceiling, which had formed the +entrance of the stairs, a terrific fire burst forth. It was the last of +their cartridges. When they were exhausted, when these formidable men +on the point of death had no longer either powder or ball, each grasped +in his hands two of the bottles which Enjolras had reserved, and of +which we have spoken, and held the scaling party in check with these +frightfully fragile clubs. They were bottles of aquafortis. + +We relate these gloomy incidents of carnage as they occurred. The +besieged man, alas! converts everything into a weapon. Greek fire did +not disgrace Archimedes, boiling pitch did not disgrace Bayard. All war +is a thing of terror, and there is no choice in it. The musketry of the +besiegers, though confined and embarrassed by being directed from below +upwards, was deadly. The rim of the hole in the ceiling was speedily +surrounded by heads of the slain, whence dripped long, red and smoking +streams, the uproar was indescribable; a close and burning smoke almost +produced night over this combat. Words are lacking to express horror +when it has reached this pitch. There were no longer men in this +conflict, which was now infernal. They were no longer giants matched +with colossi. It resembled Milton and Dante rather than Homer. Demons +attacked, spectres resisted. + +It was heroism become monstrous. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII—ORESTES FASTING AND PYLADES DRUNK + + +At length, by dint of mounting on each other’s backs, aiding themselves +with the skeleton of the staircase, climbing up the walls, clinging to +the ceiling, slashing away at the very brink of the trap-door, the last +one who offered resistance, a score of assailants, soldiers, National +Guardsmen, municipal guardsmen, in utter confusion, the majority +disfigured by wounds in the face during that redoubtable ascent, +blinded by blood, furious, rendered savage, made an irruption into the +apartment on the first floor. There they found only one man still on +his feet, Enjolras. Without cartridges, without sword, he had nothing +in his hand now but the barrel of his gun whose stock he had broken +over the head of those who were entering. He had placed the billiard +table between his assailants and himself; he had retreated into the +corner of the room, and there, with haughty eye, and head borne high, +with this stump of a weapon in his hand, he was still so alarming as to +speedily create an empty space around him. A cry arose: + +“He is the leader! It was he who slew the artillery-man. It is well +that he has placed himself there. Let him remain there. Let us shoot +him down on the spot.” + + +“Shoot me,” said Enjolras. + +And flinging away his bit of gun-barrel, and folding his arms, he +offered his breast. + +The audacity of a fine death always affects men. As soon as Enjolras +folded his arms and accepted his end, the din of strife ceased in the +room, and this chaos suddenly stilled into a sort of sepulchral +solemnity. The menacing majesty of Enjolras disarmed and motionless, +appeared to oppress this tumult, and this young man, haughty, bloody, +and charming, who alone had not a wound, who was as indifferent as an +invulnerable being, seemed, by the authority of his tranquil glance, to +constrain this sinister rabble to kill him respectfully. His beauty, at +that moment augmented by his pride, was resplendent, and he was fresh +and rosy after the fearful four and twenty hours which had just +elapsed, as though he could no more be fatigued than wounded. It was of +him, possibly, that a witness spoke afterwards, before the council of +war: “There was an insurgent whom I heard called Apollo.” A National +Guardsman who had taken aim at Enjolras, lowered his gun, saying: “It +seems to me that I am about to shoot a flower.” + + +Twelve men formed into a squad in the corner opposite Enjolras, and +silently made ready their guns. + +Then a sergeant shouted: + +“Take aim!” + + +An officer intervened. + +“Wait.” + + +And addressing Enjolras: + +“Do you wish to have your eyes bandaged?” + + +“No.” + + +“Was it you who killed the artillery sergeant?” + + +“Yes.” + + +Grantaire had waked up a few moments before. + +Grantaire, it will be remembered, had been asleep ever since the +preceding evening in the upper room of the wine-shop, seated on a chair +and leaning on the table. + +He realized in its fullest sense the old metaphor of “dead drunk.” The +hideous potion of absinthe-porter and alcohol had thrown him into a +lethargy. His table being small, and not suitable for the barricade, he +had been left in possession of it. He was still in the same posture, +with his breast bent over the table, his head lying flat on his arms, +surrounded by glasses, beer-jugs and bottles. His was the overwhelming +slumber of the torpid bear and the satiated leech. Nothing had had any +effect upon it, neither the fusillade, nor the cannon-balls, nor the +grape-shot which had made its way through the window into the room +where he was. Nor the tremendous uproar of the assault. He merely +replied to the cannonade, now and then, by a snore. He seemed to be +waiting there for a bullet which should spare him the trouble of +waking. Many corpses were strewn around him; and, at the first glance, +there was nothing to distinguish him from those profound sleepers of +death. + +Noise does not rouse a drunken man; silence awakens him. The fall of +everything around him only augmented Grantaire’s prostration; the +crumbling of all things was his lullaby. The sort of halt which the +tumult underwent in the presence of Enjolras was a shock to this heavy +slumber. It had the effect of a carriage going at full speed, which +suddenly comes to a dead stop. The persons dozing within it wake up. +Grantaire rose to his feet with a start, stretched out his arms, rubbed +his eyes, stared, yawned, and understood. + +A fit of drunkenness reaching its end resembles a curtain which is torn +away. One beholds, at a single glance and as a whole, all that it has +concealed. All suddenly presents itself to the memory; and the drunkard +who has known nothing of what has been taking place during the last +twenty-four hours, has no sooner opened his eyes than he is perfectly +informed. Ideas recur to him with abrupt lucidity; the obliteration of +intoxication, a sort of steam which has obscured the brain, is +dissipated, and makes way for the clear and sharply outlined +importunity of realities. + +Relegated, as he was, to one corner, and sheltered behind the +billiard-table, the soldiers whose eyes were fixed on Enjolras, had not +even noticed Grantaire, and the sergeant was preparing to repeat his +order: “Take aim!” when all at once, they heard a strong voice shout +beside them: + +“Long live the Republic! I’m one of them.” + + +Grantaire had risen. The immense gleam of the whole combat which he had +missed, and in which he had had no part, appeared in the brilliant +glance of the transfigured drunken man. + +He repeated: “Long live the Republic!” crossed the room with a firm +stride and placed himself in front of the guns beside Enjolras. + +“Finish both of us at one blow,” said he. + +And turning gently to Enjolras, he said to him: + +“Do you permit it?” + + +Enjolras pressed his hand with a smile. + +This smile was not ended when the report resounded. + +Enjolras, pierced by eight bullets, remained leaning against the wall, +as though the balls had nailed him there. Only, his head was bowed. + +Grantaire fell at his feet, as though struck by a thunderbolt. + +A few moments later, the soldiers dislodged the last remaining +insurgents, who had taken refuge at the top of the house. They fired +into the attic through a wooden lattice. They fought under the very +roof. They flung bodies, some of them still alive, out through the +windows. Two light-infantrymen, who tried to lift the shattered +omnibus, were slain by two shots fired from the attic. A man in a +blouse was flung down from it, with a bayonet wound in the abdomen, and +breathed his last on the ground. A soldier and an insurgent slipped +together on the sloping slates of the roof, and, as they would not +release each other, they fell, clasped in a ferocious embrace. A +similar conflict went on in the cellar. Shouts, shots, a fierce +trampling. Then silence. The barricade was captured. + +The soldiers began to search the houses round about, and to pursue the +fugitives. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV—PRISONER + + +Marius was, in fact, a prisoner. + +The hand which had seized him from behind and whose grasp he had felt +at the moment of his fall and his loss of consciousness was that of +Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean had taken no other part in the combat than to expose +himself in it. Had it not been for him, no one, in that supreme phase +of agony, would have thought of the wounded. Thanks to him, everywhere +present in the carnage, like a providence, those who fell were picked +up, transported to the tap-room, and cared for. In the intervals, he +reappeared on the barricade. But nothing which could resemble a blow, +an attack or even personal defence proceeded from his hands. He held +his peace and lent succor. Moreover, he had received only a few +scratches. The bullets would have none of him. If suicide formed part +of what he had meditated on coming to this sepulchre, to that spot, he +had not succeeded. But we doubt whether he had thought of suicide, an +irreligious act. + +Jean Valjean, in the thick cloud of the combat, did not appear to see +Marius; the truth is, that he never took his eyes from the latter. When +a shot laid Marius low, Jean Valjean leaped forward with the agility of +a tiger, fell upon him as on his prey, and bore him off. + +The whirlwind of the attack was, at that moment, so violently +concentrated upon Enjolras and upon the door of the wine-shop, that no +one saw Jean Valjean sustaining the fainting Marius in his arms, +traverse the unpaved field of the barricade and disappear behind the +angle of the Corinthe building. + +The reader will recall this angle which formed a sort of cape on the +street; it afforded shelter from the bullets, the grape-shot, and all +eyes, and a few square feet of space. There is sometimes a chamber +which does not burn in the midst of a conflagration, and in the midst +of raging seas, beyond a promontory or at the extremity of a blind +alley of shoals, a tranquil nook. It was in this sort of fold in the +interior trapezium of the barricade, that Éponine had breathed her +last. + +There Jean Valjean halted, let Marius slide to the ground, placed his +back against the wall, and cast his eyes about him. + +The situation was alarming. + +For an instant, for two or three perhaps, this bit of wall was a +shelter, but how was he to escape from this massacre? He recalled the +anguish which he had suffered in the Rue Polonceau eight years before, +and in what manner he had contrived to make his escape; it was +difficult then, to-day it was impossible. He had before him that deaf +and implacable house, six stories in height, which appeared to be +inhabited only by a dead man leaning out of his window; he had on his +right the rather low barricade, which shut off the Rue de la Petite +Truanderie; to pass this obstacle seemed easy, but beyond the crest of +the barrier a line of bayonets was visible. The troops of the line were +posted on the watch behind that barricade. It was evident, that to pass +the barricade was to go in quest of the fire of the platoon, and that +any head which should run the risk of lifting itself above the top of +that wall of stones would serve as a target for sixty shots. On his +left he had the field of battle. Death lurked round the corner of that +wall. + +What was to be done? + +Only a bird could have extricated itself from this predicament. + +And it was necessary to decide on the instant, to devise some +expedient, to come to some decision. Fighting was going on a few paces +away; fortunately, all were raging around a single point, the door of +the wine-shop; but if it should occur to one soldier, to one single +soldier, to turn the corner of the house, or to attack him on the +flank, all was over. + +Jean Valjean gazed at the house facing him, he gazed at the barricade +at one side of him, then he looked at the ground, with the violence of +the last extremity, bewildered, and as though he would have liked to +pierce a hole there with his eyes. + +By dint of staring, something vaguely striking in such an agony began +to assume form and outline at his feet, as though it had been a power +of glance which made the thing desired unfold. A few paces distant he +perceived, at the base of the small barrier so pitilessly guarded and +watched on the exterior, beneath a disordered mass of paving-stones +which partly concealed it, an iron grating, placed flat and on a level +with the soil. This grating, made of stout, transverse bars, was about +two feet square. The frame of paving-stones which supported it had been +torn up, and it was, as it were, unfastened. + +Through the bars a view could be had of a dark aperture, something like +the flue of a chimney, or the pipe of a cistern. Jean Valjean darted +forward. His old art of escape rose to his brain like an illumination. +To thrust aside the stones, to raise the grating, to lift Marius, who +was as inert as a dead body, upon his shoulders, to descend, with this +burden on his loins, and with the aid of his elbows and knees into that +sort of well, fortunately not very deep, to let the heavy trap, upon +which the loosened stones rolled down afresh, fall into its place +behind him, to gain his footing on a flagged surface three metres below +the surface,—all this was executed like that which one does in dreams, +with the strength of a giant and the rapidity of an eagle; this took +only a few minutes. + +Jean Valjean found himself with Marius, who was still unconscious, in a +sort of long, subterranean corridor. + +There reigned profound peace, absolute silence, night. + +The impression which he had formerly experienced when falling from the +wall into the convent recurred to him. Only, what he was carrying +to-day was not Cosette; it was Marius. He could barely hear the +formidable tumult in the wine-shop, taken by assault, like a vague +murmur overhead. + + + + +BOOK SECOND—THE INTESTINE OF THE LEVIATHAN + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LAND IMPOVERISHED BY THE SEA + + +Paris casts twenty-five millions yearly into the water. And this +without metaphor. How, and in what manner? Day and night. With what +object? With no object. With what intention? With no intention. Why? +For no reason. By means of what organ? By means of its intestine. What +is its intestine? The sewer. + +Twenty-five millions is the most moderate approximative figure which +the valuations of special science have set upon it. + +Science, after having long groped about, now knows that the most +fecundating and the most efficacious of fertilizers is human manure. +The Chinese, let us confess it to our shame, knew it before us. Not a +Chinese peasant—it is Eckberg who says this,—goes to town without +bringing back with him, at the two extremities of his bamboo pole, two +full buckets of what we designate as filth. Thanks to human dung, the +earth in China is still as young as in the days of Abraham. Chinese +wheat yields a hundred fold of the seed. There is no guano comparable +in fertility with the detritus of a capital. A great city is the most +mighty of dung-makers. Certain success would attend the experiment of +employing the city to manure the plain. If our gold is manure, our +manure, on the other hand, is gold. + +What is done with this golden manure? It is swept into the abyss. + +Fleets of vessels are despatched, at great expense, to collect the dung +of petrels and penguins at the South Pole, and the incalculable element +of opulence which we have on hand, we send to the sea. All the human +and animal manure which the world wastes, restored to the land instead +of being cast into the water, would suffice to nourish the world. + +Those heaps of filth at the gate-posts, those tumbrils of mud which +jolt through the street by night, those terrible casks of the street +department, those fetid drippings of subterranean mire, which the +pavements hide from you,—do you know what they are? They are the meadow +in flower, the green grass, wild thyme, thyme and sage, they are game, +they are cattle, they are the satisfied bellows of great oxen in the +evening, they are perfumed hay, they are golden wheat, they are the +bread on your table, they are the warm blood in your veins, they are +health, they are joy, they are life. This is the will of that +mysterious creation which is transformation on earth and +transfiguration in heaven. + +Restore this to the great crucible; your abundance will flow forth from +it. The nutrition of the plains furnishes the nourishment of men. + +You have it in your power to lose this wealth, and to consider me +ridiculous to boot. This will form the master-piece of your ignorance. + +Statisticians have calculated that France alone makes a deposit of half +a milliard every year, in the Atlantic, through the mouths of her +rivers. Note this: with five hundred millions we could pay one quarter +of the expenses of our budget. The cleverness of man is such that he +prefers to get rid of these five hundred millions in the gutter. It is +the very substance of the people that is carried off, here drop by +drop, there wave after wave, the wretched outpour of our sewers into +the rivers, and the gigantic collection of our rivers into the ocean. +Every hiccough of our sewers costs us a thousand francs. From this +spring two results, the land impoverished, and the water tainted. +Hunger arising from the furrow, and disease from the stream. + +It is notorious, for example, that at the present hour, the Thames is +poisoning London. + +So far as Paris is concerned, it has become indispensable of late, to +transport the mouths of the sewers downstream, below the last bridge. + +A double tubular apparatus, provided with valves and sluices, sucking +up and driving back, a system of elementary drainage, simple as the +lungs of a man, and which is already in full working order in many +communities in England, would suffice to conduct the pure water of the +fields into our cities, and to send back to the fields the rich water +of the cities, and this easy exchange, the simplest in the world, would +retain among us the five hundred millions now thrown away. People are +thinking of other things. + +The process actually in use does evil, with the intention of doing +good. The intention is good, the result is melancholy. Thinking to +purge the city, the population is blanched like plants raised in +cellars. A sewer is a mistake. When drainage, everywhere, with its +double function, restoring what it takes, shall have replaced the +sewer, which is a simple impoverishing washing, then, this being +combined with the data of a now social economy, the product of the +earth will be increased tenfold, and the problem of misery will be +singularly lightened. Add the suppression of parasitism, and it will be +solved. + +In the meanwhile, the public wealth flows away to the river, and +leakage takes place. Leakage is the word. Europe is being ruined in +this manner by exhaustion. + +As for France, we have just cited its figures. Now, Paris contains one +twenty-fifth of the total population of France, and Parisian guano +being the richest of all, we understate the truth when we value the +loss on the part of Paris at twenty-five millions in the half milliard +which France annually rejects. These twenty-five millions, employed in +assistance and enjoyment, would double the splendor of Paris. The city +spends them in sewers. So that we may say that Paris’s great +prodigality, its wonderful festival, its Beaujon folly, its orgy, its +stream of gold from full hands, its pomp, its luxury, its magnificence, +is its sewer system. + +It is in this manner that, in the blindness of a poor political +economy, we drown and allow to float downstream and to be lost in the +gulfs the well-being of all. There should be nets at Saint-Cloud for +the public fortune. + +Economically considered, the matter can be summed up thus: Paris is a +spendthrift. Paris, that model city, that patron of well-arranged +capitals, of which every nation strives to possess a copy, that +metropolis of the ideal, that august country of the initiative, of +impulse and of effort, that centre and that dwelling of minds, that +nation-city, that hive of the future, that marvellous combination of +Babylon and Corinth, would make a peasant of the Fo-Kian shrug his +shoulders, from the point of view which we have just indicated. + +Imitate Paris and you will ruin yourselves. + +Moreover, and particularly in this immemorial and senseless waste, +Paris is itself an imitator. + +These surprising exhibitions of stupidity are not novel; this is no +young folly. The ancients did like the moderns. “The sewers of Rome,” +says Liebig, “have absorbed all the well-being of the Roman peasant.” +When the Campagna of Rome was ruined by the Roman sewer, Rome exhausted +Italy, and when she had put Italy in her sewer, she poured in Sicily, +then Sardinia, then Africa. The sewer of Rome has engulfed the world. +This cesspool offered its engulfment to the city and the universe. +_Urbi et orbi_. Eternal city, unfathomable sewer. + +Rome sets the example for these things as well as for others. + +Paris follows this example with all the stupidity peculiar to +intelligent towns. + +For the requirements of the operation upon the subject of which we have +just explained our views, Paris has beneath it another Paris; a Paris +of sewers; which has its streets, its crossroads, its squares, its +blind-alleys, its arteries, and its circulation, which is of mire and +minus the human form. + +For nothing must be flattered, not even a great people; where there is +everything there is also ignominy by the side of sublimity; and, if +Paris contains Athens, the city of light, Tyre, the city of might, +Sparta, the city of virtue, Nineveh, the city of marvels, it also +contains Lutetia, the city of mud. + +However, the stamp of its power is there also, and the Titanic sink of +Paris realizes, among monuments, that strange ideal realized in +humanity by some men like Macchiavelli, Bacon and Mirabeau, grandiose +vileness. + +The sub-soil of Paris, if the eye could penetrate its surface, would +present the aspect of a colossal madrepore. A sponge has no more +partitions and ducts than the mound of earth for a circuit of six +leagues round about, on which rests the great and ancient city. Not to +mention its catacombs, which are a separate cellar, not to mention the +inextricable trellis-work of gas pipes, without reckoning the vast +tubular system for the distribution of fresh water which ends in the +pillar fountains, the sewers alone form a tremendous, shadowy network +under the two banks; a labyrinth which has its slope for its guiding +thread. + +There appears, in the humid mist, the rat which seems the product to +which Paris has given birth. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE SEWER + + +Let the reader imagine Paris lifted off like a cover, the subterranean +network of sewers, from a bird’s-eye view, will outline on the banks a +species of large branch grafted on the river. On the right bank, the +belt sewer will form the trunk of this branch, the secondary ducts will +form the branches, and those without exit the twigs. + +This figure is but a summary one and half exact, the right angle, which +is the customary angle of this species of subterranean ramifications, +being very rare in vegetation. + +A more accurate image of this strange geometrical plan can be formed by +supposing that one is viewing some eccentric oriental alphabet, as +intricate as a thicket, against a background of shadows, and the +misshapen letters should be welded one to another in apparent +confusion, and as at haphazard, now by their angles, again by their +extremities. + +Sinks and sewers played a great part in the Middle Ages, in the Lower +Empire and in the Orient of old. The masses regarded these beds of +decomposition, these monstrous cradles of death, with a fear that was +almost religious. The vermin ditch of Benares is no less conducive to +giddiness than the lions’ ditch of Babylon. Teglath-Phalasar, according +to the rabbinical books, swore by the sink of Nineveh. It was from the +sewer of MĂŒnster that John of Leyden produced his false moon, and it +was from the cesspool of Kekscheb that oriental menalchme, Mokanna, the +veiled prophet of Khorassan, caused his false sun to emerge. + +The history of men is reflected in the history of sewers. The +GermoniĂŠ58 narrated Rome. The sewer of Paris has been an ancient and +formidable thing. It has been a sepulchre, it has served as an asylum. +Crime, intelligence, social protest, liberty of conscience, thought, +theft, all that human laws persecute or have persecuted, is hidden in +that hole; the _maillotins_ in the fourteenth century, the _tire-laine_ +of the fifteenth, the Huguenots in the sixteenth, Morin’s _illuminated_ +in the seventeenth, the _chauffeurs_ [brigands] in the eighteenth. A +hundred years ago, the nocturnal blow of the dagger emerged thence, the +pickpocket in danger slipped thither; the forest had its cave, Paris +had its sewer. Vagrancy, that Gallic _picareria_, accepted the sewer as +the adjunct of the Cour des Miracles, and at evening, it returned +thither, fierce and sly, through the MaubuĂ©e outlet, as into a +bed-chamber. + +It was quite natural, that those who had the blind-alley Vide-Gousset, +[Empty-Pocket] or the Rue Coupe-Gorge [Cut-Throat], for the scene of +their daily labor, should have for their domicile by night the culvert +of the Chemin-Vert, or the catch basin of Hurepoix. Hence a throng of +souvenirs. All sorts of phantoms haunt these long, solitary corridors; +everywhere is putrescence and miasma; here and there are +breathing-holes, where Villon within converses with Rabelais without. + +The sewer in ancient Paris is the rendezvous of all exhaustions and of +all attempts. Political economy therein spies a detritus, social +philosophy there beholds a residuum. + +The sewer is the conscience of the city. Everything there converges and +confronts everything else. In that livid spot there are shades, but +there are no longer any secrets. Each thing bears its true form, or at +least, its definitive form. The mass of filth has this in its favor, +that it is not a liar. Ingenuousness has taken refuge there. The mask +of Basil is to be found there, but one beholds its cardboard and its +strings and the inside as well as the outside, and it is accentuated by +honest mud. Scapin’s false nose is its next-door neighbor. All the +uncleannesses of civilization, once past their use, fall into this +trench of truth, where the immense social sliding ends. They are there +engulfed, but they display themselves there. This mixture is a +confession. There, no more false appearances, no plastering over is +possible, filth removes its shirt, absolute denudation puts to the rout +all illusions and mirages, there is nothing more except what really +exists, presenting the sinister form of that which is coming to an end. +There, the bottom of a bottle indicates drunkenness, a basket-handle +tells a tale of domesticity; there the core of an apple which has +entertained literary opinions becomes an apple-core once more; the +effigy on the big sou becomes frankly covered with verdigris, Caiphas’ +spittle meets Falstaff’s puking, the louis-d’or which comes from the +gaming-house jostles the nail whence hangs the rope’s end of the +suicide. A livid fƓtus rolls along, enveloped in the spangles which +danced at the Opera last Shrove-Tuesday, a cap which has pronounced +judgment on men wallows beside a mass of rottenness which was formerly +Margoton’s petticoat; it is more than fraternization, it is equivalent +to addressing each other as _thou_. All which was formerly rouged, is +washed free. The last veil is torn away. A sewer is a cynic. It tells +everything. + +The sincerity of foulness pleases us, and rests the soul. When one has +passed one’s time in enduring upon earth the spectacle of the great +airs which reasons of state, the oath, political sagacity, human +justice, professional probity, the austerities of situation, +incorruptible robes all assume, it solaces one to enter a sewer and to +behold the mire which befits it. + +This is instructive at the same time. We have just said that history +passes through the sewer. The Saint-BarthĂ©lemys filter through there, +drop by drop, between the paving-stones. Great public assassinations, +political and religious butcheries, traverse this underground passage +of civilization, and thrust their corpses there. For the eye of the +thinker, all historic murderers are to be found there, in that hideous +penumbra, on their knees, with a scrap of their winding-sheet for an +apron, dismally sponging out their work. Louis XI. is there with +Tristan, François I. with Duprat, Charles IX. is there with his mother, +Richelieu is there with Louis XIII., Louvois is there, Letellier is +there, HĂ©bert and Maillard are there, scratching the stones, and trying +to make the traces of their actions disappear. Beneath these vaults one +hears the brooms of spectres. One there breathes the enormous fetidness +of social catastrophes. One beholds reddish reflections in the corners. +There flows a terrible stream, in which bloody hands have been washed. + +The social observer should enter these shadows. They form a part of his +laboratory. Philosophy is the microscope of the thought. Everything +desires to flee from it, but nothing escapes it. Tergiversation is +useless. What side of oneself does one display in evasions? the +shameful side. Philosophy pursues with its glance, probes the evil, and +does not permit it to escape into nothingness. In the obliteration of +things which disappear, in the watching of things which vanish, it +recognizes all. It reconstructs the purple from the rag, and the woman +from the scrap of her dress. From the cesspool, it reconstitutes the +city; from mud, it reconstructs manners; from the potsherd it infers +the amphora or the jug. By the imprint of a finger-nail on a piece of +parchment, it recognizes the difference which separates the Jewry of +the Judengasse from the Jewry of the Ghetto. It re-discovers in what +remains that which has been, good, evil, the true, the blood-stain of +the palace, the ink-blot of the cavern, the drop of sweat from the +brothel, trials undergone, temptations welcomed, orgies cast forth, the +turn which characters have taken as they became abased, the trace of +prostitution in souls of which their grossness rendered them capable, +and on the vesture of the porters of Rome the mark of Messalina’s +elbowing. + + + + +CHAPTER III—BRUNESEAU + + +The sewer of Paris in the Middle Ages was legendary. In the sixteenth +century, Henri II. attempted a bore, which failed. Not a hundred years +ago, the cesspool, Mercier attests the fact, was abandoned to itself, +and fared as best it might. + +Such was this ancient Paris, delivered over to quarrels, to indecision, +and to gropings. It was tolerably stupid for a long time. Later on, ’89 +showed how understanding comes to cities. But in the good, old times, +the capital had not much head. It did not know how to manage its own +affairs either morally or materially, and could not sweep out filth any +better than it could abuses. Everything presented an obstacle, +everything raised a question. The sewer, for example, was refractory to +every itinerary. One could no more find one’s bearings in the sewer +than one could understand one’s position in the city; above the +unintelligible, below the inextricable; beneath the confusion of +tongues there reigned the confusion of caverns; DĂŠdalus backed up +Babel. + +Sometimes the Paris sewer took a notion to overflow, as though this +misunderstood Nile were suddenly seized with a fit of rage. There +occurred, infamous to relate, inundations of the sewer. At times, that +stomach of civilization digested badly, the cesspool flowed back into +the throat of the city, and Paris got an after-taste of her own filth. +These resemblances of the sewer to remorse had their good points; they +were warnings; very badly accepted, however; the city waxed indignant +at the audacity of its mire, and did not admit that the filth should +return. Drive it out better. + +The inundation of 1802 is one of the actual memories of Parisians of +the age of eighty. The mud spread in cross-form over the Place des +Victoires, where stands the statue of Louis XIV.; it entered the Rue +Saint-HonorĂ© by the two mouths to the sewer in the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the +Rue Saint-Florentin through the Saint-Florentin sewer, the Rue +Pierre-Ă -Poisson through the sewer de la Sonnerie, the Rue Popincourt, +through the sewer of the Chemin-Vert, the Rue de la Roquette, through +the sewer of the Rue de Lappe; it covered the drain of the Rue des +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es to the height of thirty-five centimetres; and, to the +South, through the vent of the Seine, performing its functions in +inverse sense, it penetrated the Rue Mazarine, the Rue de l’ÉchaudĂ©, +and the Rue des Marais, where it stopped at a distance of one hundred +and nine metres, a few paces distant from the house in which Racine had +lived, respecting, in the seventeenth century, the poet more than the +King. It attained its maximum depth in the Rue Saint-Pierre, where it +rose to the height of three feet above the flag-stones of the +water-spout, and its maximum length in the Rue Saint-Sabin, where it +spread out over a stretch two hundred and thirty-eight metres in +length. + +At the beginning of this century, the sewer of Paris was still a +mysterious place. Mud can never enjoy a good fame; but in this case its +evil renown reached the verge of the terrible. Paris knew, in a +confused way, that she had under her a terrible cavern. People talked +of it as of that monstrous bed of Thebes in which swarmed centipedes +fifteen long feet in length, and which might have served Behemoth for a +bathtub. The great boots of the sewermen never ventured further than +certain well-known points. We were then very near the epoch when the +scavenger’s carts, from the summit of which Sainte-Foix fraternized +with the Marquis de CrĂ©qui, discharged their loads directly into the +sewer. As for cleaning out,—that function was entrusted to the pouring +rains which encumbered rather than swept away. Rome left some poetry to +her sewer, and called it the GemoniĂŠ; Paris insulted hers, and entitled +it the Polypus-Hole. Science and superstition were in accord, in +horror. The Polypus hole was no less repugnant to hygiene than to +legend. The goblin was developed under the fetid covering of the +Mouffetard sewer; the corpses of the Marmousets had been cast into the +sewer de la Barillerie; Fagon attributed the redoubtable malignant +fever of 1685 to the great hiatus of the sewer of the Marais, which +remained yawning until 1833 in the Rue Saint-Louis, almost opposite the +sign of the _Gallant Messenger_. The mouth of the sewer of the Rue de +la Mortellerie was celebrated for the pestilences which had their +source there; with its grating of iron, with points simulating a row of +teeth, it was like a dragon’s maw in that fatal street, breathing forth +hell upon men. The popular imagination seasoned the sombre Parisian +sink with some indescribably hideous intermixture of the infinite. The +sewer had no bottom. The sewer was the lower world. The idea of +exploring these leprous regions did not even occur to the police. To +try that unknown thing, to cast the plummet into that shadow, to set +out on a voyage of discovery in that abyss—who would have dared? It was +alarming. Nevertheless, some one did present himself. The cesspool had +its Christopher Columbus. + +One day, in 1805, during one of the rare apparitions which the Emperor +made in Paris, the Minister of the Interior, some DecrĂšs or CrĂ©tet or +other, came to the master’s intimate levee. In the Carrousel there was +audible the clanking of swords of all those extraordinary soldiers of +the great Republic, and of the great Empire; then Napoleon’s door was +blocked with heroes; men from the Rhine, from the Escaut, from the +Adige, and from the Nile; companions of Joubert, of Desaix, of Marceau, +of Hoche, of KlĂ©ber; the aĂ©rostiers of Fleurus, the grenadiers of +Mayence, the pontoon-builders of Genoa, hussars whom the Pyramids had +looked down upon, artillerists whom Junot’s cannon-ball had spattered +with mud, cuirassiers who had taken by assault the fleet lying at +anchor in the Zuyderzee; some had followed Bonaparte upon the bridge of +Lodi, others had accompanied Murat in the trenches of Mantua, others +had preceded Lannes in the hollow road of Montebello. The whole army of +that day was present there, in the court-yard of the Tuileries, +represented by a squadron or a platoon, and guarding Napoleon in +repose; and that was the splendid epoch when the grand army had Marengo +behind it and Austerlitz before it.—“Sire,” said the Minister of the +Interior to Napoleon, “yesterday I saw the most intrepid man in your +Empire.”—“What man is that?” said the Emperor brusquely, “and what has +he done?”—“He wants to do something, Sire.”—“What is it?”—“To visit the +sewers of Paris.” + + +This man existed and his name was Bruneseau. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The visit took place. It was a formidable campaign; a nocturnal battle +against pestilence and suffocation. It was, at the same time, a voyage +of discovery. One of the survivors of this expedition, an intelligent +workingman, who was very young at the time, related curious details +with regard to it, several years ago, which Bruneseau thought himself +obliged to omit in his report to the prefect of police, as unworthy of +official style. The processes of disinfection were, at that epoch, +extremely rudimentary. Hardly had Bruneseau crossed the first +articulations of that subterranean network, when eight laborers out of +the twenty refused to go any further. The operation was complicated; +the visit entailed the necessity of cleaning; hence it was necessary to +cleanse and at the same time, to proceed; to note the entrances of +water, to count the gratings and the vents, to lay out in detail the +branches, to indicate the currents at the point where they parted, to +define the respective bounds of the divers basins, to sound the small +sewers grafted on the principal sewer, to measure the height under the +key-stone of each drain, and the width, at the spring of the vaults as +well as at the bottom, in order to determine the arrangements with +regard to the level of each water-entrance, either of the bottom of the +arch, or on the soil of the street. They advanced with toil. The +lanterns pined away in the foul atmosphere. From time to time, a +fainting sewerman was carried out. At certain points, there were +precipices. The soil had given away, the pavement had crumbled, the +sewer had changed into a bottomless well; they found nothing solid; a +man disappeared suddenly; they had great difficulty in getting him out +again. On the advice of Fourcroy, they lighted large cages filled with +tow steeped in resin, from time to time, in spots which had been +sufficiently disinfected. In some places, the wall was covered with +misshapen fungi,—one would have said tumors; the very stone seemed +diseased within this unbreathable atmosphere. + +Bruneseau, in his exploration, proceeded down hill. At the point of +separation of the two water-conduits of the Grand-Hurleur, he +deciphered upon a projecting stone the date of 1550; this stone +indicated the limits where Philibert Delorme, charged by Henri II. with +visiting the subterranean drains of Paris, had halted. This stone was +the mark of the sixteenth century on the sewer; Bruneseau found the +handiwork of the seventeenth century once more in the Ponceau drain of +the old Rue Vieille-du-Temple, vaulted between 1600 and 1650; and the +handiwork of the eighteenth in the western section of the collecting +canal, walled and vaulted in 1740. These two vaults, especially the +less ancient, that of 1740, were more cracked and decrepit than the +masonry of the belt sewer, which dated from 1412, an epoch when the +brook of fresh water of MĂ©nilmontant was elevated to the dignity of the +Grand Sewer of Paris, an advancement analogous to that of a peasant who +should become first _valet de chambre_ to the King; something like +Gros-Jean transformed into Lebel. + +Here and there, particularly beneath the Court-House, they thought they +recognized the hollows of ancient dungeons, excavated in the very sewer +itself. Hideous _in-pace_. An iron neck-collar was hanging in one of +these cells. They walled them all up. Some of their finds were +singular; among others, the skeleton of an ourang-outan, who had +disappeared from the Jardin des Plantes in 1800, a disappearance +probably connected with the famous and indisputable apparition of the +devil in the Rue des Bernardins, in the last year of the eighteenth +century. The poor devil had ended by drowning himself in the sewer. + +Beneath this long, arched drain which terminated at the Arche-Marion, a +perfectly preserved rag-picker’s basket excited the admiration of all +connoisseurs. Everywhere, the mire, which the sewermen came to handle +with intrepidity, abounded in precious objects, jewels of gold and +silver, precious stones, coins. If a giant had filtered this cesspool, +he would have had the riches of centuries in his lair. At the point +where the two branches of the Rue du Temple and of the Rue Sainte-Avoye +separate, they picked up a singular Huguenot medal in copper, bearing +on one side the pig hooded with a cardinal’s hat, and on the other, a +wolf with a tiara on his head. + +The most surprising rencounter was at the entrance to the Grand Sewer. +This entrance had formerly been closed by a grating of which nothing +but the hinges remained. From one of these hinges hung a dirty and +shapeless rag which, arrested there in its passage, no doubt, had +floated there in the darkness and finished its process of being torn +apart. Bruneseau held his lantern close to this rag and examined it. It +was of very fine batiste, and in one of the corners, less frayed than +the rest, they made out a heraldic coronet and embroidered above these +seven letters: LAVBESP. The crown was the coronet of a Marquis, and the +seven letters signified _Laubespine_. They recognized the fact, that +what they had before their eyes was a morsel of the shroud of Marat. +Marat in his youth had had amorous intrigues. This was when he was a +member of the household of the Comte d’Artois, in the capacity of +physician to the Stables. From these love affairs, historically proved, +with a great lady, he had retained this sheet. As a waif or a souvenir. +At his death, as this was the only linen of any fineness which he had +in his house, they buried him in it. Some old women had shrouded him +for the tomb in that swaddling-band in which the tragic Friend of the +people had enjoyed voluptuousness. Bruneseau passed on. They left that +rag where it hung; they did not put the finishing touch to it. Did this +arise from scorn or from respect? Marat deserved both. And then, +destiny was there sufficiently stamped to make them hesitate to touch +it. Besides, the things of the sepulchre must be left in the spot which +they select. In short, the relic was a strange one. A Marquise had +slept in it; Marat had rotted in it; it had traversed the Pantheon to +end with the rats of the sewer. This chamber rag, of which Watteau +would formerly have joyfully sketched every fold, had ended in becoming +worthy of the fixed gaze of Dante. + +The whole visit to the subterranean stream of filth of Paris lasted +seven years, from 1805 to 1812. As he proceeded, Bruneseau drew, +directed, and completed considerable works; in 1808 he lowered the arch +of the Ponceau, and, everywhere creating new lines, he pushed the +sewer, in 1809, under the Rue Saint-Denis as far as the fountain of the +Innocents; in 1810, under the Rue Froidmanteau and under the +SalpĂȘtriĂšre; in 1811 under the Rue Neuve-des-Petits-PĂšres, under the +Rue du Mail, under the Rue de l’Écharpe, under the Place Royale; in +1812, under the Rue de la Paix, and under the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin. At the +same time, he had the whole network disinfected and rendered healthful. +In the second year of his work, Bruneseau engaged the assistance of his +son-in-law Nargaud. + +It was thus that, at the beginning of the century, ancient society +cleansed its double bottom, and performed the toilet of its sewer. +There was that much clean, at all events. + +Tortuous, cracked, unpaved, full of fissures, intersected by gullies, +jolted by eccentric elbows, mounting and descending illogically, fetid, +wild, fierce, submerged in obscurity, with cicatrices on its pavements +and scars on its walls, terrible,—such was, retrospectively viewed, the +antique sewer of Paris. Ramifications in every direction, crossings, of +trenches, branches, goose-feet, stars, as in military mines, cƓcum, +blind alleys, vaults lined with saltpetre, pestiferous pools, scabby +sweats, on the walls, drops dripping from the ceilings, darkness; +nothing could equal the horror of this old, waste crypt, the digestive +apparatus of Babylon, a cavern, ditch, gulf pierced with streets, a +titanic mole-burrow, where the mind seems to behold that enormous blind +mole, the past, prowling through the shadows, in the filth which has +been splendor. + +This, we repeat, was the sewer of the past. + + + + +CHAPTER V—PRESENT PROGRESS + + +To-day the sewer is clean, cold, straight, correct. It almost realizes +the ideal of what is understood in England by the word “respectable.” +It is proper and grayish; laid out by rule and line; one might almost +say as though it came out of a bandbox. It resembles a tradesman who +has become a councillor of state. One can almost see distinctly there. +The mire there comports itself with decency. At first, one might +readily mistake it for one of those subterranean corridors, which were +so common in former days, and so useful in flights of monarchs and +princes, in those good old times, “when the people loved their kings.” +The present sewer is a beautiful sewer; the pure style reigns there; +the classical rectilinear alexandrine which, driven out of poetry, +appears to have taken refuge in architecture, seems mingled with all +the stones of that long, dark and whitish vault; each outlet is an +arcade; the Rue de Rivoli serves as pattern even in the sewer. However, +if the geometrical line is in place anywhere, it is certainly in the +drainage trench of a great city. There, everything should be +subordinated to the shortest road. The sewer has, nowadays, assumed a +certain official aspect. The very police reports, of which it sometimes +forms the subject, no longer are wanting in respect towards it. The +words which characterize it in administrative language are sonorous and +dignified. What used to be called a gut is now called a gallery; what +used to be called a hole is now called a surveying orifice. Villon +would no longer meet with his ancient temporary provisional lodging. +This network of cellars has its immemorial population of prowlers, +rodents, swarming in greater numbers than ever; from time to time, an +aged and veteran rat risks his head at the window of the sewer and +surveys the Parisians; but even these vermin grow tame, so satisfied +are they with their subterranean palace. The cesspool no longer retains +anything of its primitive ferocity. The rain, which in former days +soiled the sewer, now washes it. Nevertheless, do not trust yourself +too much to it. Miasmas still inhabit it. It is more hypocritical than +irreproachable. The prefecture of police and the commission of health +have done their best. But, in spite of all the processes of +disinfection, it exhales, a vague, suspicious odor like Tartuffe after +confession. + +Let us confess, that, taking it all in all, this sweeping is a homage +which the sewer pays to civilization, and as, from this point of view, +Tartuffe’s conscience is a progress over the Augean stables, it is +certain that the sewers of Paris have been improved. + +It is more than progress; it is transmutation. Between the ancient and +the present sewer there is a revolution. What has effected this +revolution? + +The man whom all the world forgets, and whom we have mentioned, +Bruneseau. + + + + +CHAPTER VI—FUTURE PROGRESS + + +The excavation of the sewer of Paris has been no slight task. The last +ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to bring it to a +termination, any more than they have been able to finish Paris. The +sewer, in fact, receives all the counter-shocks of the growth of Paris. +Within the bosom of the earth, it is a sort of mysterious polyp with a +thousand antennĂŠ, which expands below as the city expands above. Every +time that the city cuts a street, the sewer stretches out an arm. The +old monarchy had constructed only twenty-three thousand three hundred +metres of sewers; that was where Paris stood in this respect on the +first of January, 1806. Beginning with this epoch, of which we shall +shortly speak, the work was usefully and energetically resumed and +prosecuted; Napoleon built—the figures are curious—four thousand eight +hundred and four metres; Louis XVIII., five thousand seven hundred and +nine; Charles X., ten thousand eight hundred and thirty-six; +Louis-Philippe, eighty-nine thousand and twenty; the Republic of 1848, +twenty-three thousand three hundred and eighty-one; the present +government, seventy thousand five hundred; in all, at the present time, +two hundred and twenty-six thousand six hundred and ten metres; sixty +leagues of sewers; the enormous entrails of Paris. An obscure +ramification ever at work; a construction which is immense and ignored. + +As the reader sees, the subterranean labyrinth of Paris is to-day more +than ten times what it was at the beginning of the century. It is +difficult to form any idea of all the perseverance and the efforts +which have been required to bring this cesspool to the point of +relative perfection in which it now is. It was with great difficulty +that the ancient monarchical provostship and, during the last ten years +of the eighteenth century, the revolutionary mayoralty, had succeeded +in perforating the five leagues of sewer which existed previous to +1806. All sorts of obstacles hindered this operation, some peculiar to +the soil, others inherent in the very prejudices of the laborious +population of Paris. Paris is built upon a soil which is singularly +rebellious to the pick, the hoe, the bore, and to human manipulation. +There is nothing more difficult to pierce and to penetrate than the +geological formation upon which is superposed the marvellous historical +formation called Paris; as soon as work in any form whatsoever is begun +and adventures upon this stretch of alluvium, subterranean resistances +abound. There are liquid clays, springs, hard rocks, and those soft and +deep quagmires which special science calls _moutardes_.59 The pick +advances laboriously through the calcareous layers alternating with +very slender threads of clay, and schistose beds in plates incrusted +with oyster-shells, the contemporaries of the pre-Adamite oceans. +Sometimes a rivulet suddenly bursts through a vault that has been +begun, and inundates the laborers; or a layer of marl is laid bare, and +rolls down with the fury of a cataract, breaking the stoutest +supporting beams like glass. Quite recently, at Villette, when it +became necessary to pass the collecting sewer under the Saint-Martin +canal without interrupting navigation or emptying the canal, a fissure +appeared in the basin of the canal, water suddenly became abundant in +the subterranean tunnel, which was beyond the power of the pumping +engines; it was necessary to send a diver to explore the fissure which +had been made in the narrow entrance of the grand basin, and it was not +without great difficulty that it was stopped up. Elsewhere near the +Seine, and even at a considerable distance from the river, as for +instance, at Belleville, Grand-Rue and LumiĂšre Passage, quicksands are +encountered in which one sticks fast, and in which a man sinks visibly. +Add suffocation by miasmas, burial by slides, and sudden crumbling of +the earth. Add the typhus, with which the workmen become slowly +impregnated. In our own day, after having excavated the gallery of +Clichy, with a banquette to receive the principal water-conduit of +Ourcq, a piece of work which was executed in a trench ten metres deep; +after having, in the midst of land-slides, and with the aid of +excavations often putrid, and of shoring up, vaulted the BiĂšvre from +the Boulevard de l’HĂŽpital, as far as the Seine; after having, in order +to deliver Paris from the floods of Montmartre and in order to provide +an outlet for that river-like pool nine hectares in extent, which +crouched near the BarriĂšre des Martyrs, after having, let us state, +constructed the line of sewers from the BarriĂšre Blanche to the road of +Aubervilliers, in four months, working day and night, at a depth of +eleven metres; after having—a thing heretofore unseen—made a +subterranean sewer in the Rue Barre-du-Bec, without a trench, six +metres below the surface, the superintendent, Monnot, died. After +having vaulted three thousand metres of sewer in all quarters of the +city, from the Rue TraversiĂšre-Saint-Antoine to the Rue de l’Ourcine, +after having freed the Carrefour Censier-Mouffetard from inundations of +rain by means of the branch of the ArbalĂšte, after having built the +Saint-Georges sewer, on rock and concrete in the fluid sands, after +having directed the formidable lowering of the flooring of the vault +timber in the Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth branch, Duleau the engineer died. +There are no bulletins for such acts of bravery as these, which are +more useful, nevertheless, than the brutal slaughter of the field of +battle. + +The sewers of Paris in 1832 were far from being what they are to-day. +Bruneseau had given the impulse, but the cholera was required to bring +about the vast reconstruction which took place later on. It is +surprising to say, for example, that in 1821, a part of the belt sewer, +called the Grand Canal, as in Venice, still stood stagnating uncovered +to the sky, in the Rue des Gourdes. It was only in 1821 that the city +of Paris found in its pocket the two hundred and sixty-thousand eighty +francs and six centimes required for covering this mass of filth. The +three absorbing wells, of the Combat, the Cunette, and Saint-MandĂ©, +with their discharging mouths, their apparatus, their cesspools, and +their depuratory branches, only date from 1836. The intestinal sewer of +Paris has been made over anew, and, as we have said, it has been +extended more than tenfold within the last quarter of a century. + +Thirty years ago, at the epoch of the insurrection of the 5th and 6th +of June, it was still, in many localities, nearly the same ancient +sewer. A very great number of streets which are now convex were then +sunken causeways. At the end of a slope, where the tributaries of a +street or crossroads ended, there were often to be seen large, square +gratings with heavy bars, whose iron, polished by the footsteps of the +throng, gleamed dangerous and slippery for vehicles, and caused horses +to fall. The official language of the Roads and Bridges gave to these +gratings the expressive name of _Cassis_.60 + +In 1832, in a number of streets, in the Rue de l’Étoile, the Rue +Saint-Louis, the Rue du Temple, the Rue Vieille-du-Temple, the Rue +Notre-Dame de Nazareth, the Rue Folie-MĂ©ricourt, the Quai aux Fleurs, +the Rue du Petit-Musc, the Rue du Normandie, the Rue Pont-Aux-Biches, +the Rue des Marais, the Faubourg Saint-Martin, the Rue Notre Dame +des-Victoires, the Faubourg Montmartre, the Rue Grange-BateliĂšre, in +the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, the Rue Jacob, the Rue de Tournon, the ancient +gothic sewer still cynically displayed its maw. It consisted of +enormous voids of stone catch-basins sometimes surrounded by stone +posts, with monumental effrontery. + +Paris in 1806 still had nearly the same sewers numerically as stated in +1663; five thousand three hundred fathoms. After Bruneseau, on the 1st +of January, 1832, it had forty thousand three hundred metres. Between +1806 and 1831, there had been built, on an average, seven hundred and +fifty metres annually, afterwards eight and even ten thousand metres of +galleries were constructed every year, in masonry, of small stones, +with hydraulic mortar which hardens under water, on a cement +foundation. At two hundred francs the metre, the sixty leagues of +Paris’ sewers of the present day represent forty-eight millions. + +In addition to the economic progress which we have indicated at the +beginning, grave problems of public hygiene are connected with that +immense question: the sewers of Paris. + +Paris is the centre of two sheets, a sheet of water and a sheet of air. +The sheet of water, lying at a tolerably great depth underground, but +already sounded by two bores, is furnished by the layer of green clay +situated between the chalk and the Jurassic lime-stone; this layer may +be represented by a disk five and twenty leagues in circumference; a +multitude of rivers and brooks ooze there; one drinks the Seine, the +Marne, the Yonne, the Oise, the Aisne, the Cher, the Vienne and the +Loire in a glass of water from the well of Grenelle. The sheet of water +is healthy, it comes from heaven in the first place and next from the +earth; the sheet of air is unhealthy, it comes from the sewer. All the +miasms of the cesspool are mingled with the breath of the city; hence +this bad breath. The air taken from above a dung-heap, as has been +scientifically proved, is purer than the air taken from above Paris. In +a given time, with the aid of progress, mechanisms become perfected, +and as light increases, the sheet of water will be employed to purify +the sheet of air; that is to say, to wash the sewer. The reader knows, +that by “washing the sewer” we mean: the restitution of the filth to +the earth; the return to the soil of dung and of manure to the fields. +Through this simple act, the entire social community will experience a +diminution of misery and an augmentation of health. At the present +hour, the radiation of diseases from Paris extends to fifty leagues +around the Louvre, taken as the hub of this pestilential wheel. + +We might say that, for ten centuries, the cesspool has been the disease +of Paris. The sewer is the blemish which Paris has in her blood. The +popular instinct has never been deceived in it. The occupation of +sewermen was formerly almost as perilous, and almost as repugnant to +the people, as the occupation of knacker, which was so long held in +horror and handed over to the executioner. High wages were necessary to +induce a mason to disappear in that fetid mine; the ladder of the +cesspool cleaner hesitated to plunge into it; it was said, in +proverbial form: “to descend into the sewer is to enter the grave;” and +all sorts of hideous legends, as we have said, covered this colossal +sink with terror; a dread sink-hole which bears the traces of the +revolutions of the globe as of the revolutions of man, and where are to +be found vestiges of all cataclysms from the shells of the Deluge to +the rag of Marat. + + + + +BOOK THIRD—MUD BUT THE SOUL + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SEWER AND ITS SURPRISES + + +It was in the sewers of Paris that Jean Valjean found himself. + +Still another resemblance between Paris and the sea. As in the ocean, +the diver may disappear there. + +The transition was an unheard-of one. In the very heart of the city, +Jean Valjean had escaped from the city, and, in the twinkling of an +eye, in the time required to lift the cover and to replace it, he had +passed from broad daylight to complete obscurity, from midday to +midnight, from tumult to silence, from the whirlwind of thunders to the +stagnation of the tomb, and, by a vicissitude far more tremendous even +than that of the Rue Polonceau, from the most extreme peril to the most +absolute obscurity. + +An abrupt fall into a cavern; a disappearance into the secret trap-door +of Paris; to quit that street where death was on every side, for that +sort of sepulchre where there was life, was a strange instant. He +remained for several seconds as though bewildered; listening, +stupefied. The waste-trap of safety had suddenly yawned beneath him. +Celestial goodness had, in a manner, captured him by treachery. +Adorable ambuscades of providence! + +Only, the wounded man did not stir, and Jean Valjean did not know +whether that which he was carrying in that grave was a living being or +a dead corpse. + +His first sensation was one of blindness. All of a sudden, he could see +nothing. It seemed to him too, that, in one instant, he had become +deaf. He no longer heard anything. The frantic storm of murder which +had been let loose a few feet above his head did not reach him, thanks +to the thickness of the earth which separated him from it, as we have +said, otherwise than faintly and indistinctly, and like a rumbling, in +the depths. He felt that the ground was solid under his feet; that was +all; but that was enough. He extended one arm and then the other, +touched the walls on both sides, and perceived that the passage was +narrow; he slipped, and thus perceived that the pavement was wet. He +cautiously put forward one foot, fearing a hole, a sink, some gulf; he +discovered that the paving continued. A gust of fetidness informed him +of the place in which he stood. + +After the lapse of a few minutes, he was no longer blind. A little +light fell through the man-hole through which he had descended, and his +eyes became accustomed to this cavern. He began to distinguish +something. The passage in which he had burrowed—no other word can +better express the situation—was walled in behind him. It was one of +those blind alleys, which the special jargon terms branches. In front +of him there was another wall, a wall like night. The light of the +air-hole died out ten or twelve paces from the point where Jean Valjean +stood, and barely cast a wan pallor on a few metres of the damp walls +of the sewer. Beyond, the opaqueness was massive; to penetrate thither +seemed horrible, an entrance into it appeared like an engulfment. A man +could, however, plunge into that wall of fog and it was necessary so to +do. Haste was even requisite. It occurred to Jean Valjean that the +grating which he had caught sight of under the flag-stones might also +catch the eye of the soldiery, and that everything hung upon this +chance. They also might descend into that well and search it. There was +not a minute to be lost. He had deposited Marius on the ground, he +picked him up again,—that is the real word for it,—placed him on his +shoulders once more, and set out. He plunged resolutely into the gloom. + +The truth is, that they were less safe than Jean Valjean fancied. +Perils of another sort and no less serious were awaiting them, +perchance. After the lightning-charged whirlwind of the combat, the +cavern of miasmas and traps; after chaos, the sewer. Jean Valjean had +fallen from one circle of hell into another. + +When he had advanced fifty paces, he was obliged to halt. A problem +presented itself. The passage terminated in another gut which he +encountered across his path. There two ways presented themselves. Which +should he take? Ought he to turn to the left or to the right? How was +he to find his bearings in that black labyrinth? This labyrinth, to +which we have already called the reader’s attention, has a clue, which +is its slope. To follow to the slope is to arrive at the river. + +This Jean Valjean instantly comprehended. + +He said to himself that he was probably in the sewer des Halles; that +if he were to choose the path to the left and follow the slope, he +would arrive, in less than a quarter of an hour, at some mouth on the +Seine between the Pont au Change and the Pont-Neuf, that is to say, he +would make his appearance in broad daylight on the most densely peopled +spot in Paris. Perhaps he would come out on some man-hole at the +intersection of streets. Amazement of the passers-by at beholding two +bleeding men emerge from the earth at their feet. Arrival of the +police, a call to arms of the neighboring post of guards. Thus they +would be seized before they had even got out. It would be better to +plunge into that labyrinth, to confide themselves to that black gloom, +and to trust to Providence for the outcome. + +He ascended the incline, and turned to the right. + +When he had turned the angle of the gallery, the distant glimmer of an +air-hole disappeared, the curtain of obscurity fell upon him once more, +and he became blind again. Nevertheless, he advanced as rapidly as +possible. Marius’ two arms were passed round his neck, and the former’s +feet dragged behind him. He held both these arms with one hand, and +groped along the wall with the other. Marius’ cheek touched his, and +clung there, bleeding. He felt a warm stream which came from Marius +trickling down upon him and making its way under his clothes. But a +humid warmth near his ear, which the mouth of the wounded man touched, +indicated respiration, and consequently, life. The passage along which +Jean Valjean was now proceeding was not so narrow as the first. Jean +Valjean walked through it with considerable difficulty. The rain of the +preceding day had not, as yet, entirely run off, and it created a +little torrent in the centre of the bottom, and he was forced to hug +the wall in order not to have his feet in the water. + +Thus he proceeded in the gloom. He resembled the beings of the night +groping in the invisible and lost beneath the earth in veins of shadow. + +Still, little by little, whether it was that the distant air-holes +emitted a little wavering light in this opaque gloom, or whether his +eyes had become accustomed to the obscurity, some vague vision returned +to him, and he began once more to gain a confused idea, now of the wall +which he touched, now of the vault beneath which he was passing. The +pupil dilates in the dark, and the soul dilates in misfortune and ends +by finding God there. + +It was not easy to direct his course. + +The line of the sewer re-echoes, so to speak, the line of the streets +which lie above it. There were then in Paris two thousand two hundred +streets. Let the reader imagine himself beneath that forest of gloomy +branches which is called the sewer. The system of sewers existing at +that epoch, placed end to end, would have given a length of eleven +leagues. We have said above, that the actual network, thanks to the +special activity of the last thirty years, was no less than sixty +leagues in extent. + +Jean Valjean began by committing a blunder. He thought that he was +beneath the Rue Saint-Denis, and it was a pity that it was not so. +Under the Rue Saint-Denis there is an old stone sewer which dates from +Louis XIII. and which runs straight to the collecting sewer, called the +Grand Sewer, with but a single elbow, on the right, on the elevation of +the ancient Cour des Miracles, and a single branch, the Saint-Martin +sewer, whose four arms describe a cross. But the gut of the +Petite-Truanderie the entrance to which was in the vicinity of the +Corinthe wine-shop has never communicated with the sewer of the Rue +Saint-Denis; it ended at the Montmartre sewer, and it was in this that +Jean Valjean was entangled. There opportunities of losing oneself +abound. The Montmartre sewer is one of the most labyrinthine of the +ancient network. Fortunately, Jean Valjean had left behind him the +sewer of the markets whose geometrical plan presents the appearance of +a multitude of parrots’ roosts piled on top of each other; but he had +before him more than one embarrassing encounter and more than one +street corner—for they are streets—presenting itself in the gloom like +an interrogation point; first, on his left, the vast sewer of the +PlĂątriĂšre, a sort of Chinese puzzle, thrusting out and entangling its +chaos of Ts and Zs under the Post-Office and under the rotunda of the +Wheat Market, as far as the Seine, where it terminates in a Y; +secondly, on his right, the curving corridor of the Rue du Cadran with +its three teeth, which are also blind courts; thirdly, on his left, the +branch of the Mail, complicated, almost at its inception, with a sort +of fork, and proceeding from zig-zag to zig-zag until it ends in the +grand crypt of the outlet of the Louvre, truncated and ramified in +every direction; and lastly, the blind alley of a passage of the Rue +des JeĂ»neurs, without counting little ducts here and there, before +reaching the belt sewer, which alone could conduct him to some issue +sufficiently distant to be safe. + +Had Jean Valjean had any idea of all that we have here pointed out, he +would speedily have perceived, merely by feeling the wall, that he was +not in the subterranean gallery of the Rue Saint-Denis. Instead of the +ancient stone, instead of the antique architecture, haughty and royal +even in the sewer, with pavement and string courses of granite and +mortar costing eight hundred livres the fathom, he would have felt +under his hand contemporary cheapness, economical expedients, porous +stone filled with mortar on a concrete foundation, which costs two +hundred francs the metre, and the bourgeoise masonry known as _Ă  petits +matĂ©riaux_—small stuff; but of all this he knew nothing. + +He advanced with anxiety, but with calmness, seeing nothing, knowing +nothing, buried in chance, that is to say, engulfed in providence. + +By degrees, we will admit, a certain horror seized upon him. The gloom +which enveloped him penetrated his spirit. He walked in an enigma. This +aqueduct of the sewer is formidable; it interlaces in a dizzy fashion. +It is a melancholy thing to be caught in this Paris of shadows. Jean +Valjean was obliged to find and even to invent his route without seeing +it. In this unknown, every step that he risked might be his last. How +was he to get out? should he find an issue? should he find it in time? +would that colossal subterranean sponge with its stone cavities, allow +itself to be penetrated and pierced? should he there encounter some +unexpected knot in the darkness? should he arrive at the inextricable +and the impassable? would Marius die there of hemorrhage and he of +hunger? should they end by both getting lost, and by furnishing two +skeletons in a nook of that night? He did not know. He put all these +questions to himself without replying to them. The intestines of Paris +form a precipice. Like the prophet, he was in the belly of the monster. + +All at once, he had a surprise. At the most unforeseen moment, and +without having ceased to walk in a straight line, he perceived that he +was no longer ascending; the water of the rivulet was beating against +his heels, instead of meeting him at his toes. The sewer was now +descending. Why? Was he about to arrive suddenly at the Seine? This +danger was a great one, but the peril of retreating was still greater. +He continued to advance. + +It was not towards the Seine that he was proceeding. The ridge which +the soil of Paris forms on its right bank empties one of its watersheds +into the Seine and the other into the Grand Sewer. The crest of this +ridge which determines the division of the waters describes a very +capricious line. The culminating point, which is the point of +separation of the currents, is in the Sainte-Avoye sewer, beyond the +Rue Michel-le-Comte, in the sewer of the Louvre, near the boulevards, +and in the Montmartre sewer, near the Halles. It was this culminating +point that Jean Valjean had reached. He was directing his course +towards the belt sewer; he was on the right path. But he did not know +it. + +Every time that he encountered a branch, he felt of its angles, and if +he found that the opening which presented itself was smaller than the +passage in which he was, he did not enter but continued his route, +rightly judging that every narrower way must needs terminate in a blind +alley, and could only lead him further from his goal, that is to say, +the outlet. Thus he avoided the quadruple trap which was set for him in +the darkness by the four labyrinths which we have just enumerated. + +At a certain moment, he perceived that he was emerging from beneath the +Paris which was petrified by the uprising, where the barricades had +suppressed circulation, and that he was entering beneath the living and +normal Paris. Overhead he suddenly heard a noise as of thunder, distant +but continuous. It was the rumbling of vehicles. + +He had been walking for about half an hour, at least according to the +calculation which he made in his own mind, and he had not yet thought +of rest; he had merely changed the hand with which he was holding +Marius. The darkness was more profound than ever, but its very depth +reassured him. + +All at once, he saw his shadow in front of him. It was outlined on a +faint, almost indistinct reddish glow, which vaguely empurpled the +flooring vault underfoot, and the vault overhead, and gilded to his +right and to his left the two viscous walls of the passage. Stupefied, +he turned round. + +Behind him, in the portion of the passage which he had just passed +through, at a distance which appeared to him immense, piercing the +dense obscurity, flamed a sort of horrible star which had the air of +surveying him. + +It was the gloomy star of the police which was rising in the sewer. + +In the rear of that star eight or ten forms were moving about in a +confused way, black, upright, indistinct, horrible. + + + + +CHAPTER II—EXPLANATION + + +On the day of the sixth of June, a battue of the sewers had been +ordered. It was feared that the vanquished might have taken to them for +refuge, and Prefect Gisquet was to search occult Paris while General +Bugeaud swept public Paris; a double and connected operation which +exacted a double strategy on the part of the public force, represented +above by the army and below by the police. Three squads of agents and +sewermen explored the subterranean drain of Paris, the first on the +right bank, the second on the left bank, the third in the city. The +agents of police were armed with carabines, with bludgeons, swords and +poignards. + +That which was directed at Jean Valjean at that moment, was the lantern +of the patrol of the right bank. + +This patrol had just visited the curving gallery and the three blind +alleys which lie beneath the Rue du Cadran. While they were passing +their lantern through the depths of these blind alleys, Jean Valjean +had encountered on his path the entrance to the gallery, had perceived +that it was narrower than the principal passage and had not penetrated +thither. He had passed on. The police, on emerging from the gallery du +Cadran, had fancied that they heard the sound of footsteps in the +direction of the belt sewer. They were, in fact, the steps of Jean +Valjean. The sergeant in command of the patrol had raised his lantern, +and the squad had begun to gaze into the mist in the direction whence +the sound proceeded. + +This was an indescribable moment for Jean Valjean. + +Happily, if he saw the lantern well, the lantern saw him but ill. It +was light and he was shadow. He was very far off, and mingled with the +darkness of the place. He hugged the wall and halted. Moreover, he did +not understand what it was that was moving behind him. The lack of +sleep and food, and his emotions had caused him also to pass into the +state of a visionary. He beheld a gleam, and around that gleam, forms. +What was it? He did not comprehend. + +Jean Valjean having paused, the sound ceased. + +The men of the patrol listened, and heard nothing, they looked and saw +nothing. They held a consultation. + +There existed at that epoch at this point of the Montmartre sewer a +sort of crossroads called _de service_, which was afterwards +suppressed, on account of the little interior lake which formed there, +swallowing up the torrent of rain in heavy storms. The patrol could +form a cluster in this open space. Jean Valjean saw these spectres form +a sort of circle. These bull-dogs’ heads approached each other closely +and whispered together. + +The result of this council held by the watch dogs was, that they had +been mistaken, that there had been no noise, that it was useless to get +entangled in the belt sewer, that it would only be a waste of time, but +that they ought to hasten towards Saint-Merry; that if there was +anything to do, and any “bousingot” to track out, it was in that +quarter. + +From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word +bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become +obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such +excellent service. + +The sergeant gave orders to turn to the left, towards the watershed of +the Seine. + +If it had occurred to them to separate into two squads, and to go in +both directions, Jean Valjean would have been captured. All hung on +that thread. It is probable that the instructions of the prefecture, +foreseeing a possibility of combat and insurgents in force, had +forbidden the patrol to part company. The patrol resumed its march, +leaving Jean Valjean behind it. Of all this movement, Jean Valjean +perceived nothing, except the eclipse of the lantern which suddenly +wheeled round. + +Before taking his departure, the sergeant, in order to acquit his +policeman’s conscience, discharged his gun in the direction of Jean +Valjean. The detonation rolled from echo to echo in the crypt, like the +rumbling of that titanic entrail. A bit of plaster which fell into the +stream and splashed up the water a few paces away from Jean Valjean, +warned him that the ball had struck the arch over his head. + +Slow and measured steps resounded for some time on the timber work, +gradually dying away as they retreated to a greater distance; the group +of black forms vanished, a glimmer of light oscillated and floated, +communicating to the vault a reddish glow which grew fainter, then +disappeared; the silence became profound once more, the obscurity +became complete, blindness and deafness resumed possession of the +shadows; and Jean Valjean, not daring to stir as yet, remained for a +long time leaning with his back against the wall, with straining ears, +and dilated pupils, watching the disappearance of that phantom patrol. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE “SPUN” MAN + + +This justice must be rendered to the police of that period, that even +in the most serious public junctures, it imperturbably fulfilled its +duties connected with the sewers and surveillance. A revolt was, in its +eyes, no pretext for allowing malefactors to take the bit in their own +mouths, and for neglecting society for the reason that the government +was in peril. The ordinary service was performed correctly in company +with the extraordinary service, and was not troubled by the latter. In +the midst of an incalculable political event already begun, under the +pressure of a possible revolution, a police agent, “spun” a thief +without allowing himself to be distracted by insurrection and +barricades. + +It was something precisely parallel which took place on the afternoon +of the 6th of June on the banks of the Seine, on the slope of the right +shore, a little beyond the Pont des Invalides. + +There is no longer any bank there now. The aspect of the locality has +changed. + +On that bank, two men, separated by a certain distance, seemed to be +watching each other while mutually avoiding each other. The one who was +in advance was trying to get away, the one in the rear was trying to +overtake the other. + +It was like a game of checkers played at a distance and in silence. +Neither seemed to be in any hurry, and both walked slowly, as though +each of them feared by too much haste to make his partner redouble his +pace. + +One would have said that it was an appetite following its prey, and +purposely without wearing the air of doing so. The prey was crafty and +on its guard. + +The proper relations between the hunted pole-cat and the hunting dog +were observed. The one who was seeking to escape had an insignificant +mien and not an impressive appearance; the one who was seeking to seize +him was rude of aspect, and must have been rude to encounter. + +The first, conscious that he was the more feeble, avoided the second; +but he avoided him in a manner which was deeply furious; any one who +could have observed him would have discerned in his eyes the sombre +hostility of flight, and all the menace that fear contains. + +The shore was deserted; there were no passers-by; not even a boatman +nor a lighter-man was in the skiffs which were moored here and there. + +It was not easy to see these two men, except from the quay opposite, +and to any person who had scrutinized them at that distance, the man +who was in advance would have appeared like a bristling, tattered, and +equivocal being, who was uneasy and trembling beneath a ragged blouse, +and the other like a classic and official personage, wearing the +frock-coat of authority buttoned to the chin. + +Perchance the reader might recognize these two men, if he were to see +them closer at hand. + +What was the object of the second man? + +Probably to succeed in clothing the first more warmly. + +When a man clothed by the state pursues a man in rags, it is in order +to make of him a man who is also clothed by the state. Only, the whole +question lies in the color. To be dressed in blue is glorious; to be +dressed in red is disagreeable. + +There is a purple from below. + +It is probably some unpleasantness and some purple of this sort which +the first man is desirous of shirking. + +If the other allowed him to walk on, and had not seized him as yet, it +was, judging from all appearances, in the hope of seeing him lead up to +some significant meeting-place and to some group worth catching. This +delicate operation is called “spinning.” + + +What renders this conjecture entirely probable is that the buttoned-up +man, on catching sight from the shore of a hackney-coach on the quay as +it was passing along empty, made a sign to the driver; the driver +understood, evidently recognized the person with whom he had to deal, +turned about and began to follow the two men at the top of the quay, at +a foot-pace. This was not observed by the slouching and tattered +personage who was in advance. + +The hackney-coach rolled along the trees of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. The +bust of the driver, whip in hand, could be seen moving along above the +parapet. + +One of the secret instructions of the police authorities to their +agents contains this article: “Always have on hand a hackney-coach, in +case of emergency.” + + +While these two men were manƓuvring, each on his own side, with +irreproachable strategy, they approached an inclined plane on the quay +which descended to the shore, and which permitted cab-drivers arriving +from Passy to come to the river and water their horses. This inclined +plane was suppressed later on, for the sake of symmetry; horses may die +of thirst, but the eye is gratified. + +It is probable that the man in the blouse had intended to ascend this +inclined plane, with a view to making his escape into the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, a place ornamented with trees, but, in return, much +infested with policemen, and where the other could easily exercise +violence. + +This point on the quay is not very far distant from the house brought +to Paris from Moret in 1824, by Colonel Brack, and designated as “the +house of François I.” A guard house is situated close at hand. + +To the great surprise of his watcher, the man who was being tracked did +not mount by the inclined plane for watering. He continued to advance +along the quay on the shore. + +His position was visibly becoming critical. + +What was he intending to do, if not to throw himself into the Seine? + +Henceforth, there existed no means of ascending to the quay; there was +no other inclined plane, no staircase; and they were near the spot, +marked by the bend in the Seine towards the Pont de JĂ©na, where the +bank, growing constantly narrower, ended in a slender tongue, and was +lost in the water. There he would inevitably find himself blocked +between the perpendicular wall on his right, the river on his left and +in front of him, and the authorities on his heels. + +It is true that this termination of the shore was hidden from sight by +a heap of rubbish six or seven feet in height, produced by some +demolition or other. But did this man hope to conceal himself +effectually behind that heap of rubbish, which one need but skirt? The +expedient would have been puerile. He certainly was not dreaming of +such a thing. The innocence of thieves does not extend to that point. + +The pile of rubbish formed a sort of projection at the water’s edge, +which was prolonged in a promontory as far as the wall of the quay. + +The man who was being followed arrived at this little mound and went +round it, so that he ceased to be seen by the other. + +The latter, as he did not see, could not be seen; he took advantage of +this fact to abandon all dissimulation and to walk very rapidly. In a +few moments, he had reached the rubbish heap and passed round it. There +he halted in sheer amazement. The man whom he had been pursuing was no +longer there. + +Total eclipse of the man in the blouse. + +The shore, beginning with the rubbish heap, was only about thirty paces +long, then it plunged into the water which beat against the wall of the +quay. The fugitive could not have thrown himself into the Seine without +being seen by the man who was following him. What had become of him? + +The man in the buttoned-up coat walked to the extremity of the shore, +and remained there in thought for a moment, his fists clenched, his +eyes searching. All at once he smote his brow. He had just perceived, +at the point where the land came to an end and the water began, a large +iron grating, low, arched, garnished with a heavy lock and with three +massive hinges. This grating, a sort of door pierced at the base of the +quay, opened on the river as well as on the shore. A blackish stream +passed under it. This stream discharged into the Seine. + +Beyond the heavy, rusty iron bars, a sort of dark and vaulted corridor +could be descried. The man folded his arms and stared at the grating +with an air of reproach. + +As this gaze did not suffice, he tried to thrust it aside; he shook it, +it resisted solidly. It is probable that it had just been opened, +although no sound had been heard, a singular circumstance in so rusty a +grating; but it is certain that it had been closed again. This +indicated that the man before whom that door had just opened had not a +hook but a key. + +This evidence suddenly burst upon the mind of the man who was trying to +move the grating, and evoked from him this indignant ejaculation: + +“That is too much! A government key!” + + +Then, immediately regaining his composure, he expressed a whole world +of interior ideas by this outburst of monosyllables accented almost +ironically: “Come! Come! Come! Come!” + + +That said, and in the hope of something or other, either that he should +see the man emerge or other men enter, he posted himself on the watch +behind a heap of rubbish, with the patient rage of a pointer. + +The hackney-coach, which regulated all its movements on his, had, in +its turn, halted on the quay above him, close to the parapet. The +coachman, foreseeing a prolonged wait, encased his horses’ muzzles in +the bag of oats which is damp at the bottom, and which is so familiar +to Parisians, to whom, be it said in parenthesis, the Government +sometimes applies it. The rare passers-by on the Pont de JĂ©na turned +their heads, before they pursued their way, to take a momentary glance +at these two motionless items in the landscape, the man on the shore, +the carriage on the quay. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—HE ALSO BEARS HIS CROSS + + +Jean Valjean had resumed his march and had not again paused. + +This march became more and more laborious. The level of these vaults +varies; the average height is about five feet, six inches, and has been +calculated for the stature of a man; Jean Valjean was forced to bend +over, in order not to strike Marius against the vault; at every step he +had to bend, then to rise, and to feel incessantly of the wall. The +moisture of the stones, and the viscous nature of the timber framework +furnished but poor supports to which to cling, either for hand or foot. +He stumbled along in the hideous dung-heap of the city. The +intermittent gleams from the air-holes only appeared at very long +intervals, and were so wan that the full sunlight seemed like the light +of the moon; all the rest was mist, miasma, opaqueness, blackness. Jean +Valjean was both hungry and thirsty; especially thirsty; and this, like +the sea, was a place full of water where a man cannot drink. His +strength, which was prodigious, as the reader knows, and which had been +but little decreased by age, thanks to his chaste and sober life, began +to give way, nevertheless. Fatigue began to gain on him; and as his +strength decreased, it made the weight of his burden increase. Marius, +who was, perhaps, dead, weighed him down as inert bodies weigh. Jean +Valjean held him in such a manner that his chest was not oppressed, and +so that respiration could proceed as well as possible. Between his legs +he felt the rapid gliding of the rats. One of them was frightened to +such a degree that he bit him. From time to time, a breath of fresh air +reached him through the vent-holes of the mouths of the sewer, and +reanimated him. + +It might have been three hours past midday when he reached the +belt-sewer. + +He was, at first, astonished at this sudden widening. He found himself, +all at once, in a gallery where his outstretched hands could not reach +the two walls, and beneath a vault which his head did not touch. The +Grand Sewer is, in fact, eight feet wide and seven feet high. + +At the point where the Montmartre sewer joins the Grand Sewer, two +other subterranean galleries, that of the Rue de Provence, and that of +the Abattoir, form a square. Between these four ways, a less sagacious +man would have remained undecided. Jean Valjean selected the broadest, +that is to say, the belt-sewer. But here the question again came +up—should he descend or ascend? He thought that the situation required +haste, and that he must now gain the Seine at any risk. In other terms, +he must descend. He turned to the left. + +It was well that he did so, for it is an error to suppose that the +belt-sewer has two outlets, the one in the direction of Bercy, the +other towards Passy, and that it is, as its name indicates, the +subterranean girdle of the Paris on the right bank. The Grand Sewer, +which is, it must be remembered, nothing else than the old brook of +MĂ©nilmontant, terminates, if one ascends it, in a blind sack, that is +to say, at its ancient point of departure which was its source, at the +foot of the knoll of MĂ©nilmontant. There is no direct communication +with the branch which collects the waters of Paris beginning with the +Quartier Popincourt, and which falls into the Seine through the Amelot +sewer above the ancient Isle Louviers. This branch, which completes the +collecting sewer, is separated from it, under the Rue MĂ©nilmontant +itself, by a pile which marks the dividing point of the waters, between +upstream and downstream. If Jean Valjean had ascended the gallery he +would have arrived, after a thousand efforts, and broken down with +fatigue, and in an expiring condition, in the gloom, at a wall. He +would have been lost. + +In case of necessity, by retracing his steps a little way, and entering +the passage of the Filles-du-Calvaire, on condition that he did not +hesitate at the subterranean crossing of the Carrefour Boucherat, and +by taking the corridor Saint-Louis, then the Saint-Gilles gut on the +left, then turning to the right and avoiding the Saint-Sebastian +gallery, he might have reached the Amelot sewer, and thence, provided +that he did not go astray in the sort of F which lies under the +Bastille, he might have attained the outlet on the Seine near the +Arsenal. But in order to do this, he must have been thoroughly familiar +with the enormous madrepore of the sewer in all its ramifications and +in all its openings. Now, we must again insist that he knew nothing of +that frightful drain which he was traversing; and had any one asked him +in what he was, he would have answered: “In the night.” + + +His instinct served him well. To descend was, in fact, possible safety. + +He left on his right the two narrow passages which branch out in the +form of a claw under the Rue Laffitte and the Rue Saint-Georges and the +long, bifurcated corridor of the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin. + +A little beyond an affluent, which was, probably, the Madeleine branch, +he halted. He was extremely weary. A passably large air-hole, probably +the man-hole in the Rue d’Anjou, furnished a light that was almost +vivid. Jean Valjean, with the gentleness of movement which a brother +would exercise towards his wounded brother, deposited Marius on the +banquette of the sewer. Marius’ blood-stained face appeared under the +wan light of the air-hole like the ashes at the bottom of a tomb. His +eyes were closed, his hair was plastered down on his temples like a +painter’s brushes dried in red wash; his hands hung limp and dead. A +clot of blood had collected in the knot of his cravat; his limbs were +cold, and blood was clotted at the corners of his mouth; his shirt had +thrust itself into his wounds, the cloth of his coat was chafing the +yawning gashes in the living flesh. Jean Valjean, pushing aside the +garments with the tips of his fingers, laid his hand upon Marius’ +breast; his heart was still beating. Jean Valjean tore up his shirt, +bandaged the young man’s wounds as well as he was able and stopped the +flowing blood; then bending over Marius, who still lay unconscious and +almost without breathing, in that half light, he gazed at him with +inexpressible hatred. + +On disarranging Marius’ garments, he had found two things in his +pockets, the roll which had been forgotten there on the preceding +evening, and Marius’ pocketbook. He ate the roll and opened the +pocketbook. On the first page he found the four lines written by +Marius. The reader will recall them: + +“My name is Marius Pontmercy. Carry my body to my grandfather, M. +Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, No. 6, in the Marais.” + + +Jean Valjean read these four lines by the light of the air-hole, and +remained for a moment as though absorbed in thought, repeating in a low +tone: “Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, number 6, Monsieur Gillenormand.” He +replaced the pocketbook in Marius’ pocket. He had eaten, his strength +had returned to him; he took Marius up once more upon his back, placed +the latter’s head carefully on his right shoulder, and resumed his +descent of the sewer. + +The Grand Sewer, directed according to the course of the valley of +MĂ©nilmontant, is about two leagues long. It is paved throughout a +notable portion of its extent. + +This torch of the names of the streets of Paris, with which we are +illuminating for the reader Jean Valjean’s subterranean march, Jean +Valjean himself did not possess. Nothing told him what zone of the city +he was traversing, nor what way he had made. Only the growing pallor of +the pools of light which he encountered from time to time indicated to +him that the sun was withdrawing from the pavement, and that the day +would soon be over; and the rolling of vehicles overhead, having become +intermittent instead of continuous, then having almost ceased, he +concluded that he was no longer under central Paris, and that he was +approaching some solitary region, in the vicinity of the outer +boulevards, or the extreme outer quays. Where there are fewer houses +and streets, the sewer has fewer air-holes. The gloom deepened around +Jean Valjean. Nevertheless, he continued to advance, groping his way in +the dark. + +Suddenly this darkness became terrible. + + + + +CHAPTER V—IN THE CASE OF SAND AS IN THAT OF WOMAN, THERE IS A FINENESS +WHICH IS TREACHEROUS + + +He felt that he was entering the water, and that he no longer had a +pavement under his feet, but only mud. + +It sometimes happens, that on certain shores of Bretagne or Scotland a +man, either a traveller or a fisherman, while walking at low tide on +the beach far from shore, suddenly notices that for several minutes +past, he has been walking with some difficulty. The beach under foot is +like pitch; his soles stick fast to it; it is no longer sand, it is +bird-lime. The strand is perfectly dry, but at every step that he +takes, as soon as the foot is raised, the print is filled with water. +The eye, however, has perceived no change; the immense beach is smooth +and tranquil, all the sand has the same aspect, nothing distinguishes +the soil that is solid from that which is not solid; the joyous little +cloud of sand-lice continues to leap tumultuously under the feet of the +passer-by. + +The man pursues his way, he walks on, turns towards the land, endeavors +to approach the shore. He is not uneasy. Uneasy about what? Only he is +conscious that the heaviness of his feet seems to be increasing at +every step that he takes. All at once he sinks in. He sinks in two or +three inches. Decidedly, he is not on the right road; he halts to get +his bearings. Suddenly he glances at his feet; his feet have +disappeared. The sand has covered them. He draws his feet out of the +sand, he tries to retrace his steps, he turns back, he sinks in more +deeply than before. The sand is up to his ankles, he tears himself free +from it and flings himself to the left, the sand reaches to mid-leg, he +flings himself to the right, the sand comes up to his knees. Then, with +indescribable terror, he recognizes the fact that he is caught in a +quicksand, and that he has beneath him that frightful medium in which +neither man can walk nor fish can swim. He flings away his burden, if +he have one, he lightens himself, like a ship in distress; it is too +late, the sand is above his knees. + +He shouts, he waves his hat, or his handkerchief, the sand continually +gains on him; if the beach is deserted, if the land is too far away, if +the bank of sand is too ill-famed, there is no hero in the +neighborhood, all is over, he is condemned to be engulfed. He is +condemned to that terrible interment, long, infallible, implacable, +which it is impossible to either retard or hasten, which lasts for +hours, which will not come to an end, which seizes you erect, free, in +the flush of health, which drags you down by the feet, which, at every +effort that you attempt, at every shout that you utter, draws you a +little lower, which has the air of punishing you for your resistance by +a redoubled grasp, which forces a man to return slowly to earth, while +leaving him time to survey the horizon, the trees, the verdant country, +the smoke of the villages on the plain, the sails of the ships on the +sea, the birds which fly and sing, the sun and the sky. This engulfment +is the sepulchre which assumes a tide, and which mounts from the depths +of the earth towards a living man. Each minute is an inexorable +layer-out of the dead. The wretched man tries to sit down, to lie down, +to climb; every movement that he makes buries him deeper; he +straightens himself up, he sinks; he feels that he is being swallowed +up; he shrieks, implores, cries to the clouds, wrings his hands, grows +desperate. Behold him in the sand up to his belly, the sand reaches to +his breast, he is only a bust now. He uplifts his hands, utters furious +groans, clenches his nails on the beach, tries to cling fast to that +ashes, supports himself on his elbows in order to raise himself from +that soft sheath, and sobs frantically; the sand mounts higher. The +sand has reached his shoulders, the sand reaches to his throat; only +his face is visible now. His mouth cries aloud, the sand fills it; +silence. His eyes still gaze forth, the sand closes them, night. Then +his brow decreases, a little hair quivers above the sand; a hand +projects, pierces the surface of the beach, waves and disappears. +Sinister obliteration of a man. + +Sometimes a rider is engulfed with his horse; sometimes the carter is +swallowed up with his cart; all founders in that strand. It is +shipwreck elsewhere than in the water. It is the earth drowning a man. +The earth, permeated with the ocean, becomes a pitfall. It presents +itself in the guise of a plain, and it yawns like a wave. The abyss is +subject to these treacheries. + +This melancholy fate, always possible on certain sea beaches, was also +possible, thirty years ago, in the sewers of Paris. + +Before the important works, undertaken in 1833, the subterranean drain +of Paris was subject to these sudden slides. + +The water filtered into certain subjacent strata, which were +particularly friable; the foot-way, which was of flag-stones, as in the +ancient sewers, or of cement on concrete, as in the new galleries, +having no longer an underpinning, gave way. A fold in a flooring of +this sort means a crack, means crumbling. The framework crumbled away +for a certain length. This crevice, the hiatus of a gulf of mire, was +called a _fontis_, in the special tongue. What is a _fontis?_ It is the +quicksands of the seashore suddenly encountered under the surface of +the earth; it is the beach of Mont Saint-Michel in a sewer. The soaked +soil is in a state of fusion, as it were; all its molecules are in +suspension in soft medium; it is not earth and it is not water. The +depth is sometimes very great. Nothing can be more formidable than such +an encounter. If the water predominates, death is prompt, the man is +swallowed up; if earth predominates, death is slow. + +Can any one picture to himself such a death? If being swallowed by the +earth is terrible on the seashore, what is it in a cesspool? Instead of +the open air, the broad daylight, the clear horizon, those vast sounds, +those free clouds whence rains life, instead of those barks descried in +the distance, of that hope under all sorts of forms, of probable +passers-by, of succor possible up to the very last moment,—instead of +all this, deafness, blindness, a black vault, the inside of a tomb +already prepared, death in the mire beneath a cover! slow suffocation +by filth, a stone box where asphyxia opens its claw in the mire and +clutches you by the throat; fetidness mingled with the death-rattle; +slime instead of the strand, sulfuretted hydrogen in place of the +hurricane, dung in place of the ocean! And to shout, to gnash one’s +teeth, and to writhe, and to struggle, and to agonize, with that +enormous city which knows nothing of it all, over one’s head! + +Inexpressible is the horror of dying thus! Death sometimes redeems his +atrocity by a certain terrible dignity. On the funeral pile, in +shipwreck, one can be great; in the flames as in the foam, a superb +attitude is possible; one there becomes transfigured as one perishes. +But not here. Death is filthy. It is humiliating to expire. The supreme +floating visions are abject. Mud is synonymous with shame. It is petty, +ugly, infamous. To die in a butt of Malvoisie, like Clarence, is +permissible; in the ditch of a scavenger, like Escoubleau, is horrible. +To struggle therein is hideous; at the same time that one is going +through the death agony, one is floundering about. There are shadows +enough for hell, and mire enough to render it nothing but a slough, and +the dying man knows not whether he is on the point of becoming a +spectre or a frog. + +Everywhere else the sepulchre is sinister; here it is deformed. + +The depth of the _fontis_ varied, as well as their length and their +density, according to the more or less bad quality of the sub-soil. +Sometimes a _fontis_ was three or four feet deep, sometimes eight or +ten; sometimes the bottom was unfathomable. Here the mire was almost +solid, there almost liquid. In the LuniĂšre fontis, it would have taken +a man a day to disappear, while he would have been devoured in five +minutes by the Philippeaux slough. The mire bears up more or less, +according to its density. A child can escape where a man will perish. +The first law of safety is to get rid of every sort of load. Every +sewerman who felt the ground giving way beneath him began by flinging +away his sack of tools, or his back-basket, or his hod. + +The fontis were due to different causes: the friability of the soil; +some landslip at a depth beyond the reach of man; the violent summer +rains; the incessant flooding of winter; long, drizzling showers. +Sometimes the weight of the surrounding houses on a marly or sandy soil +forced out the vaults of the subterranean galleries and caused them to +bend aside, or it chanced that a flooring vault burst and split under +this crushing thrust. In this manner, the heaping up of the ParthĂ©non, +obliterated, a century ago, a portion of the vaults of Saint-GeneviĂšve +hill. When a sewer was broken in under the pressure of the houses, the +mischief was sometimes betrayed in the street above by a sort of space, +like the teeth of a saw, between the paving-stones; this crevice was +developed in an undulating line throughout the entire length of the +cracked vault, and then, the evil being visible, the remedy could be +promptly applied. It also frequently happened, that the interior +ravages were not revealed by any external scar, and in that case, woe +to the sewermen. When they entered without precaution into the sewer, +they were liable to be lost. Ancient registers make mention of several +scavengers who were buried in fontis in this manner. They give many +names; among others, that of the sewerman who was swallowed up in a +quagmire under the man-hole of the Rue CarĂȘme-Prenant, a certain Blaise +Poutrain; this Blaise Poutrain was the brother of Nicholas Poutrain, +who was the last grave-digger of the cemetery called the Charnier des +Innocents, in 1785, the epoch when that cemetery expired. + +There was also that young and charming Vicomte d’Escoubleau, of whom we +have just spoken, one of the heroes of the siege of LĂ©rida, where they +delivered the assault in silk stockings, with violins at their head. +D’Escoubleau, surprised one night at his cousin’s, the Duchesse de +Sourdis’, was drowned in a quagmire of the Beautreillis sewer, in which +he had taken refuge in order to escape from the Duke. Madame de +Sourdis, when informed of his death, demanded her smelling-bottle, and +forgot to weep, through sniffling at her salts. In such cases, there is +no love which holds fast; the sewer extinguishes it. Hero refuses to +wash the body of Leander. Thisbe stops her nose in the presence of +Pyramus and says: “Phew!” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE FONTIS + + +Jean Valjean found himself in the presence of a fontis. + +This sort of quagmire was common at that period in the subsoil of the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, difficult to handle in the hydraulic works and a bad +preservative of the subterranean constructions, on account of its +excessive fluidity. This fluidity exceeds even the inconsistency of the +sands of the Quartier Saint-Georges, which could only be conquered by a +stone construction on a concrete foundation, and the clayey strata, +infected with gas, of the Quartier des Martyrs, which are so liquid +that the only way in which a passage was effected under the gallery des +Martyrs was by means of a cast-iron pipe. When, in 1836, the old stone +sewer beneath the Faubourg Saint-HonorĂ©, in which we now see Jean +Valjean, was demolished for the purpose of reconstructing it, the +quicksand, which forms the subsoil of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es as far as the +Seine, presented such an obstacle, that the operation lasted nearly six +months, to the great clamor of the dwellers on the riverside, +particularly those who had hotels and carriages. The work was more than +unhealthy; it was dangerous. It is true that they had four months and a +half of rain, and three floods of the Seine. + +The fontis which Jean Valjean had encountered was caused by the +downpour of the preceding day. The pavement, badly sustained by the +subjacent sand, had given way and had produced a stoppage of the water. +Infiltration had taken place, a slip had followed. The dislocated +bottom had sunk into the ooze. To what extent? Impossible to say. The +obscurity was more dense there than elsewhere. It was a pit of mire in +a cavern of night. + +Jean Valjean felt the pavement vanishing beneath his feet. He entered +this slime. There was water on the surface, slime at the bottom. He +must pass it. To retrace his steps was impossible. Marius was dying, +and Jean Valjean exhausted. Besides, where was he to go? Jean Valjean +advanced. Moreover, the pit seemed, for the first few steps, not to be +very deep. But in proportion as he advanced, his feet plunged deeper. +Soon he had the slime up to his calves and water above his knees. He +walked on, raising Marius in his arms, as far above the water as he +could. The mire now reached to his knees, and the water to his waist. +He could no longer retreat. This mud, dense enough for one man, could +not, obviously, uphold two. Marius and Jean Valjean would have stood a +chance of extricating themselves singly. Jean Valjean continued to +advance, supporting the dying man, who was, perhaps, a corpse. + +The water came up to his arm-pits; he felt that he was sinking; it was +only with difficulty that he could move in the depth of ooze which he +had now reached. The density, which was his support, was also an +obstacle. He still held Marius on high, and with an unheard-of +expenditure of force, he advanced still; but he was sinking. He had +only his head above the water now and his two arms holding up Marius. +In the old paintings of the deluge there is a mother holding her child +thus. + +He sank still deeper, he turned his face to the rear, to escape the +water, and in order that he might be able to breathe; anyone who had +seen him in that gloom would have thought that what he beheld was a +mask floating on the shadows; he caught a faint glimpse above him of +the drooping head and livid face of Marius; he made a desperate effort +and launched his foot forward; his foot struck something solid; a point +of support. It was high time. + +He straightened himself up, and rooted himself upon that point of +support with a sort of fury. This produced upon him the effect of the +first step in a staircase leading back to life. + +The point of support, thus encountered in the mire at the supreme +moment, was the beginning of the other watershed of the pavement, which +had bent but had not given way, and which had curved under the water +like a plank and in a single piece. Well built pavements form a vault +and possess this sort of firmness. This fragment of the vaulting, +partly submerged, but solid, was a veritable inclined plane, and, once +on this plane, he was safe. Jean Valjean mounted this inclined plane +and reached the other side of the quagmire. + +As he emerged from the water, he came in contact with a stone and fell +upon his knees. He reflected that this was but just, and he remained +there for some time, with his soul absorbed in words addressed to God. + +He rose to his feet, shivering, chilled, foul-smelling, bowed beneath +the dying man whom he was dragging after him, all dripping with slime, +and his soul filled with a strange light. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—ONE SOMETIMES RUNS AGROUND WHEN ONE FANCIES THAT ONE IS +DISEMBARKING + + +He set out on his way once more. + +However, although he had not left his life in the fontis, he seemed to +have left his strength behind him there. That supreme effort had +exhausted him. His lassitude was now such that he was obliged to pause +for breath every three or four steps, and lean against the wall. Once +he was forced to seat himself on the banquette in order to alter +Marius’ position, and he thought that he should have to remain there. +But if his vigor was dead, his energy was not. He rose again. + +He walked on desperately, almost fast, proceeded thus for a hundred +paces, almost without drawing breath, and suddenly came in contact with +the wall. He had reached an elbow of the sewer, and, arriving at the +turn with head bent down, he had struck the wall. He raised his eyes, +and at the extremity of the vault, far, very far away in front of him, +he perceived a light. This time it was not that terrible light; it was +good, white light. It was daylight. Jean Valjean saw the outlet. + +A damned soul, who, in the midst of the furnace, should suddenly +perceive the outlet of Gehenna, would experience what Jean Valjean +felt. It would fly wildly with the stumps of its burned wings towards +that radiant portal. Jean Valjean was no longer conscious of fatigue, +he no longer felt Marius’ weight, he found his legs once more of steel, +he ran rather than walked. As he approached, the outlet became more and +more distinctly defined. It was a pointed arch, lower than the vault, +which gradually narrowed, and narrower than the gallery, which closed +in as the vault grew lower. The tunnel ended like the interior of a +funnel; a faulty construction, imitated from the wickets of +penitentiaries, logical in a prison, illogical in a sewer, and which +has since been corrected. + +Jean Valjean reached the outlet. + +There he halted. + +It certainly was the outlet, but he could not get out. + +The arch was closed by a heavy grating, and the grating, which, to all +appearance, rarely swung on its rusty hinges, was clamped to its stone +jamb by a thick lock, which, red with rust, seemed like an enormous +brick. The keyhole could be seen, and the robust latch, deeply sunk in +the iron staple. The door was plainly double-locked. It was one of +those prison locks which old Paris was so fond of lavishing. + +Beyond the grating was the open air, the river, the daylight, the +shore, very narrow but sufficient for escape. The distant quays, Paris, +that gulf in which one so easily hides oneself, the broad horizon, +liberty. On the right, downstream, the bridge of JĂ©na was discernible, +on the left, upstream, the bridge of the Invalides; the place would +have been a propitious one in which to await the night and to escape. +It was one of the most solitary points in Paris; the shore which faces +the Grand-Caillou. Flies were entering and emerging through the bars of +the grating. + +It might have been half-past eight o’clock in the evening. The day was +declining. + +Jean Valjean laid Marius down along the wall, on the dry portion of the +vaulting, then he went to the grating and clenched both fists round the +bars; the shock which he gave it was frenzied, but it did not move. The +grating did not stir. Jean Valjean seized the bars one after the other, +in the hope that he might be able to tear away the least solid, and to +make of it a lever wherewith to raise the door or to break the lock. +Not a bar stirred. The teeth of a tiger are not more firmly fixed in +their sockets. No lever; no prying possible. The obstacle was +invincible. There was no means of opening the gate. + +Must he then stop there? What was he to do? What was to become of him? +He had not the strength to retrace his steps, to recommence the journey +which he had already taken. Besides, how was he to again traverse that +quagmire whence he had only extricated himself as by a miracle? And +after the quagmire, was there not the police patrol, which assuredly +could not be twice avoided? And then, whither was he to go? What +direction should he pursue? To follow the incline would not conduct him +to his goal. If he were to reach another outlet, he would find it +obstructed by a plug or a grating. Every outlet was, undoubtedly, +closed in that manner. Chance had unsealed the grating through which he +had entered, but it was evident that all the other sewer mouths were +barred. He had only succeeded in escaping into a prison. + +All was over. Everything that Jean Valjean had done was useless. +Exhaustion had ended in failure. + +They were both caught in the immense and gloomy web of death, and Jean +Valjean felt the terrible spider running along those black strands and +quivering in the shadows. He turned his back to the grating, and fell +upon the pavement, hurled to earth rather than seated, close to Marius, +who still made no movement, and with his head bent between his knees. +This was the last drop of anguish. + +Of what was he thinking during this profound depression? Neither of +himself nor of Marius. He was thinking of Cosette. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—THE TORN COAT-TAIL + + +In the midst of this prostration, a hand was laid on his shoulder, and +a low voice said to him: + +“Half shares.” + + +Some person in that gloom? Nothing so closely resembles a dream as +despair. Jean Valjean thought that he was dreaming. He had heard no +footsteps. Was it possible? He raised his eyes. + +A man stood before him. + +This man was clad in a blouse; his feet were bare; he held his shoes in +his left hand; he had evidently removed them in order to reach Jean +Valjean, without allowing his steps to be heard. + +Jean Valjean did not hesitate for an instant. Unexpected as was this +encounter, this man was known to him. The man was ThĂ©nardier. + +Although awakened, so to speak, with a start, Jean Valjean, accustomed +to alarms, and steeled to unforeseen shocks that must be promptly +parried, instantly regained possession of his presence of mind. +Moreover, the situation could not be made worse, a certain degree of +distress is no longer capable of a crescendo, and ThĂ©nardier himself +could add nothing to this blackness of this night. + +A momentary pause ensued. + +ThĂ©nardier, raising his right hand to a level with his forehead, formed +with it a shade, then he brought his eyelashes together, by screwing up +his eyes, a motion which, in connection with a slight contraction of +the mouth, characterizes the sagacious attention of a man who is +endeavoring to recognize another man. He did not succeed. Jean Valjean, +as we have just stated, had his back turned to the light, and he was, +moreover, so disfigured, so bemired, so bleeding that he would have +been unrecognizable in full noonday. On the contrary, illuminated by +the light from the grating, a cellar light, it is true, livid, yet +precise in its lividness, ThĂ©nardier, as the energetic popular metaphor +expresses it, immediately “leaped into” Jean Valjean’s eyes. This +inequality of conditions sufficed to assure some advantage to Jean +Valjean in that mysterious duel which was on the point of beginning +between the two situations and the two men. The encounter took place +between Jean Valjean veiled and ThĂ©nardier unmasked. + +Jean Valjean immediately perceived that ThĂ©nardier did not recognize +him. + +They surveyed each other for a moment in that half-gloom, as though +taking each other’s measure. ThĂ©nardier was the first to break the +silence. + +“How are you going to manage to get out?” + + +Jean Valjean made no reply. ThĂ©nardier continued: + +“It’s impossible to pick the lock of that gate. But still you must get +out of this.” + + +“That is true,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Well, half shares then.” + + +“What do you mean by that?” + + +“You have killed that man; that’s all right. I have the key.” + + +ThĂ©nardier pointed to Marius. He went on: + +“I don’t know you, but I want to help you. You must be a friend.” + + +Jean Valjean began to comprehend. ThĂ©nardier took him for an assassin. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed: + +“Listen, comrade. You didn’t kill that man without looking to see what +he had in his pockets. Give me my half. I’ll open the door for you.” + + +And half drawing from beneath his tattered blouse a huge key, he added: + +“Do you want to see how a key to liberty is made? Look here.” + + +Jean Valjean “remained stupid”—the expression belongs to the elder +Corneille—to such a degree that he doubted whether what he beheld was +real. It was Providence appearing in horrible guise, and his good angel +springing from the earth in the form of ThĂ©nardier. + +ThĂ©nardier thrust his fist into a large pocket concealed under his +blouse, drew out a rope and offered it to Jean Valjean. + +“Hold on,” said he, “I’ll give you the rope to boot.” + + +“What is the rope for?” + + +“You will need a stone also, but you can find one outside. There’s a +heap of rubbish.” + + +“What am I to do with a stone?” + + +“Idiot, you’ll want to sling that stiff into the river, you’ll need a +stone and a rope, otherwise it would float on the water.” + + +Jean Valjean took the rope. There is no one who does not occasionally +accept in this mechanical way. + +ThĂ©nardier snapped his fingers as though an idea had suddenly occurred +to him. + +“Ah, see here, comrade, how did you contrive to get out of that slough +yonder? I haven’t dared to risk myself in it. Phew! you don’t smell +good.” + + +After a pause he added: + +“I’m asking you questions, but you’re perfectly right not to answer. +It’s an apprenticeship against that cursed quarter of an hour before +the examining magistrate. And then, when you don’t talk at all, you run +no risk of talking too loud. That’s no matter, as I can’t see your face +and as I don’t know your name, you are wrong in supposing that I don’t +know who you are and what you want. I twig. You’ve broken up that +gentleman a bit; now you want to tuck him away somewhere. The river, +that great hider of folly, is what you want. I’ll get you out of your +scrape. Helping a good fellow in a pinch is what suits me to a hair.” + + +While expressing his approval of Jean Valjean’s silence, he endeavored +to force him to talk. He jostled his shoulder in an attempt to catch a +sight of his profile, and he exclaimed, without, however, raising his +tone: + +“Apropos of that quagmire, you’re a hearty animal. Why didn’t you toss +the man in there?” + + +Jean Valjean preserved silence. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed, pushing the rag which served him as a cravat to the +level of his Adam’s apple, a gesture which completes the capable air of +a serious man: + +“After all, you acted wisely. The workmen, when they come to-morrow to +stop up that hole, would certainly have found the stiff abandoned +there, and it might have been possible, thread by thread, straw by +straw, to pick up the scent and reach you. Some one has passed through +the sewer. Who? Where did he get out? Was he seen to come out? The +police are full of cleverness. The sewer is treacherous and tells tales +of you. Such a find is a rarity, it attracts attention, very few people +make use of the sewers for their affairs, while the river belongs to +everybody. The river is the true grave. At the end of a month they fish +up your man in the nets at Saint-Cloud. Well, what does one care for +that? It’s carrion! Who killed that man? Paris. And justice makes no +inquiries. You have done well.” + + +The more loquacious ThĂ©nardier became, the more mute was Jean Valjean. + +Again ThĂ©nardier shook him by the shoulder. + +“Now let’s settle this business. Let’s go shares. You have seen my key, +show me your money.” + + +ThĂ©nardier was haggard, fierce, suspicious, rather menacing, yet +amicable. + +There was one singular circumstance; ThĂ©nardier’s manners were not +simple; he had not the air of being wholly at his ease; while affecting +an air of mystery, he spoke low; from time to time he laid his finger +on his mouth, and muttered, “hush!” It was difficult to divine why. +There was no one there except themselves. Jean Valjean thought that +other ruffians might possibly be concealed in some nook, not very far +off, and that ThĂ©nardier did not care to share with them. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed: + +“Let’s settle up. How much did the stiff have in his bags?” + + +Jean Valjean searched his pockets. + +It was his habit, as the reader will remember, to always have some +money about him. The mournful life of expedients to which he had been +condemned imposed this as a law upon him. On this occasion, however, he +had been caught unprepared. When donning his uniform of a National +Guardsman on the preceding evening, he had forgotten, dolefully +absorbed as he was, to take his pocket-book. He had only some small +change in his fob. He turned out his pocket, all soaked with ooze, and +spread out on the banquette of the vault one louis d’or, two five-franc +pieces, and five or six large sous. + +ThĂ©nardier thrust out his lower lip with a significant twist of the +neck. + +“You knocked him over cheap,” said he. + +He set to feeling the pockets of Jean Valjean and Marius, with the +greatest familiarity. Jean Valjean, who was chiefly concerned in +keeping his back to the light, let him have his way. + +While handling Marius’ coat, ThĂ©nardier, with the skill of a +pickpocket, and without being noticed by Jean Valjean, tore off a strip +which he concealed under his blouse, probably thinking that this morsel +of stuff might serve, later on, to identify the assassinated man and +the assassin. However, he found no more than the thirty francs. + +“That’s true,” said he, “both of you together have no more than that.” + + +And, forgetting his motto: “half shares,” he took all. + +He hesitated a little over the large sous. After due reflection, he +took them also, muttering: + +“Never mind! You cut folks’ throats too cheap altogether.” + + +That done, he once more drew the big key from under his blouse. + +“Now, my friend, you must leave. It’s like the fair here, you pay when +you go out. You have paid, now clear out.” + + +And he began to laugh. + +Had he, in lending to this stranger the aid of his key, and in making +some other man than himself emerge from that portal, the pure and +disinterested intention of rescuing an assassin? We may be permitted to +doubt this. + +ThĂ©nardier helped Jean Valjean to replace Marius on his shoulders, then +he betook himself to the grating on tiptoe, and barefooted, making Jean +Valjean a sign to follow him, looked out, laid his finger on his mouth, +and remained for several seconds, as though in suspense; his inspection +finished, he placed the key in the lock. The bolt slipped back and the +gate swung open. It neither grated nor squeaked. It moved very softly. + +It was obvious that this gate and those hinges, carefully oiled, were +in the habit of opening more frequently than was supposed. This +softness was suspicious; it hinted at furtive goings and comings, +silent entrances and exits of nocturnal men, and the wolf-like tread of +crime. + +The sewer was evidently an accomplice of some mysterious band. This +taciturn grating was a receiver of stolen goods. + +ThĂ©nardier opened the gate a little way, allowing just sufficient space +for Jean Valjean to pass out, closed the grating again, gave the key a +double turn in the lock and plunged back into the darkness, without +making any more noise than a breath. He seemed to walk with the velvet +paws of a tiger. + +A moment later, that hideous providence had retreated into the +invisibility. + +Jean Valjean found himself in the open air. + + + + +CHAPTER IX—MARIUS PRODUCES ON SOME ONE WHO IS A JUDGE OF THE MATTER, +THE EFFECT OF BEING DEAD + + +He allowed Marius to slide down upon the shore. + +They were in the open air! + +The miasmas, darkness, horror lay behind him. The pure, healthful, +living, joyous air that was easy to breathe inundated him. Everywhere +around him reigned silence, but that charming silence when the sun has +set in an unclouded azure sky. Twilight had descended; night was +drawing on, the great deliverer, the friend of all those who need a +mantle of darkness that they may escape from an anguish. The sky +presented itself in all directions like an enormous calm. The river +flowed to his feet with the sound of a kiss. The aerial dialogue of the +nests bidding each other good night in the elms of the Champs-ÉlysĂ©es +was audible. A few stars, daintily piercing the pale blue of the +zenith, and visible to reverie alone, formed imperceptible little +splendors amid the immensity. Evening was unfolding over the head of +Jean Valjean all the sweetness of the infinite. + +It was that exquisite and undecided hour which says neither yes nor no. +Night was already sufficiently advanced to render it possible to lose +oneself at a little distance and yet there was sufficient daylight to +permit of recognition at close quarters. + +For several seconds, Jean Valjean was irresistibly overcome by that +august and caressing serenity; such moments of oblivion do come to men; +suffering refrains from harassing the unhappy wretch; everything is +eclipsed in the thoughts; peace broods over the dreamer like night; +and, beneath the twilight which beams and in imitation of the sky which +is illuminated, the soul becomes studded with stars. Jean Valjean could +not refrain from contemplating that vast, clear shadow which rested +over him; thoughtfully he bathed in the sea of ecstasy and prayer in +the majestic silence of the eternal heavens. Then he bent down swiftly +to Marius, as though the sentiment of duty had returned to him, and, +dipping up water in the hollow of his hand, he gently sprinkled a few +drops on the latter’s face. Marius’ eyelids did not open; but his +half-open mouth still breathed. + +Jean Valjean was on the point of dipping his hand in the river once +more, when, all at once, he experienced an indescribable embarrassment, +such as a person feels when there is some one behind him whom he does +not see. + +We have already alluded to this impression, with which everyone is +familiar. + +He turned round. + +Some one was, in fact, behind him, as there had been a short while +before. + +A man of lofty stature, enveloped in a long coat, with folded arms, and +bearing in his right fist a bludgeon of which the leaden head was +visible, stood a few paces in the rear of the spot where Jean Valjean +was crouching over Marius. + +With the aid of the darkness, it seemed a sort of apparition. An +ordinary man would have been alarmed because of the twilight, a +thoughtful man on account of the bludgeon. Jean Valjean recognized +Javert. + +The reader has divined, no doubt, that ThĂ©nardier’s pursuer was no +other than Javert. Javert, after his unlooked-for escape from the +barricade, had betaken himself to the prefecture of police, had +rendered a verbal account to the Prefect in person in a brief audience, +had then immediately gone on duty again, which implied—the note, the +reader will recollect, which had been captured on his person—a certain +surveillance of the shore on the right bank of the Seine near the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, which had, for some time past, aroused the attention of +the police. There he had caught sight of ThĂ©nardier and had followed +him. The reader knows the rest. + +Thus it will be easily understood that that grating, so obligingly +opened to Jean Valjean, was a bit of cleverness on ThĂ©nardier’s part. +ThĂ©nardier intuitively felt that Javert was still there; the man spied +upon has a scent which never deceives him; it was necessary to fling a +bone to that sleuth-hound. An assassin, what a godsend! Such an +opportunity must never be allowed to slip. ThĂ©nardier, by putting Jean +Valjean outside in his stead, provided a prey for the police, forced +them to relinquish his scent, made them forget him in a bigger +adventure, repaid Javert for his waiting, which always flatters a spy, +earned thirty francs, and counted with certainty, so far as he himself +was concerned, on escaping with the aid of this diversion. + +Jean Valjean had fallen from one danger upon another. + +These two encounters, this falling one after the other, from ThĂ©nardier +upon Javert, was a rude shock. + +Javert did not recognize Jean Valjean, who, as we have stated, no +longer looked like himself. He did not unfold his arms, he made sure of +his bludgeon in his fist, by an imperceptible movement, and said in a +curt, calm voice: + +“Who are you?” + + +“I.” + + +“Who is ‘I’?” + + +“Jean Valjean.” + + +Javert thrust his bludgeon between his teeth, bent his knees, inclined +his body, laid his two powerful hands on the shoulders of Jean Valjean, +which were clamped within them as in a couple of vices, scrutinized +him, and recognized him. Their faces almost touched. Javert’s look was +terrible. + +Jean Valjean remained inert beneath Javert’s grasp, like a lion +submitting to the claws of a lynx. + +“Inspector Javert,” said he, “you have me in your power. Moreover, I +have regarded myself as your prisoner ever since this morning. I did +not give you my address with any intention of escaping from you. Take +me. Only grant me one favor.” + + +Javert did not appear to hear him. He kept his eyes riveted on Jean +Valjean. His chin being contracted, thrust his lips upwards towards his +nose, a sign of savage reverie. At length he released Jean Valjean, +straightened himself stiffly up without bending, grasped his bludgeon +again firmly, and, as though in a dream, he murmured rather than +uttered this question: + +“What are you doing here? And who is this man?” + + +He still abstained from addressing Jean Valjean as _thou_. + +Jean Valjean replied, and the sound of his voice appeared to rouse +Javert: + +“It is with regard to him that I desire to speak to you. Dispose of me +as you see fit; but first help me to carry him home. That is all that I +ask of you.” + + +Javert’s face contracted as was always the case when any one seemed to +think him capable of making a concession. Nevertheless, he did not say +“no.” + + +Again he bent over, drew from his pocket a handkerchief which he +moistened in the water and with which he then wiped Marius’ +blood-stained brow. + +“This man was at the barricade,” said he in a low voice and as though +speaking to himself. “He is the one they called Marius.” + + +A spy of the first quality, who had observed everything, listened to +everything, and taken in everything, even when he thought that he was +to die; who had played the spy even in his agony, and who, with his +elbows leaning on the first step of the sepulchre, had taken notes. + +He seized Marius’ hand and felt his pulse. + +“He is wounded,” said Jean Valjean. + +“He is a dead man,” said Javert. + +Jean Valjean replied: + +“No. Not yet.” + + +“So you have brought him thither from the barricade?” remarked Javert. + +His preoccupation must indeed have been very profound for him not to +insist on this alarming rescue through the sewer, and for him not to +even notice Jean Valjean’s silence after his question. + +Jean Valjean, on his side, seemed to have but one thought. He resumed: + +“He lives in the Marais, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, with his +grandfather. I do not recollect his name.” + + +Jean Valjean fumbled in Marius’ coat, pulled out his pocket-book, +opened it at the page which Marius had pencilled, and held it out to +Javert. + +There was still sufficient light to admit of reading. Besides this, +Javert possessed in his eye the feline phosphorescence of night birds. +He deciphered the few lines written by Marius, and muttered: +“Gillenormand, Rue des Filles-du Calvaire, No. 6.” + + +Then he exclaimed: “Coachman!” + + +The reader will remember that the hackney-coach was waiting in case of +need. + +Javert kept Marius’ pocket-book. + +A moment later, the carriage, which had descended by the inclined plane +of the watering-place, was on the shore. Marius was laid upon the back +seat, and Javert seated himself on the front seat beside Jean Valjean. + +The door slammed, and the carriage drove rapidly away, ascending the +quays in the direction of the Bastille. + +They quitted the quays and entered the streets. The coachman, a black +form on his box, whipped up his thin horses. A glacial silence reigned +in the carriage. Marius, motionless, with his body resting in the +corner, and his head drooping on his breast, his arms hanging, his legs +stiff, seemed to be awaiting only a coffin; Jean Valjean seemed made of +shadow, and Javert of stone, and in that vehicle full of night, whose +interior, every time that it passed in front of a street lantern, +appeared to be turned lividly wan, as by an intermittent flash of +lightning, chance had united and seemed to be bringing face to face the +three forms of tragic immobility, the corpse, the spectre, and the +statue. + + + + +CHAPTER X—RETURN OF THE SON WHO WAS PRODIGAL OF HIS LIFE + + +At every jolt over the pavement, a drop of blood trickled from Marius’ +hair. + +Night had fully closed in when the carriage arrived at No. 6, Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire. + +Javert was the first to alight; he made sure with one glance of the +number on the carriage gate, and, raising the heavy knocker of beaten +iron, embellished in the old style, with a male goat and a satyr +confronting each other, he gave a violent peal. The gate opened a +little way and Javert gave it a push. The porter half made his +appearance yawning, vaguely awake, and with a candle in his hand. + +Everyone in the house was asleep. People go to bed betimes in the +Marais, especially on days when there is a revolt. This good, old +quarter, terrified at the Revolution, takes refuge in slumber, as +children, when they hear the Bugaboo coming, hide their heads hastily +under their coverlet. + +In the meantime Jean Valjean and the coachman had taken Marius out of +the carriage, Jean Valjean supporting him under the armpits, and the +coachman under the knees. + +As they thus bore Marius, Jean Valjean slipped his hand under the +latter’s clothes, which were broadly rent, felt his breast, and assured +himself that his heart was still beating. It was even beating a little +less feebly, as though the movement of the carriage had brought about a +certain fresh access of life. + +Javert addressed the porter in a tone befitting the government, and the +presence of the porter of a factious person. + +“Some person whose name is Gillenormand?” + + +“Here. What do you want with him?” + + +“His son is brought back.” + + +“His son?” said the porter stupidly. + +“He is dead.” + + +Jean Valjean, who, soiled and tattered, stood behind Javert, and whom +the porter was surveying with some horror, made a sign to him with his +head that this was not so. + +The porter did not appear to understand either Javert’s words or Jean +Valjean’s sign. + +Javert continued: + +“He went to the barricade, and here he is.” + + +“To the barricade?” ejaculated the porter. + +“He has got himself killed. Go waken his father.” + + +The porter did not stir. + +“Go along with you!” repeated Javert. + +And he added: + +“There will be a funeral here to-morrow.” + + +For Javert, the usual incidents of the public highway were +categorically classed, which is the beginning of foresight and +surveillance, and each contingency had its own compartment; all +possible facts were arranged in drawers, as it were, whence they +emerged on occasion, in variable quantities; in the street, uproar, +revolt, carnival, and funeral. + +The porter contented himself with waking Basque. Basque woke Nicolette; +Nicolette roused great-aunt Gillenormand. + +As for the grandfather, they let him sleep on, thinking that he would +hear about the matter early enough in any case. + +Marius was carried up to the first floor, without any one in the other +parts of the house being aware of the fact, and deposited on an old +sofa in M. Gillenormand’s antechamber; and while Basque went in search +of a physician, and while Nicolette opened the linen-presses, Jean +Valjean felt Javert touch him on the shoulder. He understood and +descended the stairs, having behind him the step of Javert who was +following him. + +The porter watched them take their departure as he had watched their +arrival, in terrified somnolence. + +They entered the carriage once more, and the coachman mounted his box. + +“Inspector Javert,” said Jean, “grant me yet another favor.” + + +“What is it?” demanded Javert roughly. + +“Let me go home for one instant. Then you shall do whatever you like +with me.” + + +Javert remained silent for a few moments, with his chin drawn back into +the collar of his great-coat, then he lowered the glass and front: + +“Driver,” said he, “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. 7.” + + + + + +CHAPTER XI—CONCUSSION IN THE ABSOLUTE + + +They did not open their lips again during the whole space of their +ride. + +What did Jean Valjean want? To finish what he had begun; to warn +Cosette, to tell her where Marius was, to give her, possibly, some +other useful information, to take, if he could, certain final measures. +As for himself, so far as he was personally concerned, all was over; he +had been seized by Javert and had not resisted; any other man than +himself in like situation would, perhaps, have had some vague thoughts +connected with the rope which ThĂ©nardier had given him, and of the bars +of the first cell that he should enter; but, let us impress it upon the +reader, after the Bishop, there had existed in Jean Valjean a profound +hesitation in the presence of any violence, even when directed against +himself. + +Suicide, that mysterious act of violence against the unknown which may +contain, in a measure, the death of the soul, was impossible to Jean +Valjean. + +At the entrance to the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, the carriage halted, the +way being too narrow to admit of the entrance of vehicles. Javert and +Jean Valjean alighted. + +The coachman humbly represented to “monsieur l’Inspecteur,” that the +Utrecht velvet of his carriage was all spotted with the blood of the +assassinated man, and with mire from the assassin. That is the way he +understood it. He added that an indemnity was due him. At the same +time, drawing his certificate book from his pocket, he begged the +inspector to have the goodness to write him “a bit of an attestation.” + + +Javert thrust aside the book which the coachman held out to him, and +said: + +“How much do you want, including your time of waiting and the drive?” + + +“It comes to seven hours and a quarter,” replied the man, “and my +velvet was perfectly new. Eighty francs, Mr. Inspector.” + + +Javert drew four napoleons from his pocket and dismissed the carriage. + +Jean Valjean fancied that it was Javert’s intention to conduct him on +foot to the post of the Blancs-Manteaux or to the post of the Archives, +both of which are close at hand. + +They entered the street. It was deserted as usual. Javert followed Jean +Valjean. They reached No. 7. Jean Valjean knocked. The door opened. + +“It is well,” said Javert. “Go upstairs.” + + +He added with a strange expression, and as though he were exerting an +effort in speaking in this manner: + +“I will wait for you here.” + + +Jean Valjean looked at Javert. This mode of procedure was but little in +accord with Javert’s habits. However, he could not be greatly surprised +that Javert should now have a sort of haughty confidence in him, the +confidence of the cat which grants the mouse liberty to the length of +its claws, seeing that Jean Valjean had made up his mind to surrender +himself and to make an end of it. He pushed open the door, entered the +house, called to the porter who was in bed and who had pulled the cord +from his couch: “It is I!” and ascended the stairs. + +On arriving at the first floor, he paused. All sorrowful roads have +their stations. The window on the landing-place, which was a +sash-window, was open. As in many ancient houses, the staircase got its +light from without and had a view on the street. The street-lantern, +situated directly opposite, cast some light on the stairs, and thus +effected some economy in illumination. + +Jean Valjean, either for the sake of getting the air, or mechanically, +thrust his head out of this window. He leaned out over the street. It +is short, and the lantern lighted it from end to end. Jean Valjean was +overwhelmed with amazement; there was no longer any one there. + +Javert had taken his departure. + + + + +CHAPTER XII—THE GRANDFATHER + + +Basque and the porter had carried Marius into the drawing-room, as he +still lay stretched out, motionless, on the sofa upon which he had been +placed on his arrival. The doctor who had been sent for had hastened +thither. Aunt Gillenormand had risen. + +Aunt Gillenormand went and came, in affright, wringing her hands and +incapable of doing anything but saying: “Heavens! is it possible?” At +times she added: “Everything will be covered with blood.” When her +first horror had passed off, a certain philosophy of the situation +penetrated her mind, and took form in the exclamation: “It was bound to +end in this way!” She did not go so far as: “I told you so!” which is +customary on this sort of occasion. At the physician’s orders, a camp +bed had been prepared beside the sofa. The doctor examined Marius, and +after having found that his pulse was still beating, that the wounded +man had no very deep wound on his breast, and that the blood on the +corners of his lips proceeded from his nostrils, he had him placed flat +on the bed, without a pillow, with his head on the same level as his +body, and even a trifle lower, and with his bust bare in order to +facilitate respiration. Mademoiselle Gillenormand, on perceiving that +they were undressing Marius, withdrew. She set herself to telling her +beads in her own chamber. + +The trunk had not suffered any internal injury; a bullet, deadened by +the pocket-book, had turned aside and made the tour of his ribs with a +hideous laceration, which was of no great depth, and consequently, not +dangerous. The long, underground journey had completed the dislocation +of the broken collar-bone, and the disorder there was serious. The arms +had been slashed with sabre cuts. Not a single scar disfigured his +face; but his head was fairly covered with cuts; what would be the +result of these wounds on the head? Would they stop short at the hairy +cuticle, or would they attack the brain? As yet, this could not be +decided. A grave symptom was that they had caused a swoon, and that +people do not always recover from such swoons. Moreover, the wounded +man had been exhausted by hemorrhage. From the waist down, the +barricade had protected the lower part of the body from injury. + +Basque and Nicolette tore up linen and prepared bandages; Nicolette +sewed them, Basque rolled them. As lint was lacking, the doctor, for +the time being, arrested the bleeding with layers of wadding. Beside +the bed, three candles burned on a table where the case of surgical +instruments lay spread out. The doctor bathed Marius’ face and hair +with cold water. A full pail was reddened in an instant. The porter, +candle in hand, lighted them. + +The doctor seemed to be pondering sadly. From time to time, he made a +negative sign with his head, as though replying to some question which +he had inwardly addressed to himself. + +A bad sign for the sick man are these mysterious dialogues of the +doctor with himself. + +At the moment when the doctor was wiping Marius’ face, and lightly +touching his still closed eyes with his finger, a door opened at the +end of the drawing-room, and a long, pallid figure made its appearance. + +This was the grandfather. + +The revolt had, for the past two days, deeply agitated, enraged and +engrossed the mind of M. Gillenormand. He had not been able to sleep on +the previous night, and he had been in a fever all day long. In the +evening, he had gone to bed very early, recommending that everything in +the house should be well barred, and he had fallen into a doze through +sheer fatigue. + +Old men sleep lightly; M. Gillenormand’s chamber adjoined the +drawing-room, and in spite of all the precautions that had been taken, +the noise had awakened him. Surprised at the rift of light which he saw +under his door, he had risen from his bed, and had groped his way +thither. + +He stood astonished on the threshold, one hand on the handle of the +half-open door, with his head bent a little forward and quivering, his +body wrapped in a white dressing-gown, which was straight and as +destitute of folds as a winding-sheet; and he had the air of a phantom +who is gazing into a tomb. + +He saw the bed, and on the mattress that young man, bleeding, white +with a waxen whiteness, with closed eyes and gaping mouth, and pallid +lips, stripped to the waist, slashed all over with crimson wounds, +motionless and brilliantly lighted up. + +The grandfather trembled from head to foot as powerfully as ossified +limbs can tremble, his eyes, whose corneĂŠ were yellow on account of his +great age, were veiled in a sort of vitreous glitter, his whole face +assumed in an instant the earthy angles of a skull, his arms fell +pendent, as though a spring had broken, and his amazement was betrayed +by the outspreading of the fingers of his two aged hands, which +quivered all over, his knees formed an angle in front, allowing, +through the opening in his dressing-gown, a view of his poor bare legs, +all bristling with white hairs, and he murmured: + +“Marius!” + + +“Sir,” said Basque, “Monsieur has just been brought back. He went to +the barricade, and....” + + +“He is dead!” cried the old man in a terrible voice. “Ah! The rascal!” + + +Then a sort of sepulchral transformation straightened up this +centenarian as erect as a young man. + +“Sir,” said he, “you are the doctor. Begin by telling me one thing. He +is dead, is he not?” + + +The doctor, who was at the highest pitch of anxiety, remained silent. + +M. Gillenormand wrung his hands with an outburst of terrible laughter. + +“He is dead! He is dead! He is dead! He has got himself killed on the +barricades! Out of hatred to me! He did that to spite me! Ah! You +blood-drinker! This is the way he returns to me! Misery of my life, he +is dead!” + + +He went to the window, threw it wide open as though he were stifling, +and, erect before the darkness, he began to talk into the street, to +the night: + +“Pierced, sabred, exterminated, slashed, hacked in pieces! Just look at +that, the villain! He knew well that I was waiting for him, and that I +had had his room arranged, and that I had placed at the head of my bed +his portrait taken when he was a little child! He knew well that he had +only to come back, and that I had been recalling him for years, and +that I remained by my fireside, with my hands on my knees, not knowing +what to do, and that I was mad over it! You knew well, that you had but +to return and to say: ‘It is I,’ and you would have been the master of +the house, and that I should have obeyed you, and that you could have +done whatever you pleased with your old numskull of a grandfather! you +knew that well, and you said: + +“No, he is a Royalist, I will not go! And you went to the barricades, +and you got yourself killed out of malice! To revenge yourself for what +I said to you about Monsieur le Duc de Berry. It is infamous! Go to bed +then and sleep tranquilly! he is dead, and this is my awakening.” + + +The doctor, who was beginning to be uneasy in both quarters, quitted +Marius for a moment, went to M. Gillenormand, and took his arm. The +grandfather turned round, gazed at him with eyes which seemed +exaggerated in size and bloodshot, and said to him calmly: + +“I thank you, sir. I am composed, I am a man, I witnessed the death of +Louis XVI., I know how to bear events. One thing is terrible and that +is to think that it is your newspapers which do all the mischief. You +will have scribblers, chatterers, lawyers, orators, tribunes, +discussions, progress, enlightenment, the rights of man, the liberty of +the press, and this is the way that your children will be brought home +to you. Ah! Marius! It is abominable! Killed! Dead before me! A +barricade! Ah, the scamp! Doctor, you live in this quarter, I believe? +Oh! I know you well. I see your cabriolet pass my window. I am going to +tell you. You are wrong to think that I am angry. One does not fly into +a rage against a dead man. That would be stupid. This is a child whom I +have reared. I was already old while he was very young. He played in +the Tuileries garden with his little shovel and his little chair, and +in order that the inspectors might not grumble, I stopped up the holes +that he made in the earth with his shovel, with my cane. One day he +exclaimed: Down with Louis XVIII.! and off he went. It was no fault of +mine. He was all rosy and blond. His mother is dead. Have you ever +noticed that all little children are blond? Why is it so? He is the son +of one of those brigands of the Loire, but children are innocent of +their fathers’ crimes. I remember when he was no higher than that. He +could not manage to pronounce his Ds. He had a way of talking that was +so sweet and indistinct that you would have thought it was a bird +chirping. I remember that once, in front of the Hercules Farnese, +people formed a circle to admire him and marvel at him, he was so +handsome, was that child! He had a head such as you see in pictures. I +talked in a deep voice, and I frightened him with my cane, but he knew +very well that it was only to make him laugh. In the morning, when he +entered my room, I grumbled, but he was like the sunlight to me, all +the same. One cannot defend oneself against those brats. They take hold +of you, they hold you fast, they never let you go again. The truth is, +that there never was a cupid like that child. Now, what can you say for +your Lafayettes, your Benjamin Constants, and your Tirecuir de +Corcelles who have killed him? This cannot be allowed to pass in this +fashion.” + + +He approached Marius, who still lay livid and motionless, and to whom +the physician had returned, and began once more to wring his hands. The +old man’s pallid lips moved as though mechanically, and permitted the +passage of words that were barely audible, like breaths in the death +agony: + +“Ah! heartless lad! Ah! clubbist! Ah! wretch! Ah! Septembrist!” + + +Reproaches in the low voice of an agonizing man, addressed to a corpse. + +Little by little, as it is always indispensable that internal eruptions +should come to the light, the sequence of words returned, but the +grandfather appeared no longer to have the strength to utter them, his +voice was so weak, and extinct, that it seemed to come from the other +side of an abyss: + +“It is all the same to me, I am going to die too, that I am. And to +think that there is not a hussy in Paris who would not have been +delighted to make this wretch happy! A scamp who, instead of amusing +himself and enjoying life, went off to fight and get himself shot down +like a brute! And for whom? Why? For the Republic! Instead of going to +dance at the ChaumiĂšre, as it is the duty of young folks to do! What’s +the use of being twenty years old? The Republic, a cursed pretty folly! +Poor mothers, beget fine boys, do! Come, he is dead. That will make two +funerals under the same carriage gate. So you have got yourself +arranged like this for the sake of General Lamarque’s handsome eyes! +What had that General Lamarque done to you? A slasher! A chatter-box! +To get oneself killed for a dead man! If that isn’t enough to drive any +one mad! Just think of it! At twenty! And without so much as turning +his head to see whether he was not leaving something behind him! That’s +the way poor, good old fellows are forced to die alone, nowadays. +Perish in your corner, owl! Well, after all, so much the better, that +is what I was hoping for, this will kill me on the spot. I am too old, +I am a hundred years old, I am a hundred thousand years old, I ought, +by rights, to have been dead long ago. This blow puts an end to it. So +all is over, what happiness! What is the good of making him inhale +ammonia and all that parcel of drugs? You are wasting your trouble, you +fool of a doctor! Come, he’s dead, completely dead. I know all about +it, I am dead myself too. He hasn’t done things by half. Yes, this age +is infamous, infamous and that’s what I think of you, of your ideas, of +your systems, of your masters, of your oracles, of your doctors, of +your scape-graces of writers, of your rascally philosophers, and of all +the revolutions which, for the last sixty years, have been frightening +the flocks of crows in the Tuileries! But you were pitiless in getting +yourself killed like this, I shall not even grieve over your death, do +you understand, you assassin?” + + +At that moment, Marius slowly opened his eyes, and his glance, still +dimmed by lethargic wonder, rested on M. Gillenormand. + +“Marius!” cried the old man. “Marius! My little Marius! my child! my +well-beloved son! You open your eyes, you gaze upon me, you are alive, +thanks!” + + +And he fell fainting. + + + + +BOOK FOURTH—JAVERT DERAILED + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Javert passed slowly down the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +He walked with drooping head for the first time in his life, and +likewise, for the first time in his life, with his hands behind his +back. + +Up to that day, Javert had borrowed from Napoleon’s attitudes, only +that which is expressive of resolution, with arms folded across the +chest; that which is expressive of uncertainty—with the hands behind +the back—had been unknown to him. Now, a change had taken place; his +whole person, slow and sombre, was stamped with anxiety. + +He plunged into the silent streets. + +Nevertheless, he followed one given direction. + +He took the shortest cut to the Seine, reached the Quai des Ormes, +skirted the quay, passed the GrĂšve, and halted at some distance from +the post of the Place du ChĂątelet, at the angle of the Pont Notre-Dame. +There, between the Notre-Dame and the Pont au Change on the one hand, +and the Quai de la MĂ©gisserie and the Quai aux Fleurs on the other, the +Seine forms a sort of square lake, traversed by a rapid. + +This point of the Seine is dreaded by mariners. Nothing is more +dangerous than this rapid, hemmed in, at that epoch, and irritated by +the piles of the mill on the bridge, now demolished. The two bridges, +situated thus close together, augment the peril; the water hurries in +formidable wise through the arches. It rolls in vast and terrible +waves; it accumulates and piles up there; the flood attacks the piles +of the bridges as though in an effort to pluck them up with great +liquid ropes. Men who fall in there never reappear; the best of +swimmers are drowned there. + +Javert leaned both elbows on the parapet, his chin resting in both +hands, and, while his nails were mechanically twined in the abundance +of his whiskers, he meditated. + +A novelty, a revolution, a catastrophe had just taken place in the +depths of his being; and he had something upon which to examine +himself. + +Javert was undergoing horrible suffering. + +For several hours, Javert had ceased to be simple. He was troubled; +that brain, so limpid in its blindness, had lost its transparency; that +crystal was clouded. Javert felt duty divided within his conscience, +and he could not conceal the fact from himself. When he had so +unexpectedly encountered Jean Valjean on the banks of the Seine, there +had been in him something of the wolf which regains his grip on his +prey, and of the dog who finds his master again. + +He beheld before him two paths, both equally straight, but he beheld +two; and that terrified him; him, who had never in all his life known +more than one straight line. And, the poignant anguish lay in this, +that the two paths were contrary to each other. One of these straight +lines excluded the other. Which of the two was the true one? + +His situation was indescribable. + +To owe his life to a malefactor, to accept that debt and to repay it; +to be, in spite of himself, on a level with a fugitive from justice, +and to repay his service with another service; to allow it to be said +to him, “Go,” and to say to the latter in his turn: “Be free”; to +sacrifice to personal motives duty, that general obligation, and to be +conscious, in those personal motives, of something that was also +general, and, perchance, superior, to betray society in order to remain +true to his conscience; that all these absurdities should be realized +and should accumulate upon him,—this was what overwhelmed him. + +One thing had amazed him,—this was that Jean Valjean should have done +him a favor, and one thing petrified him,—that he, Javert, should have +done Jean Valjean a favor. + +Where did he stand? He sought to comprehend his position, and could no +longer find his bearings. + +What was he to do now? To deliver up Jean Valjean was bad; to leave +Jean Valjean at liberty was bad. In the first case, the man of +authority fell lower than the man of the galleys, in the second, a +convict rose above the law, and set his foot upon it. In both cases, +dishonor for him, Javert. There was disgrace in any resolution at which +he might arrive. Destiny has some extremities which rise +perpendicularly from the impossible, and beyond which life is no longer +anything but a precipice. Javert had reached one of those extremities. + +One of his anxieties consisted in being constrained to think. The very +violence of all these conflicting emotions forced him to it. Thought +was something to which he was unused, and which was peculiarly painful. + +In thought there always exists a certain amount of internal rebellion; +and it irritated him to have that within him. + +Thought on any subject whatever, outside of the restricted circle of +his functions, would have been for him in any case useless and a +fatigue; thought on the day which had just passed was a torture. +Nevertheless, it was indispensable that he should take a look into his +conscience, after such shocks, and render to himself an account of +himself. + +What he had just done made him shudder. He, Javert, had seen fit to +decide, contrary to all the regulations of the police, contrary to the +whole social and judicial organization, contrary to the entire code, +upon a release; this had suited him; he had substituted his own affairs +for the affairs of the public; was not this unjustifiable? Every time +that he brought himself face to face with this deed without a name +which he had committed, he trembled from head to foot. Upon what should +he decide? One sole resource remained to him; to return in all haste to +the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, and commit Jean Valjean to prison. It was +clear that that was what he ought to do. He could not. + +Something barred his way in that direction. + +Something? What? Is there in the world, anything outside of the +tribunals, executory sentences, the police and the authorities? Javert +was overwhelmed. + +A galley-slave sacred! A convict who could not be touched by the law! +And that the deed of Javert! + +Was it not a fearful thing that Javert and Jean Valjean, the man made +to proceed with vigor, the man made to submit,—that these two men who +were both the things of the law, should have come to such a pass, that +both of them had set themselves above the law? What then! such +enormities were to happen and no one was to be punished! Jean Valjean, +stronger than the whole social order, was to remain at liberty, and he, +Javert, was to go on eating the government’s bread! + +His reverie gradually became terrible. + +He might, athwart this reverie, have also reproached himself on the +subject of that insurgent who had been taken to the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire; but he never even thought of that. The lesser fault +was lost in the greater. Besides, that insurgent was, obviously, a dead +man, and, legally, death puts an end to pursuit. + +Jean Valjean was the load which weighed upon his spirit. + +Jean Valjean disconcerted him. All the axioms which had served him as +points of support all his life long, had crumbled away in the presence +of this man. Jean Valjean’s generosity towards him, Javert, crushed +him. Other facts which he now recalled, and which he had formerly +treated as lies and folly, now recurred to him as realities. M. +Madeleine reappeared behind Jean Valjean, and the two figures were +superposed in such fashion that they now formed but one, which was +venerable. Javert felt that something terrible was penetrating his +soul—admiration for a convict. Respect for a galley-slave—is that a +possible thing? He shuddered at it, yet could not escape from it. In +vain did he struggle, he was reduced to confess, in his inmost heart, +the sublimity of that wretch. This was odious. + +A benevolent malefactor, merciful, gentle, helpful, clement, a convict, +returning good for evil, giving back pardon for hatred, preferring pity +to vengeance, preferring to ruin himself rather than to ruin his enemy, +saving him who had smitten him, kneeling on the heights of virtue, more +nearly akin to an angel than to a man. Javert was constrained to admit +to himself that this monster existed. + +Things could not go on in this manner. + +Certainly, and we insist upon this point, he had not yielded without +resistance to that monster, to that infamous angel, to that hideous +hero, who enraged almost as much as he amazed him. Twenty times, as he +sat in that carriage face to face with Jean Valjean, the legal tiger +had roared within him. A score of times he had been tempted to fling +himself upon Jean Valjean, to seize him and devour him, that is to say, +to arrest him. What more simple, in fact? To cry out at the first post +that they passed:—“Here is a fugitive from justice, who has broken his +ban!” to summon the gendarmes and say to them: “This man is yours!” +then to go off, leaving that condemned man there, to ignore the rest +and not to meddle further in the matter. This man is forever a prisoner +of the law; the law may do with him what it will. What could be more +just? Javert had said all this to himself; he had wished to pass +beyond, to act, to apprehend the man, and then, as at present, he had +not been able to do it; and every time that his arm had been raised +convulsively towards Jean Valjean’s collar, his hand had fallen back +again, as beneath an enormous weight, and in the depths of his thought +he had heard a voice, a strange voice crying to him:—“It is well. +Deliver up your savior. Then have the basin of Pontius Pilate brought +and wash your claws.” + + +Then his reflections reverted to himself and beside Jean Valjean +glorified he beheld himself, Javert, degraded. + +A convict was his benefactor! + +But then, why had he permitted that man to leave him alive? He had the +right to be killed in that barricade. He should have asserted that +right. It would have been better to summon the other insurgents to his +succor against Jean Valjean, to get himself shot by force. + +His supreme anguish was the loss of certainty. He felt that he had been +uprooted. The code was no longer anything more than a stump in his +hand. He had to deal with scruples of an unknown species. There had +taken place within him a sentimental revelation entirely distinct from +legal affirmation, his only standard of measurement hitherto. To remain +in his former uprightness did not suffice. A whole order of unexpected +facts had cropped up and subjugated him. A whole new world was dawning +on his soul: kindness accepted and repaid, devotion, mercy, indulgence, +violences committed by pity on austerity, respect for persons, no more +definitive condemnation, no more conviction, the possibility of a tear +in the eye of the law, no one knows what justice according to God, +running in inverse sense to justice according to men. He perceived amid +the shadows the terrible rising of an unknown moral sun; it horrified +and dazzled him. An owl forced to the gaze of an eagle. + +He said to himself that it was true that there were exceptional cases, +that authority might be put out of countenance, that the rule might be +inadequate in the presence of a fact, that everything could not be +framed within the text of the code, that the unforeseen compelled +obedience, that the virtue of a convict might set a snare for the +virtue of the functionary, that destiny did indulge in such ambushes, +and he reflected with despair that he himself had not even been +fortified against a surprise. + +He was forced to acknowledge that goodness did exist. This convict had +been good. And he himself, unprecedented circumstance, had just been +good also. So he was becoming depraved. + +He found that he was a coward. He conceived a horror of himself. + +Javert’s ideal, was not to be human, to be grand, to be sublime; it was +to be irreproachable. + +Now, he had just failed in this. + +How had he come to such a pass? How had all this happened? He could not +have told himself. He clasped his head in both hands, but in spite of +all that he could do, he could not contrive to explain it to himself. + +He had certainly always entertained the intention of restoring Jean +Valjean to the law of which Jean Valjean was the captive, and of which +he, Javert, was the slave. Not for a single instant while he held him +in his grasp had he confessed to himself that he entertained the idea +of releasing him. It was, in some sort, without his consciousness, that +his hand had relaxed and had let him go free. + +All sorts of interrogation points flashed before his eyes. He put +questions to himself, and made replies to himself, and his replies +frightened him. He asked himself: “What has that convict done, that +desperate fellow, whom I have pursued even to persecution, and who has +had me under his foot, and who could have avenged himself, and who owed +it both to his rancor and to his safety, in leaving me my life, in +showing mercy upon me? His duty? No. Something more. And I in showing +mercy upon him in my turn—what have I done? My duty? No. Something +more. So there is something beyond duty?” Here he took fright; his +balance became disjointed; one of the scales fell into the abyss, the +other rose heavenward, and Javert was no less terrified by the one +which was on high than by the one which was below. Without being in the +least in the world what is called Voltairian or a philosopher, or +incredulous, being, on the contrary, respectful by instinct, towards +the established church, he knew it only as an august fragment of the +social whole; order was his dogma, and sufficed for him; ever since he +had attained to man’s estate and the rank of a functionary, he had +centred nearly all his religion in the police. Being,—and here we +employ words without the least irony and in their most serious +acceptation, being, as we have said, a spy as other men are priests. He +had a superior, M. Gisquet; up to that day he had never dreamed of that +other superior, God. + +This new chief, God, he became unexpectedly conscious of, and he felt +embarrassed by him. This unforeseen presence threw him off his +bearings; he did not know what to do with this superior, he, who was +not ignorant of the fact that the subordinate is bound always to bow, +that he must not disobey, nor find fault, nor discuss, and that, in the +presence of a superior who amazes him too greatly, the inferior has no +other resource than that of handing in his resignation. + +But how was he to set about handing in his resignation to God? + +However things might stand,—and it was to this point that he reverted +constantly,—one fact dominated everything else for him, and that was, +that he had just committed a terrible infraction of the law. He had +just shut his eyes on an escaped convict who had broken his ban. He had +just set a galley-slave at large. He had just robbed the laws of a man +who belonged to them. That was what he had done. He no longer +understood himself. The very reasons for his action escaped him; only +their vertigo was left with him. Up to that moment he had lived with +that blind faith which gloomy probity engenders. This faith had quitted +him, this probity had deserted him. All that he had believed in melted +away. Truths which he did not wish to recognize were besieging him, +inexorably. Henceforth, he must be a different man. He was suffering +from the strange pains of a conscience abruptly operated on for the +cataract. He saw that which it was repugnant to him to behold. He felt +himself emptied, useless, put out of joint with his past life, turned +out, dissolved. Authority was dead within him. He had no longer any +reason for existing. + +A terrible situation! to be touched. + +To be granite and to doubt! to be the statue of Chastisement cast in +one piece in the mould of the law, and suddenly to become aware of the +fact that one cherishes beneath one’s breast of bronze something absurd +and disobedient which almost resembles a heart! To come to the pass of +returning good for good, although one has said to oneself up to that +day that that good is evil! to be the watch-dog, and to lick the +intruder’s hand! to be ice and melt! to be the pincers and to turn into +a hand! to suddenly feel one’s fingers opening! to relax one’s +grip,—what a terrible thing! + +The man-projectile no longer acquainted with his route and retreating! + +To be obliged to confess this to oneself: infallibility is not +infallible, there may exist error in the dogma, all has not been said +when a code speaks, society is not perfect, authority is complicated +with vacillation, a crack is possible in the immutable, judges are but +men, the law may err, tribunals may make a mistake! to behold a rift in +the immense blue pane of the firmament! + +That which was passing in Javert was the Fampoux of a rectilinear +conscience, the derailment of a soul, the crushing of a probity which +had been irresistibly launched in a straight line and was breaking +against God. It certainly was singular that the stoker of order, that +the engineer of authority, mounted on the blind iron horse with its +rigid road, could be unseated by a flash of light! that the immovable, +the direct, the correct, the geometrical, the passive, the perfect, +could bend! that there should exist for the locomotive a road to +Damascus! + +God, always within man, and refractory, He, the true conscience, to the +false; a prohibition to the spark to die out; an order to the ray to +remember the sun; an injunction to the soul to recognize the veritable +absolute when confronted with the fictitious absolute, humanity which +cannot be lost; the human heart indestructible; that splendid +phenomenon, the finest, perhaps, of all our interior marvels, did +Javert understand this? Did Javert penetrate it? Did Javert account for +it to himself? Evidently he did not. But beneath the pressure of that +incontestable incomprehensibility he felt his brain bursting. + +He was less the man transfigured than the victim of this prodigy. In +all this he perceived only the tremendous difficulty of existence. It +seemed to him that, henceforth, his respiration was repressed forever. +He was not accustomed to having something unknown hanging over his +head. + +Up to this point, everything above him had been, to his gaze, merely a +smooth, limpid and simple surface; there was nothing incomprehensible, +nothing obscure; nothing that was not defined, regularly disposed, +linked, precise, circumscribed, exact, limited, closed, fully provided +for; authority was a plane surface; there was no fall in it, no +dizziness in its presence. Javert had never beheld the unknown except +from below. The irregular, the unforeseen, the disordered opening of +chaos, the possible slip over a precipice—this was the work of the +lower regions, of rebels, of the wicked, of wretches. Now Javert threw +himself back, and he was suddenly terrified by this unprecedented +apparition: a gulf on high. + +What! one was dismantled from top to bottom! one was disconcerted, +absolutely! In what could one trust! That which had been agreed upon +was giving way! What! the defect in society’s armor could be discovered +by a magnanimous wretch! What! an honest servitor of the law could +suddenly find himself caught between two crimes—the crime of allowing a +man to escape and the crime of arresting him! everything was not +settled in the orders given by the State to the functionary! There +might be blind alleys in duty! What,—all this was real! was it true +that an ex-ruffian, weighed down with convictions, could rise erect and +end by being in the right? Was this credible? were there cases in which +the law should retire before transfigured crime, and stammer its +excuses?—Yes, that was the state of the case! and Javert saw it! and +Javert had touched it! and not only could he not deny it, but he had +taken part in it. These were realities. It was abominable that actual +facts could reach such deformity. If facts did their duty, they would +confine themselves to being proofs of the law; facts—it is God who +sends them. Was anarchy, then, on the point of now descending from on +high? + +Thus,—and in the exaggeration of anguish, and the optical illusion of +consternation, all that might have corrected and restrained this +impression was effaced, and society, and the human race, and the +universe were, henceforth, summed up in his eyes, in one simple and +terrible feature,—thus the penal laws, the thing judged, the force due +to legislation, the decrees of the sovereign courts, the magistracy, +the government, prevention, repression, official cruelty, wisdom, legal +infallibility, the principle of authority, all the dogmas on which rest +political and civil security, sovereignty, justice, public truth, all +this was rubbish, a shapeless mass, chaos; he himself, Javert, the spy +of order, incorruptibility in the service of the police, the bull-dog +providence of society, vanquished and hurled to earth; and, erect, at +the summit of all that ruin, a man with a green cap on his head and a +halo round his brow; this was the astounding confusion to which he had +come; this was the fearful vision which he bore within his soul. + +Was this to be endured? No. + +A violent state, if ever such existed. There were only two ways of +escaping from it. One was to go resolutely to Jean Valjean, and restore +to his cell the convict from the galleys. The other.... + +Javert quitted the parapet, and, with head erect this time, betook +himself, with a firm tread, towards the station-house indicated by a +lantern at one of the corners of the Place du ChĂątelet. + +On arriving there, he saw through the window a sergeant of police, and +he entered. Policemen recognize each other by the very way in which +they open the door of a station-house. Javert mentioned his name, +showed his card to the sergeant, and seated himself at the table of the +post on which a candle was burning. On a table lay a pen, a leaden +inkstand and paper, provided in the event of possible reports and the +orders of the night patrols. This table, still completed by its +straw-seated chair, is an institution; it exists in all police +stations; it is invariably ornamented with a box-wood saucer filled +with sawdust and a wafer box of cardboard filled with red wafers, and +it forms the lowest stage of official style. It is there that the +literature of the State has its beginning. + +Javert took a pen and a sheet of paper, and began to write. This is +what he wrote: + +A FEW OBSERVATIONS FOR THE GOOD OF THE SERVICE. + +“In the first place: I beg Monsieur le PrĂ©fet to cast his eyes on +this. + +“Secondly: prisoners, on arriving after examination, take off their +shoes and stand barefoot on the flagstones while they are being +searched. Many of them cough on their return to prison. This entails +hospital expenses. + +“Thirdly: the mode of keeping track of a man with relays of police +agents from distance to distance, is good, but, on important occasions, +it is requisite that at least two agents should never lose sight of +each other, so that, in case one agent should, for any cause, grow weak +in his service, the other may supervise him and take his place. + +“Fourthly: it is inexplicable why the special regulation of the prison +of the Madelonettes interdicts the prisoner from having a chair, even +by paying for it. + +“Fifthly: in the Madelonettes there are only two bars to the canteen, +so that the canteen woman can touch the prisoners with her hand. + +“Sixthly: the prisoners called barkers, who summon the other prisoners +to the parlor, force the prisoner to pay them two sous to call his name +distinctly. This is a theft. + +“Seventhly: for a broken thread ten sous are withheld in the weaving +shop; this is an abuse of the contractor, since the cloth is none the +worse for it. + +“Eighthly: it is annoying for visitors to La Force to be obliged to +traverse the boys’ court in order to reach the parlor of +Sainte-Marie-l’Égyptienne. + +“Ninthly: it is a fact that any day gendarmes can be overheard +relating in the court-yard of the prefecture the interrogations put by +the magistrates to prisoners. For a gendarme, who should be sworn to +secrecy, to repeat what he has heard in the examination room is a grave +disorder. + +“Tenthly: Mme. Henry is an honest woman; her canteen is very neat; but +it is bad to have a woman keep the wicket to the mouse-trap of the +secret cells. This is unworthy of the Conciergerie of a great +civilization.” + + +Javert wrote these lines in his calmest and most correct chirography, +not omitting a single comma, and making the paper screech under his +pen. Below the last line he signed: + +“JAVERT, + +“Inspector of the 1st class. + +“The Post of the Place du ChĂątelet. + +“June 7th, 1832, about one o’clock in the morning.” + + + +Javert dried the fresh ink on the paper, folded it like a letter, +sealed it, wrote on the back: _Note for the administration_, left it on +the table, and quitted the post. The glazed and grated door fell to +behind him. + +Again he traversed the Place du ChĂątelet diagonally, regained the quay, +and returned with automatic precision to the very point which he had +abandoned a quarter of an hour previously, leaned on his elbows and +found himself again in the same attitude on the same paving-stone of +the parapet. He did not appear to have stirred. + +The darkness was complete. It was the sepulchral moment which follows +midnight. A ceiling of clouds concealed the stars. Not a single light +burned in the houses of the city; no one was passing; all of the +streets and quays which could be seen were deserted; Notre-Dame and the +towers of the Court-House seemed features of the night. A street +lantern reddened the margin of the quay. The outlines of the bridges +lay shapeless in the mist one behind the other. Recent rains had +swollen the river. + +The spot where Javert was leaning was, it will be remembered, situated +precisely over the rapids of the Seine, perpendicularly above that +formidable spiral of whirlpools which loose and knot themselves again +like an endless screw. + +Javert bent his head and gazed. All was black. Nothing was to be +distinguished. A sound of foam was audible; but the river could not be +seen. At moments, in that dizzy depth, a gleam of light appeared, and +undulated vaguely, water possessing the power of taking light, no one +knows whence, and converting it into a snake. The light vanished, and +all became indistinct once more. Immensity seemed thrown open there. +What lay below was not water, it was a gulf. The wall of the quay, +abrupt, confused, mingled with the vapors, instantly concealed from +sight, produced the effect of an escarpment of the infinite. Nothing +was to be seen, but the hostile chill of the water and the stale odor +of the wet stones could be felt. A fierce breath rose from this abyss. +The flood in the river, divined rather than perceived, the tragic +whispering of the waves, the melancholy vastness of the arches of the +bridge, the imaginable fall into that gloomy void, into all that shadow +was full of horror. + +Javert remained motionless for several minutes, gazing at this opening +of shadow; he considered the invisible with a fixity that resembled +attention. The water roared. All at once he took off his hat and placed +it on the edge of the quay. A moment later, a tall black figure, which +a belated passer-by in the distance might have taken for a phantom, +appeared erect upon the parapet of the quay, bent over towards the +Seine, then drew itself up again, and fell straight down into the +shadows; a dull splash followed; and the shadow alone was in the secret +of the convulsions of that obscure form which had disappeared beneath +the water. + + + + +BOOK FIFTH—GRANDSON AND GRANDFATHER + + + + +CHAPTER I—IN WHICH THE TREE WITH THE ZINC PLASTER APPEARS AGAIN + + +Some time after the events which we have just recorded, Sieur +Boulatruelle experienced a lively emotion. + +Sieur Boulatruelle was that road-mender of Montfermeil whom the reader +has already seen in the gloomy parts of this book. + +Boulatruelle, as the reader may, perchance, recall, was a man who was +occupied with divers and troublesome matters. He broke stones and +damaged travellers on the highway. + +Road-mender and thief as he was, he cherished one dream; he believed in +the treasures buried in the forest of Montfermeil. He hoped some day to +find the money in the earth at the foot of a tree; in the meanwhile, he +lived to search the pockets of passers-by. + +Nevertheless, for an instant, he was prudent. He had just escaped +neatly. He had been, as the reader is aware, picked up in Jondrette’s +garret in company with the other ruffians. Utility of a vice: his +drunkenness had been his salvation. The authorities had never been able +to make out whether he had been there in the quality of a robber or a +man who had been robbed. An order of _nolle prosequi_, founded on his +well authenticated state of intoxication on the evening of the ambush, +had set him at liberty. He had taken to his heels. He had returned to +his road from Gagny to Lagny, to make, under administrative +supervision, broken stone for the good of the state, with downcast +mien, in a very pensive mood, his ardor for theft somewhat cooled; but +he was addicted nonetheless tenderly to the wine which had recently +saved him. + +As for the lively emotion which he had experienced a short time after +his return to his road-mender’s turf-thatched cot, here it is: + +One morning, Boulatruelle, while on his way as was his wont, to his +work, and possibly also to his ambush, a little before daybreak caught +sight, through the branches of the trees, of a man, whose back alone he +saw, but the shape of whose shoulders, as it seemed to him at that +distance and in the early dusk, was not entirely unfamiliar to him. +Boulatruelle, although intoxicated, had a correct and lucid memory, a +defensive arm that is indispensable to any one who is at all in +conflict with legal order. + +“Where the deuce have I seen something like that man yonder?” he said +to himself. But he could make himself no answer, except that the man +resembled some one of whom his memory preserved a confused trace. + +However, apart from the identity which he could not manage to catch, +Boulatruelle put things together and made calculations. This man did +not belong in the country-side. He had just arrived there. On foot, +evidently. No public conveyance passes through Montfermeil at that +hour. He had walked all night. Whence came he? Not from a very great +distance; for he had neither haversack, nor bundle. From Paris, no +doubt. Why was he in these woods? why was he there at such an hour? +what had he come there for? + +Boulatruelle thought of the treasure. By dint of ransacking his memory, +he recalled in a vague way that he had already, many years before, had +a similar alarm in connection with a man who produced on him the effect +that he might well be this very individual. + +“By the deuce,” said Boulatruelle, “I’ll find him again. I’ll discover +the parish of that parishioner. This prowler of Patron-Minette has a +reason, and I’ll know it. People can’t have secrets in my forest if I +don’t have a finger in the pie.” + + +He took his pick-axe which was very sharply pointed. + +“There now,” he grumbled, “is something that will search the earth and +a man.” + + +And, as one knots one thread to another thread, he took up the line of +march at his best pace in the direction which the man must follow, and +set out across the thickets. + +When he had compassed a hundred strides, the day, which was already +beginning to break, came to his assistance. Footprints stamped in the +sand, weeds trodden down here and there, heather crushed, young +branches in the brushwood bent and in the act of straightening +themselves up again with the graceful deliberation of the arms of a +pretty woman who stretches herself when she wakes, pointed out to him a +sort of track. He followed it, then lost it. Time was flying. He +plunged deeper into the woods and came to a sort of eminence. An early +huntsman who was passing in the distance along a path, whistling the +air of Guillery, suggested to him the idea of climbing a tree. Old as +he was, he was agile. There stood close at hand a beech-tree of great +size, worthy of Tityrus and of Boulatruelle. Boulatruelle ascended the +beech as high as he was able. + +The idea was a good one. On scrutinizing the solitary waste on the side +where the forest is thoroughly entangled and wild, Boulatruelle +suddenly caught sight of his man. + +Hardly had he got his eye upon him when he lost sight of him. + +The man entered, or rather, glided into, an open glade, at a +considerable distance, masked by large trees, but with which +Boulatruelle was perfectly familiar, on account of having noticed, near +a large pile of porous stones, an ailing chestnut-tree bandaged with a +sheet of zinc nailed directly upon the bark. This glade was the one +which was formerly called the Blaru-bottom. The heap of stones, +destined for no one knows what employment, which was visible there +thirty years ago, is doubtless still there. Nothing equals a heap of +stones in longevity, unless it is a board fence. They are temporary +expedients. What a reason for lasting! + +Boulatruelle, with the rapidity of joy, dropped rather than descended +from the tree. The lair was unearthed, the question now was to seize +the beast. That famous treasure of his dreams was probably there. + +It was no small matter to reach that glade. By the beaten paths, which +indulge in a thousand teasing zigzags, it required a good quarter of an +hour. In a bee-line, through the underbrush, which is peculiarly dense, +very thorny, and very aggressive in that locality, a full half hour was +necessary. Boulatruelle committed the error of not comprehending this. +He believed in the straight line; a respectable optical illusion which +ruins many a man. The thicket, bristling as it was, struck him as the +best road. + +“Let’s take to the wolves’ Rue de Rivoli,” said he. + +Boulatruelle, accustomed to taking crooked courses, was on this +occasion guilty of the fault of going straight. + +He flung himself resolutely into the tangle of undergrowth. + +He had to deal with holly bushes, nettles, hawthorns, eglantines, +thistles, and very irascible brambles. He was much lacerated. + +At the bottom of the ravine he found water which he was obliged to +traverse. + +At last he reached the Blaru-bottom, after the lapse of forty minutes, +sweating, soaked, breathless, scratched, and ferocious. + +There was no one in the glade. Boulatruelle rushed to the heap of +stones. It was in its place. It had not been carried off. + +As for the man, he had vanished in the forest. He had made his escape. +Where? in what direction? into what thicket? Impossible to guess. + +And, heartrending to say, there, behind the pile of stones, in front of +the tree with the sheet of zinc, was freshly turned earth, a pick-axe, +abandoned or forgotten, and a hole. + +The hole was empty. + +“Thief!” shrieked Boulatruelle, shaking his fist at the horizon. + + + + +CHAPTER II—MARIUS, EMERGING FROM CIVIL WAR, MAKES READY FOR DOMESTIC +WAR + + +For a long time, Marius was neither dead nor alive. For many weeks he +lay in a fever accompanied by delirium, and by tolerably grave cerebral +symptoms, caused more by the shocks of the wounds on the head than by +the wounds themselves. + +He repeated Cosette’s name for whole nights in the melancholy loquacity +of fever, and with the sombre obstinacy of agony. The extent of some of +the lesions presented a serious danger, the suppuration of large wounds +being always liable to become re-absorbed, and consequently, to kill +the sick man, under certain atmospheric conditions; at every change of +weather, at the slightest storm, the physician was uneasy. + +“Above all things,” he repeated, “let the wounded man be subjected to +no emotion.” The dressing of the wounds was complicated and difficult, +the fixation of apparatus and bandages by cerecloths not having been +invented as yet, at that epoch. Nicolette used up a sheet “as big as +the ceiling,” as she put it, for lint. It was not without difficulty +that the chloruretted lotions and the nitrate of silver overcame the +gangrene. As long as there was any danger, M. Gillenormand, seated in +despair at his grandson’s pillow, was, like Marius, neither alive nor +dead. + +Every day, sometimes twice a day, a very well dressed gentleman with +white hair,—such was the description given by the porter,—came to +inquire about the wounded man, and left a large package of lint for the +dressings. + +Finally, on the 7th of September, four months to a day, after the +sorrowful night when he had been brought back to his grandfather in a +dying condition, the doctor declared that he would answer for Marius. +Convalescence began. But Marius was forced to remain for two months +more stretched out on a long chair, on account of the results called up +by the fracture of his collar-bone. There always is a last wound like +that which will not close, and which prolongs the dressings +indefinitely, to the great annoyance of the sick person. + +However, this long illness and this long convalescence saved him from +all pursuit. In France, there is no wrath, not even of a public +character, which six months will not extinguish. Revolts, in the +present state of society, are so much the fault of every one, that they +are followed by a certain necessity of shutting the eyes. + +Let us add, that the inexcusable Gisquet order, which enjoined doctors +to lodge information against the wounded, having outraged public +opinion, and not opinion alone, but the King first of all, the wounded +were covered and protected by this indignation; and, with the exception +of those who had been made prisoners in the very act of combat, the +councils of war did not dare to trouble any one. So Marius was left in +peace. + +M. Gillenormand first passed through all manner of anguish, and then +through every form of ecstasy. It was found difficult to prevent his +passing every night beside the wounded man; he had his big armchair +carried to Marius’ bedside; he required his daughter to take the finest +linen in the house for compresses and bandages. Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, like a sage and elderly person, contrived to spare the +fine linen, while allowing the grandfather to think that he was obeyed. +M. Gillenormand would not permit any one to explain to him, that for +the preparation of lint batiste is not nearly so good as coarse linen, +nor new linen as old linen. He was present at all the dressings of the +wounds from which Mademoiselle Gillenormand modestly absented herself. +When the dead flesh was cut away with scissors, he said: “AĂŻe! aĂŻe!” +Nothing was more touching than to see him with his gentle, senile +palsy, offer the wounded man a cup of his cooling-draught. He +overwhelmed the doctor with questions. He did not observe that he asked +the same ones over and over again. + +On the day when the doctor announced to him that Marius was out of +danger, the good man was in a delirium. He made his porter a present of +three louis. That evening, on his return to his own chamber, he danced +a gavotte, using his thumb and forefinger as castanets, and he sang the +following song: + +“Jeanne est nĂ©e Ă  FougĂšre “Amour, tu vis en elle; +Vrai nid d’une bergĂšre; Car c’est dans sa prunelle +J’adore son jupon, Que tu mets ton carquois. +Fripon. Narquois! + +“Moi, je la chante, et j’aime, +Plus que Diane mĂȘme, +Jeanne et ses durs tetons +Bretons.”61 + + +Then he knelt upon a chair, and Basque, who was watching him through +the half-open door, made sure that he was praying. + +Up to that time, he had not believed in God. + +At each succeeding phase of improvement, which became more and more +pronounced, the grandfather raved. He executed a multitude of +mechanical actions full of joy; he ascended and descended the stairs, +without knowing why. A pretty female neighbor was amazed one morning at +receiving a big bouquet; it was M. Gillenormand who had sent it to her. +The husband made a jealous scene. M. Gillenormand tried to draw +Nicolette upon his knees. He called Marius, “M. le Baron.” He shouted: +“Long live the Republic!” + + +Every moment, he kept asking the doctor: “Is he no longer in danger?” +He gazed upon Marius with the eyes of a grandmother. He brooded over +him while he ate. He no longer knew himself, he no longer rendered +himself an account of himself. Marius was the master of the house, +there was abdication in his joy, he was the grandson of his grandson. + +In the state of joy in which he then was, he was the most venerable of +children. In his fear lest he might fatigue or annoy the convalescent, +he stepped behind him to smile. He was content, joyous, delighted, +charming, young. His white locks added a gentle majesty to the gay +radiance of his visage. When grace is mingled with wrinkles, it is +adorable. There is an indescribable aurora in beaming old age. + +As for Marius, as he allowed them to dress his wounds and care for him, +he had but one fixed idea: Cosette. + +After the fever and delirium had left him, he did not again pronounce +her name, and it might have been supposed that he no longer thought of +her. He held his peace, precisely because his soul was there. + +He did not know what had become of Cosette; the whole affair of the Rue +de la Chanvrerie was like a cloud in his memory; shadows that were +almost indistinct, floated through his mind, Éponine, Gavroche, Mabeuf, +the ThĂ©nardiers, all his friends gloomily intermingled with the smoke +of the barricade; the strange passage of M. Fauchelevent through that +adventure produced on him the effect of a puzzle in a tempest; he +understood nothing connected with his own life, he did not know how nor +by whom he had been saved, and no one of those around him knew this; +all that they had been able to tell him was, that he had been brought +home at night in a hackney-coach, to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; +past, present, future were nothing more to him than the mist of a vague +idea; but in that fog there was one immovable point, one clear and +precise outline, something made of granite, a resolution, a will; to +find Cosette once more. For him, the idea of life was not distinct from +the idea of Cosette. He had decreed in his heart that he would not +accept the one without the other, and he was immovably resolved to +exact of any person whatever, who should desire to force him to +live,—from his grandfather, from fate, from hell,—the restitution of +his vanished Eden. + +He did not conceal from himself the fact that obstacles existed. + +Let us here emphasize one detail, he was not won over and was but +little softened by all the solicitude and tenderness of his +grandfather. In the first place, he was not in the secret; then, in his +reveries of an invalid, which were still feverish, possibly, he +distrusted this tenderness as a strange and novel thing, which had for +its object his conquest. He remained cold. The grandfather absolutely +wasted his poor old smile. Marius said to himself that it was all right +so long as he, Marius, did not speak, and let things take their course; +but that when it became a question of Cosette, he would find another +face, and that his grandfather’s true attitude would be unmasked. Then +there would be an unpleasant scene; a recrudescence of family +questions, a confrontation of positions, every sort of sarcasm and all +manner of objections at one and the same time, Fauchelevent, +Coupelevent, fortune, poverty, a stone about his neck, the future. +Violent resistance; conclusion: a refusal. Marius stiffened himself in +advance. + +And then, in proportion as he regained life, the old ulcers of his +memory opened once more, he reflected again on the past, Colonel +Pontmercy placed himself once more between M. Gillenormand and him, +Marius, he told himself that he had no true kindness to expect from a +person who had been so unjust and so hard to his father. And with +health, there returned to him a sort of harshness towards his +grandfather. The old man was gently pained by this. M. Gillenormand, +without however allowing it to appear, observed that Marius, ever since +the latter had been brought back to him and had regained consciousness, +had not once called him father. It is true that he did not say +“monsieur” to him; but he contrived not to say either the one or the +other, by means of a certain way of turning his phrases. Obviously, a +crisis was approaching. + +As almost always happens in such cases, Marius skirmished before giving +battle, by way of proving himself. This is called “feeling the ground.” +One morning it came to pass that M. Gillenormand spoke slightingly of +the Convention, apropos of a newspaper which had fallen into his hands, +and gave vent to a Royalist harangue on Danton, Saint-Juste and +Robespierre.—“The men of ’93 were giants,” said Marius with severity. +The old man held his peace, and uttered not a sound during the +remainder of that day. + +Marius, who had always present to his mind the inflexible grandfather +of his early years, interpreted this silence as a profound +concentration of wrath, augured from it a hot conflict, and augmented +his preparations for the fray in the inmost recesses of his mind. + +He decided that, in case of a refusal, he would tear off his bandages, +dislocate his collar-bone, that he would lay bare all the wounds which +he had left, and would reject all food. His wounds were his munitions +of war. He would have Cosette or die. + +He awaited the propitious moment with the crafty patience of the sick. + +That moment arrived. + + + + +CHAPTER III—MARIUS ATTACKED + + +One day, M. Gillenormand, while his daughter was putting in order the +phials and cups on the marble of the commode, bent over Marius and said +to him in his tenderest accents: “Look here, my little Marius, if I +were in your place, I would eat meat now in preference to fish. A fried +sole is excellent to begin a convalescence with, but a good cutlet is +needed to put a sick man on his feet.” + + +Marius, who had almost entirely recovered his strength, collected the +whole of it, drew himself up into a sitting posture, laid his two +clenched fists on the sheets of his bed, looked his grandfather in the +face, assumed a terrible air, and said: + +“This leads me to say something to you.” + + +“What is it?” + + +“That I wish to marry.” + + +“Agreed,” said his grandfather.—And he burst out laughing. + +“How agreed?” + + +“Yes, agreed. You shall have your little girl.” + + +Marius, stunned and overwhelmed with the dazzling shock, trembled in +every limb. + +M. Gillenormand went on: + +“Yes, you shall have her, that pretty little girl of yours. She comes +every day in the shape of an old gentleman to inquire after you. Ever +since you were wounded, she has passed her time in weeping and making +lint. I have made inquiries. She lives in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, No. +7. Ah! There we have it! Ah! so you want her! Well, you shall have her. +You’re caught. You had arranged your little plot, you had said to +yourself:—‘I’m going to signify this squarely to my grandfather, to +that mummy of the Regency and of the Directory, to that ancient beau, +to that Dorante turned GĂ©ronte; he has indulged in his frivolities +also, that he has, and he has had his love affairs, and his grisettes +and his Cosettes; he has made his rustle, he has had his wings, he has +eaten of the bread of spring; he certainly must remember it.’ Ah! you +take the cockchafer by the horns. That’s good. I offer you a cutlet and +you answer me: ‘By the way, I want to marry.’ There’s a transition for +you! Ah! you reckoned on a bickering! You do not know that I am an old +coward. What do you say to that? You are vexed? You did not expect to +find your grandfather still more foolish than yourself, you are wasting +the discourse which you meant to bestow upon me, Mr. Lawyer, and that’s +vexatious. Well, so much the worse, rage away. I’ll do whatever you +wish, and that cuts you short, imbecile! Listen. I have made my +inquiries, I’m cunning too; she is charming, she is discreet, it is not +true about the lancer, she has made heaps of lint, she’s a jewel, she +adores you, if you had died, there would have been three of us, her +coffin would have accompanied mine. I have had an idea, ever since you +have been better, of simply planting her at your bedside, but it is +only in romances that young girls are brought to the bedsides of +handsome young wounded men who interest them. It is not done. What +would your aunt have said to it? You were nude three quarters of the +time, my good fellow. Ask Nicolette, who has not left you for a moment, +if there was any possibility of having a woman here. And then, what +would the doctor have said? A pretty girl does not cure a man of fever. +In short, it’s all right, let us say no more about it, all’s said, +all’s done, it’s all settled, take her. Such is my ferocity. You see, I +perceived that you did not love me. I said to myself: ‘Here now, I have +my little Cosette right under my hand, I’m going to give her to him, he +will be obliged to love me a little then, or he must tell the reason +why.’ Ah! so you thought that the old man was going to storm, to put on +a big voice, to shout no, and to lift his cane at all that aurora. Not +a bit of it. Cosette, so be it; love, so be it; I ask nothing better. +Pray take the trouble of getting married, sir. Be happy, my +well-beloved child.” + + +That said, the old man burst forth into sobs. + +And he seized Marius’ head, and pressed it with both arms against his +breast, and both fell to weeping. This is one of the forms of supreme +happiness. + +“Father!” cried Marius. + +“Ah, so you love me!” said the old man. + +An ineffable moment ensued. They were choking and could not speak. + +At length the old man stammered: + +“Come! his mouth is unstopped at last. He has said: ‘Father’ to me.” + + +Marius disengaged his head from his grandfather’s arms, and said +gently: + +“But, father, now that I am quite well, it seems to me that I might see +her.” + + +“Agreed again, you shall see her to-morrow.” + + +“Father!” + + +“What?” + + +“Why not to-day?” + + +“Well, to-day then. Let it be to-day. You have called me ‘father’ three +times, and it is worth it. I will attend to it. She shall be brought +hither. Agreed, I tell you. It has already been put into verse. This is +the ending of the elegy of the ‘Jeune Malade’ by AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier, by +AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier whose throat was cut by the ras . . . by the giants of +’93.” + + +M. Gillenormand fancied that he detected a faint frown on the part of +Marius, who, in truth, as we must admit, was no longer listening to +him, and who was thinking far more of Cosette than of 1793. + +The grandfather, trembling at having so inopportunely introduced AndrĂ© +ChĂ©nier, resumed precipitately: + +“Cut his throat is not the word. The fact is that the great +revolutionary geniuses, who were not malicious, that is incontestable, +who were heroes, pardi! found that AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier embarrassed them +somewhat, and they had him guillot . . . that is to say, those great +men on the 7th of Thermidor, besought AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier, in the interests +of public safety, to be so good as to go....” + + +M. Gillenormand, clutched by the throat by his own phrase, could not +proceed. Being able neither to finish it nor to retract it, while his +daughter arranged the pillow behind Marius, who was overwhelmed with so +many emotions, the old man rushed headlong, with as much rapidity as +his age permitted, from the bed-chamber, shut the door behind him, and, +purple, choking and foaming at the mouth, his eyes starting from his +head, he found himself nose to nose with honest Basque, who was +blacking boots in the anteroom. He seized Basque by the collar, and +shouted full in his face in fury:—“By the hundred thousand Javottes of +the devil, those ruffians did assassinate him!” + + +“Who, sir?” + + +“AndrĂ© ChĂ©nier!” + + +“Yes, sir,” said Basque in alarm. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—MADEMOISELLE GILLENORMAND ENDS BY NO LONGER THINKING IT A +BAD THING THAT M. FAUCHELEVENT SHOULD HAVE ENTERED WITH SOMETHING UNDER +HIS ARM + + +Cosette and Marius beheld each other once more. + +What that interview was like we decline to say. There are things which +one must not attempt to depict; the sun is one of them. + +The entire family, including Basque and Nicolette, were assembled in +Marius’ chamber at the moment when Cosette entered it. + +Precisely at that moment, the grandfather was on the point of blowing +his nose; he stopped short, holding his nose in his handkerchief, and +gazing over it at Cosette. + +She appeared on the threshold; it seemed to him that she was surrounded +by a glory. + +“Adorable!” he exclaimed. + +Then he blew his nose noisily. + +Cosette was intoxicated, delighted, frightened, in heaven. She was as +thoroughly alarmed as any one can be by happiness. She stammered all +pale, yet flushed, she wanted to fling herself into Marius’ arms, and +dared not. Ashamed of loving in the presence of all these people. +People are pitiless towards happy lovers; they remain when the latter +most desire to be left alone. Lovers have no need of any people +whatever. + +With Cosette, and behind her, there had entered a man with white hair +who was grave yet smiling, though with a vague and heartrending smile. +It was “Monsieur Fauchelevent”; it was Jean Valjean. + +He was very well dressed, as the porter had said, entirely in black, in +perfectly new garments, and with a white cravat. + +The porter was a thousand leagues from recognizing in this correct +bourgeois, in this probable notary, the fear-inspiring bearer of the +corpse, who had sprung up at his door on the night of the 7th of June, +tattered, muddy, hideous, haggard, his face masked in blood and mire, +supporting in his arms the fainting Marius; still, his porter’s scent +was aroused. When M. Fauchelevent arrived with Cosette, the porter had +not been able to refrain from communicating to his wife this aside: “I +don’t know why it is, but I can’t help fancying that I’ve seen that +face before.” + + +M. Fauchelevent in Marius’ chamber, remained apart near the door. He +had under his arm, a package which bore considerable resemblance to an +octavo volume enveloped in paper. The enveloping paper was of a +greenish hue, and appeared to be mouldy. + +“Does the gentleman always have books like that under his arm?” +Mademoiselle Gillenormand, who did not like books, demanded in a low +tone of Nicolette. + +“Well,” retorted M. Gillenormand, who had overheard her, in the same +tone, “he’s a learned man. What then? Is that his fault? Monsieur +Boulard, one of my acquaintances, never walked out without a book under +his arm either, and he always had some old volume hugged to his heart +like that.” + + +And, with a bow, he said aloud: + +“Monsieur Tranchelevent....” + + +Father Gillenormand did not do it intentionally, but inattention to +proper names was an aristocratic habit of his. + +“Monsieur Tranchelevent, I have the honor of asking you, on behalf of +my grandson, Baron Marius Pontmercy, for the hand of Mademoiselle.” + + +Monsieur Tranchelevent bowed. + +“That’s settled,” said the grandfather. + +And, turning to Marius and Cosette, with both arms extended in +blessing, he cried: + +“Permission to adore each other!” + + +They did not require him to repeat it twice. So much the worse! the +chirping began. They talked low. Marius, resting on his elbow on his +reclining chair, Cosette standing beside him. “Oh, heavens!” murmured +Cosette, “I see you once again! it is thou! it is you! The idea of +going and fighting like that! But why? It is horrible. I have been dead +for four months. Oh! how wicked it was of you to go to that battle! +What had I done to you? I pardon you, but you will never do it again. A +little while ago, when they came to tell us to come to you, I still +thought that I was about to die, but it was from joy. I was so sad! I +have not taken the time to dress myself, I must frighten people with my +looks! What will your relatives say to see me in a crumpled collar? Do +speak! You let me do all the talking. We are still in the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. It seems that your shoulder was terrible. They told me +that you could put your fist in it. And then, it seems that they cut +your flesh with the scissors. That is frightful. I have cried till I +have no eyes left. It is queer that a person can suffer like that. Your +grandfather has a very kindly air. Don’t disturb yourself, don’t rise +on your elbow, you will injure yourself. Oh! how happy I am! So our +unhappiness is over! I am quite foolish. I had things to say to you, +and I no longer know in the least what they were. Do you still love me? +We live in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. There is no garden. I made lint all +the time; stay, sir, look, it is your fault, I have a callous on my +fingers.” + + +“Angel!” said Marius. + +_Angel_ is the only word in the language which cannot be worn out. No +other word could resist the merciless use which lovers make of it. + +Then as there were spectators, they paused and said not a word more, +contenting themselves with softly touching each other’s hands. + +M. Gillenormand turned towards those who were in the room and cried: + +“Talk loud, the rest of you. Make a noise, you people behind the +scenes. Come, a little uproar, the deuce! so that the children can +chatter at their ease.” + + +And, approaching Marius and Cosette, he said to them in a very low +voice: + +“Call each other _thou_. Don’t stand on ceremony.” + + +Aunt Gillenormand looked on in amazement at this irruption of light in +her elderly household. There was nothing aggressive about this +amazement; it was not the least in the world like the scandalized and +envious glance of an owl at two turtledoves, it was the stupid eye of a +poor innocent seven and fifty years of age; it was a life which had +been a failure gazing at that triumph, love. + +“Mademoiselle Gillenormand senior,” said her father to her, “I told you +that this is what would happen to you.” + + +He remained silent for a moment, and then added: + +“Look at the happiness of others.” + + +Then he turned to Cosette. + +“How pretty she is! how pretty she is! She’s a Greuze. So you are going +to have that all to yourself, you scamp! Ah! my rogue, you are getting +off nicely with me, you are happy; if I were not fifteen years too old, +we would fight with swords to see which of us should have her. Come +now! I am in love with you, mademoiselle. It’s perfectly simple. It is +your right. You are in the right. Ah! what a sweet, charming little +wedding this will make! Our parish is Saint-Denis du Saint Sacrament, +but I will get a dispensation so that you can be married at Saint-Paul. +The church is better. It was built by the Jesuits. It is more +coquettish. It is opposite the fountain of Cardinal de Birague. The +masterpiece of Jesuit architecture is at Namur. It is called +Saint-Loup. You must go there after you are married. It is worth the +journey. Mademoiselle, I am quite of your mind, I think girls ought to +marry; that is what they are made for. There is a certain +Sainte-Catherine whom I should always like to see uncoiffed.62 It’s a +fine thing to remain a spinster, but it is chilly. The Bible says: +Multiply. In order to save the people, Jeanne d’Arc is needed; but in +order to make people, what is needed is Mother Goose. So, marry, my +beauties. I really do not see the use in remaining a spinster! I know +that they have their chapel apart in the church, and that they fall +back on the Society of the Virgin; but, sapristi, a handsome husband, a +fine fellow, and at the expiration of a year, a big, blond brat who +nurses lustily, and who has fine rolls of fat on his thighs, and who +musses up your breast in handfuls with his little rosy paws, laughing +the while like the dawn,—that’s better than holding a candle at +vespers, and chanting _Turris Eburnea!_” + + +The grandfather executed a pirouette on his eighty-year-old heels, and +began to talk again like a spring that has broken loose once more: + +“Ainsi, bornant les cours de tes rĂȘvasseries, +Alcippe, il est donc vrai, dans peu tu te maries.”63 + + +“By the way!” + + +“What is it, father?” + + +“Have not you an intimate friend?” + + +“Yes, Courfeyrac.” + + +“What has become of him?” + + +“He is dead.” + + +“That is good.” + + +He seated himself near them, made Cosette sit down, and took their four +hands in his aged and wrinkled hands: + +“She is exquisite, this darling. She’s a masterpiece, this Cosette! She +is a very little girl and a very great lady. She will only be a +Baroness, which is a come down for her; she was born a Marquise. What +eyelashes she has! Get it well fixed in your noddles, my children, that +you are in the true road. Love each other. Be foolish about it. Love is +the folly of men and the wit of God. Adore each other. Only,” he added, +suddenly becoming gloomy, “what a misfortune! It has just occurred to +me! More than half of what I possess is swallowed up in an annuity; so +long as I live, it will not matter, but after my death, a score of +years hence, ah! my poor children, you will not have a sou! Your +beautiful white hands, Madame la Baronne, will do the devil the honor +of pulling him by the tail.”64 + +At this point they heard a grave and tranquil voice say: + +“Mademoiselle Euphrasie Fauchelevent possesses six hundred thousand +francs.” + + +It was the voice of Jean Valjean. + +So far he had not uttered a single word, no one seemed to be aware that +he was there, and he had remained standing erect and motionless, behind +all these happy people. + +“What has Mademoiselle Euphrasie to do with the question?” inquired the +startled grandfather. + +“I am she,” replied Cosette. + +“Six hundred thousand francs?” resumed M. Gillenormand. + +“Minus fourteen or fifteen thousand francs, possibly,” said Jean +Valjean. + +And he laid on the table the package which Mademoiselle Gillenormand +had mistaken for a book. + +Jean Valjean himself opened the package; it was a bundle of bank-notes. +They were turned over and counted. There were five hundred notes for a +thousand francs each, and one hundred and sixty-eight of five hundred. +In all, five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs. + +“This is a fine book,” said M. Gillenormand. + +“Five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs!” murmured the aunt. + +“This arranges things well, does it not, Mademoiselle Gillenormand +senior?” said the grandfather. “That devil of a Marius has ferreted out +the nest of a millionaire grisette in his tree of dreams! Just trust to +the love affairs of young folks now, will you! Students find +studentesses with six hundred thousand francs. Cherubino works better +than Rothschild.” + + +“Five hundred and eighty-four thousand francs!” repeated Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, in a low tone. “Five hundred and eighty-four! one might +as well say six hundred thousand!” + + +As for Marius and Cosette, they were gazing at each other while this +was going on; they hardly heeded this detail. + + + + +CHAPTER V—DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY IN A FOREST RATHER THAN WITH A NOTARY + + +The reader has, no doubt, understood, without necessitating a lengthy +explanation, that Jean Valjean, after the Champmathieu affair, had been +able, thanks to his first escape of a few days’ duration, to come to +Paris and to withdraw in season, from the hands of Laffitte, the sum +earned by him, under the name of Monsieur Madeleine, at +Montreuil-sur-Mer; and that fearing that he might be recaptured,—which +eventually happened—he had buried and hidden that sum in the forest of +Montfermeil, in the locality known as the Blaru-bottom. The sum, six +hundred and thirty thousand francs, all in bank-bills, was not very +bulky, and was contained in a box; only, in order to preserve the box +from dampness, he had placed it in a coffer filled with chestnut +shavings. In the same coffer he had placed his other treasures, the +Bishop’s candlesticks. It will be remembered that he had carried off +the candlesticks when he made his escape from Montreuil-sur-Mer. The +man seen one evening for the first time by Boulatruelle, was Jean +Valjean. Later on, every time that Jean Valjean needed money, he went +to get it in the Blaru-bottom. Hence the absences which we have +mentioned. He had a pickaxe somewhere in the heather, in a hiding-place +known to himself alone. When he beheld Marius convalescent, feeling +that the hour was at hand, when that money might prove of service, he +had gone to get it; it was he again, whom Boulatruelle had seen in the +woods, but on this occasion, in the morning instead of in the evening. +Boulatreulle inherited his pickaxe. + +The actual sum was five hundred and eighty-four thousand, five hundred +francs. Jean Valjean withdrew the five hundred francs for himself.—“We +shall see hereafter,” he thought. + +The difference between that sum and the six hundred and thirty thousand +francs withdrawn from Laffitte represented his expenditure in ten +years, from 1823 to 1833. The five years of his stay in the convent had +cost only five thousand francs. + +Jean Valjean set the two candlesticks on the chimney-piece, where they +glittered to the great admiration of Toussaint. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean knew that he was delivered from Javert. The +story had been told in his presence, and he had verified the fact in +the _Moniteur_, how a police inspector named Javert had been found +drowned under a boat belonging to some laundresses, between the Pont au +Change and the Pont-Neuf, and that a writing left by this man, +otherwise irreproachable and highly esteemed by his superiors, pointed +to a fit of mental aberration and a suicide.—“In fact,” thought Jean +Valjean, “since he left me at liberty, once having got me in his power, +he must have been already mad.” + + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE TWO OLD MEN DO EVERYTHING, EACH ONE AFTER HIS OWN +FASHION, TO RENDER COSETTE HAPPY + + +Everything was made ready for the wedding. The doctor, on being +consulted, declared that it might take place in February. It was then +December. A few ravishing weeks of perfect happiness passed. + +The grandfather was not the least happy of them all. He remained for a +quarter of an hour at a time gazing at Cosette. + +“The wonderful, beautiful girl!” he exclaimed. “And she has so sweet +and good an air! she is, without exception, the most charming girl that +I have ever seen in my life. Later on, she’ll have virtues with an odor +of violets. How graceful! one cannot live otherwise than nobly with +such a creature. Marius, my boy, you are a Baron, you are rich, don’t +go to pettifogging, I beg of you.” + + +Cosette and Marius had passed abruptly from the sepulchre to paradise. +The transition had not been softened, and they would have been stunned, +had they not been dazzled by it. + +“Do you understand anything about it?” said Marius to Cosette. + +“No,” replied Cosette, “but it seems to me that the good God is caring +for us.” + + +Jean Valjean did everything, smoothed away every difficulty, arranged +everything, made everything easy. He hastened towards Cosette’s +happiness with as much ardor, and, apparently with as much joy, as +Cosette herself. + +As he had been a mayor, he understood how to solve that delicate +problem, with the secret of which he alone was acquainted, Cosette’s +civil status. If he were to announce her origin bluntly, it might +prevent the marriage, who knows? He extricated Cosette from all +difficulties. He concocted for her a family of dead people, a sure +means of not encountering any objections. Cosette was the only scion of +an extinct family; Cosette was not his own daughter, but the daughter +of the other Fauchelevent. Two brothers Fauchelevent had been gardeners +to the convent of the Petit-Picpus. Inquiry was made at that convent; +the very best information and the most respectable references abounded; +the good nuns, not very apt and but little inclined to fathom questions +of paternity, and not attaching any importance to the matter, had never +understood exactly of which of the two Fauchelevents Cosette was the +daughter. They said what was wanted and they said it with zeal. An +_acte de notoriĂ©tĂ©_ was drawn up. Cosette became in the eyes of the +law, Mademoiselle Euphrasie Fauchelevent. She was declared an orphan, +both father and mother being dead. Jean Valjean so arranged it that he +was appointed, under the name of Fauchelevent, as Cosette’s guardian, +with M. Gillenormand as supervising guardian over him. + +As for the five hundred and eighty thousand francs, they constituted a +legacy bequeathed to Cosette by a dead person, who desired to remain +unknown. The original legacy had consisted of five hundred and +ninety-four thousand francs; but ten thousand francs had been expended +on the education of Mademoiselle Euphrasie, five thousand francs of +that amount having been paid to the convent. This legacy, deposited in +the hands of a third party, was to be turned over to Cosette at her +majority, or at the date of her marriage. This, taken as a whole, was +very acceptable, as the reader will perceive, especially when the sum +due was half a million. There were some peculiarities here and there, +it is true, but they were not noticed; one of the interested parties +had his eyes blindfolded by love, the others by the six hundred +thousand francs. + +Cosette learned that she was not the daughter of that old man whom she +had so long called father. He was merely a kinsman; another +Fauchelevent was her real father. At any other time this would have +broken her heart. But at the ineffable moment which she was then +passing through, it cast but a slight shadow, a faint cloud, and she +was so full of joy that the cloud did not last long. She had Marius. +The young man arrived, the old man was effaced; such is life. + +And then, Cosette had, for long years, been habituated to seeing +enigmas around her; every being who has had a mysterious childhood is +always prepared for certain renunciations. + +Nevertheless, she continued to call Jean Valjean: Father. + +Cosette, happy as the angels, was enthusiastic over Father +Gillenormand. It is true that he overwhelmed her with gallant +compliments and presents. While Jean Valjean was building up for +Cosette a normal situation in society and an unassailable status, M. +Gillenormand was superintending the basket of wedding gifts. Nothing so +amused him as being magnificent. He had given to Cosette a robe of +Binche guipure which had descended to him from his own grandmother. + +“These fashions come up again,” said he, “ancient things are the rage, +and the young women of my old age dress like the old women of my +childhood.” + + +He rifled his respectable chests of drawers in Coromandel lacquer, with +swelling fronts, which had not been opened for years.—“Let us hear the +confession of these dowagers,” he said, “let us see what they have in +their paunches.” He noisily violated the pot-bellied drawers of all his +wives, of all his mistresses and of all his grandmothers. Pekins, +damasks, lampas, painted moires, robes of shot gros de Tours, India +kerchiefs embroidered in gold that could be washed, dauphines without a +right or wrong side, in the piece, Genoa and Alençon point lace, +parures in antique goldsmith’s work, ivory bon-bon boxes ornamented +with microscopic battles, gewgaws and ribbons—he lavished everything on +Cosette. Cosette, amazed, desperately in love with Marius, and wild +with gratitude towards M. Gillenormand, dreamed of a happiness without +limit clothed in satin and velvet. Her wedding basket seemed to her to +be upheld by seraphim. Her soul flew out into the azure depths, with +wings of Mechlin lace. + +The intoxication of the lovers was only equalled, as we have already +said, by the ecstasy of the grandfather. A sort of flourish of trumpets +went on in the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. + +Every morning, a fresh offering of bric-Ă -brac from the grandfather to +Cosette. All possible knickknacks glittered around her. + +One day Marius, who was fond of talking gravely in the midst of his +bliss, said, apropos of I know not what incident: + +“The men of the revolution are so great, that they have the prestige of +the ages, like Cato and like Phocion, and each one of them seems to me +an antique memory.” + + +“Moire antique!” exclaimed the old gentleman. “Thanks, Marius. That is +precisely the idea of which I was in search.” + + +And on the following day, a magnificent dress of tea-rose colored moire +antique was added to Cosette’s wedding presents. + +From these fripperies, the grandfather extracted a bit of wisdom. + +“Love is all very well; but there must be something else to go with it. +The useless must be mingled with happiness. Happiness is only the +necessary. Season that enormously with the superfluous for me. A palace +and her heart. Her heart and the Louvre. Her heart and the grand +waterworks of Versailles. Give me my shepherdess and try to make her a +duchess. Fetch me Phyllis crowned with corn-flowers, and add a hundred +thousand francs income. Open for me a bucolic perspective as far as you +can see, beneath a marble colonnade. I consent to the bucolic and also +to the fairy spectacle of marble and gold. Dry happiness resembles dry +bread. One eats, but one does not dine. I want the superfluous, the +useless, the extravagant, excess, that which serves no purpose. I +remember to have seen, in the Cathedral of Strasburg, a clock, as tall +as a three-story house which marked the hours, which had the kindness +to indicate the hour, but which had not the air of being made for that; +and which, after having struck midday, or midnight,—midday, the hour of +the sun, or midnight, the hour of love,—or any other hour that you +like, gave you the moon and the stars, the earth and the sea, birds and +fishes, PhƓbus and PhƓbe, and a host of things which emerged from a +niche, and the twelve apostles, and the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and +Éponine, and Sabinus, and a throng of little gilded goodmen, who played +on the trumpet to boot. Without reckoning delicious chimes which it +sprinkled through the air, on every occasion, without any one’s knowing +why. Is a petty bald clock-face which merely tells the hour equal to +that? For my part, I am of the opinion of the big clock of Strasburg, +and I prefer it to the cuckoo clock from the Black Forest.” + + +M. Gillenormand talked nonsense in connection with the wedding, and all +the fripperies of the eighteenth century passed pell-mell through his +dithyrambs. + +“You are ignorant of the art of festivals. You do not know how to +organize a day of enjoyment in this age,” he exclaimed. “Your +nineteenth century is weak. It lacks excess. It ignores the rich, it +ignores the noble. In everything it is clean-shaven. Your third estate +is insipid, colorless, odorless, and shapeless. The dreams of your +bourgeois who set up, as they express it: a pretty boudoir freshly +decorated, violet, ebony and calico. Make way! Make way! the Sieur +Curmudgeon is marrying Mademoiselle Clutch-penny. Sumptuousness and +splendor. A louis d’or has been stuck to a candle. There’s the epoch +for you. My demand is that I may flee from it beyond the Sarmatians. +Ah! in 1787, I predict that all was lost, from the day when I beheld +the Duc de Rohan, Prince de LĂ©on, Duc de Chabot, Duc de Montbazon, +Marquis de Soubise, Vicomte de Thouars, peer of France, go to +Longchamps in a tapecu! That has borne its fruits. In this century, men +attend to business, they gamble on ’Change, they win money, they are +stingy. People take care of their surfaces and varnish them; every one +is dressed as though just out of a bandbox, washed, soaped, scraped, +shaved, combed, waked, smoothed, rubbed, brushed, cleaned on the +outside, irreproachable, polished as a pebble, discreet, neat, and at +the same time, death of my life, in the depths of their consciences +they have dung-heaps and cesspools that are enough to make a cow-herd +who blows his nose in his fingers, recoil. I grant to this age the +device: ‘Dirty Cleanliness.’ Don’t be vexed, Marius, give me permission +to speak; I say no evil of the people as you see, I am always harping +on your people, but do look favorably on my dealing a bit of a slap to +the bourgeoisie. I belong to it. He who loves well lashes well. +Thereupon, I say plainly, that nowadays people marry, but that they no +longer know how to marry. Ah! it is true, I regret the grace of the +ancient manners. I regret everything about them, their elegance, their +chivalry, those courteous and delicate ways, that joyous luxury which +every one possessed, music forming part of the wedding, a symphony +above stairs, a beating of drums below stairs, the dances, the joyous +faces round the table, the fine-spun gallant compliments, the songs, +the fireworks, the frank laughter, the devil’s own row, the huge knots +of ribbon. I regret the bride’s garter. The bride’s garter is cousin to +the girdle of Venus. On what does the war of Troy turn? On Helen’s +garter, parbleu! Why did they fight, why did Diomed the divine break +over the head of Meriones that great brazen helmet of ten points? why +did Achilles and Hector hew each other up with vast blows of their +lances? Because Helen allowed Paris to take her garter. With Cosette’s +garter, Homer would construct the _Iliad_. He would put in his poem, a +loquacious old fellow, like me, and he would call him Nestor. My +friends, in bygone days, in those amiable days of yore, people married +wisely; they had a good contract, and then they had a good carouse. As +soon as Cujas had taken his departure, Gamacho entered. But, in sooth! +the stomach is an agreeable beast which demands its due, and which +wants to have its wedding also. People supped well, and had at table a +beautiful neighbor without a guimpe so that her throat was only +moderately concealed. Oh! the large laughing mouths, and how gay we +were in those days! youth was a bouquet; every young man terminated in +a branch of lilacs or a tuft of roses; whether he was a shepherd or a +warrior; and if, by chance, one was a captain of dragoons, one found +means to call oneself Florian. People thought much of looking well. +They embroidered and tinted themselves. A bourgeois had the air of a +flower, a Marquis had the air of a precious stone. People had no straps +to their boots, they had no boots. They were spruce, shining, waved, +lustrous, fluttering, dainty, coquettish, which did not at all prevent +their wearing swords by their sides. The humming-bird has beak and +claws. That was the day of the _Galland Indies_. One of the sides of +that century was delicate, the other was magnificent; and by the green +cabbages! people amused themselves. To-day, people are serious. The +bourgeois is avaricious, the bourgeoise is a prude; your century is +unfortunate. People would drive away the Graces as being too low in the +neck. Alas! beauty is concealed as though it were ugliness. Since the +revolution, everything, including the ballet-dancers, has had its +trousers; a mountebank dancer must be grave; your rigadoons are +doctrinarian. It is necessary to be majestic. People would be greatly +annoyed if they did not carry their chins in their cravats. The ideal +of an urchin of twenty when he marries, is to resemble M. +Royer-Collard. And do you know what one arrives at with that majesty? +at being petty. Learn this: joy is not only joyous; it is great. But be +in love gayly then, what the deuce! marry, when you marry, with fever +and giddiness, and tumult, and the uproar of happiness! Be grave in +church, well and good. But, as soon as the mass is finished, sarpejou! +you must make a dream whirl around the bride. A marriage should be +royal and chimerical; it should promenade its ceremony from the +cathedral of Rheims to the pagoda of Chanteloup. I have a horror of a +paltry wedding. Ventregoulette! be in Olympus for that one day, at +least. Be one of the gods. Ah! people might be sylphs. Games and +Laughter, argiraspides; they are stupids. My friends, every recently +made bridegroom ought to be Prince Aldobrandini. Profit by that unique +minute in life to soar away to the empyrean with the swans and the +eagles, even if you do have to fall back on the morrow into the +bourgeoisie of the frogs. Don’t economize on the nuptials, do not prune +them of their splendors; don’t scrimp on the day when you beam. The +wedding is not the housekeeping. Oh! if I were to carry out my fancy, +it would be gallant, violins would be heard under the trees. Here is my +programme: sky-blue and silver. I would mingle with the festival the +rural divinities, I would convoke the Dryads and the Nereids. The +nuptials of Amphitrite, a rosy cloud, nymphs with well dressed locks +and entirely naked, an Academician offering quatrains to the goddess, a +chariot drawn by marine monsters. + +“Triton trottait devant, et tirait de sa conque +Des sons si ravissants qu’il ravissait quiconque!”65 + + +—there’s a festive programme, there’s a good one, or else I know +nothing of such matters, deuce take it!” + + +While the grandfather, in full lyrical effusion, was listening to +himself, Cosette and Marius grew intoxicated as they gazed freely at +each other. + +Aunt Gillenormand surveyed all this with her imperturbable placidity. +Within the last five or six months she had experienced a certain amount +of emotions. Marius returned, Marius brought back bleeding, Marius +brought back from a barricade, Marius dead, then living, Marius +reconciled, Marius betrothed, Marius wedding a poor girl, Marius +wedding a millionairess. The six hundred thousand francs had been her +last surprise. Then, her indifference of a girl taking her first +communion returned to her. She went regularly to service, told her +beads, read her euchology, mumbled _Aves_ in one corner of the house, +while _I love you_ was being whispered in the other, and she beheld +Marius and Cosette in a vague way, like two shadows. The shadow was +herself. + +There is a certain state of inert asceticism in which the soul, +neutralized by torpor, a stranger to that which may be designated as +the business of living, receives no impressions, either human, or +pleasant or painful, with the exception of earthquakes and +catastrophes. This devotion, as Father Gillenormand said to his +daughter, corresponds to a cold in the head. You smell nothing of life. +Neither any bad, nor any good odor. + +Moreover, the six hundred thousand francs had settled the elderly +spinster’s indecision. Her father had acquired the habit of taking her +so little into account, that he had not consulted her in the matter of +consent to Marius’ marriage. He had acted impetuously, according to his +wont, having, a despot-turned slave, but a single thought,—to satisfy +Marius. As for the aunt,—it had not even occurred to him that the aunt +existed, and that she could have an opinion of her own, and, sheep as +she was, this had vexed her. Somewhat resentful in her inmost soul, but +impassible externally, she had said to herself: “My father has settled +the question of the marriage without reference to me; I shall settle +the question of the inheritance without consulting him.” She was rich, +in fact, and her father was not. She had reserved her decision on this +point. It is probable that, had the match been a poor one, she would +have left him poor. “So much the worse for my nephew! he is wedding a +beggar, let him be a beggar himself!” But Cosette’s half-million +pleased the aunt, and altered her inward situation so far as this pair +of lovers were concerned. One owes some consideration to six hundred +thousand francs, and it was evident that she could not do otherwise +than leave her fortune to these young people, since they did not need +it. + +It was arranged that the couple should live with the grandfather—M. +Gillenormand insisted on resigning to them his chamber, the finest in +the house. “That will make me young again,” he said. “It’s an old plan +of mine. I have always entertained the idea of having a wedding in my +chamber.” + + +He furnished this chamber with a multitude of elegant trifles. He had +the ceiling and walls hung with an extraordinary stuff, which he had by +him in the piece, and which he believed to have emanated from Utrecht +with a buttercup-colored satin ground, covered with velvet auricula +blossoms.—“It was with that stuff,” said he, “that the bed of the +Duchesse d’Anville at la Roche-Guyon was draped.”—On the chimney-piece, +he set a little figure in Saxe porcelain, carrying a muff against her +nude stomach. + +M. Gillenormand’s library became the lawyer’s study, which Marius +needed; a study, it will be remembered, being required by the council +of the order. + + + + +CHAPTER VII—THE EFFECTS OF DREAMS MINGLED WITH HAPPINESS + + +The lovers saw each other every day. Cosette came with M. +Fauchelevent.—“This is reversing things,” said Mademoiselle +Gillenormand, “to have the bride come to the house to do the courting +like this.” But Marius’ convalescence had caused the habit to become +established, and the armchairs of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, +better adapted to interviews than the straw chairs of the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, had rooted it. Marius and M. Fauchelevent saw each other, +but did not address each other. It seemed as though this had been +agreed upon. Every girl needs a chaperon. Cosette could not have come +without M. Fauchelevent. In Marius’ eyes, M. Fauchelevent was the +condition attached to Cosette. He accepted it. By dint of discussing +political matters, vaguely and without precision, from the point of +view of the general amelioration of the fate of all men, they came to +say a little more than “yes” and “no.” Once, on the subject of +education, which Marius wished to have free and obligatory, multiplied +under all forms lavished on every one, like the air and the sun in a +word, respirable for the entire population, they were in unison, and +they almost conversed. M. Fauchelevent talked well, and even with a +certain loftiness of language—still he lacked something indescribable. +M. Fauchelevent possessed something less and also something more, than +a man of the world. + +Marius, inwardly, and in the depths of his thought, surrounded with all +sorts of mute questions this M. Fauchelevent, who was to him simply +benevolent and cold. There were moments when doubts as to his own +recollections occurred to him. There was a void in his memory, a black +spot, an abyss excavated by four months of agony.—Many things had been +lost therein. He had come to the point of asking himself whether it +were really a fact that he had seen M. Fauchelevent, so serious and so +calm a man, in the barricade. + +This was not, however, the only stupor which the apparitions and the +disappearances of the past had left in his mind. It must not be +supposed that he was delivered from all those obsessions of the memory +which force us, even when happy, even when satisfied, to glance sadly +behind us. The head which does not turn backwards towards horizons that +have vanished contains neither thought nor love. At times, Marius +clasped his face between his hands, and the vague and tumultuous past +traversed the twilight which reigned in his brain. Again he beheld +Mabeuf fall, he heard Gavroche singing amid the grape-shot, he felt +beneath his lips the cold brow of Éponine; Enjolras, Courfeyrac, Jean +Prouvaire, Combeferre, Bossuet, Grantaire, all his friends rose erect +before him, then dispersed into thin air. Were all those dear, +sorrowful, valiant, charming or tragic beings merely dreams? had they +actually existed? The revolt had enveloped everything in its smoke. +These great fevers create great dreams. He questioned himself; he felt +himself; all these vanished realities made him dizzy. Where were they +all then? was it really true that all were dead? A fall into the +shadows had carried off all except himself. It all seemed to him to +have disappeared as though behind the curtain of a theatre. There are +curtains like this which drop in life. God passes on to the following +act. + +And he himself—was he actually the same man? He, the poor man, was +rich; he, the abandoned, had a family; he, the despairing, was to marry +Cosette. It seemed to him that he had traversed a tomb, and that he had +entered into it black and had emerged from it white, and in that tomb +the others had remained. At certain moments, all these beings of the +past, returned and present, formed a circle around him, and +overshadowed him; then he thought of Cosette, and recovered his +serenity; but nothing less than this felicity could have sufficed to +efface that catastrophe. + +M. Fauchelevent almost occupied a place among these vanished beings. +Marius hesitated to believe that the Fauchelevent of the barricade was +the same as this Fauchelevent in flesh and blood, sitting so gravely +beside Cosette. The first was, probably, one of those nightmares +occasioned and brought back by his hours of delirium. However, the +natures of both men were rigid, no question from Marius to M. +Fauchelevent was possible. Such an idea had not even occurred to him. +We have already indicated this characteristic detail. + +Two men who have a secret in common, and who, by a sort of tacit +agreement, exchange not a word on the subject, are less rare than is +commonly supposed. + +Once only, did Marius make the attempt. He introduced into the +conversation the Rue de la Chanvrerie, and, turning to M. Fauchelevent, +he said to him: + +“Of course, you are acquainted with that street?” + + +“What street?” + + +“The Rue de la Chanvrerie.” + + +“I have no idea of the name of that street,” replied M. Fauchelevent, +in the most natural manner in the world. + +The response which bore upon the name of the street and not upon the +street itself, appeared to Marius to be more conclusive than it really +was. + +“Decidedly,” thought he, “I have been dreaming. I have been subject to +a hallucination. It was some one who resembled him. M. Fauchelevent was +not there.”’ + + + + +CHAPTER VIII—TWO MEN IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND + + +Marius’ enchantment, great as it was, could not efface from his mind +other pre-occupations. + +While the wedding was in preparation, and while awaiting the date fixed +upon, he caused difficult and scrupulous retrospective researches to be +made. + +He owed gratitude in various quarters; he owed it on his father’s +account, he owed it on his own. + +There was ThĂ©nardier; there was the unknown man who had brought him, +Marius, back to M. Gillenormand. + +Marius endeavored to find these two men, not intending to marry, to be +happy, and to forget them, and fearing that, were these debts of +gratitude not discharged, they would leave a shadow on his life, which +promised so brightly for the future. + +It was impossible for him to leave all these arrears of suffering +behind him, and he wished, before entering joyously into the future, to +obtain a quittance from the past. + +That ThĂ©nardier was a villain detracted nothing from the fact that he +had saved Colonel Pontmercy. ThĂ©nardier was a ruffian in the eyes of +all the world except Marius. + +And Marius, ignorant of the real scene in the battle field of Waterloo, +was not aware of the peculiar detail, that his father, so far as +ThĂ©nardier was concerned was in the strange position of being indebted +to the latter for his life, without being indebted to him for any +gratitude. + +None of the various agents whom Marius employed succeeded in +discovering any trace of ThĂ©nardier. Obliteration appeared to be +complete in that quarter. Madame ThĂ©nardier had died in prison pending +the trial. ThĂ©nardier and his daughter Azelma, the only two remaining +of that lamentable group, had plunged back into the gloom. The gulf of +the social unknown had silently closed above those beings. On the +surface there was not visible so much as that quiver, that trembling, +those obscure concentric circles which announce that something has +fallen in, and that the plummet may be dropped. + +Madame ThĂ©nardier being dead, Boulatruelle being eliminated from the +case, Claquesous having disappeared, the principal persons accused +having escaped from prison, the trial connected with the ambush in the +Gorbeau house had come to nothing. + +That affair had remained rather obscure. The bench of Assizes had been +obliged to content themselves with two subordinates. Panchaud, alias +Printanier, alias Bigrenaille, and Demi-Liard, alias Deux-Milliards, +who had been inconsistently condemned, after a hearing of both sides of +the case, to ten years in the galleys. Hard labor for life had been the +sentence pronounced against the escaped and contumacious accomplices. + +ThĂ©nardier, the head and leader, had been, through contumacy, likewise +condemned to death. + +This sentence was the only information remaining about ThĂ©nardier, +casting upon that buried name its sinister light like a candle beside a +bier. + +Moreover, by thrusting ThĂ©nardier back into the very remotest depths, +through a fear of being re-captured, this sentence added to the density +of the shadows which enveloped this man. + +As for the other person, as for the unknown man who had saved Marius, +the researches were at first to some extent successful, then came to an +abrupt conclusion. They succeeded in finding the carriage which had +brought Marius to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire on the evening of the +6th of June. + +The coachman declared that, on the 6th of June, in obedience to the +commands of a police-agent, he had stood from three o’clock in the +afternoon until nightfall on the Quai des Champs-ÉlysĂ©es, above the +outlet of the Grand Sewer; that, towards nine o’clock in the evening, +the grating of the sewer, which abuts on the bank of the river, had +opened; that a man had emerged therefrom, bearing on his shoulders +another man, who seemed to be dead; that the agent, who was on the +watch at that point, had arrested the living man and had seized the +dead man; that, at the order of the police-agent, he, the coachman, had +taken “all those folks” into his carriage; that they had first driven +to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; that they had there deposited the +dead man; that the dead man was Monsieur Marius, and that he, the +coachman, recognized him perfectly, although he was alive “this time”; +that afterwards, they had entered the vehicle again, that he had +whipped up his horses; a few paces from the gate of the Archives, they +had called to him to halt; that there, in the street, they had paid him +and left him, and that the police-agent had led the other man away; +that he knew nothing more; that the night had been very dark. + +Marius, as we have said, recalled nothing. He only remembered that he +had been seized from behind by an energetic hand at the moment when he +was falling backwards into the barricade; then, everything vanished so +far as he was concerned. + +He had only regained consciousness at M. Gillenormand’s. + +He was lost in conjectures. + +He could not doubt his own identity. Still, how had it come to pass +that, having fallen in the Rue de la Chanvrerie, he had been picked up +by the police-agent on the banks of the Seine, near the Pont des +Invalides? + +Some one had carried him from the Quartier des Halles to the +Champs-ÉlysĂ©es. And how? Through the sewer. Unheard-of devotion! + +Some one? Who? + +This was the man for whom Marius was searching. + +Of this man, who was his savior, nothing; not a trace; not the faintest +indication. + +Marius, although forced to preserve great reserve, in that direction, +pushed his inquiries as far as the prefecture of police. There, no more +than elsewhere, did the information obtained lead to any enlightenment. + +The prefecture knew less about the matter than did the +hackney-coachman. They had no knowledge of any arrest having been made +on the 6th of June at the mouth of the Grand Sewer. + +No report of any agent had been received there upon this matter, which +was regarded at the prefecture as a fable. The invention of this fable +was attributed to the coachman. + +A coachman who wants a gratuity is capable of anything, even of +imagination. The fact was assured, nevertheless, and Marius could not +doubt it, unless he doubted his own identity, as we have just said. + +Everything about this singular enigma was inexplicable. + +What had become of that man, that mysterious man, whom the coachman had +seen emerge from the grating of the Grand Sewer bearing upon his back +the unconscious Marius, and whom the police-agent on the watch had +arrested in the very act of rescuing an insurgent? What had become of +the agent himself? + +Why had this agent preserved silence? Had the man succeeded in making +his escape? Had he bribed the agent? Why did this man give no sign of +life to Marius, who owed everything to him? His disinterestedness was +no less tremendous than his devotion. Why had not that man appeared +again? Perhaps he was above compensation, but no one is above +gratitude. Was he dead? Who was the man? What sort of a face had he? No +one could tell him this. + +The coachman answered: “The night was very dark.” Basque and Nicolette, +all in a flutter, had looked only at their young master all covered +with blood. + +The porter, whose candle had lighted the tragic arrival of Marius, had +been the only one to take note of the man in question, and this is the +description that he gave: + +“That man was terrible.” + + +Marius had the blood-stained clothing which he had worn when he had +been brought back to his grandfather preserved, in the hope that it +would prove of service in his researches. + +On examining the coat, it was found that one skirt had been torn in a +singular way. A piece was missing. + +One evening, Marius was speaking in the presence of Cosette and Jean +Valjean of the whole of that singular adventure, of the innumerable +inquiries which he had made, and of the fruitlessness of his efforts. +The cold countenance of “Monsieur Fauchelevent” angered him. + +He exclaimed, with a vivacity which had something of wrath in it: + +“Yes, that man, whoever he may have been, was sublime. Do you know what +he did, sir? He intervened like an archangel. He must have flung +himself into the midst of the battle, have stolen me away, have opened +the sewer, have dragged me into it and have carried me through it! He +must have traversed more than a league and a half in those frightful +subterranean galleries, bent over, weighed down, in the dark, in the +cesspool,—more than a league and a half, sir, with a corpse upon his +back! And with what object? With the sole object of saving the corpse. +And that corpse I was. He said to himself: ‘There may still be a +glimpse of life there, perchance; I will risk my own existence for that +miserable spark!’ And his existence he risked not once but twenty +times! And every step was a danger. The proof of it is, that on +emerging from the sewer, he was arrested. Do you know, sir, that that +man did all this? And he had no recompense to expect. What was I? An +insurgent. What was I? One of the conquered. Oh! if Cosette’s six +hundred thousand francs were mine
.” + + +“They are yours,” interrupted Jean Valjean. + +“Well,” resumed Marius, “I would give them all to find that man once +more.” + + +Jean Valjean remained silent. + + + + +BOOK SIXTH—THE SLEEPLESS NIGHT + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE 16TH OF FEBRUARY, 1833 + + +The night of the 16th to the 17th of February, 1833, was a blessed +night. Above its shadows heaven stood open. It was the wedding night of +Marius and Cosette. + +The day had been adorable. + +It had not been the grand festival dreamed by the grandfather, a fairy +spectacle, with a confusion of cherubim and Cupids over the heads of +the bridal pair, a marriage worthy to form the subject of a painting to +be placed over a door; but it had been sweet and smiling. + +The manner of marriage in 1833 was not the same as it is to-day. France +had not yet borrowed from England that supreme delicacy of carrying off +one’s wife, of fleeing, on coming out of church, of hiding oneself with +shame from one’s happiness, and of combining the ways of a bankrupt +with the delights of the Song of Songs. People had not yet grasped to +the full the chastity, exquisiteness, and decency of jolting their +paradise in a posting-chaise, of breaking up their mystery with +clic-clacs, of taking for a nuptial bed the bed of an inn, and of +leaving behind them, in a commonplace chamber, at so much a night, the +most sacred of the souvenirs of life mingled pell-mell with the +tĂȘte-Ă -tĂȘte of the conductor of the diligence and the maid-servant of +the inn. + +In this second half of the nineteenth century in which we are now +living, the mayor and his scarf, the priest and his chasuble, the law +and God no longer suffice; they must be eked out by the Postilion de +Lonjumeau; a blue waistcoat turned up with red, and with bell buttons, +a plaque like a vantbrace, knee-breeches of green leather, oaths to the +Norman horses with their tails knotted up, false galloons, varnished +hat, long powdered locks, an enormous whip and tall boots. France does +not yet carry elegance to the length of doing like the English +nobility, and raining down on the post-chaise of the bridal pair a hail +storm of slippers trodden down at heel and of worn-out shoes, in memory +of Churchill, afterwards Marlborough, or Malbrouck, who was assailed on +his wedding-day by the wrath of an aunt which brought him good luck. +Old shoes and slippers do not, as yet, form a part of our nuptial +celebrations; but patience, as good taste continues to spread, we shall +come to that. + +In 1833, a hundred years ago, marriage was not conducted at a full +trot. + +Strange to say, at that epoch, people still imagined that a wedding was +a private and social festival, that a patriarchal banquet does not +spoil a domestic solemnity, that gayety, even in excess, provided it be +honest, and decent, does happiness no harm, and that, in short, it is a +good and a venerable thing that the fusion of these two destinies +whence a family is destined to spring, should begin at home, and that +the household should thenceforth have its nuptial chamber as its +witness. + +And people were so immodest as to marry in their own homes. + +The marriage took place, therefore, in accordance with this now +superannuated fashion, at M. Gillenormand’s house. + +Natural and commonplace as this matter of marrying is, the banns to +publish, the papers to be drawn up, the mayoralty, and the church +produce some complication. They could not get ready before the 16th of +February. + +Now, we note this detail, for the pure satisfaction of being exact, it +chanced that the 16th fell on Shrove Tuesday. Hesitations, scruples, +particularly on the part of Aunt Gillenormand. + +“Shrove Tuesday!” exclaimed the grandfather, “so much the better. There +is a proverb: + +“‘Mariage un Mardi gras +N’aura point enfants ingrats.’66 + + +Let us proceed. Here goes for the 16th! Do you want to delay, Marius?” + + +“No, certainly not!” replied the lover. + +“Let us marry, then,” cried the grandfather. + +Accordingly, the marriage took place on the 16th, notwithstanding the +public merrymaking. It rained that day, but there is always in the sky +a tiny scrap of blue at the service of happiness, which lovers see, +even when the rest of creation is under an umbrella. + +On the preceding evening, Jean Valjean handed to Marius, in the +presence of M. Gillenormand, the five hundred and eighty-four thousand +francs. + +As the marriage was taking place under the rĂ©gime of community of +property, the papers had been simple. + +Henceforth, Toussaint was of no use to Jean Valjean; Cosette inherited +her and promoted her to the rank of lady’s maid. + +As for Jean Valjean, a beautiful chamber in the Gillenormand house had +been furnished expressly for him, and Cosette had said to him in such +an irresistible manner: “Father, I entreat you,” that she had almost +persuaded him to promise that he would come and occupy it. + +A few days before that fixed on for the marriage, an accident happened +to Jean Valjean; he crushed the thumb of his right hand. This was not a +serious matter; and he had not allowed any one to trouble himself about +it, nor to dress it, nor even to see his hurt, not even Cosette. +Nevertheless, this had forced him to swathe his hand in a linen +bandage, and to carry his arm in a sling, and had prevented his +signing. M. Gillenormand, in his capacity of Cosette’s +supervising-guardian, had supplied his place. + +We will not conduct the reader either to the mayor’s office or to the +church. One does not follow a pair of lovers to that extent, and one is +accustomed to turn one’s back on the drama as soon as it puts a wedding +nosegay in its buttonhole. We will confine ourselves to noting an +incident which, though unnoticed by the wedding party, marked the +transit from the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire to the church of +Saint-Paul. + +At that epoch, the northern extremity of the Rue Saint-Louis was in +process of repaving. It was barred off, beginning with the Rue du +Parc-Royal. It was impossible for the wedding carriages to go directly +to Saint-Paul. They were obliged to alter their course, and the +simplest way was to turn through the boulevard. One of the invited +guests observed that it was Shrove Tuesday, and that there would be a +jam of vehicles.—“Why?” asked M. Gillenormand—“Because of the +maskers.”—“Capital,” said the grandfather, “let us go that way. These +young folks are on the way to be married; they are about to enter the +serious part of life. This will prepare them for seeing a bit of the +masquerade.” + + +They went by way of the boulevard. The first wedding coach held Cosette +and Aunt Gillenormand, M. Gillenormand and Jean Valjean. Marius, still +separated from his betrothed according to usage, did not come until the +second. The nuptial train, on emerging from the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire, became entangled in a long procession of vehicles +which formed an endless chain from the Madeleine to the Bastille, and +from the Bastille to the Madeleine. Maskers abounded on the boulevard. +In spite of the fact that it was raining at intervals, Merry-Andrew, +Pantaloon and Clown persisted. In the good humor of that winter of +1833, Paris had disguised itself as Venice. Such Shrove Tuesdays are no +longer to be seen nowadays. Everything which exists being a scattered +Carnival, there is no longer any Carnival. + +The sidewalks were overflowing with pedestrians and the windows with +curious spectators. The terraces which crown the peristyles of the +theatres were bordered with spectators. Besides the maskers, they +stared at that procession—peculiar to Shrove Tuesday as to +Longchamps,—of vehicles of every description, citadines, tapissiĂšres, +carioles, cabriolets marching in order, rigorously riveted to each +other by the police regulations, and locked into rails, as it were. Any +one in these vehicles is at once a spectator and a spectacle. Police +sergeants maintained, on the sides of the boulevard, these two +interminable parallel files, moving in contrary directions, and saw to +it that nothing interfered with that double current, those two brooks +of carriages, flowing, the one downstream, the other upstream, the one +towards the ChaussĂ©e d’Antin, the other towards the Faubourg +Saint-Antoine. The carriages of the peers of France and of the +Ambassadors, emblazoned with coats of arms, held the middle of the way, +going and coming freely. Certain joyous and magnificent trains, notably +that of the BƓuf Gras, had the same privilege. In this gayety of Paris, +England cracked her whip; Lord Seymour’s post-chaise, harassed by a +nickname from the populace, passed with great noise. + +In the double file, along which the municipal guards galloped like +sheep-dogs, honest family coaches, loaded down with great-aunts and +grandmothers, displayed at their doors fresh groups of children in +disguise, Clowns of seven years of age, Columbines of six, ravishing +little creatures, who felt that they formed an official part of the +public mirth, who were imbued with the dignity of their harlequinade, +and who possessed the gravity of functionaries. + +From time to time, a hitch arose somewhere in the procession of +vehicles; one or other of the two lateral files halted until the knot +was disentangled; one carriage delayed sufficed to paralyze the whole +line. Then they set out again on the march. + +The wedding carriages were in the file proceeding towards the Bastille, +and skirting the right side of the Boulevard. At the top of the +Pont-aux-Choux, there was a stoppage. Nearly at the same moment, the +other file, which was proceeding towards the Madeleine, halted also. At +that point of the file there was a carriage-load of maskers. + +These carriages, or to speak more correctly, these wagon-loads of +maskers are very familiar to Parisians. If they were missing on a +Shrove Tuesday, or at the Mid-Lent, it would be taken in bad part, and +people would say: “There’s something behind that. Probably the ministry +is about to undergo a change.” A pile of Cassandras, Harlequins and +Columbines, jolted along high above the passers-by, all possible +grotesquenesses, from the Turk to the savage, Hercules supporting +Marquises, fishwives who would have made Rabelais stop up his ears just +as the MĂŠnads made Aristophanes drop his eyes, tow wigs, pink tights, +dandified hats, spectacles of a grimacer, three-cornered hats of Janot +tormented with a butterfly, shouts directed at pedestrians, fists on +hips, bold attitudes, bare shoulders, immodesty unchained; a chaos of +shamelessness driven by a coachman crowned with flowers; this is what +that institution was like. + +Greece stood in need of the chariot of Thespis, France stands in need +of the hackney-coach of VadĂ©. + +Everything can be parodied, even parody. The Saturnalia, that grimace +of antique beauty, ends, through exaggeration after exaggeration, in +Shrove Tuesday; and the Bacchanal, formerly crowned with sprays of vine +leaves and grapes, inundated with sunshine, displaying her marble +breast in a divine semi-nudity, having at the present day lost her +shape under the soaked rags of the North, has finally come to be called +the Jack-pudding. + +The tradition of carriage-loads of maskers runs back to the most +ancient days of the monarchy. The accounts of Louis XI. allot to the +bailiff of the palace “twenty sous, Tournois, for three coaches of +mascarades in the crossroads.” In our day, these noisy heaps of +creatures are accustomed to have themselves driven in some ancient +cuckoo carriage, whose imperial they load down, or they overwhelm a +hired landau, with its top thrown back, with their tumultuous groups. +Twenty of them ride in a carriage intended for six. They cling to the +seats, to the rumble, on the cheeks of the hood, on the shafts. They +even bestride the carriage lamps. They stand, sit, lie, with their +knees drawn up in a knot, and their legs hanging. The women sit on the +men’s laps. Far away, above the throng of heads, their wild pyramid is +visible. These carriage-loads form mountains of mirth in the midst of +the rout. CollĂ©, Panard and Piron flow from it, enriched with slang. +This carriage which has become colossal through its freight, has an air +of conquest. Uproar reigns in front, tumult behind. People vociferate, +shout, howl, there they break forth and writhe with enjoyment; gayety +roars; sarcasm flames forth, joviality is flaunted like a red flag; two +jades there drag farce blossomed forth into an apotheosis; it is the +triumphal car of laughter. + +A laughter that is too cynical to be frank. In truth, this laughter is +suspicious. This laughter has a mission. It is charged with proving the +Carnival to the Parisians. + +These fishwife vehicles, in which one feels one knows not what shadows, +set the philosopher to thinking. There is government therein. There one +lays one’s finger on a mysterious affinity between public men and +public women. + +It certainly is sad that turpitude heaped up should give a sum total of +gayety, that by piling ignominy upon opprobrium the people should be +enticed, that the system of spying, and serving as caryatids to +prostitution should amuse the rabble when it confronts them, that the +crowd loves to behold that monstrous living pile of tinsel rags, half +dung, half light, roll by on four wheels howling and laughing, that +they should clap their hands at this glory composed of all shames, that +there would be no festival for the populace, did not the police +promenade in their midst these sorts of twenty-headed hydras of joy. +But what can be done about it? These be-ribboned and be-flowered +tumbrils of mire are insulted and pardoned by the laughter of the +public. The laughter of all is the accomplice of universal degradation. +Certain unhealthy festivals disaggregate the people and convert them +into the populace. And populaces, like tyrants, require buffoons. The +King has Roquelaure, the populace has the Merry-Andrew. Paris is a +great, mad city on every occasion that it is a great sublime city. +There the Carnival forms part of politics. Paris,—let us confess +it—willingly allows infamy to furnish it with comedy. She only demands +of her masters—when she has masters—one thing: “Paint me the mud.” Rome +was of the same mind. She loved Nero. Nero was a titanic lighterman. + +Chance ordained, as we have just said, that one of these shapeless +clusters of masked men and women, dragged about on a vast calash, +should halt on the left of the boulevard, while the wedding train +halted on the right. The carriage-load of masks caught sight of the +wedding carriage containing the bridal party opposite them on the other +side of the boulevard. + +“Hullo!” said a masker, “here’s a wedding.” + + +“A sham wedding,” retorted another. “We are the genuine article.” + + +And, being too far off to accost the wedding party, and fearing also, +the rebuke of the police, the two maskers turned their eyes elsewhere. + +At the end of another minute, the carriage-load of maskers had their +hands full, the multitude set to yelling, which is the crowd’s caress +to masquerades; and the two maskers who had just spoken had to face the +throng with their comrades, and did not find the entire repertory of +projectiles of the fishmarkets too extensive to retort to the enormous +verbal attacks of the populace. A frightful exchange of metaphors took +place between the maskers and the crowd. + +In the meanwhile, two other maskers in the same carriage, a Spaniard +with an enormous nose, an elderly air, and huge black moustache, and a +gaunt fishwife, who was quite a young girl, masked with a _loup_,67 had +also noticed the wedding, and while their companions and the passers-by +were exchanging insults, they had held a dialogue in a low voice. + +Their aside was covered by the tumult and was lost in it. The gusts of +rain had drenched the front of the vehicle, which was wide open; the +breezes of February are not warm; as the fishwife, clad in a low-necked +gown, replied to the Spaniard, she shivered, laughed and coughed. + +Here is their dialogue: + +“Say, now.” + + +“What, daddy?” + + +“Do you see that old cove?” + + +“What old cove?” + + +“Yonder, in the first wedding-cart, on our side.” + + +“The one with his arm hung up in a black cravat?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Well?” + + +“I’m sure that I know him.” + + +“Ah!” + + +“I’m willing that they should cut my throat, and I’m ready to swear +that I never said either you, thou, or I, in my life, if I don’t know +that Parisian.” [_pantinois_.] + +“Paris in Pantin to-day.” + + +“Can you see the bride if you stoop down?” + + +“No.” + + +“And the bridegroom?” + + +“There’s no bridegroom in that trap.” + + +“Bah!” + + +“Unless it’s the old fellow.” + + +“Try to get a sight of the bride by stooping very low.” + + +“I can’t.” + + +“Never mind, that old cove who has something the matter with his paw I +know, and that I’m positive.” + + +“And what good does it do to know him?” + + +“No one can tell. Sometimes it does!” + + +“I don’t care a hang for old fellows, that I don’t!” + + +“I know him.” + + +“Know him, if you want to.” + + +“How the devil does he come to be one of the wedding party?” + + +“We are in it, too.” + + +“Where does that wedding come from?” + + +“How should I know?” + + +“Listen.” + + +“Well, what?” + + +“There’s one thing you ought to do.” + + +“What’s that?” + + +“Get off of our trap and spin that wedding.” + + +“What for?” + + +“To find out where it goes, and what it is. Hurry up and jump down, +trot, my girl, your legs are young.” + + +“I can’t quit the vehicle.” + + +“Why not?” + + +“I’m hired.” + + +“Ah, the devil!” + + +“I owe my fishwife day to the prefecture.” + + +“That’s true.” + + +“If I leave the cart, the first inspector who gets his eye on me will +arrest me. You know that well enough.” + + +“Yes, I do.” + + +“I’m bought by the government for to-day.” + + +“All the same, that old fellow bothers me.” + + +“Do the old fellows bother you? But you’re not a young girl.” + + +“He’s in the first carriage.” + + +“Well?” + + +“In the bride’s trap.” + + +“What then?” + + +“So he is the father.” + + +“What concern is that of mine?” + + +“I tell you that he’s the father.” + + +“As if he were the only father.” + + +“Listen.” + + +“What?” + + +“I can’t go out otherwise than masked. Here I’m concealed, no one knows +that I’m here. But to-morrow, there will be no more maskers. It’s Ash +Wednesday. I run the risk of being nabbed. I must sneak back into my +hole. But you are free.” + + +“Not particularly.” + + +“More than I am, at any rate.” + + +“Well, what of that?” + + +“You must try to find out where that wedding party went to.” + + +“Where it went?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“I know.” + + +“Where is it going then?” + + +“To the Cadran-Bleu.” + + +“In the first place, it’s not in that direction.” + + +“Well! to la RapĂ©e.” + + +“Or elsewhere.” + + +“It’s free. Wedding parties are at liberty.” + + +“That’s not the point at all. I tell you that you must try to learn for +me what that wedding is, who that old cove belongs to, and where that +wedding pair lives.” + + +“I like that! that would be queer. It’s so easy to find out a wedding +party that passed through the street on a Shrove Tuesday, a week +afterwards. A pin in a hay-mow! It ain’t possible!” + + +“That don’t matter. You must try. You understand me, Azelma.” + + +The two files resumed their movement on both sides of the boulevard, in +opposite directions, and the carriage of the maskers lost sight of the +“trap” of the bride. + + + + +CHAPTER II—JEAN VALJEAN STILL WEARS HIS ARM IN A SLING + + +To realize one’s dream. To whom is this accorded? There must be +elections for this in heaven; we are all candidates, unknown to +ourselves; the angels vote. Cosette and Marius had been elected. + +Cosette, both at the mayor’s office and at church, was dazzling and +touching. Toussaint, assisted by Nicolette, had dressed her. + +Cosette wore over a petticoat of white taffeta, her robe of Binche +guipure, a veil of English point, a necklace of fine pearls, a wreath +of orange flowers; all this was white, and, from the midst of that +whiteness she beamed forth. It was an exquisite candor expanding and +becoming transfigured in the light. One would have pronounced her a +virgin on the point of turning into a goddess. + +Marius’ handsome hair was lustrous and perfumed; here and there, +beneath the thick curls, pale lines—the scars of the barricade—were +visible. + +The grandfather, haughty, with head held high, amalgamating more than +ever in his toilet and his manners all the elegances of the epoch of +Barras, escorted Cosette. He took the place of Jean Valjean, who, on +account of his arm being still in a sling, could not give his hand to +the bride. + +Jean Valjean, dressed in black, followed them with a smile. + +“Monsieur Fauchelevent,” said the grandfather to him, “this is a fine +day. I vote for the end of afflictions and sorrows. Henceforth, there +must be no sadness anywhere. Pardieu, I decree joy! Evil has no right +to exist. That there should be any unhappy men is, in sooth, a disgrace +to the azure of the sky. Evil does not come from man, who is good at +bottom. All human miseries have for their capital and central +government hell, otherwise, known as the Devil’s Tuileries. Good, here +I am uttering demagogical words! As far as I am concerned, I have no +longer any political opinions; let all men be rich, that is to say, +mirthful, and I confine myself to that.” + + +When, at the conclusion of all the ceremonies, after having pronounced +before the mayor and before the priest all possible “yesses,” after +having signed the registers at the municipality and at the sacristy, +after having exchanged their rings, after having knelt side by side +under the pall of white moire in the smoke of the censer, they arrived, +hand in hand, admired and envied by all, Marius in black, she in white, +preceded by the suisse, with the epaulets of a colonel, tapping the +pavement with his halberd, between two rows of astonished spectators, +at the portals of the church, both leaves of which were thrown wide +open, ready to enter their carriage again, and all being finished, +Cosette still could not believe that it was real. She looked at Marius, +she looked at the crowd, she looked at the sky: it seemed as though she +feared that she should wake up from her dream. Her amazed and uneasy +air added something indescribably enchanting to her beauty. They +entered the same carriage to return home, Marius beside Cosette; M. +Gillenormand and Jean Valjean sat opposite them; Aunt Gillenormand had +withdrawn one degree, and was in the second vehicle. + +“My children,” said the grandfather, “here you are, Monsieur le Baron +and Madame la Baronne, with an income of thirty thousand livres.” + + +And Cosette, nestling close to Marius, caressed his ear with an angelic +whisper: “So it is true. My name is Marius. I am Madame Thou.” + + +These two creatures were resplendent. They had reached that irrevocable +and irrecoverable moment, at the dazzling intersection of all youth and +all joy. They realized the verses of Jean Prouvaire; they were forty +years old taken together. It was marriage sublimated; these two +children were two lilies. They did not see each other, they did not +contemplate each other. Cosette perceived Marius in the midst of a +glory; Marius perceived Cosette on an altar. And on that altar, and in +that glory, the two apotheoses mingling, in the background, one knows +not how, behind a cloud for Cosette, in a flash for Marius, there was +the ideal thing, the real thing, the meeting of the kiss and the dream, +the nuptial pillow. All the torments through which they had passed came +back to them in intoxication. It seemed to them that their sorrows, +their sleepless nights, their tears, their anguish, their terrors, +their despair, converted into caresses and rays of light, rendered +still more charming the charming hour which was approaching; and that +their griefs were but so many handmaidens who were preparing the toilet +of joy. How good it is to have suffered! Their unhappiness formed a +halo round their happiness. The long agony of their love was +terminating in an ascension. + +It was the same enchantment in two souls, tinged with voluptuousness in +Marius, and with modesty in Cosette. They said to each other in low +tones: “We will go back to take a look at our little garden in the Rue +Plumet.” The folds of Cosette’s gown lay across Marius. + +Such a day is an ineffable mixture of dream and of reality. One +possesses and one supposes. One still has time before one to divine. +The emotion on that day, of being at midday and of dreaming of midnight +is indescribable. The delights of these two hearts overflowed upon the +crowd, and inspired the passers-by with cheerfulness. + +People halted in the Rue Saint-Antoine, in front of Saint-Paul, to gaze +through the windows of the carriage at the orange-flowers quivering on +Cosette’s head. + +Then they returned home to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. Marius, +triumphant and radiant, mounted side by side with Cosette the staircase +up which he had been borne in a dying condition. The poor, who had +trooped to the door, and who shared their purses, blessed them. There +were flowers everywhere. The house was no less fragrant than the +church; after the incense, roses. They thought they heard voices +carolling in the infinite; they had God in their hearts; destiny +appeared to them like a ceiling of stars; above their heads they beheld +the light of a rising sun. All at once, the clock struck. Marius +glanced at Cosette’s charming bare arm, and at the rosy things which +were vaguely visible through the lace of her bodice, and Cosette, +intercepting Marius’ glance, blushed to her very hair. + +Quite a number of old family friends of the Gillenormand family had +been invited; they pressed about Cosette. Each one vied with the rest +in saluting her as Madame la Baronne. + +The officer, ThĂ©odule Gillenormand, now a captain, had come from +Chartres, where he was stationed in garrison, to be present at the +wedding of his cousin Pontmercy. Cosette did not recognize him. + +He, on his side, habituated as he was to have women consider him +handsome, retained no more recollection of Cosette than of any other +woman. + +“How right I was not to believe in that story about the lancer!” said +Father Gillenormand, to himself. + +Cosette had never been more tender with Jean Valjean. She was in unison +with Father Gillenormand; while he erected joy into aphorisms and +maxims, she exhaled goodness like a perfume. Happiness desires that all +the world should be happy. + +She regained, for the purpose of addressing Jean Valjean, inflections +of voice belonging to the time when she was a little girl. She caressed +him with her smile. + +A banquet had been spread in the dining-room. + +Illumination as brilliant as the daylight is the necessary seasoning of +a great joy. Mist and obscurity are not accepted by the happy. They do +not consent to be black. The night, yes; the shadows, no. If there is +no sun, one must be made. + +The dining-room was full of gay things. In the centre, above the white +and glittering table, was a Venetian lustre with flat plates, with all +sorts of colored birds, blue, violet, red, and green, perched amid the +candles; around the chandelier, girandoles, on the walls, sconces with +triple and quintuple branches; mirrors, silverware, glassware, plate, +porcelain, faĂŻence, pottery, gold and silversmith’s work, all was +sparkling and gay. The empty spaces between the candelabra were filled +in with bouquets, so that where there was not a light, there was a +flower. + +In the antechamber, three violins and a flute softly played quartettes +by Haydn. + +Jean Valjean had seated himself on a chair in the drawing-room, behind +the door, the leaf of which folded back upon him in such a manner as to +nearly conceal him. A few moments before they sat down to table, +Cosette came, as though inspired by a sudden whim, and made him a deep +courtesy, spreading out her bridal toilet with both hands, and with a +tenderly roguish glance, she asked him: + +“Father, are you satisfied?” + + +“Yes,” said Jean Valjean, “I am content!” + + +“Well, then, laugh.” + + +Jean Valjean began to laugh. + +A few moments later, Basque announced that dinner was served. + +The guests, preceded by M. Gillenormand with Cosette on his arm, +entered the dining-room, and arranged themselves in the proper order +around the table. + +Two large armchairs figured on the right and left of the bride, the +first for M. Gillenormand, the other for Jean Valjean. M. Gillenormand +took his seat. The other armchair remained empty. + +They looked about for M. Fauchelevent. + +He was no longer there. + +M. Gillenormand questioned Basque. + +“Do you know where M. Fauchelevent is?” + + +“Sir,” replied Basque, “I do, precisely. M. Fauchelevent told me to say +to you, sir, that he was suffering, his injured hand was paining him +somewhat, and that he could not dine with Monsieur le Baron and Madame +la Baronne. That he begged to be excused, that he would come to-morrow. +He has just taken his departure.” + + +That empty armchair chilled the effusion of the wedding feast for a +moment. But, if M. Fauchelevent was absent, M. Gillenormand was +present, and the grandfather beamed for two. He affirmed that M. +Fauchelevent had done well to retire early, if he were suffering, but +that it was only a slight ailment. This declaration sufficed. Moreover, +what is an obscure corner in such a submersion of joy? Cosette and +Marius were passing through one of those egotistical and blessed +moments when no other faculty is left to a person than that of +receiving happiness. And then, an idea occurred to M. +Gillenormand.—“Pardieu, this armchair is empty. Come hither, Marius. +Your aunt will permit it, although she has a right to you. This +armchair is for you. That is legal and delightful. Fortunatus beside +Fortunata.”—Applause from the whole table. Marius took Jean Valjean’s +place beside Cosette, and things fell out so that Cosette, who had, at +first, been saddened by Jean Valjean’s absence, ended by being +satisfied with it. From the moment when Marius took his place, and was +the substitute, Cosette would not have regretted God himself. She set +her sweet little foot, shod in white satin, on Marius’ foot. + +The armchair being occupied, M. Fauchelevent was obliterated; and +nothing was lacking. + +And, five minutes afterward, the whole table from one end to the other, +was laughing with all the animation of forgetfulness. + +At dessert, M. Gillenormand, rising to his feet, with a glass of +champagne in his hand—only half full so that the palsy of his eighty +years might not cause an overflow,—proposed the health of the married +pair. + +“You shall not escape two sermons,” he exclaimed. “This morning you had +one from the curĂ©, this evening you shall have one from your +grandfather. Listen to me; I will give you a bit of advice: Adore each +other. I do not make a pack of gyrations, I go straight to the mark, be +happy. In all creation, only the turtledoves are wise. Philosophers +say: ‘Moderate your joys.’ I say: ‘Give rein to your joys.’ Be as much +smitten with each other as fiends. Be in a rage about it. The +philosophers talk stuff and nonsense. I should like to stuff their +philosophy down their gullets again. Can there be too many perfumes, +too many open rose-buds, too many nightingales singing, too many green +leaves, too much aurora in life? can people love each other too much? +can people please each other too much? Take care, Estelle, thou art too +pretty! Have a care, Nemorin, thou art too handsome! Fine stupidity, in +sooth! Can people enchant each other too much, cajole each other too +much, charm each other too much? Can one be too much alive, too happy? +Moderate your joys. Ah, indeed! Down with the philosophers! Wisdom +consists in jubilation. Make merry, let us make merry. Are we happy +because we are good, or are we good because we are happy? Is the Sancy +diamond called the Sancy because it belonged to Harley de Sancy, or +because it weighs six hundred carats? I know nothing about it, life is +full of such problems; the important point is to possess the Sancy and +happiness. Let us be happy without quibbling and quirking. Let us obey +the sun blindly. What is the sun? It is love. He who says love, says +woman. Ah! ah! behold omnipotence—women. Ask that demagogue of a Marius +if he is not the slave of that little tyrant of a Cosette. And of his +own free will, too, the coward! Woman! There is no Robespierre who +keeps his place but woman reigns. I am no longer Royalist except +towards that royalty. What is Adam? The kingdom of Eve. No ’89 for Eve. +There has been the royal sceptre surmounted by a fleur-de-lys, there +has been the imperial sceptre surmounted by a globe, there has been the +sceptre of Charlemagne, which was of iron, there has been the sceptre +of Louis the Great, which was of gold,—the revolution twisted them +between its thumb and forefinger, ha’penny straws; it is done with, it +is broken, it lies on the earth, there is no longer any sceptre, but +make me a revolution against that little embroidered handkerchief, +which smells of patchouli! I should like to see you do it. Try. Why is +it so solid? Because it is a gewgaw. Ah! you are the nineteenth +century? Well, what then? And we have been as foolish as you. Do not +imagine that you have effected much change in the universe, because +your trip-gallant is called the cholera-morbus, and because your +_pourrĂ©e_ is called the cachuca. In fact, the women must always be +loved. I defy you to escape from that. These friends are our angels. +Yes, love, woman, the kiss forms a circle from which I defy you to +escape; and, for my own part, I should be only too happy to re-enter +it. Which of you has seen the planet Venus, the coquette of the abyss, +the CĂ©limĂšne of the ocean, rise in the infinite, calming all here +below? The ocean is a rough Alcestis. Well, grumble as he will, when +Venus appears he is forced to smile. That brute beast submits. We are +all made so. Wrath, tempest, claps of thunder, foam to the very +ceiling. A woman enters on the scene, a planet rises; flat on your +face! Marius was fighting six months ago; to-day he is married. That is +well. Yes, Marius, yes, Cosette, you are in the right. Exist boldly for +each other, make us burst with rage that we cannot do the same, +idealize each other, catch in your beaks all the tiny blades of +felicity that exist on earth, and arrange yourselves a nest for life. +Pardi, to love, to be loved, what a fine miracle when one is young! +Don’t imagine that you have invented that. I, too, have had my dream, +I, too, have meditated, I, too, have sighed; I, too, have had a +moonlight soul. Love is a child six thousand years old. Love has the +right to a long white beard. Methusalem is a street arab beside Cupid. +For sixty centuries men and women have got out of their scrape by +loving. The devil, who is cunning, took to hating man; man, who is +still more cunning, took to loving woman. In this way he does more good +than the devil does him harm. This craft was discovered in the days of +the terrestrial paradise. The invention is old, my friends, but it is +perfectly new. Profit by it. Be Daphnis and Chloe, while waiting to +become Philemon and Baucis. Manage so that, when you are with each +other, nothing shall be lacking to you, and that Cosette may be the sun +for Marius, and that Marius may be the universe to Cosette. Cosette, +let your fine weather be the smile of your husband; Marius, let your +rain be your wife’s tears. And let it never rain in your household. You +have filched the winning number in the lottery; you have gained the +great prize, guard it well, keep it under lock and key, do not squander +it, adore each other and snap your fingers at all the rest. Believe +what I say to you. It is good sense. And good sense cannot lie. Be a +religion to each other. Each man has his own fashion of adoring God. +Saperlotte! the best way to adore God is to love one’s wife. _I love +thee!_ that’s my catechism. He who loves is orthodox. The oath of Henri +IV. places sanctity somewhere between feasting and drunkenness. +Ventre-saint-gris! I don’t belong to the religion of that oath. Woman +is forgotten in it. This astonishes me on the part of Henri IV. My +friends, long live women! I am old, they say; it’s astonishing how much +I feel in the mood to be young. I should like to go and listen to the +bagpipes in the woods. Children who contrive to be beautiful and +contented,—that intoxicates me. I would like greatly to get married, if +any one would have me. It is impossible to imagine that God could have +made us for anything but this: to idolize, to coo, to preen ourselves, +to be dove-like, to be dainty, to bill and coo our loves from morn to +night, to gaze at one’s image in one’s little wife, to be proud, to be +triumphant, to plume oneself; that is the aim of life. There, let not +that displease you which we used to think in our day, when we were +young folks. Ah! vertu-bamboche! what charming women there were in +those days, and what pretty little faces and what lovely lasses! I +committed my ravages among them. Then love each other. If people did +not love each other, I really do not see what use there would be in +having any springtime; and for my own part, I should pray the good God +to shut up all the beautiful things that he shows us, and to take away +from us and put back in his box, the flowers, the birds, and the pretty +maidens. My children, receive an old man’s blessing.” + + +The evening was gay, lively and agreeable. The grandfather’s sovereign +good humor gave the key-note to the whole feast, and each person +regulated his conduct on that almost centenarian cordiality. They +danced a little, they laughed a great deal; it was an amiable wedding. +Goodman Days of Yore might have been invited to it. However, he was +present in the person of Father Gillenormand. + +There was a tumult, then silence. + +The married pair disappeared. + +A little after midnight, the Gillenormand house became a temple. + +Here we pause. On the threshold of wedding nights stands a smiling +angel with his finger on his lips. + +The soul enters into contemplation before that sanctuary where the +celebration of love takes place. + +There should be flashes of light athwart such houses. The joy which +they contain ought to make its escape through the stones of the walls +in brilliancy, and vaguely illuminate the gloom. It is impossible that +this sacred and fatal festival should not give off a celestial radiance +to the infinite. Love is the sublime crucible wherein the fusion of the +man and the woman takes place; the being one, the being triple, the +being final, the human trinity proceeds from it. This birth of two +souls into one, ought to be an emotion for the gloom. The lover is the +priest; the ravished virgin is terrified. Something of that joy ascends +to God. Where true marriage is, that is to say, where there is love, +the ideal enters in. A nuptial bed makes a nook of dawn amid the +shadows. If it were given to the eye of the flesh to scan the +formidable and charming visions of the upper life, it is probable that +we should behold the forms of night, the winged unknowns, the blue +passers of the invisible, bend down, a throng of sombre heads, around +the luminous house, satisfied, showering benedictions, pointing out to +each other the virgin wife gently alarmed, sweetly terrified, and +bearing the reflection of human bliss upon their divine countenances. +If at that supreme hour, the wedded pair, dazzled with voluptuousness +and believing themselves alone, were to listen, they would hear in +their chamber a confused rustling of wings. Perfect happiness implies a +mutual understanding with the angels. That dark little chamber has all +heaven for its ceiling. When two mouths, rendered sacred by love, +approach to create, it is impossible that there should not be, above +that ineffable kiss, a quivering throughout the immense mystery of +stars. + +These felicities are the true ones. There is no joy outside of these +joys. Love is the only ecstasy. All the rest weeps. + +To love, or to have loved,—this suffices. Demand nothing more. There is +no other pearl to be found in the shadowy folds of life. To love is a +fulfilment. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THE INSEPARABLE + + +What had become of Jean Valjean? + +Immediately after having laughed, at Cosette’s graceful command, when +no one was paying any heed to him, Jean Valjean had risen and had +gained the antechamber unperceived. This was the very room which, eight +months before, he had entered black with mud, with blood and powder, +bringing back the grandson to the grandfather. The old wainscoting was +garlanded with foliage and flowers; the musicians were seated on the +sofa on which they had laid Marius down. Basque, in a black coat, +knee-breeches, white stockings and white gloves, was arranging roses +round all of the dishes that were to be served. Jean Valjean pointed to +his arm in its sling, charged Basque to explain his absence, and went +away. + +The long windows of the dining-room opened on the street. Jean Valjean +stood for several minutes, erect and motionless in the darkness, +beneath those radiant windows. He listened. The confused sounds of the +banquet reached his ear. He heard the loud, commanding tones of the +grandfather, the violins, the clatter of the plates, the bursts of +laughter, and through all that merry uproar, he distinguished Cosette’s +sweet and joyous voice. + +He quitted the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, and returned to the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©. + +In order to return thither, he took the Rue Saint-Louis, the Rue +Culture-Sainte-Catherine, and the Blancs-Manteaux; it was a little +longer, but it was the road through which, for the last three months, +he had become accustomed to pass every day on his way from the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ© to the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, in order to avoid the +obstructions and the mud in the Rue Vieille-du-Temple. + +This road, through which Cosette had passed, excluded for him all +possibility of any other itinerary. + +Jean Valjean entered his lodgings. He lighted his candle and mounted +the stairs. The apartment was empty. Even Toussaint was no longer +there. Jean Valjean’s step made more noise than usual in the chambers. +All the cupboards stood open. He penetrated to Cosette’s bedroom. There +were no sheets on the bed. The pillow, covered with ticking, and +without a case or lace, was laid on the blankets folded up on the foot +of the mattress, whose covering was visible, and on which no one was +ever to sleep again. All the little feminine objects which Cosette was +attached to had been carried away; nothing remained except the heavy +furniture and the four walls. Toussaint’s bed was despoiled in like +manner. One bed only was made up, and seemed to be waiting some one, +and this was Jean Valjean’s bed. + +Jean Valjean looked at the walls, closed some of the cupboard doors, +and went and came from one room to another. + +Then he sought his own chamber once more, and set his candle on a +table. + +He had disengaged his arm from the sling, and he used his right hand as +though it did not hurt him. + +He approached his bed, and his eyes rested, was it by chance? was it +intentionally? on the _inseparable_ of which Cosette had been jealous, +on the little portmanteau which never left him. On his arrival in the +Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, on the 4th of June, he had deposited it on a round +table near the head of his bed. He went to this table with a sort of +vivacity, took a key from his pocket, and opened the valise. + +From it he slowly drew forth the garments in which, ten years before, +Cosette had quitted Montfermeil; first the little gown, then the black +fichu, then the stout, coarse child’s shoes which Cosette might almost +have worn still, so tiny were her feet, then the fustian bodice, which +was very thick, then the knitted petticoat, next the apron with +pockets, then the woollen stockings. These stockings, which still +preserved the graceful form of a tiny leg, were no longer than Jean +Valjean’s hand. All this was black of hue. It was he who had brought +those garments to Montfermeil for her. As he removed them from the +valise, he laid them on the bed. He fell to thinking. He called up +memories. It was in winter, in a very cold month of December, she was +shivering, half-naked, in rags, her poor little feet were all red in +their wooden shoes. He, Jean Valjean, had made her abandon those rags +to clothe herself in these mourning habiliments. The mother must have +felt pleased in her grave, to see her daughter wearing mourning for +her, and, above all, to see that she was properly clothed, and that she +was warm. He thought of that forest of Montfermeil; they had traversed +it together, Cosette and he; he thought of what the weather had been, +of the leafless trees, of the wood destitute of birds, of the sunless +sky; it mattered not, it was charming. He arranged the tiny garments on +the bed, the fichu next to the petticoat, the stockings beside the +shoes, and he looked at them, one after the other. She was no taller +than that, she had her big doll in her arms, she had put her louis d’or +in the pocket of that apron, she had laughed, they walked hand in hand, +she had no one in the world but him. + +Then his venerable, white head fell forward on the bed, that stoical +old heart broke, his face was engulfed, so to speak, in Cosette’s +garments, and if any one had passed up the stairs at that moment, he +would have heard frightful sobs. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—THE IMMORTAL LIVER 68 + + +The old and formidable struggle, of which we have already witnessed so +many phases, began once more. + +Jacob struggled with the angel but one night. Alas! how many times have +we beheld Jean Valjean seized bodily by his conscience, in the +darkness, and struggling desperately against it! + +Unheard-of conflict! At certain moments the foot slips; at other +moments the ground crumbles away underfoot. How many times had that +conscience, mad for the good, clasped and overthrown him! How many +times had the truth set her knee inexorably upon his breast! How many +times, hurled to earth by the light, had he begged for mercy! How many +times had that implacable spark, lighted within him, and upon him by +the Bishop, dazzled him by force when he had wished to be blind! How +many times had he risen to his feet in the combat, held fast to the +rock, leaning against sophism, dragged in the dust, now getting the +upper hand of his conscience, again overthrown by it! How many times, +after an equivoque, after the specious and treacherous reasoning of +egotism, had he heard his irritated conscience cry in his ear: “A trip! +you wretch!” How many times had his refractory thoughts rattled +convulsively in his throat, under the evidence of duty! Resistance to +God. Funereal sweats. What secret wounds which he alone felt bleed! +What excoriations in his lamentable existence! How many times he had +risen bleeding, bruised, broken, enlightened, despair in his heart, +serenity in his soul! and, vanquished, he had felt himself the +conqueror. And, after having dislocated, broken, and rent his +conscience with red-hot pincers, it had said to him, as it stood over +him, formidable, luminous, and tranquil: “Now, go in peace!” + + +But on emerging from so melancholy a conflict, what a lugubrious peace, +alas! + +Nevertheless, that night Jean Valjean felt that he was passing through +his final combat. + +A heart-rending question presented itself. + +Predestinations are not all direct; they do not open out in a straight +avenue before the predestined man; they have blind courts, impassable +alleys, obscure turns, disturbing crossroads offering the choice of +many ways. Jean Valjean had halted at that moment at the most perilous +of these crossroads. + +He had come to the supreme crossing of good and evil. He had that +gloomy intersection beneath his eyes. On this occasion once more, as +had happened to him already in other sad vicissitudes, two roads opened +out before him, the one tempting, the other alarming. + +Which was he to take? + +He was counselled to the one which alarmed him by that mysterious index +finger which we all perceive whenever we fix our eyes on the darkness. + +Once more, Jean Valjean had the choice between the terrible port and +the smiling ambush. + +Is it then true? the soul may recover; but not fate. Frightful thing! +an incurable destiny! + +This is the problem which presented itself to him: + +In what manner was Jean Valjean to behave in relation to the happiness +of Cosette and Marius? It was he who had willed that happiness, it was +he who had brought it about; he had, himself, buried it in his +entrails, and at that moment, when he reflected on it, he was able to +enjoy the sort of satisfaction which an armorer would experience on +recognizing his factory mark on a knife, on withdrawing it, all +smoking, from his own breast. + +Cosette had Marius, Marius possessed Cosette. They had everything, even +riches. And this was his doing. + +But what was he, Jean Valjean, to do with this happiness, now that it +existed, now that it was there? Should he force himself on this +happiness? Should he treat it as belonging to him? No doubt, Cosette +did belong to another; but should he, Jean Valjean, retain of Cosette +all that he could retain? Should he remain the sort of father, half +seen but respected, which he had hitherto been? Should he, without +saying a word, bring his past to that future? Should he present himself +there, as though he had a right, and should he seat himself, veiled, at +that luminous fireside? Should he take those innocent hands into his +tragic hands, with a smile? Should he place upon the peaceful fender of +the Gillenormand drawing-room those feet of his, which dragged behind +them the disgraceful shadow of the law? Should he enter into +participation in the fair fortunes of Cosette and Marius? Should he +render the obscurity on his brow and the cloud upon theirs still more +dense? Should he place his catastrophe as a third associate in their +felicity? Should he continue to hold his peace? In a word, should he be +the sinister mute of destiny beside these two happy beings? + +We must have become habituated to fatality and to encounters with it, +in order to have the daring to raise our eyes when certain questions +appear to us in all their horrible nakedness. Good or evil stands +behind this severe interrogation point. What are you going to do? +demands the sphinx. + +This habit of trial Jean Valjean possessed. He gazed intently at the +sphinx. + +He examined the pitiless problem under all its aspects. + +Cosette, that charming existence, was the raft of this shipwreck. What +was he to do? To cling fast to it, or to let go his hold? + +If he clung to it, he should emerge from disaster, he should ascend +again into the sunlight, he should let the bitter water drip from his +garments and his hair, he was saved, he should live. + +And if he let go his hold? + +Then the abyss. + +Thus he took sad council with his thoughts. Or, to speak more +correctly, he fought; he kicked furiously internally, now against his +will, now against his conviction. + +Happily for Jean Valjean that he had been able to weep. That relieved +him, possibly. But the beginning was savage. A tempest, more furious +than the one which had formerly driven him to Arras, broke loose within +him. The past surged up before him facing the present; he compared them +and sobbed. The silence of tears once opened, the despairing man +writhed. + +He felt that he had been stopped short. + +Alas! in this fight to the death between our egotism and our duty, when +we thus retreat step by step before our immutable ideal, bewildered, +furious, exasperated at having to yield, disputing the ground, hoping +for a possible flight, seeking an escape, what an abrupt and sinister +resistance does the foot of the wall offer in our rear! + +To feel the sacred shadow which forms an obstacle! + +The invisible inexorable, what an obsession! + +Then, one is never done with conscience. Make your choice, Brutus; make +your choice, Cato. It is fathomless, since it is God. One flings into +that well the labor of one’s whole life, one flings in one’s fortune, +one flings in one’s riches, one flings in one’s success, one flings in +one’s liberty or fatherland, one flings in one’s well-being, one flings +in one’s repose, one flings in one’s joy! More! more! more! Empty the +vase! tip the urn! One must finish by flinging in one’s heart. + +Somewhere in the fog of the ancient hells, there is a tun like that. + +Is not one pardonable, if one at last refuses! Can the inexhaustible +have any right? Are not chains which are endless above human strength? +Who would blame Sisyphus and Jean Valjean for saying: “It is enough!” + + +The obedience of matter is limited by friction; is there no limit to +the obedience of the soul? If perpetual motion is impossible, can +perpetual self-sacrifice be exacted? + +The first step is nothing, it is the last which is difficult. What was +the Champmathieu affair in comparison with Cosette’s marriage and of +that which it entailed? What is a re-entrance into the galleys, +compared to entrance into the void? + +Oh, first step that must be descended, how sombre art thou! Oh, second +step, how black art thou! + +How could he refrain from turning aside his head this time? + +Martyrdom is sublimation, corrosive sublimation. It is a torture which +consecrates. One can consent to it for the first hour; one seats +oneself on the throne of glowing iron, one places on one’s head the +crown of hot iron, one accepts the globe of red hot iron, one takes the +sceptre of red hot iron, but the mantle of flame still remains to be +donned, and comes there not a moment when the miserable flesh revolts +and when one abdicates from suffering? + +At length, Jean Valjean entered into the peace of exhaustion. + +He weighed, he reflected, he considered the alternatives, the +mysterious balance of light and darkness. + +Should he impose his galleys on those two dazzling children, or should +he consummate his irremediable engulfment by himself? On one side lay +the sacrifice of Cosette, on the other that of himself. + +At what solution should he arrive? What decision did he come to? + +What resolution did he take? What was his own inward definitive +response to the unbribable interrogatory of fatality? What door did he +decide to open? Which side of his life did he resolve upon closing and +condemning? Among all the unfathomable precipices which surrounded him, +which was his choice? What extremity did he accept? To which of the +gulfs did he nod his head? + +His dizzy reverie lasted all night long. + +He remained there until daylight, in the same attitude, bent double +over that bed, prostrate beneath the enormity of fate, crushed, +perchance, alas! with clenched fists, with arms outspread at right +angles, like a man crucified who has been un-nailed, and flung face +down on the earth. There he remained for twelve hours, the twelve long +hours of a long winter’s night, ice-cold, without once raising his +head, and without uttering a word. He was as motionless as a corpse, +while his thoughts wallowed on the earth and soared, now like the +hydra, now like the eagle. Any one to behold him thus motionless would +have pronounced him dead; all at once he shuddered convulsively, and +his mouth, glued to Cosette’s garments, kissed them; then it could be +seen that he was alive. + +Who could see? Since Jean Valjean was alone, and there was no one +there. + +The One who is in the shadows. + + + + +BOOK SEVENTH—THE LAST DRAUGHT FROM THE CUP + + + + +[Illustration: Last Drop from the Cup] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE SEVENTH CIRCLE AND THE EIGHTH HEAVEN + + +The days that follow weddings are solitary. People respect the +meditations of the happy pair. And also, their tardy slumbers, to some +degree. The tumult of visits and congratulations only begins later on. +On the morning of the 17th of February, it was a little past midday +when Basque, with napkin and feather-duster under his arm, busy in +setting his antechamber to rights, heard a light tap at the door. There +had been no ring, which was discreet on such a day. Basque opened the +door, and beheld M. Fauchelevent. He introduced him into the +drawing-room, still encumbered and topsy-turvy, and which bore the air +of a field of battle after the joys of the preceding evening. + +“_Dame_, sir,” remarked Basque, “we all woke up late.” + + +“Is your master up?” asked Jean Valjean. + +“How is Monsieur’s arm?” replied Basque. + +“Better. Is your master up?” + + +“Which one? the old one or the new one?” + + +“Monsieur Pontmercy.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron,” said Basque, drawing himself up. + +A man is a Baron most of all to his servants. He counts for something +with them; they are what a philosopher would call, bespattered with the +title, and that flatters them. Marius, be it said in passing, a +militant republican as he had proved, was now a Baron in spite of +himself. A small revolution had taken place in the family in connection +with this title. It was now M. Gillenormand who clung to it, and Marius +who detached himself from it. But Colonel Pontmercy had written: “My +son will bear my title.” Marius obeyed. And then, Cosette, in whom the +woman was beginning to dawn, was delighted to be a Baroness. + +“Monsieur le Baron?” repeated Basque. “I will go and see. I will tell +him that M. Fauchelevent is here.” + + +“No. Do not tell him that it is I. Tell him that some one wishes to +speak to him in private, and mention no name.” + + +“Ah!” ejaculated Basque. + +“I wish to surprise him.” + + +“Ah!” ejaculated Basque once more, emitting his second “ah!” as an +explanation of the first. + +And he left the room. + +Jean Valjean remained alone. + +The drawing-room, as we have just said, was in great disorder. It +seemed as though, by lending an ear, one might still hear the vague +noise of the wedding. On the polished floor lay all sorts of flowers +which had fallen from garlands and head-dresses. The wax candles, +burned to stumps, added stalactites of wax to the crystal drops of the +chandeliers. Not a single piece of furniture was in its place. In the +corners, three or four armchairs, drawn close together in a circle, had +the appearance of continuing a conversation. The whole effect was +cheerful. A certain grace still lingers round a dead feast. It has been +a happy thing. On the chairs in disarray, among those fading flowers, +beneath those extinct lights, people have thought of joy. The sun had +succeeded to the chandelier, and made its way gayly into the +drawing-room. + +Several minutes elapsed. Jean Valjean stood motionless on the spot +where Basque had left him. He was very pale. His eyes were hollow, and +so sunken in his head by sleeplessness that they nearly disappeared in +their orbits. His black coat bore the weary folds of a garment that has +been up all night. The elbows were whitened with the down which the +friction of cloth against linen leaves behind it. + +Jean Valjean stared at the window outlined on the polished floor at his +feet by the sun. + +There came a sound at the door, and he raised his eyes. + +Marius entered, his head well up, his mouth smiling, an indescribable +light on his countenance, his brow expanded, his eyes triumphant. He +had not slept either. + +“It is you, father!” he exclaimed, on catching sight of Jean Valjean; +“that idiot of a Basque had such a mysterious air! But you have come +too early. It is only half past twelve. Cosette is asleep.” + + +That word: “Father,” said to M. Fauchelevent by Marius, signified: +supreme felicity. There had always existed, as the reader knows, a +lofty wall, a coldness and a constraint between them; ice which must be +broken or melted. Marius had reached that point of intoxication when +the wall was lowered, when the ice dissolved, and when M. Fauchelevent +was to him, as to Cosette, a father. + +He continued: his words poured forth, as is the peculiarity of divine +paroxysms of joy. + +“How glad I am to see you! If you only knew how we missed you +yesterday! Good morning, father. How is your hand? Better, is it not?” + + +And, satisfied with the favorable reply which he had made to himself, +he pursued: + +“We have both been talking about you. Cosette loves you so dearly! You +must not forget that you have a chamber here, We want nothing more to +do with the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. We will have no more of it at all. How +could you go to live in a street like that, which is sickly, which is +disagreeable, which is ugly, which has a barrier at one end, where one +is cold, and into which one cannot enter? You are to come and install +yourself here. And this very day. Or you will have to deal with +Cosette. She means to lead us all by the nose, I warn you. You have +your own chamber here, it is close to ours, it opens on the garden; the +trouble with the clock has been attended to, the bed is made, it is all +ready, you have only to take possession of it. Near your bed Cosette +has placed a huge, old, easy-chair covered with Utrecht velvet and she +has said to it: ‘Stretch out your arms to him.’ A nightingale comes to +the clump of acacias opposite your windows, every spring. In two months +more you will have it. You will have its nest on your left and ours on +your right. By night it will sing, and by day Cosette will prattle. +Your chamber faces due South. Cosette will arrange your books for you, +your Voyages of Captain Cook and the other,—Vancouver’s and all your +affairs. I believe that there is a little valise to which you are +attached, I have fixed upon a corner of honor for that. You have +conquered my grandfather, you suit him. We will live together. Do you +play whist? you will overwhelm my grandfather with delight if you play +whist. It is you who shall take Cosette to walk on the days when I am +at the courts, you shall give her your arm, you know, as you used to, +in the Luxembourg. We are absolutely resolved to be happy. And you +shall be included in it, in our happiness, do you hear, father? Come, +will you breakfast with us to-day?” + + +“Sir,” said Jean Valjean, “I have something to say to you. I am an +ex-convict.” + + +The limit of shrill sounds perceptible can be overleaped, as well in +the case of the mind as in that of the ear. These words: “I am an +ex-convict,” proceeding from the mouth of M. Fauchelevent and entering +the ear of Marius overshot the possible. It seemed to him that +something had just been said to him; but he did not know what. He stood +with his mouth wide open. + +Then he perceived that the man who was addressing him was frightful. +Wholly absorbed in his own dazzled state, he had not, up to that +moment, observed the other man’s terrible pallor. + +Jean Valjean untied the black cravat which supported his right arm, +unrolled the linen from around his hand, bared his thumb and showed it +to Marius. + +“There is nothing the matter with my hand,” said he. + +Marius looked at the thumb. + +“There has not been anything the matter with it,” went on Jean Valjean. + +There was, in fact, no trace of any injury. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“It was fitting that I should be absent from your marriage. I absented +myself as much as was in my power. So I invented this injury in order +that I might not commit a forgery, that I might not introduce a flaw +into the marriage documents, in order that I might escape from +signing.” + + +Marius stammered. + +“What is the meaning of this?” + + +“The meaning of it is,” replied Jean Valjean, “that I have been in the +galleys.” + + +“You are driving me mad!” exclaimed Marius in terror. + +“Monsieur Pontmercy,” said Jean Valjean, “I was nineteen years in the +galleys. For theft. Then, I was condemned for life for theft, for a +second offence. At the present moment, I have broken my ban.” + + +In vain did Marius recoil before the reality, refuse the fact, resist +the evidence, he was forced to give way. He began to understand, and, +as always happens in such cases, he understood too much. An inward +shudder of hideous enlightenment flashed through him; an idea which +made him quiver traversed his mind. He caught a glimpse of a wretched +destiny for himself in the future. + +“Say all, say all!” he cried. “You are Cosette’s father!” + + +And he retreated a couple of paces with a movement of indescribable +horror. + +Jean Valjean elevated his head with so much majesty of attitude that he +seemed to grow even to the ceiling. + +“It is necessary that you should believe me here, sir; although our +oath to others may not be received in law . . .” + + +Here he paused, then, with a sort of sovereign and sepulchral +authority, he added, articulating slowly, and emphasizing the +syllables: + +“. . . You will believe me. I the father of Cosette! before God, no. +Monsieur le Baron Pontmercy, I am a peasant of Faverolles. I earned my +living by pruning trees. My name is not Fauchelevent, but Jean Valjean. +I am not related to Cosette. Reassure yourself.” + + +Marius stammered: + +“Who will prove that to me?” + + +“I. Since I tell you so.” + + +Marius looked at the man. He was melancholy yet tranquil. No lie could +proceed from such a calm. That which is icy is sincere. The truth could +be felt in that chill of the tomb. + +“I believe you,” said Marius. + +Jean Valjean bent his head, as though taking note of this, and +continued: + +“What am I to Cosette? A passer-by. Ten years ago, I did not know that +she was in existence. I love her, it is true. One loves a child whom +one has seen when very young, being old oneself. When one is old, one +feels oneself a grandfather towards all little children. You may, it +seems to me, suppose that I have something which resembles a heart. She +was an orphan. Without either father or mother. She needed me. That is +why I began to love her. Children are so weak that the first comer, +even a man like me, can become their protector. I have fulfilled this +duty towards Cosette. I do not think that so slight a thing can be +called a good action; but if it be a good action, well, say that I have +done it. Register this attenuating circumstance. To-day, Cosette passes +out of my life; our two roads part. Henceforth, I can do nothing for +her. She is Madame Pontmercy. Her providence has changed. And Cosette +gains by the change. All is well. As for the six hundred thousand +francs, you do not mention them to me, but I forestall your thought, +they are a deposit. How did that deposit come into my hands? What does +that matter? I restore the deposit. Nothing more can be demanded of me. +I complete the restitution by announcing my true name. That concerns +me. I have a reason for desiring that you should know who I am.” + + +And Jean Valjean looked Marius full in the face. + +All that Marius experienced was tumultuous and incoherent. Certain +gusts of destiny produce these billows in our souls. + +We have all undergone moments of trouble in which everything within us +is dispersed; we say the first things that occur to us, which are not +always precisely those which should be said. There are sudden +revelations which one cannot bear, and which intoxicate like baleful +wine. Marius was stupefied by the novel situation which presented +itself to him, to the point of addressing that man almost like a person +who was angry with him for this avowal. + +“But why,” he exclaimed, “do you tell me all this? Who forces you to do +so? You could have kept your secret to yourself. You are neither +denounced, nor tracked nor pursued. You have a reason for wantonly +making such a revelation. Conclude. There is something more. In what +connection do you make this confession? What is your motive?” + + +“My motive?” replied Jean Valjean in a voice so low and dull that one +would have said that he was talking to himself rather than to Marius. +“From what motive, in fact, has this convict just said ‘I am a +convict’? Well, yes! the motive is strange. It is out of honesty. Stay, +the unfortunate point is that I have a thread in my heart, which keeps +me fast. It is when one is old that that sort of thread is particularly +solid. All life falls in ruin around one; one resists. Had I been able +to tear out that thread, to break it, to undo the knot or to cut it, to +go far away, I should have been safe. I had only to go away; there are +diligences in the Rue Bouloy; you are happy; I am going. I have tried +to break that thread, I have jerked at it, it would not break, I tore +my heart with it. Then I said: ‘I cannot live anywhere else than here.’ +I must stay. Well, yes, you are right, I am a fool, why not simply +remain here? You offer me a chamber in this house, Madame Pontmercy is +sincerely attached to me, she said to the armchair: ‘Stretch out your +arms to him,’ your grandfather demands nothing better than to have me, +I suit him, we shall live together, and take our meals in common, I +shall give Cosette my arm . . . Madame Pontmercy, excuse me, it is a +habit, we shall have but one roof, one table, one fire, the same +chimney-corner in winter, the same promenade in summer, that is joy, +that is happiness, that is everything. We shall live as one family. One +family!” + + +At that word, Jean Valjean became wild. He folded his arms, glared at +the floor beneath his feet as though he would have excavated an abyss +therein, and his voice suddenly rose in thundering tones: + +“As one family! No. I belong to no family. I do not belong to yours. I +do not belong to any family of men. In houses where people are among +themselves, I am superfluous. There are families, but there is nothing +of the sort for me. I am an unlucky wretch; I am left outside. Did I +have a father and mother? I almost doubt it. On the day when I gave +that child in marriage, all came to an end. I have seen her happy, and +that she is with a man whom she loves, and that there exists here a +kind old man, a household of two angels, and all joys in that house, +and that it was well, I said to myself: ‘Enter thou not.’ I could have +lied, it is true, have deceived you all, and remained Monsieur +Fauchelevent. So long as it was for her, I could lie; but now it would +be for myself, and I must not. It was sufficient for me to hold my +peace, it is true, and all would go on. You ask me what has forced me +to speak? a very odd thing; my conscience. To hold my peace was very +easy, however. I passed the night in trying to persuade myself to it; +you questioned me, and what I have just said to you is so extraordinary +that you have the right to do it; well, yes, I have passed the night in +alleging reasons to myself, and I gave myself very good reasons, I have +done what I could. But there are two things in which I have not +succeeded; in breaking the thread that holds me fixed, riveted and +sealed here by the heart, or in silencing some one who speaks softly to +me when I am alone. That is why I have come hither to tell you +everything this morning. Everything or nearly everything. It is useless +to tell you that which concerns only myself; I keep that to myself. You +know the essential points. So I have taken my mystery and have brought +it to you. And I have disembowelled my secret before your eyes. It was +not a resolution that was easy to take. I struggled all night long. Ah! +you think that I did not tell myself that this was no Champmathieu +affair, that by concealing my name I was doing no one any injury, that +the name of Fauchelevent had been given to me by Fauchelevent himself, +out of gratitude for a service rendered to him, and that I might +assuredly keep it, and that I should be happy in that chamber which you +offer me, that I should not be in any one’s way, that I should be in my +own little corner, and that, while you would have Cosette, I should +have the idea that I was in the same house with her. Each one of us +would have had his share of happiness. If I continued to be Monsieur +Fauchelevent, that would arrange everything. Yes, with the exception of +my soul. There was joy everywhere upon my surface, but the bottom of my +soul remained black. It is not enough to be happy, one must be content. +Thus I should have remained Monsieur Fauchelevent, thus I should have +concealed my true visage, thus, in the presence of your expansion, I +should have had an enigma, thus, in the midst of your full noonday, I +should have had shadows, thus, without crying ‘’ware,’ I should have +simply introduced the galleys to your fireside, I should have taken my +seat at your table with the thought that if you knew who I was, you +would drive me from it, I should have allowed myself to be served by +domestics who, had they known, would have said: ‘How horrible!’ I +should have touched you with my elbow, which you have a right to +dislike, I should have filched your clasps of the hand! There would +have existed in your house a division of respect between venerable +white locks and tainted white locks; at your most intimate hours, when +all hearts thought themselves open to the very bottom to all the rest, +when we four were together, your grandfather, you two and myself, a +stranger would have been present! I should have been side by side with +you in your existence, having for my only care not to disarrange the +cover of my dreadful pit. Thus, I, a dead man, should have thrust +myself upon you who are living beings. I should have condemned her to +myself forever. You and Cosette and I would have had all three of our +heads in the green cap! Does it not make you shudder? I am only the +most crushed of men; I should have been the most monstrous of men. And +I should have committed that crime every day! And I should have had +that face of night upon my visage every day! every day! And I should +have communicated to you a share in my taint every day! every day! to +you, my dearly beloved, my children, to you, my innocent creatures! Is +it nothing to hold one’s peace? is it a simple matter to keep silence? +No, it is not simple. There is a silence which lies. And my lie, and my +fraud and my indignity, and my cowardice and my treason and my crime, I +should have drained drop by drop, I should have spit it out, then +swallowed it again, I should have finished at midnight and have begun +again at midday, and my ‘good morning’ would have lied, and my ‘good +night’ would have lied, and I should have slept on it, I should have +eaten it, with my bread, and I should have looked Cosette in the face, +and I should have responded to the smile of the angel by the smile of +the damned soul, and I should have been an abominable villain! Why +should I do it? in order to be happy. In order to be happy. Have I the +right to be happy? I stand outside of life, sir.” + + +Jean Valjean paused. Marius listened. Such chains of ideas and of +anguishes cannot be interrupted. Jean Valjean lowered his voice once +more, but it was no longer a dull voice—it was a sinister voice. + +“You ask why I speak? I am neither denounced, nor pursued, nor tracked, +you say. Yes! I am denounced! yes! I am tracked! By whom? By myself. It +is I who bar the passage to myself, and I drag myself, and I push +myself, and I arrest myself, and I execute myself, and when one holds +oneself, one is firmly held.” + + +And, seizing a handful of his own coat by the nape of the neck and +extending it towards Marius: + +“Do you see that fist?” he continued. “Don’t you think that it holds +that collar in such a wise as not to release it? Well! conscience is +another grasp! If one desires to be happy, sir, one must never +understand duty; for, as soon as one has comprehended it, it is +implacable. One would say that it punished you for comprehending it; +but no, it rewards you; for it places you in a hell, where you feel God +beside you. One has no sooner lacerated his own entrails than he is at +peace with himself.” + + +And, with a poignant accent, he added: + +“Monsieur Pontmercy, this is not common sense, I am an honest man. It +is by degrading myself in your eyes that I elevate myself in my own. +This has happened to me once before, but it was less painful then; it +was a mere nothing. Yes, an honest man. I should not be so if, through +my fault, you had continued to esteem me; now that you despise me, I am +so. I have that fatality hanging over me that, not being able to ever +have anything but stolen consideration, that consideration humiliates +me, and crushes me inwardly, and, in order that I may respect myself, +it is necessary that I should be despised. Then I straighten up again. +I am a galley-slave who obeys his conscience. I know well that that is +most improbable. But what would you have me do about it? it is the +fact. I have entered into engagements with myself; I keep them. There +are encounters which bind us, there are chances which involve us in +duties. You see, Monsieur Pontmercy, various things have happened to me +in the course of my life.” + + +Again Jean Valjean paused, swallowing his saliva with an effort, as +though his words had a bitter after-taste, and then he went on: + +“When one has such a horror hanging over one, one has not the right to +make others share it without their knowledge, one has not the right to +make them slip over one’s own precipice without their perceiving it, +one has not the right to let one’s red blouse drag upon them, one has +no right to slyly encumber with one’s misery the happiness of others. +It is hideous to approach those who are healthy, and to touch them in +the dark with one’s ulcer. In spite of the fact that Fauchelevent lent +me his name, I have no right to use it; he could give it to me, but I +could not take it. A name is an _I_. You see, sir, that I have thought +somewhat, I have read a little, although I am a peasant; and you see +that I express myself properly. I understand things. I have procured +myself an education. Well, yes, to abstract a name and to place oneself +under it is dishonest. Letters of the alphabet can be filched, like a +purse or a watch. To be a false signature in flesh and blood, to be a +living false key, to enter the house of honest people by picking their +lock, never more to look straightforward, to forever eye askance, to be +infamous within the _I_, no! no! no! no! no! It is better to suffer, to +bleed, to weep, to tear one’s skin from the flesh with one’s nails, to +pass nights writhing in anguish, to devour oneself body and soul. That +is why I have just told you all this. Wantonly, as you say.” + + +He drew a painful breath, and hurled this final word: + +“In days gone by, I stole a loaf of bread in order to live; to-day, in +order to live, I will not steal a name.” + + +“To live!” interrupted Marius. “You do not need that name in order to +live?” + + +“Ah! I understand the matter,” said Jean Valjean, raising and lowering +his head several times in succession. + +A silence ensued. Both held their peace, each plunged in a gulf of +thoughts. Marius was sitting near a table and resting the corner of his +mouth on one of his fingers, which was folded back. Jean Valjean was +pacing to and fro. He paused before a mirror, and remained motionless. +Then, as though replying to some inward course of reasoning, he said, +as he gazed at the mirror, which he did not see: + +“While, at present, I am relieved.” + + +He took up his march again, and walked to the other end of the +drawing-room. At the moment when he turned round, he perceived that +Marius was watching his walk. Then he said, with an inexpressible +intonation: + +“I drag my leg a little. Now you understand why!” + + +Then he turned fully round towards Marius: + +“And now, sir, imagine this: I have said nothing, I have remained +Monsieur Fauchelevent, I have taken my place in your house, I am one of +you, I am in my chamber, I come to breakfast in the morning in +slippers, in the evening all three of us go to the play, I accompany +Madame Pontmercy to the Tuileries, and to the Place Royale, we are +together, you think me your equal; one fine day you are there, and I am +there, we are conversing, we are laughing; all at once, you hear a +voice shouting this name: ‘Jean Valjean!’ and behold, that terrible +hand, the police, darts from the darkness, and abruptly tears off my +mask!” + + +Again he paused; Marius had sprung to his feet with a shudder. Jean +Valjean resumed: + +“What do you say to that?” + + +Marius’ silence answered for him. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“You see that I am right in not holding my peace. Be happy, be in +heaven, be the angel of an angel, exist in the sun, be content +therewith, and do not trouble yourself about the means which a poor +damned wretch takes to open his breast and force his duty to come +forth; you have before you, sir, a wretched man.” + + +Marius slowly crossed the room, and, when he was quite close to Jean +Valjean, he offered the latter his hand. + +But Marius was obliged to step up and take that hand which was not +offered, Jean Valjean let him have his own way, and it seemed to Marius +that he pressed a hand of marble. + +“My grandfather has friends,” said Marius; “I will procure your +pardon.” + + +“It is useless,” replied Jean Valjean. “I am believed to be dead, and +that suffices. The dead are not subjected to surveillance. They are +supposed to rot in peace. Death is the same thing as pardon.” + + +And, disengaging the hand which Marius held, he added, with a sort of +inexorable dignity: + +“Moreover, the friend to whom I have recourse is the doing of my duty; +and I need but one pardon, that of my conscience.” + + +At that moment, a door at the other end of the drawing-room opened +gently half way, and in the opening Cosette’s head appeared. They saw +only her sweet face, her hair was in charming disorder, her eyelids +were still swollen with sleep. She made the movement of a bird, which +thrusts its head out of its nest, glanced first at her husband, then at +Jean Valjean, and cried to them with a smile, so that they seemed to +behold a smile at the heart of a rose: + +“I will wager that you are talking politics. How stupid that is, +instead of being with me!” + + +Jean Valjean shuddered. + +“Cosette! . . .” stammered Marius. + +And he paused. One would have said that they were two criminals. + +Cosette, who was radiant, continued to gaze at both of them. There was +something in her eyes like gleams of paradise. + +“I have caught you in the very act,” said Cosette. “Just now, I heard +my father Fauchelevent through the door saying: ‘Conscience . . . doing +my duty . . .’ That is politics, indeed it is. I will not have it. +People should not talk politics the very next day. It is not right.” + + +“You are mistaken. Cosette,” said Marius, “we are talking business. We +are discussing the best investment of your six hundred thousand francs +. . .” + + +“That is not it at all,” interrupted Cosette. “I am coming. Does +anybody want me here?” + + +And, passing resolutely through the door, she entered the drawing-room. +She was dressed in a voluminous white dressing-gown, with a thousand +folds and large sleeves which, starting from the neck, fell to her +feet. In the golden heavens of some ancient gothic pictures, there are +these charming sacks fit to clothe the angels. + +She contemplated herself from head to foot in a long mirror, then +exclaimed, in an outburst of ineffable ecstasy: + +“There was once a King and a Queen. Oh! how happy I am!” + + +That said, she made a curtsey to Marius and to Jean Valjean. + +“There,” said she, “I am going to install myself near you in an +easy-chair, we breakfast in half an hour, you shall say anything you +like, I know well that men must talk, and I will be very good.” + + +Marius took her by the arm and said lovingly to her: + +“We are talking business.” + + +“By the way,” said Cosette, “I have opened my window, a flock of +pierrots has arrived in the garden,—Birds, not maskers. To-day is +Ash-Wednesday; but not for the birds.” + + +“I tell you that we are talking business, go, my little Cosette, leave +us alone for a moment. We are talking figures. That will bore you.” + + +“You have a charming cravat on this morning, Marius. You are very +dandified, monseigneur. No, it will not bore me.” + + +“I assure you that it will bore you.” + + +“No. Since it is you. I shall not understand you, but I shall listen to +you. When one hears the voices of those whom one loves, one does not +need to understand the words that they utter. That we should be here +together—that is all that I desire. I shall remain with you, bah!” + + +“You are my beloved Cosette! Impossible.” + + +“Impossible!” + + +“Yes.” + + +“Very good,” said Cosette. “I was going to tell you some news. I could +have told you that your grandfather is still asleep, that your aunt is +at mass, that the chimney in my father Fauchelevent’s room smokes, that +Nicolette has sent for the chimney-sweep, that Toussaint and Nicolette +have already quarrelled, that Nicolette makes sport of Toussaint’s +stammer. Well, you shall know nothing. Ah! it is impossible? you shall +see, gentlemen, that I, in my turn, can say: It is impossible. Then who +will be caught? I beseech you, my little Marius, let me stay here with +you two.” + + +“I swear to you, that it is indispensable that we should be alone.” + + +“Well, am I anybody?” + + +Jean Valjean had not uttered a single word. Cosette turned to him: + +“In the first place, father, I want you to come and embrace me. What do +you mean by not saying anything instead of taking my part? who gave me +such a father as that? You must perceive that my family life is very +unhappy. My husband beats me. Come, embrace me instantly.” + + +Jean Valjean approached. + +Cosette turned toward Marius. + +“As for you, I shall make a face at you.” + + +Then she presented her brow to Jean Valjean. + +Jean Valjean advanced a step toward her. + +Cosette recoiled. + +“Father, you are pale. Does your arm hurt you?” + + +“It is well,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Did you sleep badly?” + + +“No.” + + +“Are you sad?” + + +“No.” + + +“Embrace me if you are well, if you sleep well, if you are content, I +will not scold you.” + + +And again she offered him her brow. + +Jean Valjean dropped a kiss upon that brow whereon rested a celestial +gleam. + +“Smile.” + + +Jean Valjean obeyed. It was the smile of a spectre. + +“Now, defend me against my husband.” + + +“Cosette! . . .” ejaculated Marius. + +“Get angry, father. Say that I must stay. You can certainly talk before +me. So you think me very silly. What you say is astonishing! business, +placing money in a bank a great matter truly. Men make mysteries out of +nothing. I am very pretty this morning. Look at me, Marius.” + + +And with an adorable shrug of the shoulders, and an indescribably +exquisite pout, she glanced at Marius. + +“I love you!” said Marius. + +“I adore you!” said Cosette. + +And they fell irresistibly into each other’s arms. + +“Now,” said Cosette, adjusting a fold of her dressing-gown, with a +triumphant little grimace, “I shall stay.” + + +“No, not that,” said Marius, in a supplicating tone. “We have to finish +something.” + + +“Still no?” + + +Marius assumed a grave tone: + +“I assure you, Cosette, that it is impossible.” + + +“Ah! you put on your man’s voice, sir. That is well, I go. You, father, +have not upheld me. Monsieur my father, monsieur my husband, you are +tyrants. I shall go and tell grandpapa. If you think that I am going to +return and talk platitudes to you, you are mistaken. I am proud. I +shall wait for you now. You shall see, that it is you who are going to +be bored without me. I am going, it is well.” + + +And she left the room. + +Two seconds later, the door opened once more, her fresh and rosy head +was again thrust between the two leaves, and she cried to them: + +“I am very angry indeed.” + + +The door closed again, and the shadows descended once more. + +It was as though a ray of sunlight should have suddenly traversed the +night, without itself being conscious of it. + +Marius made sure that the door was securely closed. + +“Poor Cosette!” he murmured, “when she finds out . . .” + + +At that word Jean Valjean trembled in every limb. He fixed on Marius a +bewildered eye. + +“Cosette! oh yes, it is true, you are going to tell Cosette about this. +That is right. Stay, I had not thought of that. One has the strength +for one thing, but not for another. Sir, I conjure you, I entreat now, +sir, give me your most sacred word of honor, that you will not tell +her. Is it not enough that you should know it? I have been able to say +it myself without being forced to it, I could have told it to the +universe, to the whole world,—it was all one to me. But she, she does +not know what it is, it would terrify her. What, a convict! we should +be obliged to explain matters to her, to say to her: ‘He is a man who +has been in the galleys.’ She saw the chain-gang pass by one day. Oh! +My God!” . . . He dropped into an armchair and hid his face in his +hands. + +His grief was not audible, but from the quivering of his shoulders it +was evident that he was weeping. Silent tears, terrible tears. + +There is something of suffocation in the sob. He was seized with a sort +of convulsion, he threw himself against the back of the chair as though +to gain breath, letting his arms fall, and allowing Marius to see his +face inundated with tears, and Marius heard him murmur, so low that his +voice seemed to issue from fathomless depths: + +“Oh! would that I could die!” + + +“Be at your ease,” said Marius, “I will keep your secret for myself +alone.” + + +And, less touched, perhaps, than he ought to have been, but forced, for +the last hour, to familiarize himself with something as unexpected as +it was dreadful, gradually beholding the convict superposed before his +very eyes, upon M. Fauchelevent, overcome, little by little, by that +lugubrious reality, and led, by the natural inclination of the +situation, to recognize the space which had just been placed between +that man and himself, Marius added: + +“It is impossible that I should not speak a word to you with regard to +the deposit which you have so faithfully and honestly remitted. That is +an act of probity. It is just that some recompense should be bestowed +on you. Fix the sum yourself, it shall be counted out to you. Do not +fear to set it very high.” + + +“I thank you, sir,” replied Jean Valjean, gently. + +He remained in thought for a moment, mechanically passing the tip of +his fore-finger across his thumb-nail, then he lifted up his voice: + +“All is nearly over. But one last thing remains for me . . .” + + +“What is it?” + + +Jean Valjean struggled with what seemed a last hesitation, and, without +voice, without breath, he stammered rather than said: + +“Now that you know, do you think, sir, you, who are the master, that I +ought not to see Cosette any more?” + + +“I think that would be better,” replied Marius coldly. + +“I shall never see her more,” murmured Jean Valjean. And he directed +his steps towards the door. + +He laid his hand on the knob, the latch yielded, the door opened. Jean +Valjean pushed it open far enough to pass through, stood motionless for +a second, then closed the door again and turned to Marius. + +He was no longer pale, he was livid. There were no longer any tears in +his eyes, but only a sort of tragic flame. His voice had regained a +strange composure. + +“Stay, sir,” he said. “If you will allow it, I will come to see her. I +assure you that I desire it greatly. If I had not cared to see Cosette, +I should not have made to you the confession that I have made, I should +have gone away; but, as I desired to remain in the place where Cosette +is, and to continue to see her, I had to tell you about it honestly. +You follow my reasoning, do you not? it is a matter easily understood. +You see, I have had her with me for more than nine years. We lived +first in that hut on the boulevard, then in the convent, then near the +Luxembourg. That was where you saw her for the first time. You remember +her blue plush hat. Then we went to the Quartier des Invalides, where +there was a railing on a garden, the Rue Plumet. I lived in a little +back court-yard, whence I could hear her piano. That was my life. We +never left each other. That lasted for nine years and some months. I +was like her own father, and she was my child. I do not know whether +you understand, Monsieur Pontmercy, but to go away now, never to see +her again, never to speak to her again, to no longer have anything, +would be hard. If you do not disapprove of it, I will come to see +Cosette from time to time. I will not come often. I will not remain +long. You shall give orders that I am to be received in the little +waiting-room. On the ground floor. I could enter perfectly well by the +back door, but that might create surprise perhaps, and it would be +better, I think, for me to enter by the usual door. Truly, sir, I +should like to see a little more of Cosette. As rarely as you please. +Put yourself in my place, I have nothing left but that. And then, we +must be cautious. If I no longer come at all, it would produce a bad +effect, it would be considered singular. What I can do, by the way, is +to come in the afternoon, when night is beginning to fall.” + + +“You shall come every evening,” said Marius, “and Cosette will be +waiting for you.” + + +“You are kind, sir,” said Jean Valjean. + +Marius saluted Jean Valjean, happiness escorted despair to the door, +and these two men parted. + + + + +CHAPTER II—THE OBSCURITIES WHICH A REVELATION CAN CONTAIN + + +Marius was quite upset. + +The sort of estrangement which he had always felt towards the man +beside whom he had seen Cosette, was now explained to him. There was +something enigmatic about that person, of which his instinct had warned +him. + +This enigma was the most hideous of disgraces, the galleys. This M. +Fauchelevent was the convict Jean Valjean. + +To abruptly find such a secret in the midst of one’s happiness +resembles the discovery of a scorpion in a nest of turtledoves. + +Was the happiness of Marius and Cosette thenceforth condemned to such a +neighborhood? Was this an accomplished fact? Did the acceptance of that +man form a part of the marriage now consummated? Was there nothing to +be done? + +Had Marius wedded the convict as well? + +In vain may one be crowned with light and joy, in vain may one taste +the grand purple hour of life, happy love, such shocks would force even +the archangel in his ecstasy, even the demigod in his glory, to +shudder. + +As is always the case in changes of view of this nature, Marius asked +himself whether he had nothing with which to reproach himself. Had he +been wanting in divination? Had he been wanting in prudence? Had he +involuntarily dulled his wits? A little, perhaps. Had he entered upon +this love affair, which had ended in his marriage to Cosette, without +taking sufficient precautions to throw light upon the surroundings? He +admitted,—it is thus, by a series of successive admissions of ourselves +in regard to ourselves, that life amends us, little by little,—he +admitted the chimerical and visionary side of his nature, a sort of +internal cloud peculiar to many organizations, and which, in paroxysms +of passion and sorrow, dilates as the temperature of the soul changes, +and invades the entire man, to such a degree as to render him nothing +more than a conscience bathed in a mist. We have more than once +indicated this characteristic element of Marius’ individuality. + +He recalled that, in the intoxication of his love, in the Rue Plumet, +during those six or seven ecstatic weeks, he had not even spoken to +Cosette of that drama in the Gorbeau hovel, where the victim had taken +up such a singular line of silence during the struggle and the ensuing +flight. How had it happened that he had not mentioned this to Cosette? +Yet it was so near and so terrible! How had it come to pass that he had +not even named the ThĂ©nardiers, and, particularly, on the day when he +had encountered Éponine? He now found it almost difficult to explain +his silence of that time. Nevertheless, he could account for it. He +recalled his benumbed state, his intoxication with Cosette, love +absorbing everything, that catching away of each other into the ideal, +and perhaps also, like the imperceptible quantity of reason mingled +with this violent and charming state of the soul, a vague, dull +instinct impelling him to conceal and abolish in his memory that +redoubtable adventure, contact with which he dreaded, in which he did +not wish to play any part, his agency in which he had kept secret, and +in which he could be neither narrator nor witness without being an +accuser. + +Moreover, these few weeks had been a flash of lightning; there had been +no time for anything except love. + +In short, having weighed everything, turned everything over in his +mind, examined everything, whatever might have been the consequences if +he had told Cosette about the Gorbeau ambush, even if he had discovered +that Jean Valjean was a convict, would that have changed him, Marius? +Would that have changed her, Cosette? Would he have drawn back? Would +he have adored her any the less? Would he have refrained from marrying +her? No. Then there was nothing to regret, nothing with which he need +reproach himself. All was well. There is a deity for those drunken men +who are called lovers. Marius blind, had followed the path which he +would have chosen had he been in full possession of his sight. Love had +bandaged his eyes, in order to lead him whither? To paradise. + +But this paradise was henceforth complicated with an infernal +accompaniment. + +Marius’ ancient estrangement towards this man, towards this +Fauchelevent who had turned into Jean Valjean, was at present mingled +with horror. + +In this horror, let us state, there was some pity, and even a certain +surprise. + +This thief, this thief guilty of a second offence, had restored that +deposit. And what a deposit! Six hundred thousand francs. + +He alone was in the secret of that deposit. He might have kept it all, +he had restored it all. + +Moreover, he had himself revealed his situation. Nothing forced him to +this. If any one learned who he was, it was through himself. In this +avowal there was something more than acceptance of humiliation, there +was acceptance of peril. For a condemned man, a mask is not a mask, it +is a shelter. A false name is security, and he had rejected that false +name. He, the galley-slave, might have hidden himself forever in an +honest family; he had withstood this temptation. And with what motive? +Through a conscientious scruple. He himself explained this with the +irresistible accents of truth. In short, whatever this Jean Valjean +might be, he was, undoubtedly, a conscience which was awakening. There +existed some mysterious re-habilitation which had begun; and, to all +appearances, scruples had for a long time already controlled this man. +Such fits of justice and goodness are not characteristic of vulgar +natures. An awakening of conscience is grandeur of soul. + +Jean Valjean was sincere. This sincerity, visible, palpable, +irrefragable, evident from the very grief that it caused him, rendered +inquiries useless, and conferred authority on all that that man had +said. + +Here, for Marius, there was a strange reversal of situations. What +breathed from M. Fauchelevent? distrust. What did Jean Valjean inspire? +confidence. + +In the mysterious balance of this Jean Valjean which the pensive Marius +struck, he admitted the active principle, he admitted the passive +principle, and he tried to reach a balance. + +But all this went on as in a storm. Marius, while endeavoring to form a +clear idea of this man, and while pursuing Jean Valjean, so to speak, +in the depths of his thought, lost him and found him again in a fatal +mist. + +The deposit honestly restored, the probity of the confession—these were +good. This produced a lightening of the cloud, then the cloud became +black once more. + +Troubled as were Marius’ memories, a shadow of them returned to him. + +After all, what was that adventure in the Jondrette attic? Why had that +man taken to flight on the arrival of the police, instead of entering a +complaint? + +Here Marius found the answer. Because that man was a fugitive from +justice, who had broken his ban. + +Another question: Why had that man come to the barricade? + +For Marius now once more distinctly beheld that recollection which had +reappeared in his emotions like sympathetic ink at the application of +heat. This man had been in the barricade. He had not fought there. What +had he come there for? In the presence of this question a spectre +sprang up and replied: “Javert.” + + +Marius recalled perfectly now that funereal sight of Jean Valjean +dragging the pinioned Javert out of the barricade, and he still heard +behind the corner of the little Rue MondĂ©tour that frightful pistol +shot. Obviously, there was hatred between that police spy and the +galley-slave. The one was in the other’s way. Jean Valjean had gone to +the barricade for the purpose of revenging himself. He had arrived +late. He probably knew that Javert was a prisoner there. The Corsican +vendetta has penetrated to certain lower strata and has become the law +there; it is so simple that it does not astonish souls which are but +half turned towards good; and those hearts are so constituted that a +criminal, who is in the path of repentance, may be scrupulous in the +matter of theft and unscrupulous in the matter of vengeance. Jean +Valjean had killed Javert. At least, that seemed to be evident. + +This was the final question, to be sure; but to this there was no +reply. This question Marius felt like pincers. How had it come to pass +that Jean Valjean’s existence had elbowed that of Cosette for so long a +period? + +What melancholy sport of Providence was that which had placed that +child in contact with that man? Are there then chains for two which are +forged on high? and does God take pleasure in coupling the angel with +the demon? So a crime and an innocence can be room-mates in the +mysterious galleys of wretchedness? In that defiling of condemned +persons which is called human destiny, can two brows pass side by side, +the one ingenuous, the other formidable, the one all bathed in the +divine whiteness of dawn, the other forever blemished by the flash of +an eternal lightning? Who could have arranged that inexplicable pairing +off? In what manner, in consequence of what prodigy, had any community +of life been established between this celestial little creature and +that old criminal? + +Who could have bound the lamb to the wolf, and, what was still more +incomprehensible, have attached the wolf to the lamb? For the wolf +loved the lamb, for the fierce creature adored the feeble one, for, +during the space of nine years, the angel had had the monster as her +point of support. Cosette’s childhood and girlhood, her advent in the +daylight, her virginal growth towards life and light, had been +sheltered by that hideous devotion. Here questions exfoliated, so to +speak, into innumerable enigmas, abysses yawned at the bottoms of +abysses, and Marius could no longer bend over Jean Valjean without +becoming dizzy. What was this man-precipice? + +The old symbols of Genesis are eternal; in human society, such as it +now exists, and until a broader day shall effect a change in it, there +will always be two men, the one superior, the other subterranean; the +one which is according to good is Abel; the other which is according to +evil is Cain. What was this tender Cain? What was this ruffian +religiously absorbed in the adoration of a virgin, watching over her, +rearing her, guarding her, dignifying her, and enveloping her, impure +as he was himself, with purity? + +What was that cesspool which had venerated that innocence to such a +point as not to leave upon it a single spot? What was this Jean Valjean +educating Cosette? What was this figure of the shadows which had for +its only object the preservation of the rising of a star from every +shadow and from every cloud? + +That was Jean Valjean’s secret; that was also God’s secret. + +In the presence of this double secret, Marius recoiled. The one, in +some sort, reassured him as to the other. God was as visible in this +affair as was Jean Valjean. God has his instruments. He makes use of +the tool which he wills. He is not responsible to men. Do we know how +God sets about the work? Jean Valjean had labored over Cosette. He had, +to some extent, made that soul. That was incontestable. Well, what +then? The workman was horrible; but the work was admirable. God +produces his miracles as seems good to him. He had constructed that +charming Cosette, and he had employed Jean Valjean. It had pleased him +to choose this strange collaborator for himself. What account have we +to demand of him? Is this the first time that the dung-heap has aided +the spring to create the rose? + +Marius made himself these replies, and declared to himself that they +were good. He had not dared to press Jean Valjean on all the points +which we have just indicated, but he did not confess to himself that he +did not dare to do it. He adored Cosette, he possessed Cosette, Cosette +was splendidly pure. That was sufficient for him. What enlightenment +did he need? Cosette was a light. Does light require enlightenment? He +had everything; what more could he desire? All,—is not that enough? +Jean Valjean’s personal affairs did not concern him. + +And bending over the fatal shadow of that man, he clung fast, +convulsively, to the solemn declaration of that unhappy wretch: “I am +nothing to Cosette. Ten years ago I did not know that she was in +existence.” + + +Jean Valjean was a passer-by. He had said so himself. Well, he had +passed. Whatever he was, his part was finished. + +Henceforth, there remained Marius to fulfil the part of Providence to +Cosette. Cosette had sought the azure in a person like herself, in her +lover, her husband, her celestial male. Cosette, as she took her +flight, winged and transfigured, left behind her on the earth her +hideous and empty chrysalis, Jean Valjean. + +In whatever circle of ideas Marius revolved, he always returned to a +certain horror for Jean Valjean. A sacred horror, perhaps, for, as we +have just pointed out, he felt a _quid divinum_ in that man. But do +what he would, and seek what extenuation he would, he was certainly +forced to fall back upon this: the man was a convict; that is to say, a +being who has not even a place in the social ladder, since he is lower +than the very lowest rung. After the very last of men comes the +convict. The convict is no longer, so to speak, in the semblance of the +living. The law has deprived him of the entire quantity of humanity of +which it can deprive a man. + +Marius, on penal questions, still held to the inexorable system, though +he was a democrat and he entertained all the ideas of the law on the +subject of those whom the law strikes. He had not yet accomplished all +progress, we admit. He had not yet come to distinguish between that +which is written by man and that which is written by God, between law +and right. He had not examined and weighed the right which man takes to +dispose of the irrevocable and the irreparable. He was not shocked by +the word _vindicte_. He found it quite simple that certain breaches of +the written law should be followed by eternal suffering, and he +accepted, as the process of civilization, social damnation. He still +stood at this point, though safe to advance infallibly later on, since +his nature was good, and, at bottom, wholly formed of latent progress. + +In this stage of his ideas, Jean Valjean appeared to him hideous and +repulsive. He was a man reproved, he was the convict. That word was for +him like the sound of the trump on the Day of Judgment; and, after +having reflected upon Jean Valjean for a long time, his final gesture +had been to turn away his head. _Vade retro_. + +Marius, if we must recognize and even insist upon the fact, while +interrogating Jean Valjean to such a point that Jean Valjean had said: +“You are confessing me,” had not, nevertheless, put to him two or three +decisive questions. + +It was not that they had not presented themselves to his mind, but that +he had been afraid of them. The Jondrette attic? The barricade? Javert? +Who knows where these revelations would have stopped? Jean Valjean did +not seem like a man who would draw back, and who knows whether Marius, +after having urged him on, would not have himself desired to hold him +back? + +Has it not happened to all of us, in certain supreme conjunctures, to +stop our ears in order that we may not hear the reply, after we have +asked a question? It is especially when one loves that one gives way to +these exhibitions of cowardice. It is not wise to question sinister +situations to the last point, particularly when the indissoluble side +of our life is fatally intermingled with them. What a terrible light +might have proceeded from the despairing explanations of Jean Valjean, +and who knows whether that hideous glare would not have darted forth as +far as Cosette? Who knows whether a sort of infernal glow would not +have lingered behind it on the brow of that angel? The spattering of a +lightning-flash is of the thunder also. Fatality has points of juncture +where innocence itself is stamped with crime by the gloomy law of the +reflections which give color. The purest figures may forever preserve +the reflection of a horrible association. Rightly or wrongly, Marius +had been afraid. He already knew too much. He sought to dull his senses +rather than to gain further light. + +In dismay he bore off Cosette in his arms and shut his eyes to Jean +Valjean. + +That man was the night, the living and horrible night. How should he +dare to seek the bottom of it? It is a terrible thing to interrogate +the shadow. Who knows what its reply will be? The dawn may be blackened +forever by it. + +In this state of mind the thought that that man would, henceforth, come +into any contact whatever with Cosette was a heartrending perplexity to +Marius. + +He now almost reproached himself for not having put those formidable +questions, before which he had recoiled, and from which an implacable +and definitive decision might have sprung. He felt that he was too +good, too gentle, too weak, if we must say the word. This weakness had +led him to an imprudent concession. He had allowed himself to be +touched. He had been in the wrong. He ought to have simply and purely +rejected Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean played the part of fire, and that +is what he should have done, and have freed his house from that man. + +He was vexed with himself, he was angry with that whirlwind of emotions +which had deafened, blinded, and carried him away. He was displeased +with himself. + +What was he to do now? Jean Valjean’s visits were profoundly repugnant +to him. What was the use in having that man in his house? What did the +man want? Here, he became dismayed, he did not wish to dig down, he did +not wish to penetrate deeply; he did not wish to sound himself. He had +promised, he had allowed himself to be drawn into a promise; Jean +Valjean held his promise; one must keep one’s word even to a convict, +above all to a convict. Still, his first duty was to Cosette. In short, +he was carried away by the repugnance which dominated him. + +Marius turned over all this confusion of ideas in his mind, passing +from one to the other, and moved by all of them. Hence arose a profound +trouble. + +It was not easy for him to hide this trouble from Cosette, but love is +a talent, and Marius succeeded in doing it. + +However, without any apparent object, he questioned Cosette, who was as +candid as a dove is white and who suspected nothing; he talked of her +childhood and her youth, and he became more and more convinced that +that convict had been everything good, paternal and respectable that a +man can be towards Cosette. All that Marius had caught a glimpse of and +had surmised was real. That sinister nettle had loved and protected +that lily. + + + + +BOOK EIGHTH—FADING AWAY OF THE TWILIGHT + + + + +[Illustration: The Twilight Decline] + + + + +CHAPTER I—THE LOWER CHAMBER + + +On the following day, at nightfall, Jean Valjean knocked at the +carriage gate of the Gillenormand house. It was Basque who received +him. Basque was in the courtyard at the appointed hour, as though he +had received his orders. It sometimes happens that one says to a +servant: “You will watch for Mr. So and So, when he arrives.” + + +Basque addressed Jean Valjean without waiting for the latter to +approach him: + +“Monsieur le Baron has charged me to inquire whether monsieur desires +to go upstairs or to remain below?” + + +“I will remain below,” replied Jean Valjean. + +Basque, who was perfectly respectful, opened the door of the +waiting-room and said: + +“I will go and inform Madame.” + + +The room which Jean Valjean entered was a damp, vaulted room on the +ground floor, which served as a cellar on occasion, which opened on the +street, was paved with red squares and was badly lighted by a grated +window. + +This chamber was not one of those which are harassed by the +feather-duster, the pope’s head brush, and the broom. The dust rested +tranquilly there. Persecution of the spiders was not organized there. A +fine web, which spread far and wide, and was very black and ornamented +with dead flies, formed a wheel on one of the window-panes. The room, +which was small and low-ceiled, was furnished with a heap of empty +bottles piled up in one corner. + +The wall, which was daubed with an ochre yellow wash, was scaling off +in large flakes. At one end there was a chimney-piece painted in black +with a narrow shelf. A fire was burning there; which indicated that +Jean Valjean’s reply: “I will remain below,” had been foreseen. + +Two armchairs were placed at the two corners of the fireplace. Between +the chairs an old bedside rug, which displayed more foundation thread +than wool, had been spread by way of a carpet. + +The chamber was lighted by the fire on the hearth and the twilight +falling through the window. + +Jean Valjean was fatigued. For days he had neither eaten nor slept. He +threw himself into one of the armchairs. + +Basque returned, set a lighted candle on the chimney-piece and retired. +Jean Valjean, his head drooping and his chin resting on his breast, +perceived neither Basque nor the candle. + +All at once, he drew himself up with a start. Cosette was standing +beside him. + +He had not seen her enter, but he had felt that she was there. + +He turned round. He gazed at her. She was adorably lovely. But what he +was contemplating with that profound gaze was not her beauty but her +soul. + +“Well,” exclaimed Cosette, “father, I knew that you were peculiar, but +I never should have expected this. What an idea! Marius told me that +you wish me to receive you here.” + + +“Yes, it is my wish.” + + +“I expected that reply. Good. I warn you that I am going to make a +scene for you. Let us begin at the beginning. Embrace me, father.” + + +And she offered him her cheek. + +Jean Valjean remained motionless. + +“You do not stir. I take note of it. Attitude of guilt. But never mind, +I pardon you. Jesus Christ said: Offer the other cheek. Here it is.” + + +And she presented her other cheek. + +Jean Valjean did not move. It seemed as though his feet were nailed to +the pavement. + +“This is becoming serious,” said Cosette. “What have I done to you? I +declare that I am perplexed. You owe me reparation. You will dine with +us.” + + +“I have dined.” + + +“That is not true. I will get M. Gillenormand to scold you. +Grandfathers are made to reprimand fathers. Come. Go upstairs with me +to the drawing-room. Immediately.” + + +“Impossible.” + + +Here Cosette lost ground a little. She ceased to command and passed to +questioning. + +“But why? and you choose the ugliest chamber in the house in which to +see me. It’s horrible here.” + + +“Thou knowest . . .” + + +Jean Valjean caught himself up. + +“You know, madame, that I am peculiar, I have my freaks.” + + +Cosette struck her tiny hands together. + +“Madame! . . . You know! . . . more novelties! What is the meaning of +this?” + + +Jean Valjean directed upon her that heartrending smile to which he +occasionally had recourse: + +“You wished to be Madame. You are so.” + + +“Not for you, father.” + + +“Do not call me father.” + + +“What?” + + +“Call me ‘Monsieur Jean.’ ‘Jean,’ if you like.” + + +“You are no longer my father? I am no longer Cosette? ‘Monsieur Jean’? +What does this mean? why, these are revolutions, aren’t they? what has +taken place? come, look me in the face. And you won’t live with us! And +you won’t have my chamber! What have I done to you? Has anything +happened?” + + +“Nothing.” + + +“Well then?” + + +“Everything is as usual.” + + +“Why do you change your name?” + + +“You have changed yours, surely.” + + +He smiled again with the same smile as before and added: + +“Since you are Madame Pontmercy, I certainly can be Monsieur Jean.” + + +“I don’t understand anything about it. All this is idiotic. I shall ask +permission of my husband for you to be ‘Monsieur Jean.’ I hope that he +will not consent to it. You cause me a great deal of pain. One does +have freaks, but one does not cause one’s little Cosette grief. That is +wrong. You have no right to be wicked, you who are so good.” + + +He made no reply. + +She seized his hands with vivacity, and raising them to her face with +an irresistible movement, she pressed them against her neck beneath her +chin, which is a gesture of profound tenderness. + +“Oh!” she said to him, “be good!” + + +And she went on: + +“This is what I call being good: being nice and coming and living +here,—there are birds here as there are in the Rue Plumet,—living with +us, quitting that hole of a Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, not giving us riddles +to guess, being like all the rest of the world, dining with us, +breakfasting with us, being my father.” + + +He loosed her hands. + +“You no longer need a father, you have a husband.” + + +Cosette became angry. + +“I no longer need a father! One really does not know what to say to +things like that, which are not common sense!” + + +“If Toussaint were here,” resumed Jean Valjean, like a person who is +driven to seek authorities, and who clutches at every branch, “she +would be the first to agree that it is true that I have always had ways +of my own. There is nothing new in this. I always have loved my black +corner.” + + +“But it is cold here. One cannot see distinctly. It is abominable, that +it is, to wish to be Monsieur Jean! I will not have you say ‘you’ to +me. + +“Just now, as I was coming hither,” replied Jean Valjean, “I saw a +piece of furniture in the Rue Saint Louis. It was at a cabinet-maker’s. +If I were a pretty woman, I would treat myself to that bit of +furniture. A very neat toilet table in the reigning style. What you +call rosewood, I think. It is inlaid. The mirror is quite large. There +are drawers. It is pretty.” + + +“Hou! the villainous bear!” replied Cosette. + +And with supreme grace, setting her teeth and drawing back her lips, +she blew at Jean Valjean. She was a Grace copying a cat. + +“I am furious,” she resumed. “Ever since yesterday, you have made me +rage, all of you. I am greatly vexed. I don’t understand. You do not +defend me against Marius. Marius will not uphold me against you. I am +all alone. I arrange a chamber prettily. If I could have put the good +God there I would have done it. My chamber is left on my hands. My +lodger sends me into bankruptcy. I order a nice little dinner of +Nicolette. We will have nothing to do with your dinner, Madame. And my +father Fauchelevent wants me to call him ‘Monsieur Jean,’ and to +receive him in a frightful, old, ugly cellar, where the walls have +beards, and where the crystal consists of empty bottles, and the +curtains are of spiders’ webs! You are singular, I admit, that is your +style, but people who get married are granted a truce. You ought not to +have begun being singular again instantly. So you are going to be +perfectly contented in your abominable Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©. I was very +desperate indeed there, that I was. What have you against me? You cause +me a great deal of grief. Fi!” + + +And, becoming suddenly serious, she gazed intently at Jean Valjean and +added: + +“Are you angry with me because I am happy?” + + +Ingenuousness sometimes unconsciously penetrates deep. This question, +which was simple for Cosette, was profound for Jean Valjean. Cosette +had meant to scratch, and she lacerated. + +Jean Valjean turned pale. + +He remained for a moment without replying, then, with an inexpressible +intonation, and speaking to himself, he murmured: + +“Her happiness was the object of my life. Now God may sign my +dismissal. Cosette, thou art happy; my day is over.” + + +“Ah, you have said _thou_ to me!” exclaimed Cosette. + +And she sprang to his neck. + +Jean Valjean, in bewilderment, strained her wildly to his breast. It +almost seemed to him as though he were taking her back. + +“Thanks, father!” said Cosette. + +This enthusiastic impulse was on the point of becoming poignant for +Jean Valjean. He gently removed Cosette’s arms, and took his hat. + +“Well?” said Cosette. + +“I leave you, Madame, they are waiting for you.” + + +And, from the threshold, he added: + +“I have said _thou_ to you. Tell your husband that this shall not +happen again. Pardon me.” + + +Jean Valjean quitted the room, leaving Cosette stupefied at this +enigmatical farewell. + + + + +CHAPTER II—ANOTHER STEP BACKWARDS + + +On the following day, at the same hour, Jean Valjean came. + +Cosette asked him no questions, was no longer astonished, no longer +exclaimed that she was cold, no longer spoke of the drawing-room, she +avoided saying either “father” or “Monsieur Jean.” She allowed herself +to be addressed as _you_. She allowed herself to be called Madame. +Only, her joy had undergone a certain diminution. She would have been +sad, if sadness had been possible to her. + +It is probable that she had had with Marius one of those conversations +in which the beloved man says what he pleases, explains nothing, and +satisfies the beloved woman. The curiosity of lovers does not extend +very far beyond their own love. + +The lower room had made a little toilet. Basque had suppressed the +bottles, and Nicolette the spiders. + +All the days which followed brought Jean Valjean at the same hour. He +came every day, because he had not the strength to take Marius’ words +otherwise than literally. Marius arranged matters so as to be absent at +the hours when Jean Valjean came. The house grew accustomed to the +novel ways of M. Fauchelevent. Toussaint helped in this direction: +“Monsieur has always been like that,” she repeated. The grandfather +issued this decree:—“He’s an original.” And all was said. Moreover, at +the age of ninety-six, no bond is any longer possible, all is merely +juxtaposition; a newcomer is in the way. There is no longer any room; +all habits are acquired. M. Fauchelevent, M. Tranchelevent, Father +Gillenormand asked nothing better than to be relieved from “that +gentleman.” He added:—“Nothing is more common than those originals. +They do all sorts of queer things. They have no reason. The Marquis de +Canaples was still worse. He bought a palace that he might lodge in the +garret. These are fantastic appearances that people affect.” + + +No one caught a glimpse of the sinister foundation. And moreover, who +could have guessed such a thing? There are marshes of this description +in India. The water seems extraordinary, inexplicable, rippling though +there is no wind, and agitated where it should be calm. One gazes at +the surface of these causeless ebullitions; one does not perceive the +hydra which crawls on the bottom. + +Many men have a secret monster in this same manner, a dragon which +gnaws them, a despair which inhabits their night. Such a man resembles +other men, he goes and comes. No one knows that he bears within him a +frightful parasitic pain with a thousand teeth, which lives within the +unhappy man, and of which he is dying. No one knows that this man is a +gulf. He is stagnant but deep. From time to time, a trouble of which +the onlooker understands nothing appears on his surface. A mysterious +wrinkle is formed, then vanishes, then reappears; an air-bubble rises +and bursts. It is the breathing of the unknown beast. + +Certain strange habits: arriving at the hour when other people are +taking their leave, keeping in the background when other people are +displaying themselves, preserving on all occasions what may be +designated as the wall-colored mantle, seeking the solitary walk, +preferring the deserted street, avoiding any share in conversation, +avoiding crowds and festivals, seeming at one’s ease and living poorly, +having one’s key in one’s pocket, and one’s candle at the porter’s +lodge, however rich one may be, entering by the side door, ascending +the private staircase,—all these insignificant singularities, fugitive +folds on the surface, often proceed from a formidable foundation. + +Many weeks passed in this manner. A new life gradually took possession +of Cosette: the relations which marriage creates, visits, the care of +the house, pleasures, great matters. Cosette’s pleasures were not +costly, they consisted in one thing: being with Marius. The great +occupation of her life was to go out with him, to remain with him. It +was for them a joy that was always fresh, to go out arm in arm, in the +face of the sun, in the open street, without hiding themselves, before +the whole world, both of them completely alone. + +Cosette had one vexation. Toussaint could not get on with Nicolette, +the soldering of two elderly maids being impossible, and she went away. +The grandfather was well; Marius argued a case here and there; Aunt +Gillenormand peacefully led that life aside which sufficed for her, +beside the new household. Jean Valjean came every day. + +The address as _thou_ disappeared, the _you_, the “Madame,” the +“Monsieur Jean,” rendered him another person to Cosette. The care which +he had himself taken to detach her from him was succeeding. She became +more and more gay and less and less tender. Yet she still loved him +sincerely, and he felt it. + +One day she said to him suddenly: “You used to be my father, you are no +longer my father, you were my uncle, you are no longer my uncle, you +were Monsieur Fauchelevent, you are Jean. Who are you then? I don’t +like all this. If I did not know how good you are, I should be afraid +of you.” + + +He still lived in the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, because he could not make up +his mind to remove to a distance from the quarter where Cosette dwelt. + +At first, he only remained a few minutes with Cosette, and then went +away. + +Little by little he acquired the habit of making his visits less brief. +One would have said that he was taking advantage of the authorization +of the days which were lengthening, he arrived earlier and departed +later. + +One day Cosette chanced to say “father” to him. A flash of joy +illuminated Jean Valjean’s melancholy old countenance. He caught her +up: “Say Jean.”—“Ah! truly,” she replied with a burst of laughter, +“Monsieur Jean.”—“That is right,” said he. And he turned aside so that +she might not see him wipe his eyes. + + + + +CHAPTER III—THEY RECALL THE GARDEN OF THE RUE PLUMET + + +This was the last time. After that last flash of light, complete +extinction ensued. No more familiarity, no more good-morning with a +kiss, never more that word so profoundly sweet: “My father!” He was at +his own request and through his own complicity driven out of all his +happinesses one after the other; and he had this sorrow, that after +having lost Cosette wholly in one day, he was afterwards obliged to +lose her again in detail. + +The eye eventually becomes accustomed to the light of a cellar. In +short, it sufficed for him to have an apparition of Cosette every day. +His whole life was concentrated in that one hour. + +He seated himself close to her, he gazed at her in silence, or he +talked to her of years gone by, of her childhood, of the convent, of +her little friends of those bygone days. + +One afternoon,—it was on one of those early days in April, already warm +and fresh, the moment of the sun’s great gayety, the gardens which +surrounded the windows of Marius and Cosette felt the emotion of +waking, the hawthorn was on the point of budding, a jewelled garniture +of gillyflowers spread over the ancient walls, snapdragons yawned +through the crevices of the stones, amid the grass there was a charming +beginning of daisies, and buttercups, the white butterflies of the year +were making their first appearance, the wind, that minstrel of the +eternal wedding, was trying in the trees the first notes of that grand, +auroral symphony which the old poets called the springtide,—Marius said +to Cosette:—“We said that we would go back to take a look at our garden +in the Rue Plumet. Let us go thither. We must not be ungrateful.”—And +away they flitted, like two swallows towards the spring. This garden of +the Rue Plumet produced on them the effect of the dawn. They already +had behind them in life something which was like the springtime of +their love. The house in the Rue Plumet being held on a lease, still +belonged to Cosette. They went to that garden and that house. There +they found themselves again, there they forgot themselves. That +evening, at the usual hour, Jean Valjean came to the Rue des +Filles-du-Calvaire.—“Madame went out with Monsieur and has not yet +returned,” Basque said to him. He seated himself in silence, and waited +an hour. Cosette did not return. He departed with drooping head. + +Cosette was so intoxicated with her walk to “their garden,” and so +joyous at having “lived a whole day in her past,” that she talked of +nothing else on the morrow. She did not notice that she had not seen +Jean Valjean. + +“In what way did you go thither?” Jean Valjean asked her.” + + +“On foot.” + + +“And how did you return?” + + +“In a hackney carriage.” + + +For some time, Jean Valjean had noticed the economical life led by the +young people. He was troubled by it. Marius’ economy was severe, and +that word had its absolute meaning for Jean Valjean. He hazarded a +query: + +“Why do you not have a carriage of your own? A pretty coupĂ© would only +cost you five hundred francs a month. You are rich.” + + +“I don’t know,” replied Cosette. + +“It is like Toussaint,” resumed Jean Valjean. “She is gone. You have +not replaced her. Why?” + + +“Nicolette suffices.” + + +“But you ought to have a maid.” + + +“Have I not Marius?” + + +“You ought to have a house of your own, your own servants, a carriage, +a box at the theatre. There is nothing too fine for you. Why not profit +by your riches? Wealth adds to happiness.” + + +Cosette made no reply. + +Jean Valjean’s visits were not abridged. Far from it. When it is the +heart which is slipping, one does not halt on the downward slope. + +When Jean Valjean wished to prolong his visit and to induce +forgetfulness of the hour, he sang the praises of Marius; he pronounced +him handsome, noble, courageous, witty, eloquent, good. Cosette outdid +him. Jean Valjean began again. They were never weary. Marius—that word +was inexhaustible; those six letters contained volumes. In this manner, +Jean Valjean contrived to remain a long time. + +It was so sweet to see Cosette, to forget by her side! It alleviated +his wounds. It frequently happened that Basque came twice to announce: +“M. Gillenormand sends me to remind Madame la Baronne that dinner is +served.” + + +On those days, Jean Valjean was very thoughtful on his return home. + +Was there, then, any truth in that comparison of the chrysalis which +had presented itself to the mind of Marius? Was Jean Valjean really a +chrysalis who would persist, and who would come to visit his butterfly? + +One day he remained still longer than usual. On the following day he +observed that there was no fire on the hearth.—“Hello!” he thought. “No +fire.”—And he furnished the explanation for himself.—“It is perfectly +simple. It is April. The cold weather has ceased.” + + +“Heavens! how cold it is here!” exclaimed Cosette when she entered. + +“Why, no,” said Jean Valjean. + +“Was it you who told Basque not to make a fire then?” + + +“Yes, since we are now in the month of May.” + + +“But we have a fire until June. One is needed all the year in this +cellar.” + + +“I thought that a fire was unnecessary.” + + +“That is exactly like one of your ideas!” retorted Cosette. + +On the following day there was a fire. But the two armchairs were +arranged at the other end of the room near the door. “—What is the +meaning of this?” thought Jean Valjean. + +He went for the armchairs and restored them to their ordinary place +near the hearth. + +This fire lighted once more encouraged him, however. He prolonged the +conversation even beyond its customary limits. As he rose to take his +leave, Cosette said to him: + +“My husband said a queer thing to me yesterday.” + + +“What was it?” + + +“He said to me: ‘Cosette, we have an income of thirty thousand livres. +Twenty-seven that you own, and three that my grandfather gives me.’ I +replied: ‘That makes thirty.’ He went on: ‘Would you have the courage +to live on the three thousand?’ I answered: ‘Yes, on nothing. Provided +that it was with you.’ And then I asked: ‘Why do you say that to me?’ +He replied: ‘I wanted to know.’” + + +Jean Valjean found not a word to answer. Cosette probably expected some +explanation from him; he listened in gloomy silence. He went back to +the Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©; he was so deeply absorbed that he mistook the +door and instead of entering his own house, he entered the adjoining +dwelling. It was only after having ascended nearly two stories that he +perceived his error and went down again. + +His mind was swarming with conjectures. It was evident that Marius had +his doubts as to the origin of the six hundred thousand francs, that he +feared some source that was not pure, who knows? that he had even, +perhaps, discovered that the money came from him, Jean Valjean, that he +hesitated before this suspicious fortune, and was disinclined to take +it as his own,—preferring that both he and Cosette should remain poor, +rather than that they should be rich with wealth that was not clean. + +Moreover, Jean Valjean began vaguely to surmise that he was being shown +the door. + +On the following day, he underwent something like a shock on entering +the ground-floor room. The armchairs had disappeared. There was not a +single chair of any sort. + +“Ah, what’s this!” exclaimed Cosette as she entered, “no chairs! Where +are the armchairs?” + + +“They are no longer here,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“This is too much!” + + +Jean Valjean stammered: + +“It was I who told Basque to remove them.” + + +“And your reason?” + + +“I have only a few minutes to stay to-day.” + + +“A brief stay is no reason for remaining standing.” + + +“I think that Basque needed the chairs for the drawing-room.” + + +“Why?” + + +“You have company this evening, no doubt.” + + +“We expect no one.” + + +Jean Valjean had not another word to say. + +Cosette shrugged her shoulders. + +“To have the chairs carried off! The other day you had the fire put +out. How odd you are!” + + +“Adieu!” murmured Jean Valjean. + +He did not say: “Adieu, Cosette.” But he had not the strength to say: +“Adieu, Madame.” + + +He went away utterly overwhelmed. + +This time he had understood. + +On the following day he did not come. Cosette only observed the fact in +the evening. + +“Why,” said she, “Monsieur Jean has not been here today.” + + +And she felt a slight twinge at her heart, but she hardly perceived it, +being immediately diverted by a kiss from Marius. + +On the following day he did not come. + +Cosette paid no heed to this, passed her evening and slept well that +night, as usual, and thought of it only when she woke. She was so +happy! She speedily despatched Nicolette to M. Jean’s house to inquire +whether he were ill, and why he had not come on the previous evening. +Nicolette brought back the reply of M. Jean that he was not ill. He was +busy. He would come soon. As soon as he was able. Moreover, he was on +the point of taking a little journey. Madame must remember that it was +his custom to take trips from time to time. They were not to worry +about him. They were not to think of him. + +Nicolette on entering M. Jean’s had repeated to him her mistress’ very +words. That Madame had sent her to inquire why M. Jean had not come on +the preceding evening. ”—It is two days since I have been there,” said +Jean Valjean gently. + +But the remark passed unnoticed by Nicolette, who did not report it to +Cosette. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—ATTRACTION AND EXTINCTION + + +During the last months of spring and the first months of summer in +1833, the rare passers-by in the Marais, the petty shopkeepers, the +loungers on thresholds, noticed an old man neatly clad in black, who +emerged every day at the same hour, towards nightfall, from the Rue de +l’Homme ArmĂ©, on the side of the Rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie, +passed in front of the Blancs Manteaux, gained the Rue +Culture-Sainte-Catherine, and, on arriving at the Rue de l’Écharpe, +turned to the left, and entered the Rue Saint-Louis. + +There he walked at a slow pace, with his head strained forward, seeing +nothing, hearing nothing, his eye immovably fixed on a point which +seemed to be a star to him, which never varied, and which was no other +than the corner of the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire. The nearer he +approached the corner of the street the more his eye lighted up; a sort +of joy illuminated his pupils like an inward aurora, he had a +fascinated and much affected air, his lips indulged in obscure +movements, as though he were talking to some one whom he did not see, +he smiled vaguely and advanced as slowly as possible. One would have +said that, while desirous of reaching his destination, he feared the +moment when he should be close at hand. When only a few houses remained +between him and that street which appeared to attract him his pace +slackened, to such a degree that, at times, one might have thought that +he was no longer advancing at all. The vacillation of his head and the +fixity of his eyeballs suggested the thought of the magnetic needle +seeking the pole. Whatever time he spent on arriving, he was obliged to +arrive at last; he reached the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; then he +halted, he trembled, he thrust his head with a sort of melancholy +timidity round the corner of the last house, and gazed into that +street, and there was in that tragic look something which resembled the +dazzling light of the impossible, and the reflection from a paradise +that was closed to him. Then a tear, which had slowly gathered in the +corner of his lids, and had become large enough to fall, trickled down +his cheek, and sometimes stopped at his mouth. The old man tasted its +bitter flavor. Thus he remained for several minutes as though made of +stone, then he returned by the same road and with the same step, and, +in proportion as he retreated, his glance died out. + +Little by little, this old man ceased to go as far as the corner of the +Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire; he halted half way in the Rue Saint-Louis; +sometimes a little further off, sometimes a little nearer. + +One day he stopped at the corner of the Rue Culture-Sainte-Catherine +and looked at the Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire from a distance. Then he +shook his head slowly from right to left, as though refusing himself +something, and retraced his steps. + +Soon he no longer came as far as the Rue Saint-Louis. He got as far as +the Rue PavĂ©e, shook his head and turned back; then he went no further +than the Rue des Trois-Pavillons; then he did not overstep the +Blancs-Manteaux. One would have said that he was a pendulum which was +no longer wound up, and whose oscillations were growing shorter before +ceasing altogether. + +Every day he emerged from his house at the same hour, he undertook the +same trip, but he no longer completed it, and, perhaps without himself +being aware of the fact, he constantly shortened it. His whole +countenance expressed this single idea: What is the use?—His eye was +dim; no more radiance. His tears were also exhausted; they no longer +collected in the corner of his eye-lid; that thoughtful eye was dry. +The old man’s head was still craned forward; his chin moved at times; +the folds in his gaunt neck were painful to behold. Sometimes, when the +weather was bad, he had an umbrella under his arm, but he never opened +it. + +The good women of the quarter said: “He is an innocent.” The children +followed him and laughed. + + + + +BOOK NINTH—SUPREME SHADOW, SUPREME DAWN + + + + +CHAPTER I—PITY FOR THE UNHAPPY, BUT INDULGENCE FOR THE HAPPY + + +It is a terrible thing to be happy! How content one is! How +all-sufficient one finds it! How, being in possession of the false +object of life, happiness, one forgets the true object, duty! + +Let us say, however, that the reader would do wrong were he to blame +Marius. + +Marius, as we have explained, before his marriage, had put no questions +to M. Fauchelevent, and, since that time, he had feared to put any to +Jean Valjean. He had regretted the promise into which he had allowed +himself to be drawn. He had often said to himself that he had done +wrong in making that concession to despair. He had confined himself to +gradually estranging Jean Valjean from his house and to effacing him, +as much as possible, from Cosette’s mind. He had, in a manner, always +placed himself between Cosette and Jean Valjean, sure that, in this +way, she would not perceive nor think of the latter. It was more than +effacement, it was an eclipse. + +Marius did what he considered necessary and just. He thought that he +had serious reasons which the reader has already seen, and others which +will be seen later on, for getting rid of Jean Valjean without +harshness, but without weakness. + +Chance having ordained that he should encounter, in a case which he had +argued, a former employee of the Laffitte establishment, he had +acquired mysterious information, without seeking it, which he had not +been able, it is true, to probe, out of respect for the secret which he +had promised to guard, and out of consideration for Jean Valjean’s +perilous position. He believed at that moment that he had a grave duty +to perform: the restitution of the six hundred thousand francs to some +one whom he sought with all possible discretion. In the meanwhile, he +abstained from touching that money. + +As for Cosette, she had not been initiated into any of these secrets; +but it would be harsh to condemn her also. + +There existed between Marius and her an all-powerful magnetism, which +caused her to do, instinctively and almost mechanically, what Marius +wished. She was conscious of Marius’ will in the direction of “Monsieur +Jean,” she conformed to it. Her husband had not been obliged to say +anything to her; she yielded to the vague but clear pressure of his +tacit intentions, and obeyed blindly. Her obedience in this instance +consisted in not remembering what Marius forgot. She was not obliged to +make any effort to accomplish this. Without her knowing why herself, +and without his having any cause to accuse her of it, her soul had +become so wholly her husband’s that that which was shrouded in gloom in +Marius’ mind became overcast in hers. + +Let us not go too far, however; in what concerns Jean Valjean, this +forgetfulness and obliteration were merely superficial. She was rather +heedless than forgetful. At bottom, she was sincerely attached to the +man whom she had so long called her father; but she loved her husband +still more dearly. This was what had somewhat disturbed the balance of +her heart, which leaned to one side only. + +It sometimes happened that Cosette spoke of Jean Valjean and expressed +her surprise. Then Marius calmed her: “He is absent, I think. Did not +he say that he was setting out on a journey?”—“That is true,” thought +Cosette. “He had a habit of disappearing in this fashion. But not for +so long.” Two or three times she despatched Nicolette to inquire in the +Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ© whether M. Jean had returned from his journey. Jean +Valjean caused the answer “no” to be given. + +Cosette asked nothing more, since she had but one need on earth, +Marius. + +Let us also say that, on their side, Cosette and Marius had also been +absent. They had been to Vernon. Marius had taken Cosette to his +father’s grave. + +Marius gradually won Cosette away from Jean Valjean. Cosette allowed +it. + +Moreover that which is called, far too harshly in certain cases, the +ingratitude of children, is not always a thing so deserving of reproach +as it is supposed. It is the ingratitude of nature. Nature, as we have +elsewhere said, “looks before her.” Nature divides living beings into +those who are arriving and those who are departing. Those who are +departing are turned towards the shadows, those who are arriving +towards the light. Hence a gulf which is fatal on the part of the old, +and involuntary on the part of the young. This breach, at first +insensible, increases slowly, like all separations of branches. The +boughs, without becoming detached from the trunk, grow away from it. It +is no fault of theirs. Youth goes where there is joy, festivals, vivid +lights, love. Old age goes towards the end. They do not lose sight of +each other, but there is no longer a close connection. Young people +feel the cooling off of life; old people, that of the tomb. Let us not +blame these poor children. + + + + +CHAPTER II—LAST FLICKERINGS OF A LAMP WITHOUT OIL + + +One day, Jean Valjean descended his staircase, took three steps in the +street, seated himself on a post, on that same stone post where +Gavroche had found him meditating on the night between the 5th and the +6th of June; he remained there a few moments, then went upstairs again. +This was the last oscillation of the pendulum. On the following day he +did not leave his apartment. On the day after that, he did not leave +his bed. + +His portress, who prepared his scanty repasts, a few cabbages or +potatoes with bacon, glanced at the brown earthenware plate and +exclaimed: + +“But you ate nothing yesterday, poor, dear man!” + + +“Certainly I did,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“The plate is quite full.” + + +“Look at the water jug. It is empty.” + + +“That proves that you have drunk; it does not prove that you have +eaten.” + + +“Well,” said Jean Valjean, “what if I felt hungry only for water?” + + +“That is called thirst, and, when one does not eat at the same time, it +is called fever.” + + +“I will eat to-morrow.” + + +“Or at Trinity day. Why not to-day? Is it the thing to say: ‘I will eat +to-morrow’? The idea of leaving my platter without even touching it! My +lady-finger potatoes were so good!” + + +Jean Valjean took the old woman’s hand: + +“I promise you that I will eat them,” he said, in his benevolent voice. + +“I am not pleased with you,” replied the portress. + +Jean Valjean saw no other human creature than this good woman. There +are streets in Paris through which no one ever passes, and houses to +which no one ever comes. He was in one of those streets and one of +those houses. + +While he still went out, he had purchased of a coppersmith, for a few +sous, a little copper crucifix which he had hung up on a nail opposite +his bed. That gibbet is always good to look at. + +A week passed, and Jean Valjean had not taken a step in his room. He +still remained in bed. The portress said to her husband:—“The good man +upstairs yonder does not get up, he no longer eats, he will not last +long. That man has his sorrows, that he has. You won’t get it out of my +head that his daughter has made a bad marriage.” + + +The porter replied, with the tone of marital sovereignty: + +“If he’s rich, let him have a doctor. If he is not rich, let him go +without. If he has no doctor he will die.” + + +“And if he has one?” + + +“He will die,” said the porter. + +The portress set to scraping away the grass from what she called her +pavement, with an old knife, and, as she tore out the blades, she +grumbled: + +“It’s a shame. Such a neat old man! He’s as white as a chicken.” + + +She caught sight of the doctor of the quarter as he passed the end of +the street; she took it upon herself to request him to come upstairs. + +“It’s on the second floor,” said she. “You have only to enter. As the +good man no longer stirs from his bed, the door is always unlocked.” + + +The doctor saw Jean Valjean and spoke with him. + +When he came down again the portress interrogated him: + +“Well, doctor?” + + +“Your sick man is very ill indeed.” + + +“What is the matter with him?” + + +“Everything and nothing. He is a man who, to all appearances, has lost +some person who is dear to him. People die of that.” + + +“What did he say to you?” + + +“He told me that he was in good health.” + + +“Shall you come again, doctor?” + + +“Yes,” replied the doctor. “But some one else besides must come.” + + + + + +CHAPTER III—A PEN IS HEAVY TO THE MAN WHO LIFTED THE FAUCHELEVENT’S +CART + + +One evening Jean Valjean found difficulty in raising himself on his +elbow; he felt of his wrist and could not find his pulse; his breath +was short and halted at times; he recognized the fact that he was +weaker than he had ever been before. Then, no doubt under the pressure +of some supreme preoccupation, he made an effort, drew himself up into +a sitting posture and dressed himself. He put on his old workingman’s +clothes. As he no longer went out, he had returned to them and +preferred them. He was obliged to pause many times while dressing +himself; merely putting his arms through his waistcoat made the +perspiration trickle from his forehead. + +Since he had been alone, he had placed his bed in the antechamber, in +order to inhabit that deserted apartment as little as possible. + +He opened the valise and drew from it Cosette’s outfit. + +He spread it out on his bed. + +The Bishop’s candlesticks were in their place on the chimney-piece. He +took from a drawer two wax candles and put them in the candlesticks. +Then, although it was still broad daylight,—it was summer,—he lighted +them. In the same way candles are to be seen lighted in broad daylight +in chambers where there is a corpse. + +Every step that he took in going from one piece of furniture to another +exhausted him, and he was obliged to sit down. It was not ordinary +fatigue which expends the strength only to renew it; it was the remnant +of all movement possible to him, it was life drained which flows away +drop by drop in overwhelming efforts and which will never be renewed. + +The chair into which he allowed himself to fall was placed in front of +that mirror, so fatal for him, so providential for Marius, in which he +had read Cosette’s reversed writing on the blotting book. He caught +sight of himself in this mirror, and did not recognize himself. He was +eighty years old; before Marius’ marriage, he would have hardly been +taken for fifty; that year had counted for thirty. What he bore on his +brow was no longer the wrinkles of age, it was the mysterious mark of +death. The hollowing of that pitiless nail could be felt there. His +cheeks were pendulous; the skin of his face had the color which would +lead one to think that it already had earth upon it; the corners of his +mouth drooped as in the mask which the ancients sculptured on tombs. He +gazed into space with an air of reproach; one would have said that he +was one of those grand tragic beings who have cause to complain of some +one. + +He was in that condition, the last phase of dejection, in which sorrow +no longer flows; it is coagulated, so to speak; there is something on +the soul like a clot of despair. + +Night had come. He laboriously dragged a table and the old armchair to +the fireside, and placed upon the table a pen, some ink and some paper. + +That done, he had a fainting fit. When he recovered consciousness, he +was thirsty. As he could not lift the jug, he tipped it over painfully +towards his mouth, and swallowed a draught. + +As neither the pen nor the ink had been used for a long time, the point +of the pen had curled up, the ink had dried away, he was forced to rise +and put a few drops of water in the ink, which he did not accomplish +without pausing and sitting down two or three times, and he was +compelled to write with the back of the pen. He wiped his brow from +time to time. + +Then he turned towards the bed, and, still seated, for he could not +stand, he gazed at the little black gown and all those beloved objects. + +These contemplations lasted for hours which seemed minutes. + +All at once he shivered, he felt that a child was taking possession of +him; he rested his elbows on the table, which was illuminated by the +Bishop’s candles and took up the pen. His hand trembled. He wrote +slowly the few following lines: + +“Cosette, I bless thee. I am going to explain to thee. Thy husband was +right in giving me to understand that I ought to go away; but there is +a little error in what he believed, though he was in the right. He is +excellent. Love him well even after I am dead. Monsieur Pontmercy, love +my darling child well. Cosette, this paper will be found; this is what +I wish to say to thee, thou wilt see the figures, if I have the +strength to recall them, listen well, this money is really thine. Here +is the whole matter: White jet comes from Norway, black jet comes from +England, black glass jewellery comes from Germany. Jet is the lightest, +the most precious, the most costly. Imitations can be made in France as +well as in Germany. What is needed is a little anvil two inches square, +and a lamp burning spirits of wine to soften the wax. The wax was +formerly made with resin and lampblack, and cost four livres the pound. +I invented a way of making it with gum shellac and turpentine. It does +not cost more than thirty sous, and is much better. Buckles are made +with a violet glass which is stuck fast, by means of this wax, to a +little framework of black iron. The glass must be violet for iron +jewellery, and black for gold jewellery. Spain buys a great deal of it. +It is the country of jet . . .” + + +Here he paused, the pen fell from his fingers, he was seized by one of +those sobs which at times welled up from the very depths of his being; +the poor man clasped his head in both hands, and meditated. + +“Oh!” he exclaimed within himself [lamentable cries, heard by God +alone], “all is over. I shall never see her more. She is a smile which +passed over me. I am about to plunge into the night without even seeing +her again. Oh! one minute, one instant, to hear her voice, to touch her +dress, to gaze upon her, upon her, the angel! and then to die! It is +nothing to die, what is frightful is to die without seeing her. She +would smile on me, she would say a word to me, would that do any harm +to any one? No, all is over, and forever. Here I am all alone. My God! +My God! I shall never see her again!” At that moment there came a knock +at the door. + + + + +CHAPTER IV—A BOTTLE OF INK WHICH ONLY SUCCEEDED IN WHITENING + + +That same day, or to speak more accurately, that same evening, as +Marius left the table, and was on the point of withdrawing to his +study, having a case to look over, Basque handed him a letter saying: +“The person who wrote the letter is in the antechamber.” + + +Cosette had taken the grandfather’s arm and was strolling in the +garden. + +A letter, like a man, may have an unprepossessing exterior. Coarse +paper, coarsely folded—the very sight of certain missives is +displeasing. + +The letter which Basque had brought was of this sort. + +Marius took it. It smelled of tobacco. Nothing evokes a memory like an +odor. Marius recognized that tobacco. He looked at the superscription: +“To Monsieur, Monsieur le Baron Pommerci. At his hotel.” The +recognition of the tobacco caused him to recognize the writing as well. +It may be said that amazement has its lightning flashes. + +Marius was, as it were, illuminated by one of these flashes. + +The sense of smell, that mysterious aid to memory, had just revived a +whole world within him. This was certainly the paper, the fashion of +folding, the dull tint of ink; it was certainly the well-known +handwriting, especially was it the same tobacco. + +The Jondrette garret rose before his mind. + +Thus, strange freak of chance! one of the two scents which he had so +diligently sought, the one in connection with which he had lately again +exerted so many efforts and which he supposed to be forever lost, had +come and presented itself to him of its own accord. + +He eagerly broke the seal, and read: + +“Monsieur le Baron:—If the Supreme Being had given me the talents, I +might have been baron ThĂ©nard, member of the Institute [acadenmy of +ciences], but I am not. I only bear the same as him, happy if this +memory recommends me to the eccellence of your kindnesses. The benefit +with which you will honor me will be reciprocle. I am in possession of +a secret concerning an individual. This individual concerns you. I +hold the secret at your disposal desiring to have the honor to be +huseful to you. I will furnish you with the simple means of driving +from your honorabel family that individual who has no right there, +madame la baronne being of lofty birth. The sanctuary of virtue cannot +cohabit longer with crime without abdicating. + +“I awate in the entichamber the orders of monsieur le baron. + +“With respect.” + + +The letter was signed “ThĂ©nard.” + + +This signature was not false. It was merely a trifle abridged. + +Moreover, the rigmarole and the orthography completed the revelation. +The certificate of origin was complete. + +Marius’ emotion was profound. After a start of surprise, he underwent a +feeling of happiness. If he could now but find that other man of whom +he was in search, the man who had saved him, Marius, there would be +nothing left for him to desire. + +He opened the drawer of his secretary, took out several bank-notes, put +them in his pocket, closed the secretary again, and rang the bell. +Basque half opened the door. + +“Show the man in,” said Marius. + +Basque announced: + +“Monsieur ThĂ©nard.” + + +A man entered. + +A fresh surprise for Marius. The man who entered was an utter stranger +to him. + +This man, who was old, moreover, had a thick nose, his chin swathed in +a cravat, green spectacles with a double screen of green taffeta over +his eyes, and his hair was plastered and flattened down on his brow on +a level with his eyebrows like the wigs of English coachmen in “high +life.” His hair was gray. He was dressed in black from head to foot, in +garments that were very threadbare but clean; a bunch of seals +depending from his fob suggested the idea of a watch. He held in his +hand an old hat! He walked in a bent attitude, and the curve in his +spine augmented the profundity of his bow. + +The first thing that struck the observer was, that this personage’s +coat, which was too ample although carefully buttoned, had not been +made for him. + +Here a short digression becomes necessary. + +There was in Paris at that epoch, in a low-lived old lodging in the Rue +Beautreillis, near the Arsenal, an ingenious Jew whose profession was +to change villains into honest men. Not for too long, which might have +proved embarrassing for the villain. The change was on sight, for a day +or two, at the rate of thirty sous a day, by means of a costume which +resembled the honesty of the world in general as nearly as possible. +This costumer was called “the Changer”; the pickpockets of Paris had +given him this name and knew him by no other. He had a tolerably +complete wardrobe. The rags with which he tricked out people were +almost probable. He had specialties and categories; on each nail of his +shop hung a social status, threadbare and worn; here the suit of a +magistrate, there the outfit of a CurĂ©, beyond the outfit of a banker, +in one corner the costume of a retired military man, elsewhere the +habiliments of a man of letters, and further on the dress of a +statesman. + +This creature was the costumer of the immense drama which knavery plays +in Paris. His lair was the green-room whence theft emerged, and into +which roguery retreated. A tattered knave arrived at this +dressing-room, deposited his thirty sous and selected, according to the +part which he wished to play, the costume which suited him, and on +descending the stairs once more, the knave was a somebody. On the +following day, the clothes were faithfully returned, and the Changer, +who trusted the thieves with everything, was never robbed. There was +one inconvenience about these clothes, they “did not fit”; not having +been made for those who wore them, they were too tight for one, too +loose for another and did not adjust themselves to any one. Every +pickpocket who exceeded or fell short of the human average was ill at +his ease in the Changer’s costumes. It was necessary that one should +not be either too fat or too lean. The Changer had foreseen only +ordinary men. He had taken the measure of the species from the first +rascal who came to hand, who is neither stout nor thin, neither tall +nor short. Hence adaptations which were sometimes difficult and from +which the Changer’s clients extricated themselves as best they might. +So much the worse for the exceptions! The suit of the statesman, for +instance, black from head to foot, and consequently proper, would have +been too large for Pitt and too small for Castelcicala. The costume of +a statesman was designated as follows in the Changer’s catalogue; we +copy: + +“A coat of black cloth, trowsers of black wool, a silk waistcoat, boots +and linen.” On the margin there stood: _ex-ambassador_, and a note +which we also copy: “In a separate box, a neatly frizzed peruke, green +glasses, seals, and two small quills an inch long, wrapped in cotton.” +All this belonged to the statesman, the ex-ambassador. This whole +costume was, if we may so express ourselves, debilitated; the seams +were white, a vague button-hole yawned at one of the elbows; moreover, +one of the coat buttons was missing on the breast; but this was only +detail; as the hand of the statesman should always be thrust into his +coat and laid upon his heart, its function was to conceal the absent +button. + +If Marius had been familiar with the occult institutions of Paris, he +would instantly have recognized upon the back of the visitor whom +Basque had just shown in, the statesman’s suit borrowed from the +pick-me-down-that shop of the Changer. + +Marius’ disappointment on beholding another man than the one whom he +expected to see turned to the newcomer’s disadvantage. + +He surveyed him from head to foot, while that personage made +exaggerated bows, and demanded in a curt tone: + +“What do you want?” + + +The man replied with an amiable grin of which the caressing smile of a +crocodile will furnish some idea: + +“It seems to me impossible that I should not have already had the honor +of seeing Monsieur le Baron in society. I think I actually did meet +monsieur personally, several years ago, at the house of Madame la +Princesse Bagration and in the drawing-rooms of his Lordship the +Vicomte Dambray, peer of France.” + + +It is always a good bit of tactics in knavery to pretend to recognize +some one whom one does not know. + +Marius paid attention to the manner of this man’s speech. He spied on +his accent and gesture, but his disappointment increased; the +pronunciation was nasal and absolutely unlike the dry, shrill tone +which he had expected. + +He was utterly routed. + +“I know neither Madame Bagration nor M. Dambray,” said he. “I have +never set foot in the house of either of them in my life.” + + +The reply was ungracious. The personage, determined to be gracious at +any cost, insisted. + +“Then it must have been at Chateaubriand’s that I have seen Monsieur! I +know Chateaubriand very well. He is very affable. He sometimes says to +me: ‘ThĂ©nard, my friend . . . won’t you drink a glass of wine with +me?’” + + +Marius’ brow grew more and more severe: + +“I have never had the honor of being received by M. de Chateaubriand. +Let us cut it short. What do you want?” + + +The man bowed lower at that harsh voice. + +“Monsieur le Baron, deign to listen to me. There is in America, in a +district near Panama, a village called la Joya. That village is +composed of a single house, a large, square house of three stories, +built of bricks dried in the sun, each side of the square five hundred +feet in length, each story retreating twelve feet back of the story +below, in such a manner as to leave in front a terrace which makes the +circuit of the edifice, in the centre an inner court where the +provisions and munitions are kept; no windows, loopholes, no doors, +ladders, ladders to mount from the ground to the first terrace, and +from the first to the second, and from the second to the third, ladders +to descend into the inner court, no doors to the chambers, trap-doors, +no staircases to the chambers, ladders; in the evening the traps are +closed, the ladders are withdrawn, carbines and blunderbusses trained +from the loopholes; no means of entering, a house by day, a citadel by +night, eight hundred inhabitants,—that is the village. Why so many +precautions? because the country is dangerous; it is full of cannibals. +Then why do people go there? because the country is marvellous; gold is +found there.” + + +“What are you driving at?” interrupted Marius, who had passed from +disappointment to impatience. + +“At this, Monsieur le Baron. I am an old and weary diplomat. Ancient +civilization has thrown me on my own devices. I want to try savages.” + + +“Well?” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, egotism is the law of the world. The proletarian +peasant woman, who toils by the day, turns round when the diligence +passes by, the peasant proprietress, who toils in her field, does not +turn round. The dog of the poor man barks at the rich man, the dog of +the rich man barks at the poor man. Each one for himself. +Self-interest—that’s the object of men. Gold, that’s the loadstone.” + + +“What then? Finish.” + + +“I should like to go and establish myself at la Joya. There are three +of us. I have my spouse and my young lady; a very beautiful girl. The +journey is long and costly. I need a little money.” + + +“What concern is that of mine?” demanded Marius. + +The stranger stretched his neck out of his cravat, a gesture +characteristic of the vulture, and replied with an augmented smile. + +“Has not Monsieur le Baron perused my letter?” + + +There was some truth in this. The fact is, that the contents of the +epistle had slipped Marius’ mind. He had seen the writing rather than +read the letter. He could hardly recall it. But a moment ago a fresh +start had been given him. He had noted that detail: “my spouse and my +young lady.” + + +He fixed a penetrating glance on the stranger. An examining judge could +not have done the look better. He almost lay in wait for him. + +He confined himself to replying: + +“State the case precisely.” + + +The stranger inserted his two hands in both his fobs, drew himself up +without straightening his dorsal column, but scrutinizing Marius in his +turn, with the green gaze of his spectacles. + +“So be it, Monsieur le Baron. I will be precise. I have a secret to +sell to you.” + + +“A secret?” + + +“A secret.” + + +“Which concerns me?” + + +“Somewhat.” + + +“What is the secret?” + + +Marius scrutinized the man more and more as he listened to him. + +“I commence gratis,” said the stranger. “You will see that I am +interesting.” + + +“Speak.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, you have in your house a thief and an assassin.” + + +Marius shuddered. + +“In my house? no,” said he. + +The imperturbable stranger brushed his hat with his elbow and went on: + +“An assassin and a thief. Remark, Monsieur le Baron, that I do not here +speak of ancient deeds, deeds of the past which have lapsed, which can +be effaced by limitation before the law and by repentance before God. I +speak of recent deeds, of actual facts as still unknown to justice at +this hour. I continue. This man has insinuated himself into your +confidence, and almost into your family under a false name. I am about +to tell you his real name. And to tell it to you for nothing.” + + +“I am listening.” + + +“His name is Jean Valjean.” + + +“I know it.” + + +“I am going to tell you, equally for nothing, who he is.” + + +“Say on.” + + +“He is an ex-convict.” + + +“I know it.” + + +“You know it since I have had the honor of telling you.” + + +“No. I knew it before.” + + +Marius’ cold tone, that double reply of “I know it,” his laconicism, +which was not favorable to dialogue, stirred up some smouldering wrath +in the stranger. He launched a furious glance on the sly at Marius, +which was instantly extinguished. Rapid as it was, this glance was of +the kind which a man recognizes when he has once beheld it; it did not +escape Marius. Certain flashes can only proceed from certain souls; the +eye, that vent-hole of the thought, glows with it; spectacles hide +nothing; try putting a pane of glass over hell! + +The stranger resumed with a smile: + +“I will not permit myself to contradict Monsieur le Baron. In any case, +you ought to perceive that I am well informed. Now what I have to tell +you is known to myself alone. This concerns the fortune of Madame la +Baronne. It is an extraordinary secret. It is for sale—I make you the +first offer of it. Cheap. Twenty thousand francs.” + + +“I know that secret as well as the others,” said Marius. + +The personage felt the necessity of lowering his price a trifle. + +“Monsieur le Baron, say ten thousand francs and I will speak.” + + +“I repeat to you that there is nothing which you can tell me. I know +what you wish to say to me.” + + +A fresh flash gleamed in the man’s eye. He exclaimed: + +“But I must dine to-day, nevertheless. It is an extraordinary secret, I +tell you. Monsieur le Baron, I will speak. I speak. Give me twenty +francs.” + + +Marius gazed intently at him: + +“I know your extraordinary secret, just as I knew Jean Valjean’s name, +just as I know your name.” + + +“My name?” + + +“Yes.” + + +“That is not difficult, Monsieur le Baron. I had the honor to write to +you and to tell it to you. ThĂ©nard.” + + +“—Dier.” + + +“Hey?” + + +“ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“Who’s that?” + + +In danger the porcupine bristles up, the beetle feigns death, the old +guard forms in a square; this man burst into laughter. + +Then he flicked a grain of dust from the sleeve of his coat with a +fillip. + +Marius continued: + +“You are also Jondrette the workman, Fabantou the comedian, Genflot the +poet, Don AlvarĂšs the Spaniard, and Mistress Balizard.” + + +“Mistress what?” + + +“And you kept a pot-house at Montfermeil.” + + +“A pot-house! Never.” + + +“And I tell you that your name is ThĂ©nardier.” + + +“I deny it.” + + +“And that you are a rascal. Here.” + + +And Marius drew a bank-note from his pocket and flung it in his face. + +“Thanks! Pardon me! five hundred francs! Monsieur le Baron!” + + +And the man, overcome, bowed, seized the note and examined it. + +“Five hundred francs!” he began again, taken aback. And he stammered in +a low voice: “An honest rustler.”69 + +Then brusquely: + +“Well, so be it!” he exclaimed. “Let us put ourselves at our ease.” + + +And with the agility of a monkey, flinging back his hair, tearing off +his spectacles, and withdrawing from his nose by sleight of hand the +two quills of which mention was recently made, and which the reader has +also met with on another page of this book, he took off his face as the +man takes off his hat. + +His eye lighted up; his uneven brow, with hollows in some places and +bumps in others, hideously wrinkled at the top, was laid bare, his nose +had become as sharp as a beak; the fierce and sagacious profile of the +man of prey reappeared. + +“Monsieur le Baron is infallible,” he said in a clear voice whence all +nasal twang had disappeared, “I am ThĂ©nardier.” + + +And he straightened up his crooked back. + +ThĂ©nardier, for it was really he, was strangely surprised; he would +have been troubled, had he been capable of such a thing. He had come to +bring astonishment, and it was he who had received it. This humiliation +had been worth five hundred francs to him, and, taking it all in all, +he accepted it; but he was nonetheless bewildered. + +He beheld this Baron Pontmercy for the first time, and, in spite of his +disguise, this Baron Pontmercy recognized him, and recognized him +thoroughly. And not only was this Baron perfectly informed as to +ThĂ©nardier, but he seemed well posted as to Jean Valjean. Who was this +almost beardless young man, who was so glacial and so generous, who +knew people’s names, who knew all their names, and who opened his purse +to them, who bullied rascals like a judge, and who paid them like a +dupe? + +ThĂ©nardier, the reader will remember, although he had been Marius’ +neighbor, had never seen him, which is not unusual in Paris; he had +formerly, in a vague way, heard his daughters talk of a very poor young +man named Marius who lived in the house. He had written to him, without +knowing him, the letter with which the reader is acquainted. + +No connection between that Marius and M. le Baron Pontmercy was +possible in his mind. + +As for the name Pontmercy, it will be recalled that, on the battlefield +of Waterloo, he had only heard the last two syllables, for which he +always entertained the legitimate scorn which one owes to what is +merely an expression of thanks. + +However, through his daughter Azelma, who had started on the scent of +the married pair on the 16th of February, and through his own personal +researches, he had succeeded in learning many things, and, from the +depths of his own gloom, he had contrived to grasp more than one +mysterious clew. He had discovered, by dint of industry, or, at least, +by dint of induction, he had guessed who the man was whom he had +encountered on a certain day in the Grand Sewer. From the man he had +easily reached the name. He knew that Madame la Baronne Pontmercy was +Cosette. But he meant to be discreet in that quarter. + +Who was Cosette? He did not know exactly himself. He did, indeed, catch +an inkling of illegitimacy, the history of Fantine had always seemed to +him equivocal; but what was the use of talking about that? in order to +cause himself to be paid for his silence? He had, or thought he had, +better wares than that for sale. And, according to all appearances, if +he were to come and make to the Baron Pontmercy this revelation—and +without proof: “Your wife is a bastard,” the only result would be to +attract the boot of the husband towards the loins of the revealer. + +From ThĂ©nardier’s point of view, the conversation with Marius had not +yet begun. He ought to have drawn back, to have modified his strategy, +to have abandoned his position, to have changed his front; but nothing +essential had been compromised as yet, and he had five hundred francs +in his pocket. Moreover, he had something decisive to say, and, even +against this very well-informed and well-armed Baron Pontmercy, he felt +himself strong. For men of ThĂ©nardier’s nature, every dialogue is a +combat. In the one in which he was about to engage, what was his +situation? He did not know to whom he was speaking, but he did know of +what he was speaking, he made this rapid review of his inner forces, +and after having said: “I am ThĂ©nardier,” he waited. + +Marius had become thoughtful. So he had hold of ThĂ©nardier at last. +That man whom he had so greatly desired to find was before him. He +could honor Colonel Pontmercy’s recommendation. + +He felt humiliated that that hero should have owned anything to this +villain, and that the letter of change drawn from the depths of the +tomb by his father upon him, Marius, had been protested up to that day. +It also seemed to him, in the complex state of his mind towards +ThĂ©nardier, that there was occasion to avenge the Colonel for the +misfortune of having been saved by such a rascal. In any case, he was +content. He was about to deliver the Colonel’s shade from this unworthy +creditor at last, and it seemed to him that he was on the point of +rescuing his father’s memory from the debtors’ prison. By the side of +this duty there was another—to elucidate, if possible, the source of +Cosette’s fortune. The opportunity appeared to present itself. Perhaps +ThĂ©nardier knew something. It might prove useful to see the bottom of +this man. + +He commenced with this. + +ThĂ©nardier had caused the “honest rustler” to disappear in his fob, and +was gazing at Marius with a gentleness that was almost tender. + +Marius broke the silence. + +“ThĂ©nardier, I have told you your name. Now, would you like to have me +tell you your secret—the one that you came here to reveal to me? I have +information of my own, also. You shall see that I know more about it +than you do. Jean Valjean, as you have said, is an assassin and a +thief. A thief, because he robbed a wealthy manufacturer, whose ruin he +brought about. An assassin, because he assassinated police-agent +Javert.” + + +“I don’t understand, sir,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. + +“I will make myself intelligible. In a certain arrondissement of the +Pas de Calais, there was, in 1822, a man who had fallen out with +justice, and who, under the name of M. Madeleine, had regained his +status and rehabilitated himself. This man had become a just man in the +full force of the term. In a trade, the manufacture of black glass +goods, he made the fortune of an entire city. As far as his personal +fortune was concerned he made that also, but as a secondary matter, and +in some sort, by accident. He was the foster-father of the poor. He +founded hospitals, opened schools, visited the sick, dowered young +girls, supported widows, and adopted orphans; he was like the guardian +angel of the country. He refused the cross, he was appointed Mayor. A +liberated convict knew the secret of a penalty incurred by this man in +former days; he denounced him, and had him arrested, and profited by +the arrest to come to Paris and cause the banker Laffitte,—I have the +fact from the cashier himself,—by means of a false signature, to hand +over to him the sum of over half a million which belonged to M. +Madeleine. This convict who robbed M. Madeleine was Jean Valjean. As +for the other fact, you have nothing to tell me about it either. Jean +Valjean killed the agent Javert; he shot him with a pistol. I, the +person who is speaking to you, was present.” + + +ThĂ©nardier cast upon Marius the sovereign glance of a conquered man who +lays his hand once more upon the victory, and who has just regained, in +one instant, all the ground which he has lost. But the smile returned +instantly. The inferior’s triumph in the presence of his superior must +be wheedling. + +ThĂ©nardier contented himself with saying to Marius: + +“Monsieur le Baron, we are on the wrong track.” + + +And he emphasized this phrase by making his bunch of seals execute an +expressive whirl. + +“What!” broke forth Marius, “do you dispute that? These are facts.” + + +“They are chimĂŠras. The confidence with which Monsieur le Baron honors +me renders it my duty to tell him so. Truth and justice before all +things. I do not like to see folks accused unjustly. Monsieur le Baron, +Jean Valjean did not rob M. Madeleine and Jean Valjean did not kill +Javert.” + + +“This is too much! How is this?” + + +“For two reasons.” + + +“What are they? Speak.” + + +“This is the first: he did not rob M. Madeleine, because it is Jean +Valjean himself who was M. Madeleine.” + + +“What tale are you telling me?” + + +“And this is the second: he did not assassinate Javert, because the +person who killed Javert was Javert.” + + +“What do you mean to say?” + + +“That Javert committed suicide.” + + +“Prove it! prove it!” cried Marius beside himself. + +ThĂ©nardier resumed, scanning his phrase after the manner of the ancient +Alexandrine measure: + +“Police-agent-Ja-vert-was-found-drowned-un-der-a-boat-of-the-Pont-au- +Change.” + + +“But prove it!” + + +ThĂ©nardier drew from his pocket a large envelope of gray paper, which +seemed to contain sheets folded in different sizes. + +“I have my papers,” he said calmly. + +And he added: + +“Monsieur le Baron, in your interests I desired to know Jean Valjean +thoroughly. I say that Jean Valjean and M. Madeleine are one and the +same man, and I say that Javert had no other assassin than Javert. If I +speak, it is because I have proofs. Not manuscript proofs—writing is +suspicious, handwriting is complaisant,—but printed proofs.” + + +As he spoke, ThĂ©nardier extracted from the envelope two copies of +newspapers, yellow, faded, and strongly saturated with tobacco. One of +these two newspapers, broken at every fold and falling into rags, +seemed much older than the other. + +“Two facts, two proofs,” remarked ThĂ©nardier. And he offered the two +newspapers, unfolded, to Marius. + +The reader is acquainted with these two papers. One, the most ancient, +a number of the _Drapeau Blanc_ of the 25th of July, 1823, the text of +which can be seen in the first volume, established the identity of M. +Madeleine and Jean Valjean. + +The other, a _Moniteur_ of the 15th of June, 1832, announced the +suicide of Javert, adding that it appeared from a verbal report of +Javert to the prefect that, having been taken prisoner in the barricade +of the Rue de la Chanvrerie, he had owed his life to the magnanimity of +an insurgent who, holding him under his pistol, had fired into the air, +instead of blowing out his brains. + +Marius read. He had evidence, a certain date, irrefragable proof, these +two newspapers had not been printed expressly for the purpose of +backing up ThĂ©nardier’s statements; the note printed in the _Moniteur_ +had been an administrative communication from the Prefecture of Police. +Marius could not doubt. + +The information of the cashier-clerk had been false, and he himself had +been deceived. + +Jean Valjean, who had suddenly grown grand, emerged from his cloud. +Marius could not repress a cry of joy. + +“Well, then this unhappy wretch is an admirable man! the whole of that +fortune really belonged to him! he is Madeleine, the providence of a +whole countryside! he is Jean Valjean, Javert’s savior! he is a hero! +he is a saint!” + + +“He’s not a saint, and he’s not a hero!” said ThĂ©nardier. “He’s an +assassin and a robber.” + + +And he added, in the tone of a man who begins to feel that he possesses +some authority: + +“Let us be calm.” + + +Robber, assassin—those words which Marius thought had disappeared and +which returned, fell upon him like an ice-cold shower-bath. + +“Again!” said he. + +“Always,” ejaculated ThĂ©nardier. “Jean Valjean did not rob Madeleine, +but he is a thief. He did not kill Javert, but he is a murderer.” + + +“Will you speak,” retorted Marius, “of that miserable theft, committed +forty years ago, and expiated, as your own newspapers prove, by a whole +life of repentance, of self-abnegation and of virtue?” + + +“I say assassination and theft, Monsieur le Baron, and I repeat that I +am speaking of actual facts. What I have to reveal to you is absolutely +unknown. It belongs to unpublished matter. And perhaps you will find in +it the source of the fortune so skilfully presented to Madame la +Baronne by Jean Valjean. I say skilfully, because, by a gift of that +nature it would not be so very unskilful to slip into an honorable +house whose comforts one would then share, and, at the same stroke, to +conceal one’s crime, and to enjoy one’s theft, to bury one’s name and +to create for oneself a family.” + + +“I might interrupt you at this point,” said Marius, “but go on.” + + +“Monsieur le Baron, I will tell you all, leaving the recompense to your +generosity. This secret is worth massive gold. You will say to me: ‘Why +do not you apply to Jean Valjean?’ For a very simple reason; I know +that he has stripped himself, and stripped himself in your favor, and I +consider the combination ingenious; but he has no longer a son, he +would show me his empty hands, and, since I am in need of some money +for my trip to la Joya, I prefer you, you who have it all, to him who +has nothing. I am a little fatigued, permit me to take a chair.” + + +Marius seated himself and motioned to him to do the same. + +ThĂ©nardier installed himself on a tufted chair, picked up his two +newspapers, thrust them back into their envelope, and murmured as he +pecked at the _Drapeau Blanc_ with his nail: “It cost me a good deal of +trouble to get this one.” + + +That done he crossed his legs and stretched himself out on the back of +the chair, an attitude characteristic of people who are sure of what +they are saying, then he entered upon his subject gravely, emphasizing +his words: + +“Monsieur le Baron, on the 6th of June, 1832, about a year ago, on the +day of the insurrection, a man was in the Grand Sewer of Paris, at the +point where the sewer enters the Seine, between the Pont des Invalides +and the Pont de JĂ©na.” + + +Marius abruptly drew his chair closer to that of ThĂ©nardier. ThĂ©nardier +noticed this movement and continued with the deliberation of an orator +who holds his interlocutor and who feels his adversary palpitating +under his words: + +“This man, forced to conceal himself, and for reasons, moreover, which +are foreign to politics, had adopted the sewer as his domicile and had +a key to it. It was, I repeat, on the 6th of June; it might have been +eight o’clock in the evening. The man hears a noise in the sewer. +Greatly surprised, he hides himself and lies in wait. It was the sound +of footsteps, some one was walking in the dark, and coming in his +direction. Strange to say, there was another man in the sewer besides +himself. The grating of the outlet from the sewer was not far off. A +little light which fell through it permitted him to recognize the +newcomer, and to see that the man was carrying something on his back. +He was walking in a bent attitude. The man who was walking in a bent +attitude was an ex-convict, and what he was dragging on his shoulders +was a corpse. Assassination caught in the very act, if ever there was +such a thing. As for the theft, that is understood; one does not kill a +man gratis. This convict was on his way to fling the body into the +river. One fact is to be noticed, that before reaching the exit +grating, this convict, who had come a long distance in the sewer, must, +necessarily, have encountered a frightful quagmire where it seems as +though he might have left the body, but the sewermen would have found +the assassinated man the very next day, while at work on the quagmire, +and that did not suit the assassin’s plans. He had preferred to +traverse that quagmire with his burden, and his exertions must have +been terrible, for it is impossible to risk one’s life more completely; +I don’t understand how he could have come out of that alive.” + + +Marius’ chair approached still nearer. ThĂ©nardier took advantage of +this to draw a long breath. He went on: + +“Monsieur le Baron, a sewer is not the Champ de Mars. One lacks +everything there, even room. When two men are there, they must meet. +That is what happened. The man domiciled there and the passer-by were +forced to bid each other good-day, greatly to the regret of both. The +passer-by said to the inhabitant:—“You see what I have on my back, I +must get out, you have the key, give it to me.” That convict was a man +of terrible strength. There was no way of refusing. Nevertheless, the +man who had the key parleyed, simply to gain time. He examined the dead +man, but he could see nothing, except that the latter was young, well +dressed, with the air of being rich, and all disfigured with blood. +While talking, the man contrived to tear and pull off behind, without +the assassin perceiving it, a bit of the assassinated man’s coat. A +document for conviction, you understand; a means of recovering the +trace of things and of bringing home the crime to the criminal. He put +this document for conviction in his pocket. After which he opened the +grating, made the man go out with his embarrassment on his back, closed +the grating again, and ran off, not caring to be mixed up with the +remainder of the adventure and above all, not wishing to be present +when the assassin threw the assassinated man into the river. Now you +comprehend. The man who was carrying the corpse was Jean Valjean; the +one who had the key is speaking to you at this moment; and the piece of +the coat . . .” + + +ThĂ©nardier completed his phrase by drawing from his pocket, and +holding, on a level with his eyes, nipped between his two thumbs and +his two forefingers, a strip of torn black cloth, all covered with dark +spots. + +Marius had sprung to his feet, pale, hardly able to draw his breath, +with his eyes riveted on the fragment of black cloth, and, without +uttering a word, without taking his eyes from that fragment, he +retreated to the wall and fumbled with his right hand along the wall +for a key which was in the lock of a cupboard near the chimney. + +He found the key, opened the cupboard, plunged his arm into it without +looking, and without his frightened gaze quitting the rag which +ThĂ©nardier still held outspread. + +But ThĂ©nardier continued: + +“Monsieur le Baron, I have the strongest of reasons for believing that +the assassinated young man was an opulent stranger lured into a trap by +Jean Valjean, and the bearer of an enormous sum of money.” + + +“The young man was myself, and here is the coat!” cried Marius, and he +flung upon the floor an old black coat all covered with blood. + +Then, snatching the fragment from the hands of ThĂ©nardier, he crouched +down over the coat, and laid the torn morsel against the tattered +skirt. The rent fitted exactly, and the strip completed the coat. + +ThĂ©nardier was petrified. + +This is what he thought: “I’m struck all of a heap.” + + +Marius rose to his feet trembling, despairing, radiant. + +He fumbled in his pocket and stalked furiously to ThĂ©nardier, +presenting to him and almost thrusting in his face his fist filled with +bank-notes for five hundred and a thousand francs. + +“You are an infamous wretch! you are a liar, a calumniator, a villain. +You came to accuse that man, you have only justified him; you wanted to +ruin him, you have only succeeded in glorifying him. And it is you who +are the thief! And it is you who are the assassin! I saw you, +ThĂ©nardier Jondrette, in that lair on the Rue de l’HĂŽpital. I know +enough about you to send you to the galleys and even further if I +choose. Here are a thousand francs, bully that you are!” + + +And he flung a thousand franc note at ThĂ©nardier. + +“Ah! Jondrette ThĂ©nardier, vile rascal! Let this serve you as a lesson, +you dealer in second-hand secrets, merchant of mysteries, rummager of +the shadows, wretch! Take these five hundred francs and get out of +here! Waterloo protects you.” + + +“Waterloo!” growled ThĂ©nardier, pocketing the five hundred francs along +with the thousand. + +“Yes, assassin! You there saved the life of a Colonel. . .” + + +“Of a General,” said ThĂ©nardier, elevating his head. + +“Of a Colonel!” repeated Marius in a rage. “I wouldn’t give a ha’penny +for a general. And you come here to commit infamies! I tell you that +you have committed all crimes. Go! disappear! Only be happy, that is +all that I desire. Ah! monster! here are three thousand francs more. +Take them. You will depart to-morrow, for America, with your daughter; +for your wife is dead, you abominable liar. I shall watch over your +departure, you ruffian, and at that moment I will count out to you +twenty thousand francs. Go get yourself hung elsewhere!” + + +“Monsieur le Baron!” replied ThĂ©nardier, bowing to the very earth, +“eternal gratitude.” And ThĂ©nardier left the room, understanding +nothing, stupefied and delighted with this sweet crushing beneath sacks +of gold, and with that thunder which had burst forth over his head in +bank-bills. + +Struck by lightning he was, but he was also content; and he would have +been greatly angered had he had a lightning rod to ward off such +lightning as that. + +Let us finish with this man at once. + +Two days after the events which we are at this moment narrating, he set +out, thanks to Marius’ care, for America under a false name, with his +daughter Azelma, furnished with a draft on New York for twenty thousand +francs. + +The moral wretchedness of ThĂ©nardier, the bourgeois who had missed his +vocation, was irremediable. He was in America what he had been in +Europe. Contact with an evil man sometimes suffices to corrupt a good +action and to cause evil things to spring from it. With Marius’ money, +ThĂ©nardier set up as a slave-dealer. + +As soon as ThĂ©nardier had left the house, Marius rushed to the garden, +where Cosette was still walking. + +“Cosette! Cosette!” he cried. “Come! come quick! Let us go. Basque, a +carriage! Cosette, come. Ah! My God! It was he who saved my life! Let +us not lose a minute! Put on your shawl.” + + +Cosette thought him mad and obeyed. + +He could not breathe, he laid his hand on his heart to restrain its +throbbing. He paced back and forth with huge strides, he embraced +Cosette: + +“Ah! Cosette! I am an unhappy wretch!” said he. + +Marius was bewildered. He began to catch a glimpse in Jean Valjean of +some indescribably lofty and melancholy figure. An unheard-of virtue, +supreme and sweet, humble in its immensity, appeared to him. The +convict was transfigured into Christ. + +Marius was dazzled by this prodigy. He did not know precisely what he +beheld, but it was grand. + +In an instant, a hackney-carriage stood in front of the door. + +Marius helped Cosette in and darted in himself. + +“Driver,” said he, “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, Number 7.” + + +The carriage drove off. + +“Ah! what happiness!” ejaculated Cosette. “Rue de l’Homme ArmĂ©, I did +not dare to speak to you of that. We are going to see M. Jean.” + + +“Thy father! Cosette, thy father more than ever. Cosette, I guess it. +You told me that you had never received the letter that I sent you by +Gavroche. It must have fallen into his hands. Cosette, he went to the +barricade to save me. As it is a necessity with him to be an angel, he +saved others also; he saved Javert. He rescued me from that gulf to +give me to you. He carried me on his back through that frightful sewer. +Ah! I am a monster of ingratitude. Cosette, after having been your +providence, he became mine. Just imagine, there was a terrible quagmire +enough to drown one a hundred times over, to drown one in mire. +Cosette! he made me traverse it. I was unconscious; I saw nothing, I +heard nothing, I could know nothing of my own adventure. We are going +to bring him back, to take him with us, whether he is willing or not, +he shall never leave us again. If only he is at home! Provided only +that we can find him, I will pass the rest of my life in venerating +him. Yes, that is how it should be, do you see, Cosette? Gavroche must +have delivered my letter to him. All is explained. You understand.” + + +Cosette did not understand a word. + +“You are right,” she said to him. + +Meanwhile the carriage rolled on. + + + + +CHAPTER V—A NIGHT BEHIND WHICH THERE IS DAY + + +Jean Valjean turned round at the knock which he heard on his door. + +“Come in,” he said feebly. + +The door opened. + +Cosette and Marius made their appearance. + +Cosette rushed into the room. + +Marius remained on the threshold, leaning against the jamb of the door. + +“Cosette!” said Jean Valjean. + +And he sat erect in his chair, his arms outstretched and trembling, +haggard, livid, gloomy, an immense joy in his eyes. + +Cosette, stifling with emotion, fell upon Jean Valjean’s breast. + +“Father!” said she. + +Jean Valjean, overcome, stammered: + +“Cosette! she! you! Madame! it is thou! Ah! my God!” + + +And, pressed close in Cosette’s arms, he exclaimed: + +“It is thou! thou art here! Thou dost pardon me then!” + + +Marius, lowering his eyelids, in order to keep his tears from flowing, +took a step forward and murmured between lips convulsively contracted +to repress his sobs: + +“My father!” + + +“And you also, you pardon me!” Jean Valjean said to him. + +Marius could find no words, and Jean Valjean added: + +“Thanks.” + + +Cosette tore off her shawl and tossed her hat on the bed. + +“It embarrasses me,” said she. + +And, seating herself on the old man’s knees, she put aside his white +locks with an adorable movement, and kissed his brow. + +Jean Valjean, bewildered, let her have her own way. + +Cosette, who only understood in a very confused manner, redoubled her +caresses, as though she desired to pay Marius’ debt. + +Jean Valjean stammered: + +“How stupid people are! I thought that I should never see her again. +Imagine, Monsieur Pontmercy, at the very moment when you entered, I was +saying to myself: ‘All is over. Here is her little gown, I am a +miserable man, I shall never see Cosette again,’ and I was saying that +at the very moment when you were mounting the stairs. Was not I an +idiot? Just see how idiotic one can be! One reckons without the good +God. The good God says: + +“‘You fancy that you are about to be abandoned, stupid! No. No, things +will not go so. Come, there is a good man yonder who is in need of an +angel.’ And the angel comes, and one sees one’s Cosette again! and one +sees one’s little Cosette once more! Ah! I was very unhappy.” + + +For a moment he could not speak, then he went on: + +“I really needed to see Cosette a little bit now and then. A heart +needs a bone to gnaw. But I was perfectly conscious that I was in the +way. I gave myself reasons: ‘They do not want you, keep in your own +course, one has not the right to cling eternally.’ Ah! God be praised, +I see her once more! Dost thou know, Cosette, thy husband is very +handsome? Ah! what a pretty embroidered collar thou hast on, luckily. I +am fond of that pattern. It was thy husband who chose it, was it not? +And then, thou shouldst have some cashmere shawls. Let me call her +thou, Monsieur Pontmercy. It will not be for long.” + + +And Cosette began again: + +“How wicked of you to have left us like that! Where did you go? Why +have you stayed away so long? Formerly your journeys only lasted three +or four days. I sent Nicolette, the answer always was: ‘He is absent.’ +How long have you been back? Why did you not let us know? Do you know +that you are very much changed? Ah! what a naughty father! he has been +ill, and we have not known it! Stay, Marius, feel how cold his hand +is!” + + +“So you are here! Monsieur Pontmercy, you pardon me!” repeated Jean +Valjean. + +At that word which Jean Valjean had just uttered once more, all that +was swelling Marius’ heart found vent. + +He burst forth: + +“Cosette, do you hear? he has come to that! he asks my forgiveness! And +do you know what he has done for me, Cosette? He has saved my life. He +has done more—he has given you to me. And after having saved me, and +after having given you to me, Cosette, what has he done with himself? +He has sacrificed himself. Behold the man. And he says to me the +ingrate, to me the forgetful, to me the pitiless, to me the guilty one: +Thanks! Cosette, my whole life passed at the feet of this man would be +too little. That barricade, that sewer, that furnace, that +cesspool,—all that he traversed for me, for thee, Cosette! He carried +me away through all the deaths which he put aside before me, and +accepted for himself. Every courage, every virtue, every heroism, every +sanctity he possesses! Cosette, that man is an angel!” + + +“Hush! hush!” said Jean Valjean in a low voice. “Why tell all that?” + + +“But you!” cried Marius with a wrath in which there was veneration, +“why did you not tell it to me? It is your own fault, too. You save +people’s lives, and you conceal it from them! You do more, under the +pretext of unmasking yourself, you calumniate yourself. It is +frightful.” + + +“I told the truth,” replied Jean Valjean. + +“No,” retorted Marius, “the truth is the whole truth; and that you did +not tell. You were Monsieur Madeleine, why not have said so? You saved +Javert, why not have said so? I owed my life to you, why not have said +so?” + + +“Because I thought as you do. I thought that you were in the right. It +was necessary that I should go away. If you had known about that +affair, of the sewer, you would have made me remain near you. I was +therefore forced to hold my peace. If I had spoken, it would have +caused embarrassment in every way.” + + +“It would have embarrassed what? embarrassed whom?” retorted Marius. +“Do you think that you are going to stay here? We shall carry you off. +Ah! good heavens! when I reflect that it was by an accident that I have +learned all this. You form a part of ourselves. You are her father, and +mine. You shall not pass another day in this dreadful house. Do not +imagine that you will be here to-morrow.” + + +“To-morrow,” said Jean Valjean, “I shall not be here, but I shall not +be with you.” + + +“What do you mean?” replied Marius. “Ah! come now, we are not going to +permit any more journeys. You shall never leave us again. You belong to +us. We shall not loose our hold of you.” + + +“This time it is for good,” added Cosette. “We have a carriage at the +door. I shall run away with you. If necessary, I shall employ force.” + + +And she laughingly made a movement to lift the old man in her arms. + +“Your chamber still stands ready in our house,” she went on. “If you +only knew how pretty the garden is now! The azaleas are doing very well +there. The walks are sanded with river sand; there are tiny violet +shells. You shall eat my strawberries. I water them myself. And no more +‘madame,’ no more ‘Monsieur Jean,’ we are living under a Republic, +everybody says _thou_, don’t they, Marius? The programme is changed. If +you only knew, father, I have had a sorrow, there was a robin redbreast +which had made her nest in a hole in the wall, and a horrible cat ate +her. My poor, pretty, little robin red-breast which used to put her +head out of her window and look at me! I cried over it. I should have +liked to kill the cat. But now nobody cries any more. Everybody laughs, +everybody is happy. You are going to come with us. How delighted +grandfather will be! You shall have your plot in the garden, you shall +cultivate it, and we shall see whether your strawberries are as fine as +mine. And, then, I shall do everything that you wish, and then, you +will obey me prettily.” + + +Jean Valjean listened to her without hearing her. He heard the music of +her voice rather than the sense of her words; one of those large tears +which are the sombre pearls of the soul welled up slowly in his eyes. + +He murmured: + +“The proof that God is good is that she is here.” + + +“Father!” said Cosette. + +Jean Valjean continued: + +“It is quite true that it would be charming for us to live together. +Their trees are full of birds. I would walk with Cosette. It is sweet +to be among living people who bid each other ‘good-day,’ who call to +each other in the garden. People see each other from early morning. We +should each cultivate our own little corner. She would make me eat her +strawberries. I would make her gather my roses. That would be charming. +Only . . .” + + +He paused and said gently: + +“It is a pity.” + + +The tear did not fall, it retreated, and Jean Valjean replaced it with +a smile. + +Cosette took both the old man’s hands in hers. + +“My God!” said she, “your hands are still colder than before. Are you +ill? Do you suffer?” + + +“I? No,” replied Jean Valjean. “I am very well. Only . . .” + + +He paused. + +“Only what?” + + +“I am going to die presently.” + + +Cosette and Marius shuddered. + +“To die!” exclaimed Marius. + +“Yes, but that is nothing,” said Jean Valjean. + +He took breath, smiled and resumed: + +“Cosette, thou wert talking to me, go on, so thy little robin +red-breast is dead? Speak, so that I may hear thy voice.” + + +Marius gazed at the old man in amazement. + +Cosette uttered a heartrending cry. + +“Father! my father! you will live. You are going to live. I insist upon +your living, do you hear?” + + +Jean Valjean raised his head towards her with adoration. + +“Oh! yes, forbid me to die. Who knows? Perhaps I shall obey. I was on +the verge of dying when you came. That stopped me, it seemed to me that +I was born again.” + + +“You are full of strength and life,” cried Marius. “Do you imagine that +a person can die like this? You have had sorrow, you shall have no +more. It is I who ask your forgiveness, and on my knees! You are going +to live, and to live with us, and to live a long time. We take +possession of you once more. There are two of us here who will +henceforth have no other thought than your happiness.” + + +“You see,” resumed Cosette, all bathed in tears, “that Marius says that +you shall not die.” + + +Jean Valjean continued to smile. + +“Even if you were to take possession of me, Monsieur Pontmercy, would +that make me other than I am? No, God has thought like you and myself, +and he does not change his mind; it is useful for me to go. Death is a +good arrangement. God knows better than we what we need. May you be +happy, may Monsieur Pontmercy have Cosette, may youth wed the morning, +may there be around you, my children, lilacs and nightingales; may your +life be a beautiful, sunny lawn, may all the enchantments of heaven +fill your souls, and now let me, who am good for nothing, die; it is +certain that all this is right. Come, be reasonable, nothing is +possible now, I am fully conscious that all is over. And then, last +night, I drank that whole jug of water. How good thy husband is, +Cosette! Thou art much better off with him than with me.” + + +A noise became audible at the door. + +It was the doctor entering. + +“Good-day, and farewell, doctor,” said Jean Valjean. “Here are my poor +children.” + + +Marius stepped up to the doctor. He addressed to him only this single +word: “Monsieur? . . .” But his manner of pronouncing it contained a +complete question. + +The doctor replied to the question by an expressive glance. + +“Because things are not agreeable,” said Jean Valjean, “that is no +reason for being unjust towards God.” + + +A silence ensued. + +All breasts were oppressed. + +Jean Valjean turned to Cosette. He began to gaze at her as though he +wished to retain her features for eternity. + +In the depths of the shadow into which he had already descended, +ecstasy was still possible to him when gazing at Cosette. The +reflection of that sweet face lighted up his pale visage. + +The doctor felt of his pulse. + +“Ah! it was you that he wanted!” he murmured, looking at Cosette and +Marius. + +And bending down to Marius’ ear, he added in a very low voice: + +“Too late.” + + +Jean Valjean surveyed the doctor and Marius serenely, almost without +ceasing to gaze at Cosette. + +These barely articulate words were heard to issue from his mouth: + +“It is nothing to die; it is dreadful not to live.” + + +All at once he rose to his feet. These accesses of strength are +sometimes the sign of the death agony. He walked with a firm step to +the wall, thrusting aside Marius and the doctor who tried to help him, +detached from the wall a little copper crucifix which was suspended +there, and returned to his seat with all the freedom of movement of +perfect health, and said in a loud voice, as he laid the crucifix on +the table: + +“Behold the great martyr.” + + +Then his chest sank in, his head wavered, as though the intoxication of +the tomb were seizing hold upon him. + +His hands, which rested on his knees, began to press their nails into +the stuff of his trousers. + +Cosette supported his shoulders, and sobbed, and tried to speak to him, +but could not. + +Among the words mingled with that mournful saliva which accompanies +tears, they distinguished words like the following: + +“Father, do not leave us. Is it possible that we have found you only to +lose you again?” + + +It might be said that agony writhes. It goes, comes, advances towards +the sepulchre, and returns towards life. There is groping in the action +of dying. + +Jean Valjean rallied after this semi-swoon, shook his brow as though to +make the shadows fall away from it and became almost perfectly lucid +once more. + +He took a fold of Cosette’s sleeve and kissed it. + +“He is coming back! doctor, he is coming back,” cried Marius. + +“You are good, both of you,” said Jean Valjean. “I am going to tell you +what has caused me pain. What has pained me, Monsieur Pontmercy, is +that you have not been willing to touch that money. That money really +belongs to your wife. I will explain to you, my children, and for that +reason, also, I am glad to see you. Black jet comes from England, white +jet comes from Norway. All this is in this paper, which you will read. +For bracelets, I invented a way of substituting for slides of soldered +sheet iron, slides of iron laid together. It is prettier, better and +less costly. You will understand how much money can be made in that +way. So Cosette’s fortune is really hers. I give you these details, in +order that your mind may be set at rest.” + + +The portress had come upstairs and was gazing in at the half-open door. +The doctor dismissed her. + +But he could not prevent this zealous woman from exclaiming to the +dying man before she disappeared: “Would you like a priest?” + + +“I have had one,” replied Jean Valjean. + +And with his finger he seemed to indicate a point above his head where +one would have said that he saw some one. + +It is probable, in fact, that the Bishop was present at this death +agony. + +Cosette gently slipped a pillow under his loins. + +Jean Valjean resumed: + +“Have no fear, Monsieur Pontmercy, I adjure you. The six hundred +thousand francs really belong to Cosette. My life will have been wasted +if you do not enjoy them! We managed to do very well with those glass +goods. We rivalled what is called Berlin jewellery. However, we could +not equal the black glass of England. A gross, which contains twelve +hundred very well cut grains, only costs three francs.” + + +When a being who is dear to us is on the point of death, we gaze upon +him with a look which clings convulsively to him and which would fain +hold him back. + +Cosette gave her hand to Marius, and both, mute with anguish, not +knowing what to say to the dying man, stood trembling and despairing +before him. + +Jean Valjean sank moment by moment. He was failing; he was drawing near +to the gloomy horizon. + +His breath had become intermittent; a little rattling interrupted it. +He found some difficulty in moving his forearm, his feet had lost all +movement, and in proportion as the wretchedness of limb and feebleness +of body increased, all the majesty of his soul was displayed and spread +over his brow. The light of the unknown world was already visible in +his eyes. + +His face paled and smiled. Life was no longer there, it was something +else. + +His breath sank, his glance grew grander. He was a corpse on which the +wings could be felt. + +He made a sign to Cosette to draw near, then to Marius; the last minute +of the last hour had, evidently, arrived. + +He began to speak to them in a voice so feeble that it seemed to come +from a distance, and one would have said that a wall now rose between +them and him. + +“Draw near, draw near, both of you. I love you dearly. Oh! how good it +is to die like this! And thou lovest me also, my Cosette. I knew well +that thou still felt friendly towards thy poor old man. How kind it was +of thee to place that pillow under my loins! Thou wilt weep for me a +little, wilt thou not? Not too much. I do not wish thee to have any +real griefs. You must enjoy yourselves a great deal, my children. I +forgot to tell you that the profit was greater still on the buckles +without tongues than on all the rest. A gross of a dozen dozens cost +ten francs and sold for sixty. It really was a good business. So there +is no occasion for surprise at the six hundred thousand francs, +Monsieur Pontmercy. It is honest money. You may be rich with a tranquil +mind. Thou must have a carriage, a box at the theatres now and then, +and handsome ball dresses, my Cosette, and then, thou must give good +dinners to thy friends, and be very happy. I was writing to Cosette a +while ago. She will find my letter. I bequeath to her the two +candlesticks which stand on the chimney-piece. They are of silver, but +to me they are gold, they are diamonds; they change candles which are +placed in them into wax-tapers. I do not know whether the person who +gave them to me is pleased with me yonder on high. I have done what I +could. My children, you will not forget that I am a poor man, you will +have me buried in the first plot of earth that you find, under a stone +to mark the spot. This is my wish. No name on the stone. If Cosette +cares to come for a little while now and then, it will give me +pleasure. And you too, Monsieur Pontmercy. I must admit that I have not +always loved you. I ask your pardon for that. Now she and you form but +one for me. I feel very grateful to you. I am sure that you make +Cosette happy. If you only knew, Monsieur Pontmercy, her pretty rosy +cheeks were my delight; when I saw her in the least pale, I was sad. In +the chest of drawers, there is a bank-bill for five hundred francs. I +have not touched it. It is for the poor. Cosette, dost thou see thy +little gown yonder on the bed? dost thou recognize it? That was ten +years ago, however. How time flies! We have been very happy. All is +over. Do not weep, my children, I am not going very far, I shall see +you from there, you will only have to look at night, and you will see +me smile. Cosette, dost thou remember Montfermeil? Thou wert in the +forest, thou wert greatly terrified; dost thou remember how I took hold +of the handle of the water-bucket? That was the first time that I +touched thy poor, little hand. It was so cold! Ah! your hands were red +then, mademoiselle, they are very white now. And the big doll! dost +thou remember? Thou didst call her Catherine. Thou regrettedest not +having taken her to the convent! How thou didst make me laugh +sometimes, my sweet angel! When it had been raining, thou didst float +bits of straw on the gutters, and watch them pass away. One day I gave +thee a willow battledore and a shuttlecock with yellow, blue and green +feathers. Thou hast forgotten it. Thou wert roguish so young! Thou +didst play. Thou didst put cherries in thy ears. Those are things of +the past. The forests through which one has passed with one’s child, +the trees under which one has strolled, the convents where one has +concealed oneself, the games, the hearty laughs of childhood, are +shadows. I imagined that all that belonged to me. In that lay my +stupidity. Those ThĂ©nardiers were wicked. Thou must forgive them. +Cosette, the moment has come to tell thee the name of thy mother. She +was called Fantine. Remember that name—Fantine. Kneel whenever thou +utterest it. She suffered much. She loved thee dearly. She had as much +unhappiness as thou hast had happiness. That is the way God apportions +things. He is there on high, he sees us all, and he knows what he does +in the midst of his great stars. I am on the verge of departure, my +children. Love each other well and always. There is nothing else but +that in the world: love for each other. You will think sometimes of the +poor old man who died here. Oh my Cosette, it is not my fault, indeed, +that I have not seen thee all this time, it cut me to the heart; I went +as far as the corner of the street, I must have produced a queer effect +on the people who saw me pass, I was like a madman, I once went out +without my hat. I no longer see clearly, my children, I had still other +things to say, but never mind. Think a little of me. Come still nearer. +I die happy. Give me your dear and well-beloved heads, so that I may +lay my hands upon them.” + + +Cosette and Marius fell on their knees, in despair, suffocating with +tears, each beneath one of Jean Valjean’s hands. Those august hands no +longer moved. + +He had fallen backwards, the light of the candles illuminated him. + +His white face looked up to heaven, he allowed Cosette and Marius to +cover his hands with kisses. + +He was dead. + +The night was starless and extremely dark. No doubt, in the gloom, some +immense angel stood erect with wings outspread, awaiting that soul. + +[Illustration: Darkness] + + + + +CHAPTER VI—THE GRASS COVERS AND THE RAIN EFFACES + + +In the cemetery of PĂšre-Lachaise, in the vicinity of the common grave, +far from the elegant quarter of that city of sepulchres, far from all +the tombs of fancy which display in the presence of eternity all the +hideous fashions of death, in a deserted corner, beside an old wall, +beneath a great yew tree over which climbs the wild convolvulus, amid +dandelions and mosses, there lies a stone. That stone is no more exempt +than others from the leprosy of time, of dampness, of the lichens and +from the defilement of the birds. The water turns it green, the air +blackens it. It is not near any path, and people are not fond of +walking in that direction, because the grass is high and their feet are +immediately wet. When there is a little sunshine, the lizards come +thither. All around there is a quivering of weeds. In the spring, +linnets warble in the trees. + +This stone is perfectly plain. In cutting it the only thought was the +requirements of the tomb, and no other care was taken than to make the +stone long enough and narrow enough to cover a man. + +No name is to be read there. + +Only, many years ago, a hand wrote upon it in pencil these four lines, +which have become gradually illegible beneath the rain and the dust, +and which are, to-day, probably effaced: + +Il dort. Quoique le sort fĂ»t pour lui bien Ă©trange, +Il vivait. Il mourut quand il n’eut plus son ange. +La chose simplement d’elle-mĂȘme arriva, +Comme la nuit se fait lorsque le jour s’en va.70 + + + +LETTER TO M. DAELLI + + +Publisher of the Italian translation of _Les MisĂ©rables_ in Milan. + +HAUTEVILLE-HOUSE, October 18, 1862. + +You are right, sir, when you tell me that _Les MisĂ©rables_ is written +for all nations. I do not know whether it will be read by all, but I +wrote it for all. It is addressed to England as well as to Spain, to +Italy as well as to France, to Germany as well as to Ireland, to +Republics which have slaves as well as to Empires which have serfs. +Social problems overstep frontiers. The sores of the human race, those +great sores which cover the globe, do not halt at the red or blue lines +traced upon the map. In every place where man is ignorant and +despairing, in every place where woman is sold for bread, wherever the +child suffers for lack of the book which should instruct him and of the +hearth which should warm him, the book of _Les MisĂ©rables_ knocks at +the door and says: “Open to me, I come for you.” + + +At the hour of civilization through which we are now passing, and which +is still so sombre, the _miserable’s_ name is Man; he is agonizing in +all climes, and he is groaning in all languages. + +Your Italy is no more exempt from the evil than is our France. Your +admirable Italy has all miseries on the face of it. Does not banditism, +that raging form of pauperism, inhabit your mountains? Few nations are +more deeply eaten by that ulcer of convents which I have endeavored to +fathom. In spite of your possessing Rome, Milan, Naples, Palermo, +Turin, Florence, Sienna, Pisa, Mantua, Bologna, Ferrara, Genoa, Venice, +a heroic history, sublime ruins, magnificent ruins, and superb cities, +you are, like ourselves, poor. You are covered with marvels and vermin. +Assuredly, the sun of Italy is splendid, but, alas, azure in the sky +does not prevent rags on man. + +Like us, you have prejudices, superstitions, tyrannies, fanaticisms, +blind laws lending assistance to ignorant customs. You taste nothing of +the present nor of the future without a flavor of the past being +mingled with it. You have a barbarian, the monk, and a savage, the +lazzarone. The social question is the same for you as for us. There are +a few less deaths from hunger with you, and a few more from fever; your +social hygiene is not much better than ours; shadows, which are +Protestant in England, are Catholic in Italy; but, under different +names, the _vescovo_ is identical with the _bishop_, and it always +means night, and of pretty nearly the same quality. To explain the +Bible badly amounts to the same thing as to understand the Gospel +badly. + +Is it necessary to emphasize this? Must this melancholy parallelism be +yet more completely verified? Have you not indigent persons? Glance +below. Have you not parasites? Glance up. Does not that hideous +balance, whose two scales, pauperism and parasitism, so mournfully +preserve their mutual equilibrium, oscillate before you as it does +before us? Where is your army of schoolmasters, the only army which +civilization acknowledges? + +Where are your free and compulsory schools? Does every one know how to +read in the land of Dante and of Michael Angelo? Have you made public +schools of your barracks? Have you not, like ourselves, an opulent +war-budget and a paltry budget of education? Have not you also that +passive obedience which is so easily converted into soldierly +obedience? military establishment which pushes the regulations to the +extreme of firing upon Garibaldi; that is to say, upon the living honor +of Italy? Let us subject your social order to examination, let us take +it where it stands and as it stands, let us view its flagrant offences, +show me the woman and the child. It is by the amount of protection with +which these two feeble creatures are surrounded that the degree of +civilization is to be measured. Is prostitution less heartrending in +Naples than in Paris? What is the amount of truth that springs from +your laws, and what amount of justice springs from your tribunals? Do +you chance to be so fortunate as to be ignorant of the meaning of those +gloomy words: public prosecution, legal infamy, prison, the scaffold, +the executioner, the death penalty? Italians, with you as with us, +Beccaria is dead and Farinace is alive. And then, let us scrutinize +your state reasons. Have you a government which comprehends the +identity of morality and politics? You have reached the point where you +grant amnesty to heroes! Something very similar has been done in +France. Stay, let us pass miseries in review, let each one contribute +his pile, you are as rich as we. Have you not, like ourselves, two +condemnations, religious condemnation pronounced by the priest, and +social condemnation decreed by the judge? Oh, great nation of Italy, +thou resemblest the great nation of France! Alas! our brothers, you +are, like ourselves, _Miserables_. + +From the depths of the gloom wherein you dwell, you do not see much +more distinctly than we the radiant and distant portals of Eden. Only, +the priests are mistaken. These holy portals are before and not behind +us. + +I resume. This book, _Les MisĂ©rables_, is no less your mirror than +ours. Certain men, certain castes, rise in revolt against this book,—I +understand that. Mirrors, those revealers of the truth, are hated; that +does not prevent them from being of use. + +As for myself, I have written for all, with a profound love for my own +country, but without being engrossed by France more than by any other +nation. In proportion as I advance in life, I grow more simple, and I +become more and more patriotic for humanity. + +This is, moreover, the tendency of our age, and the law of radiance of +the French Revolution; books must cease to be exclusively French, +Italian, German, Spanish, or English, and become European, I say more, +human, if they are to correspond to the enlargement of civilization. + +Hence a new logic of art, and of certain requirements of composition +which modify everything, even the conditions, formerly narrow, of taste +and language, which must grow broader like all the rest. + +In France, certain critics have reproached me, to my great delight, +with having transgressed the bounds of what they call “French taste”; I +should be glad if this eulogium were merited. + +In short, I am doing what I can, I suffer with the same universal +suffering, and I try to assuage it, I possess only the puny forces of a +man, and I cry to all: “Help me!” + + +This, sir, is what your letter prompts me to say; I say it for you and +for your country. If I have insisted so strongly, it is because of one +phrase in your letter. You write:— + +“There are Italians, and they are numerous, who say: ‘This book, _Les +MisĂ©rables_, is a French book. It does not concern us. Let the French +read it as a history, we read it as a romance.’”—Alas! I repeat, +whether we be Italians or Frenchmen, misery concerns us all. Ever since +history has been written, ever since philosophy has meditated, misery +has been the garment of the human race; the moment has at length +arrived for tearing off that rag, and for replacing, upon the naked +limbs of the Man-People, the sinister fragment of the past with the +grand purple robe of the dawn. + +If this letter seems to you of service in enlightening some minds and +in dissipating some prejudices, you are at liberty to publish it, sir. +Accept, I pray you, a renewed assurance of my very distinguished +sentiments. + +VICTOR HUGO. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +1 (return) [ Patois of the French Alps: _chat de maraude_, rascally +marauder.] + +2 (return) [ LiĂšge: a cork-tree. Pau: a jest on _peau_, skin.] + +3 (return) [ She belonged to that circle where cuckoos and carriages +share the same fate; and a jade herself, she lived, as jades live, for +the space of a morning (or jade).] + +4 (return) [ An ex-convict.] + +5 (return) [ This parenthesis is due to Jean Valjean.] + +6 (return) [ A bullet as large as an egg.] + +7 (return) [ Walter Scott, Lamartine, Vaulabelle, Charras, Quinet, +Thiers.] + +8 (return) [ This is the inscription:—D. O. M. CY A ETE ÉCRASÉ PAR +MALHEUR SOUS UN CHARIOT, MONSIEUR BERNARD DE BRYE MARCHAND A BRUXELLE +LE [illegible] FEVRIER 1637.] + +9 (return) [ A heavy rifled gun.] + +10 (return) [ “A battle terminated, a day finished, false measures +repaired, greater successes assured for the morrow,—all was lost by a +moment of panic, terror.”—Napoleon, DictĂ©es de Sainte HĂ©lĂšne.] + +11 (return) [ Five winning numbers in a lottery] + +12 (return) [ Literally “made cuirs”; _i. e._, pronounced a _t_ or an +_s_ at the end of words where the opposite letter should occur, or used +either one of them where neither exists.] + +13 (return) [ Lawyer Corbeau, perched on a docket, held in his beak a +writ of execution; Lawyer Renard, attracted by the smell, addressed him +nearly as follows, etc.] + +14 (return) [ This is the factory of Goblet Junior: Come choose your +jugs and crocks, Flower-pots, pipes, bricks. The Heart sells Diamonds +to every comer.] + +15 (return) [ On the boughs hang three bodies of unequal merits: Dismas +and Gesmas, between is the divine power. Dismas seeks the heights, +Gesmas, unhappy man, the lowest regions; the highest power will +preserve us and our effects. If you repeat this verse, you will not +lose your things by theft.] + +16 (return) [ Instead of _porte cochĂšre_ and _porte bĂ tarde_.] + +17 (return) [ Jesus-my-God-bandy-leg—down with the moon!] + +18 (return) [ _Chicken: _ slang allusion to the noise made in calling +poultry.] + +19 (return) [ Louis XVIII. is represented in comic pictures of that day +as having a pear-shaped head.] + +20 (return) [ Tuck into your trousers the shirt-tail that is hanging +out. Let it not be said that patriots have hoisted the white flag.] + +21 (return) [ In order to re-establish the shaken throne firmly on its +base, soil (Des solles), greenhouse and house (Decazes) must be +changed.] + +22 (return) [ _Suspendu_, suspended; _pendu_, hung.] + +23 (return) [ _L’Aile_, wing.] + +24 (return) [ The slang term for a painter’s assistant.] + +25 (return) [ If CĂŠsar had given me glory and war, and I were obliged +to quit my mother’s love, I would say to great CĂŠsar, “Take back thy +sceptre and thy chariot; I prefer the love of my mother.”] + +26 (return) [ Whether the sun shines brightly or dim, the bear returns +to his cave.] + +27 (return) [ The peep-hole is a _Judas_ in French. Hence the +half-punning allusion.] + +28 (return) [ Our love has lasted a whole week, but how short are the +instants of happiness! To adore each other for eight days was hardly +worth the while! The time of love should last forever.] + +29 (return) [ You leave me to go to glory; my sad heart will follow you +everywhere.] + +30 (return) [ A democrat.] + +31 (return) [ King Bootkick went a-hunting after crows, mounted on two +stilts. When one passed beneath them, one paid him two sous.] + +32 (return) [ In olden times, fouriers were the officials who preceded +the Court and allotted the lodgings.] + +33 (return) [ A game of ninepins, in which one side of the ball is +smaller than the other, so that it does not roll straight, but +describes a curve on the ground.] + +34 (return) [ From April 19 to May 20.] + +35 (return) [ _Merlan:_ a sobriquet given to hairdressers because they +are white with powder.] + +36 (return) [ The scaffold.] + +37 (return) [ Argot of the Temple.] + +38 (return) [ Argot of the barriers.] + +39 (return) [ The Last Day of a Condemned Man.] + +40 (return) [ “Vous trouverez dans ces potains-lĂ , une foultitude de +raisons pour que je me libertise.”] + +41 (return) [ It must be observed, however, that _mac_ in Celtic means +_son_.] + +42 (return) [ Smoke puffed in the face of a person asleep.] + +43 (return) [ Je n’entrave que le dail comment meck, le daron des +orgues, peut atiger ses mĂŽmes et ses momignards et les locher criblant +sans ĂȘtre agitĂ© lui-meme.] + +44 (return) [ At night one sees nothing, by day one sees very well; the +bourgeois gets flurried over an apocryphal scrawl, practice virtue, +tutu, pointed hat!] + +45 (return) [ _Chien_, dog, trigger.] + +46 (return) [ Here is the morn appearing. When shall we go to the +forest, Charlot asked Charlotte. Tou, tou, tou, for Chatou, I have but +one God, one King, one half-farthing, and one boot. And these two poor +little wolves were as tipsy as sparrows from having drunk dew and thyme +very early in the morning. And these two poor little things were as +drunk as thrushes in a vineyard; a tiger laughed at them in his cave. +The one cursed, the other swore. When shall we go to the forest? +Charlot asked Charlotte.] + +47 (return) [ There swings the horrible skeleton of a poor lover who +hung himself.] + +48 (return) [ She astounds at ten paces, she frightens at two, a wart +inhabits her hazardous nose; you tremble every instant lest she should +blow it at you, and lest, some fine day, her nose should tumble into +her mouth.] + +49 (return) [ _Matelote:_ a culinary preparation of various fishes. +_Gibelotte:_ stewed rabbits.] + +50 (return) [ Treat if you can, and eat if you dare.] + +51 (return) [ _BipĂšde sans plume:_ biped without feathers—pen.] + +52 (return) [ Municipal officer of Toulouse.] + +53 (return) [ Do you remember our sweet life, when we were both so +young, and when we had no other desire in our hearts than to be well +dressed and in love? When, by adding your age to my age, we could not +count forty years between us, and when, in our humble and tiny +household, everything was spring to us even in winter. Fair days! +Manuel was proud and wise, Paris sat at sacred banquets, Foy launched +thunderbolts, and your corsage had a pin on which I pricked myself. +Everything gazed upon you. A briefless lawyer, when I took you to the +Prado to dine, you were so beautiful that the roses seemed to me to +turn round, and I heard them say: Is she not beautiful! How good she +smells! What billowing hair! Beneath her mantle she hides a wing. Her +charming bonnet is hardly unfolded. I wandered with thee, pressing thy +supple arm. The passers-by thought that love bewitched had wedded, in +our happy couple, the gentle month of April to the fair month of May. +We lived concealed, content, with closed doors, devouring love, that +sweet forbidden fruit. My mouth had not uttered a thing when thy heart +had already responded. The Sorbonne was the bucolic spot where I adored +thee from eve till morn. ’Tis thus that an amorous soul applies the +chart of the Tender to the Latin country. O Place Maubert! O Place +Dauphine! When in the fresh spring-like hut thou didst draw thy +stocking on thy delicate leg, I saw a star in the depths of the garret. +I have read a great deal of Plato, but nothing of it remains by me; +better than Malebranche and then Lamennais thou didst demonstrate to me +celestial goodness with a flower which thou gavest to me, I obeyed +thee, thou didst submit to me; oh gilded garret! to lace thee! to +behold thee going and coming from dawn in thy chemise, gazing at thy +young brow in thine ancient mirror! And who, then, would forego the +memory of those days of aurora and the firmament, of flowers, of gauze +and of moire, when love stammers a charming slang? Our gardens +consisted of a pot of tulips; thou didst mask the window with thy +petticoat; I took the earthenware bowl and I gave thee the Japanese +cup. And those great misfortunes which made us laugh! Thy cuff +scorched, thy boa lost! And that dear portrait of the divine +Shakespeare which we sold one evening that we might sup! I was a beggar +and thou wert charitable. I kissed thy fresh round arms in haste. A +folio Dante served us as a table on which to eat merrily a centime’s +worth of chestnuts. The first time that, in my joyous den, I snatched a +kiss from thy fiery lip, when thou wentest forth, dishevelled and +blushing, I turned deathly pale and I believed in God. Dost thou recall +our innumerable joys, and all those fichus changed to rags? Oh! what +sighs from our hearts full of gloom fluttered forth to the heavenly +depths!] + +54 (return) [ My nose is in tears, my friend Bugeaud, lend me thy +gendarmes that I may say a word to them. With a blue capote and a +chicken in his shako, here’s the banlieue, co-cocorico.] + +55 (return) [ Love letters.] + +56 (return) [ + +“The bird slanders in the elms, +And pretends that yesterday, Atala +Went off with a Russian, +Where fair maids go. +Lon la. + + +My friend Pierrot, thou pratest, because Mila knocked at her pane the +other day and called me. The jades are very charming, their poison +which bewitched me would intoxicate Monsieur Orfila. I’m fond of love +and its bickerings, I love Agnes, I love Pamela, Lise burned herself in +setting me aflame. In former days when I saw the mantillas of Suzette +and of ZĂ©ila, my soul mingled with their folds. Love, when thou +gleamest in the dark thou crownest Lola with roses, I would lose my +soul for that. Jeanne, at thy mirror thou deckest thyself! One fine +day, my heart flew forth. I think that it is Jeanne who has it. At +night, when I come from the quadrilles, I show Stella to the stars, and +I say to them: “Behold her.” Where fair maids go, lon la.] + +57 (return) [ But some prisons still remain, and I am going to put a +stop to this sort of public order. Does any one wish to play at +skittles? The whole ancient world fell in ruin, when the big ball +rolled. Good old folks, let us smash with our crutches that Louvre +where the monarchy displayed itself in furbelows. We have forced its +gates. On that day, King Charles X. did not stick well and came +unglued.] + +58 (return) [ Steps on the Aventine Hill, leading to the Tiber, to +which the bodies of executed criminals were dragged by hooks to be +thrown into the Tiber.] + +59 (return) [ Mustards.] + +60 (return) [ From _casser_, to break: break-necks.] + +61 (return) [ “Jeanne was born at FougĂšre, a true shepherd’s nest; I +adore her petticoat, the rogue.” “Love, thou dwellest in her; For ’tis +in her eyes that thou placest thy quiver, sly scamp!” “As for me, I +sing her, and I love, more than Diana herself, Jeanne and her firm +Breton breasts.”] + +62 (return) [ In allusion to the expression, _coiffer +Sainte-Catherine_, “to remain unmarried.”] + +63 (return) [ “Thus, hemming in the course of thy musings, Alcippus, it +is true that thou wilt wed ere long.”] + +64 (return) [ _Tirer le diable par la queue_, “to live from hand to +mouth.”] + +65 (return) [ “Triton trotted on before, and drew from his conch-shell +sounds so ravishing that he delighted everyone!”] + +66 (return) [ “A Shrove-Tuesday marriage will have no ungrateful +children.”] + +67 (return) [ A short mask.] + +68 (return) [ In allusion to the story of Prometheus.] + +69 (return) [ _Un fafiot sĂ©rieux. Fafiot_ is the slang term for a +bank-bill, derived from its rustling noise.] + +70 (return) [ He sleeps. Although his fate was very strange, he lived. +He died when he had no longer his angel. The thing came to pass simply, +of itself, as the night comes when day is gone.] + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LES MISÉRABLES *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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